Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 5 Plantation of New Orchards Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class10 Agriculture Chapter 5 Plantation of New Orchards

Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Plantation of New Orchards Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
How much is the area of the fruits under Punjab?
Answer:
76500 hectare.

Question 2.
Name the insecticide used to control the termite attack.
Answer:
Mix 30 gram lindaneror 15 milli litre chloropyriphos 20 EC in 2.5 kg soil per pit to protect the plants from termites.

Question 3.
Name two recommended peach cultivars.
Answer:
Flordaprince, Partap.

Question 4.
Give the number of planting system for the plantation of new orchards.
Answer:
Three systems-square, filler, hexagonal system.

Question 5.
What is the time for plantation of deciduous frujj; trees?
Answer:
Mid January to mid February.

Question 6.
Give the suitable time for the plantation of mango and litchi orchards.
Answer:
September-October.

Question 7.
Give the time of application of FYM to the orchards. Or In which month farmyard manure (FYM) should be added to fruit plants?
Answer:
2-3 months before the initiation of new growth, generally in the month of December.

Question 8.
Write the name of two recommended amla cultivars.
Answer:
Balwant, Neelam, Kanchan.

Question 9.
What is the pit size for the plantation of fruit crops?
Answer:
One metre deep.

Question 10.
Name the fruit trees recommended for cultivation in district Amritsar.
Answer:
Pears, grapes, mango, guava, peach, kinnow and other mandarins, lemon etc.

(B) Answer in one-two sentences:

Question 1.
Which kind of soil is suitable for plantation of fruit trees?
Answer:
Well drained, deep loamy and fertile soil is required for planting of orchard. There should be no hard pan upto depth of 2 m.

Question 2.
Name the fruit trees recommended for cultivation in sub- mountainous zone.
Answer:
Guava, mango, litchi, pears, kinnow and other mandarins, lemon, peach, plums, chikoo (sapota), gooseberry (amla) etc.

Question 3.
Name the fruit trees recommended for cultivation in arid- irrigated zone.
Answer:
Malta, lemon, kinnow and other mandarins, ber, grapes, guava etc.

Question 4.
Define evergreen fruit trees with suitable examples.
Answer:
These plants have leaves throughout the year and are always green examples-Loquat, guava, mango, litchi, kinnow and other mandarins, sweet orange, lime, sapota etc.

Question 5.
Define deciduous fruit trees with suitable examples.
Answer:
These plants completely lose their foliage during the winter or dry season. Example-Pears, grapes, peach, plums.

Question 6.
What is square system of planting?
Answer:
This is a system of planting orchards in which row spacing and plant spacing are kept same. Plants are at right angle tb each other and nearby four plants of two rows form a square.

Question 7.
What is the irrigation interval for the fruit trees?
Answer:
Younger plants should be irrigated at weekly intervals from March to June upto 3-4 years. Then from November to February at intervals of 2-3 weeks and from July to November depending upon rainfall and soil type, irrigation should be applied.

Question 8.
What is the depth of water table for successful cultivation of orchards?
Answer:
Underground water should be lower than 3 m of depth and there should be no fluctuation in this level.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Filler system of planting the fruit trees?
Answer:
Some of the fruit plants like litchi, mango, pears start giving fruits after long time (late bearing). Some plants which are temporary are planted in the orchard, which bear fruits in short interval of time. These act as filler plant. When main fruit plants come to bearing then these filler plants are removed.

Question 10.
From where the nursery plants should be purchased?
Answer:
Healthy, vigorous, insect free, disease free and of known pedigree, good variety plants should be taken from some reliable nursery, if possible, should be taken from PAU Ludhiana, from the department of Horticulture and from government approved nurseries.

(C) Answer in five-six sentences:

Question 1.
What points should be kept in mind while purchasing the fruit plants from nursery?
Answer:

• Fruit plants which are free from insects and diseases should be selected from the nursery.
• Plants should be healthy, vigorous and of medium height budded or grafted on suitable rootstock.
• Lift the evergreen plants in such a way that they carry roots with them and are covered with well sized earthen balls.
• Take care that grafting.is done on the original plant. Union should be smooth and should not be high.
• Before transplanting remove the Tying material.
• Purchase 10% more plants from the requirement, these can be used to fill the gap created due to death of some plants.

Question 2.
Describe the various planting system of orchards in detail.
Answer:
There are three system of planting orchards:
(i) Square pattern
(ii) Filler pattern
(iii) Hexogonal pattern.

(i) Square system:
In this layout method plant rows are equally spaced. Plants are at right angle to each other. In this system four plants opposite to each other form a square. This is the most commonly followed system in Punjab. Orchards planted in this layout give fruits for long time and in the initial phase when orchards are not giving income, the layout permits intercropping and one can get income from this cultivation of crops.

(ii) Filler system:
Some of the fruit plants like, litchi, mango, pears etc. start, bearing after long time. In such orchards some short lived plants are planted, these come to bear earlier than main plants. These are called filler plants. After few years when main trees come to bearing then these filler plants should be removed.

(iii) Hexagonal system:
In this system row spacing is less than the plant spacing but plant to plant spacing is always same. In this layout, 15 to 20% more plants can be planted. To prevent the problem of entangling branches of different trees, should be trimmed and pruned properly.

Question 3.
Why the training and pruning of fruit trees is necessary?
Answer:
Fruit plants need a proper structure and appearance which should be given at younger age. This is done by careful training. Proper appearance and structure is necessary so that plants can get proper sunlight and proper ventilation. This helps in getting better yield and high quality fruits and this also increases the age of tree.

Deciduous fruit plants like grapes, pears, peach, plums etc. which are planted in Punjab are prunned for the first four to five years. When plants come to bearing, plants are trimmed so as to get better yield and high quality fruits. Prusing is necessary to remove non productive parts, diseased, dried, crisscrossed and broken branches. This helps in regulating the fruit crop of better quality and productivity in also improved.

Question 4.
What points should be kept in mind while harvesting the fruits?
Answer:
1. Some standards or certain maturity indices should be followed and maintained while harvesting fruits e.g. some of the fruits can be harvested before proper maturity e.g. mango, banana, plums etc. But grapes, litchi etc. can not be ripened after harvesting. Standards should be set and maintained according to the fruit.

2. Never pull the fruit from the branch. This may cause the branch to break or the fruit skin near the stem end can be ruptured.

3. Grade fruits harvested into 3-4 sizes. Pack these in the card- board boxes, poly nets, crates after grading.

4. Do not pack the fruits which are unripe, more ripe, small, irregular shaped, damaged and injured.

Question 5.
Write down a short note on the use of fertilizers in orchards.
Answer:
We have to dig a pit before planting fruit trees. This pit is refilled with a mixture of top soil and well rotten farmyard manure in equal part. Vegetative growth of fruit plants take place in the months of February to April. During their growth, plants must get all the nutrients. Therefore apply farmyard manure before 2-3 months before the initation of new growth.

FYM is usually applied in the month of December. Nitrogen fertilizer is applied in two parts. One at the before flowering and one at the time of fruit set. Phosphorus should be applied with the first dose of nitrogen. Apply potash before the maturity of fruits so that fruits are of good quality. Use broadcast method to apply fertilizers of main nutrients. Apply micronutrient fertilizers only if deficiency of these nutrients is found.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Plantation of New Orchards Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Nutrients we get from fruits are:
(a) vitamins
(b) minerals
(c) protein
(d) All.
Answers:
(d) All.

Question 2.
When evergreen plants are sown?
(a) February-March
(b) September-October
(c) Both correct
(d) None.
Answers:
(b) September-October

Question 3.
Planting system for establishing orchards.
(a) square
(b) filler
(c) hexagonal
(d) All.
Answers:
(d) All.

Question 4.
…………….is not an evergreen fruit plant.
(a) Pears
(b) Loquat
(c) Mango
(d) Litchi.
Answers:
(a) Pears

Question 5.
Deciduous fruit plants are:
(a) grapes
(b) peach
(c) plums
(d) All.
Answers:
(d) All.

Question 6.
Evergreen fruit plants are:
(a) Mango
(b) Litchi
(c) Lime
(d) All.
Answers:
(d) All.

Question 7.
In which month autumn fruit plants are sown?
(a) April-May
(b) January-February
(c) June-July
(d) May-June.
Answers:
(b) January-February

Question 8.
Which district of Punjab is located in sub-mountainous zone?
(a) Bathinda
(b) Amritsar
(c) Roopnagar
(d) Chandigarh.
Answers:
(c) Roopnagar

True False:

1. Partap is a variety of peach.
Answers:
True

2. Kanchan is a variety of Amla.
Answers:
True

3. Fruits should not be pulled from the branches during harvesting.
Answers:
True

4. Fruit crop is a long term investment.
Answers:
True

5. There are three planting system for new orchards.
Answers:
True

Fill in the blanks:

1. ………… plants are planted from mid january to mid February.
Answers:
Deciduous

2. W. Murcott is a recommended cultivar of ………………… fruit.
Answers:
Mandarin (orange)

3. Cricket ball is a cultivar of …………….. .
Answers:
Spota

4. Ganesh is a eultivar of ……………… .
Answers:
Pomegranate

5. Early Grande in a cultivar of …………… .
Answers:
Peach.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which nutrients are found in fruits?
Answer:
Fruits contain proteins, minerals, vitamins etc.

Question 2.
How many zones are there in Punjab on the basis of climate?
Answer:
Three zones.

Question 3.
How many types of fruit plants are there based on their time of planting?
Answer:
Two types.

Question 4.
Give examples of evergreen fruit plants.
Answer:
Mango, litchi, citrus, chicoo (spota) etc.

Question 5.
Give examples of deciduous fruit plants.
Answer:
Pears, grapes, peach, plums etc.

Question 6.
What is suitable time for planting evergreen fruit plants?
Answer:
February to March, September to October.

Question 7.
What is the time for planting orchards of Mango and Litchi?
Answer:
September-October.

Question 8.
What is the time for planting deciduous plants?
Answer:
In winter when these are in dormant stage.

Question 9.
What is time of planting peach and plums?
Answer:
Mid of January.

Question 10.
What is time of planting pears, grapes?
Answer:
Mid of February.

Question 11.
What should be the level of water under the earth for planting fruit plants?
Answer:
Water should be below three metres from the surface of earth.

Question 12.
Give name of varieties of orange.
Answer:
Kinnow, Local, Daisy, W. Murcott.

Question 13.
Write varieties of malta (sweet orange).
Answer:
Musambi, Jaffa, Blood red, Valencia.

Question 14.
Write varieties of lemon.
Answer:
Kagazi, Baramasi Lemon-1, Galgal.

Question 15.
Write varieties of mango.
Answer:
Dusehari, Langra, Alphonso.

Question 16.
Write varieties of pears.
Answer:
Punjab beauty, Pathamakh (hard pear), Punjab nectar, Punjab gold, Baggugosha, Le Conte.

Question 17.
Write varieties of Peach.
Answer:
Early Grande, Shan-e-Punjab, Partap.

Question 18.
Write varieties of plums.
Answer:
Satluj purple, Kala Amritsari.

Question 19.
Write varieties of guava.
Answer:
Sardar, Allahabad Sufeda, Arka Amulya, Punjab pink.

Question 20.
Write varieties of grapes.
Answer:
Perlette, Beauty seedless, Flame seedless, Punjab purple, Shaweta.

Question 21.
Write varieties of her.
Answer:
Umran, Sanaur 2, Wallaiti.

Question 22.
Write varieties of litchi.
Answer:
Dehradun, Calcuttia.

Question 23.
Write varieties of Chicoo (Sapota).
Answer:
Kali pati, Cricket ball.

Question 24.
Write varieties of pomegranate.
Answer:
Bhagwa, Ganesh, Kandhari.

Question 25.
How many more plants are planted if the planting system is hexagonal?
Answer:
15-20 %.

Question 26.
Write about plant height taken from Nursery.
Answer:
Plants should be of medium height.

Question 27.
Which method is used to apply fertilizers of main nutrients in the orchards?
Answer:
Broadcast method.

Question 28.
Why should not fruit be pulled from the branch?
Answer:
It may rupture the skin of the fruit and branch may break also.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Punjab is divided into how many zones on the basis of climate and name them?
Answer:
Punjab is divided into three zones based on climate –

• Submountainous zone
• Central zone
• Arid irrigated zone.

Question 2.
Name the districts which lies in submountainous zone?
Answer:
Roop Nagar, Hoshiarpur, Pathankot, Sahibjada Ajit Singh Nagar, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Union territory Chandigarh.

Question 3. Which fruits are recommended for submountain zone?
Answer:
Mango, cirtrus fruits, lemon, kinnow, lime, litchi, peach, plums, chicoo, amla etc.

Question 4.
Which districts come under the central zone?
Answer:
Amritsar, Tarantaran, Kapurthala, Bamala, Patiala, Jalandhar, Sangrur, Ludhiana, Moga, Fatehgarh Sahib etc. .

Question 5.
Which fruit trees are recommended for central zone?
Answer:
Pears, guava, peach, mango, kinnow, orange, lemon, grapes etQuestion

Question 6.
Which are the districts which come under the arid-irrigated zone?
Answer:
Bhatinda, Manasa, Shri Mukatsar Sahib, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Fazilka etc.

Question 7.
Name the fruit plants which are recommended for arid- irrigated zone.
Answer:
Kinnow and other mandarins, malta, lemon, grapes, ber, guava etc.

Question 8.
What type of soil is required for cultivation of fruit plants? (For an orchard?)
Answer:
For an orchards soil should be well drained, deep, loamy and fertile. There should be not hard pan within two metres of its depth.

Question 9.
Which type of soil is not suitable for orchards?
Answer:
Fruit plants should not be grown in water logged, marshy, saline or acidic soils.

Question 10.
Which of the fruits can ripen after harvesting and which can not?
Answer:
Banana, Mango, Plums etc. can ripen or mature after harvesting but Grapes, Litchi etc. cannot mature after harvesting.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in brief about irrigation and fertilizer application for fruit plants.
Answer:
See above question (for fertilizers)
Irrigation:
Apply irrigation from March to June after every week, from November to February after 2-3 weeks, and July to November depending upon on rainfall and type of soil for young plants. When trees come to bearing then at the time of flowering and at the time of fruit set and in summer irrigation becomes necessary. If irrigation is not applied in summer it results in excessive shedding of flowers/fruits.

Question 2.
Write the improved varieties of following: Mango, Peach, Plums, Guava, Grapes, Amla, Pomegranate.
Answer:
Mango-Langra, Alphonso, Dushari.
Peach-Partap, Shan-e-Punjab, Florida Prince, Early grande, Parbhat.
Plums-Black Amritsari, Satluj Purple.
Guava-Arka Amulya, Alahabad Sufeda, Punjab Pink, Sardar.
Grapes-Beauty seedless, Punjab purple, Flame seedless, Perlette.
Amla-Neelam, Kanchan, Balwant.
Pomegranate-Kandhari, Ganesh, Bhagwa.

Question 3.
What do you know about the square system of plantation of fruit plants?
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 4.
Which points should be kept in mind while selecting fruit plants from the nursery.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 1 Soil and Soil Management

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Soil and Soil Management Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
What is the pH of normal soil for crop production?
Answer:
pH should be from 6.5 to 8.7.

Question 2.
Name any two physical properties of soils.
Answer:
Particle size, soil density, pore size, water holding capacity etc.

Question 3.
Which soils have highest infiltration rate?
Answer:
Sandy soil.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of clay particles in clayey soils?
Answer:
At least 40% clayey particles.

Question 5.
Which soil property determines the soil acidity or alkalinity?
Answer:
Value of pH for the soil.

Question 6.
Which are the prominent salts present in saline soils?
Answer:
Chlorides and sulphates of potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Question 7.
The soil with higher concentration of sodium carbonates and bicarbonates are categorized as.
Answer:
Alkali soil.

Question 8.
Which amendment is used for reclamation of alkali soils?
Answer:
Gypsum.

Question 9.
Name two green manure crops.
Answer:
Daincha, Jantar.

Question 10.
Which crop is best suited for cultivation in clayey soils?
Answer:
For cultivation of paddy crop.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
What is soil?
Answer:
Soil is the upper layer of earth in which plant roots grow, plants take water and nutrients from it.

Question 2.
Write the important functions of soil.
Answer:
Crops absorb water and nutrients from soil and soil also gives physical strength to the plants.

Question 3.
Enlist the physical properties of soil.
Answer:
Size of particles, soil density, pore size, water holding capacity etc.

Question 4.
Compare clayey and sandy soils.
Answer:

Question 5.
What acidic 90?
Answer:
Those soils which have high acidic content and their pH value is less than 7 are acidic soils. These soils are found in areas of heavy rain fall, due to this, bases drin out and due to decay of organic malter Like leaves etc. soil becomes acidic.

Question 6.
What is saline soil?
Answer:
Soils which have high content of salt in them are saline soils. These soils have chlorides and sulphates of potassium,, calcium and magnesium. .

Question 7.
Write two main methods to identify a sandy soil.
Answer:

• Sandy soils have higher infiltration rate.
• It feels gritty when soil is rubbed in hands.
• Moist ball breaks very easily.

Question 8.
What are the major properties of loamy soils?
Answer:

• Particles are very-very fine.
• Pore size is very small.
• When taken in hand it feels like powder.
• Water holding capacity is high.

Question 9.
What are saline-alkali soils?
Answer:
Soils with higher concentration of sodium and soluble salts in it are called saline-alkali soils.

Question 10.
What is puddling?
Answer:
Ploughing in flooded field is known as puddling.

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
Describe the different types of sods according to their physical properties.
Answer:
Physical properties of soil are: size of soil particle, pore size, soil structure, water holding capacity etc. There are three types of soils:
1. Clayey Soil:
It has more than 40% of clay content. Its water holding capacity is high. Balls can be made from moist clay and do not break on applying pressure. Particles are fine and pore size is also very fine.

2. Sandy Soil:
These soils have low water holding capacity. Particle size is not very small and pore size is also not very small as compared to clayey soil, water infiltration rate is high. Moist ball break easily with very little pressure. When rubbed in hands it feels gritty.

3. Loamy soil:
Properties of this soil lies between sandy and clayey soil. Its properties are optimum for crop cultivation and is best suited for agriculture.

Question 2.
Give the diagrammatic representation of soil components.
Answer:
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water and air. Their proportion is shown in the diagram below. Water and air content can vary.

Question 3.
Explain the management practices for improving sandy soils.
Answer:

• Incorporate green manure which is 45-50 days old or before the flowering sets. Sunhemp/dhaincha can be used for this purpose.
• Apply well decomposed organic manue (FYM etc.) by ploughing.
• Poultry manure, pig manure and compost etc. can be mixed with the soil.
• Cultivate leguminous crops in such soils.
• Use small plot size for irrigation.
• Remove the top sandy layer by using Karaha.
• Incorporate clay soil or village pond soil to improve the quality.

Question 4.
Explain the method of reclamation of alkali soil.
Answer:

• Level the field uniformly so that distribution of water is same throughout the field.
• Do not allow the outflow of salt dissolved water to adjoining fields, prevent it by making strong bunds around the field.
• To know the requirement of gypsum for the soil, get soil and water tested.
• Broadcast the required dose of gypsum in the field and mix it with shallow ploughing.
• Apply green manure, organic manure etc. to improve the soil.

Question 5.
Explain in detail the management strategy for clayey soils.
Answer:

• To improve water infiltration rate and aeration of the clayey soil apply green manure and organic manure.
• Plough the crop residue in the soil.
• Plough the field at proper moisture content to avoid the formation of large-sized clods. .
• This soil is suitable for cultivation of paddy.
• There should be proper drainage system so as to drain out excessive water.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Soil and Soil Management Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is earth living or non-living according to soil scientists?
Answer:
It is living.

Question 2.
What is the percentage of minerals and organic matter in earth?
Answer:
Minerals 45% and organic matter 0-5%.

Question 3.
Which soil is called light soil?
Answer:
Sandy soil.

Question 4.
Which soil has high water holding capacity?
Answer:
Clayey soil.

Question 5.
Which soil is best suited for agriculture?
Answer:
Loamy soil.

Question 6.
Where is the problem of acidic soils found?
Answer:
In areas of heavy rainfall.

Question 7.
What is value of pH for Acidic soils?
Answer:
Less than 7.

Question 8.
What range of pH value is suited for agriculture?
Answer:
6.5 to 8.7.

Question 9.
What is pH of saline soils?
Answer:
Less than 8.7.

Question 10.
Which soils are called Kauai, reh, Thur or shorn?
Answer:
Saline soils.

Question 11.
How much is the water holding capacity of alkali soils?
Answer:
Very less.

Question 12.
Name a crop used for green manure?
Answer:
Sunhemp, Jantar.

Question 13.
What should be the plot size for sandy soils for irrigation?
Answer:
Small size.

Question 14.
What is the suitable time to mix lime in acidic soil?
Answer:
3-6 months before sowing the crop.

Question 15.
How big is the problem of acidic soils in Punjab?
Answer:
There is no problem of acidic soils in Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write reason why soils become acidic?
Answer:
Heavy rainfall helps in the growth of plants and more vegetation is found in such areas. Leaves etc. fall on the ground decompose and increase the acidic content. Rain water helps in the flowing out of basic salts which further adds to the acidic nature.

Question 2.
Write two properties of saline soils.
Answer:

• Chloride and sulphate salts of calcium, magnesium and potassium have high concentration in such soils.
• pH of these soils is less than 8.7.

Question 3.
Write two properties of alkali soils.
Answer:

• In such soils concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium is high.
• Infiltration rate of such soils is low.

Question 4.
Write two methods to reclaim the acidic soils.
Answer:
The soil is reclaimed by using lime. Remains from cane mill and wood ash can also be used.

Question 5.
Give properties of loamy soil.
Answer:
Its properties are between sandy and clayey soil. It feels like powder when taken in hands.

Question 6.
What is the meaning of water logged soil?
Answer:
Those soils in which water table is at depth of 0 to 1.5 m below surface of soil are called water logged soils.

Question 7.
How saline soils are reclaimed?
Answer:
Salts are washed away with water from the soil. For doing this field is flooded with water and is then ploughed. This water is drained out from the field which have salts dissolved in it. In another method, salts are made to dissolve into water and this water is allowed to leach down.

Question 8.
How can we improve sandy soils?
Answer:
We can improve sandy soil by incorporating 45-50 days old green manure crop of dhaincha/sunhemp in the soil.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Make a list of physical properties of soil. Write few lines about any one of these?
Answer:
Different soils have different physical properties. Some of the physical properties are:

1. Particle size
2. Depth
3. Colour
4. Density
5. Water holding capacity
6. Temperature
7. Pore size
8. Infiltration rate

Particle size:
Soil is made up of different mineral particles. Particle size depends on the ratio in which different sized particles are present in the soil. Fertility of the soil depends on particle size to some extent.

Question 2.
What is pH value? What is the effect of pH value on soil?
Answer:
pH value:
pH value tells us the nature of the soil i.e. acidic, neutral or alkaline nature. pH value is the ratio of concentration of hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (OH-) in a solution.

Question 3.
Write briefly about the chemical characters of soil?
Answer:
Soils have different types of chemical properties like pH, electric conductivity (EC), salt content, etc. Based on these chemical properties, soils are classified as below:

1. Acidic soils: These soils have a pH value of less than 7. These soils are found in areas where high rainfall occurs.
2. Salt-affected soils: These soils have a high concentration of salts. Based on salt concentration, pH and EC soils can be saline, alkali, or saline-alkali.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 9 Social Movements Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 9 Social Movements

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The movement which aims to remove social evils is known as
(a) Reform movement
(b) Revivalist movement
(c) Revolutionary movement
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Reform movement

2. Who played an important role in the Chipko movement?
(a) Chandi Prasad Bhatt
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) Medha Patkar
(d) Arundhati Roy
Answer:
(a) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

3. Who was awarded ‘Padma Vibhushan’ for his contribution to the Chipko movement?
(a) Medha Patkar
(b) Sunder Lai Bahuguna
(c) Chandi Prasad Bhatt
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(b) Sunder Lai Bahuguna

4. Who started Satya Shodhak Movement?
(a) Joti Rao Phule
(b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Dr.B.R. Ambedkar
Answer:
(a) Joti Rao Phule

5. Who started Mahar Movement?
(a) Joti Rao Phule
(b) Dr. B.R. *Ambedkar
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Sunder Lai Bahuguna.
Answer:
(b)Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

6. With whose efforts, Sati Pratha was declared illegal?
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Dr. Ambedkar
(c) Joti Rao Phule
(d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Answer:
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Dr, Ambedkar belonged to …………… caste.
Answer:
Mahar

2. Satya Shodhak Samaj was established in …………………. A.D.
Answer:
1873

3. ………………….. started Self Respect Movement.
Answer:
Periyar Ramaswami

4. Sree Narayan Guru belonged to ………………. caste.
Answer:
Izava

5. Majdoor Mahajan Sabha was started by ………………..
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

True/False:

1. Dr. Ambedkar adopted Jainism.
Answer:
False

2. Periyar Ramaswami started Self Respect Movement in Kerala.
Answer:
False

3. Satya Shodhak Samaj was started in Maharashtra.
Answer:
True

4. All India trade Union congress was started in 1920 A.D.
Answer:
True

5. Kisan Sahha was started in 1930 A.D.
Answer:
True

6. Brahmo Samaj was started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
Who is known as the father of modern India?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the father of modern India.

Question 2.
When and who used the word social movement the first time?
Answer:
German Scholar Lorenz Van Stein was the one who used this term in 1850 A.D. in his book ‘History of the French Social Movement from 1789 to the Present’. Question 3. When did the French and Russian revolutions take place?
Answer:
The French revolution took place in 1789 A.D. and the Russian revolution took place in 1917 A.D.

Question 4.
Give one necessary element of social movement.
Answer:
Collective consciousness is one of the necessary element of social movement.

Question 5.
What is the main objective of social movement?
Answer:
Main objective of social movement is to replace the old system by establishing new system.

Question 6.
Which movement brings sudden change in society?
Answer:
Revolutionary movement brings sudden change in society.

Question 7.
When and who started Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Answer:
Jyoti Rao Phule started Satya Shodhak in 1873 A.D.

Question 8.
What was the major issue of Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Answer:
Major issue of Satya Shddhak Samaj was to end every type of authority of Brahmins.

Question 9.
When, where and who started Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan movement?
Answer:
This movement was started by Sree Narayan Guru in 1895 A.D. in Kerala.

Question 10.
Why was Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan Movement started?
Answer:
To uplift the social status of Izava caste and to remove the evil like untouchability.

Question 11.
When, where and who started Self Respect Movement?
Answer:
Self Respect Movement was started by Periyar E.V. Ramaswami in 1925 A.D. in Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
What was the major objective of Self Respect Movement?
Answer:
To arose the sense of self respect among backward castes in caste based society.

Question 13.
When and which religion was adopted by Dr. Ambedkar?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar adopted Buddhism in 1956 A.D.

Question 14.
What is included in class based movements?
Answer:
Worker’s movement and Peasant’s movement are included in class based movements.

Question 15. Who established Mazdoor Mahajan Sangh?
Answer:
Mazdoor Mahajan Singh was established by Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 16.
When and where was All India Trade Union Congress established?
Answer:
It was established at Bombay in 1920 and Lala Lajpat Rai was its first President.

Question 17.
Where did Indigo rebellion take place in 1866-68?
Answer:
In 1866-68, Indigo rebellion take place in Darbhanga and Champaran.

Question 18.
Where were Peasant movements started?
Answer:
Peasant movements were mainly started in Punjab.

Question 19.
Who helped in removing Sati Pratha from society?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy with the help of Lord William Bentick helped in removing Sati Pratha from society.

Question 20.
When was SEWA Bank started?
Answer:
SEWA Bank was started in 1974 A.D.

Question 21.
When and where was Chipko Movement started?
Answer:
Chipko movement was started in 1973 A.D. in the Garhwal region of Uttrakhand.

Question 22.
Who were the major leaders of Chipko movement?
Answer:
Major leaders of Chipko movement were Cha’ndi Prasad Bhatt, Gaura Devi and Sunder Lai Bahuguna.

Question 23.
When and where was Appiko movement started?
Answer:
Appiko movement was started in 1973 in Karnataka.

Question 24.
Why was Narmada Bachao movement started?
Answer:
It was started in Gujarat to save environment and to place the displaced persons.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are social movements?
Or
Social Movement.
Answer:
There are certain unnecessary conditions in society which are going on from the ages. Under these circumstances, few people collectively try to change the social system. Such collective efforts are known as social movements.

Question 2.
Give two features of social movements.
Answer:

• Collective consciousness is the major feature of social movements. The sense of unity motivates the people to take part in it.
• Social movement runs with an ideology. Without definite ideology, movement cannot start.

Question 3.
Satya Shodhak Movement.
Answer:
This was a non-Brahmin movement started by Jyotiba Phule through Satya Shodhak Samaj. He was of the view that according to traditions, Brahmins have established authority. Such authority should be removed and lower castes should be uplifted.

Question 4.
Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan movement.
Answer:
This movement was started by Sree Narayan Guru in Kerala. He himself belonged to Izava community which was considered a lower caste. He wanted to eliminate untouchability and to establish such temples which are open for all.

Question 5.
Self-Respect Movement.
Answer:
This movement was started in 1925 by Periyar Ramaswamy in Tamilnadu-. Major objective of this movement was to uplift lower castes and to arose self respect for them. He started this movement against the social theory of Dharma and Karma.

Question 6.
Mahar Caste.
Answer:
Mahar Caste was a lower caste of Maharashtra. Before adopting Buddhism, it was one of the major part of Maharashtra’s population. Their socio-economic status was quite low. They lived separately in Maharashtra and it was considered that their touch will impure others. They did menial jobs.

Question 7.
Indigo movement.
Answer:
Indigo movement was mainly started in Darbha’nga and Champaran districts of Bihar because the British greatly exploited the Indigo planters. They were forced to grow indigo and sell it at cheap rates. Planters were fed up with this exploitation and they started these movements.

Question 8.
Brahmo Samaj.
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj was started in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy at Calcutta. It was greatly influenced by the western ideas. It did a lot against Sati system and that’s why the British government declared it illegal. It also gave stress on women education and right of property for women.

Question 9.
Environment movement.
Answer:
To save our environment from getting polluted, many reform movements were initiated in our country. Many people participated in these and saved the environment. Chipko movement, Appiko movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan are few of its examples.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Which changes could be brought with the help of socio-reform movements?
Answer:
India is a welfare state in which every one gets equal opportunity. The main objective of welfare state is to make life of the people happy. But this could be possible if all the existing beliefs and evils of society could be removed. Only socio¬reform movements can remove them. But nothing can be obtained only by making law. For this reforms are necessary in society. For example, laws are there for child marriage, dowry system, child labour etc., but these things are common in our country. All these things are obstacles in our country. If we want to develop our society then socio-reform movements are very much necessary. That’s why socio-reform movements are necessary to bring changes in society.

Question 2.
Give four features of social movements.
Answer:

• Social movements are always anti-social.
• Social movements are always planned and deliberate efforts.
• Their main objective is to bring reforms in society.
• Collective efforts are required in it because one person cannot bring changes in society.

Question 3.
What is the nature of social movements?
Answer:

• Social movements are not institutions because institutions are permanent and traditional and are considered a necessary aspect of the culture. These movements come to an end themselves after the achievement of their objective.
• Social movements are not associations as well because associations have their own constitutions. This movement is generally informal, unorganised and is against traditions.
• Social movements are neither pressure or sectional groups because these movements demand the changes in social norms.

Question 4.
Explain the stages of social movement.
Answer:

• At the first stage, there is discontentment, among the people. Without discontentment, movement cannot start. Dissatisfaction is the major cause of concern at first stage.
• The second stage is also known as the popular stage and people’s dissatisfaction leads to collective mobilisation. The leader promises with them to remove their problems.
• Third stage is known as formalisation stage. The organisation of movement clarifies its ideology and if it is accepted, the collective action takes place. It leads to the beginning of movement.
• The fourth stage is of institutionalisation when the movement becomes crystallised. The goal of the movement is accepted in that society.
• Fifth stage is the dissolution of the movement. Sometimes, after the attainment of objectives, movement itself comes to an end or sometimes the movement itself fades away.

Question 5.
Satya Shodhak Movement.
Answer:
Satya Shodhak movement was a non—Brahmin movement. It was represented by Satya Shodhak Samaj which was started by Jyoti Rao Phule in 1873 A.D. Jyoti Rao phule belonged to Phul Mali caste. Most of the members of this caste were gardners who cultivated flowers, fruits and vegetables. Phule and his associates were of the view that the people of Maharashtra are divided in two ways. On one side there are Brahmins and people of lower castes are on the other side. Brahmins ieployed their traditional religions authority and newly acquired powers as officials marriage, dowry system, child labour etc., but these things are common in our country. All these things are obstacles in our country. If we want to develop our society then socio-reform movements are very much necessary. That’s why socio-reform movements are necessary to bring changes in society.

Question 2.
Give four features of social movements.
Answer:

• Social movements are always anti social.
• Social movements are always planned and deliberate efforts.
• Their main objective is to bring reforms in society.
• Collective efforts are required in it because one person cannot bring changes in society.

Question 3.
What is the nature of social movements?
Answer:

• Social movements are not institutions because institutions are permanent and traditional and are considered a necessary aspect of the culture. These movements come to an end themselves after the. achievement of their objective.
• Social movements pre not associations as well because associations have their own constitutions. This movement is generally informal, unorganised and is against traditions.
• Social movements are neither pressure or sectional groups because these movements demand the changes in social norms.

Question 4.
Explain the stages of social movement.
Answer:

• At the first stage, there is discontentment among the people. Without discontentment, movement cannot start. Dissatisfaction is the major cause of concern at first stage.
• The second stage is also known as the popular stage and people’s dissatisfaction leads to collective mobilisation. The leader promises with them to remove’their problems.
• Third stage is known as formalisation stage. The organisation of movement clarifies its ideology and if it is accepted, the collective action takes place. It leads to the beginning of movement.
• The fourth stage is of institutionalisation when the movement becomes crystallised. The goal of the movement is accepted in that society.
• Fifth stage is the dissolution of the movement. Sometimes, after the attainment of objectives, movement itself comes to an end or sometimes the movement itself fades away.

Question 5.
Satya Shodhak Movement.
Answer:
Satya Shodhak movement was a non-Brahmin movement. It was represented by Satya Shodhak Samaj which was started by Jyoti Rao Phule in 1873 A.D. Jyoti Rao phule belonged to Phul Mali caste. Most of the members of this caste were gardners who cultivated flowers, fruits and vegetables. Phule and his associates were of the view that the people of Maharashtra are divided in two ways. On one side there are Brahmins and people of lower castes are on the other side. Brahmins deployed their traditional religions authority and newly acquired powers as officials under the British rule enforce this divide. The ideology of this movement was based on the idea that every type of Brahmin’s authority should be removed. This is the most important condition for the upliftment of lower castes.

Question 6.
Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan Movement.
Answer:
Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan movement was started in 1895. by Sree Narayan Guru in Kerala. He himself belonged to Izava community which was considered impure caste. Izava people were not allowed to do idol worship and animal sacrifice. Two main points were centered in this movement. First one was the end of untouchability and the second was the establishment of such temples which could be open for all. He also tried to change and simplify the rules related to marriage, religious customs and last rites. He even gave a new slogan, “One God and one religion for all mankind.”

Question 7.
Self Respect Movement.
Answer:
In 1925, Periyar E.V. Ramaswami started Self Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu. The objective of this movement was to establish such society in which lower castes should have equal rights. Another objective of this movement was to establish self respect for lower castes in caste based society. This movement proved quite effective in Tamilnadu. Major issue of this movement was to establish socio-economic equality. This movement concentrated on removing social evils on the name of dharam—karam. Periyar also said that this movement must be institutionalised to achieve its objective.

Question 8.
Appiko movement.
Answer:
Chipko movement was started in Garhwal region of Uttrakhand. After getting impressed from this, farmers of a district in Karnataka started the same type of movement. In south India, it was known as Appiko movement. In the local language of Karnataka, hugging is known as Appiko. In September 1983, people of Salkani region under the leadership of Pandurang Hegde hugged the. trees of Kalsa forest. It spread everywhere in south India. To make aware to the people, many methods were adopted such as folk dances, street plays etc. This movement got success when state government restricted cutting green trees. Only dry trees were allowed to cut to fulfil local needs.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1. Explain the women’s movements in India.
Or
What do you understand by Women’s movement? Discuss any two movements.
Answer:
Women’s Movement. There exist many women oriented social evils in Indian society right from the ages. That’s why many women’s organisation came into being at national and local level in early 20th century. The Women’s India Association (WIA) (1917), All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) (1926), National Council for Women in India (NCWI) (1925) are worth mentioning. Some of them started with a limited scope but their scope widened over the time. For example, the AIWC started with an idea of ‘Women Welfare’ and ‘Politics’ but few years later its President stated that,“Can the Indian man or woman be free if India be a slave? How can we remain dumb about national freedom, the very basis of all great reforms?” It can be argued that this period of activity did not constitute a social movement. It can be argued otherwise too.

It is generally throught that only middle class educated woman are involved in social movements. But we should keep in mind the women’s participation in freedom struggle. They participated along with men in tribal revolts and struggles in rural areas during colonial times. We can take examples of the Tebhaga movement in Bengal, the Teleangana arms struggle from the erstwhile Nizam’s rule and the Warli tribals revolt against bondage in Maharashtra.

One issue which is generally raised is that if there was an active women’s movement before 1947, what happened after 1947. One explanation can be given that many women who were involved in national movement got involved in the national building task. Some give the reason that trauma of Partition is responsible for it. In the mid 1970’s women’s movement again started in India. Some call it the second phase of women’s movement in India. But some are of the view that nature of both the movements is different. After independence there was a growth of autonomous women’s movements. It means they were independent from political parties. It was felt that political parties always try to marginalise issues of women.

Except the organisational changes and change in nature, new issues were focussed in new movement like violence against women. Many campaigns were initiated, over the years, against this evil. That’s why these days forms of children – having columns of both names of father and mother. Other important legal changes have also taken place because of campaign by women’s movement. Issues of employment, land rights have been fought alongside rights against dowry and sexual harassment.

Question 2.
Environmental movements often also contain economic and identity issues. Discuss.
Answer:
The Modern period has greatly emphasised the issue of development. From many decades people are concerned about uncontrolled use of natural resources and a model of development which creates new needs. It further demands more exploitations of already depleted natural resources. This model of development has also been criticised because it has been assumed that all the sections of society are benefited from this development. So big dams displaced the people from their livelihood and homes. The impact of industrial pollution is another story. Here we can take example of an ecological movement in which many issues are interlinked.

The Chipko movement, in the foothills of Himalayas, is an example of interlinked issues. Ramachandra Guha wrote in his book, ‘Unquiet Woods’, that villagers rallied together to save the Rhododendron and Oak forests near their villages. When government contractors came to cut down the trees, all the villagers stepped forward and hugged the trees to prevent them for being axed. Villagers’ subsistence was also at stake. All of them were dependent on forests to get firewood, fodder and things of daily needs. That’s why villagers stood against government’s desire to generate revenues by selling timber.

The economy of subsistence stood against the economy of profit. Along side the issue of social inequality, the Chipko movement also raised the issue of ecological problem. Cutting down of forests could have led to ecological destruction which could have resulted in devastating floods and landslides in the region. These red and green issues were interlinked for the villagers. As their survival was dependent upon forests, they also valued the forests for their own sake because ecological wealth benefits everyone. Moreover this movement also showed people’s anger, living in hill villages, against a distant government, in plains, which seemed indifferent and hostile to their concerns. So concerns of economy, ecology and political representation were important in Chipko movement.