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Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 6 Hardware and Software Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Hardware and Software Chapter 5 MS Paint (Part-2)

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Hardware and Software Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The computer is a combination of hardware and …………….
(a) Software
(b) Application
(c) Processor
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Software

Question 2.
Set of instructions is called ……………..
(a) Software
(b) Hardware
(c) Program
(d) Application.
Answer:
(c) Program

Question 3.
Group of programs is called …………….
(a) Hardware
(b) Software
(c) Processor
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Software

Question 4.
Software is of types ………………
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5.
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 5.
Computer cannot work without ……………..
(a) Word
(b) Excel
(c) Operating System
(d) PowerPoint.
Answer:
(c) Operating System.

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which part of CPU connects the other parts like Processor, Hard Disk, RAM etc. ?
Answer:
Motherboard.

Question 2.
What we call a set of instructions given to a computer ?
Answer:
Program.

Question 3.
Which part of computer cannot be touched but felt ?
Answer:
Software.

Question 4.
What are two types of Software ?
Answer:
The two types of software are : system software and application software.

Question 5.
Which type of softwares is more expensive ?
Answer:
System software are more expensive.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Hardware?
Answer:
The Physical components of a computer are called hardware. Each device in itself is a hardware. These devices are three-dimensional in nature, they can be touched and they have weight.

Question 2.
What is Software?
Answer:
Software is a set of instructions or programs which are used to make a computer functional. Physically software is a collection of programs. These programs are made for various purposes. This software is normally stored on a secondary storage device.

Question 3.
Write the name of devices which are connected with the motherboard.
Answer:
Devices connected to the motherboard are given below :

1. Hard Drive
2. Video Card
3. Processor
4. Fan
5. RAM
6. Power Supply
7. CD/DVD Drive

Question 4.
Give four examples of Hardware.
Answer:
Four examples of hardware are : Keyboard, Mouse, Central Processing Unit and Monitor.

Question 5.
What are the qualities or features of Software?
Answer:
Following are the main features of software :

1. Software have no weight.
2. We cannot touch software.
3. A software makes a hardware functional.
4. Software is stored on hardware.

Question 6.
Explain the important points for taking care of hardware.
Answer:
Following things should be kept in mind while using the hardware :

1. Keep all the parts of the computer clean.
2. Cover it after use.
3. Do not pull cables or computer parts.
4. Press keyboard keys gently.
5. Do not eat in the computer room.
6. Keep Hardware in the proper manner.
7. Keep your shoes outside the computer lab.
8. Handle different parts of the computer in a proper way.
9. Use soft cloth or a brush to clean the computer.
10. Do not clean the equipment while the computer is turned on.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the difference between Application Software and System Software.
Answer:
The main differences between application software and system software are :

System Software:

1. It.is necessary for functioning of computer.
2. This software is complex in nature.
3. System software are costly.
4. This software is developed by highly experienced person only.
5. Computer cannot work without system software.
6. System software are bigger in size.
7. Examples of system software are : Operating Systems, Language translator etc.

Application Software:

1. Application software is not necessary for functioning of computer.
2. Application software is not as complex as system software.
3. Application software are not costly.
4. This software can be developed by experienced person.
5. Computer can work without application software.
6. Application software are normally smaller in size.
7. Examples of application software are : Word processor, Spread¬sheet, Graphic Solution etc.

Question 2.
Write a note on Hardware.
Answer:
Hardware are the physical components of a computer system. It includes all the physical components which can be touched and which can be seen. Examples of some hardware are keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor and CPU. Different types of hardware devices are used for different purposes :

Features of Hardware:
Following are the features of hardware :

1. Hardware can be touched and felt.
2. Hardware occupies space.
3. Hardware has weight.

There are different types of hardware used for computer systems :
1. System Unit:
The system unit is also known as the Central Processing Unit of computer system. This unit acts on the brain of the computer. It includes the essential components such as motherboard, processor, RAM, Hard Disk, CD ROM etc. Normally these devices are packed in a metallic or plastic case known as a system case or cabinet.

2. Motherboard:
Motherboard is a board which holds all the components together. This board is also known as a printed circuit board. All the components of the computer system are connected to this directly or using some wire.

The main components that are (Connected to the motherboard are :
(а) Hard Drive : Hard drive or hard disk is the main storage device of a computer. It is used to store data permanently the main software like operating systems are also placed on this hard disk.

(b) Video Card : This card is used to display the output properly on a monitor.

(c) Processor : Processor processes all the instructions given to the computer. It performs all the Arithmetic and logical unit operations. It controls all the activities of the computer also.

(d) Fan : The computer gets heated when it is used. So a fan is placed in the CPU to keep it cool.

(e) RAM : RAM is the primary memory of computers. It is also known as Random Access Memory. All the data and instructions are loaded in this
memory before processing. This memory is a volatile type of memory. It means the data gets lost when the computer is switched off. The computer cannot work without Random Access Memory.

(f) Power Supply : This unit is responsible for giving power to all the components of the computer.
(g) CD/DVD : This device is used to play, read and record the data and instructions on CD or DVD.

Group Activity

1. Put the following terms into their relevant type:
Floppy Disk
MS Word
MS Paint
Monitor
Keyboard

Answer:

Hard Disk
CD
Mouse
MS Excel
Operating System

Answer:

Question 2.
Take the students to computer lab in a group. Make a list of hardware and software parts present in the lab. Put a tick before the parts which are present in your lab given in a list below:

Answer:
The answers of this activity are based on a normal computer lab in the schools.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Hardware and Software Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Physical components of Computer are called ……………
(a) Hardware
(b) Software
(c) Liveware
(d) System.
Answer:
(a) Hardware

Question 2.
…………… cannot he touched …………….
(a) Hardware
(b) Software
(c) Liveware
(d) System.
Answer:
(b) Software

Question 3.
Computer can operate without software ……………
(a) System
(b) Application
(c) Word
(d) Notepad.
Answer:
(b) Application

Question 4.
System software is of types …………….
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 1.
Answer:
(a) 2.

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the two types of software.
Answer:
System Software and Application Software.

Question 2.
Which part connects all the Internal parts of Computer ?
Answer:
Motherboard.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the features of Hardware.
Answer:

Following are the features of hardware :

1. Hardware can be touched and felt.
2. Hardware occupies space.
3. Hardware has weight.

Question 1.
What System Unit?
Answer:
The system unit is also known as the Central Processing Unit of computer system. This unit acts as the brain of the computer. It includes the essential components such as motherboard, processor, RAM, hard disk, CD-ROM etc. Normally these devices are packed in a metallic or plastic case known as a system case or cabinet.

Question 2.
What is System Software ?
Answer:
System software can be defined as a set of programs which are necessary for functioning of the computer itself. This program directly contacts the computer hardware and gets the work done from that hardware. Without a system software computer cannot work. System software helps to read the data from input devices and transfer the processed information to output devices. This software acts like a computer manager of computer.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain different types of Software.
Answer:
Softwares are of two types:

• System software
• Application Software

System Software:
System Software is defined as a collection of programs that controls the overall operation and internal working of the computer system. It reads data from input devices and transfers the processed information to output devices. It works like a manager. It is an important part of computer. A Computer can never be used without System Softwares. e.g. Operating System, Utility Program, Language Translator. It is difficult to design system software. System Softwares are developed by experts only

Application Software:
These type of software are used for some particular operations. There are several types of Application softwares available now a days. Each one of them are having their own application areas. These type of softwares can be used for beautifying the documents, making calculations, arranging data in an organized way. System software is the need of every computer but application software can be different for different computers. It is an non-essential part of computer hence it depends upon the need of the user. These are also called general purpose software. e.g. Spread Sheet Software, Word Processor, Graphic Software

Question 2.
What is Motherboard ? Explain its parts.
Answer:
Motherboard : The motherboard is a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) which is used to connect all the internal parts of computer. We can see a motherboard in the diagram shown below:

Some of the components that are connected with motherboard are:

• Hard Drive : Hard drive Or Hard Disk is the main storage media device that permanently stores all data on the computer.
• Video Card : The video card is a device in a computer that outputs visual information to the monitor.
• Processor : Processor carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, control operations of the system.
• FAN : Every computer has a cooling fan designed primarily to prevent the CPU from overheating.
• RAM : Ram is known as Random Access Memory. This is a Main Memory of Computer which is considered as Primary memory. All the data and instructions are loaded in this primary area of computer before processing. This memory is volatile and all information that was stored in this memory is lost when the computer is turned off.
• Power Supply : The component that supplies power to a computer.
• CD/DVD : A disc that store large amounts of data.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 5 MS Paint (Part-2) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 5 MS Paint (Part-2)

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB MS Paint (Part-2) Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The clipboard menu has three options—Cut, Copy and …………..
(a) Paste
(b) Move
(c) Close
(d) Zoom
Answer:
(a) Paste

Question 2.
The top button, a diamond shape with a line through it is …………..
(a) Paste
(b) Cut
(c) Copy
(d) Crop.
Answer:
(d) Crop

Question 3.
The ………….. tool can be used to draw pentagon.
(a) Triangle
(b) Rectangle
(c) Pentagon
(d) Hexagon
Answer:
(c) Pentagon

Question 4.
The Eraser tool erase the part of a picture with the ………….. button of the mouse pressed.
(a) Left
(b) Right
(c) Scroll
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Left

Question 5.
Color 2 is used if we press with the mouse button.
(a) Left
(b) Right
(c) Scroll
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Right.

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which tool is used to draw a Square ?
Answer:
Rectangle tool.

Question 2.
Which tool can be used to erase a part of picture ?
Answer:
Eraser.

Question 3.
Which tool allows us for zoom-in our picture ?
Answer:
Zoom.

Question 4.
Which tool is used for free-hand writing ?
Answer:
Pencil.

Question 5.
Which tool can be used to write text in our drawing ?
Answer:
Text tool.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the options available in the Clipboard Menu ?
Answer:
The options available in clipboard menu are : cut, copy and paste.

Question 2.
Write about Crop option.
Answer:
The Crop option is used to crop or cut a part of a picture. The crop button is a diamond shape with the line at the top type button. This button helps us to crop our picture to the selected area only.

Question 3.
Write the name of tools available in Tools Menu.
Answer:
Following tools are available in MS Paint tool menu :

1. Pencil
2. Filled with color
3. Text tool
4. Eraser
5. Color picker
6. The magnifier.

Question 4.
What is size tool ?
Answer:
The size tool allows the user to select the width of a brush or a shape. This tool is active only when a brush or shape is chosen. After selecting a brush or shape the user can shape the brush.

Question 5.
Write about brushes.
Answer:
Brushes are like order brushes. They give the same effect as the ordinary brushes give. There are different types of brushes available in MS Paint. The width of Brush can be changed with size tool.

Question 6.
Give the name of groups present there in the home tab ribbon.
Answer:
Calling groups are available in home tab ribbon :

1. Clipboard
2. Image
3. Tools
4. Brushes
5. Shapes
6. Size
7. Color.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the color tool of MS Paint.
Answer:
The Color section of the ribbon has three parts :

1. Boxes; showing the active colors-Color 1 and Color 2
2. The Color Palette
3. The Edit Colors button.

1. Color Box :
Color 1 : Color 1 is the Foreground Color and is always black when we open Paint.
Color 2 : Color 2 is the Background Color and is always white when we open Paint.

2. The Color Palette :
The two top lines of the Color Palette show all the colors available. Whenever we are making a picture. The line of blank squares at the bottom shows those colors we have edited during our work. Once Paint is closed, the edited colors vanish away.

3. Edit Colors :
The Edit Colors button takes us into the Edit Colors dialog box. We can click any color on an extended palette and click the Add to Custom Colors button.

Here only one color will be added to the squares under the palette. To add more colors, we must return to the dialog box and add them one at a time.

Question 2.
What is Text Tool ? How to Format the text ?
Answer:
The Text tool is used to insert any text :
To begin inserting text, click on the text tool. Our cursor will change to an insertion bar. With this cursor we can draw the required size of area for texts. We must not click anywhere outside that area until our text is final from all aspects. When we are using the Text Tool then the Text Toolbar starts appearing.

Formatting the Text :

1. Select the text we have typed.
2. Click the down arrow at the end of the Font Name box, so that a list of fonts drops down.
3. Run your cursor-without pressing any mouse buttons—up and down in the font list. As we do this, the appearance of the text we have typed will change accordingly. When we like what we see, click on the name of that font.
4. The font list will close.
5. We can repeat this process with the Font Size list also.
6. We can also click the Background from Transparent to Opaque or vice versa.
7. We can change both Color 1 and Color 2.

We can also type text in different colors, fonts and size, in the same text box. When we are making changes, only selected text will be affected. When we have completed editing of text, we can click anywhere outside of your text box. After clicking away from the text box, the Text Toolbar disappears and the text becomes part of our picture. Now, it cannot be edited in any way.

Activity

Name the following tools :

Answer:

1. Pencil
2. Fill with Color
3. Text
4. Eraser
5. Color Picker
6. Magnifier.

Name the following Shapes:

Answer:

1. Triangle
2. Rectangle
3. Oval
4. Pentagon
5. Hexagon
6. Diamond.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide MS Paint (Part-2) Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Home tab ribbon is below ………….
(a) Menu Bar
(b) Status Bar
(c) Work Area
(d) Scroll Bar.
Answer:
(a) Menu Bar

Question 2.
…………. is used to earse image
(a) Color
(b) Select
(c) Eraser
(d) Pencil.
Answer:
(c) Eraser

Question 3.
Crop button is of shape ………….
(a) Diamond
(b) Pentagon
(c) Square
(d) Rectangle
Answer:
(a) Diamond

Question 4.
Pentagon has ……………… sides.
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
Answer:
(c) 5

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What options are available in clipboard ?
Answer:
Cut, Copy and Paste.

Question 2.
What options are available in Selection ?
Answer:
Crop, Resize and Rotate Flip.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Fill with Colour ?
Answer:
A closed region can be filled with some colour using Fill with colour command.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When we need free form selection ?
Answer:
Free form selection is used when we have to select a region without selecting shapes around this region.

Question 2.
Write about crop option ?
Answer:
The top most button in selection option is crop button. It is used to cut the image as per requirement.

Question 3.
What does Invert Colour option do ?
Answer:
Invert colour option helps to create white text in black coloured marks. With this the text look beautiful.

Question 4.
How does pencil tool work ?
Answer:
Pencil tool is used to draw free hand lines. It can also be used to edit text in zoomed position.

Question 5.
Write about magnifier tool.
Answer:
Magnifier tool is used to zoom in the picture. The picture can be view from near using this tool.

Question 6.
What is Home Tab Ribbon ?
Answer:
Home Tab Ribbon is main ribbon in MS Paint. It is available below the menu bar. It contains group clip board, images, tools, brushes, shapes, size and color.

Question 7.
What are the parts of Home Tab Ribbon ?
Answer:
The main parts of Home tab ribbon are clipboard, images, tools, brushes, size and color menu. . .

Question 8.
Name the tools available in Tools Menu.
Answer:
Following tools are available in tools menu:

• Pencil
• Fill with color
• Text tool
• Eraser
• Color Picker
• Magnifier
• Brushes.

Question 9.
What is size tool?
Answer;
Size tool is that tool which is used to change the size of brush.

Question 10.
What are brushes?
Answer:
Brushes are used to draw brush like effects in the drawing. They can be of varied width.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain View Tab Ribbon ?
Answer:
The following section explains the View Tab Ribbon. It has three main options: Zoom, Show or hide and Display. Zooming in and out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool on the Ribbon or the slider on the Status Bar. Zoom in and Zoom out tools can be clicked repeatedly to get a closer or more distant view. The 100% option brings us back to normal view of the picture.

Zoom:
Zooming in and out can be used alone or in conjunction with the Zoom Tool on the Ribbon or the slider on the Status Bar. Zoom in and Zoom out tools can be clicked repeatedly to get a closer or more distant view. The 100% option brings us back to normal view of the picture.

Show or Hide:
This portion of the View Tab Ribbon includes:

• The Show or Hide option for the status bar. The status bar is very useful while drawing pictures precisely.
• Gridlines are convenient if we want to align shapes accurately.
• Rulers can be turned on or off as per our requirement.

Display:
On the Display section, we can click for Full Screen View. We can also get a Full Screen View by hitting F11. We can come back to a normal view by pressing the Esc key.

• Thumbnail is active only when we are zoomed in. It helps us seeing how changes, we have made are affecting our picture in normal view.

Question 2.
Explain color section on Home Tab Ribbon.
Answer:
The Color section of the ribbon has three parts: Boxes; showing the active colors-Color 1 and Color2, the Color Palette and the Edit Colors button

The Color Boxes:

Color 1 is the Foreground Color and is always black when we open Paint.
Color 2 is the Background Color and is always white when we open Paint.

The Color Palette : The two top lines of the Color Palette show all the colors available whenever we are making a picture. The line of blank squares at the bottom shows those colors, we have edited during our work. Once Paint is closed, the edited colors vanish away.

Edit Colors :
The Edit Colors button takes us into the Edit Colors dialogue box

The Edit Colors dialogue box is shown in figure below:

Here we can click any color on an extended palette and click the Add to Custom Colors button. Here only one color will be added to the squares under the palette. To add more colors, we must return to the dialogue box and add them one at a time.

Question 3.
Write about resize and skew options.
Answer:
Resize and Skew :
The second small button to the right of the large Select button will open the Resize and Skew dialogue as shown in figure below.

Resize :
We can quickly resize a selection by dragging any of the little blocks-or handles-on the selection rectangle. However, if we want the size adjustment to be precise, we must use the Resize and Skew dialogue box. When we click the Resize icon, the dialog box appears as shown in figure below.

Only the top half of this dialogue is concerned with resizing

Note : While the option Maintain aspect ratio is checked, whatever we type into the Horizontal slot will be repeated in Vertical and our selection will stay exactly in proportion. We can remove the check if we want the selection to be fatter or thinner.

Skew : The bottom part of the Resize and Skew dialogue box allow us to skew our selection. When we use this option, it makes our selection include a lot of border area to avoid having part of the picture cut off. If this does happen, click Undo and make a wider selection before trying again.

This blue box is skewed 20 degrees horizontally. We can skew a selection both horizontally and vertically

Question 4.
Explain Shapes in detail.
Answer:
In the Shapes Gallery several tools like Rectangles, Rounded Rectangles Ellipses and Freehand Polygons, the Line Tool and the Curved Line Tool can be seen. There are number of other shapes such as arrows, speech balloons, various stars and others are also included.

We can open the Shapes Gallery by clicking the down arrow under the Shapes picture and click the shape we want to draw,

1. Straight Lines : Straight lines can be drawn while the left mouse button is pressed and will usç Color 1. these drawn with the right button will use Color 2. Line wifl be perfectly straight, If we hold down the Shift key while drawing a line. Ellipses, Rectangles, Circles and Squares If we want to draw an exact shape such as a square or a circle, hold the Shift key while we draw.

2. Curved Lines : Click the Curved Line button to draw a curve. Click the Outline button and choose Solid Color or a texture of your choice. Then click under the Size picture and choose a line thickness.

Ellipses, Rectangles, Circles and Squares : If we want to draw an exact shape such as a square or a circle, hold the Shift key while we draw.

Freehand Polygons : To draw a freehand polygon, click the Polygon button in the gallery. Hold a mouse button down and draw the first line of the polygon. Then release your mouse button and click where you want the next line to end. Keep clicking end points until you want the last line to finish the shape, then double click

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction To Ms Paint Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 4 Introduction to MS Paint

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Introduction to MS Paint Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The bar is present at the top of the paint window.
(a) Title Bar
(b) Status Bar
(c) Scroll Bar
(d) Task Bar
Answer:
(a) Title bar

Question 2.
toolbar present in title bar by default. Its position can be changed either to below or above the ribbon.
(a) Quick access bar
(b) Status Bar
(c) Scroll Bar
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Quick access bar

Question 3.
The first on the left of the Menu Bar is the …………. Button.
(a) Paint
(b) Help
(c) Close
(d) Minimize
Answer:
(a) Paint

Question 4.
Scroll Bar is used to move the screen. It is of ………….. types.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 5.
With the help of option we can Save a Copy of picture with another file name.
(a) Save as
(b) Open
(c) New
(d) Exit.
Answer:
(a) Save as

2. Write the Shortcut Keys for following

1. To create a NEW file ……………………
2. To OPEN an existing file ……………………
3. To SAVE a file ……………………
4. To PRINT a file ……………………
5. UNDO ……………………
6. REDO or REPEAT ……………………

Answer:

1. Control + N
2. Control + O
3. Control + S
4. Control + P
5. Control + Z
6. Control + Y.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is paint?
Answer:
Paint is an application software developed by Microsoft. It is used to draw paintings and shapes especially by children. It is provided free of cost by Microsoft with Microsoft Windows.

Question 2.
How to start the MS Paint?
Answer:
Paint can be started by clicking on the start button and then going to programs -> accessories and then clicking Microsoft paint.

Question 3.
Write the names of parts of windows of paint.
Answer:
The different parts of paint window are :

1. Title bar
2. Menu bar
3. Ribbon
4. Quick access bar
5. Work area
6. Scroll bar.

Question 4.
What is work area?
Answer:
Work area is a white area in the middle of the paint window. This area is used for drawing purposes. All the drawing work and shapes are drawn in this area. Whatever is placed in this area can be saved in an image file.

Question 5.
Explain the use of Save Command.
Answer:
The save command is used to save the drawing prepared by the user. It saves the drawing as an image file in various formats.

Question 6.
What are the types of scroll bars ?
Answer:
There are two types of scroll bars:

• Horizontal scroll bar
• Vertical scroll bar.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Quick Access Toolbar? Explain its parts.
Answer:
Quick access toolbar is a toolbar present in the title bar of the paint window. By default this bar contains save undo, redo and customise quick access bar commands. This command can be changed as per requirement. This bar can also be moved from the title bar to below the ribbon. To move the quick access toolbar below the ribbon, the customise quick access toolbar button is clicked. After clicking the button the command shown below the Ribbon is clicked , to display the quick access bar below the ribbon. The user can also click on the various commands given in this menu to display them on the quick access toolbar.

Question 2.
Define Home Tab Ribbon.
Answer:
Home Tab Ribbon :
All tools, shapes, colour palette and most of the commands are grouped together in the ribbon except Save, Undo and Redo commands which are shown at title bar or in the Quick Access Toolbar. Drop down arrows below each item in the ribbon will give us other options for the tool. Most of the tools used for drawing or other tasks are present in Home Tab Ribbon. There is also an option to minimize the ribbon. If we choose this, the ribbon disappears entirely, but pops into view if you click on the Home tab.

Activity

Let’s revise what we have studied. Write the name of Parts of Microsoft Paint Window.

Answer:

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Introduction to MS Paint Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Scroll bar is of ………… types
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4.
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 2.
Drawing is made in ………….
(a) Ribbon
(b) Tab
(c) Work Area
(d) Title bar.
Answer:
(c) Work Area

Question 3.
………….. is at the top of Paint Window.
(a) Status bar
(b) Title bar
(c) Menu bar
(d) Ribbon.
Answer:
(b) Title bar

Question 4.
Commands are in …………… button.
(a) Minimize
(b) Paint
(c) Close
(d) Status bar.
Answer:
(b) Paint

2. Write the Full Forms

1. For Help
2. Close Paint.
Answer:
1. F1
2. Alt + F4.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Quick Access Toolbar?
Answer:
Quick access toolbar is that toolbar which contains most frequently used commands.

Question 2.
Which option is used to remove commands from quick access toolbar?
Answer:
Remove from Quick Access Toolbar.

Question 3.
What is paint button?
Answer:
The button which is on left side of File Menu is called Paint button. It contains various commands.

Question 4.
For what purpose scroll bar is used?
Answer:
Scroll bar is used to scroll the work area in Paint window.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Paint button ? Explain Commands in it.
Answer:
Paint Button :
This Button appeared at the beginning of Menu bar. When we click on this button and the following Menu Appears.

Here we can see some new commands which are discussed in table shown below:

Question 2.
What is status bar ? Explain its parts.
Answer:
The Status Bar is present at the bottom of the Paint Window. It gives information and current status of our drawing. We’ll look at its features from left to right.

Cursor Position : It gives the Cursor Position, which is helpful when we want to position any picture precisely

Selection Size : It shows the size of a selection we are making or size of an object we are drawing.

Image Size : It shows the size of our entire picture, even if the picture is very large and is not visible completely in the window. If we have not changed the units in the Properties dialogue box, the measurement will be displayed in pixels. We can change the measurement to inches or centimetres.

Disk Size : Once we have saved our picture, this option will show the size or drawingon Disk. If paint window is very small, this figure might not be shown.

Zoom Slider : The Zoom Slider is convenient if we are working in a zoomed-in view and want to zoom out. However, we cannot zoom in on a particular spot, as we can do with the Magnifier

Question 3.
How the work is saved in Paint ?
Answer:
It is good to save our picture as soon as we begin to work. We must click on the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar every few minutes. This prevents loss of work if the program closes unexpectedly, as in a power failure. When we click the Save for the first time, we will find a dialogue box where we have to type a name for the picture. Type a desired name in the file name text box and click the Save button.

Save as:
With the help of Save as option we can Save a Copy of picture with another file name. Go to the Paint button and open the menu.

Click Save as

In the dialogue box, just change the existing name then click the Save button.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 3 Basics of Working with Computers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 3 Basics Of Working With Computers

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Basics Of Working With Computers Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Screen appeared after login of Computer is called:
(a) Start Menu
(b) Desktop
(c) Taskbar
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Desktop

Question 2.
All the Deleted files go to?
(a) My Computer
(b) Network
(c) Recycle bin
(d) All of above.
Answer:
(c) Recycle bin

Question 3.
Which part of window remains visible all the time when we use other applications?
(a) Recycle bin
(b) Desktop
(c) Taskbar
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Taskbar

Question 4.
Which one is an example of Operating System?
(a) Windows
(b) Android.
(c) DOS
(d) Ail of above.
Answer:
(d) All of adove

Question 5.
To open a file we can double click on:
(a) File itself
(b) Shortcut of file
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of any three window applications.
Answer:
The three window based applications are:

1. Notepad
2. Wordpad
3. Calculator.

Question 2.
Write the name of any three Icons.
Answer:
The names of three icons are:

1. My computer
2. Network
3. Recycle Bin

Question 3.
Write the names of components of a Desktop.
Answer:
The Components of Desktop are icon, taskbar and wallpaper.

Question 4.
What is Desktop?
Answer:
Desktop is a screen which is displayed on the monitor after the user logs in to the computer. It is just like the dashboard of the computer. It may contain an icon on Taskbar and wallpaper.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Operating System? Explain different types of Operating Systems.
Answer:
Operating system is a system software without which a computer cannot work. IT acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. Each computer has an operating system installed on it. Operating system is displayed in the form of screens, menus, dialogue box, icons and widgets etc.

Definition of Operating System:
An Operating System is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. It makes computer hardware work by controlling all the internal processes of the computer. There are many types of operating system. Each operating system is developed for different types of machines. Each operating system has a different set of commands and it understands the machine architecture very well.

1. Windows:
Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft. It. is a graphical user interface. It means it is easy to work with pointing devices such as mice in windows. Most of the computers in this world are using windows operating systems. Everything is displayed in a rectangular frame on the screen in this operating system. That is by which operating system is named as windows. It is the most popular operating system in the world.

2. DOS:
DOS stands for Disc Operating System. This operating system is also developed by Microsoft. It is a character user interface operating system. This operating system is not very powerful. The user types commands to instruct the computer. This operating system was used on computers with small memory and low speed hardware. The user has to remember a lot of commands to work in it. That is why it was difficult to work in this operating system. Also the user cannot do a variety of work simultaneously in this operating system.

3. Android:
The Android operating system is one of the latest operating systems in digital word. It is the operating system which is used in mobile phones. This operating system was developed by Google. This operating system is developed for devices which have touchscreen in them. It provides a very beautiful and convenient interface which can be used by finger touch. The user can do the tasks like pinching, swiping and typing. Now the Android operating system is also used in televisions, cars, wrist watches and many other digital devices. Each of these devices have different user interfaces.

Question 2.
What is a Taskbar ? Explain the functions of its parts.
Answer:
Taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen. This bar is a part of the Operating System. It allows us to start a program using the Start menu. This bar always remains visible during working in any application. We can navigate through Active programs using the taskbar. The area on the right side of the taskbar is called “Notification Area”. This area allows us to check date and time, items running in the background etc.

The taskbar was first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and is found in all subsequent versions of Windows. We can have a look of taskbar and its all parts as under :

All these parts of the taskbar are having their own functions. Let’s discuss the use of each one of them. It. has a logo of windows on it. It is the first item on Taskbar. Its icon is :

• Start Button : We can start any application and program with the help of the Start button.
• Quick Launch Bar : This section of the taskbar enables us to launch programs without locating them from the Start menu. It is located next to the Start button.
• System Tray : It is located at the right side of Taskbar. It contains miniature icons for easy access to system functions such as fax, printer, modem, volume etc.
• Notification Area : This area is a part of the taskbar that provides notifications and status of devices. It can also be used to display icons for system and program features that are not on the desktop.
• Clock : At the end of taskbar, Clock is displayed where Current Time and Date can be seen. We can change Time and Date by clicking on it. It requires Administration access to change the Time or Date.
• Active Programs : This area of taskbar is between quick access bar and System Tray area. In this area of taskbar, all the active programs appeared as an icon and we can easily navigate among them.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Icon ? Explain any three Desktop Icons.
Answer:
Icons are the small pictures on the desktop. These icons represent a file or a program or folder on the computer. The user has to click on this icon to open.dat file or program. The following types of icons are available on Windows desktop.

1. My Computer:
This icon is used to assess the hard disc of the computer. This icon opens a window on the computer screen which displays all the hard disks attached to the computer and other removable media such as pen drives or CDs. The user can work in this window, no

2. Network:
This icon is used to connect to the network location attached to this computer system. This icon is used when the computer is connected to a local area. This icon displays icons of all the computer systems which are connected to users’ computers through Local area networks. The user can go to the other computer and work on files.

3. Recycle Bin:
Recycle Bin is a folder which works like a dustbin. In this folder contains all the deleted files folder icons on the computer. When anything is not required on the computer system the user can delete that item. That item is shifted to the recycle bin folder. If the user deletes an item accidentally he can restore that item from the recycle bin.

Question 4.
Explain the different options of shutting down a Computer System. ’
Answer:
Windows provide following shutting down options:
1. Sleep:
Sleep means letting the computer system to sleep without shutting it down. This option menu can be used when we want to leave a computer for some time. During this mode, the power of Monitor/LCD gets OFF and all your data is kept safe. When we put a computer into sleep mode then its power remains ON and its power light starts blinking. This blinking Red-Colour LED on the CPU shows that the computer is in sleep Mode. We can press the power button to resume the computer from this mode.

2. Shut Down:
Shut down means stopping all the processes which the computer is running.This option of Power menu can be used when we have finished all our work. When we shut-down a computer, all parts of computer systems are turned off and no power remains active in the Computer System. We can switch off the main power-supply of the computer when it is shut down. This process can take some time and we must wait till it is over. This process may take time according to the size of data being used and number of programs currently running.

3. Log Off:
Logging off means the process of disconnecting the current user from working and taking the user to the login screen. Windows 7 allows us to access a computer differently among users. We can keep our data secure from other users with the help of user accounts in it. If we have finished our work and want to leave a computer but another user is there to access the same computer for own work in a different user account then we can use the Log-off option of Power Menu.

4. Restart:
Restart means shutting down the computer and then starting it again by the computer itself. This option of power menu can be used when any new program is installed or any updation in the system is done. Sometimes when a new device or hardware is attached to the computer, it is required to restart our computer. In such a case, we can use the restart option of the Power menu to shut down our computer and start it again. When the restart button is pressed then the computer automatically gets started after being shut-down.

Activity
Name the Following Icons:

Answer:

1. Notepad
2. MS Paint
3. Calculator
4. My Computer
5. Network
6. Recycle bin
7. Start button.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Basics of Working with Computers Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The Primary screen (first to open) of computer is called
(a) My Network
(b) Icon
(c) Desktop
(d) Recycle Bin.
Answer:
(c) Desktop

Question 2.
The bar lying at the bottom of the desktop is called
(a) Title Bar
(b) Status Bar
(c) Task Bar
(d) Scroll Bar.
Answer:
(c) Task Bar

Question 3.
The bar present at the top of the window is called
(a) Title Bar
(b) Status Bar
(c) Task Bar
(d) Scroll Bar.
Answer:
(a) Title Bar

Question 4.
Deleted files go to
(a) My Network
(b) My Documents
(c) My Computer
(d) Recycle Bin.
Answer:
(d) Recycle Bin

Question 5.
button is used to close the window.
(a) Minimize
(b) Maximize
(c) Close
(d) Start.
Answer:
(c) Close.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is operating system ?
Answer:
Operating system is an interface between user and computer.

Question 2.
What is windows ?
Answer:
Windows is an operating system of Microsoft company.

Question 3.
What is Windows Desktop ?
Answer:
The basic screen of computer is called desktop. It is seen after booting of windows. All the programs in windows are run with the help of desktop. The on-screen work area on which windows, icons, menus, and dialog boxes appear.

Question 4.
What are Icons ? Name any three types of Icons.
Answer:
A small image displayed on the screen to represent an object that can be manipulated by the user. Icons serve as visual mnemonics and allow the user to control certain computer actions without having to remember commands or type them at the keyboard.

Three Types if Icons are:

• My Computer
• My Document
• Recycle Bin

Question 5.
Name different components of windows.
Answer:

1. Title Bar
2. Menu Bar
3. Scroll Bar
4. Minimize Button
5. Maximize Button
6. Close Button.

Question 6.
Write down about Show Desktop button on Taskbar.
Answer:
Desktop is the first screen displayed when you start your computer. Icons, menus, dialog boxes, start button and taskbar are the part of desktop screen.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Taskbar.
Answer:
Taskbar is located at the bottom of the screen. This bar is a part of the Operating System. It allows us to start a program using the Start menu. This bar always remains visible during working in any application. We can navigate through Active programs using the taskbar. The area on the right side of the taskbar is called “Notification Area”. This area allows us to check date and time, items running in the background etc.

The taskbar was first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and is found in all subsequent versions of Windows. We can have a look of taskbar and it’s all parts as under:

All these parts of the taskbar are having their own functions. Let’s discuss the use of each one of them. It has a logo of windows on it. It is the first item on Taskbar. Its icon is :

(i) Start Button : We can start any application and program with the help of the Start button.

(ii) Quick Launch Bar : This section of the taskbar enables us to launch
programs without locating them from the Start menu. It is located next to the Start button. –

(iii) System Tray : It is located at the right side of Taskbar. It contains miniature icons for easy access to system functions such as fax, printer,
modem, volume etc.

(iv) Notification Area : This area is a part of the taskbar that provides notifications and status of devices. It can also be used to display icons for system and program features that are not on the desktop.

(v) Clock : At the end of taskbar, Clock is displayed where Current Time and Date can be seen. We can change Time and Date by clicking on it. It requires Administration access to change the Time or Date.

(vi) Active Programs : This area of taskbar is between quick access bar and System Tray area. In this area of taskbar, all the active programs appeared as an icon and we can easily navigate among them.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Recycle Bin ?
Answer:
Icons are the small pictures on the desktop. These icons represent a file or a program or folder on the computer. The user has to click on this icon to open.dat file or program. The following types of icons are available on Windows desktop.

1. My Computer : This icon is used to assess the hard disc of the computer. This icon opens a window on the computer screen which displays all the hard disks attached to the computer and other removable media such as pen drives or CDs. The user can work in this window.

2. Network : This icon is used to connect to the network location attached to this computer system. This icon is used when the computer is connected to a local area. This icon displays icons of all the computer systems which are connected to users’ computers through Local area networks. The user can go to the other computer and work on files.

3. Recycle Bin : Recycle Bin is a folder which works like a dustbin. In this folder contains all the deleted files, folder, icons on the computer. When anything is not required on the computer system the user can delete that item. That item is shifted to the recycle bin folder. If the user deletes an item accidentally he can restore that item from the recycle bin.

4. Users File : This icon is used to assess the current user data. Thus it can hold all the default locations for the different types of files. It may include my documents, my pictures, my videos desktop etc. The name of this icon changes as per the user logged in.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 2 Computer Components Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 2 Computer Components

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Computer Components Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Which part of the computer system accepts input from the user?
(a) Input Unit
(b) Output Unit
(c) Control Unit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Input Unit

Question 2.
Which is a part of the CPU?
(a) Control Unit
(b) Memory Unit
(c) ALU
(d) All of above
Answer:
(d) All of above

Question 3.
Which memory stores permanent data in computer system ?
(a) Primary Memory
(b) RAM
(c) Secondary Memory
(d) All of above.
Answer:
(c) Secondary Memory

Question 4.
Which is a most powerful type of computer ?
(a) Mainframe Computer
(b) Mini Computer
(c) Micro Computer
(d) Super Computer.
Answer:
(d) Super Computer

Question 5.
Which part of computer system gives result as an output to the user ? ‘
(a) Memory
(b) Input Unit
(c) Control Unit
(d) Output Unit.
Answer:
(d) Output Unit.

2. Write the Full Forms

Question 1.
ALU?
Answer:
ALU – Arithmetic and LgicaI Unit.

Question 2.
CPU?
Answer:
CPU – Central Processing Unit

Question 3.
LCD?
Answer:
LCD – liquid Crystal Display

Question 4.
RAM?
Answer:
RAM – Randoni Access Memory

Question 5.
ROM?
Answer:
ROM – Read Only Memory

Question 6.
CU?
Answer:
CU – Central Unit

Question 7.
MU?
Answer:
MU – Memory Unit

Question 8.
IPO?
Answer:
IPO – Input Processing Output.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of parts of CPU.
Answer:
The names of three parts of CPU are :

• Input Unit
• Processing Unit
• Output Unit.

Question 2.
What are the types of memories ?
Answer:
The types of memories are :

1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

Question 3.
What are Secondary Storage Devices ?
Answer:
Secondary storage devices are the devices which are not directly accessible by CPU. These are used to store the data and instructions for a long time. These devices are magnetic and optical in nature. The storage capacity of these devices is more than primary memory. They have less cost and speed than primary memory.

Question 4.
What is the function of ALU ?
Answer:
The functions of ALU are to perform arithmetic and logical units. All the calculations are done by this part of the CPU. This part is also responsible for making comparisons.

Question 5.
What is Micro-Computer?
Answer:
Micro computers are used computers which use microprocessors as CPU. Micro or personal computers are the most common computers. These are the computers which are used in homes, schools and offices. These computers are small in size and the cost of this computer is very less.

Question 6.
What are different categories of Computers ?
Answer:
The different categories of computers are:

1. Microcomputer
2. Mini Computer
3. Mainframe Computer
4. Supercomputer

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Block Diagram of Computer ? Define its Components.
Answer:
Block Diagram of Computer is a Graphical representation of various steps involved in working of computers. The main parts shown in this block diagram are Input Unit, Processing Unit and Output Unit. The Processing Unit is divided into three parts namely Memory Unit, Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit.
The Central Processing Unit of a computer system is divided into three parts.

1. Memory Unit
2. Control Unit
3. Arithmetic and Logical Unit

1. Memory Unit:
This unit is also known as storage unit. This unit holds the data and instruction in it. It can store data and instruction temporary and permanently. Many types of memories are used in this unit for special purposes. These memories vary in size, storage capacity, nature of operation, speed and cost.

2. Control Unit:
Control Unit is meant for controlling all the activities of the computer. This unit works as the brain of a computer. It performs all the operations given in the form of instructions. It also controls the functioning of other components of the computer. It controls both input and output units also.

3. Arithmetic and Logical Unit:
This is the third part of the Central Processing Unit. This unit is related to performing all the arithmetic and logical operations. A lot of calculations are done by computer in each type of work. All these calculations are done by this unit of CPU. Part of Central Processing Unit is integrated within the processor.

Question 2.
How Computer Works ? Explain each term in detail.
Answer:
The process of processing the data is called the processing cycle of a computer. It is the way of processing within a computer system. Three Steps are Involved in this cycle.

1. Input:
This part is related with input of data and instruction. Computers cannot work without proper input. To enter the necessary data and instructions in the computer input unit is required. Man can enter the data and instruction in its own language and that is converted into computer languages by this input unit. There are many types of input devices used for input. Keyboard is the most common input device used to enter textual data. The second common device for input is the mouse. This device is used to point a special part on the screen or to select a command with mouse pointer. The Other common devices which are used for input are microphone, touch screen, scanner etc.

2. Processing :
Processing is the process of acting according to given instructions. This is the main task done by computer as it gets instructions from the computer. The main aim of Computer is to work as per the given instructions. This task is done by the processor of the computer. The processor is just like the brain of a human being. This processor is also known as the Central Processing Unit.

3. Output :
After processing, the data is converted into some information. The user of the computer needs that information from the computer as its result. This result is shown to the user using output devices. The most common output device is a monitor. The other output devices are speaker, printer and plotters.

Activity

Write the given Items in their respective Category :

1. RAM
2. Keyboard
3. Mouse
4. ROM
5. Hard Disk Drive
6. Printer
7. Microphone
8. Speaker
9. USB Pen Drive
10. Monitor/LCD.

Answer:

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Computer Components Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
…………… is the process of entering data and instructions to the computer.
(a) Input Devices
(b) Output Devices
(c) CPU
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Input Devices

Question 2.
The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as ……………….
(a) Memory
(b) Storage
(c) Processing
(d) Output.
Answer:
(a) Memory

Question 3.
The process of producing results from the data for getting useful information is called ………………
(a) Input
(b) Output
(c) Processing
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Processing

Question 4.
Primary storage is also known as …………….. Memory.
(a) Secondary
(b) Main
(c) Auxiliary
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Main

Question 5.
Secondary storage is also called ……………. storage.
(a) Secondary
(b) Main
(c) Auxiliary
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Auxiliary.

2. Write the Full Forms
1. I/O
2. IPO
Answer.
1. I/O – input/Output
2. IPO – input Processing Output

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw the diagram of basic functions of a Computer.
Answer:
The five important functions/operations performed by computer are :

1. Take Input: Computer receives data and instructions from user.
2. Save : Computer save the information.
3. Processing : Computer processes the data.
4. Output: Computer gives output after processing.
5. Control: Computer controls different parts and all operations.

Question 2.
Name the parts of CPU Unit.
Answer:
The three parts of CPU Unit are:

1. Arithmetic logic unit.
2. Main Memory unit.
3. Control unit.

Question 3.
What is Memory ? Name two types of memory.
Answer:
The storage capacity of computer is called memory.

Memory are of two types:
1. RAM – Random Access Memory:
The primary storage is referred to as random access memory (RAM) because it is possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory directly store and retrieve data. It takes some time to any address of the memory as the first address. It is also called read/write memory.

2. ROM:
ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.

Question 4.
Describe about Laptop.
Answer:
Laptop is a portable personal computer. It is light in weight and small enough. It is very easy to operate in a person’s lap. It has its own battery and can be charged easily as required. It can be carried while travelling.

Question 5.
What is Tablet ?
Answer:
Tablet is very thin portable computer. It is usually battery powered. It has a touch screen as the primary interface of an input device. It has no keyboard and mouse.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss about Primary Memory.
Answer:
Primary memory is also known as main memory of Computer System. It is directly accessible memory by Microprocessor which is a control unit of CPU. All the instructions and data must be present in primary memory before processing. This memory is also known as main memory of computer. There are two types of primary memories used within the computer.

RAM (Random Access Memory):
This primary memory is the main memory of computer. It is very fast memory of computer. All instructions and data are stored here during processing. This memory is volatile in nature i.e. all contents stored in this memory are lost when power goes off. This device cannot hold data permanently.

ROM (Read Only Memory):
This memory is a permanent memory attached on the motherboard of computer system. Content stored in it cannot be changed as it is read only memory. This memory hold instructions and data required for computer system to start. No write operation is allowed on this memory.

Question 2.
Discuss about Secondary Memory.
Answer:
Secondary Memory
Secondary storage is called auxiliary storage. It is a permanent memory of computer system. As we studied earlier, primary memory RAM is not permanent and ROM do not allow user to store any data on it. So, to provide permanent storage in computer, we use secondary storage devices. This memory is not directly accessible by the processor. It is for storing data not in active use. So it is called non-volatile memory. In a personal computer, secondary storage typically consists of hard disk drive and many removable media like CD, DVD or USB Pen Drive etc.

Question 3.
Explain Control Unit.
Answer:
Central Processing Unit of a computer system can be divided into three parts:-

1.  Memory Unit (MU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

1. Memory Unit:
Memory Unit of a computer system is also known as “Storage Unit”. It holds data and instructions in computer system. There are several types of memories. Each of them is having its different role to perform. Their size, storage capacity, nature of operation and speed make them different from each other.

2. Control Unit:
The control unit is the brain of computer. It performs all the operations given in the form of input instructions or programs. It also controls the functioning of all other components of computer. It accepts all the instruction from input unit and generates series of control signals according to the input instructions given. These Control Signals then operate the other parts of the computer. This is the main function of Control unit.

3. Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU):
This is a core component of computer CPU. As per its name, it performs all the arithmetic and logic related tasks during processing. In digital computer, all the operations are performed logically and contain a lot of calculations to be processed. Processing of arithmetic operations and all logical operations like AND, OR, NOT etc. are done by this part of CPU. This part of computer system is integrated within the “Microprocessor”.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 1 Introduction To Computer Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 1 Introduction To Computer

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Introduction To Computer Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Computer is a/an ……………
(a) Electronic Machine
(b) Mechanical Machine
(c) Magnetic Machine
(d) All of above.
Answer:
(a) Electronic Machine

Question 2.
Computers can do ……………
(a) Calculations
(b) Accept data and instructions
(c) Storage
(d) All of above
Answer:
(d) All of above

Question 3.
Computer performs its operations with high ……………
(a) Speed
(b) Accuracy
(c) Efficiency
(d) All of above.
Answer:
(d) All of above

Question 4.
In banks, computer is used for ……………
(a) Keeping the bank safe
(b) Keeping Account records.
(c) Keeping bank clean
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Keeping Account records

Question 5.
Time taken by computer to do a work can be measured in ……………
(a) Minutes
(b) Hours
(c) Milliseconds
(d) Days.
Answer:
(c) Milliseconds

Question 6.
In Education, a computer is used for ……………
(a) Preparing Notes
(b) Preparing results
(c) Preparing Reports
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 7.
Which one of these is a limitation of Computer
(a) Speed
(b) Accuracy
(c) No IQ
(d) Diligence.
Answer:
(c) No IQ.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Computer.
Answer:
Computer is an electronic device which gets the data and instructions from the user. It processes the data as per given instructions and gives the result in the desired form. Computer can be defined as :
A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data as input from the user and processes the data under the control of a set of instructions and gives the result as an output.

Question 2.
Explain the uses of computer in Education Field.
Answer:
Students and teachers are using computers in their education. Teachers use computers to teach the students and students use computers to prepare their notes, making drawing and making projects etc. The internet is used to search study material. Results, time-table and various reports are prepared using the computer. Computers are also used for record keeping online data processing etc.

Question 3.
Write the name of any three Portable Computing Devices.
Answer:
The name of three portable computing devices are:

• Mobile phone
• Palmtop computer
• Tablets

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the characteristics of computer ?
Answer:
The main characteristics of computers are as given below :
1. Speed : Computer is a very fast machine. It can do calculation in milliseconds. It can complete days work in seconds. That is why it has reduced human effort.

2. Accuracy : Computer is an accurate machine. It never makes any mistakes. If a mistake is performed in any calculation that is
always due to human error. A computer can do any task repeatedly for thousands of times without any error.

3. Reliability : Reliability means the ability of being trusted. A computer is a reliable machine. We cannot doubt the results given by computers because they are always correct. There is no need of rechecking the results. It gives the same result every time.

4. Diligence : Computer never gets tired. It can do work for many days or even for years. During this time its efficiency does not decrease and neither it commits errors after long working. In fact, a computer is a hardworking machine.

5. Automation : Automation means to do the work automatically. Computers can be instructed to do the work without any interaction. He can be given the instructions and the computer can do work without asking anything. We just need to start the computer and ask him to do the particular work. After that it will do the whole work without asking anything.

6. Storage : The storage capacity of computers is very large. It can attach many storage devices such as hard disk, pen drive at 17 to it. it can store any type of data such as text, audio, video animation in it. We can also store the storage capacity of computers. Computers store data for a very long time.

Question 2.
Define any five applications of Computer.
Answer:
Computers are used in many areas. Some of the application areas of Computer are given below :
1. Education: Students and teachers are using computers in their education. Teachers use computers to teach the students and students use computers to prepare their notes-making, drawing and making projects etc. The internet is used to search study material, results time-table and various reports are prepared using the computer. Computers are also used for record keeping, online data processing etc. Punjab Education Department is using computer on their web portal like www.epunjabschool.gov.in, www.pseb.ac.in

2. Entertainment: Computers are a good source of entertainment also. The user can watch movies, listen song and camp. Beautiful presentations can be made on the computer. All the films made these days use computers for their special effects.

3. Sports : Computers are also used in the sports field. They are used to improve the performance of players to keep data and to evaluate the performance and to display information about various tournaments which will happen in future. Digital scoreboards are also a part of games today. The players can improve their games by analysing their record.

4. Communication : Computers have given new ways of communication. The user can make video calls, audio calls, chat using computer data and send email to their friends and relatives. Any type of data can be shared using smartphone, tablet, laptop and computers.

5. Shops : Shopkeepers are also using computers for their various works. They are using computers to manage their stock to generate purchase orders to generate bills to advertise their shop. The use of computers in shops saves a lot of time for the shopkeeper and the customer.

Question 3.
What are the limitations of Computer ?
Answer:
The main limitations of computer are as under:

• A computer cannot take decisions by itself.
• A computer cannot correct wrong instructions.
• Computer cannot do any work without instruction from the user.
• It does not have feelings or IQ (Intelligence Quotient).
• It does not have knowledge and experience like a human being.
• Computer can not start work until asked.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Portable Computing Devices ? Explain any three of them.
Answer:
Portable devices are those devices which can be easily carried from one place to another. Technology has given us many portable devices. Some of them are explained below :
1. Mobile Phone or Smart Phone :
It is the most common portable computing device used in these days. Each one is using their mobile phones these days. Smart phones can do a lot of calculation work and processing. Their speed is also very fast. Modern mobile phones are equipped with camera, large storage capacity and high processing speed. They can be used in education, business trading, entertainment, gaming etc. Mobile phones are very small devices. It can be carried in our pockets. There are a lot of mobile phones available in the market with different features.

2. Tablet Computer :
It is a small computer. It is mainly known as a tablet. If the battery is used in this tablet. It has a touch screen which is used to give input and get the output. Tablets can be used for many purposes. Most of the students are using tablets in their education at home as well as at their schools.

3. Palmtop Computer :
Palmtop computer is a small size computer which can be placed on our palm. This computer has a small screen and small keyboard. It is just like a mobile phone having a keyboard. These computers are not very popular these days. These computers were used for limited purposes only.

Question 5.
Explain the uses of Computer.
Answer:
The applications of Computer are :

1. We can do mathematical calculations on the computer.
2. We can play games on the computer.
3. We can draw pictures on the computer.
4. We can listen to songs and watch films on the computer.
5. We can use computers to print books and newspapers.
6. We can use computers to book our tickets to travel in trains, buses and airplanes.
7. We can check the arrival and departure time of trains, buses and airplanes with the help of a computer.
8. We can check the weather conditions of any place before travelling.
9. We can print reports, results of our school or time-table.
10. We can store our data into a computer for future use.

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Introduction To Computer Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
…………… is an electronic machine.
(a) TV
(b) Typewriter
(c) Computer
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Computer

Question 2.
The speed of computer is …………..
(a) Fast
(b) Slow
(c) Medium
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Fast

Question 3.
Computer has very large ……………
(a) Speed
(b) Memory
(c) Display
(d) Keyboard.
Answer:
(b) Memory

Question 4.
In business computers are used to prepare …………….
(a) Cash
(b) Tickets
(c) Books of accounts
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Books of Accounts

Question 5.
Computers are used in Education by………… and ………….
(a) Teachers, Students
(b) Businessman, Banker
(c) Parents, Children
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Teachers, Students.

2. True or False

Question 1.
Computer can perform Mathematical Calculations.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Computer cannot take decision itself.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Computer doesn’t have storage capacity.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
A computer cannot correct wrong instructions.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Computer is an electronic machine which receives input, processes it and gives output.
Answer:
True

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a computer ?
Answer:
A computer is an electronic device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output.
Computers are not very intelligent devices, but they handle instructions flowlessly and fast. They must follow explicit directions from both the user and computer programmer. Computers are really nothing more than a very powerful calculator with some great accessories.

Question 2.
Give definition of computer.
Answer:
The computer is a digital electronic machine that processes data to give information. A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that concept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for further use.

Question 3.
What can we do on a computer ?
Answer:
A computer accepts input, processes data, stores data and produces output. Computer can perform the following functions :

• Mathematical calculation
• Desktop Publication
• Play Games
• Drawing
• Multimedia
• Booking of Railway and Airplane Tickets
• In Banks
• In Medicine etc.
• Libraries Automation
• Shops Automation
• Domestic work.

Question 4.
How a Computer is helpful in Health and Medicine?
Answer:
Computers are necessary in every area of health and medicine, The following are the important tasks in health and medicine where computer is used:

For maintaining patient history and records.
As an aid in operation theatre.
Also used for patient monitoring and diagnosis of diseases.
For taking appointment of doctor.

Question 5.
How a computer is helpful in Banks?
Answer:
In bank, computers are used to maintain records of loans, customers, credits and also used in ATM’s.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down about the fields where a Computer can be used ?
Answer:
Following are the uses of computer in Modern Times:

• We can do mathematical calculations on the computer.
• We can play games on the computer.
• We can draw pictures on the computer.
• We can listen to songs and watch films on the computer.
• We can use computers to print books and newspapers.
• We can use computers to book our tickets to travel in trains, buses and airplanes.
• We can check the arrival and departure time of trains. buses and airplanes
• with the help of a computer.
• We can check the weather conditions of any place before travelling.
• We can print reports, results of our school or time t.able.
• We can store our data into a computer for future use.

Question 2.
Write down characteristics of a Computer.
Answer:

Speed : Computer is a very fast machine. It can do calculation in milliseconds. It can complete days work in seconds. That is why it has reduced human effort.

Accuracy : Computer is an accurate machine. It never makes any mistakes. Ifa mistake is performed in any calculation that is always due to human
error. A computer can do any task repeatedly for thousands of times without any error.

Reliability: Reliability means the ability of being trusted. A computer is a reliable machine. We cannot doubt the results given by computers because they are always correct. There is no need of rechecking the results. It gives the same result every time.

Diligence : Computer never gets tired. It can to do work for many days or even for years. During this time its efficiency does not decrease and neither it commits errors after long working. In fact, a computer is a hardworking machine.

Automation : Automation means to do the work automatically. Computers can be instructed to do the work without any interaction. He can be given the instructions and the computer can do work without asking anything. We just need to start the computer and ask him to do the particular work. After that it will do the whole work without asking anything.

Storage : The storage capacity of computers is very large. It can attach many storage devices such as hard disk, pen drive at 17 to it. It can store any type of data such as text. audio, video, animation in it. We can also store the storage capacity of computers. Computers store data for a very long time.

Question 3.
Write down the limitations of a Computer.
Answer:

Computers are capable of doing a lot of work. But, after all this is a machine and unable to do some tasks. These kinds of tasks are considered as limitations of computers.

Some of the main limitations of computer are as under:

• A computer cannot take decisions by itself.
• A computer cannot correct wrong instructions.
• Computer cannot do any work without instruction from the user.
• It does not have feelings or IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
• It does not have knowledge and experience like a human being.
• Computer can not start work until asked.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology  Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Emergence of Sociology Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
Who is regarded as the ‘Father of Sociology’?
Answer:
Auguste Comte is regarded as the ‘Father of SocioloH’

Question 2.
Name the two vital factors for the establishment of Sociology as a separate social science.
Answer:
French revolution, progress of natural sciences, industrial revolution and the process of urbanisation are the vital factors for the establishment of Sociology as a separate social science.

Question 3.
From which two words the word ‘Sociology’ came and in which year the subject Sociology emerged ?
Answer:
The word ‘Sociology’ came from the Latin word ‘Soeio’ means society and the Greek word ‘Logos’ which means study. The subject of Sociology
emerged in the year 1839.

Question 4.
Name the two schools regarding the scope of Sociology.
Answer:
There exist two schools regarding the scope of Sociology and these are Formalistic school and Synthetic school.

Question 5.
What is industrialisation ?
Answer:
Industrialisation is that age of social and economic change which converted human society from rural to industrial.

Question 6.
Name two scholars who contributed in the development of Sociology in India.
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye, Radha Kama! Mukherjee, M.N. Srinivas, A.R. Desai etc.

Answer the following short Answer Questions in 30-35 words each

Question 1.
What is the meaning of Sociology ?
Answer:
Science of society is known as Sociology. Groups, institutions, associations, organisations, interactions of individuals are studied scientifically in Sociology. In simple words, ‘Sociology’ is the scientific study of Society.

Question 2.
State two important changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.
Answer:
(i) Due to the industrial revolution, the production of goods moved to large industries from homes where goods were produced on a large scale.
(ii) Urbanisation also increased and many problems originated in cities such as more population, pollution, traffic, crimes etc. ‘

Question 3.
What is Positivism ?
Answer:
The concept of positivism was given by Auguste Comte. According’ to him, positivism is a scientific method in which there is no place of imagination while understanding and defining any subject matter. In this, every thing about any subject is understood with experiment, classification, comparison and historical method.

Question 4.
What is Scientific method ?
Answer;
Scientific method is a method to attain knowledge with the help of which study is conducted in a scientific way. It is a collective effort which collects different phenomenon with which science is formed.

Question 5.
Define objectivity.
Answer:
When any social scientist studies without any partiality, it is known as objectivity. It is very important for a social scientist to remain objective because in its absence, his study can become biased and will become useless.

Question 6.
Discuss the issue of the hope and subject matter of Sociology.
Answer:
There prevail two schools about the scope of sociology. First school is the Formalistic school which says that sociology studies the forms of social relations and that’s why it is a special science. Second school is Synthetic school which says that sociology is the mixture of other social sciences. So it is a general science.

Question 7.
What are scientific methods employed by sociologists to study its subject matter ?
Answer:
Sociologists use many scientific methods to study their subject matter and these methods are Sampling method, Observation method, Interview method, Schedule method, Questionnaire method, Case study method etc.

Answer the following long Answer Questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
In what way is the Formalistic School of thought different from Synthetic School ?
Answer:
(i) Formalistic School : According to the thinkers of Formalistic school, Sociology is a special science which studies the forms of social relations. No other social science studies such forms of social relationships. That’s why it is not a general science but a special science. Major exponents of this school are Max Weber, George Simmel, Vierkandt, Von Wiese, Richard etc.

(ii) Synthetic School : According to the thinkers of this school, Sociology is not a special science but a genernal science. It borrows and studies the subject matter of other social sciences. That’s why it is a general science. Major exponents of this school are Emile Darkheim, Hobhouse, Sorokin etc.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly the importance of Sociology.
Answer:

1. Sociology helps in conducting a scientific study of society.
2. Sociology helps in making plans of social welfare as after studing society in a scientific manner, iff gives us a clear picture of society.
3. Sociology explains the importance of different social institutions in our lives that how they contribute in the formation of an individual’s personality.
4. After studying social problems, sociology tells us the ways to eradicate such problems.
5. Sociology also helps in understanding different cultures.

Question 3.
In what way did the French Revolution have a great impact on society?
Answer:
French Revolution started in 1789 A.D. and it brought great changes in French society. Political system changed and it brought changes in social structure. Even before the revolution many philosophers gave their views on change. In this way the seeds of Sociology were sowed and need was felt to study society in a scientific way. Views of different scholars laid its foundation and the work of bringing Sociology in front was completed by Auguste Comte who himself was a French citizen.

Question 4.
In what way did the Industrial Revolution have a great impact on society?
Answer:
Industrial revolution brought forward many good and bad changes in society and social system. Many new issues such as cities, industries, urban problems came forward during those days and these issues laid the foundation of sociology. This was the time when earlier Sociologists like Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber etc. come into being and Sociology depends upon the ideas and theories given by them. The impacts of industrial revolution are hidden behind the ideas given by earlier Sociologists. In this way industrial revolution brought many changes in society and consequently played a great role in the emergence of Sociology.

Question 5.
Sociology makes use of scientific methods in its subject matter. Explain.
Answer:
Sociology uses many scientific methods for the study of social facts. It uses many scientific methods Like Comparative method, Historical method, Case Study method, Verstehen method, Observation, Interview, Schedule, Questionnaire etc. and solves the social problems. All these methods are scientific in nature. Knowledge of Sociology is systematic which is obtained by using scientific method.

Answer the following long answer Questions in 250-300 words each :

Question 1.
What do you mean by Sociology ? Highlight the scope of Sociology.
Answer:
In simple words Sociology is the scientific study of society in which mutual relations of humans are studied. Sociology studies mutual actions of human behaviour. It also tries to understand how different groups came into being, how they developed, how they came to an,end and then again came into being. In Sociology different methods, customs, groups, traditions and institutions are being studied.

Auguste Comte, a French philosopher is known as the father of Sociology. His famous book ‘Positive Philosophy’ was published during 1830-1842 in 6 different volumes. In this book he gave the name of Sociology to that science which studies the relations of society. This subject was started in 1839.

If we will see the literal meaning of Sociology then we can say that it has been made by two words ‘Socio’ and ‘Logos’. Meaning of ‘Socio’ is society and the meaning of ‘Logos’ is science. ‘Socio’ word is taken from Latin language and ‘Logos’ word is taken from Greek language. In this way literal meaning of Sociology is science of society. The science which studies the relations of society is known as Sociology.

Definitions:
(1) According to Giddings, “Sociology is the systematic description and explanation of society viewed as a whole.”
(2) According to Maclver and Page, “Sociology is about social relationship, the network of relationship we call society.”
(3) According to Durkheim, “Sociology is the science of social institutions, their genesis and development.”
(4) According to Ginsberg, “Sociology is the study of human interactions and consequences.”
(5) According to Max Weber, “Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action.”

After studying these given definitions we can say that Sociology studies society scientifically. It also studies human social relations and their functions. Sociology also tells us that all the customs of humans, which connect them with each other, are studied by Sociology. .

Scope of Sociology:
Sociology studies society and society is the web of social relationships. Society is an unbreakable system. In its structure many classes, groups, associations, schools, institution etc. are included. When we say that Sociology studies the society, it means that a sociologist studies all the groups, institutions, associations etc. After analysing their origin and development, Sociology tells that how it will affect social organization and disorganization. The existence of society is based on the fact that how different parts of society change themselves according to others. About this we can come to know by the study of interactions of groups.

While studying society, sociologist also studies non-societai issues like the effect of physical environment on society. In this way it also studies the relation of social and non-social issues. This list is very long that which thing does it study. If we will study the literature of Sociology then we will come to know that different sociologists have different views about scope of its subject matter. To express the subject matter of Sociology two different views are there. According to the exponents of first view, Sociology is a special science but according to exponents of other view, Sociology is a simple or general science. It means that two opposite schools are there which gave the subject matter of Sociology in their own way.

These are given below:
1. Formalistic School-Sociology is a special science.
2. Synthetic School-Sociology is a general science.

1. Formalistic School:
Sociology is a special kind of science. Supports of Formalistic School are George Simmel, Tonnies, Richard, Von Wiese, Vier Kandt, Max Weber. According to these sociologists, Sociology is also a special science like other social sciences. Supporters of this school are limiting the study of Sociology to the forms of social relationships and they call it as a science. According to them, no other social science studies the forms of social relationships, just sociology is a science which studies the form of social relationships. That’s why it is a special science.

According to the supporters of this school, Sociology is a special science because it only studies forms of social relationships and forms and content are different things. To keep its special existence, Sociology studies the forms of social relationship, not the content. In this way Sociology is the scientific study of forms of human relationships. Because the supporters of this school give stress on form, that’s why it is known as formalistic school.

(i) Views of Simmel. According to Simmel, Sociology is a special science because Sociology studies the forms of social relationship but other social sciences study the content of these relationships. According to Simmel, the difference between Sociology and other social sciences is because of their different points of view. Any collective social phenomenon can be studied by any of the social sciences. In this way to become a special science, Sociology studies those parts which other social sciences do not study. According to Simmel, there are two forms of interactions :

(a) Abstract form
(b) Concrete form.

Social relationships like competition, conflict, domination, subordination, division ofTabour etc. are abstract forms of interaction. According to Simmel, Sociology studies scientifically these abstract forms. No other social science studies them. Except this Sociology is related with other social sciences in the same way in which Geometry is related with natural sciences. It means that Geometry studies the local forms of physical objects and natural sciences study the content of those physical objects. In this way when Sociology studies the social relationships then other social sciences study their content like natural sciences. In this way the abstract form of human behaviour is studied by Sociology and that’s why it is known as special science.

In this way according to Simmel, Sociology studies forms and the abstract forms of social relationships which differentiate it from other social sciences. That’s why it is a special science.

(ii) Views of Vierkandt. Vierkandt has also related Sociology with a special branch of knowledge in which he has taken forms of mental relationships and humans of a society. According to him, man cannot produce and establish relations with others without his imagination, wishes, dreams and community instincts. For example we can take the feeling of competition.

Different players have feeling of competition with each other and teachers also have feeling of competition with each other and students also have the same type of feeling. Here we can say that mental relationship in competition is same, yet feelings are not same. According to Vierkandt, Sociology studies social relationship by differentiating it from1 forms of mental relations. So because of*this he called sociology as a special science.

(iii) Views of Von Weise. In all of his writings Von Weise stressed on the fact that Sociology is a special science. He was of the view that forms of social relationships can be studied by differentiating it from its content. According to him, “Sociology is the study of social or inter-human processes.” From this point of view Sociology has limited scope on the basis of which we can differentiate it from other social sciences.

Sociology does not collect the results or conclusions of other social sciences as it is but it collects the whole information of social life and takes it into its subject matter. He gave two types of social relationships and classified their forms. It will be very easy to understand this thinking with his classification. In this way Von Weise gave stress on the fact that Sociology is a special science.

(iv) Views of Max Weber. Max Weber was also of the view that according to formalistic school, the scope of Sociology is very limited. According to Weber, Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action. According to him we cannot call all the actions of society as social action. Only that action is social with which the behaviour of other persons is affected.

For example if two or more than two persons collide with each other then this is a natural phenomenon but their those efforts with which they differentiate from each other is their social behaviour. According to Weber, Sociology is related with the analysis and classification of types of social relationships. In this way according to Weber the aim of Sociology is to understand and explain social behaviour. That’s why it is a special science.

2. Synthetic School:
According to the thinkers of Synthetic school, Sociology is a general science. According to them the scope of study of Sociology is very wide. That’s why different aspects of social life like political, cultural, psychological, economical are studied by different social sciences like Political Science, Anthropology, Psychology, Economics.

But except these special sciences which study a special aspect, we need a general social science which can tell us about the general conditions of social life on the basis of results given by a special types of science. This school is totally different from Formalistic school because thinkers of this school stress on the concrete form of social relationships. According to this school we cannot understand social relationship without the help of other social sciences. Main supporters of this school are Sorokin, Durkheim and Hobhouse.

1. Views of Sorokin. Sorokin criticised the views of the formalistic school and accepted Sociology as a general science. According to him, Sociology studies the relationship of different parts of social phenomenon. Secondly, it also studies the social and unsocial-relationships and it also studies the general features of social phenomenon. In this way according to him, “Sociology is a general science of socio-cultural phenomenon views in their generic forms, types and many folded inter connection.” In this way Sociology studies common socio-cultural phenomenon from generalizing point of view.

2. Views of Hobhouse. Hobhouse also accepted the views of Sorokin about the functions of Sociology. According to him, Sociology is the mixture of many social sciences but it studies the whole of»social life. Yet Sociology studies differently the different parts of society but it cannot separate any part from society and it cannot attain complete knowledge without the help of other social sciences.

Actually every social science is related with other in one Way or the other. History is related with Psychology, Psychology with Political Science, Political Science with Sociology etc. In this way Sociology is known as general science of all of these because it studies completely the human social life, and because of which it is related with other sciences.

3. Views of Durkheim. According to Durkheim, all social institutions are related with each other and we cannot study them by separating them from each other. Sociology is dependent upon other social sciences for the study of society. According to him, we can divide Sociology in three parts :

• Social Morphology
• Social Physiology
• General Sociology.

The first part is related with humans such as size of population and division. Second part is very complex and further is divided in many parts like sociology of religion, sociology of economics, sociology of law, political sociology. All these sciences study different parts of social life but their point of view is always social. In third part social laws are formulated. In this way according to these views of Durkheim, Sociology is a general science because it is related with the study of every type of institution and social processes.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Sociology ? Discuss the nature of Sociology.
Answer:
Meaning of Sociology:

1. According to Giddings, “Sociology is the systematic description and explanation of society viewed as a whole.”
2. According to Maciver and Page, “Sociology is about social relationship. the network of relationship we call society.”
3. According to Durkheim, “Sociology is the science of social institutions, their genesis and development.”
4. According to Ginsberg, “Sociology is the study of human interactions and consequences.”
5. According to Max Weber, “Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action.”

After studying these given definitions we can say that Sociology studies society scientifically. It. àlso studies human social relations and their functions. Sociology also tells us that all the customs of humans, which connect them with each other, are studied by Sociology.

Nature of Sociology :
Sociology is a science but after the following discussion it will become clear that features of science exist in the nature of Sociology.

1. Sociology uses scientific methods. Sociology uses scientific methods for the study of social facts. These methods are historical method, comparative method, case study method, experimental method, ideal type, verstehen etc. These methods of Sociology are made on the basis of scientific method. Sociology uses all the steps of scientific method to find facts like all the natural sciences are using. The base of all those methods is scientific and all these methods are used in Sociology. In present age except these methods, some other methods are also used in Sociology. So in this way if we can use scientific method in the study of Sociology then we can call it as a science.

2. Sociology explains the causal-effect relations. Sociology not only collects the facts but also tries to know their causal-effect relationships. It just not tries to know that ‘why it is’ but it also tries to know about ‘Why’ and ‘How’. It means it tries to know about reasons and results of different facts. For example if any sociologist is studying the problem of unemployment or low status of women then he is just not limiting himself to the collection of data related with that problem but he also tries to know about why this problem came into being and what are its results. It means that why and how this problem came into being. So on the basis of giving explanation of causal-effect relations we can call it a science.

3. Sociology only explains ‘what is’. It does not explain about what should be. Sociology expresses different social facts and phenomena in their original form, the form in which it has seen them. It observes social facts with objectivity and does not accept any fact without reason. It explains subject in its real form and explains ‘what is’ When sociologist studies social phenomena then he does not accept social fact without any reason.

He restricts himself only with the explanation of truth, the way in which Physical Sciences do while studying physical processes. In this way when sociologist studies social processes then he studies and explains without any other effect. In this way Sociology is also known as Positive Science because in this we study any social phenomenon on the basis of facts. So that’s why we can call it as a science.

4. Sociology studies anything with objectivity. In Sociology all facts are observed without any bias. Sociologist tries to study facts and phenomena with objectivity and on the basis of any reason. According to his nature, man can be biased. His interests, habits, feelings can come in study but sociologist studies everything with objectivity and does not bring his likings and dislikings in his study.

The study of any society by Sociology is always based on objectivity because sociologist tries to study on the basis of social facts. For example, if he studies the problem of caste system he keeps his beliefs, thoughts and feelings away from his study. If he will not then it will be difficult to find solution of that problem. Sociologist tries to observe any problem with objectivity and on the basis of this we can call it a Science.

5. Sociology uses Laws and Coincepts. Sociologist also uses scientific methods. The laws and concepts of Sociology are universal but because of changes in Sociology these also changed with the passage of time. But some concepts are there which are same everywhere in every time. If there will be no change in Sociology then these laws can be applicable in all ages. Except this by using scientific methods we can also study any topic many times with which we can come to know about social reality. That’s why we can call it a science.

6. Sociology can predict. We can predict with the help of Sociology. If any problem arises in Society then Sociology not only collects subject matter related with that problem but it gives the result of that problem after its analysis. It also tells us that how it will affect that society and which type of problem will be faced by that society.

7. Laws of Sociology are verifiable. Laws of Sociology are not applicable for a long time. That’s why their truth is verified in different conditions. Sociologists use some of the scientific methods in its study. It is not necessary that the results given by one sociologist will be approved by other. He can verify those results again by using scientific methods.

8. Sociology also signals towards ‘what it will be’ on the basis of ‘what is’ Sociology also signals towards ‘what it will be’ on the basis of ‘what is’. Sociology has the capacity to think about future on the basis of past and present phenomena. It can predict that what would be the effect of any fact in future. For example after analysing the reasons of crime sociologist can tell that what would happen if these reasons could not be removed. In short it has the capacity to predict about any social condition.

Question 3.
What were the factors responsible for the emergence of Sociology ?
Answer:
During the 18th century, many factors emerged which clearly transformed our society. Out of all such factors, three important factors are given ahead :
(i) French Revolution and the Enlightenment Movement’
(ii) The Growth of Natural Science.
(iii) Industrial Revolution and Urbanisation

Their description is given below :
(i) French Revolution and the Enlightenment Movement. In 1789, a revolution took place in France i.e. the French Revolution. This revolution in itself was first of its kind. It had a great impact on the French society because it transformed old society into the new one and feudal system into the capitalistic system. Along with the French Revolution, Enlightenment period also started and many scholars contributed in it. These scholars wrote many books and motivated the people to change the old regimes of monarchy. They challenged the authority of Church which in itself was a major religious institution of that time. They urged the people not to follow the church’s teachings and decisions blindly and start thinking on their own. It encouraged the people and they started solving their problems-in a much logical manner.

In this way, Enlightenment age thinking emerged as an important factor. It was considered an important source of critical thinking. It stressed on the democratic and independent ideas of the modern society. It greatly reduced the differences prevailing in the feudal society. It took away the authority from church and gave it to the democratic elected people. In short, Industrial Revolution of England and democratic revolution of America and France removed the existing organisational authority and paved way to the emergence of new authority.

(ii) Growth of Natural Science. During the 18th century, natural science made a great progress. Natural science attained great success. Many social thinkers got inspired and they also followed the same way. A belief emerged that if by using the methods of natural science, physical and natural phenomenon could be understtood the same process can be used while understanding social phenomenon. Many Sociologists, such as Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber etc. also advocated the usage of scientific methods while studying society. Consequently it began the usage of scientific methods in social sciences which paved way for the emergence of Sociology.

(iii) Industrial Revolution and Urbanisation. Industrial revolution also affected the emergence of Sociology. Industrial revolution started, after 1760’s, in Europe especially in England. This revolution completely transformed whole of the Europe. Initially production was done at home which after the beginning of industrial revolution, moved into’ the factories and on a large scale. Normal rural life and household industries declined and stratified urban life along with factory based production came into being. It completely changed the beliefs and views of medieval age and old society cpnvered into the modern society.

Along with this, industrialisation gave birth to urbanisation. Size of the urban centres expanded and new cities came into being. Many unending problems emerged in cities such as great rush, pollution, traffic, noise etc. Due to urbanisation, people started migrating toward cities.

Consequently they moved away from their rural atmosphere and started living in slums. Many new classes emerged in urban areas. Rich became more rich and poor became poorer. Cities also witnessed the rise in number of crime. Many scholars such as Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Max Weber, Durkheim, Simmel etc. felt the need of scientific study of society to remove newly emerged social problems. This led to the emergence and development of Sociology.

Question 4.
Why is the study of the origin and the growth of Sociology important ?
Answer:
(i) Sociology is only a new science which is still in its early stages. If we compare Sociology with other social sciences, we realise that all the other social sciences are quite old and Sociology originated only in 1839 A.D. This was the time when not only Europe but whole of the world was going through a process of transformation. Due to this process of transformation, many social problems were coming forward. It was very much necessary to get knowledge about such changes and problems. Only then the social welfare was possible. That’s why the study of the origin and growth of Sociology is important.

(ii) Many problems exist in the present day European society. If we carefully observe these problems, we realise that they originated in Europe only after the industrial revolution. Later on, other countries also started facing these problems. So, if we want to remove these problems, we need to know about the origins of Sociology which came into being during this, period.

(iii) If we want to get knowledge about any subject, first of all it is necessary to know about its origin. So, before studying Sociology, we need to know about its origin.

Question 5.
Write a note on the Enlightenment period of Sociology.
Answer:
Enlightenment period. The enlightenment period refers to the period of European intellectual history that had its beginnings in the early years of the eighteenth century and was largly over the end of the same century. Many of the most important thinkers, movements and projects associated with the Enlightenment were based in France. However Enlightenment thinkers were also active in most of the Major European states of the day, including importantly, Scotland.

The Enlightenment is widely credited with creating a new framework of ideas about human beings and their societies. During the period of the Enlightenment, there was an intense new preoccupation with the social world, which began to be seen as a specific and important realm of human activity.

This focus on the social world generated new questions about human history, political and economic activity and social interaction. These questions were asked within a recognisable paradigm. Paradigm is a set of interconnected ideas, values, principles and facts within which coherent theories are developed. Key aspects of the Enlightenment paradigm included reason, empiricism, science, universalism, progress, individualism, toleration, freedom, secularism etc.

There had been speculation about human beings and their social, political and historical circumstances. For example, in the seventeenth century, the philosopher Hobbes (1588-1679) and Locke (1632-1704) had both written extensively about social and political issues from a secular and a historical perspective.

That is, they had conceived of human affairs strictly in their own terms. They saw them as produced by human beings and as having definite historical conditions and as such they were thought to be susceptible to positive change. In other words, reflections on how and why circumstances were as they were, could lead tp change in order to improve those circumstances.

It was during the eighteenth century that people began to think more clearly about how social, economic and historical processes might be a complex phenomena with their own laws. Social, cultural and political arrangements began to be thought of as the product of complex processes that were not immediately obvious from a casual observation of the social world. In this sense, the study of societies and their development became more closely related to the scientific study of the natural world and began to draw on similar methodologies.

Two thinkers in particular were highly important in the development of these ideas : Vico (1668-1774) and Montesquieu (1689-1755). Their ‘New Science’ (1725) and ‘Spirit of the Laws’ (1748) respectively were attempts to explain how different social conditions were subject to specific cultural and material determination. In other words, complex historical (and even environmental) factors were taken into account when describing specific societies and their operation.

Rousseau was another thinker who was also quite important in the development of these ideas. He wrote a book, ‘The Social Contract’ in which he wrote that people of any country must have the right to choose their ruler. He also wrote that if people want to develop themselves then it can be done only under a government of their choosing.

Enlightenment writers rejected the idea that society and estates are the basic units of social analysis. Instead they gave the idea that individual is the basis of social analysis. According to them, individuals have the abilities, qualities and rights inherent among them and society was developed due to social contact between these individuals.

Enlightenment thinkers viewed human reason as dominant in contrast to the system thought where the questioning was discouraged and the sacred had dominated, They supported the idea that every subject of study should be allowed, no unaskable questions should be there and all aspects of human life are subject to examination and study.

Here they combined the philosophical tradition of abstract rational thought with the tradition of experimentation. The result of this combination comes in a new way. New system of human inquiry attacked the old system, it stressed on faith in science, scientific method and education, raised question over existence of existing institutions and demanded that reasonable institutions must be changed which are contrary to human nature.

All social obstacles must be eliminated which are obstacles in the way of human perfectability. The new approach was not only empirical and scientific but was philosophical as well. Enlightenment thinkers thought that the world was an object of study and people must understand and control it with reason and empirical research. Now social laws must be discovered and society must be improved with the rational and empirical inquiry. This type of thought can be called as reformist which must challenge the old order. These thinkers were very much optimistic about improving the social world with the help of new world order.

Hence a new social thought emerged due to views of Enlightenment thinkers and early sociology also emerged out of this. Auguste Comte a French philosopher, was the first one to coin the word sociology. Firstly he called it social physics which is the science to study society.

Sometime later sociologists also adopted the same idea that sociology is the science of society. The new ideas propounded by the Enlightenment thinkers paved way for the emergence and development of sociology in many ways. Many people believe that sociology emerged due to the Enlightenment ideas and the reaction of conservatives who wanted to restore the old social order.

Comte was also a part of the conservative reaction who also thought of a return to the old social order. Few early sociologists took few ideas of the Enlightenment and gave the idea that with the help of a few social reforms, old social order could be preserved. As a result, a conservative sociological school was created. Comte was the one who represented the old social order. Then it was Karl Marx who completely worked out the implications of the Enlightenment views. Karl Marx grew up in Germany where Enlightenment was of little importance as it had in Britain, France, or North America. If we observe Marxian views then we can see that these views can be seen as resulting partly from Enlightenment ideas.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 1 Emergence of Sociology

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who said that Sociology is the queen of other sciences?
(a) Comte
(b) Durkheim
(c) Weber
(d) Spencer
Answer:
(a) Comte.

Question 2.
Whose words are these : “Sociology is the illegitimate child of two languages.”?
(a) Maclver
(b) Jinsberg
(c) Bierstdt
(d) Durkheim.
Answer:
(c) Bierstdt.

Question 3.
Which of these is not the follower of synthetic school of Sociology?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Weber
(c) Hobhouse
(d) Sorokin.
Answer:
(b) Weber.

Question 4.
Which of these is the feature of nature of Sociology?
(a) It is not a practical science but a pure science.
(b) It is not a concrete science but an abstract science.
(c) It is not a neutral science but an idealistic science.
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 5.
Why is the subject matter of Sociology not fixed?
(a) Because it is an old science
(b) Because it is a new science
(c) Because background of every society is different
(d) Because social relations are not fixed.
Answer:
(d) Because social relations are not fixed.

Question 6.
Who wrote the book, “Social Order”?
(a) Maclver
(b) Simmel
(c) Robert Bierstdt
(d) Max Weber.
Answer:
(c) Robert Bierstdt

Question 7.
Who divided Sociology in Social Morphology, Social Physiology and General Sociology?
(a) Spencer
(b) Durkheim
(c) Comte
(d) Weber.
Answer:
(b) Durkheim.

Question 8.
Which of these according to Weber is correct?
(a) There is Sociology of general things
(b) Nature of Sociology is general
(c) Sociology is not a special science
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Sociology is not a special science.

Question 9.
…………… In which country the study of Sociology was started?
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) USA
(d) India.
Answer:
(c) USA.

Question 10.
Who said that the name of Sociology should be kept as ‘Ethology’?
(a) Weber
(b) Spencer
(c) J.S. Mill
(d) Comte.
Answer:
(c) J.S. Mill.

Fill in the Blanks:
1. …………… gave Sociology its name.
Answer:
Auguste Comte

2. The first printed book in Sociology was ………….
Answer:
Principles of Sociology

3. There are …………… schools of thought associated with the scope of Sociology.
Answer:
two

4. Weber belongs to ………….. school of Sociology.
Answer:
Formalistic

5. Durkheim belongs to ………….. school of Sociology.
Answer:
Synthetic

6. The Web of ………….. is known as Society.
Answer:
social relations

7. …………… called sociology as pure sociology.
Answer:
Comte.

True/False:

Question 1.
Max Weber is considered as the father of Sociology.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The word Sociology was used ffrst time in 1839.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The book Society was written by Maclver and Page.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Simmel belongs to Formalistic school of thought.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
There is no contribution of the French Revolution in the Emergence of Sociology.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Enlightenment period had a great impact on the emergence of Sociology.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
When and who coined the term Sociology ?
Answer:
Auguste Comte coined the term Sociology in 1839 A.D.

Question 2.
Who said that ‘Sociology is the queen of all the Social Sciences’?
Answer:
Auguste Comte was of the view that ‘Sociology is the queen of all the social sciences’.

Question 3.
Who wrote the book ‘Sociology’ ?
Answer:
The book ‘Sociology’ was written by Harry M. Johnson.

Question 4.
Who wrote the book ‘Society’ ?
Answer:
Maelver has written the book “Society”.

Question 5.
According to Comte, which are the major parts of Sociology ?
Answer:
According to Comte, Sociology is divided into two parts-Social statics and Social dynamics.

Question 6.
Name the two schools regarding the scope of Sociology.
Answer:
There are two schools about the scope of Sociology-Formalistic school and Synthetic school.

Question 7.
Name the major exponents of the formalistic school.
Answer:
Simmel, Vierkandt, Weber etc. are the major exponents of this school.

Question 8.
Name the major exponents of the synthetic school of Sociology.
Answer:
Durkheim, Sorokin, Hobhouse etc. are the major exponents of this school.

Question 9.
What does Sociology study?
Answer:
Sociology studies social relations and social phenomenon.

Question 10.
Who is considered as the father of Sociology?
AnsweR:
Auguste Comte is considered as the father of Sociology.

Question 11.
What is Sociology?
AnsweR:
Science which studies social relations in a systematic way is known as Sociology.

Question 12.
What is Society?
Answer:
According to Maclver and Page, “Society is the web of social relationships.”

Question 13.
Who gave the form of science to Sociology?
Answer:
French Sociologist Emile Durkheim gave the form of science to Sociology.

Question 14.
With which two words Sociology is made up?
Answer:
Sociology is made up of two words i.e. Latin word ‘Socio’ and Greek word ‘logos’.

Vary Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Meaning of Sociology.
Answer:
Science of Sociology is known as Sociology. In Sociology, groups, institutions, organisations, associations, mutual relations of individuals are studied. Most importantly it studies all these in a scientific way.

Question 2.
Name the Founding fathers of Sociology.
Answer:
Auguste Comte : He started Sociology.
Emile Durkheim : He converted Sociology into a science.
Karl Marx : He gave conflict theory to Sociology.
Max Weber : He gave action theory and many other concepts to Sociology.

Question 3.
Subject matter of Sociology.
Answer:
In the subject matter of Sociology many concepts are included and these are social order, social institutions, social process, social codes, cultures, civilization, social organisation, socialisation, status, role, social control,’ social problems etc.

Question 4.
Meaning of Society
Answer:
According to Maclver, ” Society is the web of social relationships.” It means that society is the organisation of specific type of social relations which exist among the people who live in a particular period for a long time.

Question 5.
Formalistic School.
Answer:
According to the thinkers of this school, Sociology only studies the forms of social relationships, that’s why it is a special Science. No other science studies the forms of social relationship, only Sociology does such study.

Question 6.
Synthetic School.
Answer:
According to the exponents of Synthetic school, Sociology is a general science because its subject matter is quite wide. Sociology studies whole of society and the concrete form of social relationships.

Question 7.
Importance of Sociology.
AnsweR:

• Sociology studies whole of society, by considering it as a single unit.
• Sociology helps us in understanding and solving the social problems.
• Sociology clearly helps us in understanding different cultures.

Question 8.
Sociology is a Science.-How ?
Answer:
Yes, Sociology is a science because it studies its subject matter with objectivity while studying social relations. That’s why we can call it a science.

Question 1.
Meaning of Sociology.
Answer:
French philosopher, Auguste Comte is known as the Father of Sociology. Sociology has been made by two words-Socio and Logos. Meaning of Socio is society and meaning of Logos is Science. So, literal meaning of Sociology is Science of society. In simple words, Sociology scientifically studies groups, institutions, communities, associations and inter-relations of humans. It also studies the customs, traditions, mores which exist in social relations. Except these, it also studies the culture.

Question 2.
Literal Meaning of Sociology.
AnsweR:
The word Sociology is an English word. The word Sociology has been taken from two words ‘Socio’ and ‘Logus’. Socio is a Latin word whose meaning is Society and Logus is a Latin word whose meaning is Science. In this way the meaning of Sociology is Science of Society which studies the human society.

Question 3.
Who is the father of Sociology and in which year name Sociology was given by him ?
Answer:
French philosopher Auguste Comte is known as the Father of Sociology. His book ‘Positive Philosophy’ was published in six volumes between 1830 to 1842. In this book he imagined a science which should study society. To this Science he gave the name of Sociology in 1839.

Question 4.
What is Scientific Method ?
Answer:
Scientific method is the method which helps a Scientist to study any phenomena systematically and in proper sequence. In Scientific method we should select that problem which is able to be studied with this method. We should find out literature related with that problem and that should be checked.

Formulation of Hypothesis is necessary with this so that we can make our thesis on the basis of this. Except that in Scientific method we have to collect data with a proper planning so that it can be analysed and processed. Observation is the main base of Scientific method. That’s why any technique can be used and later on after recording data should be analysed and studied.

Question 5.
Is Sociology a Science ?
Answer:
Yes, Sociology is a Science because Sociology uses scientific methods to collect facts. It not only collects facts of the problem about ‘what is’ but it also studies why and ‘how’. It also tries to know about reality of Sociology. Predictions done by Sociology are proved correct. In this way from this it is clear that Sociology uses scientific method to study anything. That’s why it can be called as a Science.

Question 6.
Lack of Experimental method in Sociology.
Answer:
Subject matter of Sociology is society and it studies the human behaviour and relationships. Human behaviour is quite different from each other. If we will take relations of brother-sister, mother-father or mother-son then we will not find same behaviour of two brothers or sisters.

This type of difference does not exist in natural sciences but they have universality of nature of any element. That’s why Experimental method can be used in natural sciences because result of mixing two chemicals will be the same in the whole world. But this type of stability is very less in Sociology. That’s why we cannot use experimental method in Sociology.

Question 7.
Sociology is an independent Science. How ?
Answer:
Different Sociologists have different views about this. According to them Sociology is an independent science because it studies the whole society and it is based on sociological theories to understand its subject matter. It has its own point of view. The supporters of this view are Lesterward, Giddings, Barner etc.

Question 8.
Sociological concepts are not Universal. How ?
Answer:
Sociological concepts cannot be proved correct everywhere. It is so because one society is quite different from other society and change comes in every society at different speed. We cannot generalize the relations of sociology by studying it. That’s why in the absence of rules or concept it cannot be called as a science and if it is not a science then its concepts are not universal.

Question 9.
Scope of Sociology.
Answer:
Society is a web of social relationships and sociology studies it scientifically. In its study sociology, studies all the social classes, institutions, associations etc. About the scope and subject matter of sociology there are two types of views.
1. Formalistic School : According to this it is a special science which studies the forms of social relations. Main supporters of this school are Simmel, Weber, Small, Vierkandt, Von Wiese and Ward.

2. Synthetic School : According to this school it is a general science which studies society as a whole. Main supporters of this school are Durkheim, Hobhouse and Sorokin.

Question 10.
Lack of objectivity in Sociology.
Answer:
Sociology lacks objectivity because the Sociologist who is studying anything, is a member of any group or society and he is definitely affected by the values of that group or society. It is almost impossible for him to remove that effect and’bias can come in his study. That’s why there is lack of objectivity in Sociology.

Question 11.
Sociology cannot predict. Comment.
Answer:
Sociology cannot predict like Natural Sciences. It studies the social relations and proceses. These relations and processes are different in each society and they keep changing all the times. Because of this changing nature of subject matter of Sociology it is unable to predict. It cannot predict in that way the way in which Natural Sciences are predicting. It is so because Sociology is related with behaviours or forms of social relations which are unstable. They keep changing. So by looking at the nature of social relations we can say that we cannot bring reality in the study of social relations.

Question 12.
Who was Auguste Comte ?
Answer:
Auguste Comte is also known as the Father of Sociology. In 1839, Auguste Comte told that the way in which natural phenomenon are studied by different social sciences, in the same way there is a science which studies society and he gave it the name of Social Physics. Later on he changed the name of Social Physics to Sociology. Comte gave many concepts to Sociology like the Theory of Social Evolution, Hierarchy of Sciences, Positivism etc.

Question 13.
Write about development of Sociology in Europe.
Answer:
In the beginning of 19th Century, great French philosopher Auguste Comte gave the name of Social Physics to science of society. In 1839 he changed its name – to Sociology. J.S. Mill started sociology in England in 1843. Herbert Spencer, in his book Principles of Sociology, studied society in a scientific way.

First of all, Sociology started as an independent subject at Yale University, USA in 1876. Durkheim, through his books, developed Sociology as an independent subject. In the same way Karl Marx and Max Weber gave many theoriec to Sociology and developed it as an independent subject.

Question 14.
Enlightenment period and Sociology.
Answer:
The Enlightenment period played a very important role in the emergence of Sociology. This period started in the beginning of 18th century and remained there during the whole century. Many thinkers of this era like Vico, Montesquieu, Rousseou etc, gave many views and these views keep a very important place in the birth of sociology.

They all were of the view that the phenomenon must be studied in a scientific way and believed that everything should have a reason. They also believed that society should be developed on the basis of empirical investigation. In this way these vieWs brought forward a new social idea and earlier Sociologists came out of this idea.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the different stages of the origin of Sociology.
Answer:
An individual is a thoughtful person. Right from his early childhood, there is an urge in him to know about his surroundings. Humans collectively tried to face the problems which came in front. Due to interactions between different individuals, social relations came into being and consequently new groups came into being. Human behaviour is controlled by different customs, traditions, norms and values. In this way humans have tried to understand different aspects of society in one way or the other.

Stages of Origin and Development of Sociology:
The origin and development of Sociology can be broadly divided into four stages :

1. First Stage:
The development of Sociology can be better understood by dividing it into two parts.

(i) Vedic and Epic Era. In general sense, the origin of Sociology is widely considered to be in Europe but its history itself tells us that different saints toured India, studied the problems of people and did lot of brainstorm about this. They, as a result, developed the Varna system in Indian society. This thing is explained in the oldest religious book of the world i.e. Rigveda.

Vedas, Upnishdas, Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Geeta etc. are the scriptures through which Sociology started in India. Except Varna System, Ashrama System, Four Purusharthas, the concept of debt (Rina), joint family etc. are the institutions developed in India. Except these religious scriptures, lot of sociological explanation, about the prevailing Indian problems, is given in the Arthashastra written by Kautilya.

(ii) Studies of Greek Scholars. After Socrates, Plato (427-347 B.C.), Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) were the Greek scholars. Plato wrote ‘Republic’ and Aristole wrote ‘Ethics and Politics’ in which they described in detail about family life, customs, traditions, status of women etc. Plato studied around 50 and Aristotle studied around 150 large and small states and gave their views about political, social, religious and economic conditions prevailing during those days.

2. Second Stage:
The age from 6th century to 14th century is considered the second stage of development of Sociology. During the beginning of this stage, help of religion and philosophy was taken to understand social problems. But during 13th century, efforts were made to understand social problems on logical basis. Thomas Acquires and Dante clarified the causal-effect relationship to understand social events. In this way, the rough sketch of Sociology was made during this age.

3. Third Stage:
Third stage of the development of Sociology started in 15th century. During this age, a number of great philosophers used scientific method to study social events. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau gave Social Contract Theory. Thomas Moore in his book ‘Utopia’, Montesque in his book ‘The Spirit of Laws’ and Malthus though his ‘Theory of Population’ studied social events and gave their contribution in the development of Sociology.

4. Fourth Stage:
Great French scholar Auguste Comte, in the beginning of 19th century, gave the name of ‘Social Physics’ to Sociology. In 1838 A.D., he changed this name to Sociology. He is also known as the ‘Father of Sociology’.

J.S. Mill in 1843, started Sociology in England. Herbert Spencer in his book ‘Principles of Sociology’ and ‘Theory of Organism’ studied society through scientific method. First of all at Tale University’ in U.S.A., the study of Sociology started as an independent subject.

Emile Durkheim gave gregt contribution in the development of Sociology as an independent subject. Max Weber, Karl Marx and other sociologists gave many sociological theories. Presently in almost all the countries of World, it is trying to collect new knowledge as an independent subject.

Development of Sociology in India:
The process of development of Sociology in India can be divided into many parts :
1. Development of Sociology in Ancient India. The origin of Sociology in India came about during the ancient times. Maharishi Ved Vyas compiled four Vedas and created the epic of Mahabharta. Ramayana was also written. Except these, Upnishads, Puranas and Smritis throw a great light on ancient Indian Philosophy.

From all these scriptures, it is quite clear that the ideology and philosophy during the ancient India was of topmost quality. From these scriptures, it is also clear that the Indian social problems, needs, events, values, facts, ideals, beliefs etc. were deeply studied. Many social institutions which exist in present age, were actually originated during the ancient age.

Varna, Ashrama, Purusharthas, Religion, Samskaras, Joint family etc. are few of them. Arthashastra of Chanakya, Manu Smriti and ‘Niti Shastra’ of Shukracharya throw a great light on the customs, values, ideals etc. of ancient times.

In this way it is clear that Sociology in itself, in India, originated during the ancient age. During the Medieval age, India was ruled by the Muslims and Mughals. We can get a great deal of knowledge, through the writings of the era, about the prevailing ideology, institutions, values, customs etc.

2. Formal Establishment Era of Sociology:
The age between 1914 A.D. to 1947 A.D. is considered as the formal establishment era of Sociology in India. First of all the work of teaching Sociology at Graduate level started in 1914 A.D. in Bombay University. From 1919 A.D. onwards, the work of teaching Sociology at post-graduate level was started by ‘Patric Geddes’.

Famous Sociologist ‘G.S. Ghurye’ was one of his students. Due to the efforts of Prof. Vrijendranath Sheel, the work of teaching Sociology started in Calcutta University in 1917 A.D. Famous Sociologists Dr. Radha Kamal Mukharjee and Dr. D.N. Majumdar were his students. Yet this development till 1947 was quite slow but even then, the work of teaching Sociology was already on in almost all the universities.

3. Expansion Era of Sociology:
After the Independence in 1947, most of the Indian Universities gave their sanction to teach Sociology as an independent subject. Presently, this subject is taught in almost all the colleges and universities all across India. Except at University level, many Sociological research works are going on in different institutions.

Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai, Institute of Social Sciences Agra, Institute of Sociology and Social Work Lucknow, I.I.T Kanpur and I.I.T Delhi are fevy of the major institutions in the country where Sociological researches are going on. With these, the Sociological methods and knowledge are continually increasing.

Question 2.
Briefly describe about French Revolution and Emergence of Sociology.
Answer:
Social thought is as old as society itself, yet the. origin of Sociology is traced back to 19th century Western Europe. Sometimes Sociology is called the child of the ‘age of revolution’. The revolutionary changes in the preceding three centuries had decisively changed the way people lived thereby paving the way for the emergence of Sociology as we have today.

Sociology took birth in such a climate of social upheavel. The roots of the ideas developed by the early sociologists lie in the then social conditions that prevailed in Europe.

The modern era in Europe and the conditions of modernity were brought about by three major processes-The Enlightenment, The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. Sociology was originated due to the changes brought about by these three processes. The French Revolution and the Emergence of Sociology

The French Revolution erupted in 1789 A.D. and it marked a turning point in the history of human struggle for freedom and equality. It changed the political structure of European society. It put an end to the age of feudalism and brought forward a new order of society. It replaced the age of feudalism by announcing the arrival of democracy.

Before the French Revolution, French society was divided into three classes. First class or order was clergy. Second order was of nobles or nobility and third order was of common people. Total population of first two orders was around 2% of total but they enjoyed unlimited rights. They never paid any taxes to government. But no rights were given to third order and they had to face whole burden of all the taxes.

Description of all these three orders is given ahead :
1. The First Order-Clergy. In Europe’s social life, Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful and influential institution. Lot of land in different countries was in Church’s possession.

Except this, church used to get ten per cent (tithe) of the total produce of land. Church was cared by the Priest or Clergy which was the first order of society. Clergy was divided into two parts i.e. Upper clergy and Lower clergy. Priests of upper clergy were related with families of nobles and they had actual rights over church’s property.

Most of the part of tithe was also going in their pockets. They were given special rights and they never paid any taxes to government. They were quite rich and used to live a luxurious life. Priests of Lower clergy belonged to families of general classes. They used to perform their duties with complete devotion and honesty. They used to give religious education to people. They used to perform rituals related to birth, marriage, baptism, death etc. They used to check schools of church as well.

2. Second Order-Nobility. Second order of French society belonged to Nobles. They were only 4 lakhs out of 2.5 crore population of France. It means they were less than 2% of the total population. Right from their early times they used to use sword and used to fight for the protection of general masses. That’s why they were known as Nobles of Sword. NobleS were also divided into two parts i.e. Old nobles and New nobles. Old nobles were owners of l/5th of total land of country.

The status of Nobles was hereditary because of which they were known as real and pure Nobles. All of these were feudal loyds. For quite some time, they performed the functions of administration, Judge and military leader. They lived a luxurious life.

They were also given a number of privileges, New Nobles were those nobles who were given this status by Emperor by taking money from them. This class played a great role in the beginning of French Revolution of 1789. After some time, their status also became hereditary.

3. Third Order-Commoners. Only 2% of population belonged to the first and second order but rest of the 98% population belonged to this third order. This was rightless class which included rich industrialists and poor beggars as well. Farmers, middle class, labourers, artisans and other poor people were also included in this class.

These people were not given any type of right. Farmers wanted to eliminate the special privileges of Nobility. That’s why they greatly participated in French Revolution of 1789. Industrialists, businessmen, money-lenders, doctors, lawyers, scholars, teachers, journalists etc. were included in the middle class.

Middle class patronised the French Revolution. Condition of labourers was also not good. They were not only given less wages but they also had to do Begar (forced labour). These people participated in riots due to poverty. They joined the crowd during French Revolution.

Outbreak of Revolution. Louis XVI became the French King and there was a financial crisis in France. As a result, he required money to run the daily affairs of the country. He wanted to levy new taxes on the people. That’s way he was compelled to call a meeting of the Estate General which was the old feudal assembly.

Its meeting was not called during last 150 years. On 5th May, 1789, the Estate Generalmet arid the representatives of third estate wanted that whole of the estate must meet and vote as one assembly. On 20th June 1789, they found that their meeting hall was occupied by the royal guards. But third estate was determined to meet. So it moved to the tennis court to frame a new constitution. This was the beginning of the French Revolution.

One of the most important events of the French Revolution took place on 14th July, 1789 when a mob of Paris including few middle class leaders, broke open the Bastill prison. They set all of its prisoners free. In France, this day is celebrated as an Independence day. Now Louis XVI was the French king only by name.

The national assembly was organised to form a new French constitution. It started to enact laws. Then it adopted the famous declaration of the rights of man and citizen. This declaration declared certain necessary points including equality of all men before law, freedom of speech and freedom of press and eligibility of all the citizens for all public offices.

In 1791, the king tried to run away from France but was captured and was brought back. He was thrown in jail and on 21 January, 1793 he was beheaded in public after he was tried in court and was proved guilty of treason. Then France was declared as Republic. King was guillotined. But after this, a Reign of Terror started in France when a number of nobles, priests and few revolutionaries were beheaded who tried to oppose the government. This reign of terror lasted for three years.

Then in 1795, Directorate was established in France. This Directorate lasted for four years. Then in 1799, Directorate was overthrown by Napoleon. He then declared himself as director and later on the king. He provided a stable government to France and French people. In this way French Revolution came to an end when Directorate was overthrown by Napoleon.

Effects of French«Revolution: French Revolution exerted lasting effects on France and rest of the world which are given below :
1. Major effect of French Revolution was the destruction of old economic system i.e.
Feudalism and the advent of new economic system. This new economic system was capitalism. .

2. All the privileges of the upper class i.e. clergy and nobles were abolished and were taken back by the government. Whole of property of church was confiscated. All the ancient laws were removed and new laws were made by National Assembly.

3. All the men and citizens were given rights of equality and freedom. The term ‘nation’ was given its modern meaning that France was not only the territories but the ‘French people’. From here on the idea of sovereignty come into being. It means the nation’s law and authority is above its own.

4. French Revolution also had great impacts on the world. It inspired the revolutionaries of other countries to work against the existing autocratic monarchs. It also paved way for removal of ancient systems and establishment of new system of democracy. It also gave the slogan of ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’. As a result of French Revolution, many revolutions occurred in Europe and south central America. Finally monarchy was replaced by democracy.

The French Revolution played a great role in the history of human civilization. It completely changed the Europe’s political scenario and European society. The earlier order was replaced by the new order and as a result new economic order also come into being. Many revolutionary changes took place in France as a number of nobles were either killed or were beheaded. As a result, their role in French society came to an end.

A number of laws were made during tenure of National Assembly and the Directorate which brought many fundamental changes in the society. Church was made subordinate to the state and was restricted to take part in the affairs of politics and administration.

Each individual was given certain rights and even laws were made to divide family property among all the sons of family. The French Revolution also exerted a great impact on other countries of the world. A number of political revolutions broke out in different countries during 19th century. Political scenario of those countries was completely changed.

It was the most important factor in the advent of sociology. Many societies were positively affected by these revolutions and it was a main concern of early sociologists. Many early sociologists, who always thought that revolutions only have negative consequences, changed their opinion about revolution.

These sociologists including Comte and Durkheim gave their views about the positive consequences of it especially the establishment of theme of – liberty, fraternity and equality. In this way French Revolution played great role in the emergence of sociology.

Question 3.
Briefly describe about Industrial Revolution and the Emergence of Sociology.
Answer:
The foundation of modern industry was laid by the industrial Revolution, which began in England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It brought about great changes in the social and economic life of the people first in England, then in other countries of Europe and later in other continents. It had two important aspects.

1. Systematic application of science and technology to industrial production, particularly invention of new machines and harnessing of new sources of powers. These encouraged the production process and gave rise to the factory system and mass manufacture of goods.

2. New ways of organizing labour and markets on a scale larger than anything in the past were evolved. The goods were produced on a gigantic scale for distant markets across the world. The raw materials used in their production were also obtained from all over the world. Industrialization threw all societies into turmoil that have been relatively stable for centuries.

New industries and technologies changed the face of social and physical environment. Peasants left rural areas and flocked to the towns, where they worked under appalling conditions. Cities grew at a very fast rate. Social problems became common in the teeming cities. The direction of change was unclear and the stability of social order was under great threat.

The first Industrial Revolution was started in the later part of 18th century. But it was merged into the second Industrial Revolution around 1850 A.D. At that time technological and economic progress took some speed with the invention of steam powered ships and engines railways and later on with the invention of electrical power generation.

Time frame of this merger is still debated among historians as they have different opinions about it. Historians believe that the .industrial revolution was one of the most important events in the human history.

Industrial Revolution exerted a great impact on the society. Rural people started to move towards cities where they had to live in unhygienic conditions. Growing population, increasing demand, increasing output led to demand of other markets. It led to the race between big powers to win over colonies from Asia and Africa. Whole of the world order changed. There prevailed a chaos and disorder in the world. During 1800-1850, different classes started agitating for their rights.

The Significant themes of this Revolution which concerned the early sociologists were the condition of labour, transformation of property, industrial city means urbanism and technology and the factory system. Against such background, some thinkers of that time were concerned about building their society anew.

Those who dealt with these problems are considered as the founding fathers of sociology because they were seriously concerned with these problems in a systematic way. Most notable among the thinkers have been Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber. All these pioneers came from different disciplines.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857), who is known as the Father of Sociology, argued that the method used in physics should be used for the study of society. Such a study would reveal the laws of evolution and the laws of the functioning of society. Once this knowledge was available, we would be able to build society.

Auguste Comte, who gave sociology its name, identified three stages of human society i.e. Theological (various phenomena were explained in religious terms), Metaphysical (explanations were philosophical) and Positivism (phenomena were explained in terms of the scientific approach to the social world).

The idea of evolution was carried forward in the works of the British sociologist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). He argued for the universality of the principle of evolution. His view of the evolution of societies is known as Social Darwinism. The credit for developing sociology as an independent discipline and science goes to Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), a French Sociologist.

Durkheim said that sociologists study social facts which are objective and exist in the” consciousness of the collectivity. Thus social fact is exterior to human mind but it puts constraints on human behaviour. Hence social facts do not have their origin in the individual. Further, they should be explained by other social facts, rather than in terms of biological, psychological, environmental or geographical facts.

Among the Germans, the most influential work was of Max Weber (1864-1920). In comparison to Durkheim, Weber said that the sociologist studies ‘social action’ which is an act an individual performs and assigns meaning and the task of sociologist is to understand the subjective meaning of an act. German social thinker Karl Marx’s (1818-1883) ideas were influential in sociology.

He argued that every society was divided into two classes i.e. Haves and Have-nots. He believed that conflict was initiator of change in history. He, therefore, gave central importance to class and class conflict. Thus the development of sociology in France (Comte, Durkheim), Germany (Marx, Weber) and England (Spencer) paved way to development of sociology everywhere in the world.

Sociology thus flowered in precisely those societies that had experienced the most pronounced or greatest social changes. France, Germany and England underwent a truly revolutionary social transformation, and in all these countries the study of Sociology had emerged by the end of 19th century.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 3 Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one or two words:

Question 1.
How the land was measured in ancient time?
Answer:
Using a rope.

Question 2.
Which Emperor is called die founder of land reforms?
Answer:
Mughal Emperor Akbar.

Question 3.
How many acres are there in one hectare?
Answer:
2.5 acre.

Question 4.
How may marlas make one kanal?
Answer:
20 marlas.

Question 5.
In which states of India, Murababandi has been done in a systematic way?
Answer:
Punjab and Haryana.

Question 6.
In which decade, Murababandi was started?
Answer:
In the decade of 1950.

Question 7.
Which site is to be seen for Jammabandi?
Answer:
www.plrs.org.in

Question 8.
How many acres are there in a Muraba according to Murababandi Act?
Answer:
25-25 acre pieces of land.

Question 9.
At what time, Girdawary of Rabi crops is prepared?
Answer:
1 March to 31 March.

Question 10.
After how many years, new Jammabandi is carried out?
Answer:
Earlier it was after every four years and now after every five years.

(B) Answer in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
Who corrects the Girdawary of a disputed land?
Answer:
Girdawary of a disputed land can be got corrected in the court of Tehsildar.

Question 2.
What is Jammabandi?
Answer:
Jammabandi is an important document of Punjab land revenue act regarding the ownership of a land. Particulars which are mentioned in this are khepet number, khatauni, name of village pati, name of person according to his share in ownership, name of person who is existing cultivator and source of irrigation.

Question 3.
What is Intkaal?
Answer:
Transfer of ownership right from one owner of land to another owner is calld intkaal.

Question 4.
What instruments are required for measurement of land?
Answer:
Demarcation of the land on all four sides is called measurement. Patwari or Kanungo use shijra and zareeb to mark the length and breadth of the land according to the Khasra number.

Question 5.
What is Goshwara?
Answer:
Total of all cultivated crops in the form of a table is called goshwara.

Question 6.
What is Rehan or Mortgage?
Answer:
When owner of a land gives all or part of his land temporarily to another person for cultivation for mutually agreed amount and for fixed time, it is called mortgage.

Question 7.
What is Khraba/loss of crops, how it is assessed?
Answer:
When crop destroyed on large scale due to natural calamities like heavy rians, floods, attack of insects/pests, drought etc. is called Khraba. Loss or Khraba is assessed by assuming that production of crop in the area is 100%.

Question 8.
What is Shijra and what are its other names?
Answer:
Shijra is a piece (of cloth on which map of village is carved, Khasra numbers of all the land of village land are printed on it. It is also known as Kishatvar, Paarcha or Latha.

Question 9.
What is Murababandi and what are its benefits?
Answer:
Scattered pieces of land in the name of an owner are consolidated as one unit at one place, this is called Murababandi or chakbandi. Its
benefit is that every work related to land becomes easier.

Question 10.
What is Zareeb?
Answer:
Zareeb is a chain made up of iron rings and is used to measure land. It is 10 Karams long i.e. 55 feet long.

(C) Answer in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
What is Girdawary and at what time it is done?
Answer:
It is a survey of the crops. It is called Girdawary or Gardaury. It is done twice in a year. For Rabi crops it is done in the month of March and for Kharif crops it is done in October. Additional Girdawari in also done for Jayad crops in the months of May and December for crops falling between Rabi and Kharif and between Kharif and Rabi season.

Question 2.
Why division of land is essential and how it is done?
Answer:
When there are two or more shareholders of a particular piece of land, then land is divided as per the consent of the shareholders, this is called division of land. After division of land each shareholder is the independent owner of his share of land. Now he can sell the land or mortgage his land. He can take loan against his land.

Question 3.
What is computerization of land record?
Answer:
All the land records have been computerized. The certified copies of Jammabandi and Intkaal can be obtained by paying requisite fee personally from nearby office of Sub-Tehsildar or Tehsildar. The land records can be seen at the site www.plrs.org.in.

Question 4.
What is Theka or Chakota or renting in or renting out of land?
Answer:
The owner of a land gives his land on rent to some other person for cultivation for fixed time period and fixed amount agreed on by both sides. The time period can be one year or two years or five years etc. This is called Theka Or Chakota.

Question 5.
Write a brief note on land registry.
Answer:
When a person who is owner of a piece of land, house, shop etc. mortgaged or sold the same to some other person, then an agreement is entered with photos with mutual consent of both parties in the register maintained in the office of Tehsildar. This is called registry. Registry Bai, Rehan share, transfer of ownership etc. are various types of registries.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Land Measurement and Documentation of Land Records Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who played important role in the work of measurement of land in the regime of Mughal emperor Akbar?
Answer:
Todar Mai.

Question 2.
Before the year 1580, how did people pay tax to the government?
Answer:
In the form of crop.

Question 3.
After the year 1580, in which form tax was paid to the government?
Answer:
In the form of cash.

Question 4.
What is the length of Zareeb?
Answer:
10 karam or 55 feet.

Question 5.
What is Musteel?
Answer:
A piece of 25 acre land is called Musteel.

Question 6.
How many columns are there in intkaal?
Answer:
It has 12 columns.

Question 7.
How many columns are there in Jammabandi form?
Answer:
1-12 Columns.

Question 8.
When is Girdawary of Kharif crop done?
Answer:
1 October to 31 October.

Question 9.
When is the Girdawary of Jmd crop done?
Answer:
May and December.

Question 10.
How is the loss of crop assessed?
Answer:
By assuming 100% production of crop.

Question 11.
1 foot a = …………..
Answer:
12 inches.

Question 12.
1 yard = ……………..
Answer:
3 feet.

Question 13.
1 furlong =…………….
Answer:
220 yards.

Question 14.
1 mile =……….. yard = ………… furlong
Answer:
1760 yard=8 furlong.

Question 15.
1 Karm =……….. inch =…………. foot
Answer:
66 inches=5.5 feet.

Question 16.
1 sq karm=…………. sarsahi
Answer:
1 sarsahi.

Question 17.
1 maria=…………… sarsahian
Answer:
9 sarsahian.

Question 18.
1 maria = ………… sq feet
Answer:
272.

Question 19.
1 maria = ………… sq yard
Answer:
30.

Question 20.
1 Kanal = ………. maria
Answer:
20.

Question 21.
1 Kanal =……… biswa
Answer:
12.

Question 22.
1 acre = …………. kanal
Answer:
8.

Question 23.
1 acre = ……….
Answer:
4000.

Question 24.
1 acre = ……. maria =……. sq foot
Answer:
160 maria=220 x 198 sq foot.

Question 25.
1 acre=………. sq metre
Answer:
4000.

Question 26.
1 biswa = ………. sq foot
Answer:
50.

Question 27.
1 Muraba/1 Musteel =………. acre
Answer:
25.

Question 28.
1 hectare =………….. acre
Answer:
2.5.

Question 29.
1 hectare =………… sq metre
Answer:
10000.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
At the time of Akbar, how was land tax paid?
Answer:
Earlier land tax was paid in the form of crops and since 1580 the tax was paid in the form of cash.

Question 2.
What are different types of intkaal?
Answer:
Types of intkaal are – Bai, Rehan, exchange, division etc.

Question 3.
Who enters the details in intkaal?
Answer:
Patwari makes enteries in the intkaal, kanungo checks the enteries as per the record. Tehsildar summons both the parties at a specified place and time, Numbardar verifies and Tehsildar approves it.

Question 4.
What type of ownership changes are entered in the Jammabandi?
Answer:
Rehan, Bai, unirrigated to irrigated, rental to crop sharing etc.

Question 5.
What is the reason for loss of crop?
Answer:
There are many reasons of loss or Kaharaba e.g. heavy rains, floods, attack of insects, pests etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Girdawary, land registry.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 2.
Write note on theka, division.
Answer:
Do yourself.