PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History

Different Names of the Punjab:

• The word Punjab is a combination of the two words of the Persian language: ‘Punj’ and ‘Aab’ which literally means, the land of five rivers.
• In the Rigvedic period, Punjab was called ‘Sapta Sindhu’, it was called Tanchnada’ in the Puranas, ‘Pentapotamia’ by the Greeks, ‘Lahore Suba’ in the medieval period, and ‘Punjab Province’ by the British.

Physical Features of the Punjab:
The main aspects related to the physical features of Punjab are as follows:

The Himalayas and Sulaiman Mountain Ranges:

• The Himalayas are situated to the north of Punjab.
• It stretches from Assam in the east to Afghanistan in the west.
• These mountain ranges have proved to be a great boon for Punjab.
• The Himalayas have made the land of Punjab fertile.
• The Sulaiman mountain ranges are situated in the northwest of Punjab.
• It is in these ranges that the Khyber, Bolan, Kurram, Tochi, and Gomal passes are located.

Sub-mountainous Region:

• This region is located between the Shivalik ranges and the plains of Punjab.
• It is also called the Tarai region. Hoshiarpur, Kangra, Ambala, the northern part of Gurdaspur, and some areas of Sialkot are located in this region.

The Plains:

• The plains constitute the largest and most important region of Punjab.
• This region is located between the rivers Indus and Jamuna.
• A bigger part of the plains is surrounded by the Five Doabs.
• These Doabs are called the Bist Jalandhar Doab, Bari Doab, Rachna Doab, Chaz Doab, Sind Sagar Doab.
• The vast plains located between the Sutlej and the Jamuna rivers also form a part of Punjab and are called Malwa and Bangar.
• The southwest region of Punjab is a desert. Hence, the density of the population is very low here.

Influence of Physical Features on the History of the Punjab:

• The geographical conditions of Punjab have greatly influenced the social, political, economic, religious, and cultural life of Punjab in many ways:

Political Effects:

• As a result of its geographical location, Punjab has been the gateway of India for the conquerors for many centuries.
• All the important and decisive battles were fought here.
• The political importance of several towns of Punjab increased.
• Punjab had to suffer grave difficulties and atrocities for centuries.

Social Effects:

• The Punjabis developed special traits of character like bravery, courage, hard work, sympathy, co-operation, social service, tolerance, and sacrificing the self for the country.
• There was an increase in the number of castes and sub-castes here.
• The art and literature of Punjab could not develop.

Religious Effects:

• Punjab is considered the birthplace of Hinduism.
• Islam was much propagated in Punjab as compared to the other parts of India.
• The development and growth of Sikhism are very closely related to the geographical features of Punjab.

Economic Effects:

• Due to the fertility of its soil, agriculture is the main occupation of the Punjabis.
• The domestic and foreign trade of Punjab was encouraged.
• Several commercial towns developed in Punjab.
• The Punjabis became quite prosperous.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability

Old Age Homes:

• Homes are made for elders so that they can live happily over there.

Disability:

• It means the consequences of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity.

Old Age:

• That stage of life starts after 60 years, which no one likes, and in which one faces many physical and other problems.

Gerontology:

• Field of science which studies the process of aging.

→ Old age is a necessary and natural part of human life and all humans have to pass through this phase.

→ No one wants to go through this phase because an individual faces many physical problems in this.

→ One needs to depend upon others in this phase.

→ According to United Nations, people above the age of 60 years come under the category of old age.

→ Almost in all the western countries, age of 60-65 years is kept to take pension benefits and other facilities.

→ Symbols of old age are visible quite early such as tooth decay, grey hair, hunched back, hearing loss, slow pace of the walk, vision impairment, etc.

→ At this age, one also faces many physical problems such as heart problems, high blood pressure, arthritis, sugar, etc.

→ In old age, one faces many problems such as health-related issues, economic insecurity, home-related problems, social problems, mental problems, own role-related problems, etc. Due to stress and tensions, death comes very quickly.

→ Old age problems can be removed in many ways such as by making old age homes, by starting welfare programmes for them, by creating easy jobs for them, by taking care of them, by providing better health facilities, by making strict laws, etc.

→ In almost the entire world, around 100 crore people are there who are facing disability in one way or the other.

→ The meaning of disability is any type of physical problem such as impairment, handicap, the inability of listening, etc.

→ Disability can be of many types such as locomotor disability, visual disability, hearing disability, mental disability, speech disability.

→ There can be many reasons for a disability such as a disease, birth-based problems, malnutrition, congenital factor, stress, accident, etc.

→ Disabled persons have to face many problems such as segregation and isolation, poverty, social oppression, etc.

→ The problems of disabled persons can be cured in many ways such as by providing better health facilities, by removing discrimination, by giving them education in normal schools, by arousing consciousness among people, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 11 Female Foeticide and Domestic Violence

Sex Ratio:

• The number of females behind every 1000 males in a particular area is known as the sex ratio.

Patriarchy:

• A system of society in which males dominate females.

Female Infanticide:

• Killing girls right after their birth is known as female infanticide.

Female Foeticide:

• Termination of a girl’s foetus in the mother’s womb is known as female foeticide.

→ Violence against women is quite common everywhere in the whole of the world and all societies are facing the same problem.

→ In violence against women, we can include rape, sexual violence, abduction, prostitution, dowry-related problems. Female foeticide and domestic violence are a few of them.

→ When a female gets pregnant, a sex determination test is done in the womb of the mother.

→ If the would-be child is boy, it’s fine but if it’s a girl, the foetus gets terminated. It is known as female foeticide.

→ Female foeticide directly affects the sex ratio of a place and it comes down.

→ The sex ratio is quite low in our country. In 2011, it was 1000 : 943.

→ Dowry, the lower status of women, wish to have a boy, modern technology, family planning, patriarchal society, etc. are a few of the reasons because of which people opt for female foeticide.

→ There are some evil consequences of female foeticide etc. such as a bad impact on female health, less sex ratio, atrocities on women, an increase in crimes, women-related evils in society, etc.

→ Domestic violence is also one of the major problems of our society.

→ In this, wrong behaviour is committed with females, males, or children which is socially unacceptable.

→ It not only hurts an individual physically but mentally as well.

→ There could be many reasons for domestic violence such as socio-cultural, economic, legal, social constraints, etc. Wife battering is also a form of domestic violence.

→ Domestic violence can be stopped by making laws, giving social education, and with the help of government and non-government organisations.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 10 Social Problems: Alcoholism and Drug Addiction

Slums:

• That place of living is in urban areas which is illegally constructed and which lack basic amenities of life.

Red Tapism:

• It is an idiom used for governmental interference. In the name of official rules, bureaucracy tries to interfere everywhere.

Alcohol:

• Alcohol is a type of depressant that slows down the brain and one starts to think and behave in a particular way.

Absolute Poverty:

• It is a situation in which people don’t have the basic necessities of life.
• For example, lack of food, drinking water, shelter, clothes, medicine, etc.

Nepotism:

• It is a custom in which preference is given to one’s own friends or relatives while giving jobs or any other work.

Delinquency:

• Crime of minor nature committed by young persons.

Alienation:

• Emotional isolation is called alienation.

Peer Group: Peer group is a social and primary group whose members have a common background, age, ideas, social status, etc.

→ Each society goes through the phases of transitions. These transitions or changed can be constructive as well as destructive.

→ If these changes are destructive, many problems occur in a society that could have dangerous consequences. These problems are known as social problems.

→ There can be many factors responsible for social problems such as socio-cultural factors, economic factors, regional factors, political factors, environmental factors etc.

→ All these factors collectively give birth to social problems.

→ Presently, people have started considering alcoholism as a social problem that was not considered during earlier times.

→ Alcoholism is a method of consuming alcohol that is not only dangerous for himself but for his family as well.

→ There can be many reasons for alcoholism such as misery, occupation, friends, entertainment, business, etc.

→ Alcoholism can have dangerous consequences such as loss of money, bad impact on health, increase in crimes, poverty, individual and familial disorganization etc.

→ Presently, the problem of drug addiction is increasing day by day. Young persons are inclining towards drugs and they are becoming a drug addicts.

→ Drug addiction is a physical and psychological dependence on anything without which one cannot live.

→ We can include many things in drugs such as sedatives, stimulants, narcotics, tobacco.

→ If one starts consuming any one of these, he becomes so dependent on them that he cannot live without them.

→ There can be many reasons for drug addiction such as psychological reasons, physical reasons, social factors, the impact of friends, to run away from tensions, etc.

→ Drug addiction can have many dangerous consequences such as dependency on drugs, loss of money, impact on health and family, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 9 Social Movements

Reform Movement:

• Such movements aimed at bringing reforms in traditional customs.

Revolutionary Movement:

• Movements that aimed at bringing quick and sudden change in society are revolutionary movements.

Ideology:

• Ideology is the collection of ideas of a group.

Formal Organisation:

• That organized group whose rules are made at a formal level and members are given definite roles.

Caste:

• A caste is an endogamous group that keeps certain restrictions on its members regarding feeding, occupation, etc.

Revivalist Movement:

• That movement aimed at re-establishing old values.

→ If we look carefully at all the societies, we will find many prevailing social problems.

→ To take them out and to remove them, social movements play a very important role.

→ Sometimes many unnecessary situations occur in society with which conditions over there deteriorate.

→ To remove such unnecessary situations, a few collective efforts are required which are known as social movements.

→ There are many, features of social movements such as they have group consciousness, collective efforts are required, a permanent ideology is there, it fovours to bring change, they bring a new social system, it can be violent or non-violent, etc.

→ Social movements are of many types such as reform movements, revolutionary movements, and revivalist movements.

→ The reform movement wants to bring some change without changing the whole of society.

→ The revolutionary movement aims at changing the whole of society.

→ The revivalist movement aims at reestablishing old values.

→ From time to time, many movements started in our country. Caste-based movements were one of them.

→ Caste-based movements are the story of bringing out the struggle of lower castes or lower classes.

→ Jyotiba Phule, Sri Narayana Guru, Periyar Ramaswami, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started movements, in different parts of the country, to uplift lower castes.

→ In class-based movements, worker’s movements and peasant movements can be included

→ Both workers and peasants wanted to get rid of exploitation and that’s why such movements were started.

→ From time to time, trade union movements were also started whose main aim was to demand better working conditions and better salaries for the workers working in industries.

→ Women were also suppressed from the ages. To uplift their social status, many reform movements were initiated.

→ In the 19th century, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, D.K. Karve etc. started many women movements which resulted in uplifting their social status.

→ Many environmental movements were also started, in the country, whose main.

→ the aim was to save the environment. Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan were such movements.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Outsourcing:

• Giving work to other companies is known as outsourcing.

Disinvestment:

• Privatisation of public sector companies is known as disinvestment.

Charismatic Leader:

• That leader who is having some charismatic features in his personality and who can influence the public with his personality.

Secularization:

• That belief in which state, morality, and education are distanced from the impact of religion.

Liberalisation:

• Reducing government control over the market and opening up economic boundaries.

→ In simple language, the meaning of modernisation is adopting new and modern ways and values of living life.

→ Initially, this meaning was taken in a very narrow sense but now the changes in the agricultural economy and industrial economy are also included in it.

→ First of all the word modernisation was used by Daniel Lerner while analysing the middle eastern societies.

→ According to him, modernisation is a process of change that comes in non-western societies due to their direct or indirect relations with western societies.

→ There are many features of modernisation such as it is a revolutionary and complex process.

→ This process goes on for a long time, it cannot move back, it brings progress in society, etc.

→ Modernisation comes due to certain reasons such as an increase in urban areas, the advent of large industries, increase in the level of education, development of means of communication, changes brought by any charismatic leader, etc.

→ Modernisation brought many changes in Indian society such as weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the weakening of caste system, change in the structure of the family, increase in the impact of western education, the advent of the new legal system, many reforms were brought in society, etc.

→ The present world is known as a ‘global village’ because the process of globalisation has brought countries closer to each other. Just while sitting at home, we come to know about what is going in the world.

→ The simple meaning of globalisation is the unlimited and unrestricted movement of goods, services, views, information, people, and capital between different countries.

→ It breaks the economic, social, and cultural barriers between those countries.

→ This all has been made possible with the developed means of communication.

→ There are many features of globalisation such as de-localization of functions, acceleration of every work, availability of all the goods around the world, increase in interdependency among countries, increase in mutual exchange, etc.

→ Two processes are very much necessary for globalisation and these are liberalisation and privatisation.

→ The meaning of liberalisation is running the economy according to market rules and the meaning of privatisation is selling government companies to the private sector.

→ There are many reasons of globalisation such as the development of means of transport and communication, the opening up of economic barriers by the government, the advent of multinational companies, etc.

→ Globalisation exerted a great impact on our country such as the advent of trading liberalisation, investment of foreign capital in-country, the advent of money from foreign countries, exchange of technology, the advent of the economic market, production across countries, etc.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Reference Group:

• That group according to which an individual moulds hip behaviour, ways of living, eating, etc.

Twice Born (Dwija):

• The first three castes of Hindu society are known as Dwija or Twice-born castes.
• They’ll have to perform a thread ceremony or Janeu Samskai.

Vertical Social Mobility:

• Vertical social mobility is the movement of an individual or group from one status to another.
• It includes a change in class, occupation, and status.

Hierarchy:

• The system of status in the group in which positions of individuals are defined.

→ Culture is not born out of anything but is a learned behavior.

→ Westernization and Sanskritization are the two cultural processes that greatly affect Indian society.

→ The concept of westernization was given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, westernization is a process that greatly brought changes in different fields such as technology, institutions, ideology, values, etc. during the last 150 years.

→ The process of westernization was not confined only to a particular section of society.

→ Those who took western education and started doing government jobs were greatly affected by the process.

→ Many social reformers played a very important role in increasing the process of westernization.

→ For example, Raja Ram Mofian Roy and other reformers began many reform movements and brought changes in society.

→ Westernization had a great effect on Indian society such as the decline in caste-based distinctions, increase in education, changes in Ways of living arid eating, development of means of transport and communication, change in the status of women, etc.

→ The process of Sanskritization is attached to the caste system and the concept is given by M.N. Srinivas.

→ According to him, when lower caste people try to adopt the living and try to change their caste, this process is known as Sanskritization.

→ Instead of using the word Brahminisation, Srinivas used the word Sanskritizatioii as it is not necessary that the caste which is imitated is only a Brahmin caste. It can be Kshatriya or Vaishya.

→ Another concept that comes forward in rural areas is the dominant caste.

→ According to Srinivas, the dominant caste is that which has more land in the village, whose population is more and which keeps the higher place in the local hierarchy.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities

Gender Role:

• Gender role is the behaviour that is attached to each sex by society.

Gender Discrimination:

• It is the behaviour of exclusion, subordination, and non-participation by which one part of the population, especially women, are mainly sidelined or ignored.

Transgender:

• That group of individuals who have traits of both the sexes i.e. men and women.

Socialization:

• That lifelong learning process in which an individual learns the ways of living life and culture and transfer it to the next generation.

Patriarchy:

• The type of society in which authority is in the hands of males and females is excluded from this.
• Authority is in the hands of the eldest male of the family and the family’s name runs on the father’s name.

Child Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of girls (0-6 years) behind 100 boys (0-0 years).
• In 2011, it was 1000: 914.

Sex Ratio:

• It means the number of females behind every 1000 males.
• In 2011, it was 1000 : 943.

→ We all live in society along with family and relatives. While living in society, we might have heard males talking about females.

→ In this conversation, you might have thought that females of the family are discriminated against. This sex-based discrimination is known as gender discrimination.

→ Word ‘Gender’ is made by society and is given by culture.

→ Gender is a sociological word in which political, cultural, socio-psychological, and economic relations are established between males and females.

→ It means that whenever we talk about male-female relations from a socio-cultural point of view, the word ‘gender’ comes forward.

→ There is a difference between the word ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’.

→ Word ‘sex’ is a biological word that tells us about male or female. But Gender difference is that behaviour that is made with social customs.

→ Whenever we talk about gender relations, it refers to relations between males and females that are based on ideological, cultural, political, and economic issues.

→ In gender relations, we study gender subordination that which sex controls the other.

→ Our society is a male-dominated society in which females are discriminated against in several ways.

→ The Indian Constitution has given us the right to equality but still, there are many rights which females do not enjoy.

→ A patriarchal family is a family dominated and controlled by the father.

→ He takes all the important decisions and males are considered superior to females.

→ Gender socialization is a method that takes care that all the children must learn to behave according to their sex.

→ It divides children into different groups of boys and girls. In this way, gender socialisation controls human behaviour.

→ Gender discrimination is not new in our society. This process is going on for ages.

→ Females are discriminated against in many ways and they suffer a lot during their lifetime.

→ If we talk about the child sex ratio (0-6 years), it was 1000 : 914 in 2011.

→ It means that there were 914 girls behind every 1000 boys.

→ We can observe this discrimination even in the field of education.

→ In 2011, the literacy rate in India was 74%. Out of this 82% were males and 65% were females.

→ Even today, people in the interior parts of our country do not prefer to send their girls to schools.

→ Females in our country face many problems in their daily life.

→ Rape, abduction, prostitution, trafficking, eve-teasing, domestic violence are a few of the problems which they face in their daily life.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 5 Class Inequalities

Class Struggle:

• It is a type of tension which exists in society due to the different interests of different socio-economic groups.

Bourgeoisie:

• It is a type of social class which owns all the means of production and economically exploits other social groups with the help of its means.

Elite:

• These people are highly specialised persons who play leadership and directional role in their own status group and society. Their direction creates the process of social transformation.

Proletariat:

• In a capitalist society, this word is used for the group which includes daily workers, especially industrial workers.

Social Mobility:

• This word is used for the movement of different persons or groups of different socio-economic statuses.

Slavery:

• It is a form of social stratification in which few people keep control over others as the owner of the property.

Petty-Bourgois:

• It is a French word used for a social group that includes small capitalists such as shopkeepers, workers who manage the production, division, and distribution process.

→ We can find many classes in all the societies which are more rich, respected and powerful than the others.

→ All these groups form stratification in society.

→ There are many classes in a society formed on different bases and are different from each other on one base or the other.

→ Karl Marx did not define the concept of ‘class’ anywhere but according to him, there are two classes everywhere.

→ First is the group which has all the means of production (HAVES) and the other is one that doesn’t have anything. (HAVE-NOTS).

→ There are many features of a class system such as, it is universal in nature, status, in this is achieved, it is an open system, its main base is economy, it is permanent, etc.

→ Karl Marx was of the view that there exists consciousness among classes.

→ Marx was of the view that in different ages, there existed two types of groups.

→ The first group is that which owns all the means of production and is known as the capitalist class.

→ The second class is that which does not have any means of production and is known as the labour class.

→ Max Weber was of the view that wealth, power, and prestige are the bases of social inequality.

→ Class is attached to many things such as economy, social status, and power in politics.

→ He says that the way of living life of members of one group is almost the same.

→ Warner studied American society and said that there are three types of classes.

→ Upper class, middle class, and lower class. These three groups are further divided into three groups—upper, middle, and lower class.

→ Warner explained class structure on the basis of income and money.

→ If we look at the present age, we can see that classes are formed on many bases but their major bases are education, income, and wealth.

→ Class and caste are very much different from each other such as class is an open system but caste is a closed system, status in class is achieved but in caste, it is not achieved, there is mobility in the class system but not in the caste system.

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities

Caste Consciousness:

• A great understanding of one’s caste identity is known as caste consciousness.

Dominant Caste:

• A caste group in any area which is more in number and. has control over the resources.

Casteism:

• Such activities with which preference is given to members of one caste and others are ignored.

Sanskritisation:

• The process with which lower caste people try to imitate the ideas, habits, ways of living, behavior, etc. of upper castes and to uplift their social status.

Endogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry within his own group or caste.

Exogamy:

• The type of marriage in which one is required to marry out of his group such as family, kinship, etc.

Protective Discrimination:

• It is a process or official program in which the suppressed groups of society are given special privileges such as S.C.’s, S.T.’s, O.B.C.’s, women, etc.

→ During ancient times, there existed a varna system in Indian society which included four varnas-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and fourth varna.

→ Varna system was based on occupation and one was allowed to change his varna. But, with time, the varna system became hereditary and took the form of a caste system.

→ Many sociologists and anthropologists have given definitions of the caste system.

→ But Indian Sociologist G.S. Ghurye was of the view that the caste system is so complex to define. So, he gave six features of the caste system.

→ Caste was an endogamous group that kept certain restrictions on its members such as restrictions on keeping relations with other castes, marriage, feeding, etc.

→ There were many restrictions on the members of one caste on keeping relations with other castes.

→ In India, caste-based stratification existed if Brahmins were at the top and lower castes were at the bottom of the stratified system.

→ According to M.N. Srinivas, the concept of pollution was the most important feature of the caste system.

→ Presently, the Indian government has provided protection to scheduled castes in the form of the reservation policy.

→ That’s why these people are taking advantage and are able to get money and status in society.

→ They are taking education, doing jobs in govt, jobs, and industries and are raising their social status.

→ There are many theories about the origin of the caste system but out of these theories, traditional theory, religious theory, and occupational theory are the important ones.

→ After the Indian independence, the government passed many legislations to remove caste-based inequalities from society.

→ Along with this, many other reasons came forward which reduced the impact of the caste system such as industrialisation, urbanisation, secularisation, democratisation, etc.

→ The processes of Sanskritisation, Westernisation, and Modernisation also played an important role in reducing the impact of the caste system.

→ Now scheduled castes are taking advantage of reservation policy to raise their social status in society.