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PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 Urban Development – Local Self Government

October 15, 2024October 14, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Civics Chapter 21 Urban Development – Local Self Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Civics Chapter 21 Urban Development – Local Self Government

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Rural Development and Local Self Government Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
Write a short note on urban development after Independence.
Answer:
After India’s Independence in 1947, urban areas in the country were developed at a fast pace, due to an increase in population. There was a shortage of agricultural land due to the increase in population in rural areas. Consequently, the villagers began to move cities for seeking employment. Besides, the lack of amenities like education and health also compelled the village people to go to urban areas. Modern means of transport and communication have also acted as a bridge between villages and cities. As a result, the village population in India has come down from 90% to 75%.

Due to the fast increasing population in urban areas, cities require more houses, much electricity, much clean drinking water, more means of transport, cleanliness, and disposal of garbage. So special attention is paid to urban development. This is the reason why there is an increase in the number of urban local institutions, viz., Nagar Panchayats, Municipal Committees and Municipal Corporations in India.

Question 2.
Name the urban Local Self-Institutions.
Answer:
There are three urban local self-institutions.

They are :

Nagar Panchayat,
Municipal Committee (Council)
Municipal Corporation.

Question 3.
Why is city divided into wards on the basis of population?
Answer:
Number of members of urban local institutions is fixed on the basis of population. Therefore, the whole city is divided, on the basis of almost equal population, into wards and one member is elected from each ward.

Question 4.
What age is required for the candidate to be a councillor?
Answer:
The age of 21 years is required for the candidate to be a councillor.

Question 5.
What is town’s Local Self-Institution known as?
Answer:
Local self-institution in a town is known as Nagar Panchayat or Nagar Council.

Question 6.
Name four officials of Municipal Corporation.
Answer:
Four officials of Municipal Corporation are Commissioner, Health Officer, Education Officer and Chief Engineer.

Question 5.
Name any two sources of income of (urban) Local Self-Government.
Answer:
Taxes, fees, government grants and loans are the four sources of income of (urban) local self-government.

Question 6.
What are your duties towards city Local Self-Government?
Answer:
Our duties towards city local self-government are as follows:

We should help the local self-government of our city in its functioning.
We should make a proper use of the facilities like electricity and drinking water, provided by it.
We should help it in keeping the city clean. We should not spread rubbish in the city.
We should keep the environment neat and clean and also protect it.

Question 7.
Give two functions of Municipal Cpuncil or Corporation.
Answer:
The following are two functions of Municipal Council or Corporation :
1. Compulsory Functions.

It sets up local hospitals and dispensaries.
It immunizes.children against smallpox, polio, tuberculosis, cholera, diptheria, etc.
It takes care of sanitation and cleanliness of the city. It maintains sewage system and removes rubbish and garbage.
It provides good roads and streets in its area and maintains them in good condition.
It provides primary schools and opens libraries, reading rooms, museums and adult education centres, etc.
It provides safety against fire.

2. Optional Functions:

It develops parks, gardens and playgrounds, etc.
It provides cheap and efficient bus service.
It maintains rest houses, children homes and senior citizen homes, etc.

Question 8.
Give two functions of District Administration.
Answer:
Two functions of District Administration are given below :

It maintains law and order in the district with help of the police.
It maintains all the land records in the district and collects land revenue from the farmers.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Nagar Panchayat is set in a _______
Answer:
town

Question 2.
Urban local self-government functions are looked after by _______
Answer:
the State Government

Question 3.
To be a councillor, the candidate should be of _______ years of age.
Answer:
21, 18

Question 4.
In each district, there are _______ types of courts.
Answer:
two

Question 5.
An area changing from village to town is known as _______
Answer:
transitional area.

III. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement :

Question 1.
A foreigner can cast his vote in the election of Municipal Corporation of your city.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
There are 9 Municipal Corporations in Punjab.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The President of the Municipal Corporation is known as Mayor in Punjab.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The voter should be of 17 years for the election of local government.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Deputy Commissioner is the Chief Government official of the District Administration.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
There ard district level officials of various departments to run the District Administration.
Answer:
True

IV. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which is the primary unit of local urban self¬government?
(a) Nagar Nigam
(b) Village Panchayat
(c) Nagar Panchayat.
Answer:
(c) Nagar Panchayat.

Question 2.
Which name is given to the head of a Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam)?
(a) Pradhan
(b) Mayor
(c) Sarpanch.
Answer:
(b) Mayor.

Question 3.
Who is the executive officer of Municipal Corporation?
(a) Superintendent
(b) Deputy Commissioner
(c) Commissioner.
Answer:
(c) Commissioner.

Question 4.
Which of the following cities does not have Municipal Corporation?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Patiala
(c) Ropar
(d) Ludhiana
(e) Bathinda
(f) Jalandhar
Answer:
(c) Ropar.

Question 5.
Which is the highest administrative officer of a district?
(a) D.E.O
(b) Police Commissioner
(c) D.P.R.O.
(d) Deputy Commissioner.
Answer:
(d) Deputy Commissioner.

Question 6.
In big cities where the road is overcrowded, to reduce its crowd a road is built up over it. Which name is given to this over built up road?
(a) cycle rickshaw track
(b) underground subway
(c) link road
(d) fly over.
Answer:
(d) fly over.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Urban Development – Local Self Government Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Which of these is a part of Local Self-government for urban areas?
(A) Nagar Panchayat
(B) Municipalities
(C) Municipal Corporation
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 2.
Municipal Councils are generally set up in those cities whose population is more than
(A) 5,000
(B) 20,000
(C) 50,000
(D) 1,00,000.
Answer:
(B) 20,000.

Question 3.
_______ are established in big cities.
(A) Municipal Councils
(B) Zila Parishads
(C) Nagar Panchayats
(D) Municipal Corporations.
Answer:
(D) Municipal Corporations.

Question 4.
Elected representative of award is known as
(A) M.L.A.
(B) M.P.
(C) Ward Councillor
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) Ward Councillor.

Question 5.
Which of these is the function of Municipal Corporation?
(A) Supply of water
(B) Scavenging and removal of waste
(C) Supply of electricity
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 6.
Which of these is the source of income for Municipal Corporation?
(A) Property tax
(B) Water and other services tax
(C) Entertainment tax
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 7.
Who listens to the problems of local level?
(A) M.L.A.
(B) Ward Councillor
(C) M.P.
(D) D.C.
Answer:
(B) Ward Councillor.

Question 8.
Which of these cities have Municipal Corporation?
(A) Delhi
(B) Mumbai
(C) Kolkata
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 9.
Which of these cities don’t have Municipal Corporation?
(A) Chandigarh
(B) Chennai
(C) Meerut
(D) Lucknow.
Answer:
(C) Meerut.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who presides over the meetings of the Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
Mayor.

Question 2.
Who is Municipal Commissioner?
Answer:
Municipal Commissioner is a senior government employee who looks after the works of Municipal Corporation.

Question 3.
Give one point of difference between a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation.
Answer:
A Municipal Committee is formed in a small city, while a Municipal Corporation is formed in a big city.

Question 4.
How is the number of members in a Nagar Panchayat or Municipal Committee or Municipal Corporation determined?
Answer:
The number of members in a Nagar Panchayat or Municipal Committee or Municipal Corporation is determined on the basis of population of the city.

Question 5.
How is the Mayor elected?
Answer:
The Mayor is elected by the members of Municipal Corporation amongst themselves.

Question 6.
What is the major function of the District Administration?
Answer:
The major function of the District Administration is to maintain law and order in the district.

Question 7.
Under whose charge are the health services in the district?
Answer:
The health services in the district are under the charge of the District Civil Surgeon.

Question 8.
Which is the Highest court in the district?
Answer:
The highest court in the district is the Court of the Sessions Judge.

Question 9.
Who is the highest police officer in the district?
Answer:
The highest police officer in the district is the Police Commissoner.

Question 10.
What are the main types of litigations?
Answer:
There are two types of litigations. These are civil litigations and criminal litigations.

Question 11.
When and where was the first Municipal Corporation established in India?
Answer:
In India, the first Municipal Corporation was established in 1987 A.D. in Chennai.

Question 12.
What are two sources of income of Nagar Panchayats?
Answer:
Two sources of income of Nagar Panchayats are :

Grants from the State Government.
Income from taxes like house tax, building tax, sales tax and vehicle tax, etc.

Question 13.
Name the cities of Punjab where Municipal Corporations are working.
Answer:
Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patiala and Bathinda.

Question 14.
How many Municipal Corporations are there in India?
Answer:
There are nearly 125 Municipal Corporations in India.

Question 15.
Into how many districts has Punjab been divided?
Answer:
Punjab has been divided into 20 districts.

Question 16.
Name the three levels at which the District Administration works.
Answer:

District level,
Tehsil/Block level,
City/Town/Village level.

Question 17.
What is meant by Nagar Panchayat?
Answer:
The local self-government which is formed in a town with a population of not more than 20,000 is known as Nagar Panchayat.

Question 18.
What is Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
It is the highest institution of urban local self-government and is established in a large city with population in lacs.

Question 19.
Who is a Councillor?
Answer:
Councillor a member of Municipal Council, Committee or a Corporation. He is elected at local level.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the local bodies working in urban areas?
Answer:
Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Committee (Council) and Municipal Corporation are the local bodies working in urban areas.

Nagar Panch&yat: It works in a town where the population is not more than 20,000.
Municipal Committee (Council): It works in a city where the population is between 20,000 and one lac.
Municipal Corporation: It works in a city with a population of over one lac.

Question 2.
How is a Nagar Panchayat constituted?
Answer:
The whole town is divided into wards and one member is elected from each ward. Every Nagar Panchayat has a President and a Vice-President. The President is elected directly by the people. The members nominate some experienced persons, called Aldermen. The Chief Administrative Officer of a Nagar Panchayat is the Chief Municipal Officer.

Question 3.
What are the main functions of a Nagar Panchayat?
Answer:
The main functions of a Nagar Panchayat are as follows :

To prepare plans for the changing face of a village into a town.
To beautify the town and to give approval to improve the old houses.
To provide civic amenities like safe drinking water and electricity.
To construct and maintain roads and to provide parks, playgrounds and dispensaries.
To plant new trees to maintain and improve the environment.

Question 4.
How is a Municipal Committee (Council) formed?
Answer:
The members of a Municipal Committee (Council) are elected by the people of the city. The number of these members depends upon the population of the city. This number usually varies from 9 to 29. For the purpose of election, the city is divided into wards and one member is elected from each ward. Some seats are reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women. Some other experienced members, known as Aldermen, are elected by the elected representatives of the Municipal Committee. Elected members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Assembly are also members of the Municipal Committee. A President and a Vice-President are elected by the elected members from amongst themselves.

Question 5.
Discuss the composition of a Municipal Corporation.
Answer:
Members of a Municipal Corporation are elected by the voters. The city is divided into wards and one member (councillor) is elected from each ward. Number of councillors is fixed on the basis of the population of the city. Members of State Legislative Assembly, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha of that area are also members of Municipal Corporation. The councillors elect a Mayor and a Deputy Mayor from amongst themselves. The term of Municipal Corporation is five years.

Question 6.
Give the sources of income of a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation.
Answer:
The main sources of income of a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation are as follows :

Taxes such as house tax, property tax, and entertainment tax.
Fees and fines from rickshaws and fees from approval of house plans, etc.
Loans and grants from the government.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the difference between a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
The following are the main points of difference between a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation:
1. A Municipal Committee is the local self-government of a small city. It is established in a city having a population of between twenty thousand and one lac.
A Municipal Corporation, on the other hand, is set up in a big city. It is formed in a city, the population of which is over one lac.

2. A Municipal Committee is less powerful as compared to a Municipal Corporation. A Municipal Corporation is the highest and most powerful institution of urban local self-government.

3. In Punjab, the number of elected members of a Municipal Committee is fixed at 9 to 29, whereas the number of elected members of a Municipal Corporation varies between 40 and 50.

Question 2.
What are the various functions performed by District Administration?
Answer:
District Administration performs various types of functions at the district level. Several officers have been appointed in different government departments at the district level. All the officers assist Deputy Commissioner in performing the district-level functions.

The various functions performed by District Administration are as follows:
1. To maintain Law and Order: District Administration maintains law and order in the district. There are a Commissioner of Police, a Deputy Commissioner of Police, and Inspectors of Police to help the District Administration in this task.

2. Functions relating to Land Revenue: District Administration maintains all the land records and collects land revenue from the farmers.

3. Developmental Functions: All the developmental works in the district are carried out under the supervision of the Deputy Commissioner. Civic amenities such as health facilities, means of transport, education, maintenance of government buildings and roads are looked after by various departments.

4. Judicial Administration: There is a separate judicial administration in every district. The two kinds of litigation are dealt with by the two kinds of courts. Civil courts deal with matters relating to property and money, whereas criminal courts deal with cases like theft, murder, and criminal assault.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Community Meet Human Needs

October 14, 2024October 13, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Civics Chapter 19 Community Meet Human Needs Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Civics Chapter 19 Community Meet Human Needs

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Community Meet Human Needs Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
Why is human being called a social animal.?
Answer:
Man is a social being by nature. He cannot live alone. He needs someone to fulfil his needs. It is so because Man is the only living being in the world who can think. It is so because of the intellectual power of man. He needs someone to live with. That is why a human being is called a social animal.

Question 2.
Which is the basic unit of society?
Answer:
Family is the basic unit of society.

Question 3.
How was human life in ancient times?
Answer:
Human life in ancient time was very hard but simple. The man wandered in forests. He used to make both ends meet by hunting wild animals and birds. Gradually, he learnt agriculture and began to live at one place. His needs were minimum. He took water from nearby wells, rivers or ponds. He ate whatever was grown in his fields. He collected grass, twigs, leaves, mud and wood and built his house.

Question 4.
What is the difference between tribal and city life?
Answer:
Tribal life is not stable. Tribal people do not live permanently in one place and move from place to place. Their life is simple and their needs are minimal.

City life, on the other hand, is stable. Life of people is very complex and their needs go on increasing day by day. These people enjoy all amenities of life.

Question 5.
How are human beings different from other living things?
Answer:
Human beings are like other living things but they are also different from them. Human beings are the only creatures on earth who possess a developed brain and who can think. All other living beings on earth do not have this power. It is only this intellectual power that differentiates human beings from other living things.

Question 6.
Why is society essential for man?
Answer:
Society is an essential institution. No man can live without it. His needs and nature compel him to live in society. Man lives in society due to the following reasons :

It provides protection and shelter to man.
It fulfils his needs of food, clothing, housing, education, etc.
It enables him to exchange his ideas and knowledge with others and thus further develops culture and civilization.
It provides him an opportunity to develop values and virtues by his personal experiences.

Question 7.
Why we are proud of our Indian community?
Answer:
India is a land of diversities. A large number of diversities such as geographical diversities, social diversities, economic diversities, religious diversities, regional diversities and political diversities, exist in India. There are a lot of differences in climate, weather, people’s residences, food, dress, traditions, habits, folk lores and folk dances and many other things. But unity appears, out of these diversities. This is the unity of emotions, feelings and sentiments. All the people of India consider themselves as one and they give an important contribution to the progress of the country. This is the reason why we are proud of our Indian community.

Question 8.
Why and how has urbanisation developed in society?
Answer:
The interdependence of various social gropus led to the urbanisation of society. With the passage of time, village population increased. For administrative purposes, towns came into existence. With industrialisation, the towns developed into cities. With the increase in village population, demand for goods raised. In order to fiilfil the deand, manual labour was replaced by machines. Big factories were established, around which large cities were set up. A large number of villagers moved to cities in search of employment. Consequently, urbanisation developed.

Question 9.
Write a short note on the change of community from natural to man-made.
Answer:
In the beginning, man lived in the jungle and he was dependent upon nature. He started his life as a hunter. Agriculture made his life stable. It also minimised his dependence upon nature. He began to exchange his goods with other people. It started trade. Human thinking gave birth to various occupations. These included carpentry, smithy and shoe-making. Expansion of occupations made essential the things like organisation, law and order and administration etc. Thus man left the natural environment and entered the man-made environment.

Question 10.
Write a note on the development of Indian civilization.
Answer:
It took hundreds of years for Indian civilization to develop. People of diverse origins came to India from time to time and stayed here. All those people ultimately made it their home. Their way of life and ideas were accepted and adopted by the people living here. So many diverse cultures got assimilated into one another. As a result, Indian civilization became a mixture of many colours and shades.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
In ancient time people were living in _________
Answer:
villages

Question 2.
Urban population is _________ day by day.
Answer:
increasing

Question 3.
Community is called _________ of families.
Answer:
group

Question 4.
The main occupation of early man was _________
Answer:
hunting

Question 5.
Man is the only living creature with a power of
Answer:
thinking.

IV. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement :

Question 1.
India is known as ‘Country with Unity in Diversity’.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Gidha is folk dance of Rajasthan.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Every human being is an important part of his commumity.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Man can live in isolation.
Answer:
False

IV. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which is the primary social unit of a society? ‘
(a) Family
(b) City
Answer:
(a) Family.

Question 2.
Why is man a social animal?
(a) Because a man can live alone.
(b) Because a man cannot live alone.
Answer:
(b) Because a man cannot live alone.

Question 3.
Which spirit is created by the cultural brotherhood?
(a) Spirit of Patriotism
(b) Spirit of Communalism.
Answer:
(a) Spirit of Patriotism.

Question 4.
First of all which material was used by a man to make weapons in the ancient period?
(а) Stone
(b) Copper.
Answer:
(a) Stone.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Community Meet Human Needs Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
_________ is a system where people live together and interest with each other.
(A) Society
(B) Community
(C) Association
(D) Organisation.
Answer:
(A) Society.

Question 2.
Who said that, “Society is the web of social relationship”?
(A) Weber
(B) Maclver
(C) Kare Marx
(D) Durkheim
Answer:
(B) Maclver.

Question 3.
_________ is a group of people who have definite features and who live at a particular place or district or country.
(A) Society
(B) Association
(C) Community
(D) Organisation.
Answer:
(C) Community.

Question 4.
Who said that ‘Man is a social animal’?
(A) Weber
(B) Aristotle
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Durkheim.
Answer:
(B) Aristotle.

Question 5.
_________ is a country with great unity in diversity.
(A) India
(B) USA
(C) Australia
(D) Canada.
Answer:
(A) India.

Question 6.
Man in Primitive times was a
(A) Hunter
(B) Food gathers
(C) Nomad
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 7.
Why do humans need society?
(A) For Protection
(B) To fulfill his needs
(C) To exchange ideas
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 8.
Which metal greatly helped in the development of mankind?
(A) Iron
(B) Gold
(C) Silver
(D) Tin.
Answer:
(A) Iron.

Question 9.
An organised society is called a _________
(A) Society
(B) State
(C) Institution
(D) Community.
Answer:
(B) State.

Question 10.
Which of these is our duty towards society?
(A) Loyalty
(B) Honesty
(C) To give sacrifice
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does man live in society?
Answer:
Man lives in society because of his nature and needs.

Question 2.
What is the first basic society for the child?
Answer:
Family is the first basic society for the child.

Question 3.
What type of qualities does a child acquire from family?
Answer:
A child acquires various types of qualities like affection, sympathy, sacrifice, respect and brotherhood, etc. from family.

Question 4.
What is the world community?
Answer:
Many nations of the world together make a human society. This human society is known as a world community.

Question 5.
Name the metal which played a very important role in the development of mankind
Answer:
Iron.

Question 6.
When did an organised and stable community life come into existence?
Answer:
An organised and stable community life came into existence when man began to grow crops.

Question 7.
Why were family and society created? ‘
Answer:
Family and society were created to fulfil the common goals of the people.

Question 8.
What are the basic qualities of social life?
Answer:
Discipline, co-operation, respect, tolerance and vigilance, etc. are the basic qualities of social life.

Question 9.
What led to the urbanisation of society?
Answer:
The interdependence of various social groups led to the urbanisation of society.

Question 10.
When was society needed to be organised?
Answer:
Society was needed to be organised when groups of families became larger due to increase in population.

Question 11.
What is an organised society called?
Answer:
An organised society is called a state.

Question 12.
What is the main basis of social organisation?
Answer:
Co-operation among people is the main basis of social organisation.

Question 13.
What is meant by Society?
Answer:
A system where people live together in organised way and interact with each other is known as society.

Question 14.
What is Community?
Answer:
A group of people who have definite features and who live in a place, district or country is called community.

Question 15.
How can you say that India is a country with unity in diversity? ‘
Answer:
India is a country with unity in diversity because large scale social,physical, religious, economic, political and regional diversities are found here. Even then there is emotional unity among people.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is family called the first basic unit of social life?
Answer:
Family is the only first basic unit of social life.-It is only in the family that a child learns affection, co-operation, sense of service, tolerance, sacrifice, obedience, respect and discipline. By taking interest in the family decisions taken by parents, the child learns how to take part in the decisions taken by the country’s government. All these qualities contribute to the formation of a good nation.

Question 2.
How are various institutions helping the modern man?
Answer:
Various institutions help a lot in making the modem man civilised. Family which is the primary school for civic qualities, teaches us mutual co-operation, sense of service, tolerance, sacrifice, renunciation and discipline. Similarly, school and society also teach us the same qualities, which result in making us good citizens.

Question 3.
What are our duties towards society?
Answer:
Our duties towards society are as follows :

We must be loyal towards society and obey the rules formed by it.
We must pay honestly the taxes levied by our government so that our country can make progress.
We must be prepared to make every sacrifice for the defence of our country.
We must live in mutual love, peace and brotherhood with our fellow beings.
We must protect our social and natural environment from being polluted.

Question 4.
Why is man called a social being?
Answer:
Man is called a social being because he cannot live alone. His nature and needs compel him to live in society. Isolation bores him, and he loves to live with his fellow beings. Besides, he has to depend upon society for the fulfilment of his needs. Therefore, man is a social being.

Question 5.
Why is India called a sub-continent?
Answer:
India stands as a sub-continent in South Asia. The natural frontiers of India provide an isolated character to the vast Indian landmass. The Himalayas in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, dense forests in the east and Thar desert in the west separate it from the main continent. That is why India is called a sub-continent.

Question 6.
What type of qualities do you acquire from your school community?
Answer:
We acquire several qualities from our school community. We acquire discipline, obedience and sportsmanship, besides reading and learning.

Question 7.
Why and how has urbanisation developed in the society?
Answer:
The interdependence of various social gropus led to the urbanisation of society. With the passage of time, village population increased. For administrative purpose, towns came into existence. With industrialisation, the towns developed into cities. With increase in village population, demand for goods raised. In order to fiilfil the deand, manual labour was replaced by machines. Big factories were established, around which large cities were set up. A large number of villagers moved to cities in search of employment. Consequently, urbanisation developed.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the institutions which teach a man how to lead a civilised civic life.
Answer:
A man comes in contact with various institutions in his life, which teach him how to lead a civilised civic life.

Following is the description of a few such institutions :

Family: Family is the primary unit of social life. Social life begins at home. Family is the first and foremost institution where a man learns the first lesson of citizenship and civic virtues. It is only in the family that he adopts the virtues of love, co-operation, service, sacrifice, obedience, respect and discipline.
School: After family, school plays an important role in the formation of civic life. School acts as a centre of primary education. A sense of discipline, as well as a sense of obedience, is learnt by a man in school.
Village or City: People of a village or city make collective efforts to solve their problems. These collective efforts are called a local government. The local government plays an important role in civic life.

Question 2.
Write a note on Unity in Diversity in India.
Answer:
Our country India is known for its unity in diversity. This unity is of feelings and emotions. We cannot find any other country with such diverse physical and cultural conditions. Every citizen of India is proud of its unity. People of different origins, cultures, and religions came over here and settled here. All these people ultimately became a part of Indian society. Their culture was mixed with Indian culture. As a result, Indian culture is a mixture of many colours and shades just like a rainbow. Geographical conditions are also very much different from one region to the other. We can find deserts, mountains, fertile plains, rocky plains, frozen zones over here. In this way, we can say that Unity in Diversity exists in India.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 Public Property and its Protection

October 14, 2024October 13, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Civics Chapter 22 Public Property and its Protection Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Civics Chapter 22 Public Property and its Protection

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Public Property and its Protection Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
Why do we love our personal property?
Answer:
We have to purchase the item of our personal property if it is lost or spoiled. It causes financial loss to us. Therefore, we love our personal property.

Question 2.
Why should National Property be protected? Give two reasons.
Answer:
National property is created by the government out of the money collected from the people of the country in the form of taxes. It is meant for the convenience of all the people. If this property is damaged, it causes social and economic loss to us, our family and the nation as a whole. Therefore, the national property should be protected.

Question 3.
Why people damage public property? Give two reasons.
Answer:

Some people damage public property for the sake of fun.
Some people damage public property because they feel that this is the best way to draw the government’s attention towards their demands.

Question 4.
Give the name of two kinds of public property.
Answer:
Two kinds of public property are :

Public utility services,
Historical buildings or monuments.

Question 5.
What do you mean by public utility services? Give two examples of it.
Answer:
Public utility services are those services which are provided to all in equal proportions by the government, for the fulfilment of minimum needs of citizens. Services like electricity and water are public utility services.

Question 6.
What is public property? How is it created?
Answer:
Property to which all of us have a common right to share is called public property. It belongs to all. It is jointly created by the people and the government. Taxes are imposed and funds created. These funds create public property. It is our duty to preserve it.

Question 7.
How people misuse the public property?
Answer:
People misuse public property in the following ways :

Some people express their resentment against the government or try to get their demands accepted by damaging and burning public property.
Some people damage bulbs and tubes of street lights by throwing stones on them.
Some people throw garbage and litter in gardens, parks, zoos, historical buildings and museums, etc.
Children tear-off seats of buses and railway trains.
Some people draw lines or write their names on historical buildings and thus damage them.
Some foolish people steal valuable goods or idols, etc. from temples or museums.

Question 8.
From whose money the school property is made?
Answer:
The school property is made from the money of our parents and our government. The government’s money is also our own money because the government collects it from us in the form of taxes.

Question 9.
Give one basic difference between personal property and public property.
Answer:
Personal property belongs to a person or family, whereas public property is the common property of all. This is one basic difference between the two.

Question 10.
What is our responsibility towards school property?
Answer:
Our responsibility towards school property is the following :

We should not damage the school furniture.
We should not scribble on the school walls.
We should not pluck flowers from flower beds and pots lying in the school premises.
We should not tear off pages from the library books.
We should turn off the water taps after use.
We should not spoil the sports goods like hockey, football, etc.

Question 11.
How can you help to preserve the historical monuments?
Answer:
We can help to preserve the historical monuments in the following ways :

We should not disfigure or scratch them.
We should not steal idols from them.
We should not throw garbage and rubbish in of around them.
If someone causes damage to historical monuments, we should report the matter to the police so that the gtiilty may be prosecuted and punished.
We should help the government in the protection and preservation of historical monuments.

II. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement :

Question 1.
Parks and hospitals are our personal property.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
We should not damage our national property as it is our own.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Historical monuments are protected by a government law passed in 1958.
Answer:
True

III. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
All objects that we possess as individual make _______ property.
Answer:
personal

Question 2.
Old historical buildings are called _______ monuments.
Answer:
historical

Question 3.
We must not _______ the public property.
Answer:
damage

Question 4.
Things owned collectively make _______ property.
Answer:
family.

IV. Select out of the following as private property and public property :

Question 1.
Book, Post office, Pen, Raliway station, Scooter, Bus stand, Monument, Almirah, Sewerage, Car, Roads, Canals, Bag, Bridge, Water-works, Bungalow, River, Museum, Television.
Answer:
Private Property. Book, Pen, Scooter, Almirah, Car, Bag, Bungalow, Television.
Public Property. Post office, Railway station, Bus stand, Monuments, Sewerage, Roads, Canals, Bridge, Water-works, River, Museum.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Public Property and its Protection Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Property owned by an individual is called _______ property.
(A) Personal
(B) Public
(C) National .
(D) International.
Answer:
(A) Personal.

Question 2.
Property owned by whole community is called _______ property
(A) National
(B) Public
(C) International
(D) Personal.
Answer:
(B) Public.

Question 3.
Facilities provided by the government are called _______ facilities.
(A) National
(B) Social
(C) Public
(D) Personal.
Answer:
(C) Public.

Question 4.
When was the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological sites and Remains Act passed?
(A) 1950
(B) 1958
(C) 1954
(D) 1962.
Answer:
(B) 1958.

Question 5.
Who gives money for the maintance of public property?
(A) Public
(B) An individual
(C) Government
(D) U.N.O.
Answer:
(A) Public.

Question 6.
How do people misuse public property?
(A) They tear off seats of buses
(B) They write their names on historical buildings
(C) They damage street lights
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 7.
What is our responsibility towards school property?
(A) Not to damage School furniture
(B) Not to scribble on School Walls
(C) Not to tear off pages from liberary books
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(A) All of these.

Question 8.
Which of these is a public property?
(A) Trains
(B) Historical buildings
(C) Bus stand
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a democratic country?
Answer:
A democratic country is one where people elect their representatives to make the government.

Question 2.
Name the three organs of a government. What are their functions?
Answer:

Legislature,
Executive,
Judiciary.

Legislature makes laws, the Executive executes them and Judiciary punishes the persons who violate laws.

Question 3.
Name a few items of personal property.
Answer:
Clothes, school bag, books, notebooks, pen, pencil, etc.

Question 4.
Name some items of family property.
Answer:
House, scooter, car, television, furniture, etc.

Question 5.
What is included in public utility services?
Answer:
Public utility services include school, buses, hospitals, parks, post office, electricity, water, etc. These services are provided by the government.

Question 6.
Who suffers if you lose any of your own or family possessions?
Answer:
We and our family suffer.

Question 7.
Why do we owe joint responsibility towards the protection of public property?
Answer:
We owe joint responsibility towards the protection of public property because all the people have to suffer if it is damaged.

Question 8.
Give some examples of school property.
Answer:
Chairs, tables, desks, blackboards, library, playgrounds, etc.

Question 9.
What is a historical monument?
Answer:
A historical monument is a structure of the past which reminds us of our ancient glory.

Question 10.
Which government department takes care of historical monuments?
Answer:
The Archaeological Department.

Question 11.
What is our duty towards public property?
Answer:
We should keep it safe from any type of damage.

Question 12.
Should we cause damage to public property? Why, or why not?
Answer:
No, we should not cause any damage to public property. Its damage means our own loss.

Question 13.
Why is school called public property?
Answer:
Our parents’ and the government’s money is spent on the building of school. So it is public property.

Question 14.
Of what do our historical buildings and monuments remind us?
Answer:
Our historical buildings and monuments remind us of our rich cultural heritage and glorious past.

Question 15.
Why should parks be maintained?
Answer:
People go to parks to breathe in fresh air and to take exercise there. So parks should be maintained.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why should we not damage public property?
Answer:
Public property is the property of the nation to which we all belong. It is created out of the taxes paid by us. It serves our own purpose. If we do not protect it, we ourselves will be put to inconvenience. It will become difficult to have it again. Thus it is our own loss. We have a common right to the public property. So it is our duty to protect our common things.

Question 2.
What is the difference between private property and public property?
Answer:
The property to which the owner has a personal right is called private property. No one can use this property without the permission of its owner. Privately owned houses, shops, motor cycles, scooters, etc. are good examples of private property.

On the other hand, public property is the property to which all of us have a common right. Roads, buses, railways, hospitals, schools, post offices, etc. are some examples of public property.

Question 3.
What is the importance of historical monuments in our life?
Answer:
There is a great importance of historical monuments in our life. Historical monuments like forts, palaces, temples, mosques, churches and towers, etc. remind us of our ancient glory. They are the great centres of education. We learn our history through the statues, coins, pictures and maps found in these monuments. They inspire us to do great deeds.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What points should we keep in mind to make proper use of public places?
Answer:
To make proper use of public places we should keep the following points in mind :

School is a very important institution. Here, we study and attain different types of social and moral qualities. So we should not spoil our classroom furniture by throwing it hither or thither, nor should we scribble^on the classroom walls. We should riot pluck flowers from flower beds and pots lying in the school premises. We should not tear off pages from the library books. We should turn off the water taps after use. We should not spoil the sports goods like hockey, football, etc.
Our government provides us with public means of transport like buses and trains for our convenience. We should not harm these public modes of transport, otherwise, it will be difficult for us to reach our school, college or office.
We should ensure that bulbs and tubes of street lights are not damaged by throwing stones on them. It will cause inconvenience to the public moving on roads at night time. The number of accidents can also increase.
We should not throw garbage and litter in the parks.
We should not tease the animals in zoos.
By preserving the parks, zoos, and sanctuaries we can help our community to maintain a balance between the natural environment and the man-made environment.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 20 Rural Development and Local Self Government

October 14, 2024October 13, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions Civics Chapter 20 Rural Development and Local Self Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science Civics Chapter 20 Rural Development and Local Self Government

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB Rural Development and Local Self Government Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
Write a short note on the changing face of villages in modern times.
Answer:
Our villages suffered from poverty, illiteracy, disease, and superstitions before Independence. But the face of our villages has been changing since Independence.

Today, in every village we see some progress and development.

Zamindari System has been abolished and the land has been given to the landless farmers.
Agricultural production has increased manifold. Farmers have now begun to use good quality seeds and fertilizers and agricultural machines. Agriculture universities have been set up to improve the condition of agriculture.
Schools and colleges have been opened. Children up to the age of fourteen are being imparted free education. Adult education centres have been established to educate the elderly illiterate citizens. Special facilities have been given to educate the women at village level.
Branches of banks have been opened. Villagers are provided loans at lower rate of interest.
Primary Health Centres have been opened almost in all the villages to provide medical aid to the villagers.
A large number of family planning centres have been opened to help reduce the growing population.
Almost all the villages have been provided with safe drinking water, irrigation facilities and electricity.
Efforts have been made to lay link roads for all villages to join them with the state highways.
Unemployed youths have been provided loans at lower rate of interest to discourage them to migrate to cities in search of employment.
Co-operative farming has been encouraged to improve the economic condition of villages.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Panchayati Raj?
Answer:
Rural local self-government in India is known as Panchayati Raj. It consists of Village Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad.

Question 3.
Which is the lowest and the highest institution of Panchayati Raj System?
Answer:
Village Panchayat is the lowest and Zila Parishad is the highest institution of Panchayati Raj System.

Question 4.
What is the minimum and maximum number of members of a Gram / Village Panchayat in Punjab?
Answer:
The minimum number of members of a Gram / Village Panchayat in Punjab is five and the maximum is eleven.

Question 5.
Write any two functions of Zila Parishad.
Answer:
The following are two functions of Zila Parishad :

Zila Parishad advises, helps, and coordinates the functioning of Panchayats and Panohayat Samitis.
It prepares plans for the rural development of the district.

Question 6.
What was the condition of villages during British rule?
Answer:
During British rule the condition of villages was very bad. Villages were backward. The life of villagers was hard. They had to face many problems. Zamindari system was prevalent. The farmers were exploited by the landlords. Condition of agriculture was very poor. The farmers were unknown to modern scientific and advanced methods of agriculture. Modern irrigational facilities were also not available to them. There was hardly any development of education. Villagers had no health facilities. They had to get treatment from quacks.

Question 7.
Write short note on the composition of Panchayat Samiti.
Answer:
A Panchayat Samiti is formed for a group of 100 village.’ . All the Panchs and Sarpanchs of the Village Panchayats elect their representatives to Panchayat Samiti. Besides such representatives, there are other members also. All the members of State Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha who have been elected from that block are also members of Panchayat Samiti. Every Panchayat Samiti must have one-third women members out of its total members. All the members of Panchayat Samiti elect- among themselves a Chairman and a Vice-Chairman.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Gram Sabha? What is the difference between Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
Gram Sabha is an assembly of all men and women of a village whose age is 18 years and above and whose names are enlisted in the voters’ list.

Difference between Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat. Gram Sabha includes all the persons of the village whose age is 18 years and above, whereas Gram Panchayat consists of the persons elected by the voters of the village. This is the basic difference between the two institutions.

Question 9.
Which is the most important function of the Panchayat Samiti?
Answer:
The most important function of the Panchayat Samiti is to supervise the activities of Village Panchayats of its block.

Question 10.
What the Panchayat Samiti of your area does to improve the local environment?
Answer:
The Panchayat Samiti of our area performs the following functions to improv6 the local environment :

Panchayat Samiti arranges for good seeds and fertilisers to increase agricultural production.
It helps Panchayats to set up small scale industries like pottery.
It encourages fishery and cattle rearing.
It constructs link roads and bridges to join villages of its area,
It arranges for safe drinking water and provides health facilities in its area.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
There are ________ States and ________ Union Territories in India.
Answer:
28, 8

Question 2.
Panchayat Samiti is the ________ institution of the Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
middle

Question 3.
The term of Gram Panchayat and Panchayat Samiti is ________ years.
Answer:
5

Question 4.
There are ________ Zila Parishads in Punjab.
Answer:
20

Question 5.
The highest institution of the Panchayati Raj is
Answer:
Zila Parishad.

III. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement :

Question 1.
The economic condition of the villages was very bad during British Rule.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Seats are not reserved for women in the Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
There are District Level Officials of various departments to run district administration properly.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Zila Parishad is also known as Zila Panchayat.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Panchayat Samiti is created for 100 villages.
Answer:
True

IV. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
What is the minimum age required to contest the elections of rural local self-governments institutions?
(a) 20 years
(b) 22 years
(c) 21 years.
Answer:
(c) 21 years.

Question 2.
How many minimum and maximum members are directly elected by voters of Panchayat Samiti?
(a) 9 to 25
(b) 15 to.25
(c) 6 to 29
Answer:
(b) 15 to 25.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide Rural Development and Local Self Government Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
________ is a body of all adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat.
(A) Gram Sabha
(B) Gram Panchayat
(C) Panchayat Samiti
(D) Zila Parishad.
Answer:
(A) Gram Sabha.

Question 2.
Tenure of the Gram Panchayat is
(A) 4 years
(B) 5 years
(C) 6 years
(D) Indefinite time.
Answer:
(B) 5 years.

Question 3.
Panchayati Raj system was enforced with ________ constitutional amendment.
(A) 70th
(B) 72nd
(C) 73rd
(D) 74th.
Answer:
(C) 73rd.

Question 4.
________ seats of all the local bodies are reserved for women.
(A) One tenth
(B) One fourth
(C) One fifth
(D) One third.
Answer:
(D) One third.

Question 5.
Secretary of the Gram Sabha is appointed by _________
(A) State Government
(B) Central Government
(C) Panchayat
(D) Zila Parishad.
Answer:
(A) State Government.

Question 6.
Lowest level of Panchyati Raj system is _______________
(A) Panchayat
(B) Gram Sabha
(C) Panchayat Samiti
(D) Zila Parishad.
Answer:
(A) Panchayat.

Question 7.
Middle level of Panchayati Raj system is __________
(A) Panchayat
(B) Panchayat Samiti
(C) Gram Sabha
(D) Zila Parishad.
Answer:
(B) Panchayat Samiti.

Question 8.
Highest level of Panchayati Raj Institution is ______________
(A) Panchayat
(B) Block Samiti
(C) Zila Parishad
(D) Gram Sabha.
Answer:
(C) Zila’Parishad.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What percentage of the people of India live in villages?
Answer:
75 per cent.

Question 2.
What is the main occupation of the people in India?
Answer:
Agriculture.

Question 3.
What are the main problems of our villages today?
Answer:
Poverty, illiteracy, diseases and superstitions.

Question 4.
What is the literal meaning of Panchayat?
Answer:
literally, Panchayat means a committee of five elders to solve the local problems of villages.

Question 5.
Who is a Sarpanch?
Answer:
A Sarpanch is the President of the Village Panchayat.

Question 6.
Which is the smallest unit of human population?
Answer:
Village.

Question 7.
Name the institution that acts as a link between Village Panchayat and Zila Parishad.
Answer:
Panchayat Samiti.

Question 8.
Give the other name for Zila Parishad.
Answer:
Zila Panchayat.

Question 9.
Where is a Village Panchayat established?
Answer:
A Village Panchayat is established in a village with a population of 500 or more.

Question 10.
How many seats are reserved for women in a Village Panchayat?
Answer:
One-third of the total seats of a Village Panchayat.

Question 11.
How is Sarpanch of a Village Panchayat elected?
Answer:
Sarpanch of a Village Panchayat is elected directly by voters.

Question 12.
Who presides over the meetings of a Village Panchayat?
Answer:
Sarpanch.

Question 13.
Name the government servant who helps a Village Panchayat.
Answer:
Panchayat Secretary.

Question 14.
What are the main sources of income of a Panchayat Samiti?
Answer:
Income from property tax, house tax, water tax and grants and loans from government.

Question 15.
How many Zila Parishads are there in Punjab?
Answer:
20.

Question 16.
How many States and Union Territories are there in India?
Answer:
28 States and 8 Union territories.

Question 17.
Why is Federal form of government established in India?
Answer:
Because administration of such a large country cannot be run only by the central government. That’s why federal form of government is established in our country.

Question 18.
Why is local government necessary?
Answer:
It is necessary at the villages or cities to provide basic amenities of life to the local people at the local level.

Question 19.
What is the term of all the levels of local self¬government?
Answer:
Term of five years is fixed for all the levels of local self-government.

Question 20.
What is meant by the Local Self-Government?
Answer:
A form of Government at local level is known as the Local Self-Government. It is basically formed to solve local problems of e people.

Question 21.
What do you mean by Panchayati Raj System?
Answer:
Panchayati Raj System is the structure of rural local self-government in India.

Question 22.
Name the three institutions of Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
Village Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti or Block Samiti and Zila Parishad are the three institutions of Panchayati Raj.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about Panchayat Secretary?
Answer:
Panchayat Secretary is a government servant. He helps the Village Panchayat in its working. He keeps an account of income and expenditure of the Panchayat. He also prepares a report of works of the Panchayat and presents it before the Block Panchayat Officer.

Question 2.
What are the functions performed by a Village Panchayat?
Answer:
A Village Panchayat performs several functions in its area. These functions are discussed below :

A Village Panchayat performs several kinds of public works like sanitation, maintenance of roads, supply of drinking water, maintenance of birth and death records, street lighting and health centre, maintenance of burial and cremation grounds.
It maintains law and order, supervises the functions of government servants and safeguards and maintains public property.
It deals with matters relating to disputes over property and small thefts. It tries to settle the disputes then and there.

Question 3.
Give the sources of income of a Village Panchayat.
Answer:
A Village Panchayat collects money from different sources for the development of its area. It gets money from taxes such as house tax and taxes on shops and fairs. Besides, it collects revenue from its property. It also gets some money in the forms of grants and loans (in case of need) from the State Government.

Question 4.
How is the Sarpanch of a Village Panchayat elected? Discuss any two of his functions.
Answer:
The Sarpanch of a Village Panchayat is elected directly by the voters of the village. In some states, he is elected by the Village Panchayat.

Functions:

The Sarpanch calls the meetings of the Village Panchayat.
He presides over the meetings of the Panchayat.

Question 5.
What is the importance of Village Panchayats?
Answer:
Village Panchayats perform an important role in their areas. They help the villagers in solving their basic problems and fulfill their needs. They also secure the villagers’ participation in the community development.

Question 6.
Discuss the main functions of the Gram Sabha.
Answer:
The main functions of the Gram Sabha are as follows :

The Gram Sabha elects the President (Sarpanch) and the Vice-President (Up-Sarpanch).
It elects members of Nyaya Panchayat.
It approves the annual budget of the Village Panchayat.
It decides policies for the development of its area.
It checks the accounts of Village Panchayat.

Question 7.
What is Federal form of government?
Answer:
In Federal form of government, Central government is there to run the administration of the country and State governments are there to run the administration of the states. Each state is further divided into different districts to run the administration at local level.

Question 8.
Describe three types of institutions of rural local self-government.
Answer:
There are three types of institutions of rural local self-government. At village level, Gram Panchayat is there. Panchayat Samiti is there at block level to check the development activities and other functions of gram panchayats of the block. At district level, Zila Parishad is there to check the activities of block samiti and village panchayats of the district.

Question 9.
Give in brief about reserved seats in rural local self-government.
Answer:
In 1992, 73rd constitutional amendment took place-in which some seats were kept reserved in rural local self- bodies. One third of the total seats (including S.C.’s and S.T.’s) are kept reserved for women. Seats are also kept reserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes on the basis of their population in total population of the area.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Panchayat Samiti? Discuss its functions and sources of income.
Answer:
A Panchayat Samiti is a link between Village Panchayat and Zila Parishad. It is elected for a group of 100 villages. It removes common problems of villages and works for the development of its block.

Functions: The main functions of a Panchayat Samiti are as ws:

It looks after the development of its area.
It provides quality seeds and manure to the farmers.
It encourages small scale industries in villages.
It builds bridges and link roads to join villages.
It provides Primary Health Centres in villages.
It supervises the developmental activities of Panchayats of its block.
It provides required information about Panchayats to Zila Parishad.
The activities which do not fall under the jurisdiction of Village Panchayats are also looked after by the Panchayat Samiti.

Sources of Income: Property tax, house tax, water tax and grants and loans from government are the main sources of income of a Panchayat Samiti.

Question 2.
Discuss the composition, functions and sources of income of a Zila Parishad.
Answer:
Zila Parishad’is also called Zila Panchayat. It is the third and highest institution of the Panchayati Raj System. It controls all Panchayat Samitis and Village Panchayats of the district. It acts as a link between rural local self-government and the State Government.

Composition: All the chairmen of Panchayat Samitis are members of Zila Parishad. Besides, the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council of the area are also its members. Seats are also reserved for women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the Zila Parishad.

Members of Zila Parishad elect one Chairman and one Vice-Chairman among themselves.
Term: The normal term of a Zila Parishad is 5 years, but it can be dissolved earlier also.

Functions: Functions of a Zila Parishad are given below :

It advises, helps and co-ordinates the functioning of Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis.
It prepares plans for rural development of the district.
It advises and guides the State Government for the development of the district.
It settles disputes between Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis.

Sources of Income: The main sources of income of a Zila Parishad are grants from the Centre and State governments, a pa of land revenue, income from its property and taxes imposed bT

Question 3.
Write a short note on the changing face of villages in modern times.
Answer:
Our villages suffered from poverty, illiteracy, disease and superstitions before Independence. But the face of our villages has been changing since Independence. Today, in every village we see some progress and development.

Zamindari System has been abolished and the land has been given to the landless farmers.
Agricultural production has increased manifold. Farmers have now begun to use good quality seeds and fertilisers and agricultural machines. Agriculture universities have been set up to improve the condition of agriculture.
Schools and colleges have been opened. Children up to the age of fourteen are being imparted free education. Adult education centres have been established to educate the elderly illiterate citizens. Special facilities have been given to educate the women at village level.
Branches of banks have been opened. Villagers are provided loans at lower rate of interest.
Primary Health Centres have been opened almost in all the villages to provide medical aid to the villagers.
A large number of family planning centres have been opened to help reduce the growing population.
Almost all the villages have been provided with safe drinking water, irrigation facilities and electricity.
Efforts have been made to lay link roads for all villages to join them with the state highways.
Unemployed youths have been provided loans at lower rate of interest to discourage them to migrate to cities in search of employment.
Co-operative farming has been encouraged to improve the economic condition of villages.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Operating Systems

October 11, 2024October 10, 2024 by Bhagya

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Operating Systems will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Operating Systems

An operating system is an integrated collections of programs that acts as an interface between user program and computer hardware. It takes control over the operation of the computer to the extent of being able to allow a number of programs to be run on the computer without user intervention.

Operating system provides an environment in which a user may execute programs. The primary goal of an operating system is to make computer system convenient to use. It controls execution of processes and handles interrupts so that user can easily proceed.

Definitions of Operating System:

According to Rouse , “An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially Iqaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer.”

According to Computer Dictionary, “An operating system, or “OS,” is software that communicates with the hardware and allows other programs to run.” 1

According to Dictionary.com, “Operating system is the collection of software that directs a computer’s operations,controlling and scheduling the execution df other programs, andmanaging storage, input/output, and communication resources.”
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Operating Systems Notes 1PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Operating Systems Notes 1

Services Provided by Operating System

An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs.

It provides programs an environment to execute.
It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.

Following are a few common services provided by an operating system :

Program Execution

Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server, etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated as a process.A process includes the complete execution context (code to execute, data to manipulate, registers, OS resources in use).
Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to program management:

Loads a program into memory.
Executes the program.
Handles program’s execution.
Provides a mechanism for process synchronization.
Provides a mechanism for process communication.
Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.

I/O Operation:

An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software. Drivers hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the users.
An Operating System manages the communication between user and device drivers. .
1. I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific I/O device.
2. Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when required.

File System Manipulation:

File manipulation refers to wide variety of operations which are available and allow us to delete ,copy, move. As we know a file represents a collection of related information. Computers can store files on the disk (secondary storage), for longterm storage purpose. Examples of storage media include magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk drives like CD, DVD.

Each of these media has its own properties like speed, capacity, data transfer rate and data access methods. A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions.
Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to file management:
Program needs to read a file or write a file.

The operating system gives the permission to the program for operation on file.
Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied and so on.
Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete files.
Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/ delete directories.
Operating System provides an interface to create the backup of file system.

Communication:

In case of distributed systems which are a collection of processors that do not share memory, peripheral devices, or a clock, the operating system manages communications between all the processes. Multiple processes communicate with one another through communication lines in the network. The OS handles routing and connection strategies, and the problems of contention and security.

Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to communication:
Two processes often require data to be transferred between them:
1. Both the processes can be on one computer or on different computers, but are connected through a computer network.
2. Communication may be implemented by two methods, either by Shared Memory or by Message Passing.

Error Detection:

Errors can occur anytime and anywhere. An error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware.
Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to error detection:
1. The OS constantly checks for possible errors.
2. The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.

Resource Management

In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job.
Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to resource management :
1. CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU.
2. It acts like a resource manager. The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.

Protection:

Considering a computer system having multiple users and concurrent execution of multiple processes, the various processes must be protected from each other’s activities.Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer system.

Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to protection:
1. The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
2. The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access attempts.
3. The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of passwords.

Types of Operating Systems:

An operating system may be single user or multi user. There are mainly five types of operating systems:

Batch Processing

Batch processing is one of the oldest method’s of running programs that are being used by many data processing centers for processing their jobs. It is based on the idea of automatic job-to-job transaction facility provided by almost all operating systems. In a batch mode, each user prepares his program off-line and submits it to the computer center.

A computer operator collects the program which have been punched on cards and stacks one program or job on top of another. When a batch of programs have been collected, the operator loads this batch of program into the computer. At one time they are executed one after another. Finally the operator retrieves the printed outputs of all these jobs and return them to the concerned users.

An operating system does the following activities related to batch processing:
1. The OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands, programs and data as a single unit.
2. The OS keeps a number a jobs in memory and executes them without any manual information.
3. Jobs are processed in the order of submission, i.e., first come first served fashion.
4. When a job completes its execution, its memory is released and the output for the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or processing.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Operating Systems Notes 2

Advantages:
1. Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the computer.
2. Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the previous job is finished, without any manual intervention.

Disadvantages:

Difficult to debug program.
A job could enter an infinite loop.
Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs.

Time-Sharing:

A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time. So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.

Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail.

Distributed Operating System

Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on. The advantages of distributed systems are as follows:

With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
Better service to the customers.
Reduction of the load on the host computer.
Reduction of delays in data processing.

Network Operating System:

A Network Operating System runs on a server arid provides the server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.
Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare and BSD.

The advantages of network operating systems are as follows:

Centralized servers are highly stable.
Security is server-managed.
Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows:

High cost of buying and running a server.
Dependency on a central location(server) for most operations.
Regular maintenance and updates are required.

Multi Programming. Multi Programming Operating System is the name given to the interleaved execution of two or more different and independent programs by the same computer. Interleaving of programs mean chain of programs that are either in running phase, ready or blocked phase. It is an efficient way to improve the system performance.

Multi programming approach permits more than one job to utilize the CPU time at any moment by applying the scheduling techniques like first come first serve, shortest job first etc . The more the number of programs requesting for system resources, resource utilization would be better. The operating system picks up any of the programs as scheduled and starts execution.

An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming.

The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time, This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and system resources using memory management programs to ensure that the CPU is never idle, unless there are no jobs to process.

Advantages:

High and efficient CPU utilization.
User feels that many programs are allotted CPU almost simultaneously.

Disadvantages:

CPU scheduling is required.
To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory management is required.

Real-Time Processing:

It is a form of operating system that are used in environments where a large number of events mostly external to computer systems,- must be accomplished and proceed in a short time or within certain deadline. Processing method is one that controls the environment by receiving the data, processing them and taking action or returning results sufficiently quickly to affect the functioning of the environment at that time. The term real time refers to the technique of updating files with the transaction data immediately after the event that it relates. It is quite different from batch processing that processors related data in batches at predefined periods of time.

Real time systems are basically on-line systems with one specialty in inquiry processing. The response of the system to the inquiry itself is used to control the activity. An on line production data collection system that simply accepts input and utilizes it for payroll and costing purposes cannot be terminated as real time but on the other hand, the system is designed to provide immediate information to monitor the production processes.

Differences Between Dos and Windows:

The differences between DOS and Windows are as follows:

DOS	Windows
1. It is single User operating system	1. It is multi User operating system
2. It is single-tasking operating system	2. It is Multi-tasking operating system
3. It does not time-sharing	3. It uses time-sharing
4. Keyboard is main input device	4. Keyboard and Mouse are mainly used.
5. It is character user interface	5. It is graphical user interface
6. It is light software.	6. It is heavy software
7. It doesn’t support multimedia	7. It supports multimedia.
8. It is mainly used to manage files	8. It is used for many purposes.
9. It can be stored on floppy disk	9. It cannot be stored on floppy disk.
10. Its production is slopped.	10. It is still developed by Microsoft.
11. It can connect to internet	11. It cannot connect to internet
12. It cannot use mouse	12. It can use mouse for input.

LINUX:

Just like Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Mac OS X, Linux is an operating system. An operating system is software that manages all of the hardware resources associated with your desktop or laptop. To put it simply – the operating system manages the communication between your software and your hardware. Without the operating system (often referred to as the “OS”), the software wouldn’t function.

Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. Its functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.

Basic Features

Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System:

Portable: Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform,
Open Source: Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User: Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multi Programming: Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System: Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell: Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security: Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data. Components of Linux System

Linux Operating System has primarily three components

Kernel: KemeHs the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this operating system. It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required abstraction to hide low level hardware details to system gr application programs.
System Library: System libraries are special functions or programs using which application programs or system utilities accesses Kernel’s features. These libraries implement most of the functionalities of the operating’system and do not requires kernel module’s code access rights.
System Utility: System utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual-level tasks.

Computer Security:

Computer Security is the process of detecting and preventing any unauthorized use of your laptop/computer. It involves the process of safeguarding against trespassers from i jing your personal or office based computer resources with malicious intent or for their own gains, or even for gaining any access to them accidentally.

Install Antivirus Protection:

Antivirus and anti-malware software are essentials in your arsenal of online security weapons as well.

Anti Spyware Software:

Spyware are different from viruses. Because they do not destroy our hardware or software. They get installed in the system and send senstive information like passwords, credit card information etc. to server. We need latest Anti spyware software to identify and remove spywares.

Use Strong Passwords:

Strong passwords are vital to good online security. Make your password difficult to guess by:

using a combination of capital and lower-case letters, numbers and symbols
making it between eight and 12 characters long
avoiding the use of personal data
changing it regularly
never using it for multiple accounts
using two-factor authentication.

Create a password policy for your business to help staff follow security best practice. Look into different technology solutions to enforce your password policy, e.g., scheduled password reset.

Update Programs and Systems Regularly:

Updates contain vital security upgrades that help protect against known bugs and vulnerabilities. Make sure that you keep your software and devices up-to-date to avoid falling prey to criminals.

Put Up a Firewall:

Firewalls are effectively gatekeepers between your computer and the internet, and one of the major barriers to cyber threats such as viruses and malware. Make sure that you set up your firewall devices properly; otherwise they may not be fully effective.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 4 Industrial Development in India

October 11, 2024October 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Economics Chapter 4 Industrial Development in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 4 Industrial Development in India

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Industrial Development in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give any two examples of basic industries.
Answer:
Basic industries are those industries which provide necessary inputs to agriculture and industries. Iron and steel, chemical fertilizers are the examples of basic industries.

Question 2.
What is meant by Cottage industries?
Answer:
Cottage industries are those industries which are completely or partially run by the members of a family either as a whole time business or as a part time business.

Question 3.
State one difficulty of small scale industry.
Answer:
Problem of raw material and power.

Question 4.
What is meant by Small Scale Industry?
Answer:
Smalll Scale Industry is designed on different basis but since 1977 all those factories were included in Small Scale industries which have an investment of ₹ 3 crore in fixed Capital.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the reasons behind the need’for rapid.and balanced industrialisation in India.
Answer:
The reasons behind the need for rapid and balanced industrialisation in India are the following :
1. Increase in National Income. Development of industries leads to an increase in national income. History has witnessed the fact that the development of industries has broken the chains of poverty by increasing the income of the countries.

2. Capital Formation. Due to development of industries, national income is increased and thereby savings are also increased and are necessary for capital formation. As a result, the economic development of the country is further increased.

3. Less Pressure of Population on Land. Employment opportunities are increased due to the development of industries. With this the pressure of population on land can be reduced.

4. Agricultural Development. Industrialization also helps in the development of agriculture. In fact, rapid industrialisation is must for the rapid development of agriculture.

5. Self-dependence. Less developed countries like India are dependent upon other countries for the fulfilment of most of their requirements. With the help of industrialization the country can be made self-reliant by producing these goods in the country. This helps in the saving of foreign currency. Self-reliance is also most important for the safety of the country.

6, Production of Socially Useful Goods. With rapid industrialisation Indian economy can be made more sound. Through industrialisation the production of essential goods like cloth, cycles, electric goods, paper, oil, etc. has become possible.

7. Help in Establishment of Balanced Economy. Industrialisation helped in making the economy a balanced one by reducing the dependence on agriculture.

Due to all these reasons there is great need for rapid industrialization in India.

Question 2.
What are the small scale and cottage industries in India? What are their problems?
Answer:
The cottage industry is that industry which is carried by the members of a family under one roof as a part-time or full-time business. As these industries are generally carried in villages, these are also called as rural industries.

As per the new definition, all those firms which have the investment of ₹ 1 crore are included in small scale industries.

Problems of Small Scale and Cottage Industries
The various problems of small scale and cottage industries are as follows :

Problem of raw material and energy. The small scale and cottage industries face the problem of inadequate supply of raw-materials. Also, the available raw-material is poor in quality and highly priced. As a result, the cost of production increases. These industries also face the problem of shortage of electricity, power and coal. ,
Problem of Capital. In India the small scale and cottage industries are not able to receive adequate finance. These industries have to depend upon the local financers who charge a high rate of interest.
Old methods of production. Mostly old methods of production are adopted in these industries due to which these industries have low’ productivity and high per unit cost.
Problems regarding sale. The industries have to face many problems to sell their output at reasonable prices.
Competition with large industries. Another problem of these industries is the competition with large industries. In large industries the products are cheap, good and homogeneous. Therefore the products of small scale industries cannot compete with the products of large industries.

Question 3.
What is the importance of small scale and cottage industries in India?
Answer:
The importance of small scale and cottage industries in India is clear by the following facts :
1. More Employment. In India the problem of increasing unemployment can only be solved by developing small and cottage industries. Population is increasing at a rapid rate in India but employment opportunities have not risen in accordance with the rise in population. Indian agricultural community gets employment for only 6-7 months in a year. Therefore, farmers can work in small and cottage industries in their spare time.

2. Rapid increase in production. Small and cottage industries take less time for their est ablishment and for the production of commodities. With the help of these industries the production of goods and their supply can be increased rapidly and thereby demands of growing population can be fulfilled.

3. Development of villages. In India most of the population lives in villages. With the development of domestic industries the economic condition of the villages will improve. The living standard of the villagers will go up and there will be all-round development of their lives.

4. Equal Distribution of Wealth. With the establishment of large scale industries in a country there are very rich people on one hand and very poor on the other. A large proportion of wealth gets concentrated in a few hands.
With the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor, the peace and comfort of the society gets vanished. Therefore, in order to remove this problem, household industries should be developed.

5. Decentralization. The large scale industries have the tendency of centralization and they are concentrated in a few big cities. Centralization leads to many social evils. Due to this regional economic balance gets deteriorated and this situation is also dangerous from the viewpoint of safety. Therefore decentralisation of industries is very essential. The establishment of small scale and cottage industries is the best tool of decentralisation of industries,

6. Suitable for under-developed country like India. In India capital is scarce and workers are in abundance. Such type of industries are labour-intensive. Therefore in an under-developed country like India these industries are even more important.

Besides these industries have increased the production, exports, used the local resources, reduced the pressure of population on agriculture, produced the artistic goods, produced goods according to tastes, complementary to large industries and helped in overall developmerit.

Question 4.
Distinguish between small scale and cottage industries in India and suggest remedies to solve their problems.
Answer:
Difference between cottage and small scale industries.

Cottage industries are often situated in villages while small scale industries are mostly located in the cities.
Cottage industries can function with the help of family, members alone while in order to run small scale industries labourers are to be hired.
The use of energy and machines in cottage industries is almost negligible. But in small scale industries the use of power and machines is quite common. .
The cottage industries often satisfy the local needs while the small scale industries produce for urban and semi-urban areas. Therefore, the market for their produce is quite large.
Traditional goods like mats and shoes etc. are produced in cottage industries whereas modern goods like Radio, T.V., Electrical goods etc. are produced in small scale industries.

Suggestions for the solution of the problems of small scale and cottage industries:

These industries should be provided with the raw materials in adequate quantity and at reasonable prices.
These industries should get loans of adequate amounts at a reasonable interest rate.
These industries should be provided with adequate exchange facilities so that they can get adequate price for their product.
The methods of production used by these industries should be improved. By doing so their productivity will increase and cost per unit will be reduced.
In order to save these industries from competition with large industries, the government should provide protection to the small and cottage industries by reserving many items only for these industries.

Besides these the problems of these industries can be solved by establishment of district industries centre. Govt, should purchase the manufactured goods from these industries. Small scale industries must be given different types of tax incentives and other financial incentives.

The major problems of these industries can be solved by all these methods and can be put to the path of development.

Question 5.
Discuss the importance of big industries.
Answer:
The contribution of large scale industries in the process of industrialization in a country is obvious from the following facts :

Production of Capitalistic and Basic Goods. The process of industrialization in a country requires capital goods and the production of capital goods is only possible by the large scale industries.
Economic Infrastructure. Industrialization requires basic economic structure. The establishment and production of basic economic structure is possible only by the large scale industries.
Research and High Technique, The necessary funds for the research and for able researchers can be generated only by the large scale industries.
Increase in Productivity. Per unit productivity is very much increased with the
establishment of large scale industries. Due to the rise in productivity the prices fall and the demand rises. Small and cottage industries are also developed. Therefore, tendency towards industrialization is increased in a country.
Establishment of Ancillary Industries. The establishment of large scale industries further encourages the establishment of many supplementary industries. For example, with the establishment of Maruti Udyog, many supplementary industries like rubber industry, plastic industry, power industry, etc. have been encouraged. These industries produce raw material for the Maruti Udyog. In this way industrialization is encouraged.

Question 6.
What are the reasons responsible for slow progress of industrialisation in India?
Answer:
In India, the rate of industrialization is slow because of the following reasons :

Scarcity of capital. The development of industries requires a great amount of capital. Most of the Indian population is poor. Therefore, the shortage of capital is the major cause of slow rate of industrialization in India.
Shortage of skilled workers. There is lack of skilled labourers in India. In fact to run the modern industries trained labour force is the foremost requirement.
Shortage of cheap Energy Resources. Cheap energy is required to run the industries. But in India there is lack of cheap energy resources.
Shortage of Efficient Management. The shortage of able managerial administrators is another cause of slow rate of industrialization in India.
Shortage of Raw Material. In India the raw material available for the industries is inadequate and of poor quality.
Poverty. India is a poor country. Due to poverty, savings are low’ and as a result investment is also low.
Shortage of Financial Organisations. There is lack of financial institutions in India. Therefore, industries do not get adequate finance at reasonable rate of interest. As a matter of fact, adequate finance is a pre-condition for the development of industries in any country.
Less Development of Transportation and Communication. Due to underdeveloped means of transportation and communication, the rate of industrialization has been low in the country. Due to all these factors the rate of growth of industrialization has been slow and low in India.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the role of government to encourage the development of industrialization in India.
Answer:
The role of government for encouragement of industrial development in India has been clear from the following facts:

More Credit Facilities. To speed up the industrial development Government has set up many financial institutions in the country for providing loans to industries. For example : IFC in 1948, NIDC in 1954, ICICI in 1955, IDBI in 1964 etc.
Establishment of Basic Industries. The Government of India has given more emphasis on the establishment of basic industries in order to increase the pace of economic development.
Development of Means of Transport and Power Sector. The means of transport have been developed tremendously which are very important for the industrial development. Cheap electric power is very much essential for industrial development. So Government has set up multipurpose projects and thermal power houses.
Export Promotion and Import Substitution. For this purpose Government had set up ‘Inventions Promotion Board’ in 1960 and ‘Import Substitution Board’ in 1966.
Industrialisation of Backward Areas. For the development of backward areas main stress is being given by the Government on the industrialisation of these areas.
Removal of Sick Industrial Units. Board of Industrial Finance and Reconstruction and National Renewal Fund were set up by the government for the renewal of sick industrial units.
New Industrial Policy and Industrial Development. In July 1991, revolutionary changes were made in industrial policy. The concept of liberalisation and globalisation was adopted in this regard. In this way by taking up the above mentioned steps by the government, industrial development has been encouraged a lot in India.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Industrial Development in India Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in one word or one line :

Question 1.
State any one important factor needed for rapid industrialization in India.
Answer:
Modernisation.

Question 2.
Give any one example of basic Industries.
Answer:
Chemical industry.

Question 3.
What is the investment limit in Small Scale Industry?
Answer:
5 crores.

Question 4.
State one difficulty of Small Scale Industry.
Answer:
Problem of finance.

Question 5.
State one advantage of Small Scale Industry.
Answer:
Rapid increase,in production.

Question 6.
State one advantage of big industry.
Answer:
Production of capitalistic and basic goods.

Question 7.
What is the main reason responsible for slow progress of Industrialization?
Answer:
Scarcity of capital.

Question 8.
How much is the share of Industries production in GDP?
Answer:
About 26.1 %.

Question 9.
What is meant by Industrialization?
Answer:
It means all round industrial development of a country.

Question 10.
Give one reason as to why Small Industries should be given special treatment.
Answer:
Employment or equal distribution of income.

Question 11.
When was new industrial policy applied?
Answer:
In 1991.

Question 12.
Name any two industrial policies.
Answer:

Industrial policy of 1948.
Industrial policy of 1956.

Question 13.
In 1956 industrial policy resolution, how many industries were reserved for public sector?
Answer:
17 Industries.

Question 14.
Give the name of any big industry in India.
Answer:
Textile Industry.

Question 15.
Write any one problem of big industries in India.
Answer:
Industrial unrest.

Question 16.
What is the main feature of industrializati0l?
Answer:
Capital is widely used.

Question 17.
What is the feature of New industrial policy?
Answer:
Contraction of public sector.

Question 18.
Explain the concept of increase in industrial productivity during the Five Year Plans.
Answer:
There has been considerable growth of industrial production in the country under the Five Year Plans.

Question 19.
What do you mean by public enterprise, joint enterprise and private enterprise?
Answer:
Public enterprises are those enterprises which are governed by the government. Joint enterprises are those which are controlled jointly by the government and private sector. Private enterprises are those enterprises which are fully controlled by the private enterprises.

Question 20.
What are the main causes of decline of cottage industries in India?
Answer:

Inability of the cottage industries to compete with cheap and quality products of modern industries.
Inability to get cheap and adequate finance.

Question 21.
What has been done so far for the development of cottage industries?
Answer:

Khadi and Gramodyog Commission has been established which takes care of the major requirements of these industries.
Economic aid is provided to encourage their sale.

Question 22.
Give any one argument in favour of small scale and cottage industries in India.
Answer:
The small-scale and cottage industries are labour intensive. Therefore with the development of these industries there is high possibility of increasing employment opportunities.

Question 23.
What is meant by basic industries?
Answer:
The basic industries are those industries which provide the required inputs’to the agricultural and manufacturing industries.

Question 24.
What is meant by capital-goods industry?
Answer:
Those industries which provide the machinery and other equipments of production to the agricultural and manufacturing industries are called as capital-goods industries.

Question 25.
What is meant by intermediate goods industry?
Answer:
Those industries which manufacture those goods which are further used for the production are known as intermediate goods industry.

Question 26.
What is meant by consumer goods industry?
Answer:
The consumer goods industries are those industries which produce consumer goods.

Question 27.
Give the names of two big industries of India.
Answer:

Iron and Steel Industry.
Textile Industry.

Question 28.
Write any two problems of big industries in India.
Answer:

Industrial unrest
Under-utilization of production capacity.

Question 29.
Define cottage industries.
Answer:
These industries are completely or partially run by the members of a family either as a whole time business or as a part-time business.

Question 30.
Define Small Scale Industries.
Answer:
Small scale industries are those which have an investment of? 3 crores in fixed capital.

Question 31.
Define Large Scale Industries.
Answer:
Large scale industries are those industries where the amount of fixed capital invested is big.

Question 32.
Define joint sector.
Answer:
Joint sector undertakings are jointly owned by the Government and private sector.

Question 33.
What is industrial development?
Answer:
Enhancement of the efficiency of existing industries, increase in production capacity and establishment of new industries is known as industrial development.

Question 34.
Define private sector.
Answer:
Private sector undertakings are owned by private persons for profit motive.

Question 35.
What is meant by industrialisation?
Answer:
By industrialisation is meant complete development of production units of a country.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
__________ is the example of Basic Industries. (Iron Industry / Chemical Industry)
Answer:
Chemical Industry

Question 2.
The new industry policy was established in_________year. (1956 / 1991)
Answer:
1991

Question 3.
__________ sector undertakings are owned by private persons. (Private / Public)
Answer:
Private

Question 4.
___________ sector undertakings are jointly owned by the govt, and private sector. (Joint / Public)
Answer:
Joint

Question 5.
__________ Industries are those which have an investment of ₹ 5 crores in fixed capital. (Small scale / Cottage)
Answer:
Small Scale

Question 6.
ICICI was established in___________ year. (1945 /1955)
Answer:
1955.

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
_______ sector undertakings are those which are owned by the government for the welfare of the society.
(a) Public
(b) Private
(c) Joint
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Public

Question 2.
____________ sector undertakings are owned by private persons for-profit motive.
(a) Public
(b) Private
(c) Joint
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Private

Question 3.
___________ sector undertakings are jointly owned by the government and private sector.
(a) Public
(b) Private
(c) Joint
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Joint

Question 4.
What is the inverstment limit in Small Scale Industry?
(a) 2 Crore
(b) 5 Crore
(c) 4 Crore
(d) 10 Crore.
Answer:
(b) 5 Crore

Question 5.
How much is the share of industrial production in GDP?
(a) 14.8%
(b) 27.9%
(c) 29.6%
(d) 26.1%.
Answer:
(d) 26.1%.

Question 6.
When was New Industrial Policy established?
(a) 1956
(b) 1971
(c) 1991
(d) 2003.
Answer:
(c) 1991

Question 7.
State the difficulties of Small Scale Industries.
(a) Problem of finance
(b) Old methods of production
(c) Problem of raw material
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

True / False :

Question 1.
New Industrial Policy was implemented in 1947.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The private sector is operated by Govt.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Joint sector is the co-existence of private and public sector:
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
ICICI was implemented in 1955.
Answer:
True.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the importance of industrialization for the economic growth?
Answer:
Industrialization is important for the economic growth in following ways :

Industrialization makes balanced growth possible and paves the way for economic development.
Industrialization helps in increasing the gross national product at a faster rate in underdeveloped countries.
Industrialization also helps in increasing per capita output and per capita income in underdeveloped countries.
As a result of industrialization, more and more employment opportunities can be generated.
In the less developed countries, industrialization solves the problem of disguised unemployment and under employment in the agricultural sector and this increases agricultural productivity.
As a result of industrialization there is diversity in the economy.

Question 2.
What is the need for a balanced industrial structure in three different aspects in the case of Indian Economy?
Answer:
Indian economy requires industrializaion but it needs balanced industrial structure in following three aspects:

For the rapid economic development, various industries should be chosen in such a way which can increase the employment opportunities significantly.
The industries thus chosen should be distributed properly among the various regions of a country. In other words, industrial policy should be such which is in the favour of the development of backward regions.
Those industries should be chosen which, instead of producing luxurious goods for a small proportion of population, produce goods of social priorities and significance.

Question 3.
What is meant by industrialization?
Answer:
Industrialization means all round industrial development of a country. In narrow sense, industrialization implies establishment of manufacturing industries whereas in broader sense, industrialization signifies the process whereby the entire economy of a country is transformed.

The main features of industrialization are as follows :

Industrialization is a synonym of economic development.
Capital is intensively and widely used.
Its aim is to make drastic changes in the structure of the economy.
All the sectors are developed timely and rapidly.
New markets are found and new sectors are explored.
There is increase in the rate of capital formation.
There is reduction in regional inequalities.

Question 4.
Mention the suggestions for the development of small-scale and eottage industries.
Answer:

Arrangement of raw material should be there.
There should be adequate capital.
Need for the improvement in methods of production.
Spread of Education.
Arrangement of markets.
Advertisement of produced goods should be done.
Protection should be provided to these industries against the competition from large scale industries.
Reduction in the burden of taxes.
Workers should be united and organised.
Tools and implements should be provided at cheaper rates.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State the importance of small-scale industries.
Answer:
Significance of these industries is as under:

More Employment. Small-scale industries are more labour intensive. With less capital investment, more persons are employed in these industries.
Equity in the Distribution of Income. Due to small-scale industries, there is an equity in the distribution of income. There is no concentration of capital in a few hands. It is distributed among various hands. The profit of these industries is enjoyed by many people.
Decentralization. Small-scale industries are situated in villages and towns and there is no fear of ahy damage caused during wars or other hazards. They reduce the regional imbalances. As a result, the benefits of these industries are shared by the masses.
Less Pressure on Agriculture. Small-scale industries are of great significance in India as a large number of population is engaged in the agricultural activities. Every year their number increases by more than 30 lakhs. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce such ever-increasing pressure on land. This can happen only if we establish more small- scale industries in the rural areas.
Require Less Capital. A smaller capital is required in order to set up small scale industries in contrast to a large scale industry, which requires huge capital investment for the same purpose. In a country, like India where capital is scarce, small- scale industries can easily flourish.
Immediate Increase in Production. The gestation period of small-scale industry remains less. As a result, production immediately starts soon after the establishment of these industries. In India, nearly 40 percent of the industrial production is made in small-scale industries.

Question 2.
Explain New Industrial Policy of 1991.
Answer:
The Government of India announced the New Industrial Policy on July 24, 1991 on the line of liberalisation measures taken during 1980s. This policy made a drastic change from the earlier policy initiatives. It deregulated the industrial economy to a large extent. The main objectives of this policy were to build on the gains already made, maintain a sustainable -growth in the productivity and gainful employment, correct the distortions that might have developed and attain global competitiveness.

The role of public sector was diluted in this policy. The number of public sector industries were reduced to 8 from 17 in 1991. In 1993, this number was further reduced to six and by 1999-2000, only 4 sectors were enlisted and reserved for the public sector viz.

Arms and ammunition
Atomic energy
Railway transport
The substances specified in the schedule to the notification of the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 13 The Mauryas and The Sungas

October 11, 2024October 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 13 The Mauryas and The Sungas Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 13 The Mauryas and The Sungas

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB The Mauryas and The Sungas Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
What do you know about Alexander?
Answer:
Alexander was the son of Emperor Philip of Macedonia. He became the ruler of Macedonia after his father’s death. He desired to conquer the whole world. Therefore, as soon as he was enthroned, he began to conquer the world. For the first two years, he conquered the territories surrounding Macedorfla. Then he started with a large army to conquer Persia. He also conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Afghanistan. In 326 B.C., he invaded India and defeated several kings of the northwest in Punjab up to the river Beas. He first defeated Ambhi, the king of Taxila and then the ruler of the territory between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab, namely Porus. Porus faced Alexander bravely. Soldiers of Alexander got scared of the resistance they received in Punjab. They were also tired of long journey and warfare. Therefore, Alexander had to go back from the Beas. But he was not able to reach his country. On the way he suffered from fever and died.

Question 2.
Write a note about Kautilya.
Answer:
Kautilya is also known as Chanakya. He was a great scholar and teacher at the Taxila University. Chandragupta Maurya considered him as his teacher. It was only with the help of Kautilya that Chandragupta Maurya was able to overthrow the Nanda /nasty and establish the Mauryan Empire. When Chandragupta became the emperor, Kautilya became the Prime Minister of the Mauryan Empire. Kautilya was also a great writer. His book ‘Arthasastra’ tells us about the Mauryan administration.

Question 3.
Why is Ashoka called ‘the great’?
Answer:
Ashoka was the only king in the history of the world who stopped war after victory. Throughout his life he worked for the good of the people. He treated all religions alike. He looked after his subjects as a father cares for his children. Every individual was the most important person of the state. He treated everybody alike and gave money and help to all religions regardless of their beliefs. He discarded caste system. His faith in universal brotherhood of mankind uplifted him and he became a god on earth. Boundaries of any country were not his limit. He adopted Buddhism and sent preachers to preach it to many countries of the world like Sri Lanka, China, Afghanistan and Nepal. He held a vast empire in those ancient times above everything. There was no rebellion against him inspite of his policy of peace and non-violence. He was the first ruler who gave the world the concept of a welfare state and religious tolerance. That is why Ashoka holds an important position in the history of the world and is called ‘the great’.

Question 4.
What do you know about Mauryan art?
Answer:
The Mauryan rulers were lovers of art and they gave an important contribution to the field of art. This contribution of theirs is described as under:

Chandragupta constructed a big palace. This palace was very beautiful and stood erected on several pillars. Ashoka’s palace was also magnificent.
Chandragupta Maurya constructed a big lake, named Sudarshana, in Gujarat.
Ashoka constructed a large number of Stupas. The Stupa of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh is very famous.
Ashoka built two cities, namely Srinagar and Lalit Patan.
Ashoka got some beautiful caves built in the hills of Barabar and Nagarjuni in Bihar for the monks and Nirgranthas.
Ashoka got constructed huge pillars of sand stone from Chunar. These pillars were 34 feet high. They have a fine polish on them which shines like a mirror. Ashoka got his inscriptions engraved on these pillars.
Ashoka’s pillars had sculptures of animals like bull, elephant, lion, etc. One such sculpture of four lions seated back to back was on the top of the pillar at Samath (Uttar Pradesh). It is our National Emblem now.
Some beautiful sculptures of Yakshas and Yakshis were also made in the Mauryan Age. One such sculpture has been found as Didarganj near Patna. This sculpture is of a Yakshi who w carrying a Chauri (fly-whisk) on her shoulder.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Alexander’s soldiers got scared of the _________ they received in Punjab.
Answer:
resistance

Question 2.
Chandragupta ruled till _________ B.C.
Answer:
297

Question 3.
Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador of _________
Answer:
Seleucus

Question 4.
Kautilya’s _________ and Megasthenes’s _________ tell us about Mauryan administration.
Answer:
Arthasastra, Indica

Question 5.
In Madhya Pradesh the stupa of _________ is very famous.
Answer:
Sanchi.

III. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement :

Question 1.
Seleucus defeated Chandragupta Maurya.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Ashoka built great pillars of iron.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Mahamatra was officer of Alexander.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Ashoka adopted Buddhism after Kalinga War. Chandragupta constructed Sudarshana Lake.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
In Madhya Pradesh the stupa of . is very famous.
Answer:
True

IV. Match the columns:

Question 1.

A	B
(1) Megasthenes	(a) Arthasastra
(2) Kautilya	(b) Stupa
(3) Sanchi	(c) Minister
(4) Amatya	(d) Indica

Answer:

A	B
(1) Megasthenes	(d) Indica
(2) Kautilya	(a) Arthasastra
(3) Sanchi	(b) Stupa
(4) Amatya	(c) Minister

V. Activity (Something To Do):

Question 1.
Collect pictures of monuments built by Ashoka and paste them in your scrap book.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide The Mauryas and The Sungas Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Dhamma is a word of _________ language.
(A) Prakrit
(B) Hindi
(C) Devnagri
(D) Sanskrit.
Answer:
(A) Prakrit.

Question 2.
Dhamma means _________
(A) Wealth
(B) Dharma
(C) Kingdom
(D) State.
Answer:
(B) Dharma.

Question 3.
People lived in Mauryan Empire were engaged in _________ occupation.
(A) Merchants
(B) Crafts persons
(C) Officials
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 4.
Officials collected _________ from the area under the direct control of the ruler.
(A) Gold
(B) Silver
(C) Taxes
(D) Food grains.
Answer:
(C) Taxes.

Question 5.
Royal princes often went to the provinces as
(A) Governors
(B) Rulers
(C) Generals
(D) Tax collectors.
Answer:
(A) Governors.

Question 6.
The Mauryans rulers tried to control this which was important for transport.
(A) Roads
(B) Rivers
(C) Both a+b
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) Both a+b.

Question 7.
People in forested regions provided” the Mauryan officials.
(A) Timber
(B) Wax
(C) Honey
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 8.
Most of the Ashoka inscriptions are in the script.
(A) Brahmi
(B) Devnagri
(C) Gurumukhi
(D) Persian
Answer:
(A) Brahmi.

Question 9.
Which problem Ashoka wanted to solve by introducing dhamma?
(A) Different people followed different religions.
(B) In some religions, animal sacrifice was a ritual.
(C) Most of the masters ill treated their servants and slaves
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 10.
Which of these means was adopted by Ashoka to spread the message of dhamma?
(A) He appointed dhamma mahamatta to spread teachings.
(B) He got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars.
(C) He sent his messengers to other lands.
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 11.
Who was the Prime Minister of Chandra Gupta Maurya?
(A) Chanakya
(B) Ashoka
(C) Bimbisara
(D) Ajatasatru.
Answer:
(A) Chanakya.

Question 12.
Chanakya wrote
(A) Kamasutra
(B) Arthashastra
(C) Upnishada
(D) Manu Smriti.
Answer:
(B) Arthashastra.

Question 13.
_________ was an ambassador of Selecus Nicator who was sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya?
(A) Megasthenes
(B) Ashoka
(C) Bimbisara
(D) Chanakya.
Answer:
(A) Megasthenes.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When did Alexander invade India?
Answer:
Alexander invaded India in 326 B.C.

Question 2.
Who was ruling over the Punjab when Chandragupta Maurya became the king?
Answer:
The Greek General Seleucus Nikator was ruling over the Punjab when Chandragupta Maurya became the king.

Question 3.
What was the extent of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya?
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya’s empire extended from Afghanistan in the north-west to Karnataka in the south and from Assam in the east to Gujarat in the west.

Question 4.
Name the areas added to the Mauryan Empire by Bindusara.
Answer:
Bindusara added some of the southern parts of India to the Mauryan Empire.

Question 5.
Why were the Nanda kings unpopular?
Answer:
The Nanda kings had collected huge wealth and led a luxurious life. They were not efficient rulers.

Question 6.
Who was Ashoka?
Answer:
Ashoka was the most famous of the Mauryan kings and one of the greatest rulers India has ever had.

Question 7.
Where were Ashoka’s edicts inscribed?
Answer:
Ashoka’s edicts were inscribed on rocks and on tall pillars made of sandstone.

Question 8.
What was the capital city of Ashoka?
Answer:
Patliputra (Patna) was the capital city of Ashoka.

Question 9.
Whom did Ashoka send to Sri Lanka and why?
Answer:
Ashoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra to Sri Lanka to preach the message of Buddhism.

Question 10.
According to Ashoka, how should a king treat his subjects?
Answer:
According to Ashoka, a king should treat his subjects as a father treats his children.

Question 11.
Name some of the officers of the Mauryan administration.
Answer:
Some of the officers of the Mauryan administration were Rajuka, Mahamatra, Yukta, etc.

Question 12.
Name the great centres of learning during the Mauryan rule.
Answer:
Taxila, Patliputra and Varanasi were the great centres of learning during the Mauryan rule.

Question 13.
How much was land revenue on agriculture levied during the Mauryan rule?
Answer:
The land revenue on agriculture was generally 1/6th of the produce.

Question 14.
Who constructed Sudarshana Lake,’and where?
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya constructed Sudarshana Lake in Gujarat.

Question 15.
When did the Mauryan Empire start breaking up?
Answer:
The Mauryan Empire started breaking up after the death of Ashoka.

Question 16.
Who was Alexandar?
Answer:
Alexander was a great Greek conqueror from Macedonia. He invaded India in 326 B.C. and defeated Porus. On his way back to Greece, he died midway.

Question 17.
Who was Chanakya?
Answer:
Chanakya was the Prime Minister and advisor of Chandragupta Maurya. He was a great teacher and scholar who wrote a book called Arthasastra.

Question 18.
What is meant by Dhamma?
Answer:
Dhamma was a code of morality given by Ashoka for his people to lead virtuous and peaceful life.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What role did Chanakya play in the formation of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
Chanakya played the most significant role in the formation of the Mauryan Empire. Without his help and guidance it would not have been possible to establish the mighty Mauryan Empire by Chandragupta Maurya. Once the Nanda king insulted Chanakya. Chanakya left his empire and took a vow to take revenge from him. Due to this reason he helped Chandragupta in establishing the Mauryan Empire.

Question 2.
What do you know about Arthasastra?
Answer:
Arthasastra is a famous book written by Kautilya. In this book, Kautilya explains how a good government should be organised. It gives vital elements of good administration. It gives detailed instructions on the control of the state, the organisation of national economy and the conduct of war. It is a very precious source of information about many aspects of ancient Indian life.

Question 3.
What is Indica?
Answer:
Indica is a book written by Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador of Seleucus Nikator who lived in the court of Chandragupta Maurya for five years. In this book, Megasthenes describes the social, economic and political conditions of India during Chandragupta Maurya’s reign.

Question 4.
What was Ashoka’s Dhamma?
Answer:
Dhamma is the Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word Dharma, meaning religion. It included the best in every religion. It was a set of moral principles, such as :

One should respect one’s elders.
Proper treatment should be given to youngsters.
One should not slaughter animals and should observe ahimsa (non-violence).
One should practise tolerance and respect other religions.
One should observe truthfulness.
One should lead a pure life, etc.

Question 5.
What did Ashoka do to spread his ideas about Dhamma?
Answer:
Ashoka took the following steps to spread his ideas about Dhamma :

He himself lived an ideal life and set an example before his people.
He inscribed his ideas on rocks and pillars in all corners of his empire.
He used Prakrit, the common language of the people, in his edicts.
He appointed Dharmamahamatras to persuade the people to live according to his ideals of the Dhamma.
He sent monks to preach Buddhism in other countries. Even his own son Mahendra and his daughter Sanghamitra went to Sri Lanka.

Question 6.
From where have we got the design of our National Emblem?
Answer:
We have got the design of our National Emblem from the pillar at Sarnath. It was made by Ashoka and had four lions carved on the top. When India became independent in 1947, it was decided to use this design of four lions as the National Emblem of India.

Question 7.
Write a note about the Sungas.
Answer:
The Sunga dynasty was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga in 184 B.C. Pushyamitra Sunga was the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan army. He murdered the last Mauryan king Brihadratha and himself became the king. He was a powerful ruler and made several conquests. He s6nt his grandson Vasumitra to fight with the Greek invader Menander. Vasumitra defeated the invader on the banks of the river Indus. Pushyamitra performed two horse- sacrifices. He built -the Stupa of Bharhut in Madhya Pradesh. After Pushyamitra his son Agnimitra became the king. The Sunga dynasty collapsed soon after the Scythians, Parthians and Kushanas began to invade India.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Mauryan administration.
Answer:
The Mauryan administration was a very well organised and vast system.
1. The King: The king was the head of the state and very powerful. He led his army in war, imparted justice, looked after the welfare of his people and levied taxes.

2. Council of Ministers: The king had council of ministers to help him. The ministers were known as mantris or Amatyas.

3. Officers: There were high officers like the crown prince, treasurer, collector-general of taxes, accountant-general and several directors of separate departments like forests, mines, foreign travellers, etc.

4. Provinces: The empire was divided into provinces and generally royal princes were appointed their governors. There were several officers like Rajuka, Mahamatra, Yukta, etc. in provinces.

5. Army: The Mauryan army was very strong and comprised of infantry, horses, elephants and chariots. It had naval force also.

6. Spy System: The spy system of the Mauryas was also very strong. Spies were sent to get the news of enemies and to keep an eye on people’s activities.

Question 2.
What were the causes of the decline of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
The Mauryan Empire lasted a little over a hundred years and after the death of Ashoka, it began to break up. Several causes were responsible for the decline of this great empire.

These causes were as follows:

The successors of Ashoka were weak and incapable. They became careless and could not control such a big empire like that of the Mauryan mighty rulers like Chandragupta, Bindusara, and Ashoka.
Due to weak administration, the officers became corrupt and autocratic. The income of the state was badly affected. It became difficult to maintain a strong and large army.
Due to an unstable Government, the Mauryan Empire broke into pieces.
The network of roads was neglected. This disrupted trade and contact between regions. The large army could not be maintained without the regular flow of revenue.
The Greek rulers invaded Punjab and further weakened the decaying administration of the Mauryas.
Pushyamitra Sunga murdered the last Mauryan king Brihadratha and became the ruler of Patliputra.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

October 11, 2024October 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
When and from which country Mahatma Gandhiji came back to India?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji came back in 1891 A.D. from England and then again came back to India from South Africa in 1915 A.D.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Satyagraha Movement?
Answer:
Satyagraha was one of the largest weapons of Mahatma Gandhi. According to it, he used to keep fast or to set on protest. Many a time he used to keep hunger strike.

Question 3.
Where and when Jallianwala Bagh tragedy occurred?
Answer:
Massacre of Jallianwala Bagh took place on 13th April 1919 A.D. at Amritsar.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Khilafat Movement?
Answer:
Indian Muslims believed that the Sultan of Turkey was their Khalifa and religious leader. He was not treated well by the British after the First World War. That’s why Muslims started a movement against the British which was known as Khilafat movement.

Question 5.
Write down the names of the persons who left their law practices during the non-cooperation.
Answer:
Moti Lai Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.R. Dass, Sardar Patel, Lala Lajpat Rai, etc.

Question 6.
When and why Simon Commission was appointed?
Answer:
Simon Commission was appointed in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919 A.D.

Question 7.
When and where, by whom was founded the Nau-Jawan Bharat Sabha?
Answer:
Nau-Jawan Bharat Sabha was founded by Sardar Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and Bhagwati Charan Vohra at Lahore in 1926 A.D.

Question 8.
Write down a note on Simon Commission.
Or
What do you know about Simon Commission?
Answer:
The British government appointed Simon Commission and sent it to India in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919. This Commisson had seven members but none of them was an Indian. So this commission was strongly opposed with black flags and slogans like ‘Simon go back’. Police started canning the revolutionaries. As a result Lala Lajpat Rai got hurt in this canning and later on he died because of these wounds.

Question 9.
Write down a note on civil disobedience movement. .
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930-1934 A.D. to attain freedom from the British. He broke the Salt Law at a place named Dandi on the coast of Gujarat. Encouraged by this incident, people of all the coastal areas started violating the Salt Law. A pact was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin in 1931 A.D. All those who had violated the law were freed. Gandhiji went to England to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. But no satisfactory solution to the Indian problems could be found there. ^On his return from England, Gandhiji again started the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji was arrested and sent to jail. Government declared Indian National Congress illegal to suppress this movement and leaders of Congress were sent to jail. Police fired at people at many places. But the British government was unable to suppress this movement.

Question 10.
Write down a note on Quit India Movement.
Answer:
The British fought Second World War against Japan. So Japan decided to attack India because India was under the British rule. Gandhiji thought.that if the British could left India then Japan would not attack India. So Gandhiji started Quit India Movement on 8th August 1942 A.D. Government arrested Gandhiji and other Congress leaders on 9th August 1942 A.D. People got angry with this and they severely damaged police stations, government buildings, post offices and railway stations. Government also used repressive policies but was unable to suppress the revolutionaries.
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Question 11.
Write down a note on Azad Hind Fauj.
Answer:
Indian National Army was founded by Subhash Chandra Bose in Japan. His objective was to free India from the British rule. Those Indian soldiers were included in Indian National Army who were captivated during the Second World War by Japan. Subhash Chandra Bose gave many slogans such as ‘Delhi Chalo’, ‘Give me blood, I will give you freedom’, ‘Jai Hind’ etc. But Japan was defeated in Second World War. So Indian National Army was unsuccessful in getting India free. Subhash Chandra Bose died in an air crash in 1945 A.D. A number of soldiers of Indian National Army were arrested by the British. That’s why Indian people did strikes, protest and demonstrate in whole of the country. So the British made free all the soldiers of Indian National Army.

Question 12.
Explain the Gandhian Era.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi holds the highest place in the history of modern India. He made the maximum contribution to the freedom struggle of India. He faced the British with Non-violence and Satyagraha and forced them to leave India.

A brief description of the life and activities of this great freedom fighter is as under :
Birth and Education: Gandhiji’s name was Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi. He was born on 2nd Oct., 1869 A.D. at Porbander in Kathiawar. Gandhiji received his early education in India and went to England for his higher education. He became a barrister and came back to India.

Political Life: After returning from England, he worked as lawyer for some time. But later, he went to South Africa.
When he reached South Africa, he was pained to see that the Indians were not treated well by the whites. Gandhiji could not tolerate it. He started Satyagraha movement there and helped Indians to get their demands accepted by the African Government.

Gandhiji in India: In 1915, Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa. The First World War was going on at that time. The British Government was engaged in this war. It was badly in need of men and money. So, Gandhiji appealed to the people to cooperate with the British. He wanted to win over the British by helping them. He believed that the British would grant freedom to India after winning the war.
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But contrary to his belief, the British passed the Rowlatt Act. Gandhiji was very much pained by these Black Bills and he started satyagraha against them.

Non-Cooperation Movement: Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement against the British in 1920. Public completely cooperated with Mahatma Gandhi. The government tried to suprress the movement forcefully. But Gandhiji withdrew the movement on account of some incident of violence in 1922.

Civil Disobedience Movement: In 1930, Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement. He violated salt laws by preparing salt from sea water. He broke the salt law on the sea coast at Dandi in Gujarat in March, 1930. The people started defying the salt laws at various places. Consequently, the government was frustrated and Indians were given the right to prepare salt.

Quit India Movement. The main aim of Gandhiji was to free India. He started Quit India Movement in 1942 to achieve his aim. Lakhs of people took part in the movement and suffered heavy losses. Though the movement failed, yet it made clear that the British would have to quit India soon.

Other Works: Gandhiji did a lot to uplift the status of all the Indians. He gave the message of wearing Khadi to remove poverty from India. He gave the message of brotherhood to stop communal riots in the country.

Death: On 30th January, 1948 A.D. Gandhiji was shot dead by Nathu Ram Vinayak Godesey. The whole of the country was plunged into gloom at his death. Indians cannot forget the services of Gandhiji. He is remembered as the ‘Father of the Nation’.

Question 13.
Explain the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation movement against British Government in 1920 A.D.

Following were the main objectives of this movement :

To criticize the atrocities committed on people of Punjab and the policies of British.
To stop injustice committed against Sultan of Turkey (Khalifa)
To establish unity among Hindus and Muslims.
To achieve Swaraj (freedom) from British Government.

Program of Non-Cooperation Movement :

To give up government jobs.
To return government or official titles.
Not to take part in government festivals and meetings.
Not to use foreign-made goods. Instead country-made goods should be used.
To boycot government courts and disputes should be resolved through Panchayats.
To use Khadi cloth made by charkha.

Progress of Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi returned his title of ‘Kesar-e-Hind’ to the government. He appealed the people to take part in his movement. Many Indians gave up their government jobs and titles. Thousands of students left their schools and colleges. They started to study in Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Tilak Vidyapeeth, etc. Hundreds of Lawyers left their legal practice. Moti Lai Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.R. Dass, Sardar Patel, Lala Lajpat Rai also left their legal practice. People sacrificed foreign made clothes and started tctuse Khadi clothes made by charkha.

Government arrested thousands of people to suppress this movement. Congress session was going on at village Chauri-Chaura of Gorakhpur distt. of Uttar Pradesh in 1922 A.D. Around 3000 farmers were taking part in it. Police fired bullets ut them. Farmers became angry, they attacked the police station and set it on fire. As a,result 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji became furious he took back Non-Cooperation’Movement at Bardauli on 12th February in 1922 A.D.

Importance: Yet the Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi but still it gave an important contribution in spreading National movement.

People of almost all the classes took part in this movement with which national consciousness occurred among them.
Females also took part in it. Their self-confidence increased with this.
Popularity of Congress party increased with this movement.
Some leaders of Congress were furious with Mahatma Gandhi because of calling off the movement. Pandit Moti Lai Nehru and C.R. Dass were some of them. So they founded ‘Swaraj party’ on 1923 A.D. to achieve freedom from the British.

Question 14.
Explain the Revolutionary movement.
Answer:
Revolutionary movement was also started in India for getting freedom from the British rule. Their brief description is given below :
1. Babbar Akali Movement: Some Akali Sikh leaders wanted to run Gurudwara reform movement in a violent way. They were known as Babbar Akalis. Their leader Kishan Singh founded a ‘Chakravarti Jatha’ and raised his voice against repressive policies of British at Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar. He along with his 186 friends was arrested on 20th February 1923. Five out of them were hanged.

2. Young India Society (Naujawan Bharat Sabha): Young India Society was founded at Lahore in 1926 A.D. It’s founder members were Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Bhagwaticharan Vohra, Sukhdev, etc.

Main Objectives: The following were the main objectives of this society :

To deveop feeling of sacrifice.
To develop sense of patriotism among the people.
To spread revolutionary ideas among the masses.

Membership: All the males-females of 18 to 35 years of age were free to become members of this society. Only those persons could become members who believed in their programmes. Many males and females of Punjab gave their cooperation to this society. Durga Devi Vohra, Sushila Mohan, Amar Kaur, Parvati Devi and Lilawati were some of its members.

Activities: Members of this society were fully active at the time of arrival of Simon Commission. Revolutionaries took out strong procession against Simon Commission under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai. The British police caned that procession. Lala Lajpat Rai was severely hurt in this canning. He died on 17th November 1928 A.D. Meantime, all the revolutionaries of India made their central organization called ‘Indian Socialist Republic Association’. Members of Young India Society started to carry on activities with this association.

Assembly Bomb Case: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt surrendered themselves by throwing bombs in legislative assembly on 8th April 1929 A.D. Pobce also arrested two other revolutionaries—Sukhdev and Rajguru.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on”23rd March 1931 A.D. on the charges of murder of Police officer Mr. Sanderas. But it is one of the hard facts that Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life and set an example which could motivate .the coming generations.

Question 15.
Explain about Gurudwara reforms movement.
Answer:
Gurudwara reform movement was started, during the period of 1920-1925 A.D., to remove occupation of Gurudwaras of Punjab from the clutches of Mahants. This movement is also known as Akali Movement because Akalis made possible to remove Mahants from Gurudwaras.

Akali Dal started many morchas for making Gurudwara reform movement successful. Brief description of some of these morchas is as below :
1. Morcha of Nankana Sahib. Mahant Narayan Dass of Nankana Sahib was a characterless person. One peaceful Jatha reached Nankana Sahib on 20 February 1921 A.D. to remove him from the Gurudwara. This Jatha was badly treated by Mahant. His goons attacked the Jatha. Leader of Jatha Laxman Singh and some of his supporters were burnt alive by the Mahant.

2. Morcha of Keys of Treasury of Harmandar Sahib. Keys of treasury of Harmandar Sahib were with the British. Shiromani Committee demanded those keys but British denied to hand over keys to them. Sikhs protested against British for their denial of handing over the keys. Many sikhs were arrested by the British. Congress and Khilafat Committee supported the British. So finally the British handed over the keys of treasury to the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (S.G.P.C.)

3. Morcha of ‘Guru Ka Bagh’. Gurudwara ‘Guru Ka Bagh’ is situated in Ajnala sub¬division and around 13 miles from Amritsar. This Gurudwara was under possession of Mahant Sunder Dass who was a characterless person. Shiromani Committee sent a Jatha under the leadership of Daan Singh on 23rd August 1921 A.D. to take over the possession of this Gurudwara. Members of this Jatha were arrested by the British. Sikhs got furious with this. They started sending more and more Jathas to Gurudwara. These Jathas were also badly treated. Its members were even canned by the police.

4. Incident of Punja Sahib. The Government decided to send Sikhs arrested in ‘Guru Ka Bagh’ Morcha to Attock through railway. Sikhs of Punja Sahib urged the government to stop train at Hassan Abdal so that arrested Sikhs could be given food. But Government denied that request. Then Bhai Karan Singh and Bhai Pratap Singh jtood in front of train and got martyrdom. Except the martyrdom of these two Sikhs, body parts of many Sikhs were cut down.

5. Jaito Morcha. In 1923 A.D., the British dethroned Ripudaman Singh, the ruler of Nabha, without any reason. Shiromani Akali Dal and other patriot Sikhs decided to hold a big rally at Gurudwara Gangasar (Jaito). On 21st February, 1924 A.D. a Jatha of five hundred Akalis started for Gurudwara Gangasar. They had to face British army when they reached Nabha. The Sikhs were unarmed. Consequently, more than 100 Sikhs achieved martyrdom and about 200 were injured.

6. Sikh Gurudwara Act. In 1925 A.D., the Punjab Government passed the Sikh Gurudwara Act. According to this Act, the management of the Gurudwaras came into the hands of the Sikhs and the government released all the Sikhs from the jails in due course of time.

So, the Sikhs made many sacrifices in the Akali movement. On the one hand, they saved the Gurudwaras from the Mahants who were puppets in the hands of the British and on the other hand, they created a spirit of hatred among the Indians against the British which continued till the achievement of independence.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi started ____________ movement in India against the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Non Cooperation

Question 2.
Mahatma Gandhi ji postponed the Non-Cooperation in ____________________
Answer:
1922 A.D

Question 3.
Nankana Sahib Gurdwara’s Mahant _________________ was characterless person.
Answer:
Narayan Das

Question 4.
There were ____________ members of Simon Commission, which was sent in India in 1928 A.D.
Answer:
Seven

Question 5.
On 26th January 1930 A.D. an ________________ day was celebrated in India.
Answer:
Independence.

III. Write ‘True or False’ in brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi Ji surrendered the title of Kesar-I-Hind to the government.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Swaraj Party was established by Mahatma Gandhi Ji.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Bhagat Singh and his companions founded Naujwan Bharat Sabha in 1926 A.D.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
On 5th April, 1930 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi Ji broke the Salt Law in a village Dandi by making salt from the sea water.
Answer:
True.

IV. Match the words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Non Violence	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh
2. Quit India Movement	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi Ji
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iii) On 8th August, 1942
4. Jaito Morcha	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh

Answer:

A	B
1. Non Violence	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi Ji
2. Quit India Movement	(iii) On 8th August, 1942
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh
4. Jaito Morcha	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
_______ movement started side by side with Non-Cooperation movement.
(a) Swadeshi and boycott
(b) Quit India
(c) Khilafat
(d) Civil Disobedience.
Answer:
(c) Khilafat.

Question 2.
Gandhiji started _______ movement in 1920 AD.
(a) Non Cooperation
(b) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c) Quit India
(d) Civil Disobedience.
Answer:
(a) Non Cooperation.

Question 3.
Non Cooperation movement was called off due to violence occured at _______ in U.P.
(a) Lucknow
(b) Chauri Chaura
(c) Benaras
(d) Meerut.
Answer:
(b) Chauri Chaura.

Question 4.
_______ founded Naujawan Sahha in 1925-26 AD.
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Chandrashekhar
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(a) Bhagat Singh.

Question 5.
In _______ Session, Congress passed a resolution demanding Purna Swaraj.
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lahore
(d) Kanpur.
Answer:
(c) Lahore.

Question 6.
Indian National Congress, in 1929 Session, decided to celebrate _______ as Independence Day.
(a) 15 August
(b) 26 January
(c) 17 August
(d) 19 March.
Answer:
(b) 26 January.

Question 7.
Gandhiji marched to and broke Salt Law.
(a) Gujarat
(b) Surat
(c) Dandi
(d) Ahmedabad.
Answer:
(c) Dandi.

Question 8.
The first phase of Civil disobedience Movement ended in
(a) 1929 A.D.
(b) 1928 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1930 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1930 A.D.

Question 9.
Second phase of Civil Disobedience Movement Started in
(a) 1932 A.D.
(b) 1933 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1934 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1932 A.D.

Question 10.
Civil Disobedience Movement ended in
(a) 1932 A.D.
(b) 1933 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1934 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1934 A.D.

Question 11.
Quit India Movement started in
(a) 1940 A.D.
(b) 1941 A.D.
(c) 1942 A.D.
(d) 1943 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1942 A.D.

Question 12.
Who started Quit India Movement?
(o) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 13.
When did Muslim League demanded Pakistan?
(a) 1930 A.D.
(b) 1935 A.D.
(c) 1940 A.D.
(d) 1945 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1940 A.D.

Question 14.
When did Gandhiji decide to launch a nation wide Styagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act?
(a) 1919 A.D.
(b) 1920 A.D.
(c) 1921 A.D.
(d) 1922A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1919 A.D.

Question 15.
When Cabinet Mission came to India?
(a) March 1945
(b) March 1946
(c) Sept. 1947
(d) Sept. 1946.
Answer:
(b) March 1946.

Question 16.
Which day was observed by Muslim League as Direct Action Day?
(o) 15 Aug, 1945
(b) 26 Jan, 1946
(c) 16 Aug, 1946
(d) 26 Jan, 1947.
Answer:
(c) 16 Aug, 1946.

Question 17.
The person in the given picture gave great contribution in the Indian Freedom struggle. Name the person.
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(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru
(b) Sardar Patel
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Chancira Shekhar Azad.
Answer:
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi started _______ to oppose Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Rowlatt Satyagraha

Question 2.
Mahatma Gandhi withdraw Non-Cooperation Movement in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1922

Question 3.
Mahant _______ of Gurdwara Nankana-Sahib was a characterless person.
Answer:
Narayan Dass

Question 4.
Simon Commission had _______ members.
Answer:
Seven

Question 5.
26th January 1930 A.D. was celebrated as India’s first _______ day.
Answer:
Independence.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
During Non-Cooperation Movement Mahatma Gandhi surrendered the title of Kesar-e-hind.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Swaraj Party was founded by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
In 1926 A.D. Bhagat Singh and his companions founded Naujwan Bharat Sabha.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 4.
On 5th April, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi made salt at Dandi and broke salt law.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Ahimsa	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh
2. Quit India Movement	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iii) 8th August, 1942
4. Jaiton Morcha	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh

Answer:

A	B
1. Ahimsa Maharaja	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi
2. Quit India Movement	(iii) 8th August, 1942
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh
4. Jaiton Morcha	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was Rowlatt Act? Why was it opposed by the people?
Answer:
Rowlatt Act was passed to suppress the movement of the people. According to it, any person could be arrested only on the basis of doubt. That’s why it was opposed by the people.

Question 2.
When did Simon Commission come to India? Which leader lost his life in the anti-demonstration against this Commission?
Answer:
The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. Lala Lajpat Rai was severely wounded by police lathis while leading a procession against the Simon Commission at Lahore. He died of the injuries a few days later.

Question 3.
Write the names of the associates of Bhagat Singh. In which year were they hanged?
Answer:
Sukhdev and Rajguru. They were hanged on 23rd March, 1931 in the Central Jail at Lahore.

Question 4.
When did the Indian National Congress demand Poorna Swaraj?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress demanded Poorna Swaraj or complete independence in 1929 A.D. at its Lahore Session.

Question 5.
When did the Quit India movement start? What was its impact on the British Government?
Answer:
The Quit India movement was started in August 1942 A.D. The Government tried to suppress this movement with full force.

Question 6.
When was the Indian Independence Act passed?
Answer:
The Indian Independence Act was passed on 16th July’, 1947. But it was finally approved by the Crown two days later.

Question 7.
Whose minister was Cripps and what was the reason of his arrival to India in 1942 A.D.?
Answer:
Cripps was a minister of the British Government. The British Government sent him to India in 1942 A.D to satisfy Indians so that they could help the British in the World War II.

Question 8.
Why Non-Cooperation movement was started?
Answer:
One peaceful crowd in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar was fired at by the Police. Gandhiji decided to start Non-Cooperation Movement against the British to protest this incident.

Question 9.
When was the Non-Cooperation movement withdrawn and what was its reason?
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn in 1922 A.D. Its reason was violent incident occurred at Chauri-Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 10.
What was the contribution of Lala Lajpat Rai to the freedom struggle of India?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai was a great patriot. He lodged a strong protest against the partition of Bengal. In 1928, he led a procession at Lahore to protest against the Simon Commission. The police cane-charged the processionists as a result of which he received severe injuries. He died of these injuries a few days later.

Question 11.
What was the contribution of Sardar Bhagat Singh to the struggle for freedom?
Answer:
Sardar Bhagat Singh was a great revolutionary. He threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly Hall at Delhi to convey the feelings of the Indians to the British Government. He was also among those revolutionaries who shot dead Mr. Saunders, the Deputy Superintendent of Police at Lahore.

Question 12.
Why was the Civil Disobedience movement started?
Answer:
After the failure of the Non-Cooperation movement, the government passed the laws which were not in the interests of the public. The rates of taxes were so high that a common man was unable to pay. Civil Disobedience movement was started by Gandhiji to mark protest against such laws.

Question 13.
When and by whom Swaraj Party was founded?
Answer:
Swaraj Party was founded by Pt. Moti Lai Nehru and C.R. Dass in 1923 A.D.

Question 14.
What was the objective of Swaraj Party? Was it successful in achieving its objective?
Answer:
Main objective of Swaraj Party was to take part in elections and to struggle for achievement of independence. Swaraj Party got important success in the elections of central assembly and state assemblies held on 1st November 1923 A.D.

Question 15.
When and between whom Poona Pact was signed?
Answer:
Poona Pact was held between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in September 1932 A.D.

Question 16.
On 13th April, 1919, around 20,000 people gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. What was the main reason of their peaceful arrest?
Answer:
To oppose the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of their popular leaders.

Question 17.
Many movements were started in India to gain independence. Do you know when the Quit India movement was started by Gandhiji?
Answer:
In August, 1942.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the life of Gandhiji till 1915 A.D.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji was born on 2nd Oct. 1869 A.D. in the house of Diwan Karam Chand Gandhi at Porbandar of Kathiawar (Gujarat). His mother was Putli Bai. Gandhiji received his early education in India and went to England for higher education. He became barrister and came back to India in 1891 A.D. He went to South Africa in 1893 A.D. Indian people were badly treated over there by the British. Gandhiji criticized it. He started Satyagraha movement over there and Indians were given their rights. Gandhiji came back to India in 1915 A.D.

Question 2.
When and which Act was passed on the basis of Montegue-Chelmsford report? What was written in it?
Answer:
Indians helped the British in First World War. So the British published Montegue- Chelmsford report to please Indians. Act of 1919 A.D. was passed on the basis of this report.

Following were the main points of this Act :

India will remain a part of the British Empire.
Gradually the responsible rule will be established in India.
Indians will be included in every department of state administration.

Question 3.
What were the clauses of Act of 1919 A.D.? Why it was opposed by Indian National Congress?
Answer:
Following were the main clauses of Act of 1919 A.D. :

Through this Act, subjects were divided between Centre and Provinces.
Dyarchy was established in provinces.
The communal electoral system was spread.
System of two houses of the legislative council was made in the Centre.
Members of state Council were increased to 60, and members of Legislative Assembly were increased to 145.
Powers and rights of secretary of states were reduced. Number of members of its council was also reduced.

Indians were not very much pleased with Act of 1919 A.D. So they started Satyagraha movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, to oppose this Act.

Question 4.
Write a note on Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Indian people started the Satyagraha movement in opposition to Act of 1919 A.D. So the British Government passed Rowlatt Act in 1919 A.D. to control the situation. According to this Act, the British government was free to arrest any person without issuing any warrant and without any trial. Arrested person was not allowed to appeal in court against his arrest. So this Act was strongly opposed by the people. Pt. Moti Lai Nehru criticised this Act by saying, “No Appeal, No Vakil and No Dalil.” Gandhiji started Satyagraha movement in whole of the country to oppose Rowlatt Act.

Question 5.
Write a note on the Non-Cooperation movement.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi against British government in 1920 A.D. Main objectives of this movement was to not to cooperate the British government in any manner. This movement was declared in Nagpur session of Congress. Gandhiji appealed the people not to cooperate government in any manner. One definite programme was also prepared. According to it, people sacrificed their government jobs and titles. Mahatma Gandhiji gave back his title of ‘Kesar-e-Hind’. Students left their government schools. Lawyers left their legal practice. Foreign made goods were also sacrificed and people started to use local goods. But people, at a place of Chauri-Chaura, set police station on fire in which many policemen were killed. When Gandhiji listened the incident of violence, he took back this movement.

Question 6.
Write a note on the increasing tension between the Sikhs and the British about the Gurudwaras.
Answer:
The British government always supported the Mahants, the priests of the Gurudwaras. The Sikhs did not like it. These priests had entered the Gurudwaras as Sewadars but during the British rule, they began to consider themselves as the owners of the Gurudwaras. They considered the property of Gurudwaras as their personal property. Patronage of the British was available to the Mahants or priests. So they thought that their hold on the Gurudwaras was safe. They started living a luxurious life. The Sikhs could not tolerate it.

Question 7.
Describe the event of Guru Ka Bagh Morcha.
Answer:
Guru Ka Bagh is situated 13 miles away from Amritsar in Tehsil Ajnala. This Gurudwara was in the possession of Mahant Sunder Dass, who was a characterless person. Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee sent a Jatha on 23 Aug., 1921 A.D. under the leadership of Dhan Singh to take charge of the Gurudwara. The police arrested the members of this Jatha. The Sikhs got annoyed with this incident and sent many more Jathas, which were very cruelly treated by the police. All political parties of the country condemned this action of the government.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the Jaito Morcha.
Answer:
In July 1932, the British removed Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of Nabha from the throne without any reason. Shiromani Akali Dal and other patriot Sikhs condemned this action of the government and a Jatha of 500 Akalis marched towards Gurudwara Gangasar (Jaito) on 21st February, 1924. On reaching Nabha, they faced the British Army. Many Sikhs were killed and a large number of them were injured. Finally, the Sikhs succeeded in getting their demands accepted by the government.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on the event of Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.
Answer:
The tragedy of the Jallianwala Bagh occurred in 1919 A.D. on the Baisakhi Day. The people of Amritsar were holding a meeting in Jallianwala Bagh on that day to protest against the arrest of their leaders. General Dyer, without giving any warning, ordered his troops to fire on the peaceful meeting. As a result, a wave of discontent and anger spread all over the country. The struggle for freedom took a new turn. Now, it became a struggle of all the people against the foreign rulers.

Question 10.
How the event of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy gave a new turn to freedom struggle of India?
Answer:
Many people were killed due to the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh (13th April 1919 A.D.). This massacre took a new turn to freedom struggle of India. This struggle was limited to few people before the massacre. Now it became the struggle of the masses. Farmers, labourers, students, etc, started to take part in it. Lot of enthusiasm came in freedom struggle with this massacre and the freedom struggle started with great pace.

Question 11.
Write a note on motion of Poorna Swaraj.
Answer:
Indian National Congress passed a resolution of Poorna Swaraj at its annual session on 31st December 1929 A.D. This session was held at Lahore, on the banks of Ravi river, under the presidentship of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru. This was also decided in this session that if government did not free India quickly then Independence Day will be celebrated in whole of the country on 26th January 1930 A.D. It was also decided to start Satyagraha movement to achieve independence. 26th January 1930 was celebrated as first Independence day in the whole country.

Question 12.
Where Round Table Conferences were held? Briefly describe them.
Answer:
Round Table Conferences were held at London. First Two Conferences. First Round Table Conference was called by the British Government in 1930 A.D. to discuss the report of Simon Commission. But this Conference remained unsuccessful due to boycot of the Congress.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. Gandhiji accepted to suspend Civil Disobedience Movement and to take part in Second Round Table Conference in this Pact. Second Round Table Conference was held in London in Sept. 1931 and Gandhiji demanded to stop the rule of representing Indians in centre and provinces. But he was unsuccessful in meeting his demands. As a result he again started Civil Disobedience Movement on 3rd January 1932 A.D. In the end Gandhiji and other Congress leaders were arrested.

Third Conference. Third Conference was held in 1932 A.D. Gandhiji didn’t take part in it.

Question 13.
Why Cripps Mission was sent to India? Was it been able to satisfy Congress leaders?
Answer:
Second World War started in Sept. 1939 A.D. The British government did not consult the Congress leaders and declared India’s participation iij the war. The Congress leaders criticised this declaration and resigned from provincial legislative councils. The British government sent Cripps Mission to India on March 1942, under Sir Starford Cripps so that the solution of this problem could be found. It put certain proposals before the Congress leaders which were unable to satisfy the Congress leaders.

Question 14.
Write a note on Pakistan’s demand of Muslim League.
Answer:
Muslim League was pleased with the resignations of Congress leaders from provincial legislative councils in 1939 A.D. That’s why leader of League Mohammad Ali Jinnah decided to celebrate Freedom Day on 22nd Sept., 1939 A.D. On 23rd March 1940 A.D., Muslim League demanded Free Pakistan for Muslims by calling two separate nations for Hindus and Muslims. The Britishers also supported Muslim League because they wanted to weaken National movement.

Question 15.
Briefly describe Cabinet Mission and its suggestions.
Answer:
The British government sent the Cabinet Mission, with three members, to India in March 1946 A.D. Its President was Lord Pathik Lawrence. This mission discussed with Indian leaders about political power to be given to India. It also suggested to establish constitutional committee to frame the constitution and to establish interim Government in the country. So according to this suggestion, Jawaharlal Nehru made an interim government in Sept. 1946. Muslim League also joined interim government on 15th Oct. 1946 A.D.

Question 16.
Briefly describe the events after 1946 which led to freedom or division of India.
Answer:
The British Prime Minister Lord Attlee declared on 20th February, 1947 that the British government will free India by 30th June 1948 A.D. Lord Mountbatten came to India as new Viceroy on 22nd March 1947 A.D. He started discussions with the Congress leaders. He declared that India will be made free but it will be divided into two parts— India and Pakistan. Congress accepted this division because it wanted to stop bloodshed and violence in the country.

The British Parliament passed ‘Indian Independence Act’ on 18th July 1947 A.D. As a result, the British rule in India came to an end on 15 August 1947 A.D. and India became free. But India was divided into two parts i.e. India and Pakistan.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On the basis of which theories Mahatma Gandhi tried to achieve freedom to the country?
Answer:
The British didn’t fulfil their promises done with Indians during first world war. So Indians planned to remove the British rule under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi tried to win over freedom on the basis of following theories :
1. Non-Violence. Mahatma Gandhi adopted the policy of peace and non-violence to win over the hearts of the British. Gandhiji was therfollower of truth and non-violence.

2. Satyagraha Movement. Mahatma Gandhi believed in Satyagraha movement. According to this, he used to keep fast for few days or to demonstrate to meet his demands. Whole of the world was attracted towards him when he used to start this type of moVement.

3. Hindu Muslim Unity. Mahatma Gandhi stressed on thje unity of all the Indians especially Hindus and Muslims. If at any place riots occurred due to one reason or the other, then Gandhiji always tried to pacify the people by going at that place.

4. Non-Cooperation Movement. Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation Movement to oppose injustice being committed with Indian people. For this, he urged the people to boycot Government offices, courts, schools, colleges and foreign made goods.

5. Khadi and Charkha. Gandhiji asked the rural people to use Khadi clothes and to prepare cloth with the help of charkha. He propagated that local goods should be used instead of foreign made goods.

6. Social Reforms. Mahatma Gandhi also tried to eradicate social evils such as untouchability. He also tried for the welfare of the women.

Question 2.
Describe Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. In 1919 A.D. and under the orders of Mahatma Gandhi, strikes were called and processions were held in Punjab to oppose Rowlatt Act. Two famous leaders of Amritsar Dr. Kitchloo and Dr. Satpal were arrested on 10th April 1919 A.D. Indians took out a procession to oppose this Act. Government ordered to open fire at this procession. As a result, few people were killed. So Indians became angry and killed 5 British officers. The British Government called the Military in Amritsar city to control the situation.

Around 20,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh of Amritsar on 13th April 1919 to oppose Rowlatt Act. General Dyer ordered to fire bullets at these people. People started to run here and there to save their lives. This garden was closed from three sides and the fourth side was covered by the soldiers. Just within a short span of time whole of the garden was filled with blood and dead bodies. Around 1000 people were killed in this massacre and 3000 persons were wounded. People got furious after knowing about this massacre.

2. Khilafat Movement. Turkey helped Germany against the British in the first world war. Turkish Sultan ‘Abdul Hamid II’ was considered as Khalifa or religious leader of Muslims of Indians. They helped the British in the war so that Khalifa of Turkey will not be treated badly at the hands of the British. But Turkey was divided into many parts by the British at the end of the war and Khalifa was imprisoned by the British.

So Indian Muslims started Khilafat Movement to oppose the British. Shaukat Afi, Muhammad Afi, Abul Kalam Azad and Azmal Khan were its main leaders. Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak also took part in this movement to establish unity among Hindus and Muslims.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire

October 11, 2024October 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Why did Daulat Khan Lodhi and Rana Sanga invite Babar to attack on India?
Answer:
The nobles invited Babar to fight the Lodhis because of the following reasons :

The Lodhi kings tried to suppress the power of their nobles who had tried to become independent rulers in different provinces.
Ibrahim Lodhi, the last of the Lodhi kings, was proud, cruel and inefficient.
He also ill-treated Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Goveror of Punjab.
The nobles had thought that after plundering some parts of northern India, Babar, like other invaders, will leave for Kabul and then they would be able to assert their independence.

Question 2.
What do you know about Babar’s conquests?
Answer:
In the first battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D., Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and occupied Delhi and Agra. Rana Sanga became angry with this. As a result, he led a huge army against Babar in the battle of Kanwah. Rana Sanga was defeated in the battle of Kanwah by Babar. With this victory, North India came under complete control of Babar.

Babar also defeated the Rajputs in the battle of Chandri in 1528 A.D. Babar also defeated the Afghans in 1529 A.D. at the battle of Ghaghara. He died in 1530 A.D.

Question 3.
Write about the conquests of Akbar,
Answer:
At the time of Humayun’s death, Akbar was only thirteen years old. He was not a ruler of any part of India. Akbar’s first conflict came with Hemu. He was an ambitious general of one of the Afghan princes. A battle of Panipat was fought between Bairam Khan, the Regent of Akbar and Hemu. Hemu was defeated in the battle of Panipat. Akbar captured Delhi and Agra which the Mughals had lost.

In 1560 A.D., Akbar himself took the reigns of the administration. After that his victories are as under :
1. Victories in North India :

Victories over Rajputs. In 1562 A.D., Akbar attacked the Rajputs. The King of Amber, Raja Bihari Mai accepted the subordination of Akbar and married his daughter to him. Besides, other Rajput rulers also accepted the subordination of Akbar e.g. Kalinjar, Marwar, Jaisalmer, Bikaner etc.
Struggle of Mewar. The ruler of Mewar Rana Pratap never wanted to . accept the subordination of Akbar. In 1569 A.D. Akbar occupied the capital of Mewar, Chittor. Still Maharana Pratap continued his struggle with the Mughals.
Victory over Gujarat. In 1572-73 A.D., Akbar got victory over Gujarat, (in) Victory over Bihar-Bengal. In 1574-76 A.D., Akbar defeated the rulers of Bihar and Bengal and occupied those states.
Other victories. Slowly Akbar got hold of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Balochistan and Kandhar.

2. Victories in South India. After north India, Akbar shifted his attention to south India, then in south India he got the following victories :

Victory in Bijapur and Golkunda. This was achieved in 1591 A.D.
Victory over Khandesh. In 1601 A.D. Sultan Ali Khan of Khandesh accepted the subordination of Akbar. •
Control over Ahmednagar. In 1601 A.D., Akbar’s army defeated Chand Bibi of Ahmednagar and took control of the city.
Control over Berar. Akbar even took control over the Berar area of south India.

Question 4.
What do you mean by the Agrarian system of the Mughals?
Answer:
In Mughal state, the main source of revenue was Land Tax.

Improvement in the tradition of Land Tax.

The crop produce in some parts of the state was more than the other. The kind of crop too was different, so Akbar managed to collect land tax differently.
The total production of the empire and the total revenue collected on it.
One-third of the production was decided to be the land tax. This helped the peasants a lot.
In case of drought or excessive rains, the land revenue was often remitted.
The land was measured in ‘bighas’.

Classification of Land: Akbar classified the land into four parts :

Polaj Land: It was very fertile land. Any crop could be sown on this land at anytime.
Parauti Land: On this land, sowing could be done after one or two years.
Chhachhar Land: The sowing could be done after three-four years.
Barren Land: Sowing could be done after five-six years.

Collection of Land Tax: The land tax collection systems were as follows :

Kankut System: According to this system the govt, would collect land tax by approximating the value of the standing crop.
Batai System: According to this system when the crop was harvested, then 1/3 part was taken by the govt.
Nasak System: According to this system the crop of the whole village was approximated and the land tax was fixed.

The Mughal govt, gave loans to the farmers to make more and more land agriculturable. At the time of drought and flood, the land tax was given exemption.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Tuzuk-i-Babari is the autobiography of ________
Answer:
Babar

Question 2.
The battle of Kanwaha was fought between Babar and ________
Answer:
Rana Sanga

Question 3.
Akbar defeated Hemu in ________
Answer:
1556 A.D, Panipat

Question 4.
Babar wrote ________
Answer:
Tuzuk-i-Babari

Question 5.
Abul Fazl wrote ________
Answer:
Akbarnama.

III. Write True or False for each statement :

Question 1.
The Mughals came to India in 1525 A.D.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Daulat Khan Lodhi and Rana Sanga invited Babar to invade India.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Sher Shah Suri was a Mughal ruler.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The Rajputs were very well treated during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
The Deccan policy of Aurangzeb strengthened the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
False

IV. Activities:

Question 1.
On the outline map of India, show the extent of Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of Indian Map.

Question 2.
Collect the pictures of Mughal Emperors and paste in your note-book.
Answer:
Do it yourself

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When Akbar came into Power?
(a) 1560
(b) 1558
(c) 1564
(d) 1556
Answer:
(d) 1556.

Question 2.
Who wrote Ain-i-Akbari?
(a) Abul Fazl
(b) Tansen
(c) Raja Man Singh
(d) Todar Mai
Answer:
(a) Abul Fazl.

Question 3.
Mughal tradition of succession was to divide state into ________ of the father.
(a) Sons
(b) Daughters
(c) A & B Both
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Sons.

Question 4.
Mother of Jahangir was the princess of
(a) Raikot
(b) Amber
(c) Ajmer
(d) Jaisalmer.
Answer:
(b) Amber.

Question 5.
Term Mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a
(a) Jagir
(b) Land
(c) Mansab
(d) Suba.
Answer:
(c) Mansab.

Question 6.
The Mansabdars were required to maintain specified number of
(a) Horses
(b) Cavalry men
(c) Soldiers
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Cavalry men.

Question 7.
Revenue Minister of Akbar was
(a) Todar Mai
(b) Tansen
(c) Abul Fazl
(d) Birbal.
Answer:
(a) Todar Mai.

Question 8.
Revenue circle with its own schedule revenue rates for individual crops is known as
(a) Mansab
(b) Zat
(c) Zabt
(d) Jagir.
Answer:
(b) Zat.

Question 9.
Whole of the Mughal Empire was divided into “different
(a) Cities
(b) Towns
(c) Faujdars
(d) Subas.
Answer:
(d) Subas.

Question 10.
Subedar of every Suba was supported by officer like
(a) Bakshi
(c) Sadr
(b) Faujdar
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When and between whom was the first battle of Panipat fought? Who was defeated?
Answer:
It was fought in 1526 A.D., between Babar and Ibrahim Lodhi. Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated in this battle.

Question 2.
Who was Babar? Write in brief about his victories.
Answer:

Babar was a good general and he knew how to use his soldiers to the best advantage.
Babar had brought artillery from central Asia and this was one of the main reasons for his success.
Babar’s cavalry was better trained.
The soldiers of Lodhi King were not faithful to him.
Babar arranged his soldiers in such a way that they could easily move from one part of the battle to another.

Babar’s Victories. Babar was the founder of the Mughal empire in India. He was a great conqueror who within a period of four years (1526-1529) won four battles:

Battle of Panipat
Battle of Kanwaha
Battle of Chaderi and
Battle of Ghagra.

In these battles, he proved himself to be a great military genius. He was also a great writer who patronised great scholars. His autobiography known as ‘Tuzuk-i-Babari’, in Turkish language, is a great piece of literature. He died in 1530 A.D. and was buried at Kabul in a beautiful grave.

Question 3.
Who exiled Humayun from India and when? When did he regain his state?
Answer:
Sheh Shah Suri exiled Humayun in 1540 A.D., but Humayun regained his state after defeating his successor Sikandar Suri in 1555 A.D. In 1556 A.D. Humayun died.

Question 4.
Who was Sher Shah? Why was he successful? Why is it said that he might have become a great Sultan?
Answer:
Sheh Shah Suri was an Afghan king. He defeated Humayun and founded the Suri Dynasty.

Reasons of his success:

Sher Shah was a determined man.
Before becoming the ruler, he administered the jagir of his father, so he had the experience of administration.
He was liberal and well-wisher of his people. Sher Shah Suri died in A.D. 1545.

Sher Shah ruled Delhi only for five years. He administered his state well. His land revenue system was of highest order. He did many works for the welfare of the people. His army was well disciplined. Thus we see that Sher Shah did many important works in a brief tenure of his rule. Had he lived for longer period, he would have been the greatest ruler.

Question 5.
What were the features of the administration of Sher Shah Suri?
Answer:
Sher Shah ruled only for a short span of five years (1540-45 A.D.) but even during such a short period, he had achieved so much that it is said that he might have become a great Sultan.

There are many reasons for his success or greatness :
1. Man of Great Qualities: He was a great military genius and clever statesman. He duped Humayun several times and ultimately defeated him.

2. Administrative Reforms: Sher Shah was successful because he was a great administrator. He appointed efficient and honest officers to administer his state well. He treated all his subjects alike and even appointed Hindus on high posts.

3. Gearing up the Revenue Administration: Sher Shah got the whole land measured. A new assessment was made in order to fix a just tax. Land revenue was fixed at nearly one-third of the produce. Land revenue could be paid both in cash or in kind.

4. Reforming the Military Administration: Sher Shah fully knew that if he wanted to be successful he must organize his army on a strong footing. As such, he organized his army into a strong military force. .

5. Construction of Roads and Highways: Sher Shah built several good roads for promoting trade and commerce for the safe travel of the public.

Question 6.
Who made Altbar sit on the throne and when?
Answer:
It was Bairam Khan in 1556 A.D.

Question 7.
Who was Bairam Khan? When did Akbar depose him from his post?
Answer:
Bairam Khan was patron of Akbar. He was deposed in 1560 A.D. by Akbar.

Question 8.
Name the main features of Akbar’s Rajput policy.
Answer:
Akbar captured the Rajput kingdoms of Gwalior, Ajmer and Malwa. These conquests brought him into the neighbourhood of the Rajput kingdoms. Akbar was very far-sighted. He realised that there could be no permanent Mughal rule in India without the help and loyalty of Rajput princes. So he made friends with them. He entered into marital alliances between his family and various Rajput royal families. He himself married a number of Rajput princesses. They became his sincere friends, trusted advisers and his loyal and gallant comrades on the battlefield. Rhagwan Dass and Man Singh were his famous Rajput generals. But the Rana of Mewar, Rana Partap did not relent to Akbar.

Question 9.
Write about the central administrative system of Akbar/Mughals.
Answer:
The description is as follows :
1. King. King was the chief of administration. He had many assistants to help him, e.g. Wakil, Diwan-i-Ala, Mir-Bakshi, Sadar-i-Sadur, Qazi-ul-Qazat and Khan-i- Saman.

2. Wakil. He was the prime minister of the state. He would give information to the emperor about chief happenings. He would always carry out the orders of the emperor.

3. Diwan-i-Ala was the finance minister. He would take care of income-expenditure account of the state. He would also make laws about the taxes.

4. Mir Bakshi. He would keep records of Mansabdars. He would distribute salary to them. He would also take care of military institutions.

5. Sadar-i-Sadur. He was the chief of department of religious affairs. He would keep an account of religious affairs and educational institutions.

6. Qazi-ul-Qazat. He would give his opinions to emperor on Islamic laws for delivering the justice.

7. Khan-i-Saman. He would take care of the royal family and factories.

Question 10.
Write a brief note on the state administrative system of Akbar/Mughals.
Answer:
Akbar had divided his empire into 15 states for running his administration properly. The main state officials were as follows.

Subedar: He was the highest official of the state. His main function was to keep law and order in the state.
Diwan: He was the chief of finance of the state. The accounts of income-expenditure of state were under his department.
Bakshi: He would take care of military arrangements as well as horses.
Sadar: He would prepare details about saints, seers, peers and fakirs.
Waqiyanavis: He was the chief of detective department.
Kotwal: He was the police official. His main function was to maintain peace and order in the city.

Question 11.
Write a comment on the local administration of the Mughals/Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar had divided his empire into states and states were further sub-divided into districts, parganas and villages :
1. Administration of District :

Faujdar: He was the chief administrator of the district. He would carry out the orders of the Badshah and maintain law and order.
Amil-Guzar: His main function was to collect taxes.
Bitikchi and Khazandar: Both these official were the assistants of Amil Guzar.

2. Administration of Parganas:

Shiqdar: To maintain law and order in the pargana.
Amil: To collect land tax.
Potdar and Qanungo: Both these were assistants of Amil.

3. Administration of Villages: Most villages were administered by Panchayats. These developed the villages and take care of the village conflicts. ‘Chowdhary’, ‘Muqqadam’ and ‘Patwari’ were the assistants of Panchayat.

Question 12.
Write a short note of Mansabdari System.
Answer:
The Mansabdari system was the most important feature of the Mughal administration. The Mansab means rank. Each noble was given a mansab or rank and was called the mansabdar. The mansab or rank was based on the numbers of mounted soldiers at the command of the officers. Each mansabdar was required to perform any civil and military duty as was assigned to him by the emperor. Mansab was not hereditary. Hence it could not be passed on to his descendants. Thus every mansabdar owed his allegiance to the emperor.

Classes of Mansabdars. In the period of Akbar, Mansabdars had 33 classes. The lowest mansabdar had 10 soldiers and the highest mansabdar had 10,000 soldiers in his subordination.

Duties of Mansabdars. Mansabdars were appointed by the emperor at the recommendation of Mir Bakhshi. He could be put to any work. The salary was also given according to his class. He could be promoted as well as denoted in status as well as salary.

Question 13.
What do you know about Nur Jahan? What was her importance in Jahangir’s Court?
Answer:
Nur Jahan was a talented woman. Her original name was Mehr-un-Nisa. Jahangir married her in 1611 A.D. She set the fashion in dress and manners at the court. She had a great consideration in the Mughal court. She had a great influence in the administration. There was hardly any affair of importance in which she was not consulted. Jahangir fell ill for a long period. During this period she became a real ruler of the empire. Her name was associated with Jahangir on coins and privy seals.

Question 14.
“The reign of Aurangzeb (1658-1707) is described as the most disturbed among Mughal emperors.” ‘Why?
Answer:
The reign of Aurangzeb is described as the most disturbed due to the following reasons or facts :
1. Aurangzeb was a Sunni Muslim bigot. He ill-treated the followers of other religions. He ill-treated even the Sufi Saints.

2. Aurangzeb imposed Zazia on all the non-Muslim subjects particularly on the Hindus. He also destroyed their temples.

3. Aurangzeb martyred the ninth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji at Delhi. As a result, the Sikhs became sworn enemies of the Mughals.

4. The Rajput rulers of Mewar and Marwar also rose against the Mughals because they were discontented by the policies of Aurangzeb.

5. To conquer the Deccan states of Bijapur and Golkunda, Aurangzeb remained away from his capital for full 25 years (1682-1707 A.D.) His absence from his capital encouraged disruptive forces and gave rise to discontentment among the people.

Question 15.
How were the Marathas able to build up a strong and independent state? Was Aurangzeb able to control their rebellion?
Answer:
Following were the reasons for the establishment of an independent state of the Marathas.
1. Geographical reasons: Marathas lived in the hilly region of Maharashtra. They got natural forts on the hills. These forts helped them to establish an independent state.

2. Impact of Bhakti Movement: The Marathas were greatly benefited by the conversings of Bhakti movement in Deccan. The mutual differences of Marathas were reduced and a sense of brotherhood originated among them.

3. Political experience: After the decline of Delhi Sultanate, a number of small states were established in Deccan. They had a close look of the political life, which brought an awakening among them.

4. Hard workers: Marathas were the inhabitants of the hilly region. They struggled to earn their living. This habit of hard work made them brave.

5. Leadership of Shivaji: They were fortunate enough to have the leader like Shivaji. He united the scattered Marathas community and established a strong and independent state.

Rebellion of Marathas: The Marathas had become a great power. Aurangzeb wanted to crush them but could not succeed. In 1674 Shivaji declared himself an independent ruler. After Shivaji’s death, his son Shambhaji sat on throne. In 1689, Aurangzeb killed Shambhaji and occupied Maratha areas but Marathas continued their struggle under Raja Ram and afterwards his queen Tarabai. In 1707 A.D. after the death of Aurangzeb, Marathas reoccupied a large area of Mughals.

Question 16.
Describe the Sikh struggle against the Mughals during and after the administration of Aurangzeb. _
Answer:
The struggle of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji: After Sri Guru Har Krishanji, Sri Guru Teg Bahadurji became the 9th Guru. He was against the anti-Hindu policies of Aurangzeb. So Aurangzeb was annoyed with Guruji. Guruji raised his voice against Aurangzeb when he tried to demolish the gurdwaras and he also spoke against Aurangzeb when he tried to expel the citizens who were having soft corners for the Guruji. Guruji was brought to Delhi and was asked to convert to Islam. Guruji declined and then he was severely tortured and he was martyred in Delhi’s Chandni Chowk in 1675 A.D.

Struggle of Guru Gobind Sahib Ji. Sri Guru Gobind Sahibji became the 10th Guru and continued his struggle against Mughal cruelty. In 1699 A.D., he founded the ‘Khalsa Panth’ and after that there was a struggle between the Sikhs and the Mughals. Guruji’s two elder sons Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh became martyrs. Guruji’s younger two sons Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh were buried alive in the wall at Sirhind.

Struggle of the Sikhs after Aurangzeb’s death. In 1707 A.D., Aurangzeb died. His successor Bahadur Shah tried to establish friendly relations with Sikhs but the Faujdar of Sirhind Wajir Khan sent a Pathan who by deception put knife into Guruji’s stomach. Guruji’s soul became one with God in 1708 A.D. After that the struggle continued under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur

Question 17.
Comment on the Deccan policy of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
Aurangzeb spent almost 25 years of his life in south India. He was a Sunni Muslim. So, he wanted to crush the independent Shia states of Bijapur and Golkonda in south India. These states helped Marathas against Mughals, so he wanted to crush the power of Marathas also.

In 1686 A.D., Aurangzeb occupied Bijapur and in 1687 A.D., he occupied Golkunda also. Shivaji died in 1680 A.D. but still Marathas continued their struggle. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas. In 1707 A.D., he died.

Question 18.
What were the causes that brought about the break-up of the Mughal empire?
Answer:
Following were the causes that brought about the break-up of the Mughal empire :

The successors of Aurangzeb were weak rulers.
The Mughal empire met with financial troubles.
Mughal administration was no longer as efficient as it used to be under Akbar.
The military administration of the Mughals had also become weaker.
Mughal India showed little awareness to the discoveries which the new science of Europe was revealing to Europeans.

Question 19.
Write about the visits of Europeans during Mughal period in India.
Answer:
During the period of Jahangir many European traders came to India. William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were the main visitors.

William Hawkins stayed in India for three years (1608-1611 A.D.). Based on his reports the British government established a factory in Surat in 1612 A.D.

Sir Thomas Roe was an English man who visited the court of Jahangir as an Ambassador from King James I. He remained at Agra for three years hoping to obtain some sort of permanant agreement with regard to trade which would place the English commerce in East Indian waters upon a sound basis. But he failed in his object. Sir Thomas Roe had left a very interesting account of his travels and experiences in India. He also left a wonderful account of king’s life and about the splendour and magnificence of the imperial court.

Question 20.
Describe the political condition of India during the Babar’s invasion.?
Answer:
The political condition was very pitiable. There was no centralized authority. The states were always fighting with each other.

The magnificence of Delhi Sultanate had declined. It was limited to Delhi and its nearby areas.
In Mewar, Rana Sanga had become quite powerful.
The Governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodhi was thinking of taking revenge from Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi.
The rulers of Bengal and Bihar had also became powerful.
In South India, there were many states. Vijaynagar was the main kingdom. Bahmani Kingdom was also divided into many parts.

Question 21.
Write notes on each of the following :
1. Humayun
Answer:
Humayun: Humayun was the eldest son of Babar. He sat on the throne in 1530 A.D. He was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, in 1540 A.D. in the battles of Chausa and Kanauj. He spent almost 15 years in Persia. He succeeded in getting back his throne in 1555 A.D. but next year he died.

The following were the difficulties that he had to face at the time of accession :

Although Babar had conquered a vast territory in India and founded a Mughal dynasty but he did not live long enough to make it secure against his enemies. So Humayun faced with trouble from the beginning.
Being new to India the Mughals had difficulty in consolidating their position.
The Afghan nobles attacked the newly founded kingdom because they wanted them to leave India.
Bahadur Shah was the ruler of Gujarat and Sher Shah an ambitious Afghan king also threatened Delhi.

2. Jahangir
Answer:
Jahangir: Jahangir was the son of Akbar the Great. After the death of Akbar in 1605 A.D., he sat on the throne. He sent a military expedition against the son of Maharana Pratap-Rana Amar Singh. But afterwards, made peace with him on liberal terms and thus ended the long struggle between the Mughals and Mewar state.

The main events of his ruling period are as follows :

He faced a rebellion from his son Khusro but he crushed this rebellion.
Jahangir subjected Guru Arjan Devji to death penalty in a false case and after torture for five days, Guruji became martyr in 1606 A.D.
Another important event was the marriage to Noor Jahan. He gave Nur Jahan the name of ‘Noor Mahal’ (Light of the Palace).
In the court of Jahangir two diplomats from England, Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe came. They had come to India in order to obtain trading facilities.
Jahangir’s reign was most peaceful because :
(a) There were not too many campaigns in the reign of Jahangir.
(b) The struggle between Akbar and Rana of Mewar too was brought to an end by Jahangir.
(c) In order to create peace in the country Jahangir adopted the policy of matrimonial relations with Rajputs. .
(d) The struggle of the Mughals with Ahmednagar state, which had become a cause of anxiety, also came to an end.

This brought peace in the whole kingdom. Contrary to it, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb had to face many revolts and wars. This was the main cause of disturbance during their reigns.

3. Shah Jahan.
Answer:
Shah Jahan: Shah Jahan was the son of Mughal emperor Jahangir. His real name was Khurram, He sat on the throne in 1628 A.D., after the death of Jahangir. He ruled for almost 29 years.

Some main events of his ruling period are as follows :

The Bundels from hilly areas declared a rebellion. Shah Jahan sent a big army to crush this rebellion and compelled Jhujhar Singh to sign a treaty with Mughals.
In 1628 A.D, Shah Jahan celebrated the occasion of Noroz and organised a big lunch on this occasion.
He was in deep love with his wife Mumtaz Mahal. When she died on 7th June, 1631, Shah Jahan went into deep depression.
Shah Jahan was very fond of building magnificent buildings. He is known as an Engineer King. His reign is called the golden age of Mughal architecture. He is reminded even today for his two things the Taj Mahal and the Peacock Throne. He had built the Taj Mahal in memory of his queen Mumtaz Mahal.

The Peacock Throne was a golden jewel-studded throne which he used. It was later looted by Shah of Iran and taken to his country. Other beautiful buildings built by Shah Jahan were Jama Masjid, Moti Masjid, Red Fort at Delhi and Red Fort at Agra. Shah Jahan built a new city Shah Jahanabad as his capital.

Question 22.
Give an account of the main features of Shah Jahan and Jahangir’s rule.
Answer:
1. Shah Jahan (1628-1657 A.D.): Shah Jahan was the son of Mughal emperor Jahangir. His real name was Khurram. He sat on the throne in 1628, after the death of Jahangir. He ruled for almost 29 years.

Some main events of his ruling period are as given ahead :

The Bundels from hilly areas declared a rebellion. Shah Jahan sent a big army to crush this rebellion and compelled Jhujhar Singh to sign a treaty with Mughals.
In 1628 A.D., Shah Jahan celebrated the occasion of Noroz and organised a big lunch on this occasion.
He was in deep love with his wife Mumtaz Mahal. When she died on 7th June, 1631, Shah Jahan went into deep depression.
Shah Jahan was very fond of building magnificent buildings. He is known as an Engineer King. His reign is called the golden age of Mughal architectures. He is reminded even today for his two things the Taj Mahal and the Peacock Throne. He had built the Taj Mahal in the memory of his queen Mumtaz Mahal.

2. Jahangir (1605-1627 A.D.). Jahangir was the son of Akbar the Great. After the death of Akbar in 1605 A.D., he sat on the throne. He sent a military expedition against the son of Maharana Pratap-Rana Amar Singh. But afterwards; made peace with him on liberal terms and thu3 ended the long struggle between the Mughals and Mewar state.

The main events of his rutirig period are as follows:

He faced a rebellion from his son Khusro but he crushed this rebellion.
Jahangir subjected Guru Arjan Devji to death penalty in a false case and after a torture for five days. Guruji became martyr in 1606 A.D.
Another important event was marriage to Noor Jahan. He gave Nur Jahan the name of ‘Noor Mahal’ (Light of the Palace.).
In the court of Jahangir two diplomats from England, Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe came. They had come to India in order to obtain trading facilities.
Jahangir’s reign was most peaceful because ;
(a) There were not too many campaigns in the reign of Jahangir.
(b) The struggle between Akbar and Rana of Mewar too was brought to an end by Jahangir.
(c) In order to create peace in the country Jahangir adopted the policy of matrimonial relations with Rajputs.
(d) The struggle of the Mughals with Ahmednagar state, which had become a cause of anxiety, also came to an end.

This brought peace in the whole kingdom. Contrary to it, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb had to face many revolts and wars. This was the main cause of disturbance during their reigns.

Question 23.
Illustrate how Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari are used to reconstruct history.
Answer:
These are two famous creations of ‘Abul Fazl’. These books tell us about the court of Akbar, his victories, his administration, his social, economic and religious policy, art and architecture.

Question 24.
What do you mean by Mansabdari System?
Answer:
The Mughal rulers appointed the members of different classes in the administration. These appointees were known as Mansabdars under the Mansabdari system, court used to fix the post, income and the position of a Mansabdar. Mansabdar belonged to the civil and military departments of the country.

There were many categories of Zat and Sawar Mansabdar.

The first category: Mansabdars held equal Zat and Sawar i.e. 5000/5000.
The second category: Their sawar mansab was more than the half of their zat mansab i. e. 5000/3000.
The third category: They held their sawar mansab less than the half of their zat mansab i.e. 5000/2000.

Mansabdars were appointed by the Mughal emperors on their own or on the recommendation of the Mir Bakshi. There were 33 categories of the Mansabdars during the reign of Akbar. Its rank was from 10 to 10,000. These could be appointed in any department. They were given their salaries according to their ranks.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

October 10, 2024October 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB The Revolt of 1857 Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Write down any two political causes of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
1. Insult of Bahadur Shah: In 1856 A.D., the Governor-General told the Mughal Emperor that he would be the last emperor of India. After his death, his princes will have to vacate the Red fort. This decision of the British annoyed the Muslims.

2. Unjustified annexation of Avadh: Avadh remained a faithful friend of the British but its unjustified annexation annoyed the people.

Question 2.
Which punishment was given to Bahadur Shah Zafar?
Answer:
He was taken prisoner and sent to Rangoon. After some time, Bahadur Shah Zafar died and the Mughal empire came to an end. His two sons were shot dead.

Question 3.
Write down the immediate cause of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The episode of the greased cartridges was the immediate cause of rising on May 10, 1857. Some Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to use a new type of cartridge which were greased with the fat of the pigs and cows. A portion of the cartridge had to be bitten with one’s teeth before it could be fired. This enraged the Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army. They refused to obey the orders of their British officers to use the cartridges and rose in revolt.

Question 4.
With which other two names the revolt of 1857 A.D. is known?
Answer:
The first war of Independence and Soldier Revolt.

Question 5.
Write down in brief the social causes of revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

The Christian missionaries were propagating Christianity in India. They insulted Hindu and Muslim religions while propagating Christianity. The Government never put any restrictions on their activities. So, the Indians were annoyed with this policy of the British.
In 1856 A.D. Religious Inability Act was passed. According to this Act, if someone changed his religion, he could get the share of his father’s property. Bypassing this law, the government encouraged the people to embrace Christianity.
The British did not treat Indians well. They called Indians ‘Rustics’ and ‘Black Indians’. Indians could not bear this insult. This also become a cause of the revolt of 1857.

Question 6.
Write down the causes of failure of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The following were the main causes of failure of Indians in the rising of 1857 :

The day of 31st May, 1857 was fixed for the start of revolt. But it started on 29 March. Rebels were not fully prepared for the revolt.
Revolt did not spread in entire India.
Unity was lacked among rebels.
Rebels lacked means to carry on the revolt.
Rebels were not fighting for any common objectives.
Military generals of rebels were not capable objectives.
Some local kingdoms helped the British to crush the revolt.
Means of transport were under control of British.
Intelligence system of the British was very good.
They crushed the revolt with the help of their military.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The cartridges were greased with the fat of cow and ________
Answer:
pig

Question 2.
Many states annexed to the British Empire according to the Doctrine of Lapse of Lord
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 3.
First of all the revolt of 1857 A.D. was started in ________
Answer:
Barrakpur

Question 4.
________ was a famous general of Nana Sahib.
Answer:
Tanya Tope

Question 5.
Indian soldiers declared their emperor.
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False* in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Indians were appointed on high posts.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Good treatment was given to the Indians by the Britishers.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The British made many social reforms.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Gradually Indian industry and trade declined.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
The Britishers ’adopted the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.
Answer:
True.

IV. Something To Do :

Question 1.
To know about Lakshmi Bai, queen of Jhansi.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 2.
Collect the pictures of prominent freedom fighters and paste them in your scrapbook.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide The Revolt of 1857 Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
When did first war of Independence take place?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1897 AD.
(c) 1947 AD.
(d) 1965 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1857 A.D.

Question 2.
What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi from the British?
(a) To adopt a daughter
(b) To adopt a son
(c) To give her back her kingdom
(d) To give her pension.
Answer:
(b) To adopt a son.

Question 3.
What was the immediate cause of revolt done by Indian Sepoys?
(a) Use of Canons
(b) Use of new machines.
(c) Use of fat coated cartridges
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Use of fat coated cartridges.

Question 4.
Who was the last Mughal Emperor?
(a) Akbar
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Jahangir
(d) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Answer:
(d) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 5.
Where was Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled and died?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Kanpur
(c) Rangoon
(d) Nepal.
Answer:
(c) Rangoon.

Question 6.
When did Bahadur Shah Zafar die?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1862 A.D.
(c) 1860 A.D.
(d) 1865 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1862 A.D.

Question 7.
From where did the Indian revolt of 1857 start?
(a) Delhi
(b) Meerut
(c) Kanpur
(d) Jhansi.
Answer:
(b) Meerut

Question 8.
________ was proclaimed as emperor of India in 1857.
(o) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(b) Tantya Tope
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Aurangzeb.
Answer:
(a) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 9.
________ was the first martyer of the revolt of 1857.
(a) Nana Saheb
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Rani Laxmi Bai
(d) Tantya Tope,
Answer:
(b) Mangal Pandey.

Question 10.
________ led the revolt of Kanpur.
(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Rani Laxmi Bai
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Kunwar Singh.
Answer:
(c) Nana Saheb.

Question 11.
Rani Lakshmi Bai died at
(a) Kanpur
(b) Gwalior
(c) Nagpur
(d) Satara.
Answer:
(b) Gwalior.

Question 12.
What was the long term result of revolt of 1857?
(a) Rise of Indian Nationalism
(b) Creation of Awareness
(c) End of Company’s rule
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Rise of Indian Nationalism.

Question 13.
When was Awadh annexed into the British Empire?
(a) 1850 A.D.
(b) 1856 A.D.
(c) 1860 A.D.
(d) 1857 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1856 A.D.

Question 14.
Who introduced Policy of Lapse in India?
(a) Lord William Bentinck
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Wellington
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Lord Dalhousie.

Question 15.
Who resented high taxes in countryside?
(a) Peasants
(b) Zamindars
(c) Jotdars
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 16.
Which of these reforms was introduced by the British?
(a) Ban on Sati Pratha
(b) Permission of Widow remarriage
(c) Introduction of Western Education System
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 17.
Identify the event with which the persons given in the picture were associated:

(a) First World War
(b) Revolt of 1857
(c) Peasant Revolt
(d) Indigo Revolt.
Answer:
(b) Revolt of 1857.

Question 18.
The given picture is of Rani Laxmi Bai whose kingdom was annexed by the British under a policy called ________

(a) Subsidiary Alliance
(b) Doctrine of Lapse
(e) Policy of Paramountcy
(d) Through Conquests.
Answer:
(b) Doctrine of Lapse.

Question 19.
The person in the given picture was declared the leader of the 1857 revolt. Name the person.

(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Raja Kanwar Singh
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(d) Nana Saheb.
Answer:
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 20.
The person in the given picture is known as the first martyr of the revolt of 1857 AD. Name the person.

(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Kanwar Singh
(d) Nana Saheb.
Answer:
(b) Mangal Pandey.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The cartridges were filled with the fat of cow and ________
Answer:
pig

Question 2.
According to Doctrine of Lapse of Lord ________, many Indian Kingdoms were captured.
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 3.
Initially, the revolt started at ________
Answer:
Barrackpur

Question 4.
________ was a famous general of Nana Sahib.
Answer:
Tantya Tope

Question 5.
Indian soldiers declared ________ at their leader.
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
During British times, Indians were appointed at higher posts.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 2.
Indians were behaved quite well.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
The British introduced many social reforms here in India.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 4.
Gradually Indian trade and industries declined.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 5.
The British adopted the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.
Answer:
(✓)

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah	(i) Delhi
2. Nana Sahib	(ii) Avadh
3. Bahadur Shah Zafar	(iii) Kanpur
4. Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal	(iv) Punjab

Answer:

A	B
1. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah	(ii) Avadh
2. Nana Sahib	(iii) Kanpur
3. Bahadur Shah Zafar	(i) Delhi
4. Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal	(iv) Punjab

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write two religious causes of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

The British were converting Indians into Christians by promising them many concessions.
The English passed Religious Inability Act, 1856 to spread Christianity.

Question 2.
Write two political causes of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

There was discontentment among the Indian rulers because of the policy of the subsidiary alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse.
Title of Emperor was taken away from the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. He was, therefore, annoyed with the British.

Question 3.
Write the names of the main leaders of the. Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Names of four important leaders of the revolt were:

Nana Sahib
Tantya Tope
Rani Laxmi Bai and
Kanwar Singh.

Question 4.
Give two reasons of the failure of Revolt of 1857 A.D. in Punjab.
Answer:
Revolt of 1857 A.D. failed in Punjab due to two following reasons :

There was no capable leader of rebels.
Instead of giving help to rebels, the kings of Patiala, Nabha and Jind gave their support to the British.

Question 5.
Which were the four main centres of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.

Question 6.
Who was Tantya Tope?
Answer:
Tantya Tope was the General of Nana Sahib. He was the leader of army of Nana Sahib in the revolt. When the British took control of Kanpur, he helped Rani Laxmi Bai.

Question 7.
Why did the Rani of Jhansi took part in the Rising of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Rani of Jhansi took part in the rising of 1857 because the British did not allow her to adopt a heir to the throne of Jhansi.

Question 8.
Write two political consequences of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

The rule of the East India Company came to an end. India came under the direct rule of the British Crown i.e. the King and the Parliament of Britain.
The British Government abandoned the policy of annexing Indian States.

Question 9.
Write two social effects of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

It created bitterness between the Hindus and the Muslims.
The Indians and the Europeans began to hate each other.

Question 10.
Give any two economic effects of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

After the Sepoy mutiny of 1857, the British purchased raw material at cheap rates from the Indian markets and sent it to England.
They had a monopoly in the trade of Tea, Coffee, Tobacco, Cotton, etc.

Question 11.
In which cantonments of Punjab revolt occurred in the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
During the revolt of 1857 A.D. revolt occurred in cantonments of Lahore, Firozpur, Peshawar, Ambala, Mianwali etc. of Punjab.

Question 12.
What was the contribution of Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal in the revolt?
Answer:
Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal refused to pay tax to the government and rose in revolt against it. He fopght against the English at some places. Ultimately he died while fighting the British near Pakpattan.

Question 13.
Why Nana Sahib became opponent of the British?
Answer:
Peshwa Baji Rao II died in 1857 A.D. But after his death, Lord Dalhousie stopped the pension of his successer i.e. Nana Sahib. That’«s why he became opponent of the British and revolted against them.

Question 14.
How many soldiers at Merrut refused to use the greased cartridges?
Answer:
Nearly 85 soldiers in Merrut refused to use the greased cartridges.

Question 15.
Who occupied Delhi on 11th September?
Answer:
General Nicklson occupied Delhi on 11th September with the help of the Sikh soldiers.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where and why did the Revolt of 1857 start?
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 started at Barrackpur cantonment, Bengal in March. A soldier named Mangal Pandey shot an English officer. He was hanged for this crime. This incident inspired his fellow soldiers with patriotic feelings and they later joined the revolt against the British on 10th May, 1857.

Question 2.
Why were the soldiers of Avadh against the British?
Answer:
The army of Bengal was the best army of the East India Company. A majority of the soldiers in the army belonged to Avadh. Lord Daihousie annexed Avadh into the British Empire. Avadh soldiers did not like it and turned against the British. The English disbanded the Avadh army as a result of which thousands of soldiers became unemployed. They decided to rise in revolt in protest.

Question 3.
Why did the Indian soldiers take part in the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Following are the reasons of taking part of Indian soldiers in the Revolt of 1857 A.D. :

In 1856, one law was passed according to which soldiers could be sent beyond the sea in a war. But in Hindu religion, it was considered that going beyond the sea is against religion.
Indian soldiers were badly treated during the Parade. It was unbearable for the Indian soldiers to tolerate this disrespect.
Indian soldiers were given very less salary as compared to the British soldiers. That’s why resentment spread among them.
The British officers disrespected the culture of Indian soldiers in front of them. Indian soldiers wanted to take revenge of this disrespect.

Question 4.
Describe the military consequences of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Following were the military consequences of the revolt :
1. Consolidation of the Army: There were two types of soldiers before the revolt.

The soldiers appointed by the Company and
The soldiers appointed by the British government. After the revolt, the two armies were unified.

2. Increase in the number of European Soldiers: The number of European soldiers was increase^ and the number of Indian soldiers was decreased. But the Sikhs of Punjab and the Gorkhas of Nepal were given preference in the recruitment in the army.

3. Reorganisation of Indian Army: Artillery was put under the charge of the British soldiers. Indian soldiers were given weapons of low quality.

Question 5.
Describe the event of Lucknow at the time of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Lucknow, the capital of Avadh, was the centre of revolt. The rebels uprooted the British administration in this area. The British Commander-in-Chief Havlock marched on Lucknow with a large force and captured it on 31st March, 1858. After sometime, the large landlords of Avadh also lay down their arms. Thus the revolt was crushed in Avadh.

Question 6.
Discuss the importance of freedom struggle of 1857 A.D. in the history of our country on the basis of four things.
Answer:
The First War of Independence was the most important event in the history of India. Its importance may be studied as under :

It was the first attempt made by the Indians for the achievement of freedom. Indian soldiers and public collectively faced the enemy in this war of independence. Thus this struggle was a symbol of Indian national unity.
People of all castes, creeds and religions made joint efforts to achieve freedom.
The British were alarmed as a result of this revolt and they made several reforms in the administration to please the Indians.
Several Indians sacrificed their lives in this struggle. The sacrifices of these persons always inspired the coming generations of India.

Question 7.
Write down a note about Regional Focus: Avadh.
Answer:
Avadh was a very prosperous state. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Avadh always remained loyal to the Britishers. But Britishers started to interfere in his kingdom. He was forced to keep the British army in his kingdom. After some time whole of his army was relieved and kept British army over there. Whole expenditure of the British army was on Nawab. All the relieved soldiers of army of Nawab became unemployed. In 1856 A.D., Britishers accused Nawab of mis government of Avadh and removed him. Then his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. Soldiers, formers and zamindars got annoyed with this and they took part in the revolt of 1857 in great number.

Question 8.
Write a note on “Doctrine of Lapse”.
Answer:
The Doctrine of Lapse was adopted by Lord Dalhousie. According to this doctrine, succession to protected state depended upon the will of the British. Lord Dalhousie decided that if the ruler of a dependent state had no male child, he could not adopt a son. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass into the hands of the British. On the grounds of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed seven dependent kingdoms into the British Empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaipur and Satara.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the main causes of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
The main causes of the Revolt of 1857 were as follows :
1. Political Discontentment: There was a great resentment among the Indian masses on account of wrong political policies of the British. Lord Dalhousie annexed several Indian states on the basis of the Doctrine of Lapse. The rulers, the public and employees of these states turned against the British. The British ruined village self-government. They did not promote the Panchayat system. They also gave setback to village cottage industries. So the villagers too had feelings of hatred against the British.

2. Shortcomings in the Administration: Corruption was rampant in the British administration. Justice was very costly. Land tax system was very faulty and harsh. Actually, the main aim of the British was to collect more and more money. The British rule in India was, therefore, most unpopular.

3. Economic Exploitation: To promote industry in England, the British ruined Indian industries. Now, only the British made goods were sold here. Farmers too were greatly exploited by the Company. All high jobs were given to the British who got their salaries from Indian exchequer. So this exploitation of Indians increased the discontentment against the British rule.

4. Interference in the Religious Matters: The British took many steps to convert the Indians into Christianity. They also tried to change religious customs of the Indians. As a result, Indians belonging to all religions turned against the English.

5. Discontentment in the Army: There was discontentment among Indian soldiers. They were given very low salaries. The British soldiers misbehaved with them. In 1856, Indian soldiers were supplied greased cartridges for use. Soldiers were enraged and rose in revolt.

Question 2.
What were the causes of the failure of Rising of 1857?
Answer:
The following were the main causes of the failure of Indians in the Rising of 1857:
1. Beginning of the Revolt before time: The rebellion started before time because of the incidents at Behrampur, Barrakpur and Meerut. Unity among the revolutionaries received a setback and the English got sufficient time to suppress the revolt.

2. No common aim: The leaders participating in the struggle did not have any common goal. Some were fighting for the cause of religion, some for the safety of their states, while some others for the independence of the country. Therefore, the failure of revolution was certain.

3. Revolt Unorganised: The rebels had no able leader who could have kept them united. They were unorganised and indisciplined.

4. Untrained Soldiers: The rebels lacked trained soldiers. They had no modern weapons of war. Most of the people who participated in the rising were disbanded soldiers. They had little experience. The rising was bound to fail.

5. The rising did not spread in the whole country: This struggle remained restricted only to the northern India. People of South India did not take active part in it. Had the whole of India stood united against the British, the first war of Indian Independence would not have failed.

6. Control of the British over the means of transport: All the means of transport and communication like railways, post and telegraph etc. were in the hands of the British. They were in a position to send soldiers and weapons of war from one place to another place easily.

7. Harsh methods of the British to suppress the Revolt: The British dealt with revolutionaries very cruelly. Cities were looted and burnt. Many people were hanged. Public got frightened and did not take part in the rising.”

8. Economic difficulties: The rebels lacked money. They were not in a position to purchase good weapons. As a result, they failed in their mission.

Question 3.
Describe the results of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The rising of 1857 A.D. had some very important results which were as under :
1. Political results:

The rule of the company in India came to an end. India, now, came under the direct control of the British government in England.
The Governer-General of India was given the new title of Viceroy.
Mughal rule in India came to an end.
Indian kings were given permission to adopt son.
After 1857, British discontinued the policy of annexing Indian States into the British Empire.

2. Social results:

On 1st of Nov. 1858, Queen Victoria of England proclaimed a Declaration in which it was said that the British government would not interfere in the religious matters of the Indians. Indians would be given jobs on merit and they would also be given higher posts.
The British adopted the policy of divide and rule. They started favouring one particular religion and people of one class were made to fight with the people of other class so that their interests in India could be protected.

3. Military results:

The number of Indian soldiers in the army was reduced and that of the Europeans increased.
After the rising, artillery and ammunition departments were put under the control of British soldiers.
Now the soldiers of different castes and different religions were kept into separate regiments so that they could not start revolt again against the Britishers.
European soldiers were appointed on higher and important posts. Indian soldiers were given less important positions.
Some type of system was made in which Indian soldiers and officers of every level should remain under the supervision of European army.
Expenses of European army were put on Indian people.

4. Economic results: Many type of trade restrictions were imposed on Indians by British government. As a result, Indian trade suffered huge losses.

Question 4.
Explain the four main events of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Or
Describe the main events of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The Indians rose against the British on a large scale for the first time in 1857. Plan for the rising was ready. The message of rising was .sent to soldiers and the public by circulation of roses and chapatis. 31st May, 1857 was fixed for the revolt, but the incident of greased cartridges at Meerut led to the beginning of rising on 10th May.

An account of the events of this rising is as under :
1. Barrakpur. Greased cartridges were supplied to the soldiers stationed at Barrakpur, a cantonment in Bengal on 29th March, 1857 A.D. A soldier named Mangal Pandey refused to use them. In a fit of anger, he shot dead an English officer and asked his companions to pounce upon their British Officers. Mangal Pandey was sentenced to death. All the soldiers of Barrakpur Cantonment got enraged by this incident. Mangal Pandey was the first martyr of the revolt of 1857.

2. Meerut. The fire of revolt engulfed Meerut on 10th May, 1857. The Public and soldiers of Meerut came out in an open revolt against the British. The whole city echoed with slogans like “Maro Firangi Ko”. Soldiers broke open the gates of jails and released their companions. From there, they marched to Delhi.

3. Delhi. The English officers tried to check rebels at Delhi, but they failed to do so. The rebels declared Bahadur Shah as their king and Delhi came under their control within four days.

On 14th September, 1857 differences arose among the rebel soldiers at Delhi. British took advantage by this rift and re-established their control over Delhi. Terror was let loose on the citizens. Bahadur Shah was arrested and sent to Rangoon. Both of his sons were killed.

4. Kanpur. Nana Sahib declared himself as Peshw’a at Kanpur. The British commander Havlock defeated Nana Sahib and the control of Kanpur came in the hands of the English. Tantya Tope tried to re-establish his control there but failed. In the mean time Nana Sahib took shelter in Nepal. Tantya Tope fled and went over to Rani of Jhansi.

Mandal Pandey

5. Lucknow. Lucknow was the capital of Avadh. The English commander Havlock invaded Lucknow with a large army and established his control over the city on 31st March, 1858. After some time, “Talukedars” of Avadh also laid down their arms and as such the fire of revolt in Avadh was also extinguished.

6. Jhansi. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi led the rising. The British commander attempted to suppress the revolt and occupy Jhansi but failed. Jhansi was again invaded in April, 1858 A.D. This time a few companions of Rani Lakshmi Bai deserted her and joined the British. They however, faced bravely the aggressors. The fort of Jhansi came under the control of the British. The Rani was killed in a battle with the British near Gwalior. In the Central India, Tantya Tope fought many battles with the English but was defeated. He was captured and hanged on April 18th, 1858.

7. Punjab. Yet many rulers of states of Punjab helped the Britishers in revolt, but still revolt occurred at many places against Britishers. Indian soldiers revolted at Ferozpur, Peshawar, Jalandhar and at some other places. But these revolts were suppressed by Britishers and many soldiers were killed.

In modern Harvana, local leaders of Rewari. Bhiwani, Balabhgarh, Hansi, etc. also revolted in 1857 A.D. but they were also suppressed by Britishers.

Question 5.
Explain the political, economic and military causés of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
In 1857, Indians revolted against the British for the first time. They wanted to drive them away from their country. This revolt is considered as the ‘First War of Independence’. Political, military and economic causes of this revolt were as under :

I. Political Causes:
1. Annexationist Policy of Daihousie. LMrd Daihousie wanted the expansion of the British empire in India. He. therefore, adopted the policy of annexation through the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this policy, a ruler who had no male heir was not allowed to adopt a son who might inherit his kingdom. He annexed Satara, Nagpur. Sambalpur, Jaitpur etc. to the British Empire. By following this policy, the British did not allow the widow queen of Jhansi to adopt a son. She, therefore, became a bitter enemy of the British.

2. Injustice with Nana Sahib. Nana Sahib was the adopted son of the last Maratha Peshwa Bajirao II. After the death of Bajirao, the British refused to pay annual pension to Nana Sahib. So, he turned against the British. On seeing injustice done to Rani of Jhansi and Nana Sahib, the Indians were annoyed and felt insulted. They began to make plans to end the British rule in India.

3. Insult of Bahadur Shah. In 1856 A.D, the Governor-General told the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah that he would be the last Emperor of India. After his death, his princes will have to vacate the Red Fort and stay in a rented house near Qutub Minar. This decision of the British annoyed Bcgam Zeenat Mahal, the queen of Bahadur Shah. She started hatching conspiracies to destroy the British rule in India. The Muslim population of the country could not bear this insult to the heir of Akbar and Aurangzeb.

4. Unjustified annexation of Avadh. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Avadh was a faithful friend of the British. His ancestors had also helped the British several times. Even then, the British levelled the charge of maladministration against the Nawab of Avadh and annexed his kingdom to the British empire. They gave pension to Wajid Ali Shah and sent him to Calcutta (Kolkata). The people of Avadh got annoyed over it. There were 60,000 Avadh soldiers in the army of Bengal. They could not tolerate this injustice done to their king and decided to rise in revolt against the British.

II. Military Causes:

Low Salaries: The salaries of Indian soldiers were very low. They were not given higher salaries even if they were qualified. Chances of their promotion were very less.
Misbehaviour of the Europeans: Indian soldiers were considered to be inferior to European soldiers and English officers used to maltreat the Indian soldiers.
The Enlistment Act of 1856: An Act was passed in 1856 by which, it was made obligatory for the soldiers to go overseas if ordered. As a result of it, dissatisfaction spread among the Indian soldiers.
Annexation of Avadh: The British annexed Avadh on the basis of maladministration. The Nawab was deposed and his army was disbanded.
The issue of Greased Cartridges: In 1856 A.D, Indian soldiers were given greased cartridges which were to be bitten with one’s teeth before they could be fired. This enraged the Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army. Indian soldiers were angry over it. The first freedom struggle of 1857 A.D. was the result of this discontentment amongst the Indian soldiers.

III. Economic Causes:

The British started sending raw materials from India to factories in England. Finished products of England were sold in India. This policy affected Indian industry very badly and many artisans became jobless.
The British increased the land tax step by step. This tax was collected by very harsh methods. The farmers were dissatisfied due to this reason.
Import duties on Indian raw materials in England were high whereas import duties in India on British-made goods were low. Indian trade was, therefore, suffering from heavy losses.
The British confiscated the Jagirs of many ‘Jagirdars’ and increased taxes on other ‘Jagirs’. As a result, many landlords turned against the British.

Question 6.
Explain the contribution of Punjabis in the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The Punjabis had mixed reactions to the revolt of 1857. The Indian soldiers in some cantonments of Punjab faced the British army bravely, but some rulers of Punjab states sided with the British. As a result, The revolt of 1857 in Punjab could not succeed.

A brief description of the role of the Punjabis in the revolt of 1857 is as under:
1. Revolt by Soldiers. The uprising started on 10th May 1857 at Meerut. The news about the revolt reached Lahore on May 12th, 1857. Indian soldiers (called sepoys) at Mian Mir cantonment (near Lahore) were disarmed as there was danger of the spread of revolt in Punjab. After this, the Indian soldiers in the cantonments of Peshawar, Naushehra, Multan, Ambala, Jalandhar, Rawalpindi, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, and Derajat were disarmed. Even then the soldiers in the eastern region revolted. The army created some disturbances at Jalandhar, Phillaur, Jhelum, and Thaneshwar. Hindustani and Punjabi soldiers revolted in other important cantonments also. Some soldiers killed their commanders.

2. Revolt by Common people. In view of the deteriorating condition of the British Government, the common people also revolted at several places. For example, people at Sialkot and Sirsa co-operated with the Indian soldiers. Besides, the Muslim tribals of Montgomery, Multan, Bahawalpur, and Fazilka also joined the revolt. Similarly, Punjabis rose in an open revolt at Karnal, Rohtak, and Rewari. Some jats of Karnal refused to pay the land tax to the British.

3. Revolt by Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal. Ahmed Khan Kharal was the chief of a tribe. He refused to pay tax to the government and ro#e in revolt against it. Some tribals living on the banks of Ravi sided with him. He fought against the English at some other places also and killed the British soldiers and officers. Ultimately, he died while fighting the British near Pakpattan.