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Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What do we call the process which is based on change which tells us about good or had of anything?
(a) Sanskritisation
(b) Industrialisation
(c) Urbanisation
(d) Modernisation
Answer:
(d) Modernisation

2. What is necessary for modernisation?
(a) Higher level of education
(b) Development of means of transport and communication
(c) Giving preference to industries
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. Who was responsible for bringing modernisation in India?
(a) Mughal Emperor
(b) Indian Government
(c) The British Government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) The British Government

4. What do we call the process in which there is a free flow of trade, services, capital investment and people between countries?
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Liberalisation
Answer:
(b) Globalisation

5. The process of selling public sector companies to private hands is known as …………….
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Liberlisation
Answer:
(a) Privatisation

6. Removing unnecessary restrictions from controlled economy is known as ………………
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Liberalisation
(d) Modernisation
Answer:
(c) Liberalisation

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The concept of cultural lag was given by …………….
Answer:
William Ogburn

2. In Japan, globalisation is known as ………………
Answer:
gurobaruka

3. ………………. gave four bases of globalisation.
Answer:
Giddens

4. The process of removing unnecessary restrictions in controlled economy is known as ……………
Answer:
liberalisation

5. The process of selling public sector companies to private sector is known as ……………
Answer:
Privatisation

True/False:

1. In globalisation, there is no exchange of capital and services.
Answer:
True

2. Globalisation has made world a ‘global village’.
Answer:
True

3. According to Weber, modernisation changes personal relations into impersonal relations.
Answer:
True

4. In modernisation, less capital investment brings modernity in the country.
Answer:
False

5. With modernisation, technology changes from simple to complex. :
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is meant by modernisation?
Answer:
The process of adopting modern values and ways of living is known as modernisation.

Question 2.
Which areas were developed under modernisation?
Answer:
Industries, means of transport and communication, health and educational facilities etc.

Question 3.
What is the major feature of modernisation?
Answer:
Modern societies depend upon each other to fulfill their needs.

Question 4.
Who used the word modernisation first time?
Answer:
First of all, this word was used by Daniel Lerner.

Question 5.
Why is the process of modernisation lengthy?
Answer:
Because it takes generations to make a society modern.

Question 6.
Who gave the concept of culutral lag?
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag was given by William F. Ogburn.

Question 7.
Give views of Durkheim about the process of modernisation.
Answer:
According to Durkheim, in modernisation, mechanical solidarity gets changed into organic solidarity.

Question 8.
Give one obstacle in the way of modernisation,
Answer:
Colonial rule in the less developed countries.

Question 9.
Give one reason of modernisation.
Answer:
Increase in urbanisation, development of industries, spread of education.

Question 10.
Who gave the concept of ‘Global Village’?
Answer:
The concept of Global Village was given by Marshall Mclluhum.

Question 11.
What do we call globalisation in Indonesia?
Answer:
In Indonesia, globalisation is known as ‘globalisasi’.

Question 12.
Give one feature of globalisation.
Answer:
In globalisation, local functions spread everywhere in the world.

Question 13.
What is meant by LPG?
Answer:
L means liberalisation, P means privatisation and G means globalisation.

Question 14.
Give one reason of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation has been made possible because of developed means of transport and communication.

Question 15.
Give one result of globalisation.
Answer:
It increase foreign direct investment in the country.

Question 16.
What is meant by FDI?
Answer:
The meaning of FDI is Foreign Direct Investment.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by modernisation?
Answer:
The meaning of modernisation is adopting modern values and ways of living life. It takes generations for society and individuals to become modern because they easily adopt modern things but they do not change their views.

Question 2.
Give three negative consequences of modernisation.
Answer:

• Joint families are disintegrating and nuclear families are coming forward.
• Leisure goods are increasing in the market which exerts the wrong impact on kids.
• Immorality has increased in society.

Question 3.
What is necessary for modernisation?
Answer:

• There should be a better level of education.
• Means of transport and communication should be developed.
• In place of agriculture, industries should develop.

Question 4.
What is meant by globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of a country is attached to the economies of other countries. It means that the unrestricted flow of goods, services, capital and labour between different countries is globalisation. There is the free flow of trade among them.

Question 5.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Removing unnecessary restrictions in a controlled economy is liberalisation. Removing unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade to make the economy more competitive and progressive is liberalisation. It is an economic process and a process of economic changes in society.

Question 6.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
In democratic countries, there is mixed economy. In such economy, there are public sector companies which are under the control of government. Selling of such public sector companies to private hands is called privatisation.

Question 7.
What are three major aspects of globalisation?
Answer:

• Positive aspect in which there are many advantages of globalisation.
• Neutral aspect according to which globalisation is a necessary process of development.
• Negative aspect which brings economic problems and inequality in income.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Modernization.
Or
Define Modernization.
Answer:
The meaning of the process of Modernization is that change which comes under the influence of westernization but it exists only in a basic direction. With this process, a new form was taken by many Indian institutions and change in modern times is because of the result of the modernization. Results of this process are always positive and developing.

Question 2.
Two characteristics of Modernization.
Answer:

• Social Differentiation: Many sectors of society became complex due to the process of modernization. Because of this, the process of differentiation has been fastened.
• Social Mobility: Ancient social, economic elements are changed because of modernization and new values of human ideals are established.

Question 3.
Two changes due to Modernization.
Answer:

• Secularization. The idea of secularization has been established in Indian society. Member of any religious group can achieve highest or higher post of the country. Qualities of cooperation, love, patience create equality in society. It is because of Modernization.
• Industrialization. With the advent of industrialization, the growing demands of increasing population of India were fulfilled. On one side, large scale industries came into being and on the other side domestic industries and joint families came to an end.

Question 4.
Modernization increases Social Mobility.
Answer:
Social mobility is the main characteristic of modern societies. Division of labour, specialization, different occupations, industries, business, means of communication and transportation in urban society have increased the social mobility. Every person can become rich from poor with his intelligence and capabilities. He adopts that occupation which gives more profits to him. Even he changes his place of residence with occupation. In this way, with social mobility, new values are developed in place of old traditional values. So from this, we can say that the modernization increases social mobility.

Question 5.
Establishment of new classes with Modernization.
Answer:
Process of modernization gives enough opportunities to person. That is why new classes are established in society. If there will be only one class in society, then that society will be known as classless society. That is why new classes came into being in modern society. Another reason for new classes came into being because different persons have different abilities because of which they are different from each other from the point of view of money, occupation, education. That is why new classes are coming in front of us. Money is of great importance in modern society. That is why people are divided in different classes on political and religious basis. Labour unions are using war path to achieve their goals. Even people of different occupations have made their own unions.

Question 6.
Modernization or Mechanization.
Answer:
Lot of changes have come in the occupations related to agriculture through mechanization. In earlier times, India was dependent upon other countries for food grains. But after modernization and with the use of mechanization, our country became self-dependent in this sector and other parts also have been changed.

Question 7.
Modernization and Social Change.
Answer:
The process of modernization has brought very quick revolutionary changes in our society. Female education has been increased. Except this lot of change have come in widow marriage, dowry system and position of women. Many laws were also passed in this regard. In this way, this process became very effective in eradicating social evils.

Question 8.
Industrialisation.
Answer:
Every society has to make itself industrialised to fulfil all of its needs. Development of industries in every sector of the society is known as Industrialisation. Its main aim is to produce at a large scale so that the society could be able to meet its demands. Industrialisation also comes due to fhe increasing population of the society. Capitalism also came after the advent of this Industrialisation.

Question 9.
Urbanisation.
Answer:
Migration of people towards cities and increasing numbers of cities is known as urbanisation. Many changes came in society due to urbanisation. Increase in population, social mobility, change in the forms of social institutions, increase in the means of enjoyment etc. also came due to urbanisation. Villages were also affected by urbanization because people of villages started to move towards cities. Change in every sector of society came due to urbanisation.

Question 10.
Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is a very wide economic process which is spread over all countries and societies. In this, different countries have free trade and economic relations. Different countries depend upon each other for their needs because of which the concept of free trade and economic relation in different countries came in front of us. This concept is known as Globalisation.

Question 11.
Characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:

• Business in the whole world goes on in this.
• New economy has been established with this in the world.
• Market has been expanded to the whole world.
• Division of labour has been increased with this.
• Specialized persons are moving from one country to another country with this.

Question 12.
Effects of Globalisation on India.
Answer:

• Export from India has been increased.
• Foreign investment in India has been increased.
• The foreign exchange of India has been increased.
• India’s Gross Domestic Production (G.D.P.) has been increased.
• Technical and educational improvements are there.
• Industries have been developed.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain the impact of modernisation on Indian society.
Answer:
1. Secularization: The process of secularization has reached the people by the processs of modernization. After Independence of India, every person of India is treated as equal in front of law. Now person of every religion can achieve any status in society. People were made conscious to make friendly relations with members of other religions. Different activites of different relations were given respect. In this way the sense of unity started to develop among people. The concept of secularization was applied in every sector after independence.

2. Westernizatipn: Process of modernization is related with the process of westernization. Westernization started to affect the Indian society after the advent of Britishers and slowly and slowly the process of Westernization was transformed into Modernization. All those elements of western culture, which were adopted by Indian people, also transformed into Indian way. On one side some elements and life styles of British culture attracted many Indians and on another side many parts of Indian population were specifically attracted by the different aspect of British culture. In this way the transformation of Indian people towards the process of modernization is also related with the mobility of westernization.

3. Industrialization: Industrialization is an important feature of modern society. Existence of industrialization in India is also by the effect of western culture. Many big industries were established in India with the help of foreign countries. Industrialization is related with the production on large scale. Capitalism is developed in society due to development of industrialization. Now person is doing that work which gives him more profit. Industrial revolution has produced many new technical occupations. Person in Industrial society gets occupation on the bases of his ability not according to his caste.

That’s why the traditional custom of adopting ancestral occupation came to an end. Life style of the people living in industrial cities was completely changed. Domestic production of villages was destroyed due to development of industrialization. That’s why the joint family system of ancient times also came end. Economic system of India was also changed. Every sector of industries started to develop. Many countries like U.K., U.S.A., Japan etc. have established their industries in India. In this way, from this description, it is clear that the industrialization of our society was progressed through the process of Modernization.

4. Urbanization: The process of urbanization came into being with the development of industrialization. With the industrial development, cities were also developed near to these industries. People came to cities from villages in search of employment. Process of modernization was started with the development of cities. More density of population and social mobility is there in cities. Contact between villages and cities was established with the development of means of transport and communication. In this way different social institutions were completely changed through urbanization. Position of female was changed very quickly.

They started to demand, status equal to males. Nuclear families got more sanctions in cities than joint familis. Male and female got equal status in nuclear families. If we look at the educational sector in modern times then we can see that females are more as compared to males. Females are doing more progress in every sector i.e. governmental jobs, business, industries etc. Now she is not dependent upon the males. She is now earning herself and is self-dependent.

In this way the importance of wealth, status and education was increased. Effect of religions, in cities is very less due to dominance of religions. In cities dominance of secondary groups, more density of population, modernization, scientific outlook are there and people are, trying to obtain more and more facilities. That’s why relations among humans in cities are formal and temporary in nature. Gist and Helbert are of the view that “The city encourages impersonal rather than personal contacts.”
Urban people are more literate because of which they adopt new circumstances by understanding them very quickly. Some problems also came into being due to urbanization like unemployment, slums, more divorce rate, suicide etc. But many problems are also eliminated like caste system, child marriage, sati pratha etc.

5. Development of New Classes: The process of modernization has given many opportunities to person to do progress. That’s why many new classes are established. If there will be one class in society then that society will be known as classless society. That’s why new classes came into being in modern societies. One reason of new classes came into being is that different people don’t have same ability and that’s why they are different from the aspect of wealth, occupation, education etc. That’s why new classes came into being.

Maclver and Page are of the view that, “Wherever social inter-course is limited by consideration of status by distinction between higher and lower there social class exists. A social class, then is a portion of a community marked off from the rest by social status. A system or structure of social classes involves, first, a hierarchy of status groups, second, the recongnition of the superior, inferior stratification and finally some degree of performance of the structure.”

Money and wealth has more importance in modern society. That’s why people are not divided in different classes on the basis of caste but are divided in different classes on political and economic basis. In industrial sector labourers have established their labohr unions to fight with the capitalists. Even different people have made their different occupational unions.

6. Development in Agricultural Area: Most of the population of Indian villages does the work of agriculture. People were using physical power in ancient societies to do agricultural works but new machines are invented in modern times. Agriculture is being done with the help of tractors. New chemical manures are used with which production has been increased. Produce is being cut down by combines. That’s why more production is there with less physical work. Now less number of persons are used in agricultural work. That’s why people become unemployed and started to work in industries.

Mechanization in the sector of agriculture is being done with modernization. Earlier India was dependent upon other countries for its foodgrains. But with green revolution it became self-dependent. In this way economic condition of people of villages started to improve and their standard of living became higher.

7. Establishment of Welfare State: After Independence, the word ‘welfare state’ was used by the Indian Constitution for our country because of which burden of the country was increased. That’s why the process of social change is gaining speed day by day. Central and state governments are working for the protection of the rights of businessmen, consumers, collectively. Especially they are working for the welfare of lower caste. The government is trying for the equal distribution of wealth and the process of modernization is responsible for this.

8. Democratization: Democratization of the political sector is being done because of the process of modernization: India is known as the largest democracy in the world because all the adults of the country have the right to vote. All are equal in front of the law. Everyone has got some fundamental rights, the Government is working to remove economic inequalities. Some directive principles of state policy are given in Constitution so that the state should make its policies according to these principles. People have the right to change the government. In this way, democracy in India is very strong and all this is the result of modernization.

Question 2.
Explain the results of globalisation.
Or
Discuss the consequences of globalisation on society.
Or
Write down the impact of globalisation on Indian society.
Answer:
Economic reforms in India were started in 1991 and the process of globalisation and Indian economy was encouraged. Effects of globalisation on different sectors of the Indian economy are given below:

1. Increase of Indian Share in World Export. With the process of globalisation, the Indian share in world expect has been increased. Indian goods and services in India in the decade of 1990-2000 has been increased by 125%. In 1990 Indian sharing world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which was increased up to 0.75% in 1999.

2. Foreign Investment in India. Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995¬96 up to 2000-01 it has been increased by 53% and during this time 500 corers annually has been invested in India.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves. Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991 foreign exchange reserves in India was One Billion Dollars which was enough only to fulfil the needs of only two weeks of the country. After this India has adopted new economic policies. Globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve was increased very quickly. Now the foreign exchange reserve is near to 395 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product. Because of globalisation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country has been increased. In 1980 it was 5.63% which was increased to 5.80% in 1990. Now it is around 7%.

5. Increase in Unemployment. Because of globalisation unemployment in India has been increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problems came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it came because of globalization. That’s why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below poverty line. At the start of 1990’s decade, the rate of unemployment was 6% which was increased up to 7% in 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture. The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of country is 29%. But it is 2% in U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related with agricultural functions but labour force in the agriculture sector in U.S.A and U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be a challenging one for India.

7. Educational and Technical Development. Globalisation and Liberalization have put a great effect on the education and technical sector which has been a revolution. World is shrinking due to means of transport and communication. Internet and computer has brought a revolution in this sector.

8. Change in the Form of Classes. Globalisation has changed the form of different classes. In 20th century only three main classes i.e. higher class, middle class and lower class were there but now the number of classes has been increased.

9. Privatization. One of the good effects of globalization can be seen in the form of Privatisation. Many Public Sector Undertakings (P.S.U.’s) like V.S.N.L., I.P.C.L., NALCO are now in the hands of private parties because of which they are earning more profits.

10. Development of Industries. Foreign direct investment is very helpful in achieving a higher rate of economic development. It gives not only advantage to industries but consumers are getting products of better quality and better technology. It gives motivation to Indian industries to compete with the foreign companies in international market. So, all in all the process of globalisation is very good in bringing social change and giving good quality products to consumers.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Modernisation and Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is a structural process of change?
(а) Only Modernisation
(b) Only Globalisation
(c) Both Modernisation and Globalisation
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both Modernisation and Globalisation

2. Who among the following said that the process of modernisation leads from personal bonds to impersonal relations?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Weber
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Weber

3. Who among the following said that the process of modernisation occurred from Mechanical Solidarity to Organic Solidarity?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Weber
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Durkheim

4. What is the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services called?
(a) Westernisation
(b) Sanskritisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Globalisation
Answer:
(d) Globalisation

5. Globalisation means:
(a) Reduction of trade barriers
(b) Freer flow of technology
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both

Fill in the Blanks:

1. A charismatic leader is one who is having ……………….. to influence people with his/her personality.
Answer:
charisma

2. In the process of modernisation, the …………….. level entails a change in the attitudes and peculiar personality traits of the person.
Answer:
social

3. LPG stands for liberalization, ………………… and ……………….
Answer:
privatisation, globalisation

4. The transfer of control over ownership from the public sector to the private sector is called………………
Answer:
privatisation

5. ……………. is the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide.
Answer:
Globalisation

True/False:

1. The pace of modernisation varies from society to society.
Answer:
True

2. British policy of least interference at micro-level structures of society that is industrialisation, urbanisation and legal system had brought little or no change at this level.
Answer:
False

3. Modernisation is a systematic process in which change in one sphere leads to changes in another.
Answer:
True

4. The process of globalisation varies from country to country of the world.
Answer:
True

5. Globalisation does not emphasise interdependence.
Answer:
False

Match The Columns:

Answer:

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who has given the concept of global village?
Answer:
Marshall Mclluhan has given the concept of global village.

Question 2.
Who has given the concept of mechanical and organic solidarity?
Answer:
Emile Durkheim has given the concept of mechanical and organic solidarity.

Question 3.
Name the process through which the transfer of control over ownership from the public sector to private sector is done.
Answer:
Privatisation.

Question 4.
Name the process through which the reorientation of economies in the direction of market principles is done.
Answer:
Liberalisation.

Question 5.
Name the leader who can influence people with his/her personality.
Answer:
A charismatic leader.

Question 6.
Name four spheres in the process of modernisation.
Answer:
Technology, agriculture, industry and environment are the four spheres in the process of modernisation.

Question 7.
Name three causes of modernisation.
Answer:
Urbanisation, modernisation, modern education are the three causes of modernisation.

Question 8.
Name two characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:

• This is a lengthy and continuous process.
• It brings a change in every sector of society.

Question 9.
Name two characteristics of globalisation.
Answer:

• This process has increased the interdependence among countries.
• It leads to the free flow of people, technology and ideas.

Question 10.
What do you understand the charismatic leaders?
Answer:
That leader who is having some charismatic features in his personality and who can influence public with his personality.

Question 11.
What does LPG stand for?
Answer:
Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by modernisation?
Or
Write a note on modernisation.
Answer:
The meaning of modernisation is adopting new ways of living life and modern values. Initially, its meaning was taken in quite a narrow manner but now changes in the agricultural economy and industrial economy are also included in it.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly two characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:

• This is a revolutionary process in which society changes itself from traditional to modern. In this, complete change comes in the living style of people.
• The process of modernisation is quite lengthy which takes many generations for becoming modern from traditional.

Question 3.
Discuss briefly two causes of modernisation.
Answer:

• Due to the advent of western education, people started getting an education and they started adopting modern ideas of western countries.
• Industrialization brought many inventions and humans were replaced by machines. It brought modernisation to society.

Question 4.
What do you understand by globalisation?
Or
Globalisation.
Answer:
In simple language, the meaning of globalisation is an unlimited and unrestricted exchange of goods, services, ideas, information, people and capital between different countries. It breaks downs the economic, social and cultural barriers between countries. All this has been made possible with the help of developed means of communication.

Question 5.
What do you understand by privatisation?
Answer:
The government has formed many public sector companies and the process of selling such companies to private hands is known as privatisation. We can take many examples of privatisation such as NALCO, VSNL. Actually govt, always try to sell off the loss making companies. This is privatisation.

Question 6.
What do you understand by liberalisation?
Answer:
Removing unnecessary restrictions from a controlled economy is known as liberalisation. Removing unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade to make the economy more open and competitive is called liberalisation. It is an economic process and a process of bringing economic changes in society.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Differentiate between traditional and modern society.
Answer:

• Traditional societies have subsistence economies. It means production is done only to fulfil needs but in modern societies, production is done while keeping the market in mind.
• Simple division of labour is there in traditional societies which are based on gender but modern societies are based on the division of labour and specialisation with many bases.
• People of traditional societies are locally interdependent but in modern societies, people of the whole world are interdependent.
• Technology in traditional society is at the primary level but modern societies have developed technology available with them.

Question 2.
Differentiate between mechanical and organic solidarity.
Answer:

• Mechanical solidarity connects an individual with society without any middleman. Inorganic society, an individual depends on society because he depends upon other individuals.
• Mechanical solidarity is based on similarities but the base of organic solidarity is the division of labour.
• The strength of mechanical solidarity lies in the power of collective consciousness but the origin of organic solidarity lies in functional differentiation.
• Mechanical solidarity was available in ancient and old societies but organic solidarity is the main feature of modern societies in which division of labour is the main feature of life.

Question 3.
What is modernisation? Discuss its two levels.
Answer:
Meaning of modernisation. See Question No. 1 of short answer type questions. Two levels of modernisation,

• The individual-level includes a change in the attitudes and specific personality features of an individual. There is a transformation with respect to acceptance of new ideas, rational points and readiness to express ideas.
• At the societal level, modernization is characterised by the specificity of roles and goals in the institutional spheres i.e. education, tolerance, communication, secularisation, family, marriage, social mobility etc.

Question 4.
What is globalisation? Name two types of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of one country gets connected with the economies of other countries. In simple words, the unrestricted movement of goods, services, humans, capital etc. between different countries is called globalisation. With this process economies of different countries come in contact with each other. There is free movement of trade in countries. In this way the process of integration of different economies is globalization. It is of many types such as economic globalisation in which different economies of the world get connected and technological globalisation in which technology developed in one country reaches another country.

Question 5.
Substantiate the concept of globalisation with the help of an example.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of one country gets connected with the economies of other countries. In simple words, the unrestricted movement of goods, services, humans, capital etc. between different countries is called globalisation. With this process economies of different countries come in contact with each other. There is free movement of trade in countries. In this way the process of integration of different economies is globalization. It is of many types such as economic globalisation in which different economies of the world get connected and technological globalisation in which technology developed in one country reaches another country.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by modernisation? Discuss its characteristics in detail.
Or
Discuss in detail the characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:
The process of modernization came with the development of modern societies. The process of modernization was started in India after the advent of Britishers. It means that when people come in contact with the people of western culture then many changes came in them. Modernization is the main feature of modern society.

According to M.N. Srinivas, “Difference exists in the processes of modernization and westernization. The concept of westernization is a morally more neutral concept than the concept of modernization. We cannot come to know about the goodness or badness of any culture in it. But modernization is not a value-free concept because modernization is always considered as good and better.” That’s why Srinivas has given more importance to westernization than modernization. He has not given the difference in them but according to him, the results of modernization are always good and better. So from the views of Srinivas, it is clear that the process of modernization is always progressive. Different sociologists have given different views about it which are given below:

1. According to Marrion J. Levy, “My definition of modernization hinges on the use of inanimate tools to multiply the effect of effort. I conceive each of these two elements as the basis of continum. A society will be considered more or less modernized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and or use tools to multiply the effects of these efforts. Neither of these elements is either totally absent from or exclusively present in any society.”

2. According to Weener, “There are many aspects of modernization.”

• Political Modernization. In these important institutions, political parties, parliaments, right to vote, development of secret vote which are capable of reaching at any participant decision, etc. are included.
• Cultural Modernization. It produces likeness with ideologies and secularization.
• Economic Modernization. It is different from industrialization.

According to Dr. Yogender Singh, “Modernization includes rational attitude, universalistic view point, sympathy, scientific world view, humanity, technological advancement etc.” So we can say that the process of modernization is that process in which change comes in old system and new and better system takes place of old system. This process exists in any society but its degree is different in different societies.

Characteristics Of Modernization:

1. It leads to the development of urbanization and industrialization. Industrialization also exists with urbanization. Wherever big industries were established, cities were also developed there. With this process the population of village started to move towards cities. Means of communication and transport have brought many changes in urban society. That’s why many changes came in institutions like family, religion and caste etc. That’s why change came in urbanization. That’s why we believe that urbanization and modernization are interrelated. Wherever cities are developed modernization exists there. That’s why we can see more progress in urban society as compared to rural communities.

2. This process develops education. With the process of modernzation educational sector has been developed very quickly. Lot of development has come in technical education. In ancient times only higher castes were given religious education. But with the progress of society, need was felt of technical institutions. That’s why technical institutions were opened. Except this the importance of occupational education was increased because every person started to get work according to his ability. The process of specialization is also increased. Whichever person gets technical education, gets job or work. In this way the process of modernization has brought many changes in the educational sector.

3. It increases the international relations. Cooperation is increased in different countries with the process of modernization. Every country gets security with the advents of U.N.O. To produce peaceful atmosphere in the world mutual relations in different countries were necessary. U.N.O. has tried to protect human rights. It has also given its views to resolve the personal problems of any country. It’s main aim is to maintain peace in the world. If conflict starts in two countries then U.N.O. tries to resolve their dispute. In this way process of modernization has developed the atmosphere of love and cooperation at international level.

4. This process develops and increases the process of social differentiation. With the process of modernization, our society becomes complex and the process of differentiation has been increased. With the material development of society number of social differentiation has been increased. With this process we can come to know about that process with which society is divided into different parts.

This process never allows the feeling of hatredness to come in humans and groups. In this way when society moves from simple situation to complex situation then differentiation definitely exists in society. Without this process we can divide the functions in society. The way in which this process of modernization develops, in that same way every sector of society i.e. religious, economic, educational etc. starts to develop. That’s why the process of differentiation takes the pace and speed.

5. It increases social mobility. Social mobility is the main feature of modern
societies. Specialization of division of labour in urban societies, differentiation of occupations, business, industries, facilities of means of communication and transport has brought great pace in social mobility. Now every person can become rich from the state of poverty with his ability and brain. Now they adopt that occupation in which he sees more profit. Even they change their place of living due to occupation. In this way, with the process of social mobility, new values were developed instead of traditional values.

6. Social reform movements came into being due to this. Social,reform movements started to develop through the process of modernization, Whenever any change comes in society then it has both good and bad effects on society. Whenever we look at its good effects then we feel that progress has come in society but whenever we look at its bad effects then we can come to know about the disorganization of society. Many social reform movements came into being due to this process whose main aim was to eradicate social evils from the society so that the balance of society can be maintaind. Progress also comes, with this, in society. All those social evils are being eradicated from society through these movements which bring downfall of the society. In this way changes come in society due to this process.

7. It changes the status of individuals: Process of modernization changes the status of a person. In earlier societies it was necessary for a person to adopt hereditary occupation. But with this process, a number of occupations were emerged and specialization was produced. Because of this the status of a person started to change at once. Class system came into being in place of caste system. Humans started to get status according to their ability. In this way the status of different groups and organizations changes with this process.

Question 2.
Write a note on modernisation.
Answer:
The process of modernization came with the development of modern societies. The process of modernization was started in India after the advent of Britishers. It means that when people come in contact with the people of western culture then many changes came in them. Modernization is the main feature of modern society.

According to M.N. Srinivas, “Difference exists in the processes of modernization and westernization. The concept of westernization is a morally more neutral concept than the concept of modernization. We cannot come to know about the goodness or badness of any culture in it. But modernization is not a value-free concept because modernization is always considered as good and better.” That’s why Srinivas has given more importance to westernization than modernization. He has not given the difference in them but according to him, the results of modernization are always good and better. So from the views of Srinivas, it is clear that the process of modernization is always progressive. Different sociologists have given different views about it which are given below:

1. According to Marrion J. Levy, “My definition of modernization hinges on the use of inanimate tools to multiply the effect of effort. I conceive each of these two elements as the basis of the continuum. A society will be considered more or less modernized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and or use tools to multiply the effects of these efforts. Neither of these elements is either totally absent from or exclusively present in any society.”

2. According to Weener, “There are many aspects of modernization.”

• Political Modernization. In these important institutions, political parties, parliaments, right to vote, development of secret vote which are capable of reaching at any participant decision, etc. are included.
• Cultural Modernization. It produces likeness with ideologies and secularization.
• Economic Modernization. It is different from industrialization.

According to Dr. Yogender Singh, “Modernization includes rational attitude, universalistic view point, sympathy, scientific world view, humanity, technological advancement etc.” So we can say that the process of modernization is that process in which change comes in old system and new and better system takes place of old system. This process exists in any society but its degree is different in different societies.

Question 3.
Enumerate various causes of modernisation.
Or
Describe four causes of modernisation.
Or
Explain urbanisation and industrialisation as responsible causes for modernisation.
Or
Discuss various causes of modernisation.
Answer:
There are many causes of modernisation and some of them are as follows:

1. Urbanisation. With the advent of the British in India, the process of urbanisation started to develop over here. They established many major Indian cities such as Kolkata, Chenai, Mumbai etc. After Indian independence, this process grew rapidly. It has been said that urban areas have a better infrastructure as compared to rural areas. One can live a better life in cities. That’s why from last few decades, rural people started migrating to urban areas. There can be few other reasons such as more employment opportunities, better health facilities, educational institution, better entertainment facilities etc. In this way, the process of urbanisation has greatly helped in increasing this process of modernisation.

2. Industrialisation. The meaning of urbanisation is the process of industrial development. Due to industrial revolution, many large scale industries were established and gradually many changes came in machinery. New and modern machines further enhanced the production process. All the machines and technology spread everywhere. Production process changed frflm hands to machines which helped in increasing the process of modernisation. ‘

3. Education. Education helps in finding abilities of an individual and fills in him the knowledge. Only because of education, people make new inventions. This is considered as an important symbol of development. Because after getting education, people make new inventions, that’s way it is considered quite important in bringing modernisation.

4. Charismatic Leadership. Charismatic leader is that one who influences others with his personality. He holds the capacity of influencing others and many people start to follow him. Such leaders, due to their charismatic personality, motivate their followers to adopt modern ideas and values. Consequently modernisation comes in society.

5. Mass Media. In mass media, we include newspaper, magazines, books, T.V. radio, films, internet etc. Such means of mass media opened up new ideas, ways of behaviour, information for the traditional minded people. To bring out new information, mass media emerged as a very important mean which helped in increasing modernisation.

Question 4.
Write a note on the process of modernisation.
Answer:
Modernisation is the process which has greatly influenced every aspect of our society. It also includes the spread of new system with the passage of time and this has changed even social structure and psychological facts. Because society becomes more productive and progressive, that’s why it becomes more complex from social and cultural point of view. About this, Max Weber has rightly said, “With the change in modernisation process personal relations convert into impersonal relations.” Here Emile Durkheim also says, “With the change in modernisation, mechanical unity of society gets converted into organic solidarity.

With the advent of industrialisation, change came in every sector of society and society changed from traditional to modern. All this was made possible when people of less developed area started moving to developed area. To start the process of modernisation, few pre-requisites are necessary such as the adoption of new educational system, wish to adopt new technology etc. Sociologists have given four interrelated processes in modernisation and these are:

• In the technological sector, transformation comes from simple to scientific technology. For example change of handloom to power loom.
• In the agricultural sector, this change came from subsistence economy to market economy. For example, presently, farmers with the help of labourers, grow cash crops to sell in the market.
• In the industrial sector, it gets transformed from human labour to mechanised labour. For example, during earlier times, agriculture was done with plough, now it is done with a tractor.
• In the environmental sector, rural people are migrating to urban areas. For example, people living in the nearby villages started migrating to cities to get work in industries.

Modernisation can be understood at two levels. At individual level, change comes in individual’s behaviour and his specific traits. Change also comes in his acceptance of new ideas, his approach and wish to express ideas. Modern individual lays stress on making plans, organization and showing ability. He believes in science and technology. Presently laying stress on modernity is spreading everywhere in the world.

Question 5.
Write a note on globalisation.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has been spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Actually not even a single country is completely self-dependent to fulfil its needs. It has to depend upon other countries to fulfil the basic needs of its people. With this all countries are dependent upon each other to fulfil their needs. That’s why because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations were increased in different countries and one idea came into being to increase relations of free trade with other countries. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalization. The concept of Globalization is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalization is not very old. It is only 25-30 years old and has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get the foreign made goods while living in our small town or city. We can see any sector of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedees, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Farrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota etc. have come to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980’s. It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened for foreign companies. In this way a lot of foreign made goods and Indian goods are there in our country.

It is Globalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days world is shrinking and it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing foreign direct investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalization.

At the end of 20th century, a new process came forward which greatly influenced whole of the world on the basis of mutual exchange and interdependence. This process is known as globalisation. It is a multi-aspect process. Presently whole of the world has become a global world. Just within few minutes, we come to know about what is going on in the whole world. Presently, world is changing into a society. Due to globalisation, people are migrating to other countries, With the help of means of communication, we can talk with any one sitting in any part of the world and this has been made possible only with internet and globalisation.

Question 6.
What is globalisation and discuss its types.
Or
Highlight technological globalisation as type of globalisation.
Answer:
Meaning of globalisation. See the previous q.no. 5. Types of globalisation. There are many type of globalisation which are given below:

1. Ecological globalisation. In this type of globalisation, we can include environmental pollution which is affecting ozone layers and there is increase in global warming. On world level, efforts are being made to solve this problem. Agreements are signed between countries to reduce environment pollution. To save ozone layer, a Montreal Protocol was signed to reduce the level of carbon dioxide emitted in atmosphere.

2. Economic globalisation. The meaning of economic globalisation is the interdependence occurring due to the increasing exchange of goods, services and capital in the whole world. Due to this interdependence, we can see the wrong impact of one economy at world level. For example one global problem came in 2009 which greatly affected most of the countries.

3. Technological globalisation. The meaning of technological globalisation is revolutionary change coming in the means of communication with which one part of the world gets easily connected with other parts. Modern means of transport have reduced the geographical distances and many exchanges started. For example mobile, internet etc.

4. Cultural globalisation. The meaning of cultural globalisation is exchange of present rules, ideas, values etc. of one part with the other. This exchange has been made possible with the help of internet, media, travelling etc. It increased interaction between the people of different cultures and exchange of cultural customs started between them.

5. Political globalisation. In political globalisation, same policies are adopted everywhere. Due to their personal problems, different countries are signing agreements with others. That’s way many international organizations came forward such as United Nations.

Question 7.
Discuss in detail the characteristics of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation has come into being because of the interdependence of different countries. Different countries are dependent upon each other for their needs. That’s why they are doing export and import of things. That’s why the concept of Globalisation has come in front of us. Its main characteristics are given below:

1. World Trade. The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example. India has lot of surplus tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way almost all the countries of the world are dependent upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this with the exchange of goods and because of business they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has been increased.

2. Economic Globalisation. Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of World economy has come into being. Different countries unite with each other because of economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialization, production, consumption etc. play an important role in this business. Economic Globalisation has encouraged Capitalism. Now people are thinking even for international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market. Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other country or international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this the business with other country increases and foreign exchange comes in country. In this way marke.t depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign made goods in our market. Even the eatable things are available in cans in market. In this way the market is expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour. Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour: Now people are doing many courses to go to foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in a foreign country. We can see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Other Countries. Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers of different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way because of globalisation people of different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy. Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of the world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way because of inter¬dependence world economy and world trade has been increased.

Question 8.
Write a note on the process of globalisation.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has been spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Actually not even a single country is completely self-dependent to fulfil its needs. It has to depend upon other countries to fulfil the basic needs of its people. With this all countries are dependent upon each other to fulfil their needs. That’s why because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations were increased in different countries and one idea came into being to increase relations of free trade with other countries. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalization. The concept of Globalization is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalization is not very old. It is only 25-30 years old and has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get the foreign made goods while living in our small town or city. We can see any sector of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedees, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Farrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota etc. have come to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980’s. It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened for foreign companies. In this way a lot of foreign made goods and Indian goods are there in our country.

It is Globalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days world is shrinking and it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing foreign direct investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalization.

At the end of 20th century, a new process came forward which greatly influenced whole of the world on the basis of mutual exchange and interdependence. This process is known as globalisation. It is a multi-aspect process. Presently whole of the world has become a global world. Just within few minutes, we come to know about what is going on in the whole world. Presently, world is changing into a society. Due to globalisation, people are migrating to other countries, With the help of means of communication, we can talk with any one sitting in any part of the world and this has been made possible only with internet and globalisation.

Meaning of globalisation. See the previous q.no. 5. Types of globalisation. There are many type of globalisation which are given below:

1. Ecological globalisation. In this type of globalisation, we can include environmental pollution which is affecting ozone layers and there is increase in global warming. On world level, efforts are being made to solve this problem. Agreements are signed between countries to reduce environment pollution. To save ozone layer, a Montreal Protocol was signed to reduce the level of carbon dioxide emitted in atmosphere.

2. Economic globalisation. The meaning of economic globalisation is the interdependence occurring due to the increasing exchange of goods, services and capital in the whole world. Due to this interdependence, we can see the wrong impact of one economy at world level. For example one global problem came in 2009 which greatly affected most of the countries.

3. Technological globalisation. The meaning of technological globalisation is revolutionary change coming in the means of communication with which one part of the world gets easily connected with other parts. Modern means of transport have reduced the geographical distances and many exchanges started. For example mobile, internet etc.

4. Cultural globalisation. The meaning of cultural globalisation is exchange of present rules, ideas, values etc. of one part with the other. This exchange has been made possible with the help of internet, media, travelling etc. It increased interaction between the people of different cultures and exchange of cultural customs started between them.

5. Political globalisation. In political globalisation, same policies are adopted everywhere. Due to their personal problems, different countries are signing agreements with others. That’s way many international organizations came forward such as United Nations.

Globalisation has come into being because of the interdependence of different countries. Different countries are dependent upon each other for their needs. That’s why they are doing export and import of things. That’s why the concept of Globalisation has come in front of us. Its main characteristics are given below:

1. World Trade. The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example. India has lot of surplus tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way almost all the countries of the world are dependent upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this with the exchange of goods and because of business they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has been increased.

2. Economic Globalisation. Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of World economy has come into being. Different countries unite with each other because of economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialization, production, consumption etc. play an important role in this business. Economic Globalisation has encouraged Capitalism. Now people are thinking even for international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market. Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other country or international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this the business with other country increases and foreign exchange comes in country. In this way marke.t depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign made goods in our market. Even the eatable things are available in cans in market. In this way the market is expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour. Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour: Now people are doing many courses to go to foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in a foreign country. We can see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Other Countries. Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers of different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way because of globalisation people of different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy. Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of the world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way because of inter¬dependence world economy and world trade have been increased.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The process in which lower caste people start to imitate upper caste people is known as
(a) Westernization
(b) Sanskritization
(c) Secularization
(d) Modernization
Answer:
(b) Sanskritization

2. The change which comes in society or culture of any country is known as …………….
(a) social change
(b) religious change
(c) cultural change
(d) evolutionary change
Answer:
(c) cultural change

3. Which of these books was written by M.N. Srinivas?
(a) Cultural change in India
(b) Social change in Modern India
(c) Geographical change in Modern India
(d) Regional change in Modern India
Answer:
(b) Social change in Modern India

4. Who gave the concept of westernisation?
(a) Srinivas
(b) Majumdar
(c) Ghurye
(d) Mukherjee
Answer:
(a) Srinivas

5. What was the impact of westernization on our country?
(a) Weakening of caste system
(b) Increase in number of divorces
(c) Advent of nuclear families
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. What is required to be a dominant caste?
(a) More population
(b) More arable land
(c) Higher status in caste hierarchy
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. gave the concept of westernization.
Answer:
Srinivas

2. In westernization …………….. is known as a model.
Answer:
British

3. …………… and ……………. brought many changes in Indian society.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Rabindra Nath Tagore

4. First three castes had to go through ……………. samskara.
Answer:
Upanayan

5. Srinivas used the sanskritization instead of using …………………
Answer:
Brahminization

6. Srinivas studied the ……………. people.
Answer:
Coorg

True/False:

1. Srinivas was the student of Ghurye.
Answer:
True

2. Educated Indians were the carriers of westernisation.
Answer:
True

3. Westernisation brought many changes in Indian society.
Answer:
True

4. In Sanskritisation, living style of upper castes is adopted.
Answer:
True

5. To be a dominant caste, more arable land is required.
Answer:
True

6. Srinivas studied the Coorgs of south India.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
Who gave the concept of Sanskritization?
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas.

Question 2.
Who gave the concept of Westernization?
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas.

Question 3.
Give any two, helping factors of Sanskritization.
Answer:
Industrialisation and Modernization.

Question 4.
In which book did Srinivas explain Sanskritization?
Answer:
Social change in Modern India.

Question 5.
What is cultural change?
Answer:
When change comes in culture or society of any country, it is called cultural change.

Question 6.
What is meant by Westernisation?
Answer:
When, in our country, western living style, habits etc. are adopted it is known as Westernisation.

Question 7.
What is Sanskritisation?
Answer:
When people of lower castes imitate upper castes and uplift their status by imitating them, it is called sanskritisation.

Question 8.
Which country, in Westernisation, is considered a role model?
Answer:
In Westernisation, England is considered a role model.

Question 9.
Which social reformers brought many changes in Indian society?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dayanand Saraswati, Jyoti ba Phuley, Vivekananda etc.

Question 10.
What is Gurukul?
Answer:
During ancient times, children were taught in Gurukuls.

Question 11.
Which castes are known as ‘DWIJA’?
Answer:
Upper three castes-Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya.

Question 12.
Where do Coorgs live?
Answer:
Coorgs live near Mysore (Karnataka).

Question 13.
Lower castes of Mysore adopted the life style of which caste?
Answer:
Lower castes of Mysore adopted the life style of Lingayat community.

Question 14.
While analysing which village, does Srinivas use the word ‘dominant caste’?
Answer:
Rampur village situated near Mysore (Karnataka).

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by Sanskritization?
Answer:
When lower caste people start imitating upper caste people and try to adopt their living style, habits etc. to uplift their social status, this process is known as sanskritization. It only changes social status but not the caste.

Question 2.
Give any two features of Sanskritization.
Answer:

• In sanskritization, lower caste people adopt the living style of upper caste people. So, imitation is a necessary element in this process.
• The process of sanskritization is a continuous process in which change comes in social status of lower castfefe.

Question 3.
What is Westernisation?
Answer:
Srinivas says, “I have used the term westernization to characterise the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occuring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.

Question 4.
What was the impact of Westernisation on Indian society?
Answer:

• Westernisation broke the clutches of caste system and it weakened.
• Due to Westernisation, women started getting education, came out of their houses and started doing jobs.
• Marriages started breaking down and number of divorces increased.

Question 5.
What is Dominant caste?
Answer:
According to Srinivas, dominant caste is that caste in village which has lot of arable land at village level, more population and higher status in local hierarchy. Presently few more attributes are attached with it such as western education, jobs in administration etc.

Question 6.
What is upanayan samskara?
Answer: Children of first three castes had to wear a sacred thread which was known as upanayan. After completition of this samskara, they moved to gurukul to take education. It was one important Samskara of Hinduism and lower castes were not allowed in this ceremony.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Sanskritization.
Answer:
The word Sanskritization was used by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas to explain the process of social mobility in traditional Indian society. This is a process in which lower castes collectively adopt the customs, traditions and ways of life of upper caste people. Through this process, lower caste people even sacrifice their actual traditions, customs etc.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Sanskritization.
Answer:

• Universal Process. Whole of the Indian society was affected by this. It means that it was not limited only to Hindu castes but its influence was also seen among Sikhs, Jains and Muslims.
• Group Mobility. This process affects whole of the group. Every lower caste group wants to lift itself upwards in society.
• Positional Change. In Sanskritization, positional change takes place but not the structural change. It means that caste hierarchy remains as it is.
• Imitation. Imitation is a necessary element of this process because lower caste people try to follow or imitate the living style of upper castes.

Question 3.
Any two sources of Sanskritization.
Answer:

• Impact of Western Education. First of all the upper castes were affected by the western education as they were first to take this education. Later on other castes also joined this race of western education.
• Impact of Urbanization. Industrial development led to development of urbanization. Restrictions of caste system came to an end with which personal change also took place. In urban conditions, it was very easy for lower castes to hide their actual caste and to adopt the new caste.

Question 4.
Any definition of westernization.
Or
Westernization.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “I have used the term westernization to characterise the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.”

Question 5.
How has westernization affected our society?
Answer:

• Caste System has weakened due to westernization.
• Separation in marriages and number of divorces increased due to westernization.
• Females came out of four walls of house to work in offices.
• Joint families started to change into Nuclear families.

Question 6.
What are the results of westernization?
Answer:

• Change in Institutions. Many changes came in institutions of our society due to westernization. Strictness of marriage, family, caste system, religion no more pravails in modern society.
• Change in Values. Values of society are also changing due to this. Every one came to know about right of equality after getting education. Individualism and formal relations are increasing day by day.
• Change in importance of religion. The importance of religion has also been decreased due to this. In earlier times people were afraid of religion but now they use only that much of religion which is required.
• Spread of education. Education in our country is spreading day by day. Literacy rate of our country is 74% and it is increasing day by day.

Question 7.
Define Sanskritization
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “Sanskritization means not only the adoption of new customs and habits but also exposure to new ideas and values which have frequent expression in the vast body of Sanskrit literature, sacred as well as secular. Karma, dharma, pap, maya, sansar, moksha are examples of some of the most common Sanskrit theological ideas and when people become Sanskritized these words are used frequently.

Question 8.
Explain the meaning of Westernization.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.” So from this it is clear that concept of westernization includes the changes which came in institutions, ideology etc. of Indian society and which came due to political and cultural contact with western countries.

Question 9.
Give differences between Sanskritization and Westernization.
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the features of Sanskritisation?
Answer:
1. Sanskritization is a Universal Process. The process of Sanskritization was not only related with one caste or even caste system but this process exerted impact on whole of Indian society. This process existed in every part of the country and was an important process of Indian history. It is quite possible that it might have dominance in one age and not in another age but Sanskritization definitely took place. But without doubt we can say that this process is a universal process. This process exists even among tribes and sub tribes. Generally tribes live away from main stream and Hindu society and they are given even lower status than of lower castes. But tribals consider themselves superior than the Hindus. Some tribes have adopted the living style, eating habits, customs etc. of those Hindus which live nearby their areas. In this way not only middle and lower castes but tribal people are also adopting this process.

2. Positional change does happen in it but not the structural change. In Sanskritization, the people of lower castes adopt the living style of higher castes and change comes in their status. Their position changes within their own caste but it hardly changes the structure of caste system. Hierarchy of castes never changes but it remains as it is. In other words, we can say that in this process, people of lower caste can adopt the customs and living styles of their ideal caste but cannot become members of their ideal caste. It is so because caste is based on birth. One can adopt the living style of Brahmana but cannot become a Brahmana.

3. Imitation is a necessary element of Sanskritization. In the process, lower caste people observe the life of upper caste and then they try to follow that life style. In this Way imitation is a necessary element of Sanskritization. It means that lower caste people used to follow the ways of living, eating habits etc. of upper castes. This process even starts with imitation. It means lower caste people begin to imitate the customs of upper castes. Gradually, their status is uplifted in the society. In other words, change comes on caste basis and mobility is possible in caste system.

4. Sanskritization is a process of change in relative sense. In the process of Sanskritization, it has been observed that even upper caste people are imitating tribal people. This process has a local form as well. As compared to upper castes, many local differences have been found among cultures of Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and lower castes. In this way the Sanskritization of few subcastes of lower castes takes place according to local form.

5. Change in status of BrahmAnswer: This process not only brings change in status of lower castes but it also changes the status of upper castes. Brahmanas also started to change themselves according to . western culture. In ancient times, certain restrictions were there on upper castes like not to use meat and alcohol, not to use blade etc. But when they started to change themsglves according to western culture then their status also saw a number of changes.

6. Upward Mobility. In the process of Sanskritization, people of lower castes start to adopt the life style of upper castes. Gradually their social status moves upward and this is the main feature of Sanskritization. In this process, lower caste people or tribal people change themselves according to ideal caste’s ways of living. But even then, their status never reaches to the status of ideal caste. In this way this is an upward mobility.

7. Change in social status but not in caste. Social status of a person changes in this system but not the caste. It means that person can adopt the ways of living of other caste but cannot change his caste. Person has to remain in that caste, for whole of his life, in which he is born.

8. Sanskritization is a Group Mobility. The process of Sanskritization is not related with one person or a family but is related with a group of castes. Any tribe, lower caste or group tries to uplift its social status with the help of this process. Like any lower caste claims to be upper caste status and adopts the norms and values of upper caste. They even try to uplift their social status on the basis of their ideal caste.

9. Sanskritization is related with social mobility. Sanskritization is related to social mobility. Sanskritization gives birth to mobility. Mobility exists in almost all the societies i.e. in closed society like India and open society like America. As a result, sometimes person claims to achieve higher status as compared to his present status. They belong actually to other caste and write the name of other caste.

Question 2.
Explain the different sources of Sanskritization.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, there are certain sources of Sanskritization which are given below:

1. Development of means of Communication and Transport. Industrialisation started in India which led to the development of means of transport and communication. That’s why industries started to develop in different parts of the country. Development of industries led to the development of means of transport with which it became easy for people to move from one place to another. People came in contact with members of other castes and they began to travel with each other. In this way, mutual exchange started among different castes. This process led to emergence of process of assimilation. As people travelled with each other, it became very difficult to maintain caste system’s concept of purity and impurity.

In this way the process of Sanskritization was greatly affected by the development of means of transport. This process spread in whole of the country with means of transport. Now we never ask any shopkeeper as to which caste he belongs. With means of transport, people came out of their houses and began to make contacts with people of distant places. In this way these means played a very important role in spreading this process.

2. Urbanization. After 1947, industries developed very quickly in India because of which many cities Came into existence. People of different castes, religion, colour etc. live in cities and cities have more population. People living in urban area are hardly aware of the fact that who is their neighbour and to which caste he belongs. Under these circumstances, lower castes took maximum advantage. When they migrated to urban areas from rural areas then they started to claim themselves as of higher caste. They even adopted life style of upper caste people. Class system is of great importance in cities and person is respected not because of his caste but because of his social status. In this way the process of Sanskritization is very much influenced by the process of urbanisation.

3. Socio-religious Movements. Caste system was one of the important bases of Indian society. It was so strict that no one was allowed to go against the caste system. If any one was trying to do so then he was generally thrown out of the caste. Lower caste people were not allowed to uplift their social status as they were kept at lowest level of social hierarchy. Many socio-religious movements started against this system and it was opposed by many social reformers. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Jytoiba Phooley etc. started many reform movements. All these movements wanted to weaken the caste system.

They tried a lot to uplift the lower caste people and women. Mahatma Gandhi tried a lot to uplift the lower caste people and to eradicate untouchability from the society. He even gave the name of ‘Harijan’ to lower Castes. Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj greatly opposed the caste system and discrimination on the basis of caste. They also tried to remove superiority of upper castes. These social reformers tried to awaken the people. Inter-caste marriages began to take place due to these movements. In this way caste system was weakened and process of Sanskritization was encouraged.

4. Western Education. Before the arrival of the British, Indian educational system was based on religion. But when British arrived in India, they first of all tried tostart their own educational system over here. They treated every one on equal terms. They opened many schools, colleges and arranged education for all the castes. Before them, religious education was given to pupils. But they started to provide western education which was based on science and reasoning. Before Britishers, women were not allowed to take education. But Britishers opened many schools and colleges for girls. Many schools were co-educational schools where both boys and girls used to take education with each other. In this way western education removed the caste discrimination. The process of Sanskritization was encouraged by this and transformation came in ancient Indian social values.

5. Different Occupations. One of the important features of caste system was that one had to adopt the occupation of his caste. His occupation was not based on his wish but was based on his caste. He was not allowed to change his occupation. But large industries were established over here after the arrival of the British. Production came out of the houses and went over to factories. It led to emergence of capitalist system and many new occupations were emerged. Division of labour and specialisation is generally given importance in factories. Now every one likes to adopt occupation of his choice. Person can take education of his choice and can adopt occupation according to his education. A number of new occupations came into being in society. This emergence of new occupations led to weakening up of caste system’s restriction of occupation and the process of Sanskritization was encouraged.

6. New Economic System. The British government played a very important role in transforming Indian society. Before the British, person was restricted to adopt his caste’s occupation. One was allowed to adopt the occupation of that caste in which he was born. But many new industries were established with the arrival of the British. Production began to take place on a large scale. The process of production at home came to an end with which people were forced to come out of their houses to adopt another occupation.

It led to increase in importance of money. Now person wants to earn more money and he adopts that occupation which gives him more money. These days person gets social status on the basis of his wealth. In this way status of person is confined to his wealth. Wealthy person gets more status and respect in the society. An individual now gets more opportunities to earn money. A number of changes came in his living style. In this new economic system, things like untouchability are of no importance. Difference of higher or lower class remains no more in society. New economic system gave stress to the process of Sanskritization and its influence increased in society.

7. New Legal System. When the British arrived in India, they started a new legal system over here and began to treat equally all IndiAnswer: In ancient times, different types of punishments were given for same type of committed crime. This system was changed by the British. This system completely came to end after 1947. New Constitution of India was implemented which gave encouragement to process of Sanskritization. Government tried to uplift the lower castes. They were given reservations in educational institutions and government jobs.

A number of laws were made with which the caste system was greatly affected. In 1955 ‘Untouchability Offence Act’ was passed and untouchability was declared illegal. In 1954 ‘Special Marriage Act’ was passed which gave legal sanction to inter-caste marriage. This Act also tried to eradicate the system of endogamy. In 1937, ‘Arya Marriage Validation Act’ was passed which gave permission to Arya Samajis to marry with each other. Our Constitution has prohibited every one from discriminating others on the basis of caste, colour, creed, age, birth etc. Lower caste people were given a number of facilities. In this way new legal system very much influenced the process of Sanskritisation.

8. Political Effect. After independence, new democratic values were developed in the country. That’s why every citizen of country received a number of political rights. Lower caste people received many opportunities to uplift their social status. People were politically motivated to remove caste based discrimination. Many political parties were formed to gain independence and people of all the castes jointly participated in freedom struggle. People collectively went to jails and lived with each other. These circumstances led to the weakening of caste based discriminations.

Now lower caste people have more importance from political point of view. As they are more in number, that’s why their political importance has been increased. Even few seats are reserved for them in Parliament. In this way, it became very easy for lower caste people to adopt living style of upper castes and the process of Sanskritization increased a lot.

9. Modern Education. In ancient times, religion based education was given to pupils. When the British arrived in India, they gave stress on western education and that’s why many schools, colleges were opened. After independence, even our Constitution says that instead of religious education, secular education must be given. The basic principle of new education is that all humans are equal. Only education can break the clutches of caste system. With education, person can gradually change his caste. Only after getting education, person can improve his caste and status in society. In this way modern education is also a source of Sanskritization.

10. Passion for Money. These days, humans have a lot of passion for money and they have become materialistic. Now every one likes to run behind money. When person becomes wealthy then he wants to uplift his social status and living style. He first of all changes his life style and then he even changes his caste. Gradually, he comes to be known by his changed caste. In this way the process of Sanskritization is also encouraged by the increased importance of wealth.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 Dairy Farming Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 6 Dairy Farming

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Dairy Farming Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in 1 -2 words:

Question 1.
Give the number of cows and buffaloes in Punjab.
Answer:
17 lakh cows and 50 lakh buffaloes.

Question 2.
Give the name of the best cow breed.
Answer:
Sahiwal is the best Indian milk breed.

Question 3.
How much milk is required for a healthy person daily?
Answer:
250 gram.

Question 4.
How much milk is produced by Red Sindhi?
Answer:
1800 kg per lactation.

Question 5.
What is the optimum dry-off period of a pregnant cow?
Answer:
60 days before the expected date of calving.

Question 6.
Give daily green fodder requirement for 400 kg heavy cow or buffalo?
Answer:
35 kg green fodder.

Question 7.
At what age bodyweight of heifer is 300 kg?
Answer:
At the age of 18 months.

Question 8.
What is the average lactation milk yield of Murrah buffalo?
Answer:
Average 1700-1800 kg.

Question 9.
Where one should contact for dairy farming training?
Answer:
Deputy Director (Dairy Development), Krishi Vigyan Kendra of concerned District, GADVASU Ludhiana.

Question 10.
Name the buffalo breeds in Punjab.
Answer:
Murrah, Nili Ravi.

(B) Answer in 1-2 sentences:

Question 1.
Give characteristics of the Sahiwal breed.
Answer:
Characteristics of Sahiwal breed :

Question 2.
What do you know about Holstein Friesian Breed?
Answer:
Characteristics of Holstein Friesian :

Question 3.
How a best cow can be selected?
Answer:

• 305 days lactation milk yield should be 4000 kg.
• Peak yield should be 19-20 kg.
• First time calving age should be 30 months.
• Service period should be 2-4 months.
• Dry off period before calving should be 2 months.

Question 4.
Give management aspect of cow after calving.
Answer:
Animal should be offered one bucket of warm water with 50 gm of common salt after calving. Give the following twice for 4 days-cooked ground wheat dalia in 54 kg jaggery. Milk the cow within 2 hours of calving. High yielder cow should not be milked completely for the first 2-3 days after calving.

Question 5.
Give the characteristics of a good floor in animal shed.
Answer:
An animal requires 5-7 feet (150-210 cm) long and 4 feet (120 cm) wide space for standing. There should be proper slope from manger towards gutter for effective drainage of water. Floor should be pucca made of bricks and cement but it should be non- slippery. There should Jbe corrugations in the floor. If there is open space it should be brick laden.

Question 6.
What is a concentrate ?
Answer:
Concentrate is a mixture. It consists of cereals, oil seed cakes and other biproducts of cereals. It provides energy and protein to the animals. These can be prepared in two ways. One is leguminous fodder consists of berseem, lucerne, cowpeas, which contain 13-15% of protein. The other contains 16-18% protein which is prepared from non-leguminous fodder e.g. maize, oats, bajra etc.

Question 7.
How cow dung should be managed ?
Answer:
Remove the cow dung daily and take it away from the shed to put it in a pit. The pit should be of the size 20 x 14 x 4 feet. Start filling it from one side and cover the filled part with soil. This prevents wastage of nutrients from the dung. Use well rotten prepared farm yard manure for the fields.

Question 8.
How milk utensils can be cleaned ?
Answer:
Wash the utensils 2-3 times with fresh water. Disinfect the utensils using suitable chemicals. Steaming for 2-3 minutes also disinfects the utensils. Sodium and Calcium hypochloride can also be used for disinfection. Wash the utensils with fresh water again to remove any traces of chemicals left in the utentsils after disinfection.

Question 9.
Give detail of management of calves.
Answer:
Calf should be cleaned using a clean dry cloth. Naval cord should be cut after keeping 4 inches using sterlized scissor. Till the sheding off of the Naval cord, it should be dressed with tincture of Iodine or Dettol for 2-3 times everyday. Feed the calf within 2 hours of birth on colostrum. In case its mother is dead, feed the calf with warm mixture of one litre cow milk, 5 ml castor oil, 5 ml cod liver oil and one egg. Feeding of calf starter should be started when it is 15 days of age and then start feeding on succulent green fodder daily.

Question 10.
Give precautions during milking.
Answer:

• Milking should be done in a separate room.
• Milking should be done in a clean and calm place.
• Wash the teats with Dettol or potassium permanganate before milking.
• Milking should be done by full hand method and avoid the use of thumb for milking.

(C) Answer in 5-6 sentences:

Question 1.
Write a note oir management of dairy animals.
Answer:
1. Space Requirement: There is a need of 120-140 square feet space for every adult animal. Out of which 42 sQuestion feet should be covered and 85 sQuestion feet should be open.

2. Floor and Drainage: An animal requires 5-7 feet (150-210 cm) long and 4 feet (120 cm) wide space for standing. There should be proper slope from manger towards gutter for effective drainage of water. Floor should be pucca made of bricks and cement but it should be non-slippery. There should be corrugations Tn the floor. If there is open space it should be brick laden. ’

3. Walls: There should be wall all around the shed.

4. Roof: There should be roof at a height of 10 feet. It can be made from brick and wooden battons. Roof can be covered with plastic sheets to avoid leakage during rains. ‘

5. Water Manger: Water manger height should be 2 feet for adult animals and 1 feet for young calves.

6. Silo pit. It is a pit for silage making: It should be near chaff cutter at higher elevation than ground level to prevent rain water entering into it.

7. Management of Cow Dung: Cow dung should be removed from the shed on daily basis and fill it in a pit. Cover the pit with solid after filling it with cow dung.

8. Disinfecting shed: Disinfect the shed by using 4% phenyl solution. Wash the walls and floor where phenyl was sprayed after six hours with water.

9. Summer and Winter Management: Plant trees around the shed and give bath to animals for 3-4 times in a day in summer. Install fans and cooler in the shed.

Keep animals under the roof in winter and give more energetic ration during winter.

Question 2.
Give important tips for feeding of dairy animals.
Answer:

1. Feed them according to their need and only that much which is necessary.
2. Feed should be given at proper time, concentrate should be given to them before milking or during milking in equal quantity.
3. There should be no sudden change in concentrate.
4. Feed, if it is grains it should be in the form of dalia.
5. Give chopped fodder of Napier bajra, Bajra, Maize etc.
6. One kg dry fodder can replace 5-6 kg of fresh green fodder. Good quality green fodder can save concentrate.
7. Excess feeding can result in bloat and indigestion.
8. Mix some amount of chopped wheat straw in lush green legume or green fodder to avoid bloat and indigestion.
9. Feed silage after milking otherwise a bad smell will appear in the milk.

Question 3.
Write a note on management of fresh milk.
Answer:
1. Handling of fresh milk. Take out the milk from the milk parlour immediately after milking to avoid mixing of smell of the shed in the milk. Also remove the animals from the milk parlour so that it may remain clean. Strain the milk using iron or plastic sieve or muslin cloth. This is done to remove any unwanted material like hairs, dust, insects, straw or fodder particles from the milk. After every straining, wash the sieve and disinfect it with suitable substance. This will decrease bacterial load in the milk. And milk can be preserved for a long time.

2. Cold Storage. Store the milk below 5°C to prevent the growth of bacteria. If milk is not stored at such temperature, it will clot and is of no use. Milk should reach the milk collection centre with in 2-3 hours of milking.

Question 4.
Write a note on disbudding of calves.
Answer:
Disbudding gives a beautiful look to the animal. This also avoids hurting during any fight between two animals. Animals need
less space if disbudded and can be kept in loose housing system. Disbudding should be done at the age of 15-20 days and 7-10 days in case of cow calves and buffalo calves respectively. Disbudding is done with red hot iron method. Apply antiseptic cream on the wound till complete healing.

Question 5.
Give details about purchase of a dairy animal.
Answer:
Before purchasing a dairy animal it should be milked regularly for three times. It should have a wedge shaped body from top, front and hind side, its skin should be thin. Udder must shrink after milking and there should be no hard lumps present in the udder. Purchase animal after second or third lactation. It is better if it has female calf.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the age of good quality breed of buffalo for first lactation?
Answer:
36-40 months.

Question 2.
What is the gap between two lactation for a good breed buffalo?
Answer:
15-16 months.

Question 3.
What is average lactation milk yield in case of Hariana breed?
Answer:
1000 kg.

Question 4.
What is the average lactation milk yield in case of Tharparkar breed?
Answer:
1400 kg.

Question 5.
Within how many hours cow should be milked after calving?
Answer:
Within 2 hours.

Question 6.
How much extra concentrate should be given to milch animals which is less than five years of age?
Answer:
0.5 to 1.0 kg.

Question 7.
How much should-be the height of the water manger for young chives?
Answer:
1 to 1.5 feet.

Question 8.
Write native place of Nili Ravi?
Answer:
Montgomeri (Pakistan).

Question 9.
How much is the 305 days lactation milk yield?
Answer:
It is 2500 kg for buffalo and 4000 kg for cow.

Question 10.
What should be the age of buffalo at first lactation?
Answer:
36 months.

Question 11.
What should be the age of cow at first lactation?
Answer:
30 months.

Question 12.
Which breed of cow is used for cross breeding?
Answer:
Jersey.

Question 13.
After how many milkings a dairy animal should be purchased?
Answer:
After 3 regular milkings.

Question 14.
Write about size of horns and udder of Sahiwal.
Answer:
Horns are short and udder is large.

Question 15.
How much is average lactation milk yield and fat per cent for Hariana breed?
Answer:
Average lactation milk yield is 1000 kg and fat is 4%.

Question 16.
How much is average lactation milk yield and fat per cent for Sahiwal?
Answer:
1800 kg., fat 5%.

Question 17.
Where does Red Sindhi belong?
Answer:
Sindh (Pakistan)

Question 18.
Name the cow breed which belongs to Kutch (Gujarat)?
Answer:
Tharparkar.

Question 19.
Write about average lactation milk yield dhd fat for Holstein-Friesian breed.
Answer:
5500-6500 kg., fat 3.5-4%.

Question 20.
Where does Jersey breed of cow belong?
Answer:
Jersey in England.

Question 21.
Write about average lactation milk yield and fat for Jersey.
Answer:
3000-5000, fat 5%.

Question 22.
In dairy animals 8% energy requirement is met from what?
Answer:
Carbohydrates.

Question 23.
When should disbudding be done in buffalo calves?
Answer:
At the age of 7-10 days.

Question 24.
When should disbudding be done in cow calves?
Answer:
At the age of 15-20 days.

Question 25.
Vaccination is done in calves to prevent which diseases?
Answer:
Foot and mouth diseases, hemorrhagic septicemia etc.

Question 26.
How much time is required to complete milking?
Answer:
For one animal it is 6-8 minutes.

Question 27.
What should be the direction of cow shed?
Answer:
East-West.

Question 28.
How much space is required by adult animal.
Answer:
120-140 square feet.

Question 29.
What is average lactation milk yield in case of buffalo in India?
Answer:
500 kg.

Question 30.
What is average lactation milk yield in case of buffalo in Punjab?
Answer:
1500 kg.

Question 31.
What is average lactation milk yield for Murrah and fat% in milk?
Answer:
1700-1800 kg, 7% fat.

Question 32.
How much milk yield is obtained from dairy animals annually?
Answer:
94 lakh tonnes.

Question 33.
How much per capita milk is produced in Punjab?
Answer:
937 gram per capita per day.

Question 34.
How much milk is produced by indigenous breeds of cows?
Answer:
The average lactation milk yield is 1000 to 1800 kg.

Question 35.
What is fat percent in milk produced by Hariana, Sahiwal and Red Sindhi breeds?
Answer:
Hariana-4%, Sahiwal-5%, Red Sindhi-5%.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What could be done to increase milk production?
Answer:
This can be done by increasing the number of milk giving animals and by making them able to produce more milk. For producing high milk yielding animals, cross breeding is done and exotic bulls are used.

Question 2.
For economical farming, write qualities which dairy animals should have?
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write details about an exotic breed of cow (Jersey)?
Answer:

Question 2.
Write about two breeds of buffaloes found in Punjab.
Answer:

• Murrah: It basically belongs to Rohtak (Hariana). Its horns ’ are curled. Its colour is black. Switch of tail may be black. Its neck and head are slim, udder is large and teats are long. Its weight may be 430 kg. Average lactation milk yield is 1700-1800 kg with 7% fat.
• Nili Ravi: This breed belongs originally to Montgomery (Pakistan). It is of black colour but forehead is white. Its legs are white under knees, tail is white also. It is known as Panj-Kaliani. It is medium statured breed with short horns which are curled and it also has blue eyes. Average lactation milk yield is 1600-1800 kg.

Question 3.
Write characteristics of indigeneous breeds of cows.
Answer:

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Dairy Farming Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Gap between two lactations for a good breed buffalo is :
(a) 15-16 month
(b) 24-25 month
(c) 4-5 month
(d) 6-7 month
Answer:
(a) 15-16 month

2. Native place of Jersey breed is :
(a) Punjab
(b) Haryana
(c) England
(d) Sindh
Answer:
(c) England

3. First time calving age should be :
(a) 30 month
(b) 10 month
(c) 50 month
(d) 100 month
Answer:
(a) 30 month

4. Daily green fodder requirement for 400 kg heavy cow or buffalo is :
(a) 50 kg
(b) 400 kg
(c) 35 kg
(d) 100 kg
Answer:
(c) 35 kg

5. Milk requirement for a healthy person on daily basis is :
(a) 250 gram
(b) 500 gram
(c) 100 gram
(d) 700 gram
Answer:
(a) 250 gram

True/False:

1. Nearly 70% population in Punjab lives in villages.
Answer:
True

2. Dual purpose breeds are Tharparkar and Hariana.
Answer:
True

3. Indigeneous breeds of cows have average lactation milk yield varying from 1000 kg to 1700 kg.
Answer:
False

4. There are 17 lakh cbws and 10 lakh buffaloes in Punjab.
Answer:
False

5. Holstein-Friesian is highest milk giving exotic breed of cow.
Answer:
True

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Feed milk to calf and avoid …………….
Answer:
sucking

2. Milking should be complete in ……………. with full hand method.
Answer:
6-8 minutes

3. Preserve the milk at 5°C. It prevents the growth of …………….
Answer:
bacteria

4. Average lactation milk yield of Indian breeds of buffalo is ……………. at National level.
Answer:
500 kg

5. Clean the milk ……………. properly.
Answer:
containers

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Westernisation and Sanskritisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Change in the beliefs is a:
(a) Structural change
(b) Cultural change
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both

2. Which of these is a cultural process of change?
Or
Which of these is a change process of Culture?
(a) Westernisation
(b) Sanskritization
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both

3. The process by which those who occupy traditional low positions attempt to gain a higher position in the <caste hierarchy is called as:
(a) Westernisation
(b) Sanskritisatiori
(c) Modernisation
(d) Globalisation
Answer:
(b) Sanskritisation

4. Who have given the statement, “The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rules, and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels-technology, institutions, ideology, values.”
(a) Yogendra Singh
(b) M.N. Srinivas
(c) K.L. Sharma
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) M.N. Srinivas

5. The development of westernization is traced from which period:
(a) Vedic period
(b) Post Vedic period
(c) Mughal period
(d) British period
Answer:
(d) British period

Fill in the Blanks:

1. British and Indians were considered the carriers of ……………….. process.
Answer:
westernization

2. ……………….. means concern for the welfare of all irrespective of caste, religion, economic status, age, and sex.
Answer:
Reform movement

3. For the caste to be dominant, it should have ………………., ………………… and ………………
Answer:
more land, more population, higher status

4. …………………. alone are not the object of imitation.
Answer:
Brahmins

True/False:

1. The form and pace of westernisation of India remains same from region to region and from one section of population to another.
Answer:
False

2. Structural change occurs with the process of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
True

3. Sanskritisation is the process where vertical mobility takes place in which one moves in downward direction.
Answer:
False

4. For a caste to be dominant it should own a sizeable amount of the arable land locally available.
Answer:
True

Match The Columns:

Answer:

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the process called by which one gains higher position in the caste hierarchy?
Answer:
It is known as Sanskritization.

Question 2.
Name one process by which cultural change occurs.
Answer:
Westernization.

Question 3.
Which period can be considered as the indicator of initiation of westernisation?
Answer:
The British period.

Question 4.
By which process upward mobility takes place by the process of imitation?
Answer:
Sanskritization.

Question 5.
Which cultural process works outside the framework of caste?
Answer:
Brahminization.

Question 8.
From which period the origin of westernisation can be traced?
Answer:
The British period.

Question 7.
Who are considered to be the carriers of westernisation process?
Answer:
Soldiers, those people who were at higher posts, traders and owners of plantations, Christian missionaries etc.

Question 8.
Who has used the term Sanskritisation instead of Brahminisation?
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas.

Question 9.
Name any two groups among the British who helped to spread westernization.
Answer:
Educated Indians, social reformers, Christian missionaries, etc.

Question 10.
Name any one criterion to identify the dominant caste by M.N.Srinivas.
Answer:
More population, more holding of arable land etc.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by Westernisation?
Or
Westernization.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas used the word westernisation for the changes which came in Indian society during the British rule. According to him, under the impact of Western culture, ways of living, eating, wearing etc. many changes came in Indian society.

Question 2.
Does westernisation lead to social reforms?
Answer:
Yes, westernisation led to social reforms because after getting western education, many Indian social reformers started doing reforms in Indian society. Consequently many social evils were removed such as Sati system, no widow remarriage etc.

Question 3.
What is meant by Sanskritisation?
Or
Sanskritisation.
Answer:
Sanskritisation is a process in which members of lower caste collectively adopt the traditions, customs, ways of living life etc. of upper caste people. Consequently, after one or two generations, their social status automatically moves in upward direction.

Question 4.
What do you understand by humanitarianism?
Answer:
The meaning of humanitarianism is welfare of all irrespective of their caste, age, gender, religion, economic status etc. During the first half of 19th century, humanitarianism became one of the bases of many reforms brought by the British.

Question 5.
Mention various levels at which changes occurred due to westernisation.
Answer:
The process of westernisation brought many changes such as the caste based differences were reduced, people started getting education, changes came in the people’s ways of living and eating, higher status of women, changes in social institutions etc.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the various pre-requisites for the process of Sanskritisation?
Answer:

• There is positional change in the process of sanskritisation but there is no structural change. Social structure remains the same.
• Imitation is a necessary element in sanskritisation. It means whatever people observe about their ideal caste, they start doing the same thing.
• There is upward mobility in Sanskritisation because when people adopt living style of upper caste after one or two generations their position also changes in society.
• In the process of sanskritisation, social status of an individual changes but it doesn’t mean that his caste will also change. It remains the same.

Question 2.
Explain the process of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas, an Indian sociologist, gave the concept of sanskritisation. He used this word to explain the process of social mobility in traditional social structure. This is the process in which a lower caste, collectively adopts the customs, traditions, living style etc. to achieve higher status in society. With this process, lower caste persons even sacrifice their traditional customs and traditions.

Question 3.
Why is Sanskritization preferred to the term Brahminisation?
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas preferred the word Sanskritization over Brahminisation and there was a reason behind it. Actually in Brahminisation, lower caste people adopt the ways of living, customs, traditions etc. of Brahmins. But this is not the case in sanskritization. In sanskritization, lower castes adopt ways of living of the upper caste living in their area. It can be any of the three upper castes i.e. Brahmin, Kshatriya or Vaishya. In this the model caste can be any of the upper three castes. . So, Sanskritisation is an open and wide concept but Brahminisation is a small ‘ concept.

Question 4.
Give details on the carriers of westernisation process.
Answer:
Along with the British, Indians are also considered carriers of westernization. There were three British groups which helped in the expansion of this process and these were

• Sepoys and those officers who were at higher posts
• Traders and plantation owners
• Christian missionaries. Except these, there were those Indians who were directly or indirectly in contact with the British.

They were:

• Those Indians came in direct contact with the British living style. They either worked at the homes of the British or those who left Hinduism and adopted Christianity.
• Those Indians were indirectly related to the British. They were those who took western education, started doing government jobs, or started trading.

Question 5.
Sanskritisation results only in positional change in the system and does not lead to any structural change. Discuss.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that sanskritisation results only in positional change in the system but not the structural change. In this process, social status of 1 an individual changes but not the caste. It means that one can adopt the living style of his model caste but he cannot be included in that caste. One needs to live whole of his life in the caste in which he is born. Any tribal person can adopt life style of any caste but he cannot be a member of that caste.

Question 6.
Bring out differences between westernisation and sanskritisation.
Answer:

• The process of westernisation is a secular process but in sanskritisation aspect of purity and impurity is quite important.
• There is development and upward mobility in westernization but there is imitation and upward mobility in sanskritization.
• The process of westernization works out of caste based structure but the process of sanskritization works within caste based structure.
• With westernisation, change comes in the status of whole society but in sanskritisation social status of an individual changes.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write note on westernisation and its features.
Or
Discuss the features of westernisation in detail.
Or
Write a note on westernisation.
Or
What is westernisation? Discuss its features.
Answer:
Generally the meaning of westernization’Is taken by impact of western countries over India. England, France, Germany and’U.S.A. are those western countries which greatly influenced Indian society. Educated class of India tries to imitate life style of the people of these countries. Prof. M.N. Srinivas gave a detailed description of westernization. Other Sociologists also tried to explain westernization but they mainly concentrated on giving explanation of impacts of westernization on Indian society. Srinivas wrote a book ‘Social Change in Modern India’ and in this book he wrote, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.”

So from this definition it is clear that the concept of westernization includes the changes which come in institutions, ideology etc. of Indian society and which came due to political and cultural contacts with western countries. Westernization can have many ideals like England, U.S.A. or other European countries.

Features Of Westernization:

1. Continue after Independence. The process of westernization hardly came to an end even when Britishers left our country. This process continuously is going on even after independence. From Modern Indian Culture, ways of living, eating habits, new ways of mannerism, spread of western education etc. we can tell that India is westernizing even in today’s age.

2. Westernization is different from modernization. Yet the process of modernization is encouraged by westernization but these both concepts are different from each other. Wersternization is only related with all those good or bad effects over Indian society which were exerted due to British contacts but the process of Modernization includes positive impacts of western and other countries like England, Germany, France, Russia, U.S.A., Japan, China etc. over Indian society. Except this the impact of modern science and technology, information and science over Indian society is also known as modernization.

3. Impact of the British culture on Indian Society. Westernization is the impact of the British culture over Indian society. Yet India is also influenced by other western countries but the process of westernization does not include the impact of other western countries. To clarify this statement Srinivas has written that, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian Society and Culture as a result of over 150 years of the British rule.”

4. Westernization is not confined to urbanites. Impact of westernization was not confined only to urban areas during British empire. But whoever came in their contact like rural farmers, smaller officials, military men etc. became westernized. It was spread even in rural areas as well.

5. Conscious and Unconscious process. The process of westernization is a conscious as well as Unconscious process. Some of the aspects of culture, like language, technology etc. were consciously adopted by the IndiAnswer: But many westernized ideas, values, eating habits, living habits were unconsciously adopted by the IndiAnswer: Eating by sitting on the dining table, saying good morning or good night etc. are some of its examples.

6. Ethically Neutral. Many good, bad, positive, negative, organizational, disorganizational changes came in Indian society through westernization. Westernization is not related with positive and negative aspects of change. All the changes which come under this concept mean ethically westernization is a neutral concept.

Question 2.
Write a note on Dominant Caste.
Answer:
The concept of dominant caste was given by M.N. Srinivas. He used this term first time in one of his essays, “Essay on the Social System of a Mysore village”. Srinivas created this concept when he was doing study in Rampur village near Mysore city of Karnataka. According to Srinivas, dominant caste is that caste of a village which has:

• Availability of lot of arable land at local level.
• More population.
• Higher status in local hierarchy.

Except these factors, few more new factors are coming forward such as:

• Western education .
• Jobs in administratio
• Urban means of earning.

Srinivas was of the view that the dominant caste was not confined only in Rampur village. It exists in other villages of the country as well. Traditionally, those castes whose population is less, have more money, arable land, political power etc. become dominant castes; in villages. According to him, traditionally upper castes are dominant as western education and other related facilities are easily available to them. During earlier times, there was no importance of caste population but with the advent of universal adult suffrage, many castes have become dominant in their areas.

Srinivas was of the view that many new bases of dominant caste are coming forward but the traditional basis still prevails and castes with more population have not yet become dominant castes. But the given bases of dominant caste are more than enough.

Question 3.
What do you understand by cultural change? Explain two cultural processes of change.
Answer:
Society strives its continuity and existence according to the environmental and conditions of its surrounding people have been descending down from generation to generation with the addition of new ideas and objects. The dynamic process of society enhances culture with refreshment and for every generation a new culture than for the previous. A stagnant society is dead but there is none today how so primitive it may be. Technological developments and social changes in the form of evolution and progress at any rate exist there as the adjustment factors change them according to the environmental conditions. Hence the societies and cultures are undergoing changes which are known as cultural change.

According to Horton and Hunt, “Change in the culture of society is called cultural change.” According to Kingsley Davis, “Cultural change embarrasses occurring in any branch of culture including art, science, technology, philosophy etc. as well as changes in the forms and rules of social organization. It is the modification or discontinuance of existing tried and tested procedures transmitted to us from the culture of the past, as well as the introduction of new procedures.

Two cultural processes:

• Westernization. See Question No. 1.
• Sanskritization. See’Question No. 5.

Question 4.
What do you understand by westernization? Explain its impact on Indian society.
Or
Highlight the impacts of Westernisation.
Answer:
Meaning of Westernization. See Question No. 1.
Impact of Westernization on Indian Society. Westernization has greatly affected our Indian society. None of the corners of our country remained away from the impact of this process. So the impact of westernization over Indian society is given below:

1. Impact on Family. Traditionally joint families exist in our country in which three to four generations live with each other. But westernization encouraged individualism and materialism in our country. It reduced community feeling and sense of sacrifice among the members of the family. Educated youth became conscious about their rights. They started to disobey their elders. Females became conscious to maintain their identity. Joint families started to disintegrate very quickly due to this consciousness among females and youngs. Nuclear families started to replace joint families. In this way structural and functional impacts of westernization were exerted upon family system. Relations, rights and duties of members of the family were also changed.

2. Impact on Marriage. Indian marriage system also came under the influence of westernization. Before the British, many traditional customs prevailed in Indian society like marriage within the caste, restriction on widow remarriage, child marriage, Hypergamy etc. Marriage was considered as a religious sacrament. Rules of Spinda, Gotra and Sparvara were obeyed by the people in marriage and there was no place of thing named divorce. But many changes came in the institution of marriage due to western culture, ideas, views etc. Child marriages were legally stopped, late marriages were started, widow remarriages were started, love marriages and court marriages were started, divorces were increased and polygamy was stopped. Monogamy became ide’al type of marriage. Marriage became a contract due to westernization.

3. Impact on Caste System. Caste system was one of the important bases of Indian society but it. has also been changed due to westernization. The British established large scale industries in India and developed means of transport and communication. With this they made Indians familiar with facilities like post, telegraph, newspapers, press, roads, planes, railways etc. Large scale industries were established and people of different castes started-to work with each other in these industries. They started to use means of transport to move from one place to another. This thing reduced the sense of superiority and inferiority. People of one caste started to adopt occupations of other castes. Money system was started for providing services and people started to take services of other castes. Restrictions of caste system were reduced when they started to work with each other. Impact of caste organisations was reduced. Westernization spread the values of equality and brotherhood. It reduced the discrimination on the basis of caste.

4. Impact on Untouchability. Untouchability was an indispensible part of Indian caste system. But caste discriminations were reduced due to spread of western values of equality, liberty and fraternity. Untouchability was reduced due to a number of reasons like permission to take admission in educational institutions, same educational system for every one, same job for similar capable persons etc. Britishers encouraged industrialization and urbanization. People of different castes started to use all the public places. So untouchability was reduced due to westernization.

5. Impact on Religious Life. Many religious beliefs, superstitions prevailed in Indian society before the advent of the British. But many religious and reform movements were started in India due to the impact of western education and Christian missionaries. That’s why many religious evils and superstitions came to an end. Many people changed their religion and became Christians.” Elements of equalitarianism and humanism were encouraged in Hindu religion. So many evils came to an end due to western impact. With this religious beliefs and impact were also decreased. Fundamentalism of Hindu religion was declined and Indianization of Christianity took place.

6. Change in Status of Women. The status of women was very low when Britishers came to India. Their status was very pitiable due to sati system, purdah system, child marriage, restriction on widow remarriage etc. The British declared sati system illegal and gave permission to widow remarriage. Purdah system also declined due to spread of western education. Westernized women started to wear pent-shirts. Lakhs of women became conscious about their rights and they started to work in offices by leaving their traditional work of taking care of the house.

7. Impact in the Field of Education. We can clearly see the impact of westernization on traditional educational system of India. Gurukul system of education prevailed in Indian society before the advent of the British. But they started western system of education over here. People with knowledge of English language were given preferences in governmental jobs and administrative system. All castes and classes were equally treated. Lord Macaulay started education in English medium over here in 1835. This education brought drastic changes in views, ideas and living style of IndiAnswer: Western education also developed the sense of equality and national unity. Modern education of agriculture, science, medicine, engineering, law etc. is the legacy of the British.

8. Impact on Social Norms and Values. Folk ways, mores, traditions, customs, rules, laws, ways of behaviour, beliefs, values, arts, literature etc. are cultural heritage of Indian society. But many changes came in these cultural elements when Indians came in direct contact with the British and when the British rule established over here. These cultural elements came under the impact of westernization. After that many customs of Indian society were given legal form and many customs were restricted and started. For example sati system was restricted and widow remarriages were started. Even people started to print invitation cards for many occasions of life instead of calling their relatives personally. For example invitation cards of marriages, birth of child, birthdays, anniversaries, etc.

9. Impact on Life Style of the People. Indian life style is very much influenced by westernization. We can see even people of all the castes speaking English in metropolitan cities. In earlier times males used to wear ‘Dhoti Kurta’. But now they wear coat, pants, shirt, tie, jeans etc. Western fashion has completely changed life style of India. Now women wear jeans, pants, sarees, skirts, suits etc. Educated people often follow western culture in every sphere of life. Females are using make up kits to look beautiful. Now things of pleasure like TV, Car, Scooter, DVD, Camera, Mobile etc. are just like necessities of life. People are following everything of western culture in their lives.

10. Impact on Languages. In 1835, Lord Macaulay started English as a medium of education. After this people started to use English language. Yet English language is not a sanctioned language by the Indian Constitution but it has been adopted as a link language. In modern times, most of the schools, colleges, universities, medical colleges, Engineering colleges, management colleges and other professional colleges are using English language as a medium of instruction. Modern democracy, Parliamentary system, modern bureaucracy and the fundamental rights given to citizens are the legacy of English language.

11. Introduction of New Technology. The British used new technology in India. When developed technology was used in India then many changes came in Indian economy and living style of the people. They developed railways, made new roads, developed and encouraged press, made utensils of steel. Many revolutionary changes came in Indian society due to buses, railways, ships, post and telegraph, printing press. People started to eat their food by sitting on dinning tables instead of sitting on the floor and they started to use utensils of steel.

12. Industrialization. When the British established their rule over India, they started to export Indian raw material to England. They started to make things in England and sell those things in India. Things made by machines of high technology were less expensive and of good quality. But Indian made goods were more expensive and were not of good quality because they were made with hands. That’s why Indian industries suffered a gi;eat setback. The British started Zamindari system and their rules of business with which Indian economy weakened to a great extent. Things in these industries were made by machines. Things were made more than the local needs which resulted in the development of International business. But the Indian wealth started to flow towards Britain.

13. Development of New Administrative System. Modern Bureaucracy was introduced in India during British rule. Thousands of new posts were created. Indian Civil Services were started in which higher officials ye re started to be selected through competitive exams. Large structure of bureaucracy wqs introduced.

14. Development of Economic Institutions. Many economic institutions were developed in India during the British rule. Banks were established. Division of labour and specialization were developed. Capitalism was started in India. Problems of agricultural labour and industrial labour were increased. Strikes, lock outs of factories were started. Indian economy was turned towards a new direction with the advent of these economic institutions,

Question 5.
Write a note on Sanskritisation.
Or
What is Sanskritisation?
Or
Write a note on Sanskritisation?
Answer:
Famous Indian Sociologist M.N. Srinivas wrote a book called ‘Social Change in Modern India’ in which he elaborately explained the processes of social change. First of all he explained the process of Sanskritisation in which he said that, through this process, lower castes try to lift themselves up in the social hierarchy. In this book, he also wrote about changes which are coming among lower castes. Actually Srinivas used the word Sanskritisation to explain the process of mobility in traditional Indian social structure. He was of the view that only because of Sanskritisation, mobility started in caste system. According to him mobility was always possible in caste system and especially amo±.g lower and middle castes. Caste system was not so rigid to permanently fix the social status of a person. It could have been changed.

Meaning of Sanskritisation. First of all the word Sanskritisation was used by M.N. Srinivas in his book ‘Society Among the Coorgs’. He wrote this book after studying Coorgs of Mysore. He wrote that lower caste people have started to adopt the life style of upper castes to uplift their social status. Initially Srinivas used the word ‘Brahmanization’ for this process but later on he used the word Sanskritization. Srinivas was of the view that lower caste people have begun using life style of upper castes, with which social status of their children automatically goes upward after one or two generations. It means that when lower caste people start to adopt living style of higher castes then this process is known as the process of Sanskritization. Their status automatically goes upward with this process. In this process, first of all they used to leave their own customs, traditions, values and then they began to adopt the customs, values etc. of higher castes.

Definitions:

1. According to M.N. Srinivas, “Sanskritization is the process by which a low Hindu caste or tribaj or other group changes its customs, ideology and way of life in the direction of a higher and twice born caste.”

2. At another place Srinivas wrote, “Sanskritization means not only the adoption of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas and values which have frequent express in the nest body of Sanskrit literature sacred as well as secular, Karma, dharma, pap, maya, sansar, moksha are examples of some of the most common Sanskrit theological ideas and when a person becomes Sanskritized, these words are used frequently.”

3. According to Dr. Yogendra Singh, “Sanskritization is the process of cultural and social mobility during these periods of relative closure of the Hindu social system. It is an endogamous source of social change. From a psychological point Sanskritization is the culture of higher group. The specific sense of Sanskritization is a unique historical expression of the general process of acculturation as a means of vertical mobility of groups.”

In this way Srinivas was of the view that it is right that people of lower caste adopted the living styles of upper castes but it doesn’t mean that it has changed the caste hierarchy. Yet they started to adopt life style of upper castes and even kept the subnames of higher castes but they could not become the upper castes. Srinivas was of the view that Sanskritization was not confined only among lower Hindu castes but it also took place among the tribes. Bhils, Gonds, Oraons tribes have also tried to adopt this process.

In this way the process of Sanskritization remains in caste system and through this process, people of lower castes try to adopt and imitate the life style, habits, ways of living of higher castes. After one or two generations they become mixed among the people of upper castes. So through this process, people of lower castes try to uplift their social status.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Sanskritisation? Explain its impact.
Or
Give Sanskritisation’s impact on Society.
Or
Explain impact of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
The process of Sanskritization has greatly affected the caste system of the Indian society. This process has reduced the impact of caste system and lower castes tried to uplift their social status with this process. Sanskritization has greatly affected lower castes because of which many changes came in their status and this description is given below:

1. The process of Sanskritisation has increased mobility among lower castes. Census report of 1921 says that many people of North India put sacred thread and started to call themselves Kshatriyas.

2. This process improved the status of lower castes. People of lower castes adopted the traditions, rituals, ideals and life style of higher castes and started to call themselves as members of higher castes. When they were able to achieve wanted place in local caste hierarchy then their position changes automatically.

3. This process has brought changes in occupation status of lower castes. They started to leave those occupations which were considered as impure and started to adopt pure occupations. Yet they were not allowed to adopt pure occupations but due to increasing consciousness towards purity they started to adopt occupations of upper castes.

4. The process of Sanskritization also brought many changes in their culture – folk ways, traditions, customs, beliefs, values, behaviour and mannerism. They started to imitate life style of upper castes with which their life style also changed.

5. Sanskritization has also affected religious life of lower castes. They started to adopt religious rituals of upper castes. Even they started to do yajans, puja etc. They left the impure occupations and adopted pure occupations. They started to celebrate even Hindu festivals as well.

6. Their economic status was also affected by this. They entered the industrial sector and government jobs with which their income was improved. They started to get technical and occupational education and started to achieve higher posts. Their income increased with modern occupations with which their economic status was improved.

7. Social life of lower castes also changed with this. Members of lower castes started to get education to improve their status. They got jobs in industries, offices, administration etc. They started to interact with people of upper castes which resulted in reduction of caste differences.

8. Their ways of living also changed with improvement of economic status, education, use of means of transport, jobs etc. They started to make concrete houses. Even they started to use means of leisure like furniture, chairs, table, TV, Fridge, Fans, Kitchen Gas, A.C. etc.