Class 12

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by
PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Guide | Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB | PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions in English Medium

Unit 1 Tribal, Rural and Urban Society in India

Unit 2 Inequalities in Indian Society

Unit 3 Structural and Cultural Change in India

Unit 4 Social Problems in Indian Society

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions in Hindi Medium

Unit-I भारत में जनजातीय, ग्रामीण तथा नगरीय समाज

Unit-II भारतीय समाज में असमानताएं

Unit-III भारत में संरचनात्मक तथा सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तन

Unit-IV भारतीय समाज में सामाजिक समस्याएं

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Syllabus

Unit I: Tribal, Rural and Urban Societies in India

1. Tribal Society: Meaning, Features; Classification of Tribes;
Marriage System; Issues- Deforestation and Displacement; Changes in Tribal Society.
2. Rural Society: Meaning, Features; Issues – Indebtedness, Impact of Green Revolution; Changes in Rural Society.
3. Urban Society: Meaning, Features; Issues of Housing and Slums.

Unit II: Inequalities in Indian Society

4. Caste Inequalities: Concept, Features; Caste and Social Stratification, Theories of Origin of Caste, Caste Inequality, and Indian Society.
5. Class Inequalities: Concept of class, Features of Class; Relations between caste, class, status Group and class Hierarchy, Views of Sociologists on class structure, Classes in Rural and Urban India.
6. Gender Inequalities: Concept, Gender Inequality, Theories of Feminism, Gender; Gender Discrimination: Meaning and Nature; Problems of Women, Role of Gender relation in Societal Development.

Unit III: Structural and Cultural Change in India

7. Westernisation and Sankritisation: Westernisation: Meaning, Carrier of process, Features, Impact: Sanskritisation: Meaning, Sanskritisation preferred as against Brahminisation, Dominant Caste, Impact.
8. Modernisation and Globalisation: Modernisation: Meaning, Characteristic, Process of Modernisation, Causes, Impact: Globalisation: Meaning, Characteristics, Process of globalization, Causes, Impact.
9. Social Movement: Meaning, Types, Stages, Caste Based Movements, Class-Based Movements, Women’s movements, environmental movements.

Unit IV: Social Problems in Indian Society

10. Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction
11. Violence Against Women: Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence: Female Foeticide: Meaning, India Scenario, Causes, Consequences, Strategies to Combat Female Foeticide; Domestic Violence – Meaning, Forms, Factors, Causes, Effects, Remedies.
12. Social Issues: The Age and Disability: The Aged: Theories, Problems, Remedial Measures: Disability – Definition, Magnitude of Disability, Types, Causes, Social Model, Problems, Measures.

PSEB 12th Class Maths Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Maths Guide | Maths Guide for Class 12 PSEB in English Medium

Maths Guide for Class 12 PSEB | PSEB 12th Class Maths Book Solutions

PSEB 12th Math Book Pdf Chapter 1 Relations and Functions

PSEB 12th Maths Solution Book Pdf Download Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

PSEB Maths Book 12th Chapter 3 Matrices

PSEB 12th Class Math Solutions Chapter 4 Determinants

PSEB Class 12 Math Syllabus Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability

PSEB Class 12th Maths Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives

PSEB 12th Maths Chapter 7 Integrals

PSEB Class 12 Maths Syllabus Chapter 8 Application of Integrals

PSEB 12th Class Math Solutions Chapter 9 Differential Equations

PSEB Maths Book 12th Chapter 10 Vector Algebra

Punjab Board Class 12th Maths Chapter 11 Three Dimensional Geometry

PSEB 12th Maths Solution Book Pdf Download Chapter 12 Linear Programming

PSEB 12th Math Book Pdf Chapter 13 Probability

PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Religion Guide | Religion Guide for Class 12 PSEB

PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions in English Medium

Religion Guide for Class 12 PSEB | PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions

PSEB 12th Class Religion Book Solutions in Punjabi Medium

Book Prescribed
An Introduction to Indian Religion by Harbans Singh & L.M. Joshi (Punjabi University, Patiala).

Book Suggested (for general reading)
Punjabi University, Patiala – Budhism, Jainism, Sikhism
Surinder Singh Johar – A hand book of Sikhism.

PSEB 12th Class Environmental Education Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Environmental Education Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium & Punjabi Medium & Hindi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Environmental Education Guide | Environmental Education Guide for Class 12 PSEB in English Medium

PSEB 12th Class Environmental Education Book Solutions in Punjabi Medium

PSEB 12th Class Hindi Book Solutions | PSEB 12th Class Hindi Guide

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Hindi Book Solutions Guide Pdf is part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Hindi Guide | Hindi Guide for Class 12 PSEB

Hindi Guide for Class 12 PSEB | PSEB 12th Class Hindi Book Solutions

प्राचीन काव्य

आधुनिक काव्य

निबन्ध भाग

कहानी भाग

एकांकी भाग

हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास

PSEB 12th Class Hindi Book Vyakaran व्याकरण

व्यावहारिक व्याकरण

PSEB 12th Class Hindi Book Rachana रचना-भाग

PSEB 12th Class Hindi Structure of Question Paper

कक्षा – बारहवीं (पंजाब)
विषय – हिंदी

समय : 3 घंटे

पूर्णांक लिखित : 80

नोट – (i) 05 अंक सुंदर लिखाई के लिए निर्धारित किए गए हैं। अक्षरों व शब्दों के सामान्य आकार, अक्षरों की सुस्पष्टता, अक्षरों व शब्दों के बीच की निश्चित दूरी, लिखने में एकसारता व प्रवाहयुक्त लेखन आदि के आधार पर अध्यापक परीक्षार्थी को लिखाई का मूल्यांकन करेगा।

  • प्रश्न-पत्र में कुल 15 प्रश्न होंगे।
  • सभी प्रश्न हल करने अनिवार्य होंगे।
  • प्रश्न-पत्र के छह भाग (क से च तक) होंगे।

भाग – क : अति लघूत्तर प्रश्न (वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न) (20 Marks)

प्रश्न 1. में (i) से (x) तक वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे। प्रत्येक प्रश्न एक अंक का होगा। ये प्रश्न एक शब्द से एक वाक्य तक के उत्तर वाले अथवा हां/नहीं अथवा रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करो अथवा सही/गलत अथवा बहुवैकल्पिक उत्तरों वाले, किसी भी प्रकार के हो सकते हैं।

  • (i – iv) तक समास (अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, बहुब्रीहि तथा द्वंद्व) से संबंधित चार वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे। (4 × 1 = 4)
  • (v – vi) पद परिचय से संबंधित दो वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जाएंगे। (2 × 1 = 2)
  • (vii – xi) तक पाठ्य-पुस्तक (हिंदी पुस्तक-12) में से पाँच वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे। (5 × 1 = 5)
  • (xii – xvi) तक हिंदी साहित्य का इतिहास (रीतिकाल एवं आधुनिक काल) में से पाँच वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे। (5 × 1 = 5)
  • (xvii – xviii) छंद से संबंधित दो वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जाएंगे। (2 × 1 = 2)
  • (xvii – xviii) अलंकार से संबंधित दो वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न पूछे जाएंगे। (2 × 1 = 2)

भाग – ख (पाठ्य-पुस्तक) (23 Marks)

प्रश्न 2. (i) हिंदी पुस्तक-12 में संकलित ‘प्राचीन काव्य’ में से दो पद्यांश दिये जायेंगे जिनमें से एक पद्यांश की सप्रसंग व्याख्या लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। प्रसंग के लिये 1 अंक तथा व्याख्या के लिये 3 अंक निर्धारित हैं। (1 + 3 = 4)

(ii) हिंदी पुस्तक-12 में संकलित ‘आधुनिक काव्य’ में से दो पद्यांश दिये जायेंगे जिनमें से एक पद्यांश की सप्रसंग व्याख्या लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। प्रसंग के लिये 1 अंक तथा व्याख्या के लिये 3 अंक निर्धारित हैं। (1 + 3 = 4)

प्रश्न 3. ‘प्राचीन काव्य’ तथा आधुनिक काव्य की विषय वस्तु से संबंधित दो लघूत्तर प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखने के लिए कहा जायेगा। (2½)

प्रश्न 4. पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित गद्य भाग की विषय वस्तु से संबंधित तीन निबंधात्मक प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 80 शब्दों में लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (5)

नोट : प्रश्न-पत्र निर्माता पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित गद्य भाग (निबंध, कहानी एवं एकाँकी) की सर्भ विधाओं को पूर्ण प्रतिनिधित्व दे।

प्रश्न 5. पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित ‘निबंध’ भाग में से दो लघूत्तर प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (2½)

प्रश्न 6. पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित ‘कहानी’ भाग में से दो लघूत्तर प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक का उत्तर लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (2½)

प्रश्न 7. पाठ्य-पुस्तक में संकलित ‘एकाँकी’ भाग में से दो लघूत्तर प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 50 शब्दों में लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (2½)

भाग – ग : हिंदी साहित्य का इतिहास (रीतिकाल एवं आधुनिक काल) (8 अंक)

प्रश्न 8. इस प्रश्न में हिंदी साहित्य के ‘रीतिकाल’ की प्रमुख परिस्थितियों, प्रमुख प्रवृत्तियों एवं प्रमुख कवियों से संबंधित दो निबंधात्मक प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 70-80 शब्दों में लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (4)

प्रश्न 9. इस प्रश्न में हिंदी साहित्य के ‘आधुनिक काल’ की प्रमुख परिस्थितियों, प्रमुख प्रवृत्तियों एवं प्रमुख कवियों से संबंधित दो निबंधात्मक प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक प्रश्न का उत्तर लगभग 70-80 शब्दों में लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (4)

भाग – घ (रचनात्मक लेखन) (7 अंक)

प्रश्न 10. यह प्रश्न निबंध रचना से संबंधित होगा। कोई चार विषय देकर उनमें से किसी एक विषय पर लगभग 230-250 शब्दों में निबंध लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। भूमिका के 2 अंक, विषय वस्तु के 4 अंक और उपसंहार के 1 अंक निर्धारित हैं। (2 + 4 + 1 = 7)

भाग – ङ (व्यावहारिक ज्ञान) (9 अंक)

प्रश्न 11. इस प्रश्न में लगभग 40-50 शब्दों का पंजाबी में एक गद्यांश दिया जायेगा जिसका अनुवाद हिंदी में लिखना होगा। (3)

प्रश्न 12. अंग्रेजी के पाँच पारिभाषिक शब्द दिए जायेंगे जिनमें से किन्हीं तीन शब्दों के हिंदी रूप लिखकर वाक्यों में प्रयोग करने के लिए कहा जायेगा। (3)

प्रश्न 13. विज्ञापन और सूचना से संबंधित दो प्रश्न पूछे जायेंगे जिनमें से एक प्रश्न का उत्तर लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (3)

भाग – च (छंद एवं अलंकार) (8 अंक)

प्रश्न 14. कोई दो छंद देकर किसी एक छंद का लक्षण एवं उदाहरण लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (1 + 3 = 4)

प्रश्न 15. कोई दो अलंकार देकर किसी एक अलंकार की परिभाषा एवं उदाहरण लिखने के लिये कहा जायेगा। (1 + 3 = 4)

आंतरिक मूल्यांकन (20 अंक)

आंतरिक मूल्यांकन की रूपरेखा

1. भाषायी कौशलों का मूल्यांकन (12 अंक)

  • श्रवण कौशल (3)
  • वाचन कौशल (3)
  • पठन कौशल (3)
  • लेखन कौशल (3)

2. पुस्तक बैंक (2 अंक)
विद्यार्थी द्वारा स्कूल के पुस्तकालय में हिंदी विषय की पुस्तकों के संग्रह में योगदान देने के आधार पर मूल्यांकन किया जाए। स्कूल में बने पुस्तक बैंक में समय पर पुस्तकें जमा करवाने व पुस्तकों का रखरखाव करने आदि के आधार पर मूल्यांकन किया जाए।

3. परियोजना कार्य : (6 अंक)
इसके अंतर्गत निर्धारित पाठ्यक्रम के आधार पर अध्यापक द्वारा विद्यार्थियों को परियोजना तैयार करने को कहा जाएगा, जिसका मार्गदर्शन अध्यापक करेगा। विद्यार्थी परियोजना लिखते समय उसे रुचिपूर्ण बनाने के लिए चित्रों का प्रयोग कर सकता है। इसके अंक निम्नलिखित प्रकार से निर्धारित होंगे। विषय वस्तु की समझ एवं प्रस्तुतिकरण (2 + 4 = 6)

PSEB 12th Class Hindi Syllabus

कक्षा – बारहवीं (पंजाब)
विषय – हिंदी
समय : 3 घंटे

पूर्णांक (लिखित) = 75 + 5 (सुंदर लिखाई) = 80
आंतरिक मूल्यांकन : 20

विषय-वस्तु अंक
भाग – क : अति लघूत्तर प्रश्न (वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न) 20
समास (अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, बहुब्रीहि तथा द्वंद्व)
पाठ्य-पुस्तक
हिंदी साहित्य का इतिहास (रीतिकाल एवं आधुनिक काल)
छंद
अलंकार
भाग – ख : पाठ्य-पुस्तक (हिंदी पुस्तक-12) 23
भाग – ग : हिंदी साहित्य का इतिहास (रीतिकाल एवं आधुनिक काल) 8
भाग – घ : रचनात्मक लेखन : निबंध लेखन 7
भाग – ङ : व्यावहारिक ज्ञान 9
1. पंजाबी गद्यांश का हिंदी अनुवाद 3
2. पारिभाषिक शब्दावली (J से लेकर Z तक) 3
3. विज्ञापन लेखन, सूचना लेखन 3
भाग-च : छन्द एवं अलंकार 8
1. छंद (दोहा, सोरठा, सवैया, कवित्त, चौपाई) 4
2. अलंकार (अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक, यमक, श्लेष)। 4

PSEB 12th Class Geography Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Geography Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Geography Guide | Geography Guide for Class 12 PSEB

Geography Guide for Class 12 PSEB | PSEB 12th Class Geography Book Solutions

PSEB 12th Class Geography Book Solutions in Hindi Medium

PSEB 12th Class Geography Book Solutions in English Medium

  • Chapter 1 Human Geography and its Branches
  • Chapter 2 Human Resources – Population and its Change
  • Chapter 3 Human Resources – Human Development and Settlements
  • Chapter 4 Economic Geography – Agriculture and Overview (Activities of Primary Sector)
  • Chapter 5 Economic Geography – Minerals and Energy Resources
  • Chapter 6 Economic Geography Manufacturing (Secondary Care and Knowledge/Activities of Specialised Areas
  • Chapter 7 Transport, Communication and Trade
  • Chapter 8 Geographical Perspective on selected Issues
  • Chapter 9 Practical Geography

PSEB 12th Class Economics Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Economics Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Economics Guide | Economics Guide for Class 12 PSEB

Economics Guide for Class 12 PSEB | PSEB 12th Class Economics Book Solutions

PSEB 12th Class Economics Book Solutions in Hindi Medium

PSEB 12th Class Economics Book Solutions: Punjab Economy

PSEB 12th Class Economics Book Solutions in English Medium

  • Chapter 1 Macro Economics
  • Chapter 2 Basic Concepts in Macro Economics
  • Chapter 3 Circular Flow of Income
  • Chapter 4 Concepts of National Income
  • Chapter 5 Measurement of National Income
  • Chapter 6 Money, Supply of Money and Functions
  • Chapter 7 Banking
  • Chapter 8 Aggregate Demand
  • Chapter 9 Propensity to Consume and Propensity to Save
  • Chapter 10 Determination of Income and Employment
  • Chapter 11 Investment Multiplier
  • Chapter 12 Problems of Excess and Deficient Demand
  • Chapter 13 Measures to Correct Deficient and Excess Demand
  • Chapter 14 Government Budget and the Economy
  • Chapter 15 Balance of Payments
  • Chapter 16 Foreign Exchange Rate
  • Chapter 17 Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
  • Chapter 18 Objectives of Economic Planning
  • Chapter 19 Agriculture in India
  • Chapter 20 Industrial Development Policy and Licensing in India
  • Chapter 21 Economic Reforms since 1991 or New Economic Policy
  • Chapter 22 Problem of Poverty
  • Chapter 23 Rural Credit
  • Chapter 24 Marketing of Agricultural Produce
  • Chapter 25 Co-operatives, Diversification in Agriculture and Organic Farming
  • Chapter 26 Role of Human Capital in Economic Development
  • Chapter 27 Education, Health and Unemployment in India
  • Chapter 28 Infrastructure and Energy
  • Chapter 29 Sustainable Economic development, Effect of Economic Development on Environment and Global Warming
  • Chapter 30 Correlation
  • Chapter 31 Index Numbers

PSEB 12th Class Economics Book Solutions: Punjab Economy

  • Chapter 32 Man Power and Physical Resources of Punjab
  • Chapter 33 Agriculture Development of Punjab Since 1966
  • Chapter 34 Industrial Development of Punjab Since 1966
  • Chapter 35 Financial Position of Punjab Government

PSEB 12th Class Economics Syllabus

Class – XII (PB.)
Economics
Time Allowed: 3 Hours

Theory: 80 Marks
Internal Assessment: 20 Marks
Marks Total: 100 Marks

Part – A
Introductory Macro Economics

Unit 1 National Income and Related Aggregates
What is Macro Economics? Classical and Keynesian views about Macro Economics. Scope, Importance, and Limitations of Macro Economics. Concept of Equilibrium: Partial Equilibrium and General Equilibrium. Basic concepts in Macro Economics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods, stock and flow variables, etc. Circular flow of income and output (two-sector economy model). Real flow and Monetary flow. Concept of Injections and withdrawals in Circular flow of Income and Output. Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net Domestic Product (GDP and NDP) – at market price, at factor cost. Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method with numerical questions.

Unit 2 Determination of Income and Employment
Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply and their components. Consumption function, Saving function, Investment function. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal). Short-run equilibrium output. Meaning full employment and involuntary unemployment. Investment multiplier and its mechanism. Problems of excess demand and deficient demand. Measures to correct excess and deficient demand through Monetary and Fiscal policies of the government along with the instruments of monetary and fiscal policies.

Unit 3 Money and Banking
Money – Barter System of Exchange: Meaning and Limitations. Money: Meaning, Importance, and Functions of Money. Concept of Supply of Money and its measurement.
Banking: Meaning and Functions of Commercial Banks. Meaning and functions of Central bank (example of the Reserve Bank of India). Control of Credit by Central Bank through quantitative and qualitative measures.

Unit 4 Government Budget and the Economy
Government Budget – meaning, objectives, and components. Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts, classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. Financial Position of Punjab Government. Measures of government deficit – revenue deficit. fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning,

Unit 5 Foreign Exchange Rate and Balance of Payments
Foreign exchange rate – Meaning of fixed and flexible rates and methods of their determination along with their advantages and limitations. Foreign Exchange market – Meaning and Functions. Balance of Payments – Meaning and components. Various types of accounts in Balance of Payment. The deficit in Balance of Payment: Meaning and measures to correct it.

Part – B
Indian Economic Development

Unit 6 Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms Since 1991
A brief introduction of the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence. Five Year Plans and NITI Aayog; the rationale behind the adoption of five years economic plans, common goals of five-year economic plans with their success and failures. NITI AAYOG; A brief introduction, structure, and it’s working. Agriculture: Meaning, Importance, main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), Agriculture Development of Punjab since 1966. Industry: Meaning, Importance, problems, and policies for industrial development industrial licensing, etc.), Industrial Development of Punjab since 1966. Economic Reforms since 1991: Features of Liberalisation, Globalisation, and Privatisation (LPG policy)

Unit 7 Current challenges Faced by the Indian Economy
Poverty – absolute and relative. Causes of Poverty and main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment.
Unemployment: Meaning, types, and causes. Main programmes for the solution of the problem of unemployment in India.
Rural development: Key issues – credit and marketing – the role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; organic farming.
Human Capital Formation: How people become resources; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India. Manpower Resources of Punjab.
Infrastructure: Meaning and Types; Energy and Health; Problems and Policies; A critical assessment. Physical Resources of Punjab.
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming.

Part – C
Statistics in Economics

Unit 8 Correlation and Index Numbers
Coefficient of Correlation – meaning and properties. Methods for the measurement of coefficient of correlation: scatter diagram method, Karl Pearson’s method (only by direct method) (two variables ungrouped data) Spearman’s rank correlation (in case of untied ranks only).
Index Numbers – Meaning, methods of constructing; Unweighted Index (Simple aggregative and simple average of price relative method). Weighted Index Numbers (Weighted aggregative methods including only Laspeyre’s, Pasche’s, and Fisher’s Index Numbers). Wholesale price index, Consumer price index, and index of industrial production. Uses of index numbers: Inflation and index numbers.

PSEB 12th Class Chemistry Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Chemistry Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Chemistry Guide | Chemistry Guide for Class 12 PSEB in English Medium

PSEB 12th Class Biology Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Biology Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Biology Guide | Biology Guide for Class 12 PSEB in English Medium

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Guide in Punjabi English Medium

by

Punjab State Board Syllabus PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf in English Medium and Punjabi Medium are part of PSEB Solutions for Class 12.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Guide | Political Science Guide for Class 12 PSEB

Political Science Guide for Class 12 PSEB | PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions in English Medium

12th Class Political Science Guide PSEB Part A Political Theory

Political Science Guide for Class 12 PSEB Part B Indian Political System

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions in Hindi Medium

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Syllabus

Part – A Political Theory

Unit I: Political System
(i) Meaning, Characteristics
(ii) Functions of Political System
(iii) David Easton’s input-output model
(iv) Difference between state and political system.

Unit II: Some major contemporary Political Theories
(i) Liberalism
(ii) Marxism
(iii) Political ideas of Mahatma Gandhi

Unit III: Bureaucracy (Civil Services)
(i) Meaning and importance
(ii) Recruitment
(iii) Role and functions
(iv) Distinction between Political Executive and Permanent Executive and their respective roles
Public opinion
(i) Role and importance of Public Opinion in a Democratic Polity.
(ii) Agencies for the formulation and expression of Public Opinion.

Unit IV: Party System
(i) Political parties – their functions and importance
(ii) Basis of formation of Political Parties
(iii) Types of Party System
(iv) The Role of Opposition
Interest and Pressure Groups
(i) Interest Groups and Pressure Groups – their nature, types, and functions
(ii) Ways of functioning of pressure groups

Part – B Indian Political System

Unit V: Indian Democracy
(i) Parliamentary Model
(ii) Problems and challenges to Indian Democracy & Future of Indian democracy
Democracy at Grassroot
(i) Concept of Panchayati Raj
(ii) Structure and Working of Panchayati Raj (73th Amendment)
(iii) Panchayati Raj-Some problems
(iv) Local Bodies in Urban Areas (74th Amendment)

Unit VI: Party System in India
(i) Nature of Party System in India
(ii) Study of major 4 national political parties (INC, BJP, CPI. CPI (M) their programs and policies. Regional Political Parties in Punjab (SAD, AAP)
(iii) Problems facing the Indian Party System
Electoral System
(i) Adult Franchise Direct and Indirect Elections And People’s Participation
(ii) Voting behaviour – meaning and determinants
(iii) Election Commission and Election Procedure

Unit VII: National Integration
(i) Problems of National Integration
(ii) Steps taken to promote National Integration
Foreign Policy of India
(i) Determinants of Foreign Policy
(ii) Basic principles of Foreign Policy
(iii) India and the United Nations, India, and SAARC

Unit VIII: India and the World
(i) India’s relations with her Neighbours: Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan
(ii) India’s relations with U.S.A. and Russia
(iii) India’s approach to major world issues: Human Rights, Disarmament and Globalization.