PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 6 Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 6 Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education

→ It is a well-known fact that man is a social animal by nature and possesses innate social tendencies to create a conducive social environment around him.

→ The term ‘Sociology’ comprises of two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or social and ‘logos’ meaning science or study.

→ Hence, sociology means the science of society.

→ According to Ogburn, “Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group.”

→ Physical education and sports works as building blocks for inculcating the social qualities in an individual.

→ This field provides varied experience to learn social qualities such as character and moral qualities, group feeling and responsibility, punctuality and dedication and social communication, etc.

→ There are several social institutions that affect human behaviour in many ways such as family, educational institution i.e. school or college, etc, peer group, religious institution or national culture, etc.

→ Physical education and sports programme play a vital role in inculcating a deep understanding of cultural diversity, equal opportunities, respect for nation and patriotism, sense of responsibility, etc.

→ This ultimately serves as an important means to develop national integration among the countrymen.

→ The other aspect which has been discussed in this chapter is the psychological behaviour of a sportsperson and its impact on learning skills.

→ The word ‘Psychology’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Psyche’ and ‘logos’ which means ‘soul or mind’ and ‘to talk about’ respectively.

→ Hence, psychology deals with the study of the human soul or mind in relation to their behavioural aspects.

→ In physical education and sports, the term sports psychology deals with the study of the behaviour of sportsperson in or outside the playfield.

→ It is very important to understand the behaviour of sportsperson when it comes to performance-oriented sports.

→ In addition to this, the behaviour of adolescents also needs to be recognized and understood for their proper growth and development.

This PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 5 Disability will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Notes Chapter 5 Disability

→ The term disability is the state of being unable to use any part of the body properly, which may be due to injury or disease.

→ This restricts an individual to perform daily activities with comfort and ease.

→ The special ability or disability can be either structural disability or functional disability.

→ There are various causes of disability i.e. it can be inherited or caused by environmental factors.

→ The environmental factors are very vast. it can be due to disease, occupation, physical factors, social factors, chemical factors or psychological factors and accidents, etc.

→ There are many occupational diseases that may cause disability to a person.

→ These occupational diseases can be due to physical agents like dust, noise, radiation, and dust or chemical hazards, etc.

→ These diseases can be prevented to some extent by various means such as medical examination of the workers, maintenance of workplace, control of air or noise pollution, use of protective devices, etc.

→ Another term that has been discussed in this chapter is rehabilitation which means, “the act of restoring something to its original or normal state.

→ The literal meaning came from the Latin words ‘re’-mean again and ‘habitable meaning ‘make fit’. It is the process of keeping a person who suffered an injur}’ or illness to come to a self-sufficient state.

→ There are many societies that are actively engaged for the rehabilitation services such as the Indian Red Cross Society, All India Blind Relief Society, Tuberculosis Association of India, Indian Council for Child Welfare, etc.

→ Hence, these societies help people to return to their normal or near-normal way of living.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Microsoft Word Part-I will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Microsoft Word Part-I

Introduction:
Word processing is the most commonly used software in computers, with the help of this, we can create documents, save the documents, print the documents and also we can edit the already created document. Let’s learn about these features of word processing.

Wort Processing:
We make a lot of mistakes when typing a document with the help of typewriter, which we can’t correct again, we have to type the document again to make it better, but word processing gives us a facility through which we can easily correct our mistakes in typed documents without having to retype them.
Word processing is a process by which we can create, save and print any type of document in a computer and it can be used anytime in the future and can be edited if required.
The software that is used for word processing process called word processor. For example: MS Word, NotePad, WordPad and word perfect all are word processors.

Features of Word Processing:
Following are the features of word processor:

• A word processor provides an easier and faster method to type the text.
• It offers so many styles, size, color, effects for text.
• Using a word processor, you can apply editing operations to the text.
• It stores all your documents for. future use.
• It allows you to insert photos, music, background etc. into the document.
• It can move any document from one place to another with the help of cut, copy, and paste option.
• You can delete, edit, update the data in the pre-created document at any time.
• It helps us to find and correct mistakes in the typed text.
• It also provide the facility to check the grammar mistakes in the typed text.

Word Processing – Software:
A word processor is a software program capable of creating, saving and printing typed documents. Today, the word processor is one of the most widely used software programs on the computer, it can create different types of files and to create these files requires different software such as WordPad, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Word, etc are some examples of word processors.

Today in this lesson we will read about MS Word word processor.

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a word processor software program published by Microsoft Company also called MS Word, WinWord, Word. Microsoft Word provides advanced features for creating and saving different types of documents. For example, we can create letter typing, emails, reports, tables, etc. in Microsoft Word.

Some of the basic applications of MS Word are as follows:

• Creating and saving a text document.
• Editing and formatting existing documents.
• Make the document attractive with the help of different styles, size, colors and effects.
• Creating graphical documents with images, charts, smart art etc.
• Identify grammatical and spelling errors in the document.

Features of Microsoft Word
Some of the special features of Microsoft word are as follows:

• MS Word allows us to include text anywhere in the document.
• We can delete any word, line or page from the document as easily as we erase the words written on paper.
• We can cut and copy the text and paste it anywhere in the same document or any other document.
• MS Word allows us to set the page margin and page size according to our needs.
• We can add Bold, Italic and Underline effects to the text.
• We can change the size, style, color of the text.
• We can add header on the top of pages and footer on the bottom of the page.
• We can add pictures, chart, graphs and smart art.
• We can convert the text into tables.
• You can also set different margins in a document and also determine the different locations to start a paragraph.
• It also provides us with the facility of macro. This is a list of many commands with which our time is saved.
• MS Word also provides us the facility of spelling checks. It shows a red line below the words that are incorrect.
• MS Word also provides us the facility of grammar checks.
• It also provides Find and Replace option.
• It also provides the facility of dictionary with which we can find many words with the same meaning and use them in our document.

Starting MS Word
The steps to start MS Word are as follows:
1. First, click the Start button

on the desktop

2. Now click on All Program from the popup menu as shown in the picture below.

3. Now click MS Office! MS Word.

Or
Type “Word” in the search bar as shown in the picture below and press Enter key from the keyboard

Components of MS Word Window
When you start the Word application then a window opens on the screen as shown in the picture below. Let us understand the different important parts of this window.

1. File Menu: This option is available in the upper left corner of the window, it contains many of the following commands:
(a) Home: It has options like font color, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing, etc. All the basic elements that someone might need to edit their document are available in the Home option.

(b) Insert: Tables, sizes, images, charts, graphs, headers, footers, page numbers, etc. are available in insert options.

(c) Design: The template (pre-created document design) or the design in which you want your document to be created can be selected under the Design tab.

(d) Page layout: Under the Page Layout tab we can find the options such as Margins, Orientation, Columns, Lines, Indentations, Spacing, etc.

(e) Reference: This tab is most useful for those who are preparing thesis or writing books or working on a long document. Footnote, table of content, bibliography, captions etc. options can be found under this tab.

(f) Review: Spell check, grammar, thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc. can all be tracked under the Review tab.

2. Quick Access Toolbar: Collection of buttons that provide one click access to commonly used commands such as Save, Undo or Redo. You can also customize this according to your preference.

3. Title Bar: This bar window is at the top of the screen and the name of the open document appears on it. Above this bar are three control buttons:

minimize, maximize, close button

4. Ribbon: The ribbon consists of three organized commands:

(a) Tabs: These appear on the top of the ribbon and contain groups of related commands. For example: home, insert, page layout ribbon, references, mailings Review etc. all are tabs. We have already read about them.
(b) Group: They handle related commands; the name of each group appears below the group on the ribbon. For example, a group of commands related to fonts (Font Group) or a group of commands related to alignment (paragraph group), etc.
(c) Commands: Commands appear in each group as described above. For example: Cut, Copy, Paste, Font Size, Color, Alignment etc. are all commands.

5. Ruler: There are two rulers in the word window – a horizontal ruler and a vertical ruler. The horizontal ruler appears just below the ribbon and is used to set margins and tab stops. The vertical ruler appears on the left side of the word window and is used to determine the vertical position of the page.

6. Help: The help icon can be used whenever you want to get help related to MS Word. It provides excellent tutorials on various topics related to Word.

7. Document Area: Right below the ruler, there is a large space called the text area. This is the area where we type our document; the blinking line in this area is called the insertion point which indicates that your typing will start from this place.

8. Status Bar: It displays the information of the document as well as the position of the insertion point. From left to right, this bar contains information on the total number of pages and words, document language, etc.

9. Dialog Box Launcher: This appears as a very small arrow in the lower-right corner of most groups of the ribbon. Clicking this button opens a dialog box or task pane that provides more options about the group.

10. View buttons: At the bottom right of the window screen is a set of 5 buttons that allow us to view the document in a different view.

(a) Prints Layout: This is the default document view in Word. The Print Layout view shows the document as it would appear after printing.
(b) Full-Screen Layout View: This view opens the document to a full screen. This layout helps us to make our document easily readable above the screen.
(c) Web Layout: This view displays a document on the screen the way it will look when viewed in a Web browser if you saved it as a web page.
(d) Out Line View: The outline view shows the document as an outline form.
(e) Draft View: This is the most commonly used view, in this view we can edit our document very quickly and easily.

Creating a New Document
Follow these steps to create a new document:

• Click the office button and then click File menu
• Now click on New option from the drop down menu, as shown in the picture.
• A New Document dialog box will appears on the screen.
• Click Blank Document option from this dialog box and then Click Create Option as shown in picture.
• Now a blank document will appear on the screen

Or
You can create a new document by pressing the Ctrl + N keys from the keyboard.

Open an Existing Document
Follow these steps to open an existing document:

• Click the File tab or Office Button.
• Click Open option. The Open dialog box appears.
• As shown in picture below select a document which you want to open and then Click Open button.
• Now your document will open on the screen.

Or
You can open an existing document by pressing the Ctrl + 0 keys from the keyboard.

Saving a Document
To save a newly created document follows these steps:

• Click the File tab or Office Button.
• Click Save option. The Save dialog box appears. As shown in picture below.
• Now type the name of your document in File name box and then click Save button.

Or
You can also save your document by pressing the Ctrl + S keys from Keyboard Now your document is safe for future use.

Note:

• Word processing is a process by which we can create, save and print any type of document
• The software that is used for word processing process called word processor.
• MS Word, NotePad, WordPad and word perfect are all word processors.
• Microsoft Word is a word processor software program, provides advanced features for creating and saving different types of documents.
• Tabs appear on the top of the ribbon and contain groups of related commands.
• Group handle related commands; the name of each group appears below the group on the ribbon.
• The large area at the bottom of the ruler is called the text area. We can type our document in this text area.
• Text can be viewed on a computer screen before it is printed, errors can be detected and corrected.
• A dialog box launcher is present in the lower right corner of each group.
• Word allows us to view the document in 5 different views. Prints Layout. Full screen layout view, Web Layout, Out Line View, Draft view.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 Windows Explorer will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 2 Windows Explorer

Introduction:
Windows Explorer is an important part of Windows. It manages files and folders. You can cut, copy, paste, rename and delete your files and folders. Explorer puts your files and folders in the correct order.

There are two types of Explorer:

1. Windows Explorer
2. Internet Explorer.

Windows Explorer:
The main function of Windows Explorer is to provide a graphical interface for navigating the computer’s hard disk and associated media. It is used to view, organize and manage the files / folders on the computer’s hard disk. Windows Explorer is automatically launched any time you open a folder in Windows XP.

Windows Explorer is also called File Explorer. It is used to view files and folders on our computer. We can open the data, folder and library of the disk in the computer and also search for an item. We can use it to open, delete, rename, copy, move and create new folders.

Opening the Windows Explorer
We can open Windows explorer in many ways. Some of these are as follow:

Or
By default, Windows 10 includes a File Explorer shortcut on the taskbar. Its icon looks like a folder. Click or tap on it and File Explorer is opened.

Components of Windows Explorer
Components of the windows explorer are files, folders, and drives. With the help of Explorer we can easily find any file or folder.

• File: File is the smallest unit of data storage.
• Folders: Folders are used to store related files in one place.
• Drive: Hard disk storage areas are called drives. For example Local Disk C, D, E, F, and G: drives.

With Windows Explorer we can easily access files, folders and drives. Windows Explorer is divided into following parts.

• Left Pane: This is called the navigation pane. Here we can see drives, files and folders
• Right Pane: When a file, folder is selected, its details appear in the right pane.

• Forward and Back buttons: Enables you to go to folders you’ve already opened. If you go to a different folder, you can choose the Back button to return to the last folder you accessed.
• Address Bar: Enables you to go to a different folder in the same Explorer window.
• Search Box: Allows you to search for subfolders, documents, images, programs, Web pages, and bookmarks in the current folder.
• Status Bar: Displays information about a selected folder and its contents, such as the total number of items in the folder, the number of items selected and total file size.
• Ribbon: Enables you to perform layout, formatting, and sharing tasks, as well as how File Explorer displays your files and folders.

Series of Locations:
The folders and drives in the computer, the computer connected to the network and its shared folders, drives and printers are arranged in a tree shape. This sequence is called a series of locations. It contains the following items:
Favorites: The top most folder in this series is the Desktop folder. It contains desktop, downloads and recent place items.

2. Library Folder: By default this folder contains four libraries, such as; Documents, music, photos and videos. These folders contain related items; Such as pictures in pictures folder, related videos in video folder, etc.

3. Personal Folder: Your personal folder is named after the user name to which you have logged in to the computer and by default it contains the following folders; such as Contacts, Downloads, Favorites, Links, My Documents, My Music, My Pictures, My Videos, Saved Games and Search.

4. MY Computer: Disks in a computer; such as C: drive, D: Drive, E: Drive etc. and other connected devices such as Printer, USB, memory stick and camera are attached to the computer, they are visible here.

5. Network: If you are connected to a local network, you see other computers and devices in it.

6. Control Panel: Control Panel is used to configure hardware and software of computer system and to change settings of computer system.

7. Recycle Bin: It contains deleted files/folders or programs.

View means how files and folders appear in a computer system. Explorer views show the direction in which files and folders will appear. It has five types of views. These are thumbnails, tiles, icons, lists and details.

• Small, Medium, Large and Extra Large Icons View: Items in this view are in more than one row and each item appears in the shape of an icon. Each item has a name.
• Tiles Icon View: Items in this view are in more than one row and each item appears in the shape of an icon. Each item has a name. It contains other information, such as the type of file and its size.
• List Icon View: Items in this view are in more than one column. Each item has a name and the icon is to the left of the name.
• Content Icon View: Items in this view appear in the column. Each item is in the shape of an icon. It has a name and type of the file is written below it. Some other properties such as modification date and size below it are also visible, By default this view is used for search.
• Detail Icon View: Each item appears as a table row. The first column contains the name of the item in the form of a small icon and the rest of the column lists its properties such as its size and the date and type of modification.

Change Display for a Single Folder

• Open File Explorer.
• Click the View tab at the top of the window.
• In the Layout section, select Extra large icons, Large icons, Medium Icons, Small icons, List, Details, Tiles, or Content to change to the view you want to see.

There are many different types of files you can use. For example, Microsoft Word documents, digital photos, digital music, and digital videos are all types of files. When you use different applications, you’ll often be viewing, creating, or editing files. Files are usually represented by an icon. In the image below, you can see a few different types of files.
Windows uses folders to help you organize files. You can put files inside a folder, just like you would put documents inside a real folder. In the image below, you can see some folders on the desktop.

Selecting the Items
Usually before doing any work on a file or folder such as opening a file, closing a file, deleting file, copy a file etc. we have to select it. There are different ways to select a single file/folder or multiple files/folders.
1. Selecting a Single Item: If more than one item is available and you want to select one of the items in it, it can be selected by clicking with the mouse on that file.

2. Selecting More Than One File ; There are a few ways to select more than one file at a time:
(a) If you’re viewing your files as icons, you can click and drag the mouse to draw a box around the files you want to select. When you’re done, release the mouse; the files will be selected. You can now move, copy, or delete all of these files at the same time.
(b) Selecting All Items: If you want to select all files in a folder at the same time, open the folder in File Explorer and press Ctrl+A or click “Select all” option from the “Select” group on the Home tab. All of the files in the folder will be selected.
(c) Select items using the Shift key: To select a group of files from a folder, click the first file, press and hold the Shift key on your keyboard, then click the last file. All of the files between the first and last ones will be selected.
(d) Selecting an item using (Ctrl key): To select specific files from a folder, press and hold the Control key on your keyboard, then click the files you want to select.

3. Reverse selection: To reverse the selection, select the “Invert Selection” option in the Edit menu.

Creating a Folder
If you want to create a new folder, it is created in the current location. Here are some ways to create a folder:

• Open the File explorer, click on the “New Folder” button option.
• The new folder will appear. Type the desired name for the folder and press Enter.

Or
Press the Ctrl + Shift + N keys together from the keyboard. The new folder will appear. Type the name of the folder and press Enter key.
Or
Right-click on a blank space, click “New” ⇒ “Folder” in the context menu. The new folder will appear. Type the name of the folder and press Enter key.

Or

• Place the cursor where you want to add your folder.
• In File Explorer, click on the Home menu item.
• From the Home riibbon, click on the New folder button.
• Enter the name of your new folder and press enter key.

Re-naming the Item
You can change the name of any file or folder. Here are the steps to rename an item:

• Click the file or folder, wait about one second, and click again. An editable text field will appear.
• Type the desired name on your keyboard and press Enter. The name will be changed.
  Or
• You can also right-click the folder and select “Rename” copy option from the menu that create shortcut appears. An editable text field will appear.
• Type the desired name from , keyboard and press Enter. The name will be changed.

Delete a File or Folder
If you no longer need to use a file, you can delete it. When you delete a file, it is moved to the Recycle Bin. If you change your mind, you can move the file from the Recycle Bin back to its original location. If you’re sure you want to permanently delete the file, you will need to empty the Recycle Bin.

Following are the Steps to delete file/folder:

• Select the file or folder you want to delete.
• Press the Delete key from the keyboard. A message will appear asking for deletion.
• Click on “Yes”. Item will be deleted.

Or

• Click and drag the file to the Recycle Bin icon on the desktop.
• To permanently delete the file, right click the Recycle Bin icon and select “Empty Recycle Bin”. All files in the Recycle Bin will be permanently deleted.

Copying or Pasting Items
To copy a file/folder the steps are as follow:

• Select the item to be copied.
• Select the “Copy” option from the “Clipboard” group on the “Home” tab.

Or
Press ctrl + c keys from the keyboard.
Right click on the file/folder you want to copy. A menu will open. From this menu select “copy” option. Now your file/folder will be copied.

Steps to paste the file/Folder are as follow:

• Place the cursor where you want to paste the file/folder.
• Select the “Paste” option from the “Clipboard” group on the “Home” tab.
• Your copied item will now be pasted.

Or
Press the Ctrl + V key from the keyboard.

Or
Locate and right-click the desired location, then select “Paste” option from the menu appeared.

Move Items by Cut and Paste
Move items from one place to another is similar to copy and paste but in this the cut option is used instead of copy. The important difference between copy / paste and cut / paste is that when we copy and paste an item, a duplicate item of that specified item is created in a new location which does not move from its original location. An item moved by cut or paste does not move from its original location but moves to its original location.

Cut and paste is used as follows.

• Select the item to be cut.
• Select the “Cut” option from the “Clipboard” group on the “Home” tab.

Or
From the keyboard Press the Ctrl + X key.
Or
Right-click the mouse and select Cut from the menu that appears. Steps to paste the file/Folder are as follow:

• Place the cursor where you want to pasite the file/folder.
• Select the “Paste” option from the “Clipboard” group on the “Home” tab.
• Your copied item will now be pasted.

Or
Press the Ctrl + V key from the keyboard.
Or
Locate and right-click the desired location, then select “Paste” option from the menu appeared.

Copying Items with Send To
The Send to Option is an easy way to copy one or more items or programs to a new location. Following are the steps to use Send to option:

• Select the item to be copied.
• Press the right mouse button; select the option “Send To” from the menu.
• Now select the specified location. By default, the Send To submenu contains the following locations:
  (a) Compressed (zipped) Folder
  (b) Desktop (Create Short-cut)
  (c) Documents Library
  (d) Fax and Mail recipients
  (e) Removable devices, such as: USB, Memory Sticks Select the option as needed.

Searching
Search commands can be used to find files, folders, etc. Sometimes we save an item and forget its location and in the future when we need that item we can’t find it, but with searching we can easily find our item we search for.

• Press the Ctrl + E key from the keyboard in Windows Explorer or click in the search box that appears in Windows.
• Type one or more search terms. If you use more than one search term, vour file must match those search terms.
• The results appear automatically in the item view as you type the search term. We do not need to press Enter key to do this.

Run Command:
The run command is obtained by clicking on Start button. Run commands are used to run a program or open folders and documents directly. Steps to use Run command are as follow:
1. Click on Start button.
2. Select All apps and expand Windows System, then click Run to open it. The run box will open.
Or
Just press the Windows key and the R key (win+R) at the same time, it will open the Run command box immediately.

Or
Type the word run inside search box in the taskbar, and then click Run from the search result. A Run dialog box will appear on the screen.

To open any program, type name in Run dialog box and click Ok. For Example type “Calc” to open the calculator.

Calculator:
Calc is the name of the spreadsheet program used in OpenOffice. A Calculator is an electronic hardware device or software capable of performing mathematical calculations, such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, or division. The calculator can also be used to calculate dates, convert currency, and if you’re using the Standard mode, you can keep the calculator window on top of other windows.

The steps for opening the calculator are as follows:
1. Click Start.
2. In the programs list, find and click the Calculator program.

Click Start.
Type “calc” in search box and press Enter.
Or
Press the shortcut keys Windows key+X.
In the Power User Task Menu, click the Run option.
Type “calc” in Run box and press Enter.

Customize Desktop:
Customizing is the process of changing the settings of a desktop.

Themes:
Themes are a combination of pictures, colors, and sounds. It has background, screen saver, border color and sound scheme.

Windows has the following themes:
(a) My Themes
(b) Arrow Themes
(c) Basic and High Contrast Themes

Following are the steps to apply the theme:

• Open Settings.
• Click on Personalization.
• Click on Themes.
• Click the Get more themes in the Microsoft Store option.
• Select the theme you want.
• Click the Get button.
• Click the Apply button.
• Click the newly added theme to apply it from the “Themes” page.

Desktop Background
It is a wallpaper image that appears behind the icons on your computer’s desktop. It can be in JPEG or Gif format. The following are steps to change the desktop background:
(а) Right-click the desktop and choose Personalize from the shortcut menu. The Personalization window appears.
(b) Click the Desktop Background link. The Desktop Background dialog box appears.
(c) Select a category of desktop background options from the Picture Location list box and then click the image from the background preview list that you want to use.
(d) The background is previewed on your desktop. Click Save Changes.

Screen Saver:
Screen saver is the graphics that appear on the screen after not working on the computer for some time. It is used for security and protection of the screen. We can set our own screen saver.

Steps to set the screen saver : Here are the steps to set up a screen saver


(a) Right-click the desktop and choose Personalize from the shortcut menu. The Personalization window appears.
(b) Click the Lock Screen option. The lock screen dialog box appears.
(c) In the Screen Saver Settings window, choose a screen saver from the drop-down list.
(d) Click on the Preview button to preview the screen saver.
(e)The screensaver has to be set to run auto-matically from the desktop. So type the time setting in the Wait option that appears in the picture.
(f) Click on Apply button and press Ok button.

Note:

• Windows Explorer is an important part of Windows. It manages files and folders.
• Windows Explorer is also called File Explorer. It is used to view files and folders on our computer.
• Win key + E is used to open window Explorer .
• File is the smallest unit of data storage.
• Folders are used to store related files in one place.
• Hard disk storage areas are called drives.
• On navigation pane, we can see drives, files and folders
• Address Bar enables you to go to a different folder in the same Explorer window.
• Search Box allows you to search for subfolders, documents, images, programs, Web pages, and bookmarks in the current folder.
• Control Panel is used to configure hardware and software of” computer system and to change settings of computer system.
• Recycle Bin contains deleted files/folders or programs.
• Explorer views show the direction in which files and folders will appear. O Explorer has five types of views.
• Thumbnails, tiles, icons, lists and details views.
• Ctrl+A keys are used to select all files and folders in explorer windows.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Typing Tutor will help you in revision during exams.

Introduction:
Typing tutor is the software with the help of which we learn to type fast and type correctly. It is a technique by which we learn the correct ways of typing.

Touch Typing:
This is a technique by which we learn how to type correctly without looking at the keyboard. The keyboard is divided into two parts, left side and right side. Typing is done by placing the fingers on right position accordingly.

Fingers Position on Keyboard:
To type on a QWERTY keyboard, the left side keys are pressed with the left hand and the right side keys with the right hand. The keyboard has four lines. The fingers of both hands are placed on the line A.

This line is called the home row.
1. Home Row: The “home row” is the center row of keys on a keyboard. It starts from the alphabet A. The fingers are always rest on this line. The position of the fingers on this row is as follows:
First of all, the fourth finger (little finger) of our left hand is on the ‘A’ key, then third finger on the ‘S’ key, then second finger on the ‘D’ key and then first finger on the ‘F’ key and alternately on the ‘7’ key. The fourth, third, second and first fingers of the right hand should be on ‘L’, ‘K’, ‘J’ and ‘H’ respectively. Thumb of right hands should be on space bar.

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	A
Ring Finger	S
Middle Finger	D
Index Finger	F & G

Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	;
Ring Finger	L
Middle Finger	K
Index Finger	J & H

Fingers Position on first Row

2. Second Row: The keys on the above line of the home row are called the keys on the second line. It starts with the letter ‘Q’. Turn the fourth finger (little finger) of your left hand on the ‘Q’ key, the third finger on the ‘W’ key, the second finger on the ‘E’ key and the first finger on the ‘R’ key or the ‘T’ key. Similarly, place the fourth finger of the right hand on the ‘P’ key, the third finger on the ‘O’ key, the second finger on the ‘I’ key and the first finger on the ‘U ‘or’ Y ‘key alternately.

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	Q
Ring Finger	W
Middle Finger	E
Index Finger	R & T

Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	P
Ring Finger	O
Middle Finger	I
Index Finger	U & Y

Fingers Position on Second Row

3. Third Row: The row below the home row is called the third row. It starts with the ‘Z’ key. The fourth finger of the left hand (Little Finger) will go to the ‘Z’ key and then return to the home row.

Similarly, place the third finger on the ‘X’ key, the second finger on the ‘C’ key and the first finger on the ‘V’ key or the ‘B’ key alternately.

Similarly, place the fourth finger of the right hand on the ‘/’back slash key, the third finger on the ‘.’dot Key, the second finger on the V comma key and the first finger on the ‘M’ key or the ‘N’ key alternately.

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	Z
Ring Finger	X
Middle Finger	C
Index Finger	V & B

Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	/
Ring Finger	.
Middle Finger	?
Index Finger	M & N

Fingers Position on Third Row

4. Fourth Row: The fourth row corresponds to the numeric keys. Be careful while typing the numbers. Our fingers should be on the home row. To type the numbers 100% correctly, it is recommended to press the numeric key with the corresponding finger and then bring it back to the home row. If all work is related to numbers, keep your fingers on the fourth line.

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	1
Ring Finger	2
Middle Finger	3
Index Finger	4 & 5

Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger	0
Ring Finger	9
Middle Finger	8
Index Finger	7 & 6

Fingers Position on Fourth Row

Numeric Keyboard:
The numeric keypad is located on the right hand side of the keyboard and has a total of 17 keys. They act as a calculator. While using the numeric keypad Num lock key must be turned on. Use the right hand when typing numbers on the numeric keypad.

The position of the fingers on the numeric keypad is as follows:

• The thumb of the right hand is on the ‘0’
• On the first finger of the right hand ‘4’
• The second finger of the right hand on the ‘5’
• The third finger of the right hand on the ‘6’

Special Keys on Keyboard:
The special keys of the keyboard are as follows:

• Enter Key: This key is used to move to a new line. We use the smallest finger of our right hand to press the Enter key.
• Space Bar: The space-bar key is used to leave a space in two words. We use our thumbs to press the space key.
• Shift Key: This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters. If you want to type a capital letter with your left hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand Similarly, to write a capital letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.
• Backspace: This key is used to delete a character to the left of the cursor. We use the little finger of our right hand for this.
• Caps Lock Key: If the whole word, line or paragraph is to be written in capital letters, keep the Caps Lock Key in ON position. We use the little finger of our left hand for this.

Punjabi Typing with Anmol Lipi:
We can easily type in Punjabi with Anmol Lipi font. We can also practice typing in Punjabi depending on the position of the fingers used in English language typing. Before typing, we have to choose the Anmol Lipi font. The Anmol Lipi font key-map is as follows:

Instructions to Increase Typing Speed:
Typing speed can be increased by keeping the following in mind:

• Concentrate in consistently, comfortably and correctly typing.
• The position of our hands/fingers should always be on the home-row. We should always start from this position and come back to the same position. We should move from the home-row position to other keys.
• As we press each key, we should repeat that letter in our mind,
• We should focus on pressing the right key rather than speed. Speed will increase automatically with time and practice.
• Do not look at the keyboard.

Sitting Position for Typing:
While typing, we should follow the following instructions for proper seating:

• The computer monitor should be in front of our eyes.
• Our focus should be on the monitor.
• Our fingers should be on the home-row keys.
• We should sit straight and in front of the keyboard.
• We should quickly press each key and return to the home row position.
• Our feet should be straight on the ground.

How to Avoid the Stress of Typing:
Stress and mistakes while typing on computer can be avoided as follows.

• Set your keyboard so that it is straight and slightly raised at the back. Do not keep your keyboard tilted downwards.
• Sit properly in front of your computer. Our screen should be two feet away from us and our copy should be in front of our eyes.
• Stretch your arms before starting work and also during intervals and strengthen your arms with exercise.
• We should rest our wrists when we are not typing.
• When typing, keep your wrists straight and bend your elbows at a 90 degree angle. Our wrists should not rest on the table while typing.
• If sitting on a chair, our knees are bent 90 degrees and our feet are straight on the ground, then the height of our chair is perfect.
• Exercise daily. This helps our body avoid stress after typing.
• Rest for a short time instead of a large interval while typing

Note:

• Typing tutor is the software with the help of which we learn to type fast and type correctly.
• Touch Typing is a technique by which we learn how to type correctly without looking at the keyboard,
• The keyboard is divided into two parts, left side and right side.
• Typing is done by placing the fingers on right position.
• The “home row” is the center row of keys on a keyboard.
• Home Row start from the alphabet A,
• The keys on the above line of the home row are called the keys on the second line.
• The row below the home row is called the third row.
• The fourth row corresponds to the numeric keys.
• The numeric keypad has a total of 17 keys.
• Enter key is used to move to a new line.
• The space-bar key is used to leave a space in two words.
• Shift key is used to write capital letters.
• Backspace key is used to delete a character to the left of the cursor. Caps lock is used to type the word, line or whole paragraph in capital letters.
• We can easily type in Punjabi with Anmol Lipi font.