Bhagya

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Organic Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Organic Farming

→ Organic farming helps in maintaining natural balance and also in conserving natural resources.

→ Inorganic farming we do not use chemical fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides, etc.

→ Organic farming is based on the concept that feeds the soil and not the plants.

→ Advantages of organic farming are fertility of the soil is increased, lower production cost, good income from organic produce, availability of pesticide residue-free food, etc.

→ Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, burning of rice and wheat straw, etc. have deteriorated greatly the soil health and the environment.

→ Due to the adoption of the Rice-Wheat cropping system for many years, it has reduced the area under the traditional pulse and oilseed crops.

→ There is a huge demand for tea, basmati rice, vegetables, fruits, pulses, etc. which are grown by adopting organic farming practices, in the world organic food market.

→ The government of India has established a National Centre for Organic Fanning (NCOF) at Ghaziabad to promote organic farming. Its Regional centre in North India is situated at Panchkula, Haryana.

→ In the year 2004 India has formulated certain organic standards which are also acceptable in other countries.

→ Agricultural practices followed in organic farming are the same as that of conventional farming e.g. seeds, sowing method, varieties, etc.

→ Nutritional requirements of crops are met by using compost, vermicompost, farmyard manure, bio-fertilizers, non-edible cakes like castor cakes, etc.

→ Protection of crops from pests and insects is done by using beneficial insects, birds, etc.

→ Extract of neem is also used against pests and insects etc.

→ Organic certification guarantees that organic products are produced as per the organic set standards.

→ Information about organic standards can be obtained from site www.apeda.gov.in.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Crop Diversification

→ Crop diversification is also known as multiple cropping.

→ Crop diversification is to reduce some area under rice-wheat crops and to increase the area under alternate crops like maize, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato, etc.

→ Crop diversification helps in natural resource sustainability.

→ Maincrop rotation in Punjab is wheat-rice.

→ There is a consumption of 215 cm water for the wheat-rice cycle in Punjab in a year, but 80% of this water is consumed by rice alone.

→ Punjab is divided into three agroclimatic zones-sub mountainous zones, central zone, and southwestern zone.

→ Kandi belt is included in the sub-mountainous zone.

→ The sub-mountainous zone receives heavy rainfall and there persist problem of soil erosion in this zone.

→ Crops cultivated in, sub-mountainous zones are wheat, maize, paddy, basmati, potato, oilseed, etc.

→ The crop cycle in the central zone of Punjab is wheat-paddy rotation.

→ The crop cycle in the southwestern zone is cotton-wheat rotation.

→ An intensive cropping system means growing more than two crops in a year.

→ Green manuring must be done before cultivating Kharif crops like basmati rice and maize.

→ Maize-based cropping cycle is maize-potato-Summer Moong. or sunflower, maize-potato or Toria-sunflower, etc.

→ The soybean-based cropping system is soybean-wheat-cowpea. This cycle helps in maintaining soil fertility.

→ Groundnut-based cropping system is groundnut-potato or toriya or pea or wheat, groundnut-potato-bajra (fodder), groundnut- toria, or gobhi sarson.

→ Fodder-based cropping system is maize-berseem-bajra, maize-berseem-maize, or cowpea (rawanh).

→ Vegetable-based cropping system: potato-onion-green manure-potato-ladyfinger-early cauliflower, potato (seed)- radish or carrot (seed)-ladyfinger (seed).

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

→ Earlier, beekeeping was practiced mainly in hilly and southern states of India and the reared bee species was the Indian honey bee Apis cerana.

→ PAU, Ludhiana successfully introduced the Italian honey bee in 1965.

→ We may get 20 kg of honey per colony per year from stationary beekeeping and 60 kg of honey per colony per year from migratory beekeeping.

→ Products that are obtained from beekeeping are bee wax, propolis, bee venom, pollen, royal jelly, etc.

→ The body of honey can be considered divided into three parts – head, thorax, and abdomen.

→ There are mainly four species of honey bee Apis dorsata (rock bee), Apis florea (little bee), Apis cerana (Indian bee), and Apis mellifera (European/Italian bee)

→ A honeybee can lay nearly 2000 eggs in a day.

→ Rock bees and little bees are wild species.

→ Indian bee and Italian bee are hive bees.

→ Rock bee is very aggressive.

→ Italian and Indian bees are reared in boxes.

→ There are three castes of honey bees-queen, drones, and worker bees.

→ The life cycle of honey bees has four stages – egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

→ The life cycle of the queen bee completes in 16 days that of a worker in 21 and of drone in 24 days.

→ A colony has nearly 8000 to 80,000 worker bees.

→ Good sources of nectar and pollen for bees are berseem, toria, Sarson, arhar, eucalyptus, Sheesham, pear, etc.

→ The suitable season for starting beekeeping is February-March and November.

→ Honey bees seal the ripe honey with a layer of beeswax.

→ We should not extract unripe honey.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

→ There are 400 mushroom-growing places in Punjab.

→ Annual production of mushrooms is about 45000-48000 tonnes.

→ Nutrients found in mushrooms are Protein, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Potash, Minerals, and Vitamin-C.

→ It contains low amounts of fats and carbohydrates. Mushrooms are good for patients with blood pressure and sugar.

→ According to the environment of Punjab, there are five varieties of mushrooms-Button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, Chinese mushrooms, Milky, Oyster mushrooms.

→ In winter two crops of Button, mushrooms can be taken from September to March.

→ Three crops of oyster mushrooms can be taken from October to March and one crop of shiitake can be taken from September to March.

→ Turn the stack after every fourth day and add molasses, gypsum, Lindane, and furadan respectively at first, third, fifth, sixth, and seventh turning.

→ The seed rate is 300-gram spawn per square meter.

→ In summer four crops of paddy straw mushroom are taken from April to August and of milky mushroom three crops are taken from April to October.

→ Mix FYM and garden soil in the ratio of 4 : 1 or spent compost and FYM in the ratio of 1 : 1 to get casing mixture.

→ Use 4-5% formalin for disinfecting casing mixture.

→ Use dichlorvos as a preventive measure against mushroom flies and do not harvest up to 48 hours after spraying.

→ Mushroom seeds are known as spawn.

→ Within 2-3 weeks 80-100% of trays are filled with mycelium which is white like cotton.

→ The mushroom yield obtained is 8-12 kg per sq metre.

→ 200 grams of fresh mushrooms are packed in poly bags having small holes in them.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Solar Energy

→ The sources of energy in nature are of two types conventional (non-renewable) and non-conventional (renewable).

→ Conventional sources of energy are limited. These are coal, electricity, petroleum etc.

→ Non-conventional sources of energy are Biogas solar energy, chemical energy, etc.

→ The solar cell can be used to produce electricity using solar cells.

→ The solar dryer is used for drying vegetables, fruits, etc.

→ Solar dryers are of two types domestic solar dryers, multi-product solar dryers.

→ The solar cooker is used for cooking food using solar energy.

→ The solar water heater is used to heat water using solar energy.

→ Solar water heaters are of two types thermosiphon solar water heater, storage cum collector solar water heater.

→ A solar lantern is an emergency light. It is charged using solar energy and it can be used for 3-4 hours.

→ Solar energy is also used to light street lights and house lights.

→ The solar water pump is used to lift water from a depth of 35-40 feet.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

→ In India, the measurement of land started in the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar and Todarmal played an important role in this work.

→ Emperor Akbar started receiving taxes in cash in 1580 A.D.

→ Land measurement improved after independence and the Land consolidation act (Murababandhi act) was one of such reforms.

→ Zagreb is a chain made up of iron rings and is used to measure land.

→ The land is measured in acres, Kanal, maria, etc.

→ Zareeb is 10 Karms Jong or 5.5 feet long.

→ Shijra/Latha is a piece of cloth on which a map of the village is carved, Khasra numbers of all land are printed on it.

→ According to the Land consolidation act, the whole land was divided into pieces each of 25 acres in measurement.

→ The total of all cultivated crops in the form of a table is called Goshwara.

→ Transfer of ownership rights from one owner of land to another owner is called Intkaal.

→ Jammabandi or Fard is an important document of the Punjab Land Revenue Act regarding ownership of land.

→ Earlier, Jammabandi was carried out after every four years and now it is carried out after every five years.

→ There are 1-12 columns in Jammabandi Fard.

→ Girdawary or Gardaury is a survey of land and of cultivated land.

→ We can check the records online from the website: www.plrs.org.in.

→ 1 foot = 12 inch, 1 yard = 3 feet.

→ 1 Marla = 9 Sarsahian = 272 square feet.

→ 1 Kanal = 20 Marla.

→ 1 Acre = 8 Kanal.

→ Hectare = 2.5 acre = 20 Kanal.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Nursery Raising

→ A small land piece is required for nursery raising. It is a remunerative occupation.

→ One can get more income from the nursery raising of vegetables, flowers, and fruits.

→ Seeds are expensive and can be used efficiently through nursery raising.

→ Farmers having less land can gain more by nursery raising than by the cultivation of vegetable crops.

→ Nursery of those vegetables can be raised successfully which can tolerate the. transplanting shock.

→ Land in which the nursery is raised should get at least 8 hours of sunshine.

→ The seedbed for nursery raising should be 15 cm higher than ground level.

→ Treat the soil with formalin before sowing the seed.

→ Treat the seed with captain or thiram before sowing.

→ Transplant the seedlings in the main field after 4-6 weeks of sowing in the nursery.

→ Flowers are grown in the summer season are Sunflower, Zinnia, Kochia, etc.

→ Flowers grown in the winter season are Marigold, Gulashrafi, Ice plant, Garden pea, Phlox, etc.

→ Nursery for seasonal flowers is ready in 30-40 days.

→ Important agroforestry trees are Poplar, Eucalyptus, Drake, Sisham.

→ Drake nursery is propagated from seeds.

→ Sisham is the state tree of Punjab.

→ Treat the cuttings by chlorpyriphos and Remi san against white ants (termite) and diseases.

This PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

→ Soil means an upper layer of earth in which plant roots grow and plants take water and other nutrients from it.

→ Soil provides physical strength to the plants.

→ According to soil scientists, the soil is a dynamic natural body that has developed under the effect of natural forces.

→ Soil is a living thing according to scientists, it contains many microbes, it provides nutrients to plants.

→ Basic constituents of soil – 45% minerals, 25% air, 25% water, 0 to 5% of organic matter. Water, air, and water content can vary.

→ Soil has two types of properties-Chemical and Physical properties.

→ Main Physical Properties of soil-size of soil particles, pore size, and water holding capacity, etc.

→ When sandy soil is rubbed between thumb and finger it feels gritty.

→ Clayey soil has 40% of clay particles.

→ Loamy soil has characteristics between sandy and clayey soil.

→ In areas with high rainfall, soils are found to be acidic.

→ If pH is less than 7 then the soil is acidic.

→ Salt-affected soils are of three types.

→ Salt affected soils are saline, alkali, saline-alkali soils.

→ For improvement of sandy soil – green manure, farmyard manure, leguminous crops are incorporated.

→ Clayey soils are most suited for paddy sowing.

→ Acidic soils are reclaimed by adding lime to them.

→ Reclamation of Saline soil can be done by flooding and ploughing or by scrapping the top layer by using a leveler (Karaha).

→ For reclamation of alkali soils, use gypsum after getting tested on the soil and water.

→ The water table is high in waterlogged soils that it reaches upto the roots of the plants.

→ If a water table is found at a level of 0 to 1.5 m below the surface of the earth it is called waterlogged soil.