Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 10 Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 10 Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answers in one or two words:

Question 1.
Which instrument is used to measure the firmness of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Penetrometer.

Question 2.
Which parameter is measured with a refractometer?
Answer:
The sweetness of fruit.

Question 3.
How much fruits and vegetables are lost before they reach markets?
Answer:
25-30%.

Question 4.
On which fruit the use of waxing is useful?
Answer:
Citrus fruits (Kinnow), apple and pears.

Question 5.
What is the storage temperature for potato and kinnow?
Answer:
For potato 1 to 2° C and for Kinnow 4 to 6°C

Question 6.
How much should be the relative humidity for storage of onkm?
Answer:
65-70%.

Question 7.
Which fruits are harvested on the basis of TSS and acid ratio?
Answer:
Grapes and citrus fruits, e.g. organge, Kinnow etc.

Question 8.
What precautions should be taken during transportation of produce?
Answer:
Vehicle should be padded or lined with straw. Heavy weight produce should not be loaded over the soft produce.

Question 9.
Name the harmful chemical used for ripening of fruit
Answer:
Calcium carbide.

Question 10.
Name the internationally acceptable technique used for ripening of fruits.
Answer:
Ripening by ethylene gas.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
On what basis fruits and vegetable are graded?
Answer:
Grading should be done as per the requirement of the market. Grading is done on the basis of size, weight, colour etc. This fetches more profit to the farmer.

Question 2.
Why produce should be cooled after harvest?
Answer:
Produce should be cooled immediately after harvesting. This helps in increasing the shelf life of the horticulture produce. Cold water or cold air can be used for this purpose.

Question 3.
What are the benefits of storage of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Produce is cheap in the season, and earning is less. If produce is preserved and sold in off season, it fetches more profit to the farmer.

Question 4.
What is the use of pentrometer and refractometer?
Answer:
Pentrometer is used to measure the firmness of the fruit and refractometer is used to measure the sweetness of the fruit.

Question 5.
How fruits and vegetables are graded on commercial scale?
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables are graded on commercial scale with the help of mechanical grader.

Question 6.
Which fruits are ripened with ethylene gas?
Answer:
Ripening by using ethylene is internationally accepted technique. Fruits like, banana, pears, tomato are ripened by this technique.

Question 7.
Which parameters should be taken into consideration for harvesting of tomato?
Answer:
Parameter that should be taken into consideration for harvesting of tomato is colour chart. For the nearby market red matured tomato, for medium distance markets at pink stage and for distant market harvesting at green stage should be done.

Question 8.
Which produce is packed in jute sacks?
Answer:
Potato and onion are packed in jute sacks.

Question 9.
Which wax is approved by FSSAI?
Answer:
FSSAI has approved shellak wax, camauba wax and bees wax.

Question 10.
What kind of boxes is used for the packaging of high-value produce?
Answer:
Corrugated fibre board boxes are used for the packing of high-value produce like, apple, mango, grapes, kinnow, peach, litchi, plum etc.

(C) Answers in five to six sentences:

Question 1.
What do you mean by waxing of fruits and what are its benefits?
Answer:
During marketing of the produce there is a loss of water contents which affect the natural gloss and quality of the produce. Fruits like, Kinnow, Peach etc. and vegetables like, Brinjal, Capsicum, Tomato, Cucumber etc. are waxed after harvesting. At the time of grading, washing or doing other preserving activities natural wax is removed. Rewaxing with food grade wax is done. Waxing helps in maintaining water content of the produce at the time of marketing. Dry the produce after waxing. Food grade waxes which is approved by FSSAI are shellac wax, bees wax, camauba wax.

Question 2.
Write a brief note on ripening of fruits with ethylene gas.
Answer:
Ripening of fruits at commercial level is done by using ethylene gas which is internationally accepted technique. In this technique fruits are kept in an enclosed chamber where the produce is exposed to 100-150 ppm of ethylene gas for 24 hours. This triggers the ripening process. Temperature should be maintained between 15 to 25 °C and humidity should be 90-95% ethylene gas is produced by using ethylene generator.

Question 3.
Write a short note on shrink and cling film packing of fruit.
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables are packed in a paper tray and wrapped with shrink or cling film.

The produce packed in this way remains visible to the cousumer and quality of the produce is also maintained. High value fruits and vegetables like kinnow, tomato, seedless cucumber etc. are packed using this technique. Farmer can earn good profit using this technique.

Question 4.
What is the importance of packging of fruits in corrugated fibre board boxes?
Answer:
For secure transportation of the fruits and vegetables, packaging proves beneficial, it is necessary to avoid bruising of produce during the transportation. Corrugated fibre board boxes are used for packaging of high value produce; like, apple, mango, grapes, kinnow, litchi, plums, peach etc. paper shreds or pieces of cardboard paper are also used in these boxes so that fruits do not get pressed against each other.

Question 5.
What precaution should be taken during harvesting of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables should be harvested carefully so that least damage to the produce takes place should be done manually with modesty. Take out the produce from the soil using hands use cloth laps open at both ends at the time of harvesting. Save produce from injuries. Use clip, knife and scissors for harvesting fruits. Take care that clipper and knife used are clean and sharp. Kinnow like fruits should be harvested with very small stalk with the fruit. If the stalk is long then at the time of transportation other fruits can get injuries. Use ladder for plucking Kinnow, pears, peach, alucha, ber, mango, etc.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
According to WHO (World Health Organisation) how much fruits and vegetables should be consumed by a person in a day?
Answer:
300 gram vegetables and 80 gram fruits.

Question 2.
In India how much fruits and vegetables are available for a person per day?
Answer:
30 gram fruits and 80 gram vegetables.

Question 3.
How can we loiow about the maturity for harvesting of the tomato, mango, peach etc.?
Answer:
By using color chart.

Question 4.
What is the parameter for maturity of peachy?
Answer:
Turning from green color to yellow.

Question 5.
What is the parameter for maturity of guava?
Answer:
Turning deep green color to light green color.

Question 6.
What is the parameter for maturity of potato.
Answer:
Vines show sign of senescence (drying).

Question 7.
What is the parameter for maturity of plums?
Answer:
Reddish colour on 1/4 to 1/2 of surface.

Question 8.
What is parameter for maturity of bell Pepper?
Answer:
Fully developed fruit and green shining.

Question 9.
What is parameter for maturity of pea?
Answer:
Pods filled but not faded in colour.

Question 10.
What type of wax is coated on the fruits.
Answer:
Food grade wax like bees wax.

Question 11.
How is packaging of onion and potato in done?
Answer:
Using jute sacks.

Question 12.
For how many days kinnows can be stored in cold store?
Answer: 1 1/2 to 2 months.

Question 13.
How much moisture content should be in potato and kinnow at the time of storing in cold storage?
Answer:
90-95%.

Question 14.
What are the harmful effects of fruits ripened by calcium carbide?
Answer:
Blisters in mouth, ulcer, acidity in stomach.

Question 15.
For how much time fruits are exposed to ethylene gas in enclosed chamber?
Answer:
24 hours.

Question 16.
Name two fruits on which wax is coated?
Answer:
Kinnow, peach.

Question 17.
What is the maturity parameter for harvesting of fruits and vegetables.
Answer:
Size and colour- of these.

Question 18.
What instrument is used to measure the firmness of fruits?
Answer:
Pentrometer.

Question 19.
What is the relation between firmness and maturity?
Answer:
Mature fruit is less firm i,e. it becomes soft.

Question 20.
How to make fruits free from bacteria at home?
Answer:
Using bleaching soloution.

Question 21.
Which type of containers are used to store fruits?
Answer:
Containers should have plane inner surfaces.

Question 22.
What should be done to protect produce from injuries?
Answer:
Produce should be placed between layers of paper or cardboard.

Question 23.
What is the main purpose of canning?
Answer:
Main purpose of canning is to preserve the produce for a long time.

Question 24.
How grapes and Alucha should be cleaned?
Answer:
These should be cleaned using 100-150 ppm chlorine water. This way produce can be protected from diseases.

Question 25.
How grading is done for round shaped produce?
Answer:
These can be graded by using different sizes of rings.

Question 26.
Which chemicals are used to treat the produce after plucking?
Answer:
Calcium chloride, Sodium bisulphate, Potassium sulphate etc.

Question 27.
Name water tolerating crops.
Answer:
Carrot, tomato, turnip.

Question 28.
Which vegetables should not be washed before packing?
Answer:
Cabbage, Bhindi, peas.

Question 29.
Which fruits are graded on the basis of maturity?
Answer:
Tomato, Banana, Mango etc.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do we know the maturity of fruits? Describe in detail.
Answer:
Size of the fruits is a measure of their maturity. Mango is ready to be for harvesting when a beak appears on the fruit. For checking the ripening of tomato, peach, plums etc. coloured charts are used. For nearby market tomatoes should be red and for a distance market, these should be of pink colour but for very far away market full sized yet green tomatoes should be harvested.

Question 2.
How the hardness index of fruits be determined?
Answer:
Following method is used to determine the hardness index:
With the help of a sharp knife cut a thin slice. Slice is having pulp and skin of the fruit. Place the fruit on a plane hard surface and with the help of a proper sized plunger measure the hardness of the fruit. For this start pressing the fruit on the plunger with uniform speed. Measure the hardness index of the fruit from marks on the plunger.

Question 3.
What is Refractometer? For which fruits it is used?
Answer:
To measure the sweetness of the fruits refractometer is used. This is used for fruits like grapes, muskmelon etc.

Question 4.
How the acidity of the fruit is measured?
Answer:
When citrus fruits are ripe, there sourness decreases. To know the acidity, one or two drops of phenolphthalein are added to measured volume of fruit juice. In it add 0.1 N of sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop till the colour of juice changes to pink. From the used sodium hydroxide and given volume of juice, acidity of the juice can be measured.

Question 5.
How is ratio of percentage of sweetness and sourness is measured?
Answer:
By knowing this ratio quality of the fruit is judged. Percentage sweetness and sourness are measured and value of sweetness is divided by value of sourness to know the ratio.

Question 6.
What do you know about preservation to fruits?
Answer:
Every fruit is available in the market in a particular period of time of the year and it is available in plenty and it can be bought for comparatively less price. On these days fruits should be bought and preserved. More income can be earned by selling these in far away markets and by selling in off-season.

Question 7.
Why is it necessary to preserve vegetables?
Answer:
If vegetables are not preserved then more profit can not be earned, when vegetables are cheap in the season, buy and preserve the vegetables. These can be sold in off season and more profit can be earned.

Question 8.
How canning is profitable?
Answer:
By canning or packing, we can avoid the losses which may occur after plucking. This way more profit can be earned.

Question 9.
What is the use of Penetro meter?
Answer:
It is a device which is used to measure the hardness of the fruit.

Question 10.
Why is it necessary to (pluck kinnow with small stalk) keep the stalk short while plucking kinnow?
Answer:
If the stalk is long it can injure the other fruits while transportation. Thus kinnow are plucked or harvested with small stalks.

Question 11.
What is the importance of quality of crops?
Answer:
If quality is maintained then transportation, storage and marketing can be done for a long span of time and thus, more profit can be earned. This way consumer, exporter and trader all feel satisfied.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the importance of plastic trays in {he preservation (storage) of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Plastic trays are costly, but these can be cleaned easily and used again and again. Air can pass through them because these have holes. These can be stacked over each other. At the time of harvesting, these prove very helpful. These can be used at time of harvesting, for storage, for transportation and for selling in the market. These trays are used for harvesting, storage and transportation of Kinnow, grapes, tomato etc.

Question 2.
What are merits of good quality produce?
Answer:
Following are the merits of good quality produce:

• This type of produce can be transported, marketed and stored for a longer time.
• This type of produce gives satisfaction to exporters, traders and consumers.
• Produce have long life after harvesting.
• Marketing sphere also grows big.
• More profit can be earned on selling such a produce.

Question 3.
What do you know about cooling, sorting and cleaning of the produce after harvesting?
Answer:
1. Cooling of the produce:
For long shelf life of the produce, it is allowed to cool down. The method of cooling depends on the type of produce. Different methods of cooling are with blowing cool air, cooling in a room, cooling with cold water. Any of the method can be used.

2. Sorting and cleaning of the produce:
Sorting and grading of the produce is done, injured, diseased and irregular shaped produce is separated out. Then it is cleaned, method of cleaning depends on the type of produce. Apples are cleaned using dry brushes whereas citrus fruits, carrots etc. are washed with water. Whether to use dry brushes or water for cleaning depends on the type of produce and extent of cleanliness, e.g. grapes and aluchas are never to be cleaned wash.

These fruits are made disease free by using 100-150 ppm chlorine water. Before packaging of cabbage and cauliflower etc., non eatable parts should be removed.

Question 4.
What do you know about grading and marketing of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Grading is done on the basis of size, weight, colour etc. Graded produce can earn more profit. Round fruits like tomato, tinda, apple etc. are graded using different sized rings. More profit can be earned if grading is done on the basis of maturity of produce like tomato, barihna, mango etc. Some type of machines on small scale can also be used for grading.

Fully grown but green tomato, mango etc. can be stored for sometime and when the rates in the market are on rise these can be ripened and sold to earn more profit. Green onion, mint, coriander leaves etc. are packed into bundles of 100 grams and 500 grams. This way these can be transported easily.

Question 5.
What do you know about the treatment of produce after harvesting?
Answer:
If produce is treated after harvesting it can be saved from various types of fungal diseases and many other diseases. Chemicals used for the treatment are potassium sulphate, sodiumbisulphite, calcium chloride etc. Some times produce is treated using hot water and blowing hot wind. This way germs are either killed or become weak and the produce is saved from disease. After the use of hot air or hot water, produce should be cooled down immediately by using showers of cold water or cold wind.

Question 6.
Which precautions should be kept in mind, while canning fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Following precautions should be kept in mind while canning fruits and vegetables:

• Do not allow the produce to get injuries.
• Raw or more ripe fruits should be separated out.
• Do not wash green vegetables, cabbage, bhindi, tomato, etc. before canning.
• Chlorine used in water should not be more than 100-150 ppm.
• Water tolerant produce like tomato, carrot, turnip, etc. should be collected in the water-filled tank (chubacha).
• The table surface on which produce is washed, graded, or packed should be made smooth by placing sponge pieces at comers or edges or irregular points.
• Do not use restricted chemicals on the produce.
• Treat the produce after harvesting using proper methods like waxing, hot air, water, sulphar dioxide, etc.
• To lessen the damage, produce should be canned in the fields.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 5 Culture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology  Chapter 5 Culture

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Culture Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
State the basic elements of culture.
Answer:
Traditions, social norms and values are the basic elements of culture.

Question 2.
Who called culture a ‘total way of life of the people?
Answer:
These words are of Clyde Kluckhohn.

Question 3.
In what way is culture transmitted in non-literate societies?
Answer:
Because culture is a learned behaviour, that’s why in non-literate societies culture is transmitted through learning.

Question 4.
Give a broad classification of culture.
Answer:
Culture is of two types-material culture and non-material culture.

Question 5.
Name few examples of non-material culture.
Answer:
Views, norms, values, habits, ideals, traditions etc.

Question 6.
Who gave the theory of cultural lag?
AnsweR:
The theory of cultural lag was given by William F. Ogburn.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is culture ?
Answer:
Our ways of living, philosophy, feelings, views, machines; tools etc. all material and non-material things and this is culture. All these things are produced and used by group. So, culture is that on which we work upon, think on it and keep it.

Question 2.
What is cultural lag ?
Answer:
Culture consists of two parts-material and non-material. Due to new inventions, change comes very quickly in material culture but our views, traditions etc. i.e. non-material culture does not change very quickly. As a result, gap is created between the two which is known as cultural lag.

Question 3.
What are social norms ?
Answer:
Each society makes certain rules for the behaviour of its members and these are known as norms. So, norms are few directions for behaviour. Norms regulate and direct the behaviour of individuals. They are very important aspects of culture.

Question 4.
What are the central values of modern India ?
Answer:
Democratic system, equality, justice, freedom, secularism etc. are the central values of modern India. Each society has its own central values. Small communities stress on any specific value but large societies stress on universal values.

Question 5.
Mention some values of traditional Indian society.
Answer:
Each society is having different values. One society streses on one value and other society stresses on the other. Important values of traditional Indian society are detachment, materialism and religion, attainment of four purusharthas, dharma, artha, kama and moksha.

Question 6.
How is the cognitive component of culture expressed ?
Answer:
The cognitive components of culture are expressed with the help of imagination, literature, art, religion and scientific theories. Views are expressed in literature and in this way the cognitive aspect of culture is preserved.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
How is culture a total way of life of the people ?
Answer:
There is no denying fact that culture is a total way of life of the people. Whatever we have is our culture. Our views, ideals, habits, clothes, money, property etc. and whatever humans have achieved till today is our culture. If we separate all these from human life, nothing will be left in it and then human life will reach the level of early man. Yet each society has its different culture but they have certain elements which are common everywhere. So, we can say that culture is a total way of human life.

Question 2.
Write a note on material and non-material culture.
Answer:
The meaning of material culture is by that culture in which all the man made things are included. This culture is concrete because we can see or touch it such as scooter, T.V. table, chair, pen, bus, car etc. All these things are concrete and thus a part of material culture.

In non-material culture, all the things are included which are abstract in nature. We can neither see non touch them. We can just feel them such as traditions, customs, values, skills, norms etc. All such things are abstract so non-material culture is abstract in nature.

Question 3.
Discuss in brief the basic elements of culture.
Answer:

1. Customs and traditions are the types of organised social behaviour which are used again and again. They are permanent ways of.behaviour. Each society has its own customs and traditions.
2. Norms are also very essential elements of culture. It is expected from each person to behave in a specified way. Norms are the established ways of behaviour shared by the members of a group.
3. Values are also its inseparable part. Each society has its own values and it is expected from every one to accept them.

Question 4.
‘Culture is learned behaviour’. Explain the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that humans learn their culture. It is not a biological trait which one gets from his parents in the form of genes. An individual learns culture gradually through the process of learning. No one is having views and ideas when he takes birth but all these he learns while living in society after interacting with others. Every type of action or activity is learned only while living in society. So, it is clear that culture is learned behaviour.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
How does the understanding of culture in social analysis differ from the everyday use of the word ‘culture’ ?
Answer:
The meaning of everyday use of the word ‘culture’ is very much different from the meaning given by sociologists. In every usage, culture is limited only to art or life style of different countries. But the meaning given by sociology is very much different. Sociology says that whatever man has achieved from his early life till today is his culture. Traditions, ideas, norms, values, mores, chair, table, car, pen, books, written knowledge etc. Whatever man has achieved only while living in society is his culture, So, the meaning of culture given in both the senses is different from each other.

Question 2.
What do you mean by culture ? Highlight the characteristics of culture.
Answer:
The most important thing which differentiates humans from animals is the culture which humans have but animals don’t. The most important thing which human has is his culture. If the culture would be taken away from them then nothing would be left with them. In all the organisms of the world, only humans have the capability to make and preserve their culture.

Culture comes out of the interactions of humans. Culture not only comes out of human interaction but it shows the way to future’s human interactions. Culture helps in the formation of personality of a man and helps him to live in society. Culture makes that type of atmosphere in which man becomes capable of doing functions of society. In this way man and culture are connected very deeply with each other because culture differentiates man from animals.

Culture, is the mest important feature of human society. According to Aristotle, “Man is a social animal.” If we will describe the differences between man and animal then this culture will be the decisive factor of difference between them. Man himself creates his culture and has the capacity to preserve it for its future generation. Actually it is the product of human interactions #nd on the basis of this culture we can differentiate one society from the other.

We cannot understand human society without understanding the culture because culture exerts a lot of effect on the social life. Cultural factor is also an important factor of social change. In this way we can say that man is not only a biological man but is a cultural man as well. In common language culture is equated with education means literate person is a cultured man and illiterate person is a non-cultured man. But this meaning of culture is not correct. Sociology takes its meaning in very wide sense. According to sociologists any thing which man has made to fulfil his needs is culture.

Definitions:
1. According to Maclver and Page, “It is the expression of our nature in our modes of living and thinking, in our everyday course, in art, in literature, in religion, in recreation and enjoyment.”

2. According to Bierstedt, “Culture is the complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society.”

3. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “It is that part of man’s total environment into which he alone is born. It consists buildings, tools, wearing apparel, art, science, religion and all the ways of doing things which man learns.”

4. According to Majumdar, “Culture is the sum total of human achievement, material as well as non-material capable of transmission, sociologically
i.e. tradition and communication critically as well as horizontally.”

5. According to Lundberg, “Culture refers to the social mechanism of behaviour and to the physical and symbolic product of these behaviours.”
From the given definitions it is clear that all those things are included in culture which a man learns while living in society like art, law, feelings, customs, ways of wearing, eating, literature, knowledge, belief etc.

All these things are the part of culture and they do not work separately but they work with each other and form an organization. This organization is known as culture. In short, the things which a man has learnt and whatever he has got from his ancestors as heritage is known as culture. In heritage tools, ways of behaviour, ways of science, ways of doing work are included.

Functions or Characteristics of Culture:
1. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation. Culture is transmitted from one generation to another because a child learns many things from the behaviour of his parents. Man learns a lot from the achievements of his ancestors. No one wants to start any thing from the beginning and that’s why he takes care of that work which his ancestors have done.

This transmission is going on from the ages and that’s why every one gets separate personality. No one brings any thing with his birth. He needs to learn every thing by living in society with his parents, grandparents etc. In’this way culture is transmitted from one generation to another.

2. Culture is social. Culture cannot become the personal property of an individual. It is social because neither one man can make the whole culture and nor it is property of anyone. When any one invents any thing then that invention is not his personal thing but becomes property of society because that thing will be used by the whole society.

In this way different things of our culture are used by society. Any thing can be called a part of the culture at that time when that thing will be accepted by most of the people of society. In this way universality of that thing-is an essential element of culture. So culture is not individual but is social.

3. Culture can be learned. Culture is learned by humans. It is not a biological quality which a person gets from his parents by birth. Man learns culture by socialization. No one brings thoughts and ideas by birth but he learns them by interacting with other persons of society. Every type of work is learned by society. From this it is clear that culture is a learned behaviour.

4. Culture fulfills needs of society. If any thing is invented then that thing is invented because man needs that thing. In this way every thing of culture comes out so that the needs of man could be fulfilled. Why man learnt to grow wheat, because he needs wheat for his hunger. In this way man learnt to grow food and this learned behaviour is transmitted from generation to generation.

Needs are not only biological but are sociocultural also. With hunger, man needs love and sympathy which a man learns while living in society. In this way different parts of culture fulfil different needs of society. Whichever part of culture is unable to fulfil the needs of society, gradually it comes to an end.

5. Changes often come in culture. Culture never stops at one place but often changes because nothing is unchangeable in the world. Change is law of nature and if change is necessary then culture is also changeable. Culture fulfills all the needs of society which generally change with the passage of time because situations are not the same all the times.

With the change in situations, needs also change which means, the methods of fulfilling those needs also change. For example during earlier times agriculture was done with old means like plough but with the increase of population, needs were also increased and that’s why now agriculture is being done with tractors and combines to fulfil the increased needs. So with the change in situation, culture is also bound to change.

6. One culture consists of many cultures. In every culture we can see some common norms, traditions, feelings, rituals, behaviour etc. but with that we can see many types of ways of eating, wearing, ways of living, behaviour, etc. From this it is clear that one culture consists of many cultures. For example we can see many subcultures in Indian culture because every one has its own ways of living, behaving, eating etc. from which it is clear that one culture has many cultures.

Question 3.
Explain the two types of culture in detail.
Answer:
Culture is an important factor for social change. With the change in culture, society also changes because it is the social heritage of society. Famous sociologists Ogburn and Nimkoff,’in their book ‘Hand Book of Sociology’, have given two types of culture and these are :
(1) Material Culture
(2) Non-material Culture.

1. Material Culture:
Material culture is artificial culture. Its main feature is that all the things made by man are included in this. Material culture is related to concrete things. We can touch and see all the things of material culture. For example machines, tools, means of transport, books, phone, etc. Material culture is related with inventions of man.

New technological knowledge is also included in material culture. Everything is included in this type of culture which is made, changed and transmitted till today. These material aspects of culture help its members to define their behaviour. For example the people engaged in agriculture have occupation but they use different implements and tools. All these are the‘‘parts of material culture.

2. Non-material Culture:
Important feature of non-material culture is that it is abstract. Abstract means those things which we cannot touch, and see. We can only feel them. For example religion, traditions, rituals, customs, art, literature, music, values, ideas etc. are included in non-material culture. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, culture is divided in two parts for the easiness of subject or just for analytical purposes.

Question 4.
Write a detailed note on cultural lag.
Answer:
First of all the concept of cultural lag was used by Ogburn to understand the problems of society and conditions of conflict. Ogburn was the first sociologist who has given the detailed meaning of the concept of Cultural Lag. Yet other sociologists like Spencer, Sumner, Muller etc. have also used the concept of cultural lag in their writings but Ogburn has used this concept in his book ‘Social Change’ to understand social disorganization problems and conflict. In sociology, this concept was accepted widely.

Meaning of Cultural Lag. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, change in different parts of culture never comes with the same speed. The speed of change of one part is more as compared to the other. But culture is a system. It is made up of many parts. Its different parts are inter-connected and inter-related. This system of culture can be maintained if the change in all arts of culture will come at the same speed. Actually what happens is that if one part of culture changes due to any invention then another part of the culture, which depends upon that part, also changes. But the change in the second part comes very late.

How much time will this second part take, depends upon the nature of the second part. This lateness goes on for many years because of which problem comes in the system. This lag in different parts of culture is known as Cultural Lag. According to Ogburn, “The thesis is that the various parts of modern culture are not changing at the same rate, some parts are changing much more rapidly than others, and that since there is co-relation and inter-dependence of parts, a rapid change in one part of our culture requires re-adjustments through other changes in the various co-related parts of culture. where one part of culture changes first, through some discovery or invention and occasional changes in some part of culture-dependent upon it, there frequently is a delay in the changes occasioned in the dependent part of the culture.”

The meaning of lag is to stay behind. Ogburn has given example to explain the meaning of ‘Lag’. According to him, anything is made of two parts. If change comes in one part of that thing then this change will definitely affect the other parts. This part, which is affected by that change, slowly and slowly changes automatically. These changes come slowly and slowly take some time. This difference of time is known as lag or to stay behind. Ogburn has explained the concept of cultural lag in this way.

According to him, culture has two parts that are interrelated. If ally change comes in one part then the second part is bound to be affected by that change. This second part slowly and slowly adapts itself to change and makes itself according to that change. But this adaptation takes some time. This difference of time, which is there between ‘change and adaptation, is known as cultural lag. When any part of culture moves forward with some development or invention and the second part lags behind then we can say that cultural lag exists.

According to Ogburn, culture has two parts (1) Material Culture (2) Non-material Culture. In material culture, all those things are included which we can touch and see like a machine, table, chair, book, T.V. scooter, etc., and in non-material culture all those things are included which we cannot see and touch, only we can feel them. For example, habits, thought, behaviour, feelings, customs, etc. Both parts are closely interrelated. If change comes in any part then the second part is bound to change.

This law is also applicable to material and non-material cultures. Changes often come in material culture and these changes come very fast because of new inventions. Material culture changes very fast but the speed of changes in non-material is very slow. That’s why because of rapid changes material culture moves forward but non-material culture, whose speed is very slow, lags behind. In this way, the lagging behind of the non-material culture from the material culture is known as cultural lag.

According to Ogburn, change comes in material culture with great speed because people want to use material things in a proper way. To use material things we need money and there is no need to move away from traditions and thoughts. For example, we are ready to buy Fridge, T.V., Scooter, Car, etc. but are not willing to change our customs and traditions. With one more example everything will be clear.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is the situation of social problem?
(а) Most of the people are affected by this
(b) This is an undesirable condition
(c) There is conflict in social values
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

2. Which of these is the economic factor of social problem?
(a) Unemployment
(b) Poverty
(c) Slums
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What do we call the person who consumes alcohol once or twice in a year?
(a) Rare user
(b) Infrequent user
(c) Light drinker
(d) Moderate drinker
Answer:
(a) Rare user

4. What do we call the persons who start consuming alcohol right from the morning?
(a) Moderate drinkers
(b) Heavy drinkers
(c) Infrequent drinkers
(d) Light drinkers
Answer:
(b) Heavy drinkers

5. Which of these is a type of drug?
(a) opium
(b) cocain
(c) charas
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The situation of ……………… is undesirable in society.
Answer:
Social problem

2. ……………….. is a type of drug which is drunk.
Answer:
Alcohol

3. Opium, Heroins, cocain come under the category of ……………….
Answer:
narcotics

4. ………………… and ……………….. can play a way important role in keeping children away from drugs.
Answer:
School, teacher

5. Consuming …………………. is having a bad effect on one’s health.
Answer:
drug

True/False:

1. Social problems affect most of the members of society.
Answer:
True

2. Heroin is a type of Narcotics.
Answer:
True

3. Drug addict always wants to consume drugs.
Answer:
True

4. The Union Government passed The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act in 1955 A.D.
Answer:
False

5. There is no value conflict in social problems.
Answer:
False

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is social problem?
Answer:
Social problem is that undesirable situation which everybody wants to change.

Question 2.
On what social problem depends?
Answer:
Social problem depends upon the values of society.

Question 3.
How many members of society get affected by social problems?
Answer:
Most of the members of society get affected by social problems.

Question 4.
Give socio-cultural factors of social problems.
Answer:
Untouchability, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, violence against women etc.

Question 5.
Give economic factors of social problems.
Answer:
Poverty, unemployment, slums, illiteracy, crime etc.

Question 6.
What is alcoholism?
Answer:
When any one starts consuming alcohol on frequent basis, it is called alcoholism.

Question 7.
Who is a rare user?
Answer:
One who consumes liquor once or twice in one year, he is called rare user.

Question 8.
Who is an infrequent user?
Answer:
One who consumes alcohol once in two-three months is an infrequent user.

Question 9.
Who is a light drinker?
Answer:
Light drinker is that who consumes alcohol once or twice in one mouth.

Question 10.
Who is a moderate drinker?
Answer:
Moderate drinkers is the one who consumes alcohol three-four time in one month.

Question 11.
Who is a heavy drinker?
Answer:
One who consumes alcohol on daily basis is a heavy drinker.

Question 12.
How much of the Indian population consumes alcohol atleast once during its lifetime?
Answer:
Around 42% of the total population.

Question 13.
Give one cause of alcoholism.
Answer:
People consume alcohol to ignore their tensions and problems.

Question 14.
Give one effect of alcoholism.
Answer:
It leatds to was tage of money and Loss of health.

Question 15.
What is a drug?
Answer:
Drug is a chemical which physiologically and psychologically affects our abillity to do work.

Question 16.
Give names of any four narcotics.
Answer:
Opium, cocain, Heroin, Marijuana, charas etc.

Question 17.
When was the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act passed?
Answer:
This law was passed in 1985 A.D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give two features of social problems.
Answer:

• Social problems are such unwanted circumstances with which most of the members of society are directly or indirectly affected.
• About social problems, most of the members of society believe that their solution is must.

Question 2.
Give socio-cultural factors of social problems.
Answer:
In India, people of many religions, castes and lingual groups live with each other. That’s why many socio cultural problems occur over here such as untouchability, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, violence against women etc.

Question 3.
Give three reasons of alcoholism.
Or
Two causes of alcoholism.
Answer:

• People consume alcohol to remove their tensions.
• People get tired with their occupation and that’s “why they consume alcohol.
• Many persons like to sit with their friends and they force him to consume alcohol.

Question 4.
Give three reasons of drug addiction.
Answer:

• Many a times, peer group forces an individual to consume drug.
• Sometimes, an individual feels alienated and to remove alienation, he starts to use drugs.
• Many people are unable to face the situations in life and that’s why they start to use drugs.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Alcoholism.
Answer:
Alcoholism is a state in which the person is unable to keep control on his quantity of taking alcohol which he cannot stop after starts to using it. Alcohol cannot be called as stimulant but it acts as a inhibitor on our nervous system. When person starts to use it, he feels himself free from all the tensions and he slowly slowly starts to use too much quantity of it. Alcoholism not only reduces his work efficiency but it destroys his family as well.

Question 2.
Alcoholic Person.
Answer:
Alcoholic person is that person who uses alcohol or drinks alcohol. Person, who is a compulsive drinker, cannot live without drinking alcohol. In this way the person who cannot live without drinking alcohol is known as alcoholic person. He is unable to keep control on himself. He drinks daily and goes to such extent that he cannot do any work without alcohol. His body starts to shiver in its absence.

Question 3.
Types of Alcoholic Persons.
Answer:

• Rare alcoholic: Who drinks once or twice in a year.
• Infrequent alcoholic: Who drinks once in two or three months or drinks only in any marriage or party.
• Lighter user alcoholic: Who drinks once or twice in a month to enjoy his holiday.
• Moderate user alcoholic: Who drinks thrice or four times in month to enjoy his holiday.
• Heavy user alcoholic: Who drinks alcohol many times in a day or who drinks daily.

Question 4.
Occupation-cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
In many cases, occupation becomes a cause of alcoholism. Occupation of many persons is such that they become very much tired and they need something to do work again. It not only removes their tiredness but it also motivates them to work again the next day. In the same way many persons start to use alcohol to please other persons related occupations. For example, many times any worker has to drink with his owner or boss to please him and becomes an addict of it. In this way person has to drink alcohol due to his occupation and he becomes an addict of it.

Question 5.
Mental tension – Cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
Every person is the victim of one or another mental tension. If some one does’t have money, so he is in tension to run his house. Some have money but are tensed for its safety, tension of business, tension of office, tension due to poverty, anyone is tense due to his owner, boss or wife, any one has fear of loss in business and someone is tensed due to competition. In this way every person is the victim of one or another type of tension. If he drinks alcohol then is nervous system relaxes for some time and for some time he becomes free from every type of mental tension.

Question 6.
Poverty-Cause of Alcoholism.
Answer:
A poor person is always in tension to earn money, His family members are more in number but he is the sole earner of the family. That’s why expenditure of the family is more but income is very less. Person always remains in tension of giving food, cloth and education to his children. That’s why he takes the help of the alcohol to remove his tension. He gets relief from his mental tensions for some time after using alcohol. In this way he starts to drink more quantity of alcohol and becomes an alcoholic.

Question 7.
Drug Addiction.
Answer:
When a person uses any subtance with which his body becomes dependent upon that substance or drug then it is known as drug addiction. Drug is that substance which directly affects the brain and nervous system of the person. In this way when a person becomes so dependent upon that drug that he cannot live without drug then it is known as drug addiction.

Question 8.
Drug Abuse.
Answer:
When a person starts using any illegal drug or misuses any legal drug then it is known as drug abuse. It damages person mentally as well as physically. Use of L.S.D. and Cocain, use of Heroin, Smoking of Hashish and Ganja, Alcoholism etc. all are included in this. Person enjoys fully in it. He goes on the trip of enjoyment. He could be able to do any work after its use unless he could not be able to do any thing.

Question 9.
Drug dependency.
Answer:
When person starts to use daily any drug legally or illegally and he cannot live without it then it is known as drug dependency. Dependency can be physical as well as mental. When a person uses any drug again and again grasps drug in itself then it is known as physical dependence. But when his body aches and he feels physical problems due to non use of that drug then it is a physical loss as well as mental loss.

Question 10.
Characteristics of Drug Addiction.
Answer:

• Sudden wish occurs in the person to get drug in drug addiction.
• In drug addiction he wants to get drug in any way unless his body stops working.
• In drug addiction, there is a tendency to increase the dose slowly and slowly.
• Person becomes physically and mentally dependent upon drugs in drug addiction.

Question 11.
Types of Drugs.
Answer:

• Liquor or Alcohol
• Sedatives
• Narcotics
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
• Nicotine

Question 12.
Psychological Causes of Drug Abuse.
Answer:

• When any person wants to reduce his tensions then he starts to use drug.
• There is a wish in some person that how it feels when we take drug and that’s why they start to use drugs.
• Unemployed persons want to pass their time and that’s why they start to use drugs.
• Many persons use drugs to increase their self-confidence.

Question 13.
Social Causes of Drug Abuse.
Answer:

• Many times friends of any person force him to use drugs because of which he starts to use drugs.
• Conflicts of the family also force the person to use drugs so that he could not come in mental tension.
• Many times a wish occurs in the person while observing that his elders are using any drug and that’s why he starts to use drug.

Question 14.
Ways to control Drug addiction.
Answer:

• People should be motivated not to use drugs so that they could be motivated to do so.
• Doctors should also restrict themselves from not giving those drugs to their patients with which they could become addicted.
• People should be told about the losses of drugs so that the people should keep themselves away from the drugs.
• Parents should behave friendly with their children and they should be told about the evil consequences of drug abuse so that they could be a way of these drugs.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Alcoholism? Give its types.
Answer:
Alcoholism is a condition in which a person is unable to control his quantity of drinking alcohol with which he cannot stop it once he starts drinking alcohol. In this way, an alcoholic person is a person who uses whisky, drinks whisky, and is a compulsive person who cannot live without drinkings. In this way, a person who cannot live without drinking alcohol is known as an alcoholic person. Generally, we can come to know about features of alcoholism through four factors, and these four factors are:

• Too much use of alcohol.
• The tension of alcoholic person on his too much use of alcohol.
• No control of alcoholic person on his too much use of alcohol.
• Occurrence of disturbance in social, psychological, and worldly functions.

In this way Don Kehlan has explained five types of alcoholic persons on the basis of quantity and frequency of drinking and these five types are given below:

• Rare alcoholic: Rare alcoholic persons are those persons who drink alcohol once or twice a year and even drink for the sake of fun.
• Infrequent alcoholic. An infrequent alcoholic person is a person who drinks alcohol once or twice in two or three months or at the time of any marriage or function.
• Light user alcoholic. Light user alcoholic is that person who drinks once or twice in one month. He sometimes drinks in the company of his friends.
• Moderate user alcoholic. Moderate user alcoholic is that person who drinks thrice or four times in a month or wants to enjoy his holiday (Sunday).
• Heavy user alcoholic. Heavy user alcoholic person is that who drinks alcohol daily or many times in a day. They are also known as Hardcore alcoholic persons.

Question 2.
How Alcoholism can be prevented? Explain it.
Or
How can we cure the problem of alcohol?
Answer:
Alcoholism is that problem which has been faced by our country since a long time. Not only person himself but his family and society also disintegrates with this. His morality comes to an end, he starts to commit crimes, and his health also deteriorates. In this way it has very much evil consequences on person. We should jointly solve this problem so that the society could he prevented from disorganization. Government and social service institutions can play a very important role in it. This problem can be prevented in many ways.

1. First of person should motivate himself to not to start drink of alcohol. If he will not start using it then how he will become addict of it. Family can play a very important role in it. Elders of the family can motivate their children by not using alcohol. Elders can tell them about the evil consequences of alcoholism. They can educate them from time to time so that they could move on the right path.

2. Government can play a very important role in it. Government can announce the policy of restriction on alcohol and can impose this policy in the state. It should take strict action against the makers and sellers of the liquor so that people should keep themselves away from it. Government should also discourage drinkers not to use alcohol.

3. If a doctor is taking care of an alcoholic person then he always has hatreds against the alcoholic person. It is a shocking thing for that person. Doctors should change their attitude so that the alcoholic person should leave use of alcohol from his heart. Doctors should keep a sympathetic attitude towards alcoholic persons.

4. Restriction on alcoholism and alcohol should not be propagated among the people. Government, social service institutions and people can take the help of T.V., radio, newspapers, magazines, etc., and can propagate against its evil consequences. Educational institutions can also play a very big part in it and can motivate the students to get an education in their institutions. They can organize Seminars against it so that people should keep themselves away from this problem.

5. Generally whisky has been taken as a means of recreation. But if it will be banned then the means of recreation for the people will come to an end. That’s why government and non-governmental institutions can establish recreational centres so that the people can enjoy these places instead of using alcohol.

6. People should also be motivated by this problem. This problem is very big and cannot be solved in one or two days. For that people are necessary to be motivated. The illiterate people of our country are hardly aware of the evil consequences of this problem. People should also be educated regarding this and should be educated to live a better life. If people would be educated properly then this problem could also be solved very quickly.

7. Government should make strict laws to restrict alcoholism so that the drinkers and sellers of alcohol could be strictly punished. For this special courts could be constituted so that the lawbreakers could be punished very quickly.

8. Not only externally but the mentality of the people should also be changed. An actual ban on alcoholism can happen if the person himself should leave this problem. That’s why the mentality of the person should be changed. Plays, Lectures can be organized regarding this so that people could themselves change their mentality.

So after looking at this explanation we can say that the problem of alcoholism is a social problem and it has not just one or two reasons but it has many reasons behind it. People themselves are increasing this problem and if they want they themselves can eradicate this problem. If the public will take a tough stand against it then the government will also have to take part in it. If government and people both join hands with each other then this problem can be removed very quickly.

Question 3.
Explain different types of drugs.
Answer:
We can divide drugs into six parts which are given below:

1. Whisky or liquor
2. Sedatives
3. Narcotics
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Nicotine

Now we will explain them in detail:

1. Whisky or alcohol. Some people drink alcohol as something which can give them pleasure and some people drinks alcohol so that they can get stimulant to do their work. Alcohol also works as a substance that gives us peace with which our nerves gets peace and relaxation. It acts as a sedative that calms down nerves or a type of anesthetic which reduces the pain of living. Humans have to face many problems and tensions in their lives because of which they become the victims of mental tension. That’s why they take help of alcohol to relieve their mental tension. Alcohol relieves tension and reduces aggressive inhibitions. It also reduces the power of taking decisions and creates confusion.

2. Sedatives. Sedatives are also known as depressants. It relaxes our central nervous system, induces sleep and gives a very calming effect. In medical terms, they are used for insomnia, epilepsy, high blood pressure and it is given to the patient before operation and during surgery so that they could relax. It acts as a depressant which depresses the actions of nerves and muscles. It also slows down breathing and heart beating and makes the user relax. But if the user will start to use a higher dose then he can become gloomy, sluggish, irritable and quarrelsome. His capacity of working and thinking reduces with this.

3. Narcotics. We can include opium, heroin, brown sugar, marijuana, charas, ghanja, bhang, smack etc. in narcotics. Heroin is a white powder which is made by morphine, cocaine is made by the leaves of coca bush, ganja, charas can be obtained from the hemp plant. Marijuana is a particular form of cannabis. Cocaine, heroin, morphine etc. can be .taken either by injections or in the form of cigarettes. All of these increase the capacity of the work of the person, gives him a lot of enjoyment and a feeling of superiority comes in him. But when person becomes an addict of these things then he cannot live without them. However, weakness, insomnia, nervousness remains and in the end person dies without them.

4. Stimulants. Stimulants activate the nervous system, treat small depression, relieve tension, keep a person awake, increase alertness and reduce aggressive inhibitions. Caffeine, cocaine, Amphetamines, etc. are used stimulative agents. If these will be taken according to the prescription by the doctor then it can produce self-confidence and alertness. But if they will be used more frequently then many problems like headache, sweating, diarrhea, nervousness can occur. These stimulants do not produce physical dependence but are psychologically addicting. Abruptly withdrawing the drug can result in mental illness and suicidal depression.

5. Hallucinogens. The most important element in this category is L.S.D. which is never prescribed by any doctor. It is either taken orally or in the form of an injection. It is so powerful that one ounce of LSD can produce three lakh human doses. Its minimum dose also directly affects the person. If any person uses it then he remains in hallucination, dreams, etc. after taking its dose. Severe mental derangement can result from an attempt to withdraw from its use.

6. Nicotine. We can include tobacco, bidi, cigarettes, cigars, snuff, etc. in it. It has no positive impact on our body but physically a person depends upon it. It leads to relaxation, stimulates the central nervous system, increases wakefulness, and removes boredom. But its heavy dose can lead to heart attack, lung cancer, bronchitis. If any person starts to use it then he becomes dependent upon it.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 9 Care and Maintenance of Farm Machinery Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 9 Care and Maintenance of Farm Machinery

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Care and Maintenance of Farm Machinery Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
After land cost, the next highest investment by fanners is in which form?
Answer:
In the form of farm machinery.

Question 2.
Who is considered as head of farm machinery?
Answer:
Tractor.

Question 3.
Name any three machines that are driven by tractors.
Answer:
Cultivation, disc harrow, seed drill.

Question 4.
Which are those machines where the source of power is part of the machine?
Answer:
Tractor, engine, motor etc.

Question 5.
When the tractor should be over-hauled?
Answer:
After using it for 4000 hours.

Question 6.
In which gear the tractor should be stored?
Answer:
Neutral gear.

Question 7.
After proper cleaning of battery terminal of a tractor, it should be coated with which material?
Answer:
With Petroleum jelly.

Question 8.
After proper cleaning and removal of seed and fertilizer from seed sowing machinery, what should be coated to its components?
Answer:
Grease or lubricating oil.

Question 9.
What should be done to protect soil working tools of tillage machinery from rust?
Answer:
These should be coated with grease or lubricating oil.

Question 10.
Why the spray pump should be operated empty after using it?
Answer:
This helps in draining the water from spray lines.

(B) Answer in One to Two Sentences:

Question 1.
What are the basic categories in which farm machinery can be divided?
Answer:
There are three categories of farm machinery-prime movers (power source); like, tracfor etc., engine operator equipments; like, disc harrow etc., self propelled machine like, combine harvester etc.

Question 2.
After how many hours, the tractor should be serviced?
Answer:
Servicing of the tractor should be done after 10 hours, 50 hours, 125 hours, 250 hours, 500 hours and 1000 hours. Tractor should be got overhauled from a good workshop after using it for 4000 hours.

Question 3.
What should be done to protect tyres if tractor is to be stored for long term?
Answer:
Jack up the tractor and put it on the wooden blocks and also reduce air pressure in the tyres.

Question 4.
What should be done to protect battery if tractor is to be stored for long term?
Answer:
If tractor is to be stored for long time period then batteries should be disconnected and removed from the tractor but these should be charged occasionally.

Question 5.
What point should be kept in mind for maintenance of exhaust pipe and crank case breather?
Answer:
If mouth of the exhaust pipe and crank case breather is open, cover it with a cloth. This prevents entry of moisture in it.

Question 6.
During season, what should be done for maintenance of axle bearings?
Answer:
During season, after every 4-6 hours of working, lubricate the axle and bushes with oil or grease. If ball bearings are fitted then lubricate them after 3-4 days with grease.

Question 7.
Why it is important to clean the seed and fertilizer box of a seed drill daily?
Answer:
Fertilizers are chemicals which can damage or corrode these boxes if not cleaned on daily basis.

Question 8.
Why farmer should properly dean grain tank, conveyor, straw walkers and sieves in combine harvesters?
Answer:
If grain tanks, conveyor straw walkers and sieves in combine harvesters are not cleaned properly, rodents make home there and can damage the electric circuits, pipes etc. and thus damage the machinery heavily.

Question 9.
What should be done to protect combine harvester from rust?
Answer:
Moisture is the reason of rusting. Therefore, combine should be stored under a shed and cover it with a plastic sheet. Paint those parts where paint has taken off.

Question 10.
What should be done to avoid contact of machine with soil during storage?
Answer:
Answer: Wash or clean the machines or equipments to dry these. Coat them with grease and oil to prevent from rusting.

(C) Answers in five to six Sentences:

Question 1.
Why there is a need for the maintenance of farm machinery?
Answer:
To get more yield and income from agricultural produce, farm machinery plays an important role. After the cost of land, next highest investment is in farm machinery. If proper maintenance is not done for such costly machines, then we may not be able to get full benefit from the machines. Proper maintenance adds to the working life of farm machines. Repair of damaged machines cost more. Machines should be maintained at the end of the season so that we get a ready machine at the beginning of next season.

Question 2.
Which points should be kept in mind regarding maintenance of tractors?
Answer:

• Wash and clean tractor and store it under shed.
• If there is some sort of leakage from pipes or some repair is required, get it done. Mobile oil should be filled up-to the marked level.
• All points where greasing is to be done should be washed with diesel. Remove the old grease and fill the new grease.
• Use hot water to wash the terminals of battery and coat them with petroleum jelly. If tractor is to be stored for a long time remove the battery but keep on charging it from time to time.
• To keep the tractor ready for any work, it should be started and operated once or twice in a month.
• For long term storage Jack up the tractor and put it on wooden blocks, reduce the air pressure in tyres.
• Park the tractor in switched off position, in the neutral gear and by applying parking brakes.
• Cover the exhaust pipe and crank breather using a cloth to prevent the entry of moisture in it.
• Air cleaner should be cleaned time to time.

Question 3.
Why repair of machinery should be done before its storage?
Answer:
Machine should be got repaired at the end of the season and before storing it. So that we get a ready machine at the beginning of next season, time is also saved. By the end of season we know about the condition of the machine, we know the parts of the machine which are creating problems, therefore machine should be taken care of, make replacement of the parts which are not working properly or are causing trouble. One can forget these things after long time i.e. at the beginning of new season. Therefore repair of machinery should be done before its storage.

Question 4.
Which points should be kept in mind for maintenance of battery?
Answer:
Tractor should be started and operated once or twice in a month. Clean the terminals of the battery with hot water and coat the terminals with petroleum jelly. If tractor in to be stored for long time duration remove the battery and keep on charging it time to time.

Question 5.
Which points should be kept in mind regarding maintenance of combine harvesters?
Answer:
Maintenance of combine harvester is similar to the maintenance of tractor. Following points should be kept in mind regarding maintenance of combine harvester.

(i) Clean properly grain tanks, conveyor, straw walkers and sieves in combine harvesters. There should be not dirt, straw, grains, chaff etc. in these otherwise rodent start living there and can damage electric circuits and pipes etc.

(ii) Moisture is the reason of rusting. Therefore, combine should be stored under a shed and cover it with a plastic sheet. Paint those parts where paint has taken off.

(iii) Machine should be got repaired at the end of the season and before storing.it. So that we get a ready machine at the beginning of next season, time is also saved. By the end of season we know about the condition of the machine, we know the parts of the machine which are creating problems, therefore machine should be taken care of, make replacement of the parts which is are not working properly or causing trouble. One can forget these things after long time i.e. at the beginning of new season. Therefore repair of machinery should be done before its storage.

(iv) Remove all the belts and put identification marks and store at a safe place.

(v) Chains should be cleaned with diesel and coat it with thin layer of grease.

(vi) Rubbing parts should be applied with lubricating oils. Eill grease in the greasing points.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Care and Maintenance of Farm Machinery Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the name of machine used for fodder chopping and cutting?
Answer:
Toka.

Question 2.
What is disc harrow in local language?
Answer:
Tavijan.

Question 3.
What is the name of the machine used for sowing seeds?
Answer:
Seed drill machine.

Question 4.
What should be the air pressure in the tyres of a tractor?
Answer:
In front tyres 24-26 pounds and in rear tyre 12-18 pounds.

Question 5.
What should be used to clean the spray pump after it is used?
Answer:
The spray pump should be cleaned with fresh water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the importance of a diesel engine?
Answer:
It is a small machine. It is used to run tubewell, to run fodder chopping toka, etc. Its operating cost is less than tractor when less power is required diesel engine is used.

Question 2.
Why should the seed drill machines be not parked in sunlight?
Answer:
Sun heat may damage the rubber pipes and gears.

Question 3.
What should be done to reduce the slip of the tractor?
Answer:
Air pressure in the rear tyres should be lowered.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What is the importance of the maintenance of farm machinery and equipment?
Answer:
Nowadays farms machinery is used for doing nearly all agricultural activities e.g. sowing, harvesting, hoeing, etc. Farm machinery is very costly and sometimes farmers have to get loans. Therefore, it becomes necessary to maintain and take care of the machines.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 9 Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 9 Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in 1-2 words:

Question 1. Name two breeds of pig.
Answer:
White Yorkshire, Landrace.

Question 2.
How many piglets can be produced by a female pig in a year?
Answer:
20-24 in a year.

Question 3.
How many times does a female pig produce piglets?
Answer:
Twice a year.

Question 4.
How much protein should be in the feed of a dry female rabbit?
Answer:
12-15%.

Question 5.
What is the weight of rabbits at age of 12 weeks?
Answer:
1 to 1.5 kg in 3 months (12 weeks).

Question 6.
Name the breeds of goat.
Answer:

• Indigenous – Beetal, Jamnapari.
• Exotic – Saanen, Alpine, Boer.

Question 7.
Name the breeds of sheep.
Answer:
erino, Corridale.

Question 8.
Name the native place of Beetal goat.
Answer:
Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Tarn taran, and Ferozepur.

Question 9.
Name the native place of Jamnapari breed.
Answer:
Western Uttar Pardesh.

Question 10.
Name the age of castration of male pigglets.
Answer:
At the age of 3-4 weeks.

(B) Answer in 1-2 sentences:

Question 1.
Explain the difference between indigenous and exotic breeds of pig.
Answer:
Local indigenous breeds of pigs have a poor growth rate and piglets produced are also less in number.
Exotic breeds grow rapidly and also produce more piglets per year.

Question 2. Explain about economic feeding of pigs.
Answer:
Leftover vegetables in the market, hotel, hostel, etc.; restaurant waste, sugarcane, press mud, buttermilk (Lassi), etc. can be given to pigs as feed.

Question 3.
What is the composition of feed of pigs?
Answer:
Piglets should be given 20-22% protein, and roughage should not be more than 5%. Growing pigs should be given 16-18% protein and adults should also be given 2-3 kg green fodder.

Question 4.
Write the qualities of a good goat.
Answer:
Good quality goat is selected on the basis of its lactation milk for 120 days. It should be able to produce first kidding up to the age of 2 years. It should be high yielding and its body should belong. The udder should be large and teats medium-sized pointing forward. It should have soft shiny hair.

Question 5.
Name the wool and meat-type breeds of rabbits.
Answer:

• Breeds of rabbit for wool – German Angora, British Angora, Russian Angora.
• Breeds of rabbit for meat – Grey Giant, Soviet Chinchilla, White Giant, Newzealand white.

Question 6.
Which type of feed is liked by rabbits?
Answer:
Rabbit is a vegetarian animal. It likes to eat Napier bajra, bajra, cowpea, guinea grass, berseem, green leaves and vegetables etc.

Question 7.
Give a description of nest or box used for rabbit.
Answer:
Wooden boxes can be made of different sizes but there should be proper arrangement for light and drainage of urine. Adult animal can be kept in a cage of size 2x2x1 feet.

Question 8.
How many times rabbit produces kitten annually and what is the total number of kittens produced?
Answer:
Rabbit can give birth to 5-7 young ones at one time and can give birth 6-7 times in a year. Thus giving birth to 30-50 young . ones in a year.

Question 9.
What is the wool yield of various breeds of rabbits?
Answer:

Question 10.
What is the protein content in rabbit feed?
Answer:
Protein should be 12-15% in the feed of a dry female and for a milking female protein should be 16-20% in the feed.

(C) Answer in 5-6 sentences:

Question 1.
What are the basic points for profitable piggery?
Answer:

1. Selection of breed.
2. Select healthy male and female animals.
3. Providing balanced feed.
4. Optimum management e.g. for shed, health management against diseases.
5. A healthy sow should have tight skin, soft hair, bright eyes, strong legs, and 12 teats.
6. Mating should be done at the age of 8-9 months and when the weight of the sow is about 90 kg.
7. Get the piglets castrated at the age of 3-4 weeks if they are meant for meat (pork).

Question 2.
Give details of shed for pigs.
Answer:
Shed should be at higher elevation than the ground level. It should not be costly, but it should be comfortable. For a growing pig 8 square feet, for a dry, female 10-12 square feet space is enough. 20 young animals can be reared in 160 square feet space. Ten sows (females pigs) can be kept in one room. There should be guard railing in the room of sows to prevent crushing of newborn piglet under the mother pig. Railing should be 10-12 inch high and should be away from the wall by 10-12 inches.

Question 3.
Write a note on sheep and goat shed.
Answer:
Sheds should be open and airy. The flooring should be damp proof. Length of shed should be in East-West’direction. A goat or sheep needs only 10 square feet of space. Lamb requires 4 square feet space. There should be wall 5-6 feet high all around the shed or barbed wire to prevent stray animals entering into the shed. Plant deciduous shady trees like mulberry, poplar, dharek etc. around the shed.

Question 4.
Give composition of rabbit feed.
Answer:
Feed of Rabbit includes cereals, pulses, green and dry fodder, carrots, cabbage, legumes and kitchen waste. Feed is given in pellet form to reduce respiratory problems and wastage of feed. Dry female should be given 12-15% protein in its feed whereas milking female should be given 16-20% protein in its feed. Rabbit can be given a concentrate which is mixture of wheat, maize, bajra, meat meal, rice polish, ground nut cakes, minerals mixture and common salt etc. Rabbits like to take cowpea, Guinea grass, spinach, green leaves and vegetables, napier bajra, berseem etc. Rabbits consume water also which is 10% of its body weight. Therefore there should be proper arrangement of drinking water.

Question 5.
Give details of cages used for rabbits.
Answer:
Wooden boxes can be made of different sizes but there should be proper arrangement for light and drainage of urine. Adult animals can be kept in 2x2x1 feet cages. Weaned kitten are also kept in cages. One cage can be used to keep 20 young animals. Males and females should be kept separately.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write about size and colour of White Yorkshire breed of pig.
Answer:
Size, medium, colour, white.

Question 2.
Which breed of pig is popular in north India?
Answer:
White Yorkshire.

Question 3.
Landrace breed of pig is Native of which country?
Answer:
Denmark.

Question 4.
When does a healthy female pig come in heat for the first time?
Answer:
At the age of 5-6 months.

Question 5.
How much protein should be present in the feed of growing pigs?
Answer:
16-18%.

Question 6.
How much space is required by a growing pigs?
Answer:
8 square feet.

Question 7.
How much space is required by a non-milking female pig?
Answer:
10-12 sQuestion feet.

Question 8.
What should be the height of railing of the room of female pig?
Answer:
10-12 inch.

Question 9.
Which animal is called poor man’s cow?
Answer:
Goat.

Question 10.
Name Indigenous breeds of goat.
Answer:
Beetal, Jamnapari.

Question 11.
How many days of milk is the basis of selection of a goat?
Answer:
120 days.

Question 12.
What is gestation period for goat/sheep?
Answer:
145-157 days.

Question 13.
What should be the direction of shed?
Answer:
East-West.

Question 14.
How much space is required by sheep or goat?
Answer:
10 square feet.

Question 15.
How much space is required by youngone of sheep or goat (i.e. lamb)?
Answer:
4 square feet.

Question 16.
How many times youngones are produced by goat/ sheep in a year?
Answer:
Three times.

Question 17.
How many times a female rabbit gives birth in a year?
Answer:
6-7 times.

Question 18.
How much is the average age of rabbit?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 19.
Name wool types of Rabbit.
Answer:
Russian Angora, German Angora.

Question 20.
Name meat types of rabbit?
Answer:
Soviet chinchilla, grey giant.

Question 21.
How much protein should be present in feed of dry female rabbit?
Answer:
12-15 %.

Question 22.
How much protein should be present in feed of milking female rabbit?
Answer:
16-20%.

Question 23.
How much green fodder and feed is eaten by a 6 week old rabbit?
Answer:
100 gram green fodder and 50 gram feed.

Question 24.
At what age wool can be taken for the first time from a rabbit?
Answer:
At the age of 4 months.

Question 25.
How much wool do we get from a rabbit in a year?
Answer:
500-700 gram.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write about White Yorkshire breed of pig.
Answer:
It is white colored medium-sized breed of pig. It has long body and erected ear.

Question 2.
Write about Landrace breed of pig.
Answer:
It is an exotic breed. Its colour is white, body is long and has drooping ears. It originally belongs to Denmark. Its meat has less fat.

Question 3.
Write about female pig when it comes to heat.
Answer:
Female pig comes in heat at the age of 5-6 months for the first time. But mating should be done when female attains a weight of 90 kg and is of 8-9 months old.

Question 4.
Write about health of female pig (sow).
Answer:
It should be healthy with soft and tight skin. It should have soft hair. Its eyes should be bright. It should have strong legs and 12 teats.

Question 5.
How much space is required by pigs?
Answer:
Growing pigs need 8 square feet space whereas dry female needs 10-12 feet space.

Question 6.
Why is guard railing fixed in the room of sow?
Answer:
This is put to prevent the crushing of the newborn piglets under their mother.

Question 7.
Write about the beetle breed of goat.
Answer:
It is black brownish with white spots on it. its ears are long, drooping and twisted. Its forehead is convex. It has large udder. First kidding occurs at an age of 18 months. It is found in Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Tarantarn, and Ferozepur.

Question 8.
Write about Jamnapari breed of goat.
Answer:
It is white in color and sometimes light brown. It has a long body and legs are also long. It has brown spots on the head and face. Its ears are long flat and drooping. The nose is convex. It gives a beautiful look and is found in Western Uttar Pradesh.

Question 9.
Write about shearing of wool in the case of rabbits.
Answer:
First-time wool cutting can be done at the age of 4 months. Wool should be at least 2 inches long. At the age of one year, maximum wool yield can be obtained. Annual production from one animal is 500-700 gm of wool.

Question 10.
Write about getting training about the rearing of sheep/goats, rabbits, etc.
Answer:
One can get training from the Deputy Director (Animal husbandry) of the concerned district, Rishi Vigyan Kendra, GADVASU Ludhiana.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write details about breeds of goat.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Write details about the breeds of pigs.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Pig, Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Rearing Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. White Yorkshire is breed of :
(a) Hen
(b) Pig
(c) Cow
(d) Sheep
Answer:
(b) Pig

2. Breed of goat is :
(a) Saanen
(b) Boer
(c) Beetal
(d) Marino
Answer:
(d) Marino

3. Males which are for mutton purpose should be castrated at the age of:
(a) 2 month
(b) 10 month
(c) 15 month
(d) 20 month
Answer:
(a) 2 month

4. Female pig can give birth to piglets per farrowing :
(a 25-30
(b) 10-12
(c) 20-25
(d) 30-40
Answer:
(b) 10-12

5. Female rabit can become pregnant at the age of ……………….. for the first time :
(a) 3-4 month
(b) 6-9 month
(c) 15-20 month
(d) 12-13 month
Answer:
(b) 6-9 month

True/False:

1. Reproduction in pigs is very rapid and they also eat less.
Answer:
True

2. Healthy female pig comes in beat at the age of 3-4 months for the first time.
Answer:
False

3. In a shed of 160 square feet, 10 young pigs can be reared.
Answer:
False

4. Indigenous breeds of goat are-Beetal, Jamnapari.
Answer:
True

5. Breeds of sheep are-Marino, Corridale.
Answer:
True

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Female pig can give birth twice in a year and can produce ……………… piglets per farrowing.
Answer:
10-12

2. Gestation period of sheep and goat is same and is ……………. days.
Answer:
145-157

3. Female rabbit can become pregnant at the age of …………………… months for the first time.
Answer:
6-9

4. Annual wool yield from Russian, British and German Angora is respectively 215, 230, …………… grams.
Answer:
530

5. Average age of rabbit is ………………….. years.
Answer:
5