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PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 6 Internet Applications

October 21, 2024October 20, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 6 Internet Applications Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 6 Internet Applications

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB Internet Applications Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. ‘Gmail’ is a free email service provided by …………………
(a) Yahoo
(b) Google
(c) Rediffmail
(d) Hotmail
Answer:
(b) Google

2. Every machine on the Internet has a unique number assigned to it, called an ……………
(a) Address
(b) E-mail
(c) ID
(d) Unique IP Address
Answer:
(d) Unique IP Address

3. A …………… is a type of test used in computing to determine whether or not the user is human.
(a) CAPTCHA
(b) DERTSA
(c) HEPTCHA
(d) NEPHCA
Answer:
(a) CAPTCHA

4. ………………. is a type of malware designed to provide unauthorized, remote access to a user’s computer.
(a) Spyware
(b) Trojan
(c) Malware
(d) Horse
Answer:
(c) Malware

5. TV and radio on the Internet are examples of …………….. media.
(a) Streaming
(b) Limited
(c) Online
(d) Offline
Answer:
(a) Streaming

2. True/False

1. Spyware is an e-mail fraud method in which the wrongdoer sends out legitimate-looking emails in an attempt to gather personal and financial information from recipients.
Answer:
True

2. Google Drive does not allow us to store and share files online.
Answer:
False

3. The best way to deal with the threat of a computer virus is to use antivirus software.
Answer:
True

4. In BCC we type the addresses of people we want to send a copy of the mail to, without the other recipients knowing.
Answer:
True

5. Digital signatures are created and verified by means of biography.
Answer:
False

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a CAPTCHA code?
Answer:
Short for completely automated public hiring test to tell computers and humans apart, a technique used by a computer to tell if it is interacting with a human or another computer. Because computing is becoming pervasive, and computerized tasks and services are commonplace, the need for increased levels of security has led to the development of this way for computers to ensure that they are dealing with humans in situations where human interaction is essential to security. Activities such as online commerce transactions, search engine submissions, Web polls, Web registrations, free e-mail service registration, and other automated services are subject to software programs, or bots, that mimic the behavior of humans in order to skew the results of the automated task or perform malicious activities, such as gathering e-mail addresses for spamming or ordering hundreds of tickets to a concert.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Google Apps?
Answer:
Google Apps is a package of cloud-based services that can provide your company or school with a whole new way to work together online—not just using email and chat, but over video conferences, social media, real-time document collaborations, and more. .

Question 3.
What is Digital Signature?
Answer:
Digital signatures are the public-key primitives of message authentication. In the physical world, it is common to use handwritten signatures on handwritten or typed messages.

Question 4.
Write the process of sending an e-mail.
Answer:
Different steps to send and receive mail are :

Open your Gmail account by clicking on the Gmail link on the Google search page.
Click the button labeled ‘Compose’.
Go to the To: box. In the To: box type in the email address of the person you would like to send an email to. If there are multiple people you want to send it to, click on the Add Cc and Add Bcc buttons.
Type the email subject. The subject lets people know what the email is going to be about.
Type your message in the big box below the subject box.
Click the Send button below the message box.
Wait until the person you sent the email replies.

Question 5.
Write the basic steps of downloading.
Answer:
Follow these steps for downloading software, games, or any other files from the Internet if you use a PC running Windows XP, Vista, or Windows 7.

If you don’t already have one, create a Temporary Files folder by opening Windows Explorer, highlighting your hard drive (typically the c: drive), then selecting File/New/Folder. When the folder appears, name it Temp files.
Once you locate the software you want to download, click on the link to begin the download process.
First, you will be asked if you want to save the file. Click the Save button, then locate the Temp file folder on your hard drive and double-click to open it. Next, click the Save button.
You can watch the file as it downloads.

Question 6.
What is cloud printing?
Answer:
cloud printing. Printing from a computer or mobile device to a remote printer via the Internet (the cloud). For example, users can snap photos on a smartphone and send them to a printer at their home or office. Cloud printing apps are available for smartphones and tablets that work with almost any printer. Printing to the cloud. It refers to scanning a photo or document on an Internet-connected multifunction printer and sending it directly from the device to a photo or document sharing service on the Internet.

Question 7.
Name four anti-virus software.
Answer:
Four anti-viruses are:
a. AVG
b. McAfee
c. Norton
d. Kaspersky

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is IP Address? Explain.
Answer:
Unique IP Address
A Unique IP is an IP address that is specific to your domain. When you add hosting to a domain/subdomain, it’s assigned an IP on the Apache server which is shared with other sites. This shared IP address is most often the only IP you’ll need. However, certain applications may require you to add a Unique IP to your site. You can add a Unique IP to any Fully Hosted domain/subdomain hosted at DreamHost on the page.

Need of a Unique IP
Unique IPs are most commonly used with domains that have secure hosting enabled. While it is possible to use secure hosting without a Unique IP, some older browsers which do not support Server Name Indication display a certificate warning when viewing your site. While not a comprehensive list, this includes :

Windows XP versions of Internet Explorer.
The default browser in Android 2.4 is “Gingerbread” and earlier. (4.0 “Ice Cream Sandwich” and later will work correctly.)
Various older mobile browsers, including BlackBerry, Symbian OS, and older versions of Opera Mobile.

If you expect a significant number of the visitors to your secure site to be using these browsers, you will need a Unique IP.

Benefits of a Unique IP Address :
There are a lot of reasons why it is recommended to use a Dedicated IP address for a website, hosted on a Shared server, but we shall look through the main ones here:

It provides higher stability
It grants access to your website anytime you need
It is beneficial for the email sender’s reputation
It is good for a business identity
It is required for particular third-party applications/ scripts

Question 2.
Explain any three Google Apps.
Answer:
Google Docs
Google Docs is an online word processor that lets you create and format text documents and collaborate with other people in real-time. Here’s what you can do with Google Docs:

Upload a Word document and convert it to a Google document
Add flair and formatting to your documents by adjusting margins, spacing, fonts, and colors — all that fun stuff
Invite other people to collaborate on a document with you, giving them edit, comment, or view access
Collaborate online in real-time and chat with other collaborators — right from inside the document „
View your document’s revision history and roll back to any previous version
Download a Google document to your desktop as a Word, Open Office, RTF, PDF, HTML, or zip file
Translate a document to a different language ‘
Email your documents to other people as attachments

Google Sheets
Google Sheets is an online spreadsheet app that lets you create and format spreadsheets and simultaneously work with other people. Here’s what you can do with Google Sheets :

Import and convert Excel, .csv, .txt, and .ods formatted data to a Google spreadsheet
Export Excel, .csv, .txt and .ods formatted data, as well as PDF and HTML files
Use formula editing to perform calculations on your data, and use formatting to make it look the way you’d like
Chat in real-time with others who are editing your spreadsheet
Create charts with your data
Embed a spreadsheet — or individual sheets of your spreadsheet — on your blog or website

Google Slides
Google Slides is an online presentations app that allows you to show off your work in a visual way. Here’s what you can do with Google Slides:

Create and edit presentations
Edit a presentation with friends or coworkers, and share it with others effortlessly
Import .pptx and .pps files and convert them to Google presentations
Download your presentations as a .pdf, .ppt, .svg, .jpg, or .txt file
Insert images and videos into your presentation
Publish and embed your presentations on a website

Question 3.
Explain the process of creating an e-mail account in Gmail.
Answer:
Follow these step-by-step instructions to create a Gmail account

Step 1: Open up your internet browser and go to the Google home page.

Step 2: Click on Gmail at the top right comer of the page.

Step 3: You’ll now be in the ‘Sign in’ section. As you don’t have a Google account yet, you need to create one. Click Create an account.

Step 4: To set up your new account, Google needs some information about you – first, your first, and last names. The ‘choose your username’ is the unique email address that you wish to use, which will be placed before ‘@gmail.com’. Because it needs to be unique, Google may have to check the vail ability of any name that you decide on to make sure that no one already has it. Type an email name into the ‘choose your username’ box and then fill out the rest of your information. You will need to ensure that the ‘I agree to the Google terms of service and Privacy Policy’ is ticked. Then click next step.

Question 4.
What are the benefits of google drive?
Answer:
Google Drive is one of the most popular cloud storage services available today, offering 15 gigabytes (15GB) of free storage space. If you’ve never used a cloud-based storage service like Google Drive before, take a moment to consider the advantages of keeping your files online. Because files can be accessed from any computer with an Internet connection, Drive eliminates the need to email or save a file to a USB drive. And because Drive allows you to share files, working with others becomes much easier.

There are no. benefits for creating and sharing different files on Google Drive which are:

Documents: For composing letters, flyers, essays, and other text-based files (similar to Microsoft Word documents)
Spreadsheets: For storing and organizing information (similar to Microsoft Excel Workbooks) .
presentations: For creating slideshows (similar to Microsoft PowerPoint presentations)
Forms: For collecting and organizing data
Drawings: For creating simple vector graphics or diagrams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide Internet Applications Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks

1. Gmail, yahoo mail, Hotmail, etc. are …………………….
(a) google
(b) Microsoft
(c) e-mail
(d) Skymail
Answer:
(c) e-mail

2. play store is a product of ……………….
(a) Microsoft
(b) Play store
(c) Play
(d) Google
Answer:
(d) Google

3. Files can be shared with ………………
(a) Hotmail
(b) Play store
(c) Google Drive
(d) Virus
Answer:
(c) Google Drive

4. …………………. cures ………………….
(a) Antivirus, virus
(b) Google, Yahoo
(c) E-mail, virus
(d) Antivirus, server.
Answer:
(a) Antivirus, virus

True or False

1. Gmail is a product of Microsoft.
Answer:
False

2. We can share files on the internet.
Answer:
True

3. Data is not destroyed on Google Drive.
Answer:
True

4. Cloud means Air clouds in computer terminology.
Answer:
False

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is E-mail?
Answer:
E-mail stands for electronic mail. Most networks support some form of an email. The most popular, of course, is Internet email. E-mail allows you to send a text (such as a letter) to another person on another computer. In order to send an email, you have to know the email address of the recipient.

Question 2.
How often is the imagery in Google Earth updated?
Answer:
Google Earth displays the best available imagery, most of which is one to three years old. The information in Google Earth is collected over time and is not in real-time. It is not possible to see live changes in images. We add data to our Primary Database on a regular basis.

Question 3.
Why do I see blurry imagery in Google Earth?
Answer:
Google Earth combines data of different resolutions to offer a seamless viewing experience, so some locations look a bit blurry. We offer high-resolution imagery (greater than 1-meter) for thousands of cities and more are on the way.

Question 4.
What is an IP address?
Answer:
An IP address is a network layer protocol address for a host in a TCP/IP network.

Question 5.
What is the use of an IP address?
Answer:
The IP address is used to uniquely identify each host in a network. The IP address is needed in order to communicate with other hosts in the network using the TCP/IP suite of protocols.

Question 6.
Which version of IP is covered by this document?
Answer:
This document covers IP version 4.

Question 7.
How does a host determine its IP address?
Answer:
A host determines its IP address during the boot-up process either from a configuration file stored in the local hard disk of the system or using a network protocol like RARP, DHCP, BOOTP from the servers in the network.

Question 8.
Is there any relation between the MAC address and the IP address of a host?
Answer:
No. There is no relation between the MAC address and the IP address of a host.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on email.
Answer:
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message that may contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals. The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. By 1996, more electronic mail was being sent than postal mail.

Question 2.
Write the various steps for writing an email.
Answer:
Writing an e-mail
When writing an e-mail message, it should look something like the example window below. As you can see, several fields are required when sending an e-mail:

The To field is where you type the e-mail address of the person who is the recipient of your message.
The From field should contain your e-mail address.
If you are replying to a message, the To and From fields are automatically filled out; if it’s a new message, you’ll need to enter them manually.
The CC or Carbon Copy field allows you to send a copy of the message to another e-mail address but is not mandatory.
The Subject Line, although not required, should consist of a few words describing the e-mail’s contents.
Finally, the Message Body is the location you type your main message. It often contains your signature at the bottom; similar to a hand-written letter.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947

October 21, 2024October 20, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Physical Education Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is there any bad effects of Partition of Punjab on the development of sports?
Answer:
Yes, there is great bad effect.

Question 2.
When Punjab Olympic Association gain came into existance?
Answer:
1948.

Question 3.
Name any two units which promote sports in Punjab.
Answer:
(i) Punjab Police
(ii) Boarder Security Force.

Question 4.
Whether Panchayati Khed Parishad organised Football competition for girls or not.
Answer:
No.

Question 5.
Tug of war is organised for boys or girls. (Right or Wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 6.
Is Leader Engineering Works promoting, sports in Jalandhar or not?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
Who looks after the development of sports in Punjab school education?
Answer:
D.P.I. schools.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 5 Progress of Sports in Punjab Since 1947

Question 8.
Who looks after the sports in Punjab education colleges?
Answer:
D.P.I. colleges.

Question 9.
Is there any contribution of Punjab Sports Department in the field of sports?
Answer:
Yes, there is great contribution.

Question 10.
Name the different games which are organised by the Panchayati Raj Parishad for girls?
Answer:
Hockey, Kabbaddi, Kho-Kho and Tug of War.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the effects of Partition of India on the Sports development of Punjab.
Answer:
India got independence from the British on 15th August, 1947 and India was divided into two parts :
India and Pakistan. This division adversely affected the promotion of sports in Punjab. A large number of playgrounds and the main sports goods manufacturing city, Syalkot, remained in Pakistan. All sports Associations were dissolved. In this way Punjab became headless in the field of sports.

Question 2.
How did the Punjab Olympic Association come into existence?
Answer:
The partition of India adversely affected the promotion of sports in Punjab. When India got freedom the issue of sports in Punjab was discussed among the sports lovers of the state. A meeting of the representatives of sports was held at Shimla in 1948. The Punjab State Olympic Association came into existence. Mr. G.D. Sondhi was appointed the founder president of Punjab State Olympic Association.

Question 3.
Name the various organisations which promote sports in our state.
Answer:

The Punjab Police
The Border Security Force
Leader Engineering Works, Jalandhar.
Jagatjit Cotton and Textiles Mills, Phagwara.
Punjab State Electricity Board.
Pepsu Road Transport Corporation.

Question 4.
Mention the various sports competitions which are organized by the Panchayati Raj Khed Parishad.
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj Khed Parishad organises the following competitions in sportsn:
FOR BOYS:

Foot Ball
Kabaddi
Hockey
Volley Ball
Tug of War
Athletics
Weight Lifting and Power Liftingi
Wrestling
Gymnastics

FOR GIRLS:

Kabaddi
Kho-Kho
Hockey

Question 5.
The Punjab Sports Department has a special place in the promotion of Games and Sports. Do you agree with this statement? Or Discuss the contribution of Punjab Sports Department.
Answer:
Punjab Sports Department:
The Punjab Government created Punjab State Sports Dept, in 1961 for the development of sports. This department has opened a sports department in every district and it is run by District Sports Officer. Each district has been divided into Tehsils and Tehsils into sub-centres. In each of these sub-centres an arrangement of good coaches has been made.

For the facilities of sports persons, Sports Hostels at several places have been opened. For the students residing in these hostels, the Govt, of Punjab makes arrangement of sports equipment, fee and other facilities in sports. In order to encourage the sportsmen for good performance scholarships are given. Moreover the state government organises state-level competitions in different games every year.

These competitions are known as “Men Sports Festival” and ‘Women Sports Festival.” The Dept, gives certificates and scholarships to those players who get honours in international competitions. It organises Maharaja Ranjit Singh Hockey Tournament at Amritsar every year. It also does gradation for the reserved seats of students in professional colleges.

Question 6.
Write the contribution of Punjab State Sports Council.
Answer:
The Punjab State Sports Council:
The Punjab Government formed a council in 1971 For the promotion of sports and named it the Punjab State Sports Council. The main function of the council was to encourage the youth of the state to participate in games and sports. The main function of the council is to provide help in building playgrounds and stadiums, building Gymnasiums and swimming pools for the development of sports. For this purpose the Govt, of India and the Punjab Govt, give grants to various sports bodies.

The Punjab State Sports Council has established District Sports Council in every district. This council works undfer the Deputy Commissioner of the district. District Sports Officer acts as the secretary of the District Council of Sports. The chief minister of the state acts as the president of the State Sports Council and director of sports as the secretary of council. The State Sports Council always tries to promote sports in the state.

This council honours outstanding sports persons who have achieved an honour in international competition with Maharaja Ranjeet Singh Award. The Council also provides pension to those outstanding old players who had participated in international competition. This council arranges for the expenditure of all teams which participate in National level competitions. The council also provides funds to such Punjabi players who go abroad to participate in international competition.

Question 7.
Describe the contribution of Panchayati Raj Sports Council (Khed Parishad.)
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj Sports Council (Khed Parishad):
The Punjab Govt, founded the Punjab Panchayat Raj Khed Parishad in 1969. Its founder was G. Mukhtar Singh, a man of distinction and prominent player. Before this organisation came into existence, there was only the State Sports Dept, which was active in sports field. The rural players did not get the facilities which were available to urban players. Keeping in view this fact, the then Akali Govt, in the state decided to establish a new sports organisation for rural players which was named the Punjab Panchayati Khed Parishad.

It was decided that the Chief Minister of Punjab will be the Chairman of the organisation and Rural Development Minister, its Senior Vice-president. The person to be appointed its secretary will be well versed in sports. In order to run this organisation properly 22 coaches were appointed in the beginning. Its main office kept under the supervision of Zila Parishad. This organisation organises tournaments for boys I Foot .Ball, Hockey, Kabaddi, Volley Ball, Tug of War, Athletics, Weight lifting, Gymnastics and Kabaddi, Hockey and Kho-Kho etc. for girls. This organisation also gives scholarships to prominent rural players.

Question 8.
Write The contribution of the Punjab School Education Board.
Answer:
The Punjab School Education Board:
The Punjab School Education Board came into existence to decrease the work load of Examination of Punjab University, to conduct smooth examination and to declare the results as early as possible. The main function of this Board is to prepare a syllabi and get the concerned books published for the students.

The Punjab School Education Board has done remarkable work to introduce Physical Education as an elective subject and to conduct examinations in this very subject. Punjab School Education Board takes a special interest to promote the game of Hockey and organises various competitions in games and sports. This board also organises sports competitions at primary level and zonal level in schools to promote games and sports.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the development of sports in Punjab since 1947.
Answer:
India got Freedom in 1947. The English left India aftc. ruling for 200 year. On the eve of independence, Britishers divide India into two countries i.e. India and Pakistan. This division bad! affected the promotion of sports in Punjab. The beautiful playgrounc. were left in Pakistan. The Punjab Govt, and other people of Punja were left behind in the field of sports. Punjab remained withoi grounds or play- fields. The sports city which were very famous manufacturing sports goods i.e. Syalkot was also left in Pakistai The Sports Associations of various games were dissolved.

The position of Sports and games in Punjab turned from bad to worse. After the partition of Punjab, sports lovers again tried to promoi sports in Punjab and a meeting of the Association was held in Shim in 1948. In the same year Punjab State Olympic Association we again founded . Mr. G.D. Sondhi became its President and Mr. F.C Arora became its Secretary. This Association started its function in immediately. In 1948 and 1951 Hockey and Volley Ball Association came into existence. After these Associations, Basket Ball, Kabaddi. Boxing, Cycling Associations of Punjab were formed.

After the formation of these Associations, Districts and State Leve competitions were started to promote sports in Punjab. After 1948 Punjab Hockey and Volley Ball Association started t invite teams of Pakistan and other foreign countries. In order raise the standard of sports All India Level Tournaments wer. organised in various sports. Among these tournaments Maharaj, Ranjeet Singh Tournament Amritsar, Major Bhupinder Singi Tournament Ludhiana, Shaheed Karnail Singh Memoria tournament are prominent.

In 1957 Punjab Olympic Associatio organised a state level tournament for the first time. The Punja Government has also taken a keen interest to promote sports an games in Punjab. The Punjab Government has started to proviti financial aid to the Universities of the state for creatin infrastructure of sports i.e. Gyms, swimming pools etc. The Punjab Police, The Border Security Force, Leader Engineering Works Jalandhar, The Jagatjit Cotton and Textiles Mills, Phagwara have also contributed a lot for the promotion of sports in our state.

The above mentioned teams have participated in Durand Cup Delhi, Gold Cup Bombay, Nehru Hockey Tournament Delhi and many prestigious positions in these tournaments. The Punjab Government has established Govt. College of Physical Education, Patiala to promote the sports and games and for the training of teachers. The Punjab Government also declared Physical Education as one of the elective subjects in schools and colleges. Due to the keen interest of Punjab Govt, the state is progressing in the field of sports day by day. The Punjab state has produced very outstanding players, who have won laurels not only for Punjab but have brought honours for our country also at the international level.

Question 2.
Describe the contribution of the Punjab Education Department in the promotion of sports.
Answer:
The Punjab Education Department has contributed a lot in the promotion of sports which may be described as under:
1. The Punjab Government has established a separate department under D.P.I. (Schools) and D.P.I. (Colleges) for sports and games. This department is trying their best to develop sports in Punjab.

2. To promote sports, the Punjab Education Department started State School of Sports and State College of Sports at Jalandhar in 1961. In these institutions budding players get special training in sports along with their education. The players get admission in these institutions get free boarding and lodging facilities from Education Department.

3. Punjab Education Department has appointed, Punjab District Eudcation officers in every District of Punjab to look after the sports activities of that District. In every District, Competitions are organised at the zonal and the District level. Some of these Competitions are held in winter and other are held in summer by the Education Department.

4. For the promotion of sports, Punjab Education Department organizes different categories of competitions in sports and games. Now even primary, Mini and Junior Competitions are organised.

5. The Education Department has started inservices training centres at Patiala, Jalandhar and Ferozepur. In these Centres new changes in Physical Education and sports are being taught to the people concerned.

6. The Punjab Education Department has started Physical Education in schools and colleges as one of the elective subjects like others subjects.

7. Education Department organises summer Coaching Camps for budding players in various games.

8. Education department also provides financial assistance in schools and colleges for the training of sports persons. Financial assistance is also given to construct sports fields and to purchase sports Equipment.

9. The Punjab Education Department also organizes competitions in National Physical Fitness Programmes.

10. There are reserved seats for outstanding sportsperson in Engineering and Medical colleges. In this way the outstanding players can also qualify in Medical and Engineering colleges and can continue their sports activities in these Colleges. Thus the Punjab Education Department is playing a big role for the development of sports and games.

Question 3.
Write the contribution of the Punjab Olympic Association.
Answer:
The Punjab Olympic Association:
The Punjab Olympic Association was founded by Sh. G.D. Sondhi in 1920. Its first President was Lieut Col. H.N.O. Garret vice- principa1 cf Govt College Lahore. G.D. Sondhi became its honorary secretary. Sir Sikandar Khan became the President on the retirement of Col. Garret in 1937.

In 1947, this association ceased working. After the partition in 1947 the Punjab State Olympic Association was again founded with the efforts of Mr. G.D. Sondhi. Mr. G.D. Sondhi became its President, Dr. J.R. Khosla became its secretary. A meeting of the Association was held in Shimla in 1948. In this meeting MR. G.D. Sondhi and Mr. F.C. Arora were appointed the President and the Secretary respectively. All sports Associations of Punjab became its members.

The District Olympic Association also became the part and parcel of Punjab State Olympic Association. The main function of Punjab State Olympic Association is to look after the functioning of the various Associations of Punjab. It is the duty of Olympic Association to check the Audit Reports of all Association of accounts in time. This Association also gives suggestions to various Associations for the development and care of sports in the state and settle desputes if there are any among the Associations themseleves or with other organisation.

They also celebrate Olympic day every year and provide information regarding Olympic movement. The main responsibility of Olympic Association is to enforce the rules and regulations of Olympic in all competitions and prevent professional players to participate in Amateur competition. The Olympic Association conducts senior and junior sports competitions every year at district and the state levels.

Question 4.
Discuss the contribution of the Universities of Punjab State.
Answer:
The Universities of Punjab State:
At the time of partition of India, there was only one Punjab University in our state at Lahore. After 1947, the Punjab University was shifted to Chapdigarh. Now there are four universities in our state:

The Punjab University, Chandigarh
The Punjabi University, Patiala
The Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,and
The Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.

Only agricultural colleges are affiliated to Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana and Poly technical Colleges of our state , come under the Technical University Jalandhar, other colleges are affiliated to these universities. The department of Physical education has been created under the care of Director Physical Education in all universities. The Director organises the competitions among all affiliated colleges of the university.

After inter college competition he gets the university team selected and sends these teams of boys and girls for inter university tournaments after training them properly in a coaching camp. It also sends teams for participation in other competitions. Every university has an administrative department in sports, the functions of which are to look after the playfields of the university, the equipment and to organise the sports competitions.

In the subject of department of Physical Education, they teach Physical Education like other subjects except Agricultural University Ludhiana. They also hold examinations in Physical Education subject. In every department of all universities seats are reserved for out-standing sports persons which enables them to get higher education to become engineers, doctors and the scientists.

For the development of sports and games each university possesses huge playgrounds, Swimming pools, Stadium and Gymnasium. In Punjab University, Chandigarh and Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar special departments have been opened to train Physical Education Teachers. In brief we can say that these universities are playing a vital role to produce outstanding sports persons in our state.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

October 21, 2024October 20, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. According to 2011 census, the sex ratio in India is:
(a) 939
(b) 940
(c) 943
(d) 942
Answer:
(c) 943

2. Sex ratio can be defined as:
(а) Number of females per 100 males
(b) Number of males per 100 females
(c) Number of females per 1000 males
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Number of females per 1000 males

3. In the state of Punjab, district with highest sex ratio is:
(a) Hoshiarpur
(b) Bathiitda
(c) Ludhiana
(d) Amritsar
Answer:
(a) Hoshiarpur

4. Female foeticide test includes:
(a) Ultra sound
(b) MRI.
(c) X-rays
(d) Weighing Machines
Answer:
(a) Ultra sound

5. The main cause of female foeticide is:
(a) Increased sex ratio
(b) Patriarchal mindset
(c) Preference for girls
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Patriarchal mindset

6. Which is a form of Domestic Violence?
(a) Legal
(b) Physical Abuse
(c) Society
(d) Economic
Answer:
(b) Physical Abuse

7. Which factor does not perpetuate Domestic Violence?
(a) Cultural
(b) Economic
(c) Social
(d) Pedagogy
Answer:
(ci) Pedagogy

8. The Act, according to which a daughter has an equal share in the property of her parents is
(a) Legal property Act
(b) Hindu Property Act
(c) Civil Act
(d) Divine Act
Answer:
(b) Hindu Property Act

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Sex determination test includes ……………
Answer:
ultrasound

2. ……………….. is one of the main reasons for female foeticide.
Answer:
Patriarchal system

3. The evil practice of ……………….. is responsible for female foeticide in Indian society.
Answer:
Dowry

4. ……………….. keeps declining in India while a bit is improved in ……………… state.
Answer:
Sex ratio, Punjab

5. …………………. should be implemented properly in order to combat female foeticide.
Answer:
Laws

6. ……………… abuse may be inflicted in many ways such as hitting, slapping, punching, pushing and other form of physical contact resulting in bodily sufferings to the victim,
Answer:
Physical

7. The couples living alone or with children, or an individual parent with children are called ………………. households.
Answer:
Nuclear

8. ………………. studies must be made compulsory as part of school, college and university syllabus.
Answer:
Gender and Human Rights

9. ……………… is defined as socially unacceptable and abusive behaviour by one or other or both the members in a close and intimate relationship like marriage or a family.
Answer:
Domestic Violence

True/False:

1. Ultrasound is the pre diagnostic test for determination of sex.
Answer:
True

2. Law does not help to generate awareness about female foeticide.
Answer:
False

3. Sex ratio has improved in Punjab according to qensus 2011.
Answer:
True

4. Awareness programmes can sensitise about the ill effects of female foeticide.
Answer:
True

5. Cultural and ritual norms have no effect on female foeticide.
Answer:
False

6. Newly married couple must be made aware that a small family need not only include male children.
Answer:
True

7. The greed for dowry, desire for a male child and alcoholism of the spouse are major factors of domestic violence against women in rural areas.
Answer:
True

8. Wife beating does not reflects domestic violence.
Answer:
False

9. History of domestic violence dates back to the pre-historic period.
Answer:
True

10. spousal domestic violence also affects the children of the family.
Answer:
True

Match The Columns:

Column A	Column B
Female Foeticide	The killing of the girl child
Sex Ratio	Marital Rape
Patriarchy	The killing of the female foetus in the womb
Female Infanticide	Females per 1000 males
Form of Domestic Violence	Male dominance

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Female Foeticide	The killing of the female foetus in the womb
Sex Ratio	Females per 1000 males
Patriarchy	Male dominance
Female Infanticide	The killing of the girl child
Form of Domestic Violence	Marital Rape

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the sex ratio of India as per the census 2011?
Answer:
According to census survey 2011, the sex ratio in India is 1000: 943.

Question 2.
What is the sex ratio of Punjab as per the census 2011?
Answer:
According to census survey 2011, the sex ratio in Punjab is 1000: 895.

Question 3.
Which districts in Punjab have the highest and lowest sex ratio?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur (961) and Bathinda (869) respectively.

Question 4.
Describe full form of PNDT.
Answer:
Pre Natal Diagnostic Techniques.

Question 5.
What is meant by domestic violence?
Answer:
Domestic violence is that socially unacceptable and wrong behaviour which an individual does with his closest relatives such as wife or family.

Question 6.
List any two factors of domestic violence.
Answer:
Economic dependence of women over men and lower economic status of women are the two factors of domestic violence.

Question 7.
What do you mean by female foeticide?
Answer:
After sex determination test, killing of female foetus in mother’s womb is known as female foeticide.

Question 8.
List the causes of wife battering.
Answer:
Male dominated society, males are powerful than females, economic dependence of women over men, consuming drugs, illiteracy of women etc.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Define female foeticide.
Answer:
When a woman gets pregnant, the sex determination of foetus is conducted. In case of female foetus, an abortion is done. It is known as female foeticide. Sex determination test is conducted after 18 weeks of pregnancy.

Question 2.
Define sex ratio.
Answer:
To know about the equality between men and women, it is must to look for the sex ratio. The number of females behind every 1000 males at a particular time and in a particular area is known as sex ratio. In 2011, it was 1000: 943 in India.

Question 3.
What are the two causes of female foeticide?
Answer:

Dowry: At the time of girl’s marriage, dowry is given to her in-laws. People do female foeticide so that dowry should not be given.
Wish of boy: People like to have a boy as they think that boy will take care of them in old age and will give fire at the time of funeral.

Question 4.
What is the status of female in India?
Answer:
The status of female in India is not good. Only 65% of females are educated. Most of the social evils are attached with females such as rape, abduction, dowry system, female foeticide etc. Just because of these evils, status of females is still low in the present modern age.

Question 5.
Why is male child preferred in India?
Answer:
People want to have a male child because they think that their son will take care of them in their old age. Along with this, he will give fire to their funeral pyre. Moreover he will continue the family.

Question 6.
Write down three causes of domestic violence.
Answer:

Males are physically stronger than females.
Females economically depend upon males.
The social status of females and children is not good.

Question 7.
What is the difference between domestic violence and violence?
Answer:
In domestic violence, we can include violence committed with wife, children, brothers etc. and such behaviour is not acceptable in society. Violence is done between two individuals or groups and most of the times, they are strange. Communal violence is its best example.

Question 8.
What is wife battering?
Answer:
The meaning of wife battering is doing violence with wife by husband. Generally husband considers that wife is under him and thinks that whatever he will say, she will have to accept it. If she refuses it, she is beaten up and this is known as wife battering.

Question 9.
What are the consequences of female foeticide?
Answer:

Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio.
Whole balance of society disturbs as it is considered that both male and.female are not equal in number.
It leads to lower social status of women.

Question 10.
List cultural factors of domestic violence.
Answer:
There can be many cultural factors of domestic violence such as gender based socialisation, division of gender based roles, right of son over property, giving importance to males in family, marriage and dowry system, use of violence to end conflict etc.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a short note on female foeticide.
Answer:
Since last few decades, the major cause of declining sex ratio is female foeticide. It means the killing of unborn girl in the womb of her mother. People wish to have a boy and that’s why after sometime of pregnancy, a sex determination test is conducted on the mother. If the foetus is boy, it’s fine but if it’s girl, abortion is conducted. In this way, girl is killed before her birth. This is known as female foeticide. It leads to reduction in number of girls and disturbance in sex ratio.

Question 2.
Discuss any two measures to combat female foeticide.
Or
Write down any two measures to combat female foeticide.
Or
Explain the contribution of government in combating the problem of female foeticide.
Answer:

The Indian government has passed many laws and in the section 312-316 of Indian Penal Code, forcing any female to abort her child is illegal.
To stop the increasing number of female foeticide, government passed an Act i.e. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 in which conducting sex determination test was declared illegal. If any one will conduct this test, provisions of punishment were kept in the Act.

Question 3.
Discuss any two consequences of female foeticide.
Or
Discuss effects of female foeticide.
Answer:

Impact on female’s health. People prefer to abort the foetus until a male foetus comes. It’has a very bad impact on the health of mother and her new born baby.
Impact on Sex ratio. Female foeticide can have adverse impact on sex ratio. It leads to decline in number of girls which further creates many problems such as rape, dowry deaths, polygamy, prostitution etc.

Question 4.
Why is sex ratio declining in India? Explain.
Answer:

People wish to have a boy and that’s why they try to have a male child.
Due to female foeticide, sex ratio is declining.
Female infanticide is also responsible for decline in sex ratio.
Dowry is given at the time of girl’s marriage and that’s why people prefer to have a male child.
People think that with male child, family will continue and that’s why they prefer to kill their daughters even before their birth.

Question 5.
Name two social problems that give rise to female foeticide.
Answer:

Dowry: Dowry is given at the time of daughter’s marriage which is one of the important problems of our society. People prefer to opt for female foeticide not to give dowry. If there will be a male child, dowry will come to their home.
Violence against women: Almost in all the societies of the world, females face many types of violence such as rape, abduction, dowry deaths, prostitution, wife battering etc. These are the reasons that people prefer to have a male child.

Question 6.
Write causes of domestic violence.
Or
Two reasons for Domestic Violence.
Answer:

People consume alcohol to stay away from tension. When wives and children ask them not to use it, they beat them up and increase domestic violence.
There are many people who are angry by nature and they even beat up their children on petty things.
Few individuals are drug addicts. If they don’t have money to buy drugs, they beat up their family members to get money.
Few people always remain in sorrow due to their poverty and occasionally they beat up their family members to take out their frustration.

Question 7.
Write remedies for wife battering.
Answer:

The Indian government has made many laws but they are not implemented properly. They should be properly implemented to save wives from their husbands.
Police must solve such cases with great care. Policemen must be given special training to solve the cases of domestic violence.
Children and young people must be educated against domestic violence to prepare them for future times.

Question 8.
List the legal reforms to curb female foeticide.
Answer:

According to section 312-316 of the Indian Penal Code, doing abortion is illegal.
According to The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, law was little bit relaxed and on medical, humanitarian or on any other ground, abortion was permitted.
The major base of female foeticide is sex determination of child. That’s why ‘Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 was passed and sex determination test was declared illegal. If any ultrasound centre will conduct this test, provisions were kept to close down this centre.

Question 9.
What are the effects of domestic violence?
Answer:

It can have bad impact on female’s health. She has to face all this physically and psychologically. It can have wrong impact on family atmosphere.
Wife battering can have wrong impact on children. Their daily work gets affected and can have wrong impact on their education. Children start to hate their father when they observe their mother is beaten by father.
That female always remains in mental tension who faces domestic, violence and is greatly affected from all aspects. This psychological tension affects other aspects of their life as well.

Question 10.
What is scenario of domestic violence agaisnt women in India?
Answer:
Domestic violence against women in India is quite common among all the other domestic violences. The common reason of this is the set ideology of people that females are physically and mentally weaker than males. Yet females are proving that they are no inferior than males in all the sectors but even then number of cases of domestic violence are much more against them. Its reasons are different in different countries. According to the Population Fund Report of United Nations, around two third of the Indian females are the victims of domestic violence. Around 70% married females are the victims of beating, rape or forced sex. Out of these, around 55% of the cases come from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and other north Indian states.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on sex ratio.
Answer:
In simple words the number of females behind 1000 males in one square kilometer is known as the sex ratio. It means chat how many females are there for every 1000 males in a particular area. This process is given the name of sex ratio. Relation of the word sex ratio is related with demographic features of population of any country. If we want to know anything about any country’s population then we must know about sex ratio. In 2011 India’s Sex ratio was 1000: 943. It means there were 943 females behind every 1000 males in any particular area.

If we want to know about the status of women in any society then we can come to know about it only by looking at the sex ratio of that society. From this, we can come to know that what type of status has been given to females by that society. If sex ratio is low then status of women is low but if sex ratio is high then the status of women is definitely high. In this way the meaning of sex ratio is number of females in any particular area as compared to males. If we will have information about number of males and females of any country then we can easily come to know about sex ratio of that country. Here child sex ratio is also quite important with sex ratio. Meaning of child sex ratio is that how many girls, with age group of 0-6 years, are there for 1000 boys in population of the country.

If we look at the sex ratio in whole world especially of few major countries then in the year of 2000 there “were 986 females behind 1000 males. This sex ratio is 1000: 1029 in U.S.A. 1000 ; 944 in China, 1000: 1025 in Brazil, 1000: 1041 in Japan, 1000: 933 in India, 1000: 938 in Pakistan, 1000: 953 in Bangladesh and 1000: 1004 in Indonesia. From this data, it is clear that number of females are more as compared to males in developed countries but this number is quite less in developing countries. It is so because gender discrimination is more in backward countries but it is almost negligible in the developed countries.

Condition Of Sex Ratio In India:

The condition of sex ratio in India is not good. According to Census Survey of 2011, there were only 940 females in India as compared to 1000 males. This worrying condition could be understood only by looking at the given .table:

Year	Males	Females
1901	1000	972
1911	1000	964
1921	1000	959
1931	1000	950
1941	1000	945
1951	1000	946
1961	1000	941
1971	1000	930
1981	1000	934
1991	1000	927
2001	1000	933
2011	1000	943

Here we can see another table related with sex ratio which is state-wise data of sex ratio in India.

Year	State/U.T.	Males	Females
2011	UttarPradeah	1000	908
2011	Maharathtra	1000	925
2011	Bthar	1000	916
2011	West Bengal	1000	947
2011	Andra Pradesh	1000	992
2011	Tamil Nadu	1000	995
2011	Madhya Pradesh	1000	930
2011	Raashtan	1000	926
2011	Karnataka	1000	968
2011	Gujarat	1000	918
2011	Oriasa	1000	978
2011	Kerala	1000	1084
2011	Jharkhand	1000	947
2011	Assam	1000	954
2011	Pnjab	1000	893
2011	Haryana	1000	877
2011	Chhatisgarh	1000	991
2011	Delhi	1000	866
2011	Jainmu and Kashmir	1000	883
2011	Uttrakhand	1000	963
2011	Himachal Pradesh	1000	974
2011	Thpura	1000	961
2011	Meghalaya	1000	986
2011	Mampur	1000	987
2011	Nagaland	1000	931
2011	Gos	1000	968
2011	Arunachal Pradesh	1000	920
2011	Puducherry	1000	1038
2011	Chandigarh	1000	18
2011	Mizoram	1000	975
2011	Sikkim	1000	889
2011	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	1000	878
2011	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	1000	775
2011	Daman and Diu	1000	618
2011	Lakahadweep	1000	946

From these two tables, it is clear that during 1901-2001, sex ratio in India has declined to a great extent. During 1941-1951, 1981-1991 and 1991-2011, the number of females were increased but during rest of the decades, the number of females were decreased. If we compare the decades of 1901 and 2001 than number of females or sex ratio has been decreased upto 40 females per 1000 males. Only Kerala is a state and Puduchery is the alone union territory where this ratio is favourable for females. In Kerala 1084 females are there for 1000 males and in Puduchery this ratio is 1000:1038. But this is 877 in Haryana, 893 in Punjab and 818 in Chandigarh. So from this it is clear that this declining sex ratio is really a cause of worry for us.

Question 2.
What do your understand by females foeticide? Describe its causes and consequences.
Or
What do you mean by female foeticide? Explain its causes.
Or
What is female foeticide? Explain its impacts.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Meaning of Female Foeticide. Due to many reasons, people wish to have a boy. They use many methods to get .a boy in place of a girl. When a female gets pregnant, during first three months, foetus is not yet fully developed. It is still known as foetus. These days, many new modern techniques have come forward which tell us that the foetus is of boy or girl. Such test is known as sex determination test. If the foetus is of boy, it’s fine but if it is of girl, it is aborted or terminated. It is known as female foeticide. Just because of female foeticide, the sex ratio in India started declining. In 2011, it was 943 girls behind 1000 boys.

Causes of Female Foeticide. When the foetus of a girl is terminated in the mother’s womb, it is called female foeticide. This is one of the social problems which came forward in last few decades. It can have many reasons which are given-below:

1. Traditional Society. The problem of female foeticide prevails more in traditional society. If we compare developed societies such as U.S.A., U.K. etc. with the traditional societies such as India, China, Pakistan etc., we observe that sex ratio is quite less in traditional societies. It is so because people have a tendency in such societies that they need a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre. Due to such tendencies, number of boys increase in traditional societies as people prefer to have a boy.

2. Wish to have a male child. Generally people wish to have a boy for the continuation of family and to give fire to their funeral pyre after death. Moreover people know if there will be a girl, they will have to give lot of dowry at the time of her marriage. Along with this, they’ll have to give a lot even after girl’s marriage. That’s why people don’t want girl and they even try for this. They do not hesitate from killing female foetus. In this way wish to have a boy also increases female foeticide.

3. Technological Advances. During ancient times, people did’t have access to technological advances as they were not available. So, it was not possible to conduct sex determination test. They had to wait till child’ birth. If it was girl, she was killed at the time of her birth. But with time, many techniques came forward which made it possible to know about the sex of child. Just after 18 weeks of pregnancy, ultrasound machines tell us that the foetus is boy or girl. Thousands of clinics and nursing homes came forward which terminate female foetus. They even kill unborn girl in the womb of mother. New tools have made this work quite easy. In this way technological advancements are responsible for female foeticide.

4. Patriarchal Society. Our society is basically a patriarchal society and males dominate our houses. They take care of the house and take all the important decisions. In such societies, the status of females is quite low and everything is done according to the wish of males. Females cannot do anything with their wish. Males in such society wish to have boys at home and they do not hestitate from committing female foeticide. Females have to accept this as it is the decision of males. In this way, they are forced to accept this wrong act.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

1. Declining Sex Ratio. If we look at the record of the past 100 years we can see that during last 100 years of 1901-2001, the sex ratio has declined quite considerably. Yet, the number of females increased during the decades of 1971-1981 and 1991-2001 but in rest of the decades, it decreased quite considerbely. In India, only Kerala is the state with positive sex ratio. This no. is 1000: 1084 in Kerala. It is 1000: 1038 in Puduchery. But in Haryana it is 1000: 877, in Chandigarh 1000: 818 and in Punjab it is 1000: 893. In this way we can say that the declining sex ratio is a major cause of concern in society.

2. Violence Against Women. Female foeticide leads to decline in sex ratio which
further leads to increase in violence against women. Girls are killed either before birth or new born girls are killed. Even people abandon their daughters in trains. Females have to face violence as they have given birth to girl, not boy. Many have to face sex based violence such as rape, abduction, prostitution etc. ‘

3. Low Status of Women. Declining sex ratio leads to decline in social status of women. If any female is unable to give birth to boy and is bearing only female child, she is forced to opt for abortion. Social evils and social institutions are also responsible for this and it can have an adverse impact on social status of females.

Question 3.
Explain the role of government in combating the problem of female foeticide.
Answer:
See Question No. 8 of Long answer type questions (IV).

Question 4.
Write a detail note on female foeticide.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

Question 5.
What do you understand by female foeticide? Explain various measures to combat this problem.
Answer:
The word female foeticide is made up of two words female and foeticide. The meaning of female is girl and foeticide is killing foetus. So, if we look at the literal meaning of female foeticide it is killing of females foetus in mother’s womb. Actually this concept of female foeticide came forward in last few decades when sex ratio of our country started declining.

Consequences of Females Foeticide: The problem of female foeticide can have some dangerous consequences on society which are given below:

Measures to combat problem: See Question No. 8 of long answer type questions (IV).

Question 6.
Write a detailed note on domestic violence.
Or
What is domestic violence?
Answer:
Sociologists were attracted towards the problem of family violence during last few decades of 20th century. The concept of family violence is not new in Indian society. It is a centuries old concept and sociologists have given their attention towards it in recent times. It is not correct that the family violence was not there in ancient societies. Family violence is a universal thing and has remained in almost all the societies. Violence and even deaths are also related with this. But we have very less knowledge about this concept because very less statistics are available with us about family violence and very few researches have been done till date regarding this.

It is very difficult to bring conclusions in these types of researches because generally people never like to talk about family violence. In this way very less data of family violence is available with us. Another reason of less availability of data of this concept is that many research works have been done related to family in India, but all of these were related with either structure and functions of joint family or structure and function of nuclear family. No one has paid its attention towards the concept of family violence.

One another reason is that people think that if they will talk with any stranger regarding this then his or her family will break up or conflict in the family will increase. That’s why people never like to share their experience of family violence > with any one. Another reason of less number of researches being done on family violence is that there is very less importance of that part of family on which violence is being committed and that part of family is females and children. It is true that our urban society is progressing very quickly but rural society is standing there where it was 50 years back. Females and children are given very less importance in our society. Even society hardly accepts it as a problem. Society declines to accept it a problem and says, that it is not a problem. Domestic violence is accepted as a feature of personal mental illness.

Even many historians hardly accept it as a social problem and say that the family violence is a personal matter of the family. That’s why it should be kept only for the family or for the home. It is true that government has made many laws after independence to stop domestic violence so that the mutual understanding, love, cooperation, sympathy etc. could be increased in the society. Even there is provision of strict punishment in different laws who commit violence against females and children. But this topic is very important for sociology because till date sociology has studied only family or good and positive aspect of family life but it has never studied the negative aspect of family violence.

If any social system is formed then it is the result of integrative and disintegrative processes. In this way family life is also a mixture of negative and positive aspects. Experience of family life of ttvo persons could also be different and they are generally different. If any person has no problem in family life then his family life is full of happiness. But if any person has many problems in family life then his family life will be full of sorrows. Members of family in family life are very much close to each other and this closeness is due to mutual dependence. Opposition and differences also occur in the views of members due to this dependence.

These differences create mutual conflict also. One writer was of the view that the families where there is a lot of conflict in the family, they use more reasons to remove that conflict and more violence is there in those families. We cannot find same type of situation in the family. Family life is always full of happiness and sorrowness. General consensus and conflict always occur in the family. Many a time violence occurs due to this conflict and many a time this violence results in the form of death. Very less data is available in our country related to domestic violence. Generally researchers pay attention towards the physical violence which is committed in the family. They hardly care about the psychological violence. Psychological violence is very dangerous because its effect lasts for the whole life. But even then the family life has not been explained in a proper way. That’s why our knowledge related to this is very limited.

Definition of Domestic Violence:

Domestic violence is a complex concept. It is very difficult to define it because violence is a very wide concept in which abusing, slapping and the concept of murder are included. Except this the meaning of force and violence are generally taken in the same sense. Violence is generally a physical activity but force is the activity full of hatred in which we hurt other person. This hurt could be physical and psychological as well. From the researches being done on family violence we come to know that we cannot differentiate the legal and illegal activity because the victims of violence make the act of violence legal by accepting those violent acts.

According to Gelles, “Day to day patterned and recurrent use of physical violence like pushing, slapping, punching, knifing, shooting and throwing objects by one member of the family at another.” According to Pagelow, “An act of omission or commission by family members and any condition comes out of such activity which deprives other members of family of equal rights and liberties and interferes with their’optimal development and freedom of choice.”

In this way family violence is not limited only to physical violence but is extended from psychological violence and up to snatching freedom of-members of family. It happens again and again in family relation. The area of family violence starts abusing and goes up to the use of force. Conflict of husband-wife, brother-sister, uncles, grandfather, grandson is included in this. In this way family violence is that act which is being committed by one member of the family towards other member of the family with an idea to strike other one. Yet the violence is very common in our society and violence is not a particular thing itself but when the violence is being used against the members of the family then its study and explanation become necessary.

There can be many types of family violence like misbehave of husband and wife towards each other, marital rape, rape of sister by brother or of daughter by father, violence between brother and sister, violence in father and the son, violence in mother-in-law and daughter-in-law etc. Generally it has been believed that the violence in any other condition is known as very serious but if this violence will be on the base of family then it is accepted as the family problem or just a small crime.

Question 7.
What are the causes of domestic violence?
Or
What are the causes of domestic violence? Discuss.
Answer:
There is not just one or two causes of domestic violence but it has many reasons whose description is given ahead:

1. Social change: Change is law of nature and family and society are also affected by this. Changes are often coming in family, house and society due to geographical and cultural effects. A new change has come in the old relations due to many factors like urbanization, industrialization, new and formal educational system, means of transport and communication etc. People get many chances to get work because of which members of the family were forced to leave the ancient web of relationships. New generation gave importance to nuclear families instead of joint families so that they could move from one place to another. Due to living alone they went out of control of any elder. Problems of office, problems of running the house when become intolerable for the person then he takes out his anger on wife and children in the family because of which domestic violence increases.

2. Alcoholism: Generally it has been seen that humans are using alcohol to get relief from the tensions or for the sake of fun. When a person reaches the home after consuming alcohol then his wife, children, parents etc. advise him not to use alcohol and even tell him about the consequences of using alcohol. Many a time person listens to it and then he comes in anger and starts to beat up his family members. He abuses them and severely beats them up. He thinks that his family members are increasing his problems. In this way he is hardly aware of the fact what he is doing under the influence of liquor. His body remains under the influence of liquor and he hardly cares that wh#t is he doing. In this way alcoholism also increases domestic violence.

3. Misbehaviour of childhood: Many scholars say that many people are very much misbehaved in their childhood by their parents. Their childhood has been spent with full of misbehaviour, violence of parents and without love. Behaviour of many persons becomes rude because of this and when they become adult they misbehave with their parents, wife, and children. Many persons keep these things in their mind and when they become young they also misbehave (physical and psychological) with their parents and children. In this way the childhood of the person is some times responsible for domestic violence.

4. Drug abuse: These days many medicines are available in the market with which person can come in the influence of drug like capsules, injections etc. Yet doctor gives the person to cure its problems but many a time humans start to use them as a drug. When the person consumes them then he hardly cares about the fact that what he is doing. He misbehaves with the members of the family and even he beats them up. He abuses them, beats them up so that he is able to get money from them. In this way domestic violence increases due to drug abuse.

5. Problem of personality: Many a time personality problems can also become a reason of family violence. Some persons are angry by nature and come in anger with small, small things. For example in many families uncles beat up their nephew even due to small things. Some people are very possessive by nature. They beat their wife, children, sister even after little bit of doubt on their behaviour and character. For example if their son, daughter, child is talking on phone then they ask them with whom and why are you talking? If they are unable to get satisfactory answer then they beat them up. In this way problem of personality also becomes a cause of family violence.

6. Less income: Today is the age of inflation but the income of every person is | very much limited. Income of the family is generally less but expenditure is more. That’s why they are unable to run their family in a proper way and they always remain in the economic problems. Person always remains in the tension. Family 1 members demand many things from him but he is unable to fulfil those demands and that’s why he beats them up in tension and anger and violence happens automatically. In this way less income can also become the cause of domestic violence.

7. Unemployment: Many a time unemployment can also become a reason of family violence. Many a time business of any person remains no more, he looses his job etc. In this condition he becomes either unemployed or half employed. He becomes annoyed with this and remains in tension. He brings out his anger on the family members because of which domestic violence increases.

8. Capacity to commit violence: Many a time family members commit violence at that time when the value of being violent is less than that of its result. In other words people beat other members of their family because they can do so. Males are generally powerful than females and children. That’s why they use violent methods against them. Inequality in family and society exists due to sex and age. That’s why the strong person and aged person uses violence and domestic violence increases with this.

9. Clash of interests: God has made every person of a different nature and the interests of every perspn are also different according to that. Any one wants to get more education and any one wants to earn more money. In this way interests of every member of family are also different. Interests of father, son, nephew, uncle, brother, sister, grandfather, grandson etc. are also different. That’s why there is a clash of interests. Every member of the family wants that he should get more and more family’s property. That’s why conflict starts in members of the family. Even brothers hardly talk with each other while living in the family, conflict occurs in father and son. Even they try to kill each other because of property. We can read this type of news in daily newspaper like son killed his father, brother killed his brother, nephew killed his uncle. In this way clash of interests also becomes a reason of domestic violence.

10. Male dominated society: Our society is male dominated society because of which females are given very low status in family and society. In this way the cause of violence against women comes out due to the lower status of women as compared to males. All the powers in male dominated society are in the hands of males. The process of socialization also keeps females under the authority of males. This inequality in both the sexes is going on from the ages. More inequality will lead to the violence against lower class. Except this if lower class (females) will try to oppose it then its answer will also be given in the form of violence.

11. Dependency: Generally males earn money in the family and all the other members depend upon them to live. That’s why males feel that the life of other members of the family is in their command. That’s why they can change their lives. If members of the family spend their lives according to his views then it’s fine otherwise they can be forced to live in his way with the help of violence. In this way dependency also increases domestic violence.

Question 8.
Write a note about control of domestic vialence.
Or
Explain various measures to combat domestic violence.
Answer:
Domestic violence is not a new concept. It was also there in ancient societies. At that time family was giving psychological, physical and social security to its members. But many new changes are coming in joint family. This change has come in the roles of elders of the family. Tension is coming in the relations of husband and wife. Elders are disrespected and many cases of misbehaviour with them can be read in newspapers. Younger members are getting more rights. Elders are not considered as useful but are considered as useless and that’s why the cases of misbehaviour are increasing with them. Relations of parents and children are weakening. Relations of husband and wife are weakening and this we can come to knew from the increasing number of divorces. Ancient family structure remains no more. In future the concept of joint family will also come to an end.

In this way to reduce family violence and to save the lives of victims of violence it is necessary that it should be stopped and it should be cured but we can not change our culture while curing it. Its cure is to stop it. The main aim of stopping methods is to stop family violence. First of all, we have to change our values, behaviour, nature etc. with which our way of looking the females will also be changed.

Sexual inequality,’ economic inequality, and dependency also increase family violence. If the difference between job-oriented females and males will come to an end then family violence will also come to an end. Except this, we should not beat our children but make them understand with love. Violence will give birth to counter-violence. Whichever system will be established with violence it will also come to an end with violence. If we will beat our children to make them understand then it will not affect their bodies but will affect their minds as well. He will never forget this beating for his whole life and will show the same face to his parents which was shown to him by his parents. If we will educate them with love then it would be a very important step to reduce domestic violence because love gives birth to love.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy

October 21, 2024October 20, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Book Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Welcome Life Chapter 4 Empathy

Welcome Life Guide for Class 9 PSEB Empathy InText Questions and Answers

Textbook Page No. 22

Activity 1

Tell
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Img 1

Answer:

S.No.	Feeling	Situation (when the Certain feeling arrived)
1.	Laughter	When someone is Jocking.
2.	Anger	When anyone abuses me.
3.	Sorry	When I get fewer marks in exams.
4.	Fear	When exams are coming closer.
5.	Crying	When anyone scolds me without reason.

Activity 2

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Img 2

(a) You feel the emotion of ……………….. at your elder brother’s marriage. (Fill in the blank)
Answer:
happy

(b) How did you feel at the departure of Doli at the time of your sister’s marriage ? .
Answer:
I started crying as a girl was leaving her father’s house.

Textbook Page No. 23

Activity 3.

Dear students, today you have to change your seating plan for this period so that you can play an interesting game in your classroom just now. For this activity, one student of each double seater bench ( desk) please get up and interchange your seat with another bench sitter. In this way, one new student will be sitting on each bench. Now the new team will be formed. Just try to get friendly with your new companion and all set to start a new game, which is amazing. One student from each team will try to express the name of any game, player, bird, fruit, weather condition, any idiom and name of his I her friend whatever the name told by the class teacher in his/ her ear. The student will convey the names only by gestures, actions and not by speaking. The other member of the team will try to guess the name within 20 seconds and will note down the score in the note hook. However, the class teacher will describe the names and conduct the game.

Let us conclude :

Question 1.
Which quality did you learn and adopt today by playing this game?
Answer:
From this game, I learned that we should live in cooperation with others. If we will cooperate with others, every work will be done very easily.

Question 2.
Note down three qualities you found in your new friend?
Answer:

He knew how to cooperate with others.
He cooperated with others and we were able to finish the game very quickly.
He had the quality of understanding others very quickly.

Textbook Page No. 23

Question 1.
Did you feel that you can learn a lot from your new friend?
Answer:
Yes, I can learn a lot from my new friend such as a sense of cooperation, power to understand others very quickly.

Question 2.
Fill in the blank :
The more I interact with the people, the ………………
Answer:
I will go closer to them and will learn a sense of cooperation from them.

Activity 4.

Each child will write the answer on their own worksheet. Instead of considering one student as the winner, the winning team will be declared by adding the scores of two students sitting on the bench.
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 4 Empathy Img 3

Answer:

S.No.	Questionnaire	Answer
1.	Kuchipudi is a folk dance of which Indian state?	Andhra Pradesh
2.	The Kannada language is associated with which Indian state?	Karnataka
3.	By what othe”r name is bhangra known?	Malwai Giddha
4.	Which city is called the pink city?	Jaipur
5.	Sammy folk dance is performed on folk instrument ‘Dhol’ (drum).	Yes
6.	Which is the language of West Bengal?	Bengali
7.	Where are the four towers located?	Hyderabad
8.	The bridegroom s of Khasi village of Meghalaya move in with their in-laws after marriage.	Yes
9.	Which is the most popular folk dance of Gujarat?	Garba
10.	Write down 2 traditional drinks of Punjab.	Butter Milk, Church

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Guide Empathy Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is of great importance in life?
(a) Emotions
(b) Cars
(c) Buildings
(d) Watches.
Answer:
(a) Emotions

2. Which of these is an emotion?
(a) Anger
(b) Love
(c) Fear
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. Which of these is necessary?
(a) To identify an emotion
(b) To accept an emotion
(c) To control an emotion
(d) All of these
Answer;
(d) All of these

4. Which of these is not necessary?
(a) To identify an emotion
(b) To move according to emotions
(c) To control emotions
(d) To accept emotions.
Answer:
(b) To move according to emotions.

5. Society based on certain rules, norms, etc. is known as ………………..
(a) Civilised society
(b) Individual society
(c) Cultural society
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Civilised society

6. Which of these is a feature of a civilized society?
(a) Honesty
(b) Helping others
(c) Sense of responsibility
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

7. Which of these is a famous dance of Punjab?
(a) Giddha
(b) Bhangra
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Natti.
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

8. Which of these is of great importance in our lives?
(a) Cooperation
(b) Maintaining balance
(c) Helping others
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

9. We can find many ………………….. in this world.
(a) Differences
(b) Similarities
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b).

10. There is …………………. in diversity in India.
(a) Ideology
(b) Unity
(c) Difference
(d) Equality
Answer:
(b) Unity

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Showing ……………… can be good or bad.
Answer:
feelings

2. Identifying …………….. and controlling them is necessary.
Answer:
expressions

3. Society is based on ………………..
Answer:
rules

4. The world is full of ……………….
Answer:
diversity

5. Spirit of ……………… others is must in every individual.
Answer:
helping

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (x) Statement:

1. There is no importance of cooperation in social life.
Answer:
x

2. Both similarities and differences are there in society.
Answer:
✓

3. We share our pain and pleasure with each other.
Answer:
✓

4. Helping others is not good.
Answer:
x

5. Expressing feelings can be good or bad.
Answer:
✓

Match the Following:

(A)	(B)
Anger	Civilized society
Unity in	Expression
Helping others	Diversity
Recognizing expressions	Helpless
Based on values	Controlling emotions

Answer:

(A)	(B)
Anger	Expression
Unity in	Diversity
Helping others	Helpless
Recognizing expressions	Controlling emotions
Based on values	Civilized society

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Which emotions are of great importance in our lives?
Answer:
Emotions such as anger, love, peace, pain, hardness, sympathy, etc. are of great importance in our lives.

Question 2.
Which ability of emotions should be learned?
Answer:
We must learn when and how any expression needs to be expressed.

Question 3.
What is necessary for emotions?
Answer:
Recognizing emotions, accepting and controlling them is a must for us.

Question 4.
Which is a civilized society?
Answer:
A civilized society is a society that is based on certain rules, values, and traits.

Question 5.
On what society is based?
Answer:
Society is based on similarities and differences.

Question 6.
How are people different from each other?
Answer:
People are different from each other from the point of view of language, religion, ways of living, eating habits, etc.

Question 7.
What should we do with diversity?
Answer:
We should welcome and respect diversity.

Question 8.
When should we help anyone?
Answer:
Help should be given at a time when someone needed it quite badly.

Question 9.
Who should be helped?
Answer:
One who is helpless should be helped.

Question 10.
Who is a Diwyang?
Answer:
The person is a Diwyang whose any part of the body is not working properly such as an eye, tongue, ear, arm etc.

Question 11.
How should we treat Diwyangs?
Answer:
We should show sympathy towards Diwyangs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the importance of emotions in our lives?
Answer:
We have many emotions such as anger, love, peace, hardness, pain, sympathy, etc. These are of great importance in our lives. These emotions are good if we know when and how to use these emotions. It is a must for us to learn that how* much of the expression is to be expressed. If we can have such capability, we can do progress very easily.

Question 2.
How can we maintain the balance of emotions?
Answer:
Emotions can be balanced with the following methods :

Recognizing emotions. First of all, it is a must for us to recognize that when we need to express an emotion.
Accepting emotions. With this, we need to accept that a particular emotion needed to use.
Controlling emotions. Finally, we need to learn the method to control emotions that should be used at an appropriate time.

Question 3.
What is the importance of social norms and values in a civilized society?
Answer:
Each society runs on the basis of fixed norms, values, traits, etc. Such a society is known as a civilized society. To run a society smoothly, it is necessary that it should work with fixed rules and regulations. If this will not happen then everyone will make his own rules and there will be chaos everywhere. There will be no balance in society. That’s why social norms and values are quite important as they are quite helpful for the smooth functioning of society.

Question 4.
Discuss unity in diversity in Indian society.
Answer:
We live in India and can see that the country is full of diversity. Our ways of behavior, habitat, religious values, ways of social behavior, dialect, eating habits, etc. are very much different from each other but still, we are tied with a thread of unity that we are Indians. Although we are different from each other, still live in unity and that’s why we can say that there exists unity in diversity in India.

Question 5.
Write a note on helping the needy.
Answer:
Helping others is good but it is necessary to look that help should be given to the rifeedy one. Along with this, it is a must look that help should do welfare of the needy one. If the needy one is given a thing that is not required by him then the help will be wasted. That’s why it is the duty of everyone to help needy people. Maybe you will require the help of anyone in the near future. In this way, if we help each other, society will run smoothly.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
Which values did you learn in this chapter?
Answer:

Emotions. Individuals have many emotions but they must know that when and how much of the emotion is to be used.
Balance of emotions. Maintaining a balance of emotions is necessary. For this, we need to recognize, understand, accept and control our emotions.
Social values. Every society is based on fixed values and such a society is known as a civilized society. To run society smoothly, values and rules are necessary or there will be complete chaos in society.
Unity and Diversity. People of different religions, cultures, languages, etc. live in India in peace and harmony with each other. This shows unity in diversity in India.
Helping the Needy one. We meet many people who need someone’s help to do something. We should help such people.

Source-Based Question:

Question 1.
Read the source and answer the questions that follow :
The entire creation and the world are full of diversity. Every animal, bird, every plant, every creature is unique. Even one leaf of a tree is not like another. In society, we see a lot of differences in language, dress, color, occupation, customs, and culture. Indian culture also speaks of unity in diversity. Even though we are full of diversity. We are united with the thread of patriotism and unity. Our joys and sorrows are shared. We live in a world. Let us now share the information gathered about various heritage, cultural, differences in the context of India, in the form of quizzes.

1. Is there any similarity that exists in society?
Answer:
Yes, we have many many similarities among us.

2. There are many differences in society. Explain.
Answer:
This means that people living in society have many similarities as well as differences.

3. Which similarities are widespread in society?
Answer:
We all are humans, do the same type of work, we are the citizens of a single country who follow the same laws, our life is the same, etc.

Question 4.
Which differences exist between us?
Answer:
Our language and dialect are different, our religions are different, our ways of behavior, eating habits, etc. are different. Our personality is different as well.

Question 5.
What type of diversity exists in India?
Answer:
We can find much diversity in India such as many religions exist in India, we use more than 1600 languages, our ways of eating, wearing, living, etc. are different. Our religious rituals, ways of doing marriage, ways of cremating dead bodies are also different. In this way, we can find a lot of diversity in India.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities

October 19, 2024October 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. When was Untouchability Offence Act passed?
(a) 1956
(b) 1954
(c) 1955
(d) 1957
Answer:
(c) 1955

2. Which institution completely disintegrated the Indian society?
(a) Caste system
(b) Class system
(c) Joint family
(d) Dowry system
Answer:
(a) Caste system

3. Which of these is the base of caste?
(a) Money
(b) Birth
(c) Property
(d) Religion
Answer:
(6b) Birth

4. Who was the first one to use the word ‘Harijan’?
(a) Dr. Ambedkar
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) The Indian Constitution
(d) G.S.Ghurye
Answer:
(b) Mahatma Gandhi

5. Who gave the six features of caste system?
(a) Ghurye
(b) Srinivas
(c) Dubey
(d) Karve
Answer:
(a) Ghurye

6. Who gave the traditional theory of caste origin?
(a) Majumdar
(b) Karve
(c) Srinivas
(d) Dubey
Answer:
(a) Majumdar

7. The mate selection within the group is called …………….
(a) Exogamy
(b) Endogamy
(c) Group Marriage
(d) Monogamy
Answer:
(b) Endogamy

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Ghurye gave ………………. features of caste system.
Answer:
six

2. ……………… system took the form of caste system.
Answer:
varna

3. Traditional theory is given in ……………….
Answer:
Rigveda

4. In the process of ………………… lower caste people adopt the ideas, habits, ways of living etc. of upper caste people.
Answer:
Sanskritization

5. With the process of …………………. untouchability has almsot eliminated from society.
Answer:
Secularization

6. The problem of untouchability is due to ……………….. system.
Answer:
caste

True/False:

1. Caste system is based on wealth.
Answer:
False

2. Untouchability Offence Act was passed in 1960.
Answer:
False

3. Traditional theory of caste origin is given in Rigveda.
Answer:
True

4. Caste system originated from the varna system.
Answer:
True

5. First three castes were known as ‘dwija’.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
Which system has divided our society 7
Answer:
Caste system has divided our society.

Question 2.
From which language’s word, the word caste came?
Answer:
Word ‘caste’ was originated from a Portuguese word ‘CASTA’.

Question 3.
Which type of class is caste?
Answer:
Caste is a closed class.

Question 4.
Who were given the highest place in Caste system?
Answer:
Brahmins were given the highest place in caste system.

Question 5.
Which caste was greatly exploited in Caste system?
Answer:
Fourth caste was greatly exploited in caste system.

Question 6.
What is meant by Endogamy?
Answer:
When marriage is done within one’s own caste then it is known as endogamy. Question 7. Which type of occupation of an individual is there in caste system? An. In caste system, occupation of an individual is based on birth. It means one is required to adopt the occupation of his family.

Question 8.
On what, mutual relations in caste system are based?
Answer:
In caste system, mutual relations are based on superiority and inferiority.

Question 9.
What is meant by closed caste system?
Answer:
The class which cannot be changed is known as closed caste system.

Question 10.
What is used to make Kachcha food and Pakka food?
Answer:
Water is used to make Kachcha food and oil is used to make Pakka food.

Question 11.
On what division of labour in Indian society was based?
Answer:
Division of labour in Indian society was based on caste system.

Question 12.
Who gave the Racial theory of origin of caste system?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye gave the racial theory of caste system.

Question 13.
Which theory was given by Ghurye about origin of caste system?
Answer:
Racial theory was given by Ghurye.

Question 14.
Who gave the Religious theory of origin of Caste system?
Answer:
Hockart and Senart gave the religious theory of origin of caste system.

Question 15.
Who gave the occupational theory about origin of Caste system?
Answer:
Nesfield gave this theory.

Question 16.
Who wrote the book ‘Caste in India’?
Answer:
The book ‘Caste in India’ was written by J.H. Hutton.

Question 17.
Who wrote the book Races and Culture?
Answer:
The book Races and Culture was written by Majumdar.

Question 18.
How many features of caste system are given by G.S. Ghurye?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye has given six features of Caste system.

Question 19.
When was Untouchability Offence Act passed?
Answer:
Untouchability Offence Act was passed in 1955.

Question 20.
When was Civil Rights Protection Act passed?
Answer:
Civil Rights Protection Act was passed in 1976.

Question 21.
When was Hindu Marriage Act passed?
Answer:
Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 1955.

Question 22.
Which thing was restricted in Untouchability Offence Act?
Answer:
It was restricted that no one will be called as untouchable.

Question 23.
How many castes approximately are available in India?
Answer:
Approximately 3,000 castes are available in India.

Question 24.
Which type of marriage is allowed in Caste system?
Answer:
Endogamy is allowed in caste system.

Question 25.
In how many parts, ancient Indian society was divided?
Answer:
Ancient Indian society was divided into four parts.

Question 26.
What was the merit of caste system?
Or
Write about one positive function of caste system.
Answer:
It has protected Hindu society, has given stability to society and has given definite occupation to the people.

Question 27.
Which type of change is coming in caste-system?
Or
Mention one change in caste system.
Answer:
Prestige of Brahmins is declining, untouchability remains no more and traditional occupations are coming to an end.

Question 28.
Give main features of caste system.
Or
Mention any two features of caste.
Answer:
Membership of caste remains for life, segmental division of society is there and one has to adopt his traditional occupation.

Question 29.
What is the demerit of caste system?
Answer:
Lower castes are exploited, untouchability increased and personality of an individual is unable to develop.

Question 30.
Who gave the Multifactor theory of origin of caste system?
Answer:
It was given by Hutton.

Question 31.
Who has accepted caste as a political unit?
Answer:
Saxena has accepted caste as a political unit.

Question 32.
What is the base of membership of caste?
Answer:
Base of membership of caste is birth.

Question 33.
What is the permanent form of stratification?
Answer:
Caste is the permanent form of stratification.

Question 34.
Which institution has greatly disintegrated the Indian society?
Answer:
Caste system has greatly disintegrated the Indian society.

Question 35.
Which scholar has divided functions of caste system into three parts?
Answer:
J.H. Hutton has divided functions of caste system into three parts.

Question 36.
In which Veda’s purushsukta, the description of origin of caste system is given?
Answer:
In Rigveda’s purushsukta, the description of origin of caste system is given.

Question 37.
From which word, the word caste is originated?
Answer:
The word caste is originated from the Portuguese word ‘CASTA’.

Question 38.
Which are the main bases of caste?
Answer:
Caste is a very large group whose bases are caste based differences and birth based differences.

Question 39.
Why are restrictions kept in caste system?
Answer:
So that the different castes could not come in each other’s contact and caste superiority and inferiority could remain as it is.

Question 40.
How is caste a closed group?
Or
Is caste a closed group?
Answer:
Caste is a closed group because one cannot change it even if one has the ability to do so.

Question 41.
How is occupation fixed in Caste System?
Or
Definite occupation in caste.
Or
Hereditary occupations.
Or
Traditional occupation.
Answer:
Occupation in caste is traditional. It means one has to adopt the occupation of his family.

Question 42.
Which two laws have helped in the weakening of caste system?
Answer:

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
Untouchability Offence Act, 1955.

Question 43.
What is social disability of lower castes?
Answer:
Social disability of lower castes is that they cannot keep relations with upper castes and cannot take water from their wells.

Question 44.
What is religious disability of lower castes?
Answer:
Lower castes cannot take religious education, cannot read religious books and cannot go into temples.

Question 45.
How has industrialization affected the Caste system?
Or
Effect of industrialisation on Caste System.
Answer:
In industries, people of different castes started to work together with which caste based restrictions came to an end.

Question 46.
Caste develops the feeling of Co-operation.
Answer:
It is right because members of one caste work with each other due to same occupation co-operate with each other.

Question 47.
Untouchability.
Or
What is Untouchability?
Answer:
The process in which people of few castes were not allowed to touch the upper caste people was known as untouchability.

Question 48.
Inter-caste Marriage.
Answer:
When people of two different castes marry with each other then it is known as inter-caste marriage.

Question 49.
Is Caste system changing?
Answer:
Yes, caste system is changing due to a number of factors like education, industrialisation, urbanisation, laws etc.

Question 50.
Maintenace of Purity of Blood.
Answer:
When one marries within his own caste then it maintains the purity of blood. Blood of other castes never mixes with one’s caste.

Question 51.
Endogamy.
Answer:
When an individual does marriage within his own caste or group then it is known as Endogamy.

Question 52.
Is class intermarriageable?
Answer:
Yes, class is intermarriagable. It means endogamous as well as exogamous.

Question 53.
Hierarchy in Caste.
Answer:
There were four castes—Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Lower castes. This was the hierarchy in caste.

Question 54.
What are the bases of class?
Answer:
Money, wealth, prestige, education, occupation etc. are the bases of class.

Question 55.
What is the fundamental basis of caste system?
Answer:
Fundamental basis of caste system was the superiority of few castes and inferiority of few castes.

Question 56.
Restrictions on feeding and social relations in Caste.
Answer:
Different castes in Caste system were not allowed to keep feeding and social relations with each other.

Question 57.
Restrictions regarding marriage in a caste.
Answer:
There was restriction regarding marriage in a caste. It means members of different castes were not allowed to marry with each other.

Question 58.
Maintenance of Purity of Blood.
Answer: Members of different castes cannot marry with each other. So their blood never mixes with other caste and it maintains purity of blood.

Question 59.
Caste membership based on birth. .
Answer: A person remains member of that caste in which he is born and he cannot change his caste even if he has the ability to do so.

Question 60.
Caste provides social security.
Answer:
If any problem comes to an individual, then members of his caste always help him. In this way, caste provides social security.

Question 61.
State any two abuses of caste system.
Answer:

In caste system, one particular caste was exploited.
In caste system, hatredness prevailed among different castes.

Question 62.
What is the basis of class?
Answer:
In modern times, wealth occupation, business etc. are the bases of class.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Hierarchy of Castes.
Answer:
Society was divided into four castes and due to this division, there was a definite system of high or low social status in society. This system of division of society into four castes is known as hierarchy of castes.

Question 2.
How is the social status of an individual determined?
Answer:
In caste system, the social status of an individual was determined by the caste in which he was born. But in class system, the social status of an individual is based on his individual ability.

Question 3.
Caste develops the sense of Co-operation.
Answer:
It is a fact that caste develops the sense of co-operation among its members. As members of one particular caste have same occupation, that’s why they work in co-operation with each other.

Question 4.
What is Kachcha food?
Answer:
Kaccha food is that food in whose making, oil or ghee is not used, only water is used. In caste system, it is fixed that from which caste one can take kaccha food and from which caste one can take pakka food.

Question 5.
What is Pakka food?
Answer:
Pakka food is exactly opposite to Kachcha food. Pakka food is that’food in whose making ghee or oil is used. It is fixed that from which caste one can take Pakka food. ‘

Question 6.
Modern Education and Caste.
Answer:
Now people are taking modern education which is based on Science and reason. That’s why gradually people come to know about demerits of caste and it leads to removal of caste restrictions from the society.

Question 7.
Social Security in Caste.
Answer:
If any problem comes to an individual then all the members of one caste collectively solve that problem. In this members of each caste get social security from their respective castes.

Question 8.
Membership of caste based on birth.
Answer:
It is a fact that membership of caste is based on birth. One cannot leave the caste in which he is born. At any cost he cannot leave his caste even if he is having the ability to do so.

Question 9.
To maintain purity of blood.
Answer:
Caste is an endogamous group in which one needs to marry in his own caste. It helps in maintaining purity of blood as blood from all the castes never mixes with each other.

Question 10.
Give one definition of caste.
Answer:
According to Martindale and Mona Chesi, “A caste is aggregate of persons whose share of obligations and privileges is fixed by birth, sanctioned and supported by magic and religion.”

Question 11.
Exploitation of lower castes.
Answer:
In caste system, lower castes were exploited by the upper castes. They were misbehaved and were not given any rights. They lived their fives in hell-like conditions.

Question 12.
Discuss two changes in the Caste System.
Answer:

Due to the passing of many Legislations, the discrimination of untouchabifity is coming to an end.
Due to the advent of many new occupations, the hierarchical order of the caste system and the superiority of many castes is changing.

Question 13.
Caste as Segmental division of society.
Or
Give the number and name of castes.
Answer:
In caste system, whole of the society was divided into different parts. First part comprised the Brahmins, second part comprised the Kshatriyas, third part was Vaishyas and the fourth part comprised the people of lower castes.

Question 14.
Change in the caste regarding marriage.
Answer:
Now people work with each other and come closer to each other. It led to increase in inter-cas’te marriages. People started to marry according to their own wish. Child marriage no more prevails, widow marriage is increasing day by day.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Caste.
Or
Caste.
Answer:
Hindu social system has one of the important complex and interesting institutions which is known as caste system. Word Caste has been taken from Portuguese word ‘Casta’ whose meaning is birth. Caste is an endogamous group whose membership is based on birth, occupation is hereditary and traditional. Many types of restrictions are there regarding ways of living, eating, relations and marriage.

According to Risley, “Caste is a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from mythical ancestor, human or divine. Professing to follow the name hereditary calling and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community.”

Question 2.
Give any four characteritics of Caste.
Answer:

Membership of caste is based upon birth.
Caste is an endogamous group.
Restrictions on social relations are there in caste.
Restrictions are there in caste regarding feeding.
Occupation of a person is hereditary in caste. It means that no one can adopt any occupation of his choice.
Society is divided in different segments.
There is a definite hierarchy in caste system.

Question 12.
Discuss two changes in the Caste System.
Answer:

Due to the passing of many Legislations, the discrimination of untouchability is coming to an end.
Due to the advent of many new occupations, the hierarchical order of the caste system and the superiority of many castes is changing.

Question 14.
Change in the caste regarding marriage.
Answer:
Now people work with each other and come closer to each other. It led to increase in inter-caste marriages. People started to marry according to their own wish. Child marriage no more prevails, widow marriage is increasing day by day.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 2.
Give any four characteritics of Caste.
Answer:

Membership of caste is based upon birth.
Caste is an endogamous group.
Restrictions on social relations are there in caste.
Restrictions are there in caste regarding feeding.
Occupation of a person is hereditary in caste. It means that no one can adopt any occupation of his choice.
Society is divided in different segments.
There is a definite hierarchy in caste system.

Question 3.
What is Hierarchy?
Answer:
There was a definite hierarchy in caste system. Society was divided in different segments on the basis of their higher or lower status. Brahmins got the higher status in all parts of India. Kshatriyas were coming at second place and third place was of Vaishyas. Fourth and the last place was given to lower castes. Social status of any person in society was determined on the basis of this hierarchy.

Question 4.
Caste as Segmental division of Society.
Or
Segment division of Society.
Answer:
The Indian society was divided in many segments in caste system and generally it was divided in four segments. Status, place and functions of member of every segment were pre-determined. Every caste had its own rituals, customs, traditions, values etc. That is why the scope of relations of members of every caste was generally limited to its own caste. Every caste was a social unit in itself where a person can spend his whole life.

Question 5.
Membership based on birth.
Or
How is membership of caste fixed or determined?
Answer:
Membership of any caste is based upon birth. No one can detrmine his caste according to his wish. Social status of a person was determined by that caste in which caste that person was born. No one can change his caste even if he has the ability to do so. In this way the person used to get social status according to the caste in which he was born, not on the basis of individual ability.

Question 6.
Which type of restrictions are there in caste regarding food?
Answer:
Some clear rules are there in caste system which tell us that with which caste we can establish relations regarding food or feeding. Whole food has been divided into two parts-Kachcha food and Pakka food. Kachcha food is that food which can be made with the help of water and Pakka food is that food which can be made with the help of oil or ghee. A general rule is that any person never takes kachcha food till that time until it has not been made by the person of his own caste. Brahmins accept Pakka food from any specific caste.

Question 7.
How is occupation fixed in caste?
Answer:
According to the rules of caste system, all the castes have their traditional, specific and hereditary occupations. Every person has to adopt the occupation of that caste in which he is born even if the other occupations are more profitable. Person had no choice instead of adopting his traditional and hereditary occupations. Main function of the brahmins was to perform religious function and to give education to people. Function of Kshatriyas was to protect the country and rule over the country. Vaishyas were doing agriculture and business and the function of lower castes was to serve the people of higher three castes. All of them had to adopt traditional occupations.

Question 8.
What are the rules regarding marriage in caste?
Answer:
Most of the castes have been divided in sub-castes in caste system and all of these sub-castes are not allowed to marry with the people of other caste or sub-caste. Person has to marry in his own caste. Yet in some conditions person was free to marry with the girl of lower caste but the general rule was that person has to marry in his own caste. If any one was trying to break this rule he was generally thrown out of his caste and he was not allowed to enter in any other caste or sub-caste. In this way all of them were allowed to marry within their own castes.

Question 9.
Restrictions regarding castes.
Or
Which restrictions were related with caste?
Answer:
Some rules are there in every caste regarding restrictions on some points like:

Every person had to adopt the occupation of his own caste.
He has to obey the restrictions regarding rules of feeding.
He has to marry in his own caste.
Lowfer were not allowed to get education and to enter into the temples.
Lower people were not allowed to touch the people of higher castes and to take water from wells of people of higher castes.

Question 10.
Restrictions on Social relations.
Or
Which type of restrictions were there in caste system regarding Social relations?
Answer:
Society was divided in different castes in earlier times and the sense of high and low was there in these castes. People of higher castes lived inside the village and people of lower castes lived outside of the village. They kept themselves away from each other.Lower castes were also not allowed to perform Upanayana Samskara. In this way restrictions were there on people to establish relations with people of other castes.

Question 11.
How caste provides social security?
Answer:
Caste provides social security to its members. Members of every caste are always ready to help the members of their castes. There was ho need for a person to be worried from any point of view because he was aware of the fact that caste will definitely help him if any need arises. Caste gives social security in two ways. Firstly it determines the social status of a person and secondly it protects the person from every type of problem.

Question 12.
Describe the functions of caste.
Answer:

Caste determines the occupation of a person.
Caste provides social security to a person.
Caste gives mental security to a person.
Caste maintains purity of the blood.
Caste provides political stability to the country.
Caste saves the technical knowledge.
Caste determines the rules related to education.

Question 13.
Purity of blood.
Or
How caste maintains purity of blood?
Answer:
Caste is an endogamous group with which the purity of the blood can be maintained. There were very strict restrictions regarding marriage. No one was allowed to marry out of his own caste. That is why the marriages were performed only within the caste. If any one was trying to break this rule then he was generally thrown out of the caste. With this the purity of blood was maintained. No one was trying to marry out of his caste which helps in the maintenance of purity of blood.

Question 14.
Caste and Occupation efficiency.
Or
How caste brings efficiency in occupation?
Answer:
Occupation of every caste was fixed in caste system. These occupations were according to the family and lineage and were transmitted from generation to generation. Efficiency of occupation comes in every child due to his ancestral traits because he gets atmosphere of that occupation in the family in which he is born. In this way efficiency of occupation and specialization comes in a person automatically without getting education.

Question 15.
Untouchability.
Or
Caste gives rise to untouchability.
Or
Contribution of Caste in increasing untouchability.
Answer:
The reason of increasing untouchablity was the division of the caste system. A large portion of total population were considered as impure because the occupation adopted by them was known as impure. They were kept away from the society. They were not allowed to touch anyone. This restriction was known as untouchability. People of lower castes lived out of the village or the city. That is why many problems like poverty, illiteracy etc. came in our society. Even restrictions regarding relations and feeding were there with them.

Question 16.
Caste is a closed group.
Or
Is Caste a closed group?
Answer:
Yes, caste is a closed group. Meaning of closed group is that the membership is based on birth. Social status of a person was determined by that caste in which he was bom. Person can neither leave his caste nor can change his caste. Anyone cannot change his caste even if he has enough ability. Membership of caste was not based upon the ability and wish of the person but was based upon birth. In this way it is a closed group.

Question 17.
Give merits of Caste.
Or
Two merits of Caste.
Answer:

Caste does division of labour.
Caste maintains the social unity.
Caste maintains the purity of blood.
Caste makes the rules of education.
Caste produces cooperation in society.
Caste provides mental and social security to the person.

Question 18.
Caste hindrance in Social Unity.
Or
Caste hinders Social Mobility.
Answer:
It is right that the caste is a hindrance in social unity and social mobility. It is so because society has been divided in many segments. There are many restrictions in keeping mutual relations in different castes. That is why there was no feeling of love and sympathy in people of different castes. Every caste thinks only about its members. People of lower castes were exploited by the people of higher castes because of which hatredness comes in castes and the sense of casteism comes in front of us. In this way caste is a hindrance in social unity. No one can change his caste because of which it lacks social mobility.

Question 19.
Causes of change in Caste.
Or
Why is Caste changing?
Answer:

Socio-religious movements.
Efforts of Indian government and making of legislations.
Contribution of Britishers towards change.
Change in caste due to industrialization.
Because of the spread of education.
Because of development in the means of transport and communication.

Question 20.
Is Caste changing?
Or
Future of Caste.
Answer:
Yes, caste is changing. Now importance is laid on money instead of caste. The policy of reservation is being adopted in jobs for scheduled castes. Now person can adopt any occupation. Inter-caste marriages have been started. Many changes have taken place in the rules of feeding. Now elections are fought on the name of caste. In this way after looking at this we can say that the caste is changing.

Question 21.
Demerits of Caste.
Answer:

Position of women is lower in caste system.
Caste system increases untouchability.
Caste system increases casteism.
Caste system increases cultural conflict.
Caste system is a hindrance in social unity and social mobility.
Caste system produces hindrance in efficiency of the person.
It is against the democratic values of the country.

Question 22.
Difference in caste and class.
Answer:

Caste is based upon birth but class is based upon wealth and money.
Caste cannot be changed but class can be changed.
Caste is a closed system but class is an open system.
Caste is against democratic system but class is according to the rules of democratic system.
Caste is putting many restrictions on its members but there is no restriction in class system.
There is no consciousness in caste but there is consciousness in differnt classes.

Question 23.
What do you mean by Inter-caste marriage?
Answer:
In ancient times, marriage out of the caste was not allowed. But there is no such restriction in modern times. When any person marries with the girl of other caste instead of his own caste then it is known as Inter-caste marriage.

Question 24.
Caste is Intra-marriage.
Or
Endogamy.
Or
Caste Endogamy.
Answer:
It is right that caste is Intra-marriage. It means that the person has to marry in his own caste. He is not allowed to marry out of his caste. If he marries out of his caste then he can be thrown out of his caste. It can help in maintaining purity of blood.

Question 25.
The Caste gives Social Structure.
Answer:
The whole society was divided in four segments in caste system. Every segment had its own social status and every segment had its predetermined traditional and hereditary occupations. No one was allowed to change his caste. Castes were restricted to make relation with other castes regarding marriage, feeding and keeping relations. In this way the whole society runs like an organisation or structure in caste system in which #11 the segments worked in their own way. In this way caste system gives social structure.

Question 26.
Give differences between caste and class.
Answer:

Class	Caste
1. Social status of a person is made with the individual ability of its members.	1. There is no place of individual ability in caste. Social status Is based upon birth.
2. Membership of class is based upon money, status etc.	2. Membership of caste is based upon birth.
3. Person in class has more freedom of doing anything.	3. There are many types of restrictions on the person regarding feeding, relations, marriage etc.
4. Very less mutual distance is there in class.	4. Different castes are very much far away from each other.
5. Class system is based upon the theory of Democracy.	5. Caste system is completely against the system of Democracy.
6. Any person can change his class with his individua ability.	6. Person cannot change his caste even if he has the ablity to do so.
7. Different persons are very much conscious about their class in class system.	7. There is no consciousness in caste system because no one can change his caste.

Question 27.
Power.
Answer:
Society is generally divided into classes and humans are given status and roles according to these classes. Each person has different status and role. This division of society into different classes is known as stratification. When a person gets any position in society while obeying his role and status then we can say that he has achieved the power. In- this way power is a proces of contract in which decisions are taken in relation to preferences.

Question 28.
Caste Panchayat.
Answer:
During ancient times, there were caste Panchayats in villages which used to decide on the matters of different castes. Generally elders of upper castes were their members. It was believed that these caste panchayats decided impartially but actually decisions were given after looking at the caste of an individual. If the crime was committed by the person of upper caste then he was given less punishment but if even small type of crime was committed accidently by a lower caste person then he was given quite a heavy punishment. These caste panchayats have been abolished by the Indian Constitution.

Long- Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Varna System? Explain its meaning.
Answer:
The mixture of materialism and spiritualism is the main feature of the Indian Hindu Culture. According to this, meeting with God is the biggest pleasure but the pleasures of the world cannot be ignored. So the Hindu Culture has generated a system to get the pleasures of the mixture of both. This is known as Varna system. The Varna system was an unseparated part of Hindu culture inspite of basic base of Hindu Social system. Therefore, the duties related to Varna were called Varna Dharma. The relations between person and society were described systematically. With this help a person gives his help to run a social organisation. The Varna system had divided Indian society into four different parts so that the social functions could function systematically.

Literal meaning of Varna is colour. During Vedic period the Indian society was divided into four groups or Varna. The work of Brahmins was to give education and perform religious activities, Kshatriya’s work was to protect society and to defend country, the work of Vaishya was trade and agriculture. The work of fourth Varna was to serve all the three classes. Similarly the colour was given to these groups as per their work. For example, white colour to Brahmin, red colour to Kshatriya, yellow colour to Vaishya and black colour to fourth Varna were given. The white colour was the symbol of purity, the red colour was the symbol of anger and bravery, the yellow colour was the symbol of life’s physical commodities like food, clothes etc. Such division was done to fulfil the desires of human beings. Inspite of Indian society, we can find such division of work also in other societies of the world.

Meaning of the Varna. According to literature the word Varna is taken from word Vari’ which means to ‘choose’. Varna relates to the selection of work. In the same way the people of same Varna have same profession. Varna also means colour which was given to different classes. The same colour indicates the function of that
Varna. According to Dr. Sharma, it was not possible for the people of the Vedic period that they could evaluate their physical features. So, the meaning of Varna cannot be the colour. Therefore, word Varna mainly was related to qualities and Karma. Similarly, the Varna system was a system which divided different persons as per their qualities and profession in different classes.

In Varna system, the aim of these four divisions of whole society was to attain salvation as per their fate Karma-Dharma and religion which is the main aim of every Hindu life. In Varna system the responsibilities were organised in a way that every person could attain salvation by doing these functions.

Another thought about Varna system comes in mind that we should make one system to make / keep social system stable and that is Varna system, so that people cannot interfere in each other’s functions. The Varna system defines the area of work of each Varna. When this work is done then the desire of social and personal development arises. On one side the Varna system inspires a person to perform his hereditary profession and reduces physical desires and on other side it inspires a person to get knowledge, power and enjoy his life.

In this way, Varna system was a system in which the functions of a person are divided according to his birth. It is hoped from a person that he will do this work for the whole life, so that the whole system that is social system can remain stable or it can work systematically.

Question 2.
Explain in detail about Varna System.
Or
Explain Varna System as the traditional basis of Indian society.
Or
Explain functions of all ‘Varnas’ in system of Varna. (Varna system)
Answer:
Varna System was the base of traditional Hindu society and social organisation. There were many theories for Varna system to come in existence such as fate, birth, colour and man. These theories show similarity in the functions of Varna’s. In the form of tradition, Indian society was divided in four divisions on the basis of work. Varnas are formed to organise the society. The functions of Varna were determined so that no conflict may occur. Some rules were formed to fulfil the functions. To obey these rules was compulsory for all. The functions of four Varnas are given below:

1. Functions of Brahmins. The Brahmins were considered the highest of all the Varnas. The main function of Brahmin Varna was to give education and knowledge. In Vedas, Brahmin was accepted as supreme member of the society. According to Bhagwat Geeta, the qualities of a Brahmin were purity, to tolerate pain for religion, to excuse and, purity of body. So he was given supreme functions. The main function of Brahmin was to perform “Yagya”, study of Vedas, education and to perform religious functions. All functions were considered incomplete without the presence of Brahmin. People used to give them charity. If they could not feed themselves on their profession, then they could adopt the profession of Kshatriya and Vaishya. The responsibilities of Brahmins were to educate society and perform all religious functions from birth to death.

2. Kshatriya’s Functions. In the Varna system the work of Kshatriya was to protect people and to defend the country. Word “Rajad” was used for the people of Kshatriya Varna in Rigveda which means ‘King’ or ‘Great’. Therefore this word was always used for ruling class of the state. It was considered that if a country is insecure then it cannot do progress. So, the main function of Kshatriya was to protect the society and to defend the country. According to Bhagwat Gita, the real duty of the Kshatriyas was to rule with bravery, zeal and patience. In society the Kshatriyas had second position. So, the work of Kshatriyas was to protect the society internally and defend the country externally.

3. Functions of Vaishya. The group of persons which was related to economic activities of the society was called Vaishya. First of all the word Vaishya is used in Rigveda. According to Manu Samriti, the functions of Vaishya were to protect the animals, give charity, perform yagya, study, trade, take interest by lending money, do agriculture, rear animals and do sale and purchase business. They could perform the works of others also as per needs.

4. Functions of Fourth Varna. A group was established for the service of all three Varnas which is fourth Varna. According to religious books the main duty of this Varna was to serve the other three Varnas-Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishyas. This Varna was considered the lowest of all Varnas in the society. So, they were not given any economic, religious and social rights. They were not allowed to read and listen to Vedas’. Later on they were allowed to do the functions like art, agriculture and carpentery. This system had an important place in Hindu Social organisation. Traditionally this system was the base of Indian Society. There’is no evidence in the History that the Varnas were based on birth and fate. According to all religious scriptures, the Varna system was based on the traits and professions of a person, not on birth.

Question 3.
Explain the main features of Varna System.
Or
Explain the importance of Varna System.
Or
Explain the significance of Varna System in Indian Society.
Answer:
Varna system was established in Indian social system so that the Indian society could be administered smoothly. To run this society efficiently, the society was divided in four different parts. Function of every part was kept different so that no tension would come in the distribution of occupations. Main features and importance of Varna system is given below:

1. Division of Labour. The function of every Varna was determined in Varna system so that all of the social needs of humans could be fulfilled. That’s why function of every Varna was determined. In this every person does his determined work and contributes towards the progress of society. Brahmins were given the function of education, Kshatriyas were given the function of security, Vaishya’s function was of business and fourth Varna was given the function to give service to higher three Varnas. In this way division of labour occurs in Varna System.

2. It is based upon Traits and Nature. Some persons are of the view that the Varna System is based upon birth and person had to adopt the occupation of that Varna in which he was born. But if we look at the ancient scriptures then we come to know that it was not based upon birth. In earlier times it was based upon personal traits and nature of the person. But with the passage of time it became rigid and instead of based upon traits it became based upon birth.

3. Stress on Theory of Karma. This system gives stress on the theory of Karma that person will adopt the traditional occupation of that Varna in which he was born and will live his whole life while doing that work. With this the person was also told about the concept of recarnation or rebirth that if he will perform his duties in a proper way then he will get the next birth in the high Varna. With this the people started to perform their duties in an efficient manner and became satisfied with their respective positions.

4. Division of Rights and Duties. Every Varna in Varna system has been given some duties and rights. In this, the status of Brahmins is highest and that’s why their rights are also more than others. Duties of every one are determined in it and the duties of all are useful for the society. This system will shatter in the absence of one. Rights are also determined in it. That’s why definite levels were fixed in all Varnas and their higher or lower status was determined in society.

5. Determination of Occupation. Occupations of every Varna in Varna system are pre-determined and traditional and every person has to adopt the occupation of his Varna. Advantage of this system is that there is no need for person to move here and there to earn money because his occupation is already determined by birth.
In this way we can say that Varna system was of great importance in society and Karma System also came into being due to this.

Question 4.
Give features of caste system as given by G.S. Ghurye.
Answer:
Ghurye has given features of caste sytem which are more acceptable:

Segmental division of society
Hierarchy
Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse .
Civil and religious disabilities and privileges of various castes.
Lack of unrestricted choice of occupation
Restriction on marriage.

Now we will see these features in detail:

1. Segmental division of society. Caste system divides the Hindu society in many parts in which it determines or fixes the status, position and functions of the members of every part. That is why members of any specific group are conscious about their position and because of which they think themselves as unbreakable part of that group. The area of interaction of members of one caste is limited to its own caste because of this division of society in parts. Every caste has its own ways of living, traditions, values etc. Generally members of one caste interact with the members of its own caste. In this way according to Ghuriye one caste is a social unit in which person lives his whole life.

2. Hierarchy. In most parts of India, Brahmin varna has got the highest status. We can see a definite hierarchy in caste system in which all castes are kept in a definite hierarchy. In this system the status of highest and lowest caste is definitely determined but there is some unclarity between the middle caste.

3. Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse. There are some definite and detailed rules in caste system which tell us that with which caste a person can keep social relations and with which caste he can keep relations of feeding. Whole food has been divided in two categories of ‘Kacha Food’ and ‘Pakka Food’. We need water to cook ‘Kacha Food’ and we need oil to cook Pakka Food. There are a number of restrictions in giving and taking food of different castes.

4. Civil and religious disabilities and privileges of various castes. Different castes have special civil and religious disabilities. In ancient times impure castes were kept out of the limit of the village. There were restrictions on social intercourse with impure castes. They were restricted to go to the temples of higher castes, they were restricted to take water from the wells. They were restricted to read religious books. Children of lower castes were restricted to get education. Higher castes had special privileges over lower castes.

5. Lack of unrestricted choice of occupation. According to the rules of caste system, some castes had traditional occupations. Members of the caste had to adopt the traditional occupation. But some occupations like trade, agriculture, job etc. were free to be done by anyone. But still with that a number of castes had definite occupations like carpenter, blacksmith, potter etc.

6. Restrictions on marriage. Castes were again divided into sub-castes. These sub-castes were restricting its members to marry out of their group. The characteristic of caste is that it is an endogamous group. Person has to marry in his own sub-caste. If any one was breaking this rule then he was generally thrown out of his caste.

Question 5.
Give features of Caste System.
Or
Write a detailed note on the main characteristics of caste system.
Or
Explain the characteristics of caste.
Answer:
Caste is a group whose membership is based on birth. Person cannot leave his caste until he is not thrown out of his caste. Caste is a closed group. It means no one can marry out of his caste and there are restrictions on living in it. Caste system has certain characteristics which are given below:

1. Membership is based on birth. Membership of caste is based upon birth and no one can fix his caste with his own wish. One cannot change his caste even if he has the ability to do so. Is this way membership of caste is based upon birth, not on the ability of an individual.

2. Restrictions on social relations. In earlier times, whole of the society was divided into different castes and their status was pre-determined. There were a number of restrictions regarding keeping relations with other castes. People of upper castes were keeping relations only with upper castes. They were not allowed to keep relations with lower castes.

3. Restrictions on Eatables. Few clear rules are there in the caste system which tells that with which caste one has to keep feeding relations or not. Whole of the food was divided into two categories and these were Kachha food and Pakka food. Water was used to make Kachha Food and oil was used to cook Pakka food. There was a general rule that one never eats the Kachha food unless it is made by the member of his own caste or the food must be made by the Brahmin or his Guru. That’s why most of the castes accepted the food given by Brahmins. But Brahmins never accepted Kachha food made by any one of the other caste. Pakka food was accepted only by a specific caste. In this way restriction on feeding was one of the major features of caste system.

4. Restriction on occupation. According to the rules of caste system, castes had their specific traditional occupations. Person had to adopt the occupation of his own caste even if the other occupations were more profitable. Man had no choice except adopting his caste’s occupation. But some occupations were free to be adopted by any one like trade, agriculture, job in military etc. Even many castes were free to adopt any occupation but many castes used to do their traditional functions like carpenter, blacksmith, barber, potter etc. Main function of Brahmins was to give education and to perform religious rites, function of Kshatriya was to protect the country, function of Vaishyas was to do agriculture and trade and lower castes used to serve the higher castes. They had to perform their traditional functions.

5. Restrictions on marriage. Caste system was again divided and different
castes were divided into sub castes. These sub castes used to restrict their members to marry out of their group. Endogamy is the important feature of caste system. It means to marry in the group. Yet in some specific .conditions, there were some relaxations. But generally they had to marry in their own caste. If anyone was breaking this rule then he was generally thrown out of his caste and was restricted to enter any other caste. In this way everyone used to marry in his own caste or sub-caste. ”

6. Segmental division of society. Hindu society was divided into many parts by caste system and the status, place and function of every part were determined by it. That is why members had some consciousness of being members of a group and used to think themselves as the unavoidable and unbreakable part of the group. Because of this segmental division of society the area of interaction for a person was generally restricted to his own caste. Panchayat was free to give punishment to the person who will break the rules of caste. Different castes had different traditions and ways of living. People of one caste were generally interacting with the persons of their own caste.

7. Restrictions related with caste. Restrictions related with caste are given below:

Person had to adopt the occupation of his own caste.
He had to obey the restrictions related to feeding.
He had to marry in his own caste.
Lower castes were forbidden to get education and to enter the temple.
Lower castes were also restricted to touch anyone and to take water from the wells.

9. Each caste consists of many sub-castes. In India, there are about 3000 castes. Again every caste is divided further into many sub-castes. Persons have to work according to these sub-castes. Every person has to marry in his own sub-caste.

10. Endogamy. There were strict restrictions related to marriage. A person was not allowed to marry out of his caste but he had to marry in his own sub-caste. If anyone was breaking this rule then he was generally thrown out of his caste. Anulom marriage was also allowed to a certain extent. That is why boy of higher caste used to marry girl of lower caste. So endogamy was the main base of caste system. Even after doing different functions different castes were dependent upon each other because the occupation of every caste was definite. Members of every caste were dependent upon the members of other castes to fulfil their needs. From economic point of view, position of higher castes was better and lower castes were very much suppressed by high castes. That is why their economic condition was not good.

Question 6.
What are the merits and demerits of caste system?
Or
Write a note on advantages and disadvantages of caste system.
Or
Discuss merits and demerits of caste system.
Answer:
Caste is that’group in itself which has played an important role in the Hindu society and in India. The functions which caste system has done for Indian society, all the other social organizations are jointly unable to do that much work for Indian Society. In this way we can see that caste system has many merits and advantages. But with these advantages there are certain disadvantages also of caste system. All these advantages and disadvantages are’ given below

Merits or Advantages of Caste System:

1. It gives Social Security. The biggest advantage of caste is that it provides social security to its members. Members of one caste are always ready to give help to other members of the caste. That is why there is no need to worry to’ anyone because he knows that if any problem comes on him then his caste will definitely give him help. Caste system determines social status of man and reduces the possibility of competition.

2. Fixation of Occupation. Another characteristic of caste system is that it determines the occupation or function for the person. This occupation is according to his family and is transmitted from one generation to another generation. Occupational qualities come automatically in the child of the family. In this way specialization comes in the person without any formal education. Except this it also reduces the competition of occupation in society and provides economic security. In this way it is an important advantage of caste system,

3. Purity of Blood. Caste System is an endogamous group. The meaning of endogamy is that man has to marry in his own caste and if any one was trying to break this rule then he was forced to leave the caste. Advantage of this thing is that it stops the blood of other castes to come in their caste and it maintains the purity of blood. In this way its advantage is that it helps in maintaining purity of blood.

4. Division of Labour. Another important advantage of caste system is that it produces feeling of love and dedication among humans towards their duties. Humans with lower duties were doing their functions properly. Caste system fills one feeling within its members that every person has got his function according to the deeds of his previous birth and if he does good deeds in this birth then he will get next birth in higher caste. It reduced the sense of hatred towards their functions and toward others. With this people did their functions properly. Caste system has divided the society in four varnas. Everyone knows about its functions properly. All of them do their functions properly and transmit their trade secrets to their next generations. In this stability is maintained in the society towards their functions and it helps in increasing division of labour and specialisation.

5. To make Rules of Education. Another important merit of caste system is that it has made definite rules regarding getting education and has made religion as the base of education. Education helps the person in learning self control, knowledge about occupation and to live in discipline. Education also gives knowledge about daily routine and occupation. Caste system determines that who will get education and which rule he has to obey. In this way caste system arranges the education for person according to the social status of his caste.

6. It maintains Social Unity. Another merit of caste system was that it kept the Indian society in unity. Caste system has divided the whole society in four parts and has given different functions to different parts. The way in which everyone has different functions in division of labour, in that same way caste system has produced division of labour in society. These different parts do different functions but help each other and fulfill each other’s needs. In this way .even after this division, they are tied in the thread of unity.

7. It gives Mental Security. The caste gives mental security to its members.
From the rules of caste, every person comes to know that which occupation he has to adopt, in which group he has to marry and perform religious customs and with which groups he has to establish social relations. In this way when a person is free from these burdens then he feels secured himself mentally.

8. Carrier of Culture. Caste system is the carrier of culture. Caste system helps in transmitting culture of one caste from one generation to another generation. Every caste has some rules related to eating, money, wearing, relations etc. and these rules are transmitted to another generation by caste system so that it can be preserved. In this way caste system regulates the social behaviour according to cultural rules.

9. Co-operation in Society. Caste system has established such a system in a society that people from different background are working with each other for the welfare of the society. With the help of caste system even foreigners were mixed in Hindu Society. So it increases co-operation in society.

10. Security of Hindu Society. Many foreign invaders had invaded India. First of all tribes of Central Asia, then Muslims, Mughals, Britishers came to India and ruled over it. If caste system would not have been there then Hindu society might have mixed in any one of these societies. But caste system has prevented this. Caste system is an endogamous system in which marriage out of its caste is restricted and a number of restrictions were there regarding feeding and social intercourse. That is why there were very less relations of Hindu society with foreigners and they were saved from mixing in them. In this way caste system has saved the Hindu society.

Demerits or Disadvantages of Caste System:

Yet a number of merits exist of the caste system and it has played an important role in keeping social unity but still it has produced a number of problems and evils in society which are given below:
1. Low Status of Women. The main reason of low status of women is caste
system. Because of controls of caste system, the position of Hindu women was not more than a maid in the family. Because caste is an endogamous group, that is why to find a match for their children in their own caste, they advocated the child marriage. It has resulted in polygamy. Kuleen Vivaha has also produced many evils, in society like polygamy, dowry system. Females used to work only in the house. The^ had no rights. In this way the main reason behind all the problems of women? vias caste system. Even it has not given the permission of widow remarriage ancFfemale was a server for the family only. .

2. Untouchability. Problem of untouchability came into being because 6f division of society by caste system. A big portion of total population was made untouchable and they were generally disgraced by the higher castes because their function was known as non-sacred. Their position was even less than servants. They were restricted in many ways. They were not allowed to take part in economic sector. In this way a large portion of population was just like a burden on society. That is why poverty came in society. It produced the sense of hatred in society and the problem of casteism came into being.

3. Casteism. With caste system, our thinking has been shrinked. Too much dependence upon caste related to marriage, occupation, social relations etc. increased the sense of casteism among people. It has increased th’e sense of prestige and hatred among people. It has increased the social and physical farness among the people. Because of this we have to face the problem of casteism. People only think about their caste.

4. Cultural Conflict. There are many restrictions in the relations of different castes and because of this every caste is a closed group which has ita own ways of living. This differentiation has given birth to cultural conflict. Different pastes have been divided in different cultural groups. We can see a number of conflicts in these groups. Higher castes think that their culture is superior and that is why they keep themselves away from other castes.

5. It Stops Social Mobility. Distribution of status in caste system depends upon birth. No one can change this with his ability. Every member knows that he cannot change or improve his position. This system never motivates to do hard work because person knows that he cannot change his position even with hard work. It is an obstacle in economic progress. People cannot invent anything even if they have ability to do so because people have to adopt their traditional occupation. Many occupations are running at very less pace because of caste system.

6. It Stops Efficiency Among Persons. The main reason of people lacking in efficiency is that they are under the control of caste and caste system. All the members of all the castes are not working by coordinating with each other instead they try to create obstacles in the way of other caste. Their occupation is hereditary and even if they don’t have any ability to do that work, they have to adopt their ancestral occupation. It reduces efficiency in persons.

7. Caste System and Democracy. Caste system is against the modern democratic system. Equality, freedom and social consciousness are the three bases of democracy but caste system is against these three bases. It is based upon inequality. Caste orders the person to live according to the life of caste which is totally against the democratic rules. Lower castes were restricted in many ways and they were unable to use their ability.

8. Hindrance to Social Unity. Caste system has divided our society in different segments and a system of hierarchy exists in these segments. There was strict restriction in establishing social contacts with other castes. Concept of sacred and non-sacredness exist in it. Person from higher caste was restricted to keep contacts with the persons of lower castes. In this way person has to keep contacts with the members of his own caste. Members of one caste were helping each other. In this way their mutual relations were of hatred. Caste system has divided the whole Indian society. It has increased dangers to national security. In this way the relations among people were of hatred and conflict. So caste system is not in favour of national unity. This is the main disadvantage of caste system.

9. Hindrance to Individual Personality. Caste system has produced obstacles in the development of individual. Sometimes people were not interested in their traditional occupation but they were forced to do so. This situation increases the mental tension. Individual have many traits but he cannot show his traits and caste becomes an obstacle in this. Children of one parents don’t have same capabilities but still they have to adopt their traditional occupation. In this way it hinders the individual personality. ”
In short we can say that caste system has produced relations of hatred among members of different castes. So it is necessary to remove these problems so that our country should be able to develop like Western Countries.

Question 7.
Why are changes coming in Caste System?
Or
Is Caste System changing into Class System? What are the factors responsible for the change?
Answer:
Yes, Caste system changes into Class system. Like all other institutions, a number of changes are coming in caste system. Actually caste system was not there in Vedic age but caste system came into being because of division of labour. Slowly and slowly it was extended in such a way that different castes were gone far away from each other. Many invaders invaded India and caste system put restrictions on its members on social intercourse with foreigners with which caste system became more strict. With this caste became a closed group. After 19th century a number of changes came in Indian society and these changes have affected a lot the caste system and with which its effect has been reduced. These changes did not come at once. Many reasons have contributed towards changes which are given below:

1. Socio-Religious Reforms Movements. Even before the advent of British empire many religious movements had criticised the caste system. Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Sikhism had criticised caste system. Gautam Buddha had criticised caste system 2500 years back. Except this Islam and later on Sikhism also criticised caste system. In 19th century many social reformers had started movements against this. Some of these movements were Brahmo Samaj by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Arya Samaj by Dayanand Saraswati, Rama Krishna Mission etc. were important. Except these Jyoti Ba Phule established Satya Shodhan Samaj in 1873 whose main aim was to provide equality to every person. Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar also criticised the caste system.

2. Efforts of Indian Government. Under the British empire and after independence many important laws were passed by government which contributed towards weakening of caste system. Caste and rural panchayats were very powerful before British rule. These panchayats had the rights to give punishment to criminals. During British empire One Law i.e. ‘Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850’ was passed which has weakened the Caste Panchayats. In this way ‘Special Marriage Act, 1872’ gave approval to the marriage of different castes. After independence a number of laws like Untouchability Offences Act, 1955 and Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 also weakened the caste system. In 1949 Hindu Marriage Validation Act was passed in which legal sanction was given to inter-caste marriage.

3. Contribution of the Britishers. A comprehensive opposition against caste system was started during the British reign. The British had applied the rule of equality in front of_ law. Rights from caste based Panchayats were taken back. Educational system of the British was secular. Government jobs were open to everyone. The British started modern industries, rails, buses etc. which was a strong slap on the face of caste system. All the people jointly worked in the industries and travelled in rails and buses with each other which resulted in the establishment of contacts between different castes.

4. Industrialization. Industrialization played an important role in bringing change in caste system. It increased the importance of ability of the person. Importance of materialism has also been increased. People came out of their houses to go to job. Everyone started to work in industries. In industries no one asks for anyone’s caste but they look to each other’s abilities. Lower castes have also got higher status with their hard work.

5. Modern Education. Modern education has also put a great effect on caste system. In ancient Hindu Society, education was confined only for higher castes and education was also based upon religion. But with the advent of Britishers, a rule of equality was started by Britishers. Then educational institutions were opened for everyone. Western Education was started instead of religious education. Boys and girls both started to get education. In this way modern educational system started to give importance to individual’s abilities instead of any one’s caste. With this inter-caste relations started to establish. After independence Indian Constitution also started to apply democratic values which was a great setback to caste system.

6. Urbanization. Urbanization was also developed with industrialization because people came out of their house for work. Urban features like more density of population, individual’s feelings, social mobility, more occupations etc. have weakened the caste system. People live with each other in big cities. Feeling of assimilation of higher and lower caste was increased. The individual abilities started to control the society. Man has to achieve status in society. Difference on the basis of gender in cities was decreased. Males and females started to work together. In this way females came out of the four walls of houses and started to work in offices. They became economically independent. Urbanization has increased the mutual contacts between different castes which resulted in exogamy instead of endogamy.

7. Importance of Money. Caste System started to weaken due to an increase in materialistic approach of the people. People get status due to money in society. Every one gives respect to rich persons irrespective of his caste. In Modem Society person works only for the sake of his profit. Every one tries to earn more and more money. It increases the importance of individuals’ abilities. In this way the importance of money has been increased and the importance of caste system has been reduced.

8. Formation of New Social Groups. People doing different jobs have made their new groups like Trade Unions. People from different castes and groups are included in these groups and their aim is to protect their interests. With this people of different castes come-closer to each other and start to co-operate with others. With this class consciousness comes into being instead of caste consciousness.

Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

October 19, 2024October 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules.

Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
Write about the history of Yoga.
Answer:
History:
The history of Yoga is indeed very old. Nothing can be said firmly about the origin of Yoga. Only it can be said that Yoga was originated in India. The available evidences show that history of Yoga is related to Indus Valley Civilization. At that time people used to do Yoga. On the basis of secondary sources it can be concluded that Yoga was originated approximately in 3000 B.C. in India. The first book on Yoga was written by Patanjali in 147 B.C. Infact, Yoga is derived from a Sanskriti word “Yuj” which means union of soul.

Nowadays, Yoga has become very popular throughout the world. The present age can be said the age of stress, tension, and anxiety. So, most of the persons have not been leading a happy and fruitful! life. In western countries, Yoga has become a way of life. It has a vital significance in the life of human beings.

Question 2.
Which important points should be kept in mind while doing yogasanas.
Answer:
Latest information about Yoga:

The ground should be even for doing Yogic exercises. Yogic asanas should be performed on a ‘dari’ or blanket on the ground.
The place for Yogic asanas should be peaceful, airy and clean.
Breathing should be normal, and mind should be at peace while doing Yog Asanas.
Yog Asanas should be performed with concentration of mind at least four hours after taking meals.
The exercises should be done slowly and with ease, and the pace of the exercises should be increased slowly.
The Yogic practice should be done under the care of an expert.
One should get relaxed by Shavasana in between two Yogic Asanas.
The body should be covered with minimum clothes such as loin cloth, nickar, banyan etc. and balanced food should be taken.

The following exercises have been included in the syllabus prescribed by the Board. Daily practice of these exercises helps a layman keep good health:

Tarasana
Ardh Chandrasana
Bhujangasana
Shalabhasana
Dhanurasana
Ardhmatseyendrasana
Paschimotanasana
Padmasana
Sawastikasana
Sarvanagasana
Matasyasana
Halasana
Yog Mudra
Mayurasana
Uddiyana
Pamayamanulom vilom
Surya Namaskar
Sharasana.

Some of the important asanas out of the above-mentioned asanas are described ahead in detail, and others have been described in brief:
1. Tar Asana:
In this asana the trunk is pulled upwards while in the standing position. The position of tar asana is like the Tar tree.
Technique of the Tar Asana-
Stand up, join the heels and toes of both the feet and lift the arms straight upward. Let the fingers of one hand cross those of the other hand. The wrists should be upward and the sight in front. Breathe in fully. Raise the heels and put the whole body weight on toes. Pull the body upwards. After sometime, breathe out and lower the body. Repeat this action 10-15 times.
Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education 1

Advantages of Tar Asana:

It reduces obesity of the body.
It raises the stature.
It removes constipation.
It prevents the diseases of the intestines.
It serves to cleanse the bowels if it is done after taking cold water everyday.

2. Ardh-chandra Asana:
It involves the same action as is in Tar Asana. In it, the body is bent to side said, and the other side of the trunk is pulled.

3. Bhujangasana: In this asana, one lies down straight and loosens the trunk.

Question 3.
What are the benefits of Bhujang asana.
Answer:
Technique of Bhujang asana:
It is also called Sarapasana. In it, the position of the body is like that a serpent. In order to perform this asana, lie down on the belly on the ground. Place both hands near the shoulders. Make the legs hard slowly and with the help of wrists raise the chest so much that the body gets completely straightened. Pull in the toes and hang the head slowly backwards. Return gradually to the former position. Repeat this asana 3-5 times.

Advantages:

Bhujangasana stimulates (increases) the digestive power.
It helps in getting rid of the diseases of liver and spleen.
It strengthens the muscles and the vertebral column.
It removes constipation.
It helps in making the bulging- out belly go in.
It strengthens lungs.

1. Shalabh Asana: In this asana, one lies prostrate and the thigh spreads backward.

2. Ardh Masteyendr Asana: In this asana, in sitting position, the trunk is pushed towards the sides.

3. Dhanur Asana: In this asana, one lies prostrate, pulls up the legs and tries to catch dr catches the knee with the help of both hands.

Question 4.
What is the difference between Dhanur Asana and Paschimottan Asana?
Answer:
Technique of Dhanur Asana:
In this asana the position of the body is like that of a bow. In order to perform this Asana, lie over the belly on the ground, keep the knees bent backwards. Hold the feet near the ankles with the help of both the hands. Breathe in deeply and raise the chest upwards as much as possible. Now make the feet hard so that the body acquires the shape of a bow. Try to remain in this position as long as possible. Breathe out, keep the body loose and return to the former position. Repeat this asana 3-4 times.
Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education 3
Dhanur Asana:
Advantages:

It reduces the obesity (fatness) of the body.
It increases the power of digestion.
It helps in getting rid of rheumatism and urinary diseases.
It strengthens the stomach and intestine.
It also strengthens the vertebral column. Muscles become strong and flexible.

1. Paschimottan Asana: In this asana, one holds the thumbs of the feet with fingers and sits in such a way that the trunk goes towards one side.

Position of Paschimottan Asana: In this asana, the whole body is stretched and bent.

Technique of Paschimottan Asana:
Spread both the legs forward and sit on the ground. Hold the thumbs of the feet with both the hands. Breathe out slowly. Try to touch the knees. Breathe in slowly, raise the head upwards and returns to the former position. This asana should be performed 10-15 times.
Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education 4
Advantages:

This asana provides strength to the thighs.
It cleanses the blood vessels.
It helps in getting rid of the various types of diseases of the belly.
It lessens the excessive fat of the body.
It removes gas trouble.

2. Padam Asana: In this asana, one sits squatting.
Position of Padam Asana: The position of this asana is that of a lotus.
Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education 5
Technique of Padam Asana:
After having sat in squat position, place your right foot on the left thigh in such a way that the heel of the right foot touches the hip bone of the left thigh. After this, lift up the left foot and in the same way place it on the thigh of the right foot. The vertebral column should be perfectly straight. Stretch the arms on the knees. It becomes very easy to do this asana after a few days practice.

Advantages:

This asana stimulates the digestive system.
It is very useful for increasing the concentration of mind.
Backache disappears.
One does not become a victim of the diseases of heart and belly.
It removes urinary troubles.

3. Svastik Asana: In this asana, one places the loose thighs in between the lower legs.

4. Sarvang Asana: In this asana, one stands on one’s shoulders.
Technique of Sarvang Asana: In this asana, the position of the body is like that of Ardh-hal-asana. In order to do this asana, straighten the body and lie on the ground over the back. Place both the hands along the thighs. Lift the feet once and resting the back with the help of wrists, let the elbows rest on the ground. Keep the whole body straight. Let the body weight fall on the shoulders and the neck.
Let the chin touch the neck.

After having remained in this position for sometime, return gradually to the former position. In the initial stage, do the asana for a minute or two. Then the duration of the asana should be increased from 5 to 7 minutes. The persons who cannot do Sheershasana for some reason should do Sarvang Asana.
Yogic Exercises or Asanas Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education 6
5. Halasana:
Position-
In doing this asana one lies in the supine position.
Technique:

Raise both legs and keep head away and lift both feet and bring both legs behind the head.
Touch the thumb of your feet of the ground.
Maintain the position as you can.
Bring your feet at the same place from where you have started to left.

Advantages:

Hal Asana is very useful for every men and women of every age.
It is the best asana for the person of heart disease or a person who is suffering from high or low blood pressure.
It regulates the circulation of blood.
Removes fat of the body slim the waist and belly.
It provides flexibility to the backbone.
It make the body beautiful.
The face starts glittering like the sun.
It prevents skin diseases and removes constipation.

6. Garur Asana:
The position of Garur Asana in standing on both feet.
Techniques:

While standing straight, lift the left leg and encircle the other leg.
Left thigh will come over right thigh. The part of the lower leg will cover right side of the lower leg.
Put the body weight on one foot.
Encircle left arm to the right arm and left. Both palm and come to the position of Namaskar.
Then bend the left leg and bring the body in sitting position. In this way all nerves of the body will get stretched.
Again straighten up the body and come to the position of Attention.
Now change you legs and hands and repeat the same. Garur asana should be performed on each leg from one minute to five minutes.

Advantages of Garur Asana:

It strengthens all parts of the body.
Body becomes healthy.
It prevents the diseases of Hernia.
Legs become strong.
One feels fresh and light.
Circulation of blood increases.
Man remains healthy and away from so many diseases.

7. Searsh Asana:
Position: Bring your head down and keep legs upward.
Technique:

Put blanket or towel on the floor and sit down on your knees.
The fingers of both hands should be tightly interlocked put both hands on blanket.
Put your head between both hands in such a any that thumb of the hand may press back part of your head.
Bring both legs inside and put your thumb and legs straight upward.
Lift the feet gradually. Firstly straight one leg and another.
Try to keep your body in a straight line.
Put your body weight on head and both arms equally.
You can take help of the wall or your team-mates.

Advantages:

Increases appetite.
Make a person slim.
Live and spleen become more active.
It removes all diseases concerning primary track.
Piles are cured.
By doing regular parctice of Searsh Asana, mental diseases are cured.

Precautions:

When eyes become red, Asana should be stopped.
On feeling giddiness don’t do Searsh Asana.
Searsh Asana should sbe stopped while feeling too much air in the ears.
This asana should not be performed when inhalation becomes difficult.
When body do not bear the weight.
On shivering arms and legs.
While feeling uneasiness, Searsh Asana may not be performed.
Searsh Asana should be performed all alone.
Take assistance when you feel necessity.
Searsh Asana can be performed from one minute to five minutes. More time would be harmful.

8. Vajur Asana:
Position Sitting on legs while keeping his feet behind.
Technique:

Put on knees under your hip and sit down while facing the feet upper side.
The thumb of the feet should touch each other.
Both the knees may touch each other back and waist must be in a straight line.
Put both hands on the both thigh.
Breathing may be long.
Vajur Asana may be performed daily from three minutes to twenty minutes.

Advantages:

Body becomes more active.
Removes the fats of the body.
Body becomes healthy.
Muscles get strengthened.
It helps to get rid to Night fall. Vajur Asana
It removes the pain of feet and legs.
Mind becomes cool.
Person becomes care free.
It cures diabetes.
It improves digestion.

9. Yog Mudra:
In Yog Mudra, one sits in the position of Padamasana, bends the trunk and rests the head on the ground.

10. Mayur Asana:
In this asana, the body is balanced on the elbows in the horizontal position. The palms are placed on the ground.

11. Uddiyan:
In this asana, one keeps the feet separate, stands and bends the trunk forward. The hands are placed on things. Then one breathes out and copies breathing in, below the ribs.

12. Pranayam :
Anulom Vilom- In this asana, one sits down breathes in for a fixed time, holds the breath with the help of chin and breathes out.
Advantages: This asana cleanses the blood, nerve and mind.

13. Surya Namaskar:
Surya Namaskar has sixteen components but the sun having sixteen phases appears at the time of total annihilation of the universe. Normally, only twelve components of its are practised.

Advantages:
It is the best Yogic exercise. It yields the benefits of asana, mudra and pranayam. The body of the one who practises Surya Namaskar glitters like the sun. It prevents skin diseases. It removes constipation. The spinal cord and waist become flexible. The pregnant women and patients of hernia should not practice it.

14. Shav Asana.
In this asana, one lies down prostrate and loosens the body. In order to perform this asana, lie down straight on the ground over the back and loosen all the parts of the body completely. Gradually, breathe in deeply. The distance between the feet should be 1.5 ft. Keep the wrists of the hands away from the body, facing the sky. Close your eyes, introspect and think as if the body were getting loose. Feel that the body is in a position of rest. This asana should be performed for 3-5 minutes. It should be performed at the start and end of every asana.

Importance:

Shavasana helps in getting rid of high blood pressure and mental tension.
It keeps the heart and the brain fresh.
It removes the fatigue in the body.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 7 E-Governance

October 19, 2024October 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 7 E-Governance Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 7 E-Governance

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB E-Governance Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. G2C stands for ……………
(a) Government to cooperation
(b) Grievances to cooperation
(c) Government to citizen
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Government to citizen

2. G2G stands for …………………
(a) Government to Government
(b) Get to Go
(c) Gather to Go
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Government to Government

3. G2E stands for ……………..
(a) Grievance to employee
(b) Government to an employee
(c) Government to environment
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Government to an employee

4. G2B stands for ……………..
(a) Government to Banks
(b) Government to Businessmen
(c) Government to Business
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Government to Businessmen

5. IRCTC stands for ………………..
(a) Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Cooperation ltd.
(b) Indian Runway Catering and tourism Cooperation ltd.
(c) Indian Railway Catering and travelling Cooperation ltd.
(d) Indian Railway Cargo and tourism Cooperation ltd
Answer:
(a) Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Cooperation ltd.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is E-governance?
Answer:
Governance is a framework that is developed with a combination of man and machine. The implementation of any e-governance services requires advanced technology infrastructure like web-based applications that require a dedicated server and user-friendly web interface.

Question 2.
What are the two main objectives of e-governance?
Answer:
1. To satisfactorily fulfil the public’s needs and expectations by simplifying their interaction with various online services.
2. To facilitate a speedy, transparent, accountable, efficient and effective process for performing government administration activities.

Question 3.
Write the area of E-governance in urban.
Answer:
The area of E-Governance in urban are in transportation, railway, Information and public relation key services, roads and traffic management etc.

Question 4.
Write the area of E-governance in rural.
Answer:
E-Governance in rural areas are in the field of Agriculture, Local information, Disaster management, Land record management and Panchayat etc.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the main characteristics of Good Governance.
Answer:
1. Good governance is transparent which means that people are able to clearly see how and why a decision was made.
2. Good governance follows the rule of law.
3. Good governance is responsive which means that government always tries to serve the needs of the entire community timely and appropriately.

Question 2.
Explain the four pillars of E-Governance.
Answer:
Fundamentally, e-Government projects would stand on four key pillars – People, Process, Technology and Resource (PPTR), Figure below. Each of the components needs to be addressed carefully and in a holistic manner, to achieve the desired results of the project, figure below :
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 7 E-Governance Img 1

1. PEOPLE: As e-government projects are rolled out across the country people within and outside the government will play an increasingly important role in ensuring the success of these projects. The scale of transformation is huge and enormous resources not only in terms of money but also the expertise, skills and commitment of the people will be required.

2. PROCESS: E-Government is not just about the automation of manual records and existing processes, with all their inefficiencies. Rather, it is about transforming government processes and creating new relationships between the government and its citizens and businesses. Hence, a fresh set of process parameters and related workflow should be created, without creating unmanageable and chaotic changes, to maintain the consistency and sustainability of the process.

3. TECHNOLOGY: The Technology Challenges relate to lack of overall architecture and a road map for e-Government, lack of standards, poor IT Infrastructure, especially the poor communication networks, and, above all, adoption of the hardware approach rather than service-approach in the design and implementation of e-Gov projects. These challenges, if not addressed adequately and in time, result in an ad-hoc approach to e-Gov implementation. A few projects get implemented in isolation with big questions on their sustainability and scalability.

4. RESOURCES: New technologies demand new types of implementation models. Adopting conventional procurement methods would not take us far on the path of e-government. In the conventional approach, the project ownership lies with the public sector itself along with the responsibility for funding it and bearing the entire risk.

Question 3.
Explain the four models of e-governance.
Answer:
The followings are the four models of e-governance :

1. Government to citizens (G2C)
This model of e-governance refers to the government services which are shared by citizens. In this model, citizens visit the links of services that they want to use. This model strengthens the bond between the government and its citizen. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

Payment of online bills such as electricity, water, telephone bills, etc.
Online registration of applications.
Copies of land record.
Online filling of complaints.
Availability of any kind of online information.

2. Government to government (G2G)
This model refers to the services which are shared between the governments. There is lots of information that need to be shared between various government agencies, department and organizations. These types of services or information areas :

Sharing of information between police departments of various states.
Government document exchange which includes preparation, approval, distribution, and storage of all governmental documents, is also done through e-governance.
Most of the finance and budget works are also done through e-governance.

3. Government to businessmen (G2B)
Through this model, the bond between the private sector and the government is strengthened. It is used by businessmen to communicate to the government. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

Rejection and approval of patent are done by this model.
Payment of all kinds of bills and penalties.
Sharing of all kinds of information, rules, and data.
Complaints or any kind of dissatisfaction can be shown by this.

4. Government to employees (G2E)
This model increases the transparency between the government and its employee. Here, employees can keep a check on the functioning and working of the government and the government can keep track of its employees. Information that can be shared by this model:

All kinds of data submission (attendance record, employee record, etc.) from various government offices is done by this model.
An employee can file all kinds of complaints and dissatisfaction with this model.
All kinds of rules- regulations,s, and information for employees can be shared by this.

Question 4.
Write about E-GOVERNANCE IN HEALTH and EDUCATION.
Answer:
E-Governance provides many services in the health sector also. With the help of EGovemance, people can online check the availability of medicines, health camps, and other facilities. The following are the projects under the health area are Hospital OPD Appointment: It is the system of welfare measures started by the Chandigarh Government to make the life of citizens simpler and comfortable. HEALING: This project is started by the Kerala Government for Medical Health and Family Welfare Department,

E-Governance in the education sector is helpful in providing basic education and education facilities to children. Its aim is to provide computer education to children and online results for various classes. The following are the projects under the education field are Online Scholarship Management System: Its purpose is the distribution of scholarships and fees among brilliant and needy students. AISES (All India School Education Survey): The aim of this project is to survey the number of schools in the district which helps in the Census. This project was started by Assam Government.

Question 5.
Describe the history and development of E-governance.
Answer:
Among developing countries, India has been an early adopter of e-governance. The first wave can be considered to have evolved bottom-up. Some social entrepreneurs convinced district-level officials of the wonders of new ICTs, especially in providing convergent services to remote areas and improving transparency and oversight in this regard. The Gyandoot project in Dhar district, which begun in 2000, is considered the forerunner of what was to be a rash. of projects that built a front-end in many village communities which were supposed to be serviced by a back-end mostly in the district collectorate. The idea and the effort were to create pressure from the community front-end for the digitization of back-end departmental processes.

The latter was largely a localized effort, mostly dependent on the initiative and energy of the concerned district collector, often with some very spirited support of the district National Informatics Centre (NIC) staff. Perhaps the most organized and successful effort in this first phase of e-governance in India, roughly between 2000-05, was Rural e-Seva in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. As for community-level front-end development two initiatives, N-Logue and Drishti stand out, each of which at one time claimed to be running thousands of community telecentres across the country that could deliver e-governance services.

There is a general tendency to classify these early efforts as failures. Indeed, around 2005-06, N-Logue closed down and Drishti moved out of e-governance services. Rural e-Seva also was never scaled up. However, what is noteworthy is that in a relatively short time, these early projects created a lasting impression of new ICTs as a possible means to bring governance close to the people, and perhaps, also make it more transparent and accountable. To that extent, they had a very significant impact,

even if these initiatives themselves could not survive, due to a variety of reasons which we cannot discuss in greater detail, here. (However, if we compare this situation with the burst of the dot-com bubble in the early part of the last decade, one can see some common factors.) They created the context for the very ambitious National E-Governance Plan (NeGP), especially its flagship project, the Common Service Centres, which was inaugurated by the Government of India in 2006.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide E-Governance Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks

1. ………………… means the government to employees.
(a) G2L
(b) G2G
(c) G2E
(d) G2B
Answer:
(c) G2E

2. E-governance has ………………… main objectives.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(a) 2

3. ………………….. do work of e-governance in urban areas.
(a) Transportation
(b) Municipal Corporation
(c) Road Safety
(d) All of above
Answer:
(b) Municipal Corporation

4. ………………….. do work of e-governance in a rural areas.
(a) Health
(b) Panchayat
(c) Agriculture
(d) Municipal Corporation
Answer:
(b) Panchayat

True or False

1. E-governance do not work in education.
Answer:
False

2. E-governance has four models.
Answer:
True

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is e-Government?
Answer:
The term e-Government is understood differently across the world. E- Govemment or Electronic Government is the delivery of more convenient, customer-oriented, and cost-effective public services and sharing of information through electronic media. Specifically, e-Government harnesses information and communication technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.

Question 2.
What is the difference between e-Government and e-Governance?
Answer:
E-Govemment is the transformation of internal and external public sector relationships, through Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in order to optimize government service delivery and citizen participation. Digital society is a society or community that is well advanced in the adoption and integration of digital technology into daily life at home, work and play. E-Governance is the development, deployment, and enforcement of the policies, laws, and regulations necessary to support the functioning of a Knowledge Society as well as of e-Government.

Question 3.
What are the objectives of e-Governance?
Answer:
The strategic objective of e-Governance is to support and simplify governance for government, citizens, and businesses. The use of ICT can connect all three parties and support processes and activities. Other objectives are to make government administration more transparent, speedy and accountable while addressing the society’s needs and expectations through efficient public services and effective interaction between the people, businesses and government.

Question 4.
what are the benefits of e-Governance?
Answer:
E-Governance offers many benefits and advantages for the government, corporate sector and society. E-Governance facilitates better delivery of government services to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. It simplifies internal operations and improves the performance of government departments while helping all sections of society to avail government services at lower cost with maximum ease of use.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the various services of E-governance for urban.
Ans. The followings are the various services of e-governances for urban :

1. Transportation: There are many services which are provided by e-governance in transportation like provision of booking facility of interstate transport, plans for regional transportation, time table of buses and transportation improvement program etc. The following are the projects under e-governance in transportation such as:OSRTC- The Orissa State Road Transport Corporation project was started to provide online facilities in the transportation department.HRTC- The Himachal Road Transport Corporation project provides many facilities like online booking, availability and cancellation of seats and buses etc.

2. Online payment of bills and taxes: E-Governance also provides online transactions,payment of bills, EMIs and taxes etc. The project under e-governance in online payment is FRIENDS which is started by Kerala Government to make onlinepayments of fees, water and electricity bills etc.

3. Municipal services: The services provided by municipal sector are house taxes, issuethe death certificates, maintain records of property and approval for site plans etc.The following are the projects under municipal services are:SDO Suite: This project was started by Assam Government. It provides manyfacilities by issuing certificates like permission for land sale, birth and death reportetc.

4. Rural Digital Services: It gives many social security services such as old agepension, widow and freedom fighter pension.

5. Roads and. traffic management: The services provided by road and trafficmanagement are construction and maintenance of roads, traffic management andpollution control schemes. The project under e-govemance in road and trafficmanagement is CFST (Citizen Friendly Services of Transport) which is started by Andhra Pradesh Government. It checks the pollution control level, road safety andsafety of people. ’

Question 2.
List the various services of E-governance for rural.
Answer:
The followings are the various services of e-governances for rural:

1. Agriculture: The farmers rely on the information provided by the govemmentthrough e-governance. Governments are working on many projects used in agriculture like MARKET which is approved by the Department of Marketing and inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture and Government of India. ‘

2. Local information: Government provides many local information such as prices of seeds, loan rates etc. The project under e-governance in local information is EJanSamparkwhich is started by Chandigarh Government to help people access the local information in their locality to fulfil their needs.

3. Land record management: With the help of this management, huge number of land records can be maintained in a very small time. The following are the projects under land record management are : Bhooftii: It was started by Karnataka Government and known as the first E-Governanceland records management projects.Land Records Management System State Government of Punjab.

4. Panchayat: Panchayat provides many services such as issuing the birth and death certificates, various schemes for poor people and water supply and sanitation etc.

Question 3.
List the various E-Governance Services from Government To Government.
Answer:
E-Governance Services from Government to Government (G2G): It is also known as E-Administration. In this model, services are being shared between many governments. Information are shared among various government agencies, organizations and departments. The following arethe services discussed in the G2G model:

E-Secretariat: E-Secretariat provides huge, valuable and functional information of the state. In E-Secretariat,multiple departments are linked together on internet and exchange the information of various components. Italso links all the governmental departments with their headquarters and state capitals. .

E-Police: E-Police helps everyone to feel safe and secure. For this purpose, E- Police maintain two databases.First database is of police personnel which provide records (current and previous posting etc.) of persons working in police. This database helps people to find the specialization of policemen according to geographical regions and skills. Second database is of criminal records. This database provides full detail of any criminal byjust typing the name of criminal. This database also provide the past activities and area of operation of anycriminal.

E-Court: E-Court will bring a revolution in the Indian pending court cases. In India, there are a number of pending cases that produce frustration in people and will bring the system to a halt. Both consumers and the system need the change. If the system w3ill work in the same manner in future, than one day it will collapse. In E- Court, IT transforms the system into databases of cases having zero level dependency. In such systems, Judges can consider the appeals from intranet, give their decisions online by considering recorded facts of case and reduce the backlog of cases.
The success of G2G model is based on some important aspects like expenditure, the establishment of the network, planning, monitoring and controlling the performance of process resources like human and financial.

Question 4.
What are the various stages of E-governance?
Answer:
Stages of e-Governance :
It is apparent in various research studies that e-Governance is fundamentally linked with the development of computer technology, networking of computers and communication systems. In developing nations, such technologies and systems became available with an observable time lag as compared to developed nations. When appraising the e-governance model in India, it is established that with the liberalization of the economy from the early 1990s onwards, there has been a convergence in the availability of progressive technologies and opportunities in this field. The inception of e-Governance proceeded through four stages in India.

1. Computerization: In the first stage, with the availability of personal computers, the majority of Government offices are well equipped with computers. The use of computers begem with word processing, quickly followed by data processing.

2. Networking: In this stage, some units of a few government organizations are connected through a hub leading to sharing of information and flow of data between different government entities.

3. On-line presence: In the third stage, with increasing internet connectivity, a need was felt for maintaining a presence on the web. This resulted in the maintenance of websites by government departments and other entities. Generally, these web pages/websites contained information about the organizational structure, contact details, reports and publications, objectives and vision statements of the respective government entities.

4. On-line interactivity: A natural significance of online presence was opening up of communication channels between government entities and the citizens, civil society organizations etc. The main objective of this stage was to lessen the scope of personal interface with government entities by providing downloadable Forms, Instructions, Acts, and Rules.

Wrestling-Free Style And Greeco Roman Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

October 19, 2024October 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Wrestling-Free Style And Greeco Roman Game Rules.

Wrestling-Free Style And Greeco Roman Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
Mention the wrestling weight categories of men, Women and junior.
Answer:
AGE GROUP:
Above 20 Years-

Senior Men		Senior Women
First Group	48-54 K.G.	41-46 KG.
Second Group	58 KG.	51 KG.
Third Group	63 K.G.	56 KG.
Fourth Group	69 K.G.	62 KG.
Fifth Group	76 K.G.	68 KG.
Sixth Group	85 K.G.	68-75’KG.
Seventh Group	97 K.G.
Eighth Group	97-130 K.G.

From 17 years to 20 years old:

Junior Boys		Junior Girls
First Group	46-49 KG.	40-43 KG.
Second Group	52 KG.	46 KG.
Third Group	56 KG.	50 KG.
Fourth Group	60 KG.	54 KG.
Fifth Group	65 K.G.	58 KG.
Sixth Group	70 KG.	63 KG.
Seventh Group	76 KG.	68 KG.
Eighth Group	83 KG.	68-75 KG.
Ninth Group	90 KG.
Tenth Group	90-115 KG.

From 15 years to 16 years:

Sub Junior Boys		Sub Junior Girls
First Group	39-42 K.G.	36-38 KG.
Second Group	45 KG.	40 KG.
Third Group	48 K.G.	43 KG.
Fourth Group	52 K.G.	46 KG.
Fifth Group	57 KG.	49 KG.
Sixth Group	63 KG.	52 KG.
Seventh Group	69 KG	56 KG.
Eighth Group	76 KG.	60 KG.
Ninth Group	83 KG.	65 KG.
Tenth Group	83-95 KG.	65-75 KG.

From 13 years to 14 years old:

Sub Junior Boys		Sub Junior Girls
First Group	29-32 KG.	20-30 KG.
Second Group	35 KG.	32 KG.
Third Group	38 KG.	34 KG.
Fourth Group	42 KG.	37 KG.
Fifth Group	48 KG.	40 KG.
Sixth Group	54 KG.	44 KG.
Seventh Group	58 KG.	48 KG.
Eighth Group	66 KG.	52 KG.
Ninth Group	71 KG	57 KG.
Tenth Group	71-85 KG	57-62 KG.

Every participants will take part according to his own body weight.

Question 2.
Discuss the rules of weighing and pairing of competitors.
Answer:
Rules for Weighing and Pairing of Competitors:
Weighing of the Competitors-

Weighing of competitors shall begin two to four hours before the wrestling competition begins.
The competitors shall be weighed without clothes. They shall be medically examined by a doctor before they are weighed. The doctor will remove any player suffering from any contagious disease.

Each contestant can participate in wrestling with a player belonging to his weight-group.
The competitors should be in a perfect physical condition. Their nails should be well pared. They shall be checked at the time of medical examination.
Weighing shall start at least two hours before the competition and must conclude an hour before the first wrestling bout.
Before the completion of weighing, a contestant may stand any time on the weighing machine for recording his weight, but he should not be out of turn.

Pairing-off by drawing lots:
In each bout all the players shall be included by draw of lots. Those contestants whose lots follow one after the other shall wrestle in the first round. If the wrestler bears odd numbers, the wrestler who scores more marks shall enter the bye of the next round without marking the penalty. The “right to bye can be got only by lot. In making pairs for the second round, the topmost name of the list is paired with the second next to him but this is done in case they have not wrestled before. If, while making pairs, two contestants figure together in the same place, they shall wrestle with each other in the first round.

Question 3.
What type of dress should a wrestler wear? Mention the duration of wrestling bout.
Answer:
Costume of wrestlers, Mat, Start and Duration of Wrestling.
Stoppage of Wrestling Bout, End of Bout-
Dress:
The wrestlers shall enter the arena in a one-piece jersey, banian or ‘jangia’ (red or blue) beneath which they shall wear a jock strap. They will wear costumes which fit their body very well, and is not loose. They will wear sports shoes firmly closing the anklets. The use of light knee guards is allowed. A contestant shall be closely shaved or with a beard of many months growth.

The contestants cannot use oil or any other greasy substance on their bodies. Their bodies should not be wet with perspiration. The use of rings, bracelets, shoes with buttons and any other such thing which may harm or hurt a player is prohibited. Every contestant should have his own handkerchief.

Mat:
The mat at all international matches should be 9 metres in circle (with a radius of 4.50 m.), and from its other ring a ring of 50 cms. is drawn. This place is marked with red colour. It should be fixed on a platform, 1.10. metre in height. The ends of the mat should have red or blue comers, and there should be a circle of 1 metre in the middle.

Start Of Wrestling Bout And Its Duration:

The duration of each bout is of 6 minutes. It is divided into two periods of 3 minutes each. A rest of 1 minute is given after the first three minute bout.
The bout shall continue until a player falls down, otherwise it shall continue for 6 minutes.
If a player does not»enter the mat after five minutes of call, he shall be considered defeated and turned out of the competition.
The wrestling bout shall start, interrupt or end on the whistle of the referee.

End of the Bout-
The end of the bout is indicated by the ringing of gong by the time keeper. The referee, too, blows his whittle as a signal for the end of the bout. If the referee does not hear the gong, the Mat chairman interferes immediately and get the bout closed. No act is considered valid in between the sound of gong and the referee’s whistle.

The two contestants stand on either side of referee to receive, the decision. The Mat chairman declares the winner by raising the winner’s colour. Thereafter, the winner’s arm is raised by the referee. If there is a tie, the arms of both players are raised. No contestant shall loosen the straps of his dress before the decision is given.

Question 4.
What are the foul holds in wrestling ?
Answer:
Foul-holds:
The following fouls are taken into consideration-

Pulling of hair, ears, dress, private organs, etc.
Twisting of fingers, grasping of the throat and other holds which may be life-endangering.
Holding in such a manner as may put the opponent’s life in danger, or may hurt any of his body part, or cause him pain so that the opponent helplessly leaves the bout.
Treading on the feet of the rival.
Touching the face of the opponent (from the eye-brows to the chin).
Grasping the opponent by throat.
Lifting the rival when he is in bridge position, and then throwing him on the mat.
Breaking the bridge by giving a push from the head.
Twisting the opponent’s arm at above 90° angle.
Grasping the opponent’s head with both hands.
Thrusting the elbow or knee into the abdomen or stomach of the rival.
Turning the opponent’s arm to the back the pressing it.
Grasping the opponent’s head in any manner.
Applying leg-scissors on the body or head.
Holding on to the mat.
Talking to each other and making dangerous assault.
Cautions:

Precautions may be taken in the following conditions :
(a) Permanent obstacles
(b) Foul holds
(c) Indiscipline at the time of bout
(d) Breach of rules-

These precautions shall be taken into account along with other fouls of the bout.
A player may be declared defeated after he has been warned, thrice.
A player, in case of major offence, may be removed from the bout.

Obstacles:

Lying in abdomen position.
Going out of the mat knowingly.
Holding of both the hands of the opponent so that he may not play.
A player may be given warning if he goes out of the mat.

Stoppage of Bout:
A bout may be suspended for five minutes at the most because of a bleeding nose, headlong fall or any acceptable reason. This obstacle in one or two bouts may be of maximum 5 minutes for each contestant.

Question 5.
Describe the officials for the conduct of wrestling. How is victory or defeat decided in wrestling ?
Answer:
Score:
(a) One Point:

to a player who throws a rival on the mat and maintains control over him,
to that player who rises from beneath and maintains his hold on his opponent,
to a player who makes a good grasp and does not allow his opponent’s head and shoulder to touch the mat,
for one precaution the opponent gets one point.

Two Points:

to that player who keeps good hold on his opponent and maintains his hold on him for some time
to that player whose opponent immediately falls or falteringly falls.

to a player who keeps his opponent in danger (when shoulders make an angle of less than 90° from the mat) for five seconds,
bridge position for three seconds or fall takes five seconds.

Decision.
When there is a difference of less than one point in or the score of the opposite players, the match ends in a draw. Again, if no contestant scores any point, or the points are equal, the match ends in a draw. If the difference is more than one point, a player 1 with more points is declared the winner.

Fall:

For full fall it is sufficient if the shoulder of the wrestler touches that mat.
The fall shall be considered if the referee raises no objection.
For proper fall on the edge of the mat the head and shoulders of the contestant shall touch the limits of mat.

Winning by Points:
If there is no foul within six minutes, the decision is made by points. The player scoring higher points shall be the winner.
Rules for Final-

The final match is played among three wrestlers.
The players who have scored 6 penalty marks cannot take part in the final match.
When the three players with less than 6 penalty marks reach the final, the points scored by them are nullified.
If those players have already competed, the former penalty marks are counted in the final.
The penalty marks of the contestants in the final must be kept in view.
If each of the three contestants has already scored 6 points, they will forfeit their points as mentioned above.
If the three contestants of the final have already scored 6 points each, he shall be awarded the third position and the remaining two shall wrestle for first position.
The player who scores minimum penalty point in the last three bouts shall be the winner.
If the penalty points of the finalists are equal, the decision is made keeping in views the following:
- The victory scored on points.
- The number of points being equal.
- The number of fouls.
- In case of tie, the player with minimum warnings is declared the winner.
- If there is still a tie, both the players are declared equal.

Officials:
There are three officials in all types of wrestling matches:

Mat Chairman
Referee
Judge

No official can be changed during the wrestling.

Important Information about the Wrestling-Free Style And Greeco Roman Game

Shape of the mat of wrestling = Round
Size of mat = 4.50 m Radius
Colour of Round = Red
Height of Mats from platform = 1.10 meter
Colour of the Corner = Red and Blue
Duration of Bout = 6 minutes, 2-2-2 minutes (three half)
Total weight for men = 9
Total weight for women = 7
Total weight for Junior = 10
Officials for wrestling= One mat chairman,Two referees, Three Judges
Rest after bout =30 seconds
Undisturb area around the mat = 1.50 meter
The player who is to play in a wrestling competition should be perfectly healthy. He should not be suffering
from any infectious disease.
The competitors of wrestling should have well-pared nails. They
The duration of this game is 6 minutes.
It is a foul to pull the hair, flesh, ear or private organs of an opposing player in a game of wrestling.
By raising the colour of the winning team the Head of the match declares the winner.
The player who has been warned thrice by the referee is considered defeated.
The competitor cannot wear iron bracelet or ring, etc.
The player who competes in wrestling should have a cut beard or have a fresh shave.
No official conducting the game can be changed during the play.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS

October 19, 2024October 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB Introduction to DBMS Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. ……………… is the full name of DBMS.
(a) Database manager system
(b) Database managing system
(c) Database management System
(d) Database Messenger Software.
Answer:
(c) Database management System

2. To control the Database ………………… is responsible.
(a) Data master
(b) Database administrator
(c) User
(d) Common man
Answer:
(b) Database administrator

3. After processing data is Convert into …………………..
(a) Database
(b) Information
(c) Entity
(d) Software
Answer:
(b) Information

4. Information associate with each other makes………………..
(a) Database
(b) DBMS
(c) DBA
(d) File Processing System
Answer:
(a) Database

5. To store the same data again and again in a database is called …………………
(a) Integrity
(b) Redundancy
(c) Object
(d) Foreign key
Answer:
(b) Redundancy

6. …………………. is a unique key.
(a) Primary key
(b) Foreign key
(c) Electronic key
(d) Database key
Answer:
(a) Primary key

2. Full Forms

1. DBA
Answer:
Database administrator.

2. DBMS
Answer:
Database management System.

3. SQL
Answer:
Structured query language.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a database?
Answer:
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images.

Question 2.
What are the different types of relationships?
Answer:
One-to-One Relationships
One-to-Many Relationships
Many-to-Many Relationships
Self-Referencing Relationships

Question 3.
Write the names of different DBA’s.
Answer:
Administrative DBA
Development DBA
Data Architect
Data Warehouse DBA

Question 4.
What is SQL?
Answer:
SQL is a Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing, manipulating, and retrieving data stored in a relational database. SQL is the standard language for Relation Database Systems. All relational database management systems like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres, and SQL Server use SQL as standard database language.

Question 5.
Name the different types of keys.
Answer:

Primary key
Foreign key
Composite key
Natural key
Surrogate key
Candidate key
Compound key

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe Normalization. How many types of Normalization?
Answer:
Normalization is a process of organizing the data in the database to avoid data redundancy, insertion anomaly, update anomaly & deletion anomaly.
Here are the most commonly used normal forms :

First normal form(1NF)
Second normal form(2NF)
Third normal form(3NF)

First normal form (1NF)
As per the rule of the first normal form, an attribute (column) of a table cannot hold multiple values. It should hold only atomic values.

Second normal form (2NF)
A table is said to be in 2NF if both the following conditions hold :
The table is in INF (First normal form)
No non-prime attribute is dependent on the proper subset of any candidate key of the table. An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as a non-prime attribute.

Third Normal form (3NF)
A table design is said to be in 3NF if both the following conditions hold:
The table must be in 2NF
Transitive functional dependency of non-prime attribute on any super key should be removed. An attribute that is not part of any candidate key is known as a non-prime attribute.

In other words, 3NF can be explained like this: A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for each functional dependency X-> Y at least one of the following conditions hold :
X is a super key of the table
Y is a prime attribute of the table
An attribute that is a part of one of the candidate keys is known as a prime attribute.

Question 2.
What is a file processing system? What are the disadvantages of the file processing system?
Answer:
A file processing system is a collection of files and programs that access/ modify these files. Typically, new files and programs are added over time (by different programmers) as new information needs to be stored and new ways to access information are needed. A File can store records and we can extract these records using different applications programs.
Disadvantages of File Processing System.
The conventional file processing system suffers from the following shortcomings :

1. Data Redundancy – Data Redundancy means the same information is duplicated in several files. This makes data redundant.

2. Data Inconsistency – Data Inconsistency means different copies of the same data are not matching. That means different versions of the same basic data are existing. This occurs as the result of update operations that are not updating the same data stored at different places. Example: Address Information of a customer is recorded differently in different files.

3. Difficulty in Accessing Data – It is not easy to retrieve information using a conventional file processing system. Convenient and efficient information retrieval is almost impossible using a conventional file processing system.

4. Data Isolation – Data are scattered in various files, and the files may be in different formats, writing a new application program to retrieve data is difficult.

5. Integrity Problems – The data values may need to satisfy some integrity constraints. For example, the balance field Value must be greater than 5000. We have to handle this through program code in file processing systems. But in the database, we can declare the integrity constraints along with the definition itself.

6. Atomicity Problem – It is difficult to ensure atomicity in the file processing system. For example, transferring $100 from Account A to account B. If a failure occurs during execution there could be a situation like $100 is deducted from Account A and not credited in Account B.

7. Concurrent Access anomalies – If multiple users are updating the same data simultaneously it will result in an inconsistent data state. In a file processing system, it is very difficult to handle this using program code. This results in concurrent access anomalies.

8. Security Problems – Enforcing Security Constraints in the file processing system is very difficult as the application programs are added to the system in an ad-hoc manner.

9. Observations and Conclusions – Data Redundancy may lead to Data inconsistency if redundant data are not updated simultaneously. Data inconsistency leads the system into an inconsistent state since the operations based on inconsistent data results in more inconsistency.

Question 3.
What do you mean by DBMS? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.
Answer:
A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases.
The DBMS has a number of advantages as compared to the traditional computer file processing approach. The DBA must keep in mind these benefits or capabilities during designing databases, coordinating and monitoring the DBMS.

The major advantages of DBMS are described below :

Controlling Data Redundancy
Data Consistency
Data Sharing
Data Integration
Integrity Constraints

Disadvantages of Database Management System (DBMS):
Although there are many advantages the DBMS may also have some minor disadvantages. These are :

Cost of Hardware & Software
Cost of Data Conversion
Cost of Staff Training
Appointing Technical Staff

Question 4.
What is an entity? Write the types of entities in DBMS.
Answer:
An entity can be a real-world object, either animate or inanimate, that can be easily identifiable. For example, in a school database, students, teachers, classes, and courses offered can be considered entities. All these entities have some attributes or properties that give them their identity. An entity set is a collection of similar types of entities. An entity set may contain entities with attributes sharing similar values. For example, a Student set may contain all the students of a school; likewise, a Teachers’ set may contain all the teachers of a school from all faculties. Entity sets need not be disjoint.

The Entity-Relationship (ER) model consists of different types of entities. The existence of an entity may depend on the existence of one or more other entities, such an entity is said to be existence dependent. Entities whose existence not depending on any other entities are termed as not existence dependent. Entities based on their characteristics are classified as follows.

Strong Entities
Weak Entities
Recursive Entities
Composite Entities

Strong Entity Vs Weak Entity
An entity set that has a primary key is termed a strong entity set. An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is termed a weak entity set. A weak entity is existence-dependent. That is the existence of a weak entity depends on the existence of an identifying entity set. The discriminator (or partial key) is used to identify other attributes of a weak entity set. The primary key of a weak entity set is formed by the primary key of identifying the entity set and the discriminator of the weak entity set. The existence of a weak entity is indicated by a double rectangle in the ER diagram. We underline the discriminator of a weak entity set with a dashed line in the ER diagram.

Recursive Entity
A recursive entity is one in which a relationship can exist between occurrences of the same entity set. This occurs in a unary relationship.

Composite Entities
If Many too Many relationships exist we must create* a bridge entity to convert it into 1 to Many. Bridge entity composed of the primary keys of each of the entities to be connected. The bridging entity is known as a composite entity.

Question 5.
What do you mean by data models? Write the parts of it.
Answer:
Data Models are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Data models define how data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored inside the system. The very first data model could be a flat data model, where all the data used are to be kept in the same plane A data model organizes data elements and standardizes how the data elements relate to one another. Since data elements document real-life people, places, and things and the events between them, the data model represents reality, for example, a house has many windows or a cat has two eyes. Computers are used for the accounting of these real-life things and events and therefore the data model is a necessary standard to ensure exact communication between human beings.

A data model consists of two parts as shown in the figure:

DDL – Data definition language
DML – Data manipulation language
i.e. Data Model = DDL + DML
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to DBMS Img 1

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide Introduction to DBMS Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks

1. ……………….. is a set of one or more attributes taken collectively to uniquely identify a record.
Answer:
Super Key

2. ……………….. attribute can be taken as a primary key.
Answer:
Id

3. A ………………… is a property of the entire relation, rather than of the individual tuples in which each tuple is unique.
Answer:
Key

4. …………………… cannot be taken as a primary key?
Answer:
Street.

True or False

1. Processed data is called information.
Answer:
True

2. Database is secure and reliable.
Answer:
True

3. DBA has no responsibility to manage DBMS.
Answer:
False

4. Related data items are called records.
Answer:
True

5. Collection of related data items is called a file.
Answer:
False

6. Meaningful data is called information.
Answer:
False

7. Ordering meaningful data is called a database.
Answer:
True

8. Meaningful data items are called files.
Answer:
False

9. Collection of related records is called data.
Answer:
False

10. DBA controls database system
Answer:
True

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Database.
Answer:
A prearranged collection of figures known as data is called a database.

Question 2.
What is DBMS?
Answer:
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are applications designed especially which enable user interaction with other applications.

Question 3.
What are the various kinds of interactions catered by DBMS?
Answer:
The various kind of interactions catered by DBMS are :

Data definition
Update
Retrieval
Administration

Question 4.
Segregate database technology’s development.
Answer:
The development of database technology is divided into :

Structure or data model
Navigational model
SQL/ relational model

Question 5.
Who proposed the relational model?
Answer:
Edgar F. Codd proposed the relational model in 1970.

Question 6.
What are the features of Database language?
Answer:
A database language may also incorporate features like DBMS-specific Configuration and management of storage engine Computations to modification of query results by computations, like summing, counting, averaging, grouping, sorting, and cross-referencing Constraint enforcement Application Programming Interface.

Question 7.
What do database languages do?
Answer:
As special-purpose languages, they have :

Data definition language
Data manipulation language
Query language

Question 8.
Define database model.
Answer:
A data model determining fundamentally how data can be stored, manipulated, and organized and the structure of the database logically is called a database model.

Question 9.
What is SQL?
Answer:
Structured Query Language (SQL) being ANSI standard language updates database and commands for accessing.

Question 10.
Enlist the various relationships of the database.
Answer:
Tire various relationships of the database are :

One-to-one: Single table having drawn relationship with another table having similar kind of columns.
One-to-many: Two tables having primary and foreign key relations.
Many-to-many: Junction table having many tables related to many tables.

Question 11.
Define Normalization.
Answer:
Organized data void of inconsistent dependency and redundancy within a database is called normalization.

Question 12.
Enlist the advantages of normalizing the database.
Answer:
Advantages of the normalizing database are :

No duplicate entries
Saves storage space
Boasts the query performances.

Question 13.
Define Denormalization.
Answer:
Boosting up database performance, adding redundant data which in turn helps rid of complex data is called denormalization.

Question 14.
Define DDL and DML.
Answer:
Managing properties and attributes of a database are called Data Definition Language (DD L). Manipulating data in a database such as inserting, updating, deleting is defined as Data Manipulation Language. (DML)

Question 15.
Define Object-oriented model.
Answer:
Compilations of objects make up this model in which values are stored within instance variables that are inside the object. The object itself comprises bodies of objects for its operation which are called methods. Objects containing the same kind of variables and methods are called classes.

Question 16.
Define Entity.
Answer:
It can be defined as being a ‘thing’ with an independent existence in the real world. –

Question 17.
What do you mean by Entity type?
Answer:
A set of entries having similar attributes are entity types.

Question 18.
Define Entity Set.
Answer:
Compilation of all entries of any particular type of entry in the database is called Entity Set.

Question 19.
What do you mean by Entity type extension?
Answer:
Compilation of similar entity types into one particular type which is grouped together as an entity set.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Enlist the disadvantages of the query.
Answer:
The disadvantages of the query are :

No indexes
Stored procedures are excessively compiled.
Triggers and procedures are without SET NOCOUNT ON.
Complicated joins making up inadequately written queries.
Cursors and temporary tables showcase a bad presentation.

Question 2.
What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?
Answer:
The first normal form or INF is the first and the simplest type of normalization that can be implemented in a database. The main aims of INF are to :

1. Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
2. Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row with a unique column (the primary key).

Question 3.
What is Data?
Answer:
Data is a plural of datum, which is originally a Latin noun meaning “something given.” Today, data is used in English both as a plural noun meaning “facts or pieces of information” and as a singular mass noun meaning “information”. In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process. Relative to today’s computers and transmission media, data is information converted into binary digital form.

Question 4.
Define Database.
Answer:
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images. In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their organizational approach. The most prevalent approach is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network. An object-oriented programming database is one that is congruent with the data defined in object classes and subclasses.

Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Typically, a database manager provides users the capabilities of controlling read/ write access, specifying report generation, and analyzing usage.

Question 5.
What is DBMS (Database Management System)?
Answer:
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of an integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way.

Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, users can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users.

Question 6.
What is the need for DBMS?
Answer:
A database management system (DBMS) can help address the employee count scenario and a range of even more complex situations related to cost, order status, or inventory management by presenting the same data to everyone in the business at the same time. A DBMS also eliminates the frustrating hunt for the right version of the right spreadsheet on a vast and disorganized network drive.

As businesses grow, the volume of data they accumulate grows exponentially. Managing this data deluge becomes increasingly difficult just at the moment when superior data management becomes more important to business success.
As businesses expand, more sophisticated tools are needed to manage data. Tools that serve start-ups well are overwhelmed by the demands faced by larger businesses,
A database management system (DBMS) is a powerful tool used to store data, secure it, protect it and make it quickly available to people who need it.
A DBMS enables a business to squeeze more value from the data it collects for improved decision-making.

Question 7.
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS?
Answer:
The advantages and disadvantages of DBMS are as follows :

Advantages :

Reduced data redundancy
Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs
Improved data access to users through the use of host and query languages
Improved data security
Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
Facilitated development of new applications program

Disadvantages :

Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design
Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs
Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system
Initial training is required for all programmers and users.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 6 Operating Systems

October 19, 2024October 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 6 Operating Systems Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Computer Science Chapter 6 Operating Systems

Computer Guide for Class 10 PSEB Operating Systems Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
An operating system is a:
(a) Terminal
(b) Software
(c) Storage system
(d) Processor
Answer:
(b) Software

Question 2.
The process of running multiple applications at the same time is known as:
(a) Multi-application
(b) Multi processing
(c) Multi programming
(d) Multi timing
Answer:
(c) Multi programming

Question 3.
It enables us to access internet securely and prevent unauthorized applications and people from accessing our PC:
(a) Anti-Virus
(b) Security
(c) Firewall
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Firewall

Question 4.
The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is:
(a) Response time
(b) Access time
(c) Output time
(d) Total time
Answer:
(a) Response time

Question 5.
Remote access to servers is possible from different locations in:
(a) Batch Processing System
(b) Time Sharing System
(c) Network Operating System
(d) Distributed system
Answer:
(c) Network Operating System

2. Fill In The Blanks

1. A …………………. represents a collection of related
Answer:
Pile, Information.

2. ………….. system use multiple processors to serve ………… multiple real-time applications and multiple users.
Answer:
Distributed, Central

3. …………..is the process of preventing and detecting ……….. use of our computer.
Answer:
Computer Security, Unauthorized

4. …………. provide access to accounts arid enable us to perform various activities linked with account like shopping, emailing, online transactions etc.
Answer:
Passwords, Online

5. …………. are used when there are time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data.
Answer:
Real Time Systems, Rigid.

3. True or False

1. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time.
Answer:
True

2. Anti-virus software alone is enough to be secure from Internet Security threats.
Answer:
False

3. An Operating System cannot manage the communication between user and device drivers.
Answer:
False

4. Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project.
Answer:
True

5. The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
Answer:
True

PSEB 10th Class Computer Book Chapter 6 Operating Systems

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
An interface between computer user and computer hardware is called?
Answer:
Operating System

Question 2.
What hides the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the users?
Answer:
Drivers

Question 3.
A mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer system is called?
Answer:
Protection

Question 4.
The process of preventing and detecting unauthorized use of our computer is called?
Answer:
Computer Security

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an operating system?
Answer:
Operating system is an interface between user and computer. It communicates whatever the user says to the hardware of computer.

Question 2.
List type of operating systems.
Answer:
Different types of operating system are:

Batch processing operating system.
Time sharing operating system.
Network operating system.
Real time operating system.
Distributed operating system.

Question 3.
Explain real time operating system.
Answer:
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. In this type of operating system, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.
Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail.

Question 4.
What are the functions of operating system? Make a list.
Answer:
Following are the functions of operating system:

It provides programs an environment to execute.
It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.

Following are a few common services provided by an operating system:

Program execution
I/O operations
File System manipulation
Communication
Error Detection
Resource Allocation
Protection.

Question 5.
What do you mean by computer security?
Answer:
Computer security is the process of preventing and detecting unauthorized use of our computer. Prevention measures help us to stop unauthorized users (hackers) from accessing any part of our computer system. Detection helps us to determine whether or not someone attempted to break into our system, if they were successful, and what they may have done.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain functions of operating system
Answer:
Following are the functions of operating system:
1. Program Execution:
Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server, etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated as a process.

2. I/O Operation:
An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software. Drivers hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the users. An Operating System manages the communication between user and device drivers.

3. File System Manipulation:
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other directions. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to file management:

Program needs to read a file or write a file.
The operating system gives the permission to the program for operation on file.
Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied and so on.
Operating system provides an interface to the user to create/delete files.
Operating system provides an interface to the user to create/delete directories.
Operating system provides an interface to create the backup of file system,

4. Communication:
In case of distributed systems which are a collection of processors that do not share memory, peripheral devices, or a clock, the operating system manages communications between all the processes. Multiple processes communicate with one another through communication lines in the network. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to communication:

Two processes often require data to be transferred between them.
Both the processes can be on one computer or on different computers, but are connected through a computer network.
Communication may be implemented by two methods, either by Shared Memory or by Message Passing.

5. Error Detection:
An error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to error detection:
1. The OS constantly checks for possible errors.
2. The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.

6. Resource Management.
In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to resource management:

It acts like a resource manager. The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU.

7. Protection:
Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by a computer system. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to protection:

The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access attempts.
The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of passwords.

Question 2.
What are the basic features of Linux?
Answer:
The basic features of Linux operating system are:
1. Portable:
Portability means software can works on different types of hardware in same way. Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.

2. Open Source:
Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.

3. Multi-User:
Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ram/application programs at same time.

4. Multiprogramming: Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.

5. Hierarchical File System:
Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/user files are arranged. Files and directories are arranged in tree structure form.

6. Shell:
Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs, etc.

7. Security:
Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/controlled access to specific files/encryption of data.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Guide Operating Systems Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which one is function of operating system related to program management?
a) Execution
(b) Controt
(c) Loading
(d) All of above.
Answer:
(d) All of above.

Question 2.
Main function of shared memory is:
(a) to use primary memory efficently
(b) to do intra process communication
(c) to do inter process communication
(d) none of above
Answer:

Question 3.
Memory protection is normally done by:
(a) the processor and the associated hardware
(b) the operating system
(c) the compiler
(d) the user program
Answer:
(a) the processor and the associated hardware

Question 4.
Which of the following operating system does not implement the multitasking truly?
(a) Windows 98
(b) Windows NT
(c) Windows XP
(d) MS DOS
Answer:
(d) MS DOS

Question 5.
What are the functions of operating system?
(a) Memory management
(b) Process management
(c) Device management
(d) All of above
Answer:
(d) All of above

Fill in the Blanks

1. Operating system is …………. software.
Answer:
System

2. Memory management is function of ……………
Answer:
Operating System

3. File management is function of ……………
Answer:
Operating System.

True or False

1. Operating system in application software.
Answer:
False

2. Windows is uni-tasking operating system.
Answer:
False

3. Unix is not an operating system.
Answer:
False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the function which deals with hardware.
Answer:
Device management.

Question 2.
Name the most important system software
Answer:
Operating system.

Question 3.
Name the most famous operating system.
Answer:
MS Windows.

Question 4.
Name the most secured operating system proven.
Answer:
UNIX.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain advantages of time sharing operating system.
Answer:
Following are advantages of time sharing operating system.
1. Immediates response is available.
2. It is best suitable operating system for system who need quick response.

Question 2.
Explain disadvantages of time Sharing Operating System.
Answer:
Following are disadvantages of time sharing operating system.
1. It is not suitbale for long tasks
2. Important job may be completed in long time.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain distributed operating system in detail.
Answer:
Distributed Operating System:
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on. The advantages of distributed systems are as follows:

With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available at another.
Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue operating.
Better service to the customers.
Reduction of the load on the host computer.
Reduction of delays in data processing.

Question 2.
Discuss network operating system along with its advantages and disadvantages.
Answer:
Network Operating System:
A Network Operating System runs on a server arid provides the server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.
Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare and BSD.

The advantages of network operating systems are as follows:

Centralized servers are highly stable.
Security is server managed.
Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems

The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows:

High cost of buying and running a server.
Dependency on a central location(server) for most operations.
Regular maintenance and updates are required.

Multi Programming:
Multi Programming Operating System is the name given to the interleaved execution of two or more different and independent programs by the same computer. Interleaving of programs mean chain of programs that are either in running phase, ready or blocked phase. It is an efficient way to improve the system performance.

Multi programming approach permits more than one job to utilize the CPU time at any moment by applying the scheduling techniques like first come first serve, shortest job first etc . The more the number of programs requesting for system resources, resource utilization would be better. The operating system picks up any of the programs as scheduled and starts execution.

An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming.

The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and system resources using
memory management programs to ensure that the CPU is never idle, unless there are no jobs to process.

Advantages:

High and efficient CPU utilization.
User feels that many programs are allotted CPU almost simultaneously.

Disadvantages:

CPU scheduling is required.
To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory management is required.

Question 3.
Discuss Real Time Operating System in detail.
Answer:
Time Sharing:
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated information is termed as the response time.

So in this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing. Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data. A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail.