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PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

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Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology  Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each

Question 1.
Who considers Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters?
Answer:
Kroeber considered Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters.

Question 2.
Name a few issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.
Answer:
Capitalism, industrialization, labour relations, globalisation etc. are a few of the issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.

Question 3.
What are the two areas of the study of Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is Sociology ?
Answer:
Science of society is known as Sociology. In Sociology, groups, institutions, associations, organisationed and human mutual relations are studied and this is done in a scientific way. In simple words, Sociology is the scientific study of society.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Political Science ?
Answer:
Political Science is the science of State and Government. It mainly studies such social groups who attain power in the state. Major aspects of its study are power, political systems, political processes, types and functions of government, inter¬state relations, constitution etc.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Physical Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which mainly deals with origin and development of man, their description and the changes coming in their physical features. It studies the physical features of early man and tries to understand ancient and modern cultures.

Question 4.
What is Cultural Anthropology ?
Answer:
Cultural Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which deals with the origin and development of culture and gradually the changes come in it. This branch of Anthropology also studies how different institutions of human society come into being.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Question 5.
What is Economics ?
Answer:
Economics is related with the economic activites of different individuals in a society. It tells us about our prevailing resoures and the methods to save our depleting resources. It is also related with production, consumption, distribution and exchange.

Question 6.
What is History ?
Answer:
History is the study of past events. It deals with dates, events and conflicts prevailing over the time. It is mainly related with past events and their impact on society. History is also known as microscope of past, horoscope of present and telescope of future.

Answer the following long answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Bring out two ‘differences between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer:
(i) Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
(ii) Sociology studies organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
(iii) The subject matter of sociology is quite large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
(iv) Sociology is a general science and Political Science is a special science.

Question 2.
What is the relationship between Sociology and History ? Mention two points.
Answer:
History is the study of the past human society. It explains human society in a sequence starting from early man till today. Only after studying history, we may come to know how did social institutions, relations, customs etc. originate. Sociology is the study of present society. In Sociology, social relations, traditions, customs, institutions, cultures etc. are studied.

So, Sociology studies present social institutions, relations etc. If we observe the relations between the-both, we can say that History studies every aspect of past society, but Sociology studies the same aspects of present society. Both the sciences need each other’s help in their study which they cannot do in each other’s absence. .

Question 3.
Discuss in brief the relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Anthropology takes the help of Sociology to understand its culture and social actions. Anthropologists have made many hypotheses on the base of knowledge of modern society and on this base it has studied the ancient Societies in quite a better way. Culture is a part of every society. We cannot imagine any society without culture. To get knowledge about cuture, Anthropology depends upon Sociology. Except this it also studies the social and cultural elements which produce collective stability and produce division in society.

Question 4.
How is Sociology associated with Economics ? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
We have to take help of social facts to solve any economic problem. For example, to know the solution of the problem of unemployment, economics can tell only economic reasons but social aspect gives its views to solve it that .the main reason of the problem of unemployment is the degradation of social values. That’s why economic activities are the result of social interactions. Economics takes help of Sociology to understand these social interactions.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Many famous economists have studied the social sector after studying the economic sector. Whenever Sociology has to study the reason of break up of social relations or society from individual point of view then it has. to take help of economics. ‘The economics gives many reasons like increasing importance of Money. Except this economic factor is related with many of the social problems. To remove these problems from the Society it has to take help from economics.

Question 5.
Discuss the relationship between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Psychology gives its help to Sociologists to solve many problems of modern and complex society. Psychology studies the ancient primitive societies and helps Sociology to understand modern society. In this way Sociology is dependent upon the data and knowledge collected by Psychology. In this way Psychology gives a lot to Sociology.

Psychology needs the help of subject matter of Sociology to study individual behaviour. No person can live out of society. Even Aristotle has said that man is a social animal. To understand the mental actions of a person Psychologist needs to study his social conditions. In this way to know about individual behaviour it needs help of Sociology.

Question 6.
How Sociology and Political Science are interrelated ? Explain in brief.
Answer:
Whenever political scientists make a law, they always keep social conditions in mind. It is so because if the government makes a law without the social approval, people take the course of movement which becomes a hinderance in the way of social progress. That’s why Political Scientists always depend upon the Sociologists.

No society can develop without control. Political institutions keep control over society. The help of political institutions was required to remove many evils from our society, such as Poloygamy, Sati-system, no-widow remarriage. In this way to bring social change Sociologists are required to take the help from the Political Scientists.

Question 7.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies economic system, political system, etc. in its own way. It means that it studies social strucutre, social organization and disorganization. But Social Anthropology studies every aspect of a society such as political, economic system, social structure, religion, art etc. and it studies any ’society completely as a whole.

(ii) Anthropology keeps itself to the study of problem only but Sociology moves forward in the future and tries to give the solution of that problem.

(iii) Sociology is related with social relationship but Anthropology is related with the completness of the society. In this way they both are different in their subject matter.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Question 8.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.

(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big. But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited. .

(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

Question 9.
Differentiate between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:

  1. Psychology studies the minds of humans and Sociology is related the group.
  2. Point of view of Psychology is individual but point of view of Sociology is Social.
  3. Psychology uses Experimental method but Sociology uses Historical and comparative methonds.
  4. Sociology studies human behaviour from social point of view but Psychology studies human behaviour from psychological point of view.
  5. Scope of Sociology is quite large but scope of Psychology is quite limited.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Sociology and History in brief.
Answer:

  1. Sociology is an abstract science because it studies the social processes and relations which are abstract but History is a concrete science. It studies the social phenomenon which occurs due to social processes and relations.
  2. They both are using different methods. Sociology uses comparative method but History uses descriptive method.
  3. Units of both the Sciences are different. Sociology’s unit of analysis is a human group but History gives emphasis on the study of human events.

Answer the following long answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
How is Sociology different from other social sciences ? Discuss any two in detail.
Answer:
We can divide sciences into two parts :
1. Natural Sciences
2. Social Sciences.

1. Natural sciences are those sciences which are related with biological and natural phenomena; for example, Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Botany etc.

2. Social sciences are those sciences which are related with phenomena, processes, methods of human society; like, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, History, Anthropology. All these sciences scientifically study human behaviour. Sociology and other social sciences are related with the study of human society yet their point of view of study is different. These all are different from each other as well as they are inter-related. They all study society. They all are dependent upon each other as well as interrelated.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Our life is very complex. Human life is related with many directions. When Sociology wants to study any society then it needs the help of Economics and Political Science. For example, Economics tells us about production, distribution, consumption, etc. History tells us about old things. Sociology has been able to study widely with their help. That’s why it is known as mother of all social sciences.

Except this different sociologists have different views about the subject of Sociology. Some are of the view that Sociology is an independent science but some are of the view that Sociology is synthesis of other social sciences. Herbert Spencer was of the view that Sociology cannot be completely separated from other social sciences because it uses subject matters of all the social sciences.

Maclver has also written in his book ‘Society’ that we cannot study all the social sciences by completely separating from each other. According to him, “Sociology is about social relationships, the network of relationships we call society.” According to these scholars, Sociology doesn’t have its own independent identity. In fact it is the synthesis of other sciences.

Some sociologists accept it as an independent science. Sociologists like Giddings and Ward are of the opinion that Sociology is dependent upon sociological laws to understand its subject matter. But when it studies whole society then it needs to study the subject matter of other social sciences.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

According to Barnes, “Sociology is regarded neither as the mistress nor as the handmaid of the social sciences but as their sister.”In this way we can see that any other social science does not study institutions, processes, relations but are studied only by Sociology. In this way Sociology studies whole of the social life. It has its own subject matter. Other social sciences do not study those aspects which it does.

From this description we come to conclusion that if Sociology takes help of other social sciences then it doesn’t mean that it just takes help and does not give help. In short, we can say that to find the solution of any problem, it is not possible for any social science to find it alone. If the problem is related with economic factor then economist cannot find its solution alone but it has to take help of other social sciences. That’s why all the social sciences are inter-related but their subject matter is different from each other.

Question 1.
Difference between Sociology and Economics :
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.

(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big, But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited.

(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

Question 2.
Difference between Sociology and Political Science :
Answer:

  • Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
  • Sociology stuthes organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
  • The subject matter of sociology is quite Large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
  • Sociology is a eneral sciencŒ and Political Science is a special science.

Question 2.
Write a detailed note on the relationship between Sociology and History.
Answer:
History and Sociology both study the human society. History prepares a description of main events from ancient times till today’s human society and describes it as a story in a proper sequence. Sociology and History both study human society. Actually Sociology is originated from History. In Sociology a historical method is used which has been taken from History.

History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.

History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.

On contrary to this Sociology studies present human society. It studies social relationships, their forms, customs, traditions, institutions etc. With this Sociology also studies human culture and different forms of culture. In this way Sociology studies different relationships and institutions of present society.

From this description it is clear that History studies every aspect of past society and Sociology does that same work in present sqciety. Contribution of History to Sociology. Sociology uses the material given by History. Human society is the web of social relationships which are coming from ancient times. We have to go to the past to study and understand them. Origin of life, ways, every thing is the part of past. For their study Sociology takes help of History because we can get knowledge of social facts only from History. That’s why to understand present we need the help of History.

In Sociology comparative method is used to compare different institutions. For this we need historical material.In the study of ‘social fact’ Durkheim used information given by history. Actually the help of history is required by those sociologists who use comparative method in their study.

Different social institutions are influencing each other. Because of these effects changes come in them. To see these changes we need to see the effect of other institutions. Historical material helps us to understand this. In short to understand social conditions, sociologist is completely dependent upon history. That’s why a new branch of Sociology-Historical Sociology has been developed.

Contribution of Sociology to History. History also uses the material given by Sociology. Modern history has included some of the sociological concepts in its subject matter. That’s why a new branch of ‘Social History’ has been developed. Social History is not the study of any king but is the study of evolution of any institution and the changes which came in this. In this way History borrows that thing from Sociology now which earlier it was borrowing from Philosophy.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Difference between Sociology and History. It is right that they both are inter-related but they both are different from each other. Their main

differences are given below :
1. Difference in outlook. Both these subjects study same subject matter from different point of views. History explains the war but Sociology studies those processes which were behind the war. Sociologist explains those phenomenon from social point of view. In this way History gives stress on past societies and Sociology gives stress on present. ‘

2. Difference in subject matter. Subject matter of Sociology is very wide as compared to Histoy’s subject matter. History studies some of the special events but Sociology studies general phenomenon or laws. History only tells us that why anything happened but Sociology is interested in the inter-relations of different phenomena and then tries to tell the reason of that phenomenon.

3. Difference in methods. Comparative method is used in Sociology but History uses descriptive method. History explains any phenomenon and studies the different stages of its development for which descriptive method is oppropriate. On contrary to this after studying any phenomenon in different times and countries, Sociology establishes the laws of change of that phenomenon. In this way we can say that there is a lot of difference in the methods of History and Sociology.

4. Difference in Units. The unit of analysis of Sociology is human society and group but History stresses on the study of functions and events of humans.

Question 3.
Why is sociological understanding necessary for political scientists ?
Answer:
Sociology and Political Science both are deeply related with each other. Both are interrelated with each other. According to Plato and Aristotle, both state and society are one and the same thing. Later on their meanings were differentiated and then Political Science was confined only with the functions of state.

At the same time after 1850 Sociology had made its own subject matter and it was also differentiated from Political Science. Political Science studies the origin and development of state, organization of state, administrative system of government and functions related with institution. It studies the groups and institutions related with political life of a person.

Political Science studies the political life of a person and the related institutions. It also studies the origin and development of state, characteristics, organization of state, government and its administrative system and the institutions related to the state. In this way Political Science studies only political relations.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

On the other side Sociology studies social relations, different forms of relations, groups, customs, norms, structures, institutions and their inter-relations, mores, traditions, etc. Political Science studies the politics which means state and government and on the other side Sociology studies the main agencies of social control i.e. political institutions. These both sciences study the entire society. Sociology looks at the state as political institution and Political Science looks it in the form of law and organization of state.

Contribution of Sociology to Political Science. Political Science considers a person as a political person but it never tells us that how and when he becomes political. For this Political Science takes help of Sociology. If Political Science takes help of the rules of Sqciology then it can make studies related to a person very easy and correct. When Political Science is making its policies then it has to keep in mind the social values and social ideals. While making laws, political science has to keep in mind the social conditions of society.

Our social customs, traditions, values, culture etc. are made to control the members of society and to run the society in an organized way. But when these are accepted by government then they become laws. For example, we can see that different countries have different customs. Status of women was very low in India.

People tried to change this custom. When some leaders tried to uplift the status of women with some movements then many laws were made to uplift the status of women. It was so because social sanctions were there behind these movements. Actually we cannot overlook the social traditions and customs while making laws for society.

Sometimes public movements come into being due to laws made by government. When government tries to overlook the customs made by society then the society moves toward the situation of social disorganization which can create obstacles in the way of social progress. Political Science depends upon Sociology to know about social conditions or customs. We can solve many problems of society with the help of laws.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

So from the given description it is clear that Political Science needs a lot of help of Sociology to study its subject matter. It helps in social progress, development and maintenance of organization. But it doesn’t mean that only Sociology gives help to Political Science. In fact Political Science also gives help to Sociology.

Question 4.
How does Psychology influence Sociology ?
Answer:
Sociology and Psychology both are deeply inter-related. They both study behaviour of man. According to Cretch and Cretchfield, “Social Psychology is the science of behaviour of the man in the society.” In short, Sociology studies the social relations and Psychology studies mental relationships. Now we will see literal meaning of Social Psychology.

Social Psychology studies individual behaviour. It means that whatever effect of society is exerted on mental part, Psychology studies it. To understand individual behaviour it is not necessary to see its social circumstances but it is necessary to see Neuro Glandular system. Mind, Reflection, Learning, Love, Hatred, Emotions and these are mental processes which are actually studied by Social Psychology. Sociology studies, scientifically, these social processes.

These both sciences are very inter-related. According to Maclver, “Sociology in special gives aid to Psychology just as Psychology gives special aid to Sociology.” According to Allport, “Social Psychology is the study of the behaviour of the individuals in their reactions with other individuals and the behaviour through which individuals stimulate one another in such situations.”

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

According to Kimbal Young, “We might say that while our major emphasis is on the individual in interaction with others, such interactions can only be understood within the social life and cultural matrix in which they occur.” From this given description we can say that the base of scientific study of social phenomenon is Psychology and we can observe it directly. So in this way they both are inter-related and that’s why a new branch of Psychology called ‘Social Psychology’ came into being.

Contribution of Psychology to Sociology. In Sociology we study social relationships. To understand social relationships, we need to understand human behaviour because the mental and physical needs of a man affect his relationships with other humans. Psychology studies these mental processes, thoughts, ideas of mind minutely. To understand behaviour of man and society, Sociology needs the help of Psychology.

For this branch of Psychology, Social Psychology is very helpful which studies experiences, behaviour and personality, of humans, in the social context. Sociologists are also of the view that psychological bases are very important to understand the changes of society. Ip this way we can say that to understand the society we need to understand behaviour of man which is the work of Psychology.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

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Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB MS Excel Part-II Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1 …………….. contains everything inside the chart window.
(a) Data markers
(b) Axis
(c) Chart area
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Chart area

2. …………….. feature allows you to set up certain rules.
(a) Data validation
(b) Pivot Table
(c) Char
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Data validation

3. …………….. in Excel allows you to try out different scenarios.
(a) Data validation
(b) Pivot Table
(c) Chart
(d) What if analysis.
Answer:
What if analysis

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Question 4.
We can …………….. the worksheet window into separate panes.
(a) Hide
(b) Split
(c) Arrange
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Split

Questions 5.
By using …………….. you can keep rows or columns visible while scrolling.
(a) Hide
(b) Split
(c) Freeze Panes
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Freeze Panes

Question 6.
…………….. is a set of commands grouped together that you can run.
(a) Goal seek
(b) Macro
(c) What if analysis
(d) None of these.
Answer:
Macro

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Chart in MS Excel?
Answer:
Charts are used to display series of numeric data in a graphical format to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the relationship between different series of data. To create a chart in Excel, you start by entering the numeric data for the chart on a worksheet. Then you can plot that data into a chart by selecting the chart type that you want to use on the Insert tab, in the Charts group.

Question 2.
Write down types of Charts in MS Excel.
Answer:
The list of charts in MS Excel

  • Column charts
  • Line charts
  • Pie charts
  • Bar charts
  • Area charts
  • XY (scatter) charts
  • Stock charts
  • Surface charts
  • Doughnut charts
  • Bubble charts
  • Radar charts

Question 3.
What is a Pivot Table?
Answer:
Pivot tables are one of Excel’s most powerful features. A pivot table allows you to extract the significance from a large, detailed data set. An Excel pivot table can summarize the data in the above spreadsheet, to show the number entries or the sums of the values in any data column. For example, the pivot table on the right shows the total sum of all sales, for each of the four salespeople, for the first quarter of 2016.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Question 4.
What is Data Tools?
Answer:
In Microsoft Excel Data Tools are simply tools that make it easy to manipulate data. Some of them are used to save your time by extracting or joining data and others perform complex calculations on data.

Question 5.
Define What-if analysis?
Answer:
What-if analysis is the process of changing the values in cells to see how those changes will affect the outcome of formulas on the worksheet.
Three kinds of what-if analysis tools come with Excel: scenarios, data tables, and Goal Seek. Scenarios and data tables take sets of input values and determine possible results. A data table works only with one or two variables, but it can accept many- different values for those variables. A scenario can have multiple variables, but it can accommodate only up to 32 values. Goal Seek works differently from scenarios and data tables in that it takes a result and determines possible input values that produce that result.

Question 6.
What is Goal Seek?
Answer:
The goal seeks function, part of Excel’s what-if analysis toolset, allows the user to use the desired result of a formula to find the possible input value necessary to achieve that result. Other commands in the what-if analysis toolset are the scenario manager and the ability to create data tables. This guide will focus on the goal seek command.

Question 7.
What is Macro?
Answer:
It allows you to perform multiple operations just by clicking a simple button or changing a cell value or opening a workbook etc. It enables you to work in a smart and efficient way. In terms of productivity, it is very productive as it reduces lots of manual work and gets things done very fast.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Chart? Write down the steps to create a chart in MS Excel.
Answer:
A simple chart in Excel can say more than a sheet full of numbers.
The followings are the steps to create charts in MS Excel

  • Click the Insert tab.
  • Click the chart type from the Charts section of the ribbon. The sub-type menu displays.
  • Click the desired chart sub-type. The chart appears on the worksheet.
  • If you want to create a second chart, click somewhere in the worksheet to “deselect” the current chart first, or the new chart will replace the current chart.

Question 2.
Write down the Elements of a Chart.
Answer:
Basic Elements of Excel Charts
The above chart is the basic charts in Excel, We can customize the charts by dealing with different Chart Element Objects and their properties. In this session we will focus on different elements of charts objects: Here is an examples Column Chart for the same data shown above :
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Img 1

And here I have marked the basic chart elements in Excel each element with different clor for understanding purpose. Most of the time we generally deal with Chart Area, Plot Area, Chart Title, Legends, X-Axis, Y-Axis, Data Labels Data Series, and Gridlines. Here is the pictorial representation of Chart Elements or Chart Objects in Excel:
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Img 2

Now will see each element of the Excel Chart in detail :

Chart Area
Chart area in Excel Charts is the largest element (portion) of the Chart. We can format the Chart Area and change its border and background colors to make the charts look more cleaner. Legends, Chart Titles, and Plot Areas are the three major child elements of Chart Area. Generally, we do not change the background color of the charts to make them look more professional. Charts look more cleaner with white or default background color. However, we can change the background color to suit the other parts of the excel sheets to make them consistent.

Basic Elements of Excel Charts – Plot Area
Plot Area is the second-largest element (portion) in Excel Charts. It covers the actual chart data area. We can access the Plot Area and Format it to suit our needs. It is the same as Chart Area, if your project needs different background color then we change it. Otherwise default background color (white) looks more cleaner.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Question 3.
What is Convert Text to Columns? Write down the steps to convert Text to columns.
Answer:
Sometimes we need to separate the contents of one Excel cell into separate columns. For this, you can use the ‘Convert Text to Columns Wizard’.

  1. Open the worksheet that contains the text you would like to convert to columns.
  2. Select the cells that you would like to convert.
  3. On the Data tab, click Text to Columns in the Data Tools group.
  4. Choose the format of your current data. Select Delimited if the text contains a character such as a comma, tab, space, or semi-colon to separate the various fields. Otherwise, select Fixed Width if there are a certain number of spaces between each field.
  5. A preview of the data in columns appears below, according to the delimiter selected. Click Next.
  6. You now need to choose the format for each of the columns. Select the column heading in the Data preview and then select a data type from the column data format options.
  7. A preview of your selected data appears below. Click Next.
  8. Select the type of character that separates the various fields. You can select as many as are applicable. If you would like to include your own characters that aren’t listed, select the Other checkbox and enter the specific character in the field provided.
  9. Once you have selected the data type for each column, click Finish.
  10. Your text will now appear in several columns, depending on the number of delimiters in the original list.

Question 4.
What is Data Validation? How to create a Data Validation Rule?
Answer:
Data validation allows you to control exactly what a user can enter into a cell. In our example, we can use data validation to ensure that the user chooses one of the three possible shipping options. To make things even easier, we can insert a drop-down list of the possible options. This kind of data validation allows you to build a powerful, fool-proof spreadsheet. Since users won’t have to type in data manually, the spreadsheet will be faster to use, and there’s a much lower chance that someone can introduce an error.

Data validation in Excel
Since we already have a list of shipping options in the Shipping worksheet, we’re going to tell Excel to use the data in that list to control which values a user can select. But before we do this, we actually need to name the cell range first. Naming cell ranges is one way to keep track of important cell ranges in your spreadsheet.
To create a data validation drop-down list:
Select the cell where you want the drop-down list to appear. In our example, that’s cell E6 on the Invoice worksheet.

  1. On the Data tab, click the Data Validation command.
  2. A dialog box will appear. In the Allow: field, select List.
  3. In the Source: field, type the equals sign (=) and the name of your range, and then click OK. In our example, we’ll type =ShipRange.
  4. A drop-down arrow will appear next to the selected cell. Click the arrow to select the desired option. In our example, we’ll select Standard. Alternatively, you can type the shipping option, but Excel will only accept it if it is spelled correctly.
  5. The selected value will appear in the cell. Now that we’re searching for the exact name of a shipping option, our VLOOKUP function is working correctly again.

Question 5.
What is Protection? Write down the steps to protect a Worksheet.
Answer:
To prevent a user from accidentally or deliberately changing, moving, or deleting important data from a worksheet or workbook, you can protect Certain worksheet or workbook elements, with or without a password. You can remove the protection from a worksheet as needed.
Protect worksheet elements

1. Select the worksheet that you want to protect.
2. To unlock any cells or ranges that you want other users to be able to change, do the following:

  • Select each cell or range that you want to unlock.
  • On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then click Format Cells.
  • On the Protection tab, clear the Locked check box, and then click OK.

3. To hide any formulas that you do not want to be visible, do the following:

  • In the worksheet, select the cells that contain the formulas that you want to hide.
  • On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Format, and then click Format Cells.
  • On the Protection tab, select the Hidden check box, and then click OK.

4. To unlock any graphic objects (such as pictures, clip art, shapes, or Smart Art graphics) that you want users to be able to change, do the following:

  • Hold down CTRL and then click each graphic object that you want to unlock. This displays the Picture Tools or Drawing Tools, adding the Format tab.

5. On the Review tab, in the Changes group, click Protect Sheet.
6. In the Allow all users of this worksheet to list, select the elements that you want users to be able to change.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Question 6.
What is Split Worksheet? Write down the steps to split a worksheet.
Answer:
Split your worksheet to view multiple distant parts of your worksheet at once. To split your worksheet (window) into upper and lower parts (pane), execute the following steps.

  1. Click the split box above the vertical scroll bar.
  2. Drag it down to split your window.
  3. Notice the two vertical scroll bars. For example, use the lower vertical scroll bar to move to row 49. As you can see, the first 6 rows remain visible.
  4. To remove the split, double click the horizontal split bar that divides the panes (or drag it up),

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide MS Excel Part-II Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks

1. …………….. means to stabilize an object.
(a) Hide
(b) View
(c) Freeze
(d) Pivot
Answer:
(c) Freeze

2. …………….. is a sequence of commands.
(a) Pivot
(b) Macro
(c) Tree
(d) Record.
Answer:
(b) Macro

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do I put the password to protect my entire Spreadsheet so data cannot be changed?
Answer:
Perform the followings steps :
1. Click Tools 2. Scroll down to Protection, then Protect Sheet 3. Enter a password, Click OK 4. Re-enter password, Click OK

Question 2.
What is the shortcut to put the filter on data in Microsoft Excel 2013?
Answer:
Ctrl+Shift+L is the shortcut key to s it the filter in data.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Question 3.
What are Freeze Panes and how do I do it?
Answer:
The followings are the steps to perform:
1. Row – Select the row below where you want the split to appear 2. Column – Select the column to the right of where you want the split to appear 3. Go to the Menu Bar 4. Click Windows and then click Freeze Panes.

Question 4.
How do I combine different chart types into my Excel spreadsheet?
Answer:
To combine chart types, follow these steps: 1. If the Chart toolbar isn’t already displayed, right-click any Toolbar and select Chart. 2. On the chart, click the series you want to change. 3. On the Chart toolbar, click the arrow next to the Chart Type button and then select the new chart type for the series (in our example, a line chart).

Question 5.
What is the Ribbon?
Answer:
The ribbon is an area that runs along the top of the application that contains menu items and toolbars available in Excel. The ribbon has various tabs that contain groups of commands for use in the application. The ribbon can be minimized or maximized by pressing CNTRL FI.

Question 6.
What is a Macro in Excel and how would you create an Excel Macro?
Answer:
Excel Macros as sets of instructions that a user records for repetition purposes. Users create macros for repetitive instructions and functions they perform on a regular, basis. To record an Excel macro, you need to select record macro from the developer’s tab and then record the instructions used in the worksheet. Macros can be triggered via a keyboard shortcut.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Question 7.
What is Chart in MS-Excel? Why is it important to you an appropriate chart?
Answer:
The chart is a medium to present the data in graphical visualization, and it is the most important insight of the data. To present the data with perfect visualization and appropriate information, we should always pre-decide on the information to be presented.

As appropriate charts lead to the right decision, it’s necessary to use relevant charts. Refer to the below process chart for appropriate charts :
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II Img 3

Question 8.
What is a Dashboard and what are the important things we should keep in mind while creating a dashboard?
Answer:
The dashboard is a technique used to present important information through graphical representation. It is helpful in presenting huge data on a single computer screen so it can be monitored with a glance. There are few things that should be taken care of while preparing the dashboards:

  1. Minimum distraction
  2. Simple, easy to communicate
  3. Important data
  4. Few Colors
  5. Relevant graphs
  6. The dashboard should be on a single computer screen.

Question 9.
How can you format a cell? What are the options?
Answer:
We can format a cell by using the “Format Cells” option and there are 6 options :

  1. Number
  2. Alignment
  3. Font
  4. Border
  5. Fill
  6. Protection

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is it possible to make Pivot Table using multiple sources of data? How?
Answer:
Yes, this is possible by using the data modeling technique.
Start with collecting data from various sources :

  • Import from a relational database, like Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or Microsoft Access. You can import multiple tables at the same time.
  • Import multiple tables from other data sources including text files, data feeds, Excel worksheet data, and more. You can add these tables to the Data Model in Excel, create relationships between them, and then use the Data Model to create your Pivot Table.

Question 2.
How to use Data Modeling for creating Pivot Table?
Answer:
After creating relationships between tables, make use of the data for analysis.

  • Click any cell on the worksheet
  • Click Insert > Pivot Table
  • In the Create PivotTable dialog box, under Choose the data that you want to analyze, click Use an external data source
  • Click Choose Connection.
  • On the Tables tab, in This Workbook Data Model, select Tables in Workbook Data Model.
  • Click Open, and then click OK to show a Field List containing all the tables in the Data Model.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 2 MS Excel Part-II

Question 3.
What is the IF function in Microsoft Excel?
Answer:
‘If function’ is one of the logical functions in Excel. We use this function to check the logical condition and specify the value whether it’s true or false. ‘If function’ has three arguments but only the first argument is mandatory and the other two are optional.

Question 4.
How can we merge multiple cells’ text strings in a cell?
Answer:
We can merge multiple cells text strings by using the Concatenate function and “&” function.
Example: We have three names: First Name, Middle name, Last name in 3 columns. To merge the names and make it a full name, follow the steps below :
Concatenate Function

  • Enter the formula in cell D2
  • =CONCATENATE(A2,” “,B2,” “,C2)

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

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Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB Drug Addiction-A Curse Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which intoxication eliminates the power of thinking and digestion of a person?
Answer:
Alcohol is an intoxicant that eliminates the power of thinking and digestion of a person. Alcohol affects the brain first of all. Nervous system gets affected and the brain weakens. The thinking power or faculty declines. With the effect of this intoxicant, respiration increases, and one suffers from diseases pertaining to respiratory system.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Question 2.
Which poisonous element is found in a cigarette?
Answer:
‘Nicotine’ is a poisonous element that is found in a cigarette. This is an alkaloid from tabacco plant. Nicotine has its adverse effect on the head which begins to feel giddy, and then the heart is badly affected. The possibility of suffering from cancer increases with the excessive use of tobacco, particularly the cancer of lungs and throat.

Question 3.
Write down the effects of Alcohol on our health.
Answer:
Effects of Alcohol on our Health:
Alcohol is a liquid intoxicant. It is legally binding to write on each bottle of alcohol-“Drinking is injurious to health.” Even then more and more people are becoming addict to alcohol, and seem to ignore the statutory warning totally. Thus, more and more such people are becoming prey to many diseases. Their lungs get defected. The liver is damaged. Age declines. Alcohol, in fact, adversely affects all parts of the body. At first man fakes alcohol, then alcohol begins to take (consume) him. Alcohol has several bad effects, some of which are listed below:

  • Alcohol affects the brain first of all. Nervous system gets affected and the brain weakens. The thinking power or faculty declines.
  • The kidneys in the body weaken.
  • Alcohol becomes a hindrance in the production of digestive juices, as a result of which digestion becomes poor.
  • Respiration increases, and one suffers from diseases pertaining to respiratory system.
  • Blood vessels expand under the influence of regular drinking. Brain has to exert more, and one may suffer a heart attack any moment.
  • Regular drinking decreases the work capacity of muscles, The body gets weak to face the attack of disease germs.
  • The studies have revealed that a drunkard works less than a normal person. A drunkard also suffers from various diseases sooner than a normal individual.
  • Drinking is a social evil as it ruins home, health and wealth.

Question 4.
What are the intoxicants that cause cancer?
Answer:
Cancer causes with the consuming of cigarettes, bidis, jarda, Kheni etc. These are made from tobacco.

Effects of Smoking on Health:
In our country smoking and consuming tobacco has become a habit and fashion. There are several ways to consume tobacco such as smoking cigarettes, bidis, cigars, hubble-bubble, etc. Tobacco is also eaten in many forms such as eating “paan”, tobacco mixed with lime, “jarda”, etc. There is a dangerous toxic substance; called nicotine in tobacco. There are other toxins like ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. Nicotine has its adverse effect on the head which begins to feel giddy, and then the heart is badly affected.
The harms of tobacco on health are as under:

  • Eating or taking tobacco weakens eyesight.
  • It increases heart beat. One suffers from heart diseases which often prove fatal.
  • Studies have revealed that tobacco consuming contracts blood vessels.
  • Tobacco benumbs the body tissues. One does not have good sleep and ultimately suffers from sleeplessness.
  • Stomach begins to remain upset with tobacco consumption.
  • Tobacco also causes cough, and the consumer of tobacco is prone to lung diseases like T.B.
  • The possibility of suffering from cancer increases with the excessive use of tobacco, particularly the cancer of lungs and throat.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Question 5.
What is the identity of the drug user in Society?
Answer:
Ever since time immemorial man has been using intoxicants. He was of the opinion that their use was helpful in removing some diseases and in making one feel fresh. But later on the harmful effects of intoxicants came to light. In today’s world, many types of intoxicants have come into use and are easily available. The sports world, in particular, feels concerned and worried. There is no doubt that man can work overtime by consuming some intoxicants, but in the long ran overwork results in his fast decay and death. Among these intoxicants some are worse than leprosy. Such intoxicants as alcohol, tobacco, opium, hashish, bhang, etc. are very harmful to one’s health.

The problem of drag addiction affects the drag user as well as his family and society. Drug user does not take interest in any kind of work. As a result he himself becomes a responsibility of the society and family. Nobody wants his friendship and respects him. It becomes more difficult for him to purchase costly drags daily. As a result he commits crimes to pay for his drags. Thus he loses his character and the relationship with
society becomes unhealthy.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide Drug Addiction-A Curse Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name four intoxicants:
(A) Alcohol
(B) Tobacco
(C) Bhang and Opium
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Question 2.
Name any two systems which are being affected by intoxicants?
(A) Digestive and circulatory system
(B) Mentle system
(C) Bone system
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Digestive and circulatory system
(B) Mentle system

Question 3.
Write any harms of intoxicants on sports person.
(A) Carelessness
(B) Irresponsibility
(C) Headache
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Carelessness
(B) Irresponsibility

Question 4.
Write measures to get rid of drag addiction.
(A) Motivation
(B) Conference
(C) Psychological method
(D) All above
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 5.
Effects of smoking on health:
(A) The possibility of suffering from cancer.
(B) Tobacco is prone to lung diseases like T.B.
(C) Stomach begins to get weaker.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 6.
Effects of alcohol on our health.
(A) Alcohol affects the brain.
(B) The kidneys in the body get weaker.
(C) Digestive system become poor.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name any two systems which are being affected by intoxicants.
Answer:
Digestive system and circulatory system.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Question 2.
Write any two harms of intoxicants.
Answer:

  • Face becomes pale.
  • Disturbance of mental concentration.

Question 3.
Write any two harms of intoxicants on sportsperson.
Answer:

  • Carelessness and irresponsibility.
  • End of Sportsmanship

Question 4.
Alcohol affects brain. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 5.
Chewing tobacoo causes weak eyesight. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 6.
Smoking causes cancer or not.
Answer:
Causes cancer.

Question 7.
Use of Tobacco does not cause cough and the consumption of tobacco is not prone to T.B. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 8.
Under the influence of intoxicants player become careless. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Prepare a list of some commonly used intoxicants.
Answer:

  • Alcohol
  • Bhang
  • Caffeine
  • Opium
  • Hashish
  • Ademwin
  • Tobacco
  • Snuff
  • Kheni
  • Cigarette
  • Bidi
  • Jarda.

Question 2.
What is the harmful effect of narcotics?
Answer:
Narcotic drugs weaken the human body and affects the mind also. The behaviour of the person seems out of control. This affects his personal and social life.

Question 3.
Write any two measures to get rid of drug addiction.
Answer:
1. Motivation: The parents, school teachers and elders of the family play an important role to motivate the children to avoid narcotics.

2. Psychological Method: If it seems difficult, then the person should be prepared to give up drugs with the counselling of a psychologist.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 8 Drug Addiction-A Curse

Question 4.
Why is it important to get rid from Drug addiction?
Answer:
Drugs have become a great problem in the society nowadays. Drugs affect the user’s body by weakening the digestive system, immune system, circulatory system, respiratory system, metabolism, nervous system, etc. The persistent use of drugs may cause many severe diseases such as hypertension, numbness, diabetes, jaundice, cancer, etc. The risk of heart related diseases also increases, hands start shaking, the person suffers mental imbalance as well.

Use of narcotic drugs affects the behaviour of the person very badly. He loses control over his senses and quarrels with people without any genuine reason. The drug addict remains irritated all the time as the narcotics severely affects all the systems of his body. People of the society avoid him which further adds to his irritation. So it is very important to get rid of drug addiction.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

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Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB National Song and Anthem Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the national anthem Jana-Gana-Mana.
Answer:
Jana-Gana-Mana adhinayak jaya hai
Bharat-Bhagya Vidhata
Punjab-Sindh, Gujrath Maratha
Dravid Utkala Vanga
Vindhaya Himachal Yamuna, Ganga
Uchchala Jaladhi Taranga
Tav shubh naame jage
Tav shubh aashish maghe
Gahe tava jaya gaatha
Jan-Gan-Mangal-dayak-Jaya hai
Bharata Bhagya Vidhata
Jaya hey, jaya hey, jaya hey
Jaya jaya jaya jaya hey.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Question 2.
Write the national song Vande Mataram.
Answer:
Vande Mataram
Sujalam Suphalam Malayaj-Sheetalam
Sasya Shyamalam Mataram
Vande Mataram
Shubhrajyotsna Pulkita Yaminim
Phula Kusumit Drumadala Shobhinim
Suhasini Sumadhura Bhashinim
Sukhdam Vardam Mataram
Vande Mataram
Koti-koti kantha kalakala ninada Karale
Koti-Koti bhujair dhrita-Khara Kuravalc
Abala kena mueta bale.
Bahubaladharinim, namami tarinim,
Ripudalavarinim Mataram!
Tumi Vidya, tumi dharma,
Tumi hridi, tumi marma,
Tvam hi pranah sharire,
Bahute tumi ma shakti,
Hridaye tumi ma bhakti,
Tomarayipratima gari mandire mandire!
Tyam hi Durga dashap raharana dharini,
Kamala, kamaladalvaiharini,
Vani, Vidyadayini namami tvam,
Namami, Kamalam, amalam, atulam,
Sujalam, Suphalam, Mataram,
Vande Mataram!

Question 3.
What is the significance of the Anthem Jana-Gana-Mana?
Answer:
O Lord! you are the master of the minds of innumerable people and the architect of the destiny of India. Further, illustrating the picture of the dear land it has been said that the people of our provinces Punjab, Sindh, Gujrat, Maharasfitra, Orissa and Bengal our mountains Vindhayachal and the Himalayas and our holy rivers, Ganga, Yamuna and the rising waves of the vast ocean, recite your (God’s) name. We pray to receive your blessings and sing the glory of your countless qualities.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Question 4.
What is the meaning of Vande Mataram?
Answer:
O! Mother Bharat, we salute you.Your water is very pure. You are laden with beautiful flowers. The breezy winds of the south fascinate our minds. Hey! Motherland, we salute you time and again.

Dear Mother! your nights are brightened by the white blooming lights of the moon. And we derive pleasure out of it. The whole of you are laden with flowers and the green and fresh trees lend grace to you. Your smiles and your words bless us with it.

Question 5.
Fill up the blanks:
(a) Jana-Gana-Mana has been composed by- Rabindranath Tagore.
(b) Vande Matram has been written by- Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Question 6.
On what occasions can the tune of the National Anthem be played?
Answer:

  • On 15th August at the time of unfurling the National Flag.
  • On 26th January, the Republic Day celebrations at the time of unfurling the National Flag.
  • At the time of salutation to the President and the Governor.
  • At the time of giving prizes to the winning Indian players at International Sports Matches.
  • At some vast national congregation, at the time of giving honour to the presiding officer.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide National Song and Anthem Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
On what occasion can the tune of the National Anthem be played?
(A) On 15th August
(B) On 26th January
(C) At the time of salutation to the President and the Governor.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(A) On 15th August
(B) On 26th January

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Question 2.
The name of our two National Songs.
(A) Jana-Gana-Mana and Vande Mataram
(B) Jana-ManS-Gana
(C) Vande Mataram
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Jana-Gana-Mana and Vande Mataram

Question 3.
Who wrote the Jana-Gana-Mana?
(A) Rabindranath Tagore
(B) Bankim Chandra
(C) Gandhi Ji
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Rabindranath Tagore

Question 4.
When was our National song firstly sung?
(A) On 27th December 1911
(B) 1920
(C) 1925, December
(D) None of them.
(A) On 27th December 1911
Answer:
(A) On 27th December 1911

Question 5.
When Vande Mataram was sung in congress’s function firstly?
(A) 1896
(B) 1900
(C) 1920
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) 1896

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Question 6.
When we sing National Anthem or its tune, what things should be kept in mind?
(A) Standing straight
(B) While singing do not move
(C) Do not talk with each other
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Very Short Answers Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of our two national songs.
Answer:
Jana-Gana-Mana and Vande Mataram.

Question 2.
Who wrote Jana-Gana-Mana?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 3.
Who wrote our national song Vande Mataram?
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chatarjee.

Question 4.
When and in which book Vande Mataram is printed?
Answer:
In 1882, Anandamath.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Question 5.
Who gave the music to Vande Mataram?
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 6.
When was our National song firstly sung?
Answer:
On 27 December, 1911.

Question 7.
When was Jana-Gana-Mana sung as a national anthem?
Answer:
On 26 January, 1950.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Vande Matram.
Answer:
This song was written in the book ‘Anandamath’ in 1882 by Bankim Chandra Chaterjee. In 1886 the Indian National Congress recited it for the first time on a political occasion. Its music was composed by Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 2.
Write a note on Jana-Gana-Mana.
Answer:
The anthem was recited on 27th December, 1911 at a political, meeting of the Congress. On 24th January, 1950, the Constitution approved the Jana-Gana-Mana as the National Anthem.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 7 National Song and Anthem

Question 3.
When we sing Vande Matram, what things should be kept in mind?
Answer:

  • Standing straight.
  • While singing do not talk with each other.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

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Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Book Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Welcome Life Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Welcome Life Guide for Class 9 PSEB Self Awareness and Self Discipline InText Questions and Answers

Textbook Page No. 1

Dear students! Have you ever thought?

Question 1.
Why can’t a fish fly?
Answer:
To fly, wings are required and fish don’t have the wings. That’s why a fish cannot fly.

Question 2.
Why can all the creatures not climb up a tree?
Answer:
Climbing trees requires a special ability in the body that is not found in all creatures. That’s why only those creatures can climb a tree that has this kind of ability.

Question 3.
Why has Sachin Tendulkar been popular for being a cricketer and not as a painter?
Answer:
Because Sachin Tendulkar did not have the qualities of becoming a painter but had the quality of playing cricket. That’s why, instead of becoming a painter, he become a cricketer.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Question 4.
Why did Lata Mangeshkar grow up to be a singer and not a writer?
Answer:
Because she did not have the quality of becoming a writer but had the quality of becoming a singer.

Answer them

1. I am ……………..
Answer:
Ramesh Kumar

2. My family members feel ……………… because of me.
Answer:
Happy

3. I am very happy when I ……………….
Answer:
When I get maximum marks and stand first in the class.

4. I always worry about …………………
Answer:
I am getting fewer marks in exams.

5. How do you deal with the people you don’t like?
Answer:
I try to talk very less with them.

6. Are all the people always happy with you? Why?
Answer:
Although I try to keep everyone happy and that’s why I always try to fulfill their expectations.

 Textbook Page No. 2

Activity

Question 1.
You have to answer the questions asked about you on the following rating scale. Each question has three possible answers. You chose the most suitable answer for you.
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Img 1
After answering the above questions. you have to analyze yourself. The components, you have answered with ‘Always’ are your strengths. You have to keep them up. Try to improve the aspects with the answers ‘Sometimes’. The traits for which your answer is ‘Never’ are definitely your weaknesses and you have to overcome them.

Answer:

S.No. Questions Always Sometimes Never
1. I am Optimistic. ✓
2. I adapt myself to changing situations easily. ✓
3. I am a self-confident person. ✓
4. I can easily do whatever I want to do. ✓
5. I easily leave my impression on others. ✓
6. I always perform my work with full devotion and dedication. ✓
7. I happily accept my weaknesses. ✓
8. I always help others in their work. ✓
9. I am always ready to learn something new. ✓
10. I always try my level best to remove my mistakes and weaknesses. ✓

Textbook Page No. 2 and 3

Now answer these questions with what you feel in the following situations :

Question 1.
If someone criticizes me.
Answer:
I give thought to it and try to correct my mistake.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Question 2.
When I see the progress of other students in my class.
Answer:
I feel happy that they are doing progress.

Question 3.
When I cannot make changes in things and situations according to my wish.
Answer:
I try to find the reason why I cannot change things.

Question 4.
I have set my goal for life and to achieve that goal.
Answer:
I will do more hard work to achieve the goal.

Question 5.
When I do something wrong.
Answer:
I try to do it again to make it correct.

Textbook Page No. 5

Dear students ! as you know we are a part of our society, just like the beads in a rosary. If a single bead is not good, it will change the grace of the rosary. Every person performs his duty towards society in his best possible responsible way. The development of this sense of responsibility starts at an early age. Childhood and adolescence are the foundation periods of life for the development of this trait of human personality. We know that we can perform our duty towards others well only if we know our responsibility towards ourselves. It is possible only if every aspect of our personality is developed well. So before learning our sense of responsibility towards others, we must take care of the development of various aspects of our personality like physical, emotional, and social development.

Question 1.
What do you know about the proper development of physical, emotional, and social development?
Answer:
Physical Development: When our physical and mental development is done properly according to age, it is called physical development.
Emotional Development: It means there exist every type of emotion within ourselves such as love, sympathy, sense of cooperation, etc.
Social Development: It means that an individual must contribute fully to the development of society. As man is a social animal, that’s why he must have this type of feeling.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Textbook Page No.5

Activity

Responsibility Towards Yourself

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Img 2
Answer:

I will do proper exercise to keep myself fit and healthy. I will develop every type of feeling within myself for my emotional development. I will live and cooperate with others and develop the feeling of cooperation.

Responsibility Towards Family

The person comes in contact with his family first. Family is such a social institution, where the person is born. He/She shares all his/her joys and sorrows with his/her family members. So he/she has certain liabilities and responsibilities towards the family members. Let us see

Question 1.
What is your responsibility towards your family?
Answer:
I will keep my family happy by fulfilling my duties and responsibilities. With this, I will become a better citizen of the country.

 Textbook Page No. 6

Responsibility Towards School

Question 1.
What is your responsibility towards your school?
Answer:
Maintain discipline in school, not damage school’s property, cooperate with my friends and teachers, etc.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Question 2.
How will you fulfill your responsibility towards your school?
Answer:
I will remain with my friends, will follow rules made by the school, will not damage the school’s property, will obey the orders given by teachers, etc.

Responsibility Towards Society And Nation

Question 1.
What is your responsibility towards your society and nation? How will you perform it?
Answer:
My responsibility is to be a good citizen of the nation. For this, I will perform all the duties honestly and will not do anything against the laws of the land.

Answer the following questions in Yes or No :

1. If any of my family members is unwell. I always take care of him/her. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

2. I help my mother with household works. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

3. In school, I always keep in discipline even if the teacher is not in the classroom. I contribute to school beautification also. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

4. Keeping in mind the convenience of the neighbors, I always listen to the music at a lower volume. (Yes/No)
Answer:
Yes

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Guide Self Awareness and Self Discipline Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Right from the ages, ……………….. is running to find his identity.
(a) Man
(b) Lion
(c) Elephant
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Man.

2. Man is a ………….. animal.
(a) Political
(b) Social
(c) Economic
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Social

3. The subconscious mind is more hidden than the visible part of the …………….
(a) individual
(b) personality
(c) brain
(d) mind
Answer:
(b) personality

4. The main motive of ……………. is to identify oneself.
(a) self-consciousness
(b) society
(c) personality
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) self-consciousness

5. Every individual Is always having a …………………..
(a) quality
(b) shortcoming
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b).

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

6. A person’s true identity is formed when he does not let his ……………… overwhelm him.
(a) quality
(b) shortcoming
(C) brain
(d) personality.
Answer:
(b) shortcoming.

7. ……………………. is very much necessary for us.
(a) Discipline
(b) Quality
(c) Shortcoming
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Discipline.

8. We must know the value of ………………
(a) society
(b) time
(c) brain
(d) discipline.
Answer:
(b) time.

9. There is a need to make a ………………. for the proper usage of time.
(a) plan
(b) personality
(c) house
(d) office
Answer:
(a) plan

10. How can we make the planning of time?
(a) By making a plan
(b) Dividing work on a priority basis
(c) By making tune table
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the Blanks:

1. We must make a time ………………
Answer:
table

2. We must know the importance of ……………
Answer:
time

3. ……………….. is a must in life.
Answer:
Discipline

4. First of all, an individual comes in contact with
Answer:
family

5. Family is an …………….. which always stands with us.
Answer:
institution

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (x) Statement:

1. We must know the importance of time.
Answer:
✓

2. Disciplined person gets success in life.
Answer:
✓

3. There is no importance of the feeling of responsibility.
Answer:
x

4. Man is not a social animal.
Answer:
x

5. Every individual has some qualities and shortcomings.
Answer:
✓

Match the Following:

(A) (b)
Self Consciousness Institution
Quality Internal
Importance of time Part of personality
Responsibility Making time table
Family Remain in discipline

Answer:

(A) (b)
Self Consciousness Internal
Quality Part of personality
Importance of time Making time table
Responsibility Remain in discipline
Family Institution

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who is looking for his identity from the ages?
Answer:
Man is looking for his identity from the ages.

Question 2.
What is the actual motive of Self Consciousness?
Answer:
The actual motive of self-consciousness is to identify oneself.

Question 3.
What is important before you can properly coordinate with others?
Answer:
There is definitely a need to understand oneself.

Question 4.
Every person is born with few things within himself. Name anyone.
Answer:
Every person is born with natural qualities.

Question 5.
Do a person’s qualities come out automatically?
Answer:
No, there is a need to find qualities hidden within an individual.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Question 6.
How can we express ourselves?
Answer:
By finding our strength and improving it, we can express ourselves.

Question 7.
When a person’s true identity is formed?
Answer:
When we do not let our shortcomings overwhelm us and by doing cooperate with others.

Question 8.
What is required to create a person’s true identity?
Answer:
He needs to remain in Self-discipline to create his true identity.

Question 9.
Is nature work within the discipline?
Answer:
Yes, nature has a fixed time to do any work.

Question 10.
Tell one method of time management?
Answer:
We must make a timetable and work according to it.

Question 11.
How could we waste our precious time?
Answer:
When we don’t focus on work, we waste our precious time.

Question 12.
When does a sense of responsibility begin to develop?
Answer:
Right from childhood, a sense of responsibility begins to develop.

Question 13.
When can we fulfill our responsibility properly?
Answer:
When all the aspects of our personality are developed, we can say that we can fulfill our responsibility properly.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

Question 14.
Who does the person first come in contact with?
Answer:
First of all, he comes in contact with his family.

Question 15.
Who stands with us in our bad times?
Answer:
Family stands with us in our bad times.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the chief purpose of having Self-awareness?
Answer:
Man is a social animal and he is running for ages to find his true existence. For his proper adjustment in society, he needs to properly understand himself. There are many hidden qualities in himself. A large part of his personality is hidden within him. That’s why the chief objective of having self-awareness is actually knowing this hidden part of his.

Question 2.
When a person’s true identity is formed?
Answer:
Every individual is having many qualities but with these qualities, there are few shortcomings as well. A person’s true identity in society is formed when he does not allow his shortcomings to overwhelm him. At the same time, he must not be jealous of others but always ready to cooperate with them. So, all this can happen if he keeps himself in the discipline.

Question 3.
Why is punctuality important?
Answer:
Time and punctuality are very important in a person’s life. Every work is done on time and every work should be done on time. It is said that if a task is not done on time then the task is in vain. Sometimes if work is not done on time, then both work and time become useless. Just as nature does everything on time, so we should do everything on time.

Question 4.
Showtime management through a picture.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Solutions Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline Img 3

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
Explain the sense of responsibility.
Answer:
We all live in society and while living in society, we have many responsibilities towards society. It is expected of everyone to fulfill his responsibilities. Right from childhood, the sense of responsibility starts to develop. From childhood, we begin to develop the qualities we have and also the quality of responsibilities begins to improve. We can fulfill our responsibilities to others if our personality is fully developed. If our personality is well developed then we can fix the responsibilities as well. We also have many duties and responsibilities towards ourselves and we have to fulfill those duties so that we can develop physically, socially, and emotionally. If we develop properly, we will definitely be able to take responsibility.

Source-Based Question:

Question 1.
Read the source and answer the questions that follow :
From the very beginning of civilization, man is struggling to find his identity. He has been wandering here and there for centuries in search of his true existence. As we all know, man is a social animal. For his proper adjustment in society, he needs to have proper coordination with others in order to understand others properly, it is necessary to know ourselves first, when we say that we know someone, actually it is not all true. What we see, is only a small part of one’s personality and most of the person is hidden in his/her unconsciousness. The person, sometimes even himself does not know his hidden self. The chief purpose of having self-awareness is actually knowing about this hidden part of us.

1. Why is a man wandering for centuries?
Answer:
For centuries, man is wandering here and there to find his true existence.

2. What type of animal is a man?
Answer:
Man is a social animal.

3. What is the objective of Self-awareness?
Answer:
The objective of Self-awareness is to actually know about oneself.

4. What is self-consciousness?
Answer:
Self-consciousness is a feeling in an individual to examine everything and to check whether the thing is right or wrong.

5. What is the subconscious mind?
Answer:
Much is hidden in the mind of a person about which he is hardly aware. That part of the mind is known as the subconscious mind.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Science Guide for Class 7 PSEB Physical and Chemical Changes Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 59)

Question 1.
Mention whether the cutting of paper is a reversible or irreversible change.
Answer:
Cutting a paper is not a reversible change because the pieces cannot be reconnected to form the original piece. So this is an irreversible change

Question 2.
Is the cutting of paper a physical or a chemical change?
Answer:
Cutting of paper into pieces changes its shape, but no new material is formed. Therefore, it is a physical change.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 59)

Question 1.
Can you recover chalk from dust?
Answer:
Yes we can get chalk from chalk powder by making a paste of chalk powder. Then giving it a shape of chalk and allowing it to become dry.

Question 2.
Does chalk powder dissolve in water?
Answer:
No, chalk powder is insoluble in water.

Question 3.
What is the nature of above change. Is it physical or chemical?
Answer:
Chalk powder can be made into chalk, meaning you can get the basic substance (chalk powder) from it which has same properties as before but has changed in shape and size. It can be beaten to make chalk powder again. So this is a physical change only.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 60)

Question 1.
Ice melts into water with ……………….. in temperature.
Answer:
Ice melts into water with increase in temperature.

Question 2.
Water changes to ice with …………………. in temperature.
Answer:
Water changes to ice with decrease in temperature.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 61)

Question 1.
What is Evaporation ?
Answer:
Evaporation. This is the process by which a liquid is heated to a certain temperature and get converted into its gaseous form.

Question 2.
Define Condensation.
Answer:
Condensation. This is the process by which the vapours are cooled and converted into a liquid. This process is the opposite of evaporation process.
In the same way if the water vapours are cooled, then they are converted into water (liquid form).

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question 3.
Water changes into gaseous form with ………………… in temperature.
Answer:
Water changes into gaseous form with increase in temperature.

Question 4.
Water changes from gaseous state to liquid state with ………………. of temperature.
Answer:
Water changes from gaseous state to liquid state with decrease of temperature.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 61)

Question 1.
Which colour do you notice on heating the free end of hacksaw blade ?
Answer:
When heated, the free of the blade becomes red and when it is removed from the fire it is cooled and returns to its original colour.

Question 2.
Is the physical change reversible or irreversible ?
Answer:
Physical change is a reversible change because no new substances having new properties are seen to be formed in the process and on reversing the circumstances it returns to its original state.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 62)

Question 1.
Define a physical change.
Answer:
Physical change. It is a temporary change in which the physical properties of an object change such as change in colour, size, length, etc.

Question 2.
Is a new substance formed during a physical change ?
Answer:
During physical change no new substance with new properties is formed.

Question 3.
Explain any two examples of physical change from your surroundings.
Answer:
Examples of physical change:

  1. Melting of wax,
  2. Melting of ice,
  3. Freezing of water into ice,
  4. Dissolving sugar in water.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 64)

Question 1.
What type of metal oxide is formed on burning of magnesium ribbon ?
Answer:
Magnesium combines with oxygen of the air to form Magnesium ribbons. Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question 2.
What is the colour of magnesium oxide formed on heating magnesium ?
Answer:
Magnesium ribbon during combustion form white coulred powder of magnesium oxide.

Question 3.
Which paper do you use to check acidic or basic nature of any solution ?
Answer:
To test the nature of magnesium oxide, red litmus paper is used, which turns blue because the solution is basic (alkaline) in nature.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 65)

Question 1.
What is the common name of copper sulphate ?
Answer:
The common name for Copper sulphate is Blue vitriol.

Question 2.
Write the colour and chemical formula of ferrous sulphate.
Answer:
The chemical formula of Iron sulphate is FeSO4 and colour of iron sulphate is green.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 66)

Question 1.
What is the formula of lime water ?
Answer:
Chemical formula of lime water is Ca(OH)2.

Question 2.
How the presence of CO2 gas can be detected ?
Answer:
When Carbon dioxide gas is passed through freshly prepared lime water, then lime water turns milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 1

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 67)

Question 1.
What is a chemical change ?
Answer:
Chemical change. A change in which one or more new substances are formed which differ in structure and properties from the original reacting substances, is called chemical change.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question 2.
Write two observations to see chemical change.
Answer:

  1. Formation of a substance having new properties.
  2. Change in chemical composition.

Question 3.
What is lime water ?
Answer:
Lime water a solution of Calcium hydroxide.

Question 4.
What happens when carbon dioxide is passed through lime water ?
Answer:
When carbon dioxide passes through lime water, calcium carbonate is formed due to which its colour becomes milky.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 2

Question 5.
Name the gas evolved when acetic acid (vinegar) reacts with baking soda.
Answer:
When vinegar (Acetic acid) reacts with baking soda, it produces carbon dioxide gas.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 3

Question 6.
What is the colour and formula of copper sulphate ?
Answer:
Colour of Copper sulphate. Blue Chemical formula of Copper sulphate. CuSO4

Question 7.
Name some compounds formed as a result of chemical reactions.
Answer:
Names of some compounds formed as a result of chemical reactions-

  1. Calcium carbonate,
  2. Sodium chloride,
  3. Sodium nitrate,
  4. Copper Sulphate,
  5. Water,
  6. Carbon dioxide,
  7. Magnesium oxide.

Question 8.
In Chapter 5, you neutralised an acid with a base. Is neutralisation a chemical change ?
Answer:
Neutralisation is a chemical change because acids and alkalis combine to form salt and water as products. The composition and properties of salts are different from acid nor alkali, i.e. a new substance with new properties is formed. From this it is clear that neutralisation is a chemical change.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 69)

Question 1.
What is end product in the process of crystallisation ?
Answer:
In the process of crystallization only clear crystals are formed. No new substance having new composition and new properties is formed. So this is a physical change.

Question 2.
When will you stop dissolving copper sulphate powder to hot water ?
Answer:
Continue to dissolve the Copper Sulphate powder in hot water till it is not possible to dissolve more of Copper sulphate. This state is called the saturation state. When more copper sulphate cannot be dissolved, then leave the solution to cool.

PSEB 7th Class Science Guide Physical and Chemical Changes Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) A changes in which only physical properties of a substance are changed, is a ……………….
change.
Answer:
Physical

(ii) Changes that lead to formation of new substance are called ………………. changes.
Answer:
Chemical Change

(iii) Fossil fuels produce …………………. gas on burning.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide

(iv) When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it turns ……………… .
Answer:
Milky White

(v) ……………….. is the method for the prevention of rusting of iron objects.
Answer:
Coating

2. Match the Column ‘A’ with Column ‘B’:

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(i) Physical change (a) Galvanization
(ii) Chemical change (b) Formation of a new substance
(iii) Prevention from rusting (c) Mixing of vinegar and Baking Soda
(iv) Evolution of carbon dioxide (d) Reversible change

Answer:

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(i) Physical change (d) Reversible change
(ii) Chemical change (b) Formation of a new substance
(iii) Prevention from rusting (a) Galvanization
(iv) Evolution of carbon dioxide (c) Mixing of vinegar and Baking Soda

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
The example of chemical change is:
(a) erruption of volcano
(b) burning of candle
(c) cooking of food
(d All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question (ii)
When acetic acid is mixed with baking soda, the gas evolved is:
(a) hydrogen
(b) oxygen
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) carbon monoxide
Answer:
(c) carbon dioxide.

Question (iii)
For rusting of iron objects, the essential requirement is:
(a) air (oxygen)
(b) moisture (water)
(c) open surface of object
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question (iv)
For prevention of rust, we use:
(a) a coat of oil and grease
(b) a coat of paint
(b) galvanization
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question (v)
The chemical formula of Rust is:
(a) Fe2O3
(b) FeCO3
(c) Fe2O3xH2O)
(d) FeCO3.xH2O
Answer:
(c) Fe2O3xH2O).

4. State True or False:

(i) Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change.
Answer:
True

(ii) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change.
Answer:
False

(iii) Iron pipes coated with zinc do not get rusted easily.
Answer:
True

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

(iv) Iron and rust are the same substances.
Answer:
False

(v) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change.
Answer:
True

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What is Rust ? Write its chemical formula.
Answer:
Rust.
When iron and items made of iron are exposed to the environment then the objects are attacked both by oxygen (air) and moisture present in the atmosphere. The surface of iron and iron items get covered by a layer of red, brown or orange color substance. This layer is called rust and this process is called corrosion of iron (Rusting of iron).
Chemical formula of rust: Fe2O3xH2O)

Question (ii)
Write the conditions necessary for rusting of iron.
Answer:
Conditions for rusting are:

  1. The open surface of an object made of iron.
  2. Presence of air (oxygen).
  3. Presence of moisture (water).

Question (iii)
Why are iron objects painted frequently ?
Answer:
Iron objects are painted so that the surface is not exposed to air (oxygen) and water in order to prevent the surface of iron from rusting.

Question (iv)
What is galvanization ?
Answer:
Galvanization. The process of depositing a layer of inert metal such as aluminium or zinc on the surface of iron objects, is called Galvanization.

Question (v)
Name two metals which are deposited on the surface of iron objects during the process of galvanization.
Answer:
Metals that are deposited on Iron are:

  1. Chromium and
  2. Nickel.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question (vi)
Burning of candle is an example of which type of change-physical or chemical change ? Give reasons.
Answer:
Burning of candle is a chemical change because the wich of candle is made up of carbon and hydrogen. Candle flame burns to produce carbon dioxide and water which enters the atmosphere. On the other hand candle wax melts as a result of which its length decreases. Which is a physical change. Therefore it is an example of both physical and a chemical change.

Question (vii)
Why burning of fireworks is harmful ?
Answer:
The explosion of fireworks is a chemical change. Such explosions produce heat, light, noise and toxic gases, which pollute the atmosphere. So the pleasure of exploding fireworks is harmful exercise. The process of obtaining you are, therefore, advised not to use firecrackers.

Question (viii)
What is crystallisation ?
Answer:
Crystallisation.
Pure and large-sized geometrical shape of a substance from saturated solution of a substance is called crystallisation.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Mixing of baking soda and vinegar is a chemical change or a physical change. Discuss.
Answer:
When Vinegar (acetic acid) is mixed with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) carbon dioxide, sodium acetate and water are formed. The composition and properties of these products are .very different from the reactants vinegar and baking soda, i.e. new substances with new properties are formed. So this reaction is a chemical change.

Question (ii)
Explain how cutting and burning wood are different type of change ?
Answer:
Cutting a piece of wood is a physical change because there is no formation of new substance having new properties.
Burning of wood on the other hand is a chemical change because after burning wood new substances carbondioxide water and ash are formed. We cannot reverse the process to get original substance (wood).

Question (iii)
What will happen when carbon dioxide is passed through lime water ?
Answer:
When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, lime water becomes milky as it becomes Calcium carbonate.

Question (iv)
Why does the colour of copper sulphate (CuSO4) solution change, when an iron nail is dipped into it ? Write chemical equation also.
Answer:
Iron nail dipped here iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution in Copper sulphate solution changes the colour of Copper sulphate solution from blue to green due to the
formation of Iron sulphate.
Chemical Equation:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 4

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question (v)
Magnesium ribbon is burnt and the ash formed is mixed with water. Now answer the following:
(a) Write equation for the burning of magnesium.
(b) What will happen when the mixture of ash and water is added to (a) blue litmus solution and (b) red litmus solution.
(c) Name the substances formed by mixing ash and water. Is acidic or basic ?
Answer:
(a) 2Mg + O2 > 2MgO (Magnesium oxide)

(b) When blue litmus is added to a solution of magnesium ash and water it does not change in colour. But on adding red litmus, the colour of litmus turns blue. This is because the solution of magnesium oxide is alkaline therefore, turns red litmus to blue.

(c) When Magnesium oxide ash is mixed with water it forms Mg (OH)2 which is alkaline.

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What are physical and chemical changes ? Write differences between physical and chemical changes.
Answer:
Physical change.
It is a temporary change in which only the physical properties of a substance change i.e. change in colour, size, length, etc. This is therefore, a physical change. Physical change can be reversed by reversing the conditions. No new substance is formed in such a change.
Examples : Melting of wax, freezing of water into ice, magnetization of iron etc.

Chemical change.
A change in which new substances with one or more new properties are formed is called chemical change.
Examples : Burning of coal or wood, making of yogurt from milk, burning of magnesium ribbon, food spoilage, etc.

Differences between Physical and Chemical changes:

Physical change Chemical change
(i) This is a temporary change. (i) This is a permanent change.
(ii) No new substance is formed in it. (ii) New substances with new properties are formed in it.
(iii) Products can be returned by simple methods. (iii) Products cannot be reversed by ordinary

means.
(iv) No difference in the composition of the substance. (iv) Great difference in the composition of

material.
(v) There is no energy change. (v) There is energy change.

Question (ii)
What do you understand by rusting of iron ? Write the necessary conditions required for rusting of iron objects. How rusting of iron and iron objects can be prevented ?
Answer:
Iron rust.
This is a change in which iron and iron products are attacked when they come in contact with atmospheric air (oxygen) and moisture (water). As a result of this a reddish layer is formed on the surface of iron. This process weakens the strength of iron. This process and is called corrosion. This red dish brown layer formed on iron surface is called rust.

Conditions required for rusting :
(1) The open surface of an iron object.
(2) Presence of air (oxygen)
(3) Presence of moisture (water).

Measures to prevent iron from rusting : By preventing iron objects from coming into contact with oxygen (air) and water, we can prevent or reduce the process of rusting iron.

Iron can be prevented from rusting in the following ways :
(1) Applying a grease or oil coating. Applying a thin layer of grease / oil on the surface of iron products can prevent rusting.

(2) Paint. Corrosion can be prevented by applying a uniform and continuous layer of paint on the surface.

(3) Galvanisation. By depositing a layer of inert metal on the iron surface, the iron surface can be prevented from coming in contact with air and water. This process is called Galvanisation. Metals such as chromium and nickel are commonly used for iron coating.

Question (iii)
Give detail of process of crystallisation of copper sulphate (CuSO4).
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 5
Method of making crystals of Copper Sulphate. Fill a beaker with water add a few drops of sulphuric acid. Heat it on a spirit lamp. When water starts boiling, add Copper sulphate powder slowly in it and keep stirring the solution. When the copper sulphate dissolves, add more copper sulphate powder until it does not dissolve any more powder. It is a saturated solution of Copper sulphate. Now leave this solution to cool. After a while you will see crystals of Copper sulphate formed. Filter it and keep the crystals to dry.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Physical and Chemical Changes Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) When carbondioxide is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to formation of ……………… .
Answer:
Calcium carbonate

(ii) The chemical name of baking soda is …………………
Answer:
Sodium bi-carbonate

(iii) Two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented are ………………. and …………..
Answer:
Painting, galvanization

(iv) Changes in which only …………………. properties of a substance change are called physical
changes.
Answer:
physical

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

(v) Changes in which new substances are formed are called ………………… changes.
Answer:
chemical

2. Match the Column I with Column II:

Column I Column II
(i) Carbon dioxide (a) Temporary change
(ii) Chemical changes (b) Turns lime water milky
(iii) Burning of magnesium wire in air (c) Evaporation
(iv) Physical change (d) Chemical change
(v) Conversion of water to vapours. (e) Formation of new products

Answer:

Column I Column II
(i) Carbon dioxide (b) Turns lime water milky
(ii) Chemical changes (e) Formation of new products
(iii) Burning of magnesium wire in air (d) Chemical change
(iv) Physical change (a) Temporary change
(v) Conversion of water to vapours. (c) Evaporation

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Rust is:
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Oxygen
(c) Iron
(d) Iron oxide
Answer:
(d) Iron oxide.

Question (ii)
Which of the following is not a physical transformation?
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Melting of ice
(c) Dissolving sugar in water
(d) Freezing of water
Answer:
(a) Rusting of iron

Question (iii)
…………………. is a physical change.
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Burning of magnesium ribbon
(c) Switching on light bulb
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Switching on light bulb.

Question (iv)
Whose crystals cannot be obtained?
(a) Sodium Chloride
(b) Copper Sulphate
(c) Carbon
(d) Iron sulphate
Answer:
(c) Carbon.

Question (v)
…………….. is the reaction of acid and alkali.
(a) Mixing
(b) Neutralisation
(c) Galvanization
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Neutralisation.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question (vi)
The method of zinc coating on iron object is:
(a) Making alloys
(b) Neutralisation
(c) Galvanization
(d) Crystallization
Answer:
(c) Galvanization.

State True or False:

(i) Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change.
Answer:
False

(ii) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change.
Answer:
False

(iii) Iron pieces coated with zinc do not get rusted easily.
Answer:
True

(iv) Iron and rust are the same substances.
Answer:
False

(v) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which type of change occurs when a rubber band is stretched ?
Answer:
Physical change.

Question 2.
Give an example of physical change caused due to air.
Answer:
Blowing a balloon.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question 3.
What happens when a chemical change takes place ?
Answer:
New substance having new properties is formed.

Question 4.
What is rust ?
Answer:
Rust. It is a film of brownish iron oxide formed on iron articles due to moist air of the atmosphere.

Question 5.
What are two conditions necessary for rusting ?
Answer:
Presence of (i) air and (ii) water.

Question 6.
What happens when ash obtained from burning magnesium ribbon is dissolved in water ?
Answer:
Magnesium hydroxide is formed.

Question 7.
What is the nature of magnesium hydroxide ?
Answer:
It is basic in nature.

Question 8.
What is colour of copper sulphate solution ?
Answer:
Blue.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question 9.
What happens when a nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution ?
Answer:
Blue colour of copper sulphate solution changes to green colour.

Question 10.
Which gas is formed when vinegar is mixed with baking soda ?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Classify the following as physical or chemical changes:
(i) Melting of glass.
(ii) Burning of agarbatti.
(iii) Tearing of cloth.
(iv) Formation of seed from flower.
(v) Cooking of food.
(vi) Formation of cloud.
Answer:
Physical changes. Melting of glass, Tearing of cloth, Formation of cloud.
Chemical changes. Burning of agarbatti, Formation of seed from flower, Cooking of food.

Question 2.
Write characteristics of a physical change.
Answer:
Characteristics of a physical change:

  1. The final products are similar to the original substances.
  2. No new substances are formed.
  3. This change is easily reversible.
  4. It is a temporary change.
  5. The energy evolved during this change is very low.
  6. The total mass of reactants as well as products remains same.

Question 3.
Give characteristics of chemical change.
Answer:
Characteristics of chemical change:

  • One or more new substances are formed.
  • It is a permanent change and cannot be reversed easily.
  • Energy change during chemical change is usually large.
  • Total mass of reactants and products remains constant during the change.

Question 4.
Why is burning magnesium ribbon a chemical change ?
Answer:
Burning of Magnesium ribbon. When magnesium ribbon is burned in air, it gives out white bright light and changes into white ash. Since ash (magnesium oxide) is a new substance having different properties. So, burning of magnesium ribbon is a chemical change.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes

Question 5.
Why dissolving sugar in water is a physical change ?
Answer:
Dissolution of sugar in water. When sugar crystals are stirred in water, a clear solution is obtained. It is a physical change on the following basis:

  1. No new substance is formed.
  2. Sugar can be recovered by the process of crystallization.
  3. The change is not accompained by heat.
  4. Mass of sugar solution is equal to mass of water and sugar crystals.

Question 6.
When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with the evolution of gas. What type of a change is it ? Explain.
Answer:
When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice (a weak acid) then carbondioxide is evolved in the form of bubbles.
This change is an example of a chemical change.

Question 7.
Explain why burning of wood and cutting it into small pieces are considered as two different types of changes.
Answer:
Burning of wood is a chemical change as wood on burning produces gases and ash.
Cutting of wood into its pieces have same physical properties. It is therefore, a physical change.

Question 8.
Explain how painting of an iron gate prevents it from rusting.
Answer:
Prevention of iron gate from rusting by painting. Rusting occurs in the presence of both water and air. If a coat of paint is applied to iron gate, its contact with air is broken and rusting is prevented.

Question 9.
Explain why rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in deserts.
Answer:
Faster rusting in coastal areas. The presence of humid air in coastal areas increases the rate of rusting. But on the other hand in deserts, air is dry, which inhibits the rate of rusting of iron.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
What is crystallization? How will you prepare crystals of alum?
Answer:
Crystallization. It is the process of separating a pure substance in the form of crystals having well defined, geometrical shape from its hot saturated solution by cooling. This process is very commonly used to purify solid substances.
To prepare crystals of alum
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Physical and Chemical Changes 6
Take some distilled water in a beaker. Go on adding alum powder in installments slowly simultaneously with continuous stirring of the solution with a glass rod. Heat the beaker gently and try to dissolve more alum powder till it stops dissolving more alum powder. Filter the hot saturated solution in a glass beaker and allow it to cool. Observe the solution. Well-defined crystals of alum will be obtained after some time.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Physical Education Chapter 1 First Aid

Physical Education Guide for Class 8 PSEB First Aid Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is first aid?
Answer:
First Aid:
The aid given to the wounded or the patient till the doctor arrives or is approached is called First Aid. During play, players receive many wounds or cuts, and if they do not receive first aid timely, they may become crippled or handicapped for life. As such, it is very essential for Physical Education teachers and students to have knowledge of First Aid. They should be fully familiar with the symptoms and the principles of treatment of injuries received by players so that they may help the injured. Sometimes these injuries prove fatal when first aid is not available.

Importance:
In today’s world of science, human life is greatly influenced by technological advances, as a result of which many accidents occur. No wonder people continue to get injured or wounded. If the injured gets timely first aid, his life can be saved easily. The ways and means adopted to save the life of the injured or to lessen his pain before the doctor arrives or is approached constitute First Aid. Accidents can occur anywhere and anytime, at home and outside.

The first job in the First Aid is to prevent the flow of blood from the injury because excess of blood loss may prove to be fatal. Blood can flow from injuries received in different parts of the body. If timely and proper First Aid is available to the injured, problems which may crop up later can be avoided. The injured can be saved from untimely and sudden painful death by providing proper First Aid in time. In the treatment and cure of the injured, First Aid plays an important role.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid

Question 2.
What are the objectives of first aid?
Answer:
The objectives of first aid are as follows:

  • To carry the victim to a nearby hospital or a doctor at the earliest.
  • To promote recovery.
  • To prevent any further injury.
  • To save the life of the victim.

Question 3.
Which things can be included in a first aid box?
Answer:
The following things can be included in the first aid box:

  • Bandages: Triangular, round and warm.
  • Splints of different sizes.
  • Thermometer, forceps, scissors, torch and safety pins.
  • ORS sachets.
  • Lecoper or adhesive tape.
  • An inhaler.
  • A measuring beaker or glass.
  • A cotton packet.
  • Antiseptics, germicides, spirit, betadine, boric acid, soap, burnol, tincher iodine and dettol.
  • Sterilized cotton balls.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid

Question 4.
Write the rules of first aid.
Answer:
The rules of first aid are as follows:
1. Immediate Aid:
First Aid should be given to the injured at the earliest possible. There should be no hesitation or fear in providing First Aid because no time should be wasted in thinking. Immediate decisions have to be taken to save the life of the injured.

2. Artificial Respiration:
If a person is unconscious, and is not breathing, he should be given artificial respiration. A person suffering from heart attack can also be saved by artificial respiration.

3. Sympathetic Attitude:
The injured person gets extremely frightened. So a sympathetic attitude and good will prove to be very important. These are beneficial in removing the fear in the mind of the injured.

4. Prevention of bleeding:
The flow of blood from the injury should be stopped at the earliest as the excessive loss of blood may endanger the life of the injured.

5. Keeping the injured away from the crowd:
When a person gets involved in an accident, many people come and surround him from all sides. It prevents the flow of fresh air to the injured and the person also gets frightened and upset. So steps should be taken to keep the injured away from the crowd, and to provide First Aid at the earliest.

6. Immediate Medical Aid:
The Medical aid should be arranged for the injured immediately. No untrained person should be allowed to use hit and trial methods of treatment.

Question 5.
Who is a first aider?
Answer:
A person who has got a certified course of first aid training from an authentic organization is called a first aider.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid

Question 6.
Write the qualities of a first aider.
Answer:
The qualities of a first aider are as under-

  • A First Aider should be a person who seeks comfort and joy in serving others and who looks upon his job as his religious duty.
  • He/She should have the maximum knowledge of medical sciences, particularly the person should be quite well versed in Anatomy and Physiology.
  • He/She should be capable of understanding the nature of injury, and should be properly trained in First Aid.
  • He/She should be a person of genial nature and self-confidence.
  • He/She should be capable of understanding the mental state of the injured.
  • He/She should have patience, devotion and dedication.
  • He/She should be capable of giving First Aid in a very natural, affectionate manner.
  • He/She should be capable of encouraging the injured.
  • He/She should be familiar with all those points which are relevant in providing First Aid.
  • All necessary medicines should always be ready for use in his First Aid box.
  • A high academic qualification is not sufficient for a First Aider. He should have developed in him qualities of high moral character.

Question 7.
What do you know about (CPR)?
Answer:
C.P.R. stands for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.
If the pulse of the patient is not felt and the victim is unconscious, CPR methods should be used to restart his heartbeat and working of the lungs. Place the palms of your hands on the patient’s heart and press hard for about thirteen times. Then give mouth to mouth respiration twice. Repeat the procedure till the pulse of the victim is felt. If CRP is performed properly on time life of the victims can be saved.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 1

C.P.R. should be given when:

  • The victim is unconscious.
  • Victim’s eyes are still.
  • The pulse of the victim is not felt.
  • There is no heart beat (Cardiac arrest).

C.P.R. should not to be performed:

  • If the victim is finding difficulty in breathing.
  • If the victim is suffering from a heart attack.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid

Question 8.
What do you know about mouth to mouth respiration?
Answer:
Mouth to Mouth Artificial Respiration:
The first aider puts his mouth on the mouth of the victim and gives artificial respiration till the victim’s chest fills up with air and swells up. This action should be repeated 12 to 16 times or until the victim starts breathing.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 2
Steps involved in Mouth to Mouth Artificial Respiration are as follows:

  • Remove any blockage from the victim’s mouth.
  • Hold the victim’s chin with one hand and with the other hand close his nose tightly.
  • Finally, blow the breath forcefully into the victim’s mouth.

Question 9.
How artificial respiration can be given by using Schafer’s method? Explain.
Answer:
When a person is feeling difficulty in breathing then artificial breathing must be given to save his life. One of the methods, namely Schafer’s method is given below:

Schafer’s Method:
1. Position of the Patient:
Lie down the patient on earth by his face and belly touching the earth. His arms must be above his head, palm facing downward. Turn his face towards one side and loosen his clothes. If patient is lying on prone position, change it or reverse it, lift his arms away from his body.

2. Position of the Operator:
First Aider should sit beside the waist of the patient putting his knee on the floor. Heels must be little away, while sitting his face must be towards the head of the patient. After sitting, first aider should keep his hands on the back of the patient in a way that one hand will be on the backbone and other will be to its opposite. Wrist and thumb must be together, fingers towards earth, while keeping both arms straight.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 3

3. Application of the Artificial Respiration:
First aider should put his body weight, while moving ahead, on the waist of the patient. By doing so the belly and other parts of the body of the patient would be pressed towards earth and from the centre diaphragm will also go down and the whole air of the lungs will be exhaled. These activities should be done within two seconds, after putting the weight on the patient for two seconds, the first aider will shift the weight on the toes slowly. The part of the belly would come back on original position and diaphragm will go down. Air wilkgo in the lungs. It should be performed within three seconds. Both activities must be executed within five seconds. It should be repeated twelve times within one minute. Artificial respiration must be continued till the patient starts
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 First Aid 4

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Guide First Aid Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The objectives of First Aid:
(A) To take the patient to the near Hospital.
(B) To promote recovery.
(C) Prevent any further injury.
(D) To save the life of victim.
Answer:
(A) To take the patient to the near Hospital.
(B) To promote recovery.
(C) Prevent any further injury.
(D) To save the life of victim.

Question 2.
What the first aid box should contain?
(A) Thermometer, Scissors
(B) Torch
(C) Chimti
(D) None of them.
Answer:
(A) Thermometer, Scissors
(B) Torch
(C) Chimti

Question 3.
The rules of First Aid:
(A) Stop bleeding .
(B) Provide Artificial respiration
(C) Keeping the injured away from the crowd
(D) All above Mentioned.
Answer:
(D) All above Mentioned.

Question 4.
The Qualities of First Aider:
(A) He should have the maximum knowledge of medical science.
(B) He should be a person of genial nature and self confident.
(C) He should have patience, devotion and dedication.
(D) Above all.
Answer:
(D) Above all.

Question 5.
What is CPR?
(A) Cardio
(B) Pulmonary
(C) Resuscitation
(D) Above all.
Answer:
(D) Above all.

Question 6.
When CPR should be given:
(A) The victim is unconscious
(B) Victim’s eyes are still
(C) The pulse of the victim is not felt
(D) Above all.
Answers:
(D) Above all.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
If anybody falls ill then what will you do?
Answer:
After the check up for fever, it should be tried to slow down the temperature of the person suffering from fever, and then he should be brought to the doctor.

Question 2.
What should be the attitude of first aider?
Answer:
The attitude of a first aider should be polite and sympathetic.

Question 3.
What is the colour of the burnt spot?
Answer:
It is ugly red in colour.

Question 4.
Name the help which is rendered to a patient before the doctor visits.
Answer:
First Aid.

Question 5.
What is the aim of First Aid?
Answer:
To save the life of a patient before the doctor arrives at the site or the patient is taken to the hospital for treatment.

Question 6.
What types of duties a First Aider should perform till the doctor attends the patient?
Answer:
He should look after the patient continuously.

Question 7.
What will you do when a person becomes unconscious and feels difficult in respiration? (From Board M.QuestionP.)
Answer:
Artificial Respiration should be provided to the person.

Question 8.
Mention the first quality of a First Aider.
Answer:
He should be active and alert.

Question 9.
How many days a dog should be watched after his bite?
Answer:
10 days.

Question 10.
Name the two insects who bite.
Answer:
Honey bee and Mosquitoe.

Question 11.
How we should wash a burning part of our body?
Answer:
Soapy in touch or simple water should be used.

Question 12.
How we should wash when some acid caused burning?
Answer:
Dilute acid mixture should be used to wash the area under burns.

Question 13.
Name any three things which can be applied on bite.
Answer:
1. Spirit
2. Ammonium Carbonate
3. Washing Soda.

Question 14.
Write any one method of Artificial Respiration.
Answer:
Mouth to mouth artificial respiration.

Question 15.
The normal temperature of human body should be ……………..  .
Answer:
98.4°F.

Question 16.
Which number should be dialled for Ambulance service?
Answer:
108.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by First Aid?
Answer:
First Aid is the treatment provided to an ill or injured person at the spot according to the rules before the arrival of a doctor.

Question 2.
Write any two objectives of First Aid.
Answer:
1. To save the life of injured person before the arrival of a doctor.
2. To promote recovery.

Question 3.
Write any two rules of First Aid.
Answer:
1. Try to control bleeding from the deep wounds.
2. Do not allow the people to gather around the injured. The victim may feel uneasy as he will not get fresh air.

Question 4.
Who is a first aider?
Answer:
A person who has got a certificate course of first aid training from an authentic organisation is called a first aider.

Question 5.
Write any four rules of a first aider.
Answer:

  • A first aider should start first aid immediately with full confidence.
  • First aider should be experienced.
  • First Aider should take quick decision and act wisely.
  • A first aider should be calm. He should not become impatient.

Question 6.
What does C.P.R. stands for?
Answer:
C.P.R. stands for Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.

Cricket Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

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Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Cricket Game Rules.

Cricket Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
Describe briefly cricket Ball, Bat, Pitch, Wickets, Bowling, Popping Creaser, Innings, the start and end of play and intervals.
Answer:
The cricket ball shall weigh not less than 5 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ounces (155.9 gms.) and not more than 5 \(\frac{3}{4}\) ounces (163 gms). Its circumference shall not be less than 8 \(\frac{13}{16}\)” (22.4 cms.) and not more than 9″ (22.9 cms.) It shall be made of leather which is painted shining red. During the matches played during nights the white ball is used. Each captain asks for the new ball before the beginning of a new innings. In case the ball is lost or damaged, the umpire can allow a new ball, the condition of which should be like that of the lost or damaged ball.
Cricket img 1
Bat:
The length of the bat including the handle is 38″ and its width from the widest part cannot be more than 4\(\frac{1}{4}\)“. The weight of an ordinary cricket bat is 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) pounds.

Pitch:
The area of the ground between the bowling creases is known as the pitch. It is 5′ (1.52 metres) wide on either side of the imaginary line joining the centre of the wickets. The breadth of the entire pitch is 8′ 8″.

Wickets:
Three-three wickets shall be fixed in front of each other, and the distance between these fixed wickets shall be 22 yards. The breadth of the wickets shall be 9″. The wickets have three stumps each and there shall be two bails to be placed on them. The stumps shall be equal and shall be so planted as to prevent the ball from passing through them. The top of the stumps from ground shall be 28″. Each bail shall be 4, \(\frac{3}{8}\)” in length and when in position on the position on the stumps shall not project more than \(\frac{1}{2}\)” above them.

Bowling and Popping Creases:
The bowling creases shall be drawn 8′ 8″ straight in length, with stumps in the centre. The popping creases shall be marked 4 feet in front of and parallel to the bowling crease. It shall extend by 6′ on either side of the stumps. The return crease shall be drawn perpendicular to the two ends of the bowling crease, and it shall be extended to meet the popping crease. Both the return and popping creases, are deemed unlimited in length.
Cricket img 2
Innings:
Each team has to play two times by turn. It is decided by toss as to which team shall play first. If the team playing first has scored 200 runs in 5 or more than 5 day match, 150 runs in 3 day match. 100 runs in two day match and 50 runs in 1 day match over and above the runs made by the opposing team, it can ask other team to play again that is it can declare follow on. The captain of the batting team can also declare the close of innings before time.

Start and Close of Play and Intervals:
Everyday at the start of each innings or before the start of the match the captain says “play” and if his team refuses to play, it shall lose the match. Ten minutes in each innings and maximum 2 minutes in the coming of each new batsman are allowed. Runs are reckoned for scoring.

When a batsman after hitting the ball reaches from one end to the other, one run is deemed to completed. If a batsman turns back without reaching the other end that is not considered as run. This is called short run. If while making the run, the ball is in the air and is caught, no run shall be deemed to be scored. Similarly, If a batsman is run out, the run being attempted shall not be counted.

  1. A cricket match is played between two teams. Each team has 11 players. Each team had its own captain who nominates his players before the toss for the innings.
  2. If during the game a player is incapacitated by illness or injury, a substitute is allowed. But substituted player can only do fielding. He can neither bat nor bowl.
  3. Before the toss for the innings, one umpire for each erid is appointed to make impartial decisions of the game.
  4. Scorers are appointed to keep record of all runs scored. They obey all the signs and orders of the umpire.

Cricket kit:
It is essential for a cricket player to put on cricket kit. It means white pants, shirt, shoes, socks, pad, abdominal guar, gloves and bat.

Cricket Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 2.
What do you understand by No ball, Wide Ball, Bye and leg Bye, Batsman’s Retirement, Bowled, Catch, Handles the ball, Hit the ball twice, Hit Wicket, L.B.W (Leg Before Wicket), Stumped, Run out in Cricket?
Answer:
No Ball:
While playing the ball if the front foot of the bowler goes ahead of the batting crease or cuts the returning crease, the umpire declares. No Ball. After hitting the ball the batsman can make as many runs as possible. The runs made in this way will be added to the score. If no run had been made, only one run will be added to the score. By spreading one of his arms the umpire gives the signal of no ball.

Wide ball:
The umpire declares a wide ball if the bowler bowls the ball high over or wide over the wicket which, in the opinion of the umpire, is out of the reach of the batsman. The runs made during the wide ball are reckoned in the wide ball. If no run is attempted, it is reckoned one run. The umpire gives the signal of wide ball by spreading his both arms straight.

Bye and Leg-Bye:
The umpire shall declare “bye’’ if the properly bowled ball passes the batsman (striker) without touching his bat or body and run is obtained. But it should not be no-ball or wide-ball. But if the ball touches any part of the striker’s body except his hands which hold the bat and any run is got, the umpire shall declare “leg – bye”.

Out of his Ground:
A batsman shall be reckoned to be out of it his ground until some part of his bat in hand or of his person is grounded behind the ground of popping crease.

Batsman’s Retirement:
A batsman owing to illness or injury may retire at any time. He may bat but he will have to seek the permission of the captain of the opposing team to know his number of batting. Bowled. If the wicket is bowled down, the striker (batsman) is said to be bowled out, even if the ball has touched first his body or foot.

Catch:
If the ball from the stroke of a bat or of the hand holding the bat (not the wrist) is caught by a fieldsman before it touches the ground, the batsman is “caught out”. At the time of a catch both the feet of the fieldsman should be on the ground of the playfield. If the fieldsman catches the ball out of the boundary line, the batsman is not reckoned to be out, but is awarded 6 runs. If the ball lodges in the pads of the wicket-keeper, the batsman shall be reckoned to be “caught out”.

Handle the Ball:
During play, if the batsman touches the ball with his hand he shall be reckoned to be out “handle the ball out”. Hit the Ball Twice. If the ball is struck or stopped by any part of the batsman’s body after it has been hit, and if the batsman deliberately strikes it again, he shall be out”. The ball can be hit twice only to defend the wicket but the condition is that it must have been done to defend the wicket. If any run is made in this process, it is not counted.

Wicket is Down or Hit Wicket:
If during the play, the batsman hits down his wicket with any part of the bat or body, it is called “hit wicket out”. If the wicket falls down as a result of the fall of his cap or hat or any broken part of his bat, even then he shall be reckoned to be “hit wicket out”.

L.B.W. (Leg Before Wicket):
The batsman is considered to be “L.B.W. out” when he tries to obstruct the ball with any part of his body before touching the ball with his bat, and in the opinion of the umpire, the ball and the wicket are in a straight line. If the batsman had not obstructed the ball with any part of his body, the ball would have straight hit the wicket. Obstructing the field. If a batsman deliberately obstructs a fieldsman from catching the ball, he can be out “obstructing the field.”

Stumped:
A batsman is out of his ground if his bat in hand or his foot is not on the ground behind the supposed popping crease. The batsman is considered to be out stumped when the ball is not “no ball” and is bowled and the batsman goes out of his ground otherwise than attempting a run, and the wicket-keeper outstumps the wicket (removes the stumps placed over the wickets).

Run Out:
The batsman is run out when the ball is in play, the batsman goes out of his ground to score a run, and his wicket is put down by the opposite side. If batsmen cross each other, that batsman will be considered to be “run out” who is running to the fallen wicket.

Wicket-keeper:
The wicket-keeper shall always remain behind the wickets until a ball delivered by a bowler touches the bat or the body of the striker or passes the wicket or the batsman is “out”. He cannot catch the ball.

Boundary:
If the ball crosses the boundary line having touched the ground, after a batsman has hit it, it is called boundary. Four runs are given for a boundary. If the hit ball falls out of the boundary line Without touching the ground, six runs are made. If the boundary results from an overthrow or is intentionally made by the fieldsman, then the scored runs and the runs of the boundary shall be counted in the score.

Lost Ball:
If the ball is lost, any fieldsman can declare it to be lost. In such a situation, the umpire can restart the game with a new ball the condition of which resembles that of the lost one.

Results:
Any team which makes more runs in its two innings is considered winner team. In case a match is not completed, it is regarded as a draw.

Over:
In each over the ball is bowled six times. These overs are done alternately on each wicket. Eight balls can also be given in an over, if decided earlier. “No ball” and “wide ball” are not reckoned in an over. The number of extra balls bowled in an over shall be equal to the number of “no balls” in that over. No bowler can bowl two overs continuously in one innings. If the umpire fails to remember the number of balls in an over, the over considered by the umpire shall not be counted.

Fall of Wickets:
The wicket is known as down when the batsman himself or his bat or ball removes either bail from the top of the stumps or both bails be off or strikes a stump out of the ground.

(i) Dead Ball:
The ball shall be deemed to be a dead ball in the following cases:Cricket img 3

  1. When the ball has been properly caught by the bowler or wicket keeper.
  2. When the ball reaches or bounces over the boundary.
  3. When the ball, without being played, lodges in the dress of a batsman or a bowler.
  4. When a batsman is out.
  5. If the umpire decides to stop the game after the bowler gets back the ball.
  6. On the call of ‘over’ or ‘time’ by the umpire.

Fielders:
The fieldsman can stop the ball with any part of his body. He is not allowed to stop the ball with his cap. If he does so, its penalty shall be four runs. In case no run has been made, four runs shall be added.

Cricket img 4

A.

  1. wickets
  2. Bowling crease
  3. Return crease
  4. Popping crease

B. Position of players.

  1. slips
  2. 3rd man
  3. Gully
  4. Point
  5. Cover – point
  6. Extra-cover
  7. Mid-off
  8. Bowler
  9. Straight
  10. Mid-on
  11. Long-on
  12. Mid-wicket
  13. Square leg
  14. Fine leg
  15. Leg-slips
  16. Short leg
  17. Silly mid-off
  18. Silly mid-on
  19. Silly point
  20. Backward point
  21. Wicket-keeper

Cricket Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Field, Weather and Light:
Before a match starts captains of both the teams will decide about the suitability of the field, weather and light. If they have not given their consent regarding these issues, the umpire shall decide the matter.

Appeal:
The umpire shall not order any batsman out unless a fielder makes an appeal in this regard. This appeal should be made before the delivery of the next ball and before the time is over. The fielder while appealing shall ask the umpire how it happened. The umpire signals ‘out’ by raising the index finger.

Mandatory over:
On the last day of the match, one hour before the close of the match, the umpire signals about the mandatory over. After this, a game of 20 overs is played. 6 Balls are bowled in an over. If it seems the match would be a draw, the game can be ended before the completion of these overs.

Dead Ball:
Dead ball is considered only in certain situations when the ball settles down completely in the hands of a bowler or wicket keeper or reaches the boundary line; when it is lodged in the dress of the umpire or batsman or the umpire gives the call of ‘over’ or ‘time’, and in addition to these, when a player is out or receives a serious injury.
Cricket img 5
Obstructing the Field:
If a batsman intentionally obstructs the game of the opposing team as a result of which the opposing team is obstructed from catching the ball, then the batsman is reckoned to be out. This is called ‘obstructing the field’.

One-day Match:
There is a one day national and international match in which both the teams play in 40-40 or 50-50 overs. The team which scores more runs becomes the winner.

Field Setting:
The fieldsman normally take their positions according to the following illustrations:

Cricket Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 3.
Describe some techniques in the game of cricket?
Answer:
Some Important Techniques in Cricket
Expertise And Techniques in Batting

Cricket img 6
To play a hit successfully batsmen should pay heed tp three points to find out the ball and attend to it; to decide which hit will be appropriate; and to turn the body to play the hit in a proper manner.

It seems to be very easy, but in fact, it is not so easy. It is easy to think that you are looking at the ball. In reality, it is easy to watch the coming ball provided you sire mentally prepared. It is indeed a tough task to form the habit of judging, in the real sense of the term, of each and every ball in the entire innings. You can do it by learning to concentrate on the task in your hand. It is, indeed, difficult, but if you learn to do so, not only will it prove to be of use to you in cricket but in life as well.

To take a right decision as to how to hit a particular ball is a matter of a sort of inner-inspiration which in cricket is often called “child understanding.” However, it is a matter of experience.
The position of the player:

Cricket img 7

A player’s restful, tension-free and balanced position is very essential. On it depends the right judgement of the ball and the foot movement for each stroke. Normally, the feet should remain parallel to the sides of the crease, and their toes directed towards the aim.

Back Lift

A right back lift is of immense importance. The left arm and wrist should do the whole job, and as the bat rises its front side should be directed towards the aim. The head and body should remain perfectly motionless. As the bat is raised, the right elbow should be slightly separated from the body and the left hand should be upward exactly in front of the right pocket.

The bat should move on the desired hit line below. It is but natural that the back lift will be firmer at the time of attack.

The Forward Stroke In Defence For The Straight BallCricket img 8

hit should be towards off-side., In fact, the bat will begin its downward movement from the line of fine leg. As far as possible, the whole of the bat should move through the hit-line.

On-drive
Cricket img 9
Cricket img 10
Many boys lack the ability of on-drive. If they get it, they can increase their capacity or ability of taking more runs. In it, the left shoulder is kept slightly low, the left foot and the line of balance are kept in right proportion and the head is moved ahead. It will enable one to approach the line of ball. The left foot shall remain slightly away.

The batsman should take the aim of hit, and the whole wide side of the bat should move down towards the line. In his on-drives, a batsman will have to resolutely discourage the tendency of depending too much on his right hand and right shoulder for the hit. He should also have a check on his left buttock going afar.

Until a batsman has a good judgement of the pitch he should continue to play with back stroke. In this way, he will get time to judge the ball after the pitch. In case of slow ball and more difficult pitch he must depend upon the back stroke.

The right foot with toe in parallel to the crease can make good movement inside and back side of the ball line. The weight of the body can be shifted on this foot but the head must lean slightly forward. The left foot on toe acts as a good balancer.

The ball should meet immediately below the eyes, and it should be at the level as eyes watch the ball downward the pitch. The control over hit is made by raising the elbow by the left hand and arm. The right hand, in the hold of the thumb and fingers, is relaxed. As far as possible the body should be kept side ways.

Cricket Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Even Bat Stroke

A boy cannot become a batsman until he learns how to take a direct hit. He should also know how to play a wrong ball, and it can be possible and effective through cross-bat hits. It seems to be particularly true in the case of long and full bounces, and provides good opportunities of scoring 4-runs (hitting boundary) particularly in the junior cricket.

These hits are more easy as they are more natural than direct bat hits. But in order to play these hits effectively you should learn to play more efficiently.

Back-foot Square cut

In order to tackle the ball received from the ball line and point from the front and back sides, the right foot moves across the buttock line. Then the wrists and hands are moved down from a high bat-lift, and the head and body move over the bent right knee in the stroke line
Cricket img 11

LET-CUT

This hit is similar to the above-mentioned hit except that it begins with a sharper turn of the left shoulder, and the right foot on the toe, towards third slip, is on the ground. The ball is received at the level of wickets, and the batsman hits it in the direction of the gully or second slip. In these two cuts, the left foot remains on the toe in the relaxed condition, and the weight remains fully on the bent right shoulder.

Cricket img 12

Important Information About the Cricket Game

  • Number of players in a team = 16 (11-5)
  • Distance to wicket to wicket = 22 yards 20.12 cm
  • Breadth of the pitch = 4′.4″
  • Breadth of wicket = 8 to 9″
  • Circumference of the ball = 9″
  • Weight of the ball = 5\(\frac{1}{2}\) to 5\(\frac{3}{4}\) ounces
  • Breadth of the bat = 4\(\frac{1}{4}\)“
  • Length of the bat = 38″
  • Colour of the ball = Red for day match, White for night match
  • The distance of outer circle = 75 yards to 85 yards from centre (68 m – 58 m)
  • The height of wicket from floor = 28″
  • Type of match = 20-20, one day, test match of five days
  • Number of umpires = two umpires, one third umpire.
  • The match is played between two teams. Each team has eleven players.
  • Two umpires are appointed for the match one for each end.
  • The scorer keeps record of all the runs scored.
  • A player can be substituted in case of injury or illness. A substitute is not allowed to bat or bowl. He can run for the other player between the wickets or can do fielding.
  • A substitute cannot do fielding at his special position.
  • The captains of the teams decide which team is to bat and which is to do fielding.
  • A new ball is taken at the start of each innings. A new ball can also be taken after 200 runs have been scored or after 75 overs. A new ball can also be taken in case the ball is lost or damaged but its condition should resemble that of the lost or damaged ball.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

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Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB MS Excel Part-I Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. An Excel Workbook consists of ………………………
(a) Worksheets
(b) Rows
(c) Columns
(d) Formulas
Answer:
Worksheets

2. The actual value of a cell is displayed in …………………….. bar.
(a) Title
(b) Menu
(c) Formula
(d) None of these
Answer:
Formula

3. …………………….. Formatting applies one or more rules to any cells you want.
(a) Formula
(b) Function
(c) Conditional
(d) None of these
Answer:
Conditional

4. Format Command is available on ………………… Tab.
(a) Home
(b) Insert
(c) Data
(d) Formulas
Answer:
Home

5. All Formulas must begin with an ………………………… sign.
(a) Sigma
(b) Plus
(c) Equal
(d) None of these
Answer:
Equal

6. A data in your worksheet can be arranged in an order using ………………………
(a) Formula
(b) Function
(c) Filter
(d) Sorting
Answer:
Sorting

7. Sort & Filter command is available on ……………………Tab.
(a) Home
(b) Insert
(c) Data
(d) Formulas
Answer:
Data

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Formatting?
Answer:
Formats are changes that are made to Excel worksheets in order to enhance their appearance and/or to focus attention on specific data in the worksheet. Formatting changes the appearance of data but does not change the actual data in the cell, which can be important if that data is used in calculations. For example, formatting numbers to display only two decimal places does not shorten or round values with more than two decimal places. To actually alter the numbers in this way, the data would need to be rounded using one of Excel’s rounding functions.

Question 2.
Define Number Format in Excel.
Answer:
By applying different number formats, you can change the appearance of a number without changing the number itself. A number format does not affect the actual cell value that Excel uses to perform calculations. The actual value is displayed in the formula bar. By applying different number formats, you can display numbers as percentages, dates, currency, and so on.

Question 3.
What are the standard operators used in simple formulas?
Answer:
Excel uses standard operators for formulas, such as a plus sign for addition (+), a minus sign for subtraction (-), an asterisk for multiplication (*), a forward slash for division (/), and a caret (Λ) for exponents.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 1
All formulas in Excel must begin with an equals sign (=). This is because the cell contains, or is equal to, the formula and the value it calculates.

Question 4.
What is a cell reference?
Answer:
A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used in a formula so that Microsoft Office Excel can find the values or data that you want that formula to calculate.
In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer to :

  • Data from one cell on the worksheet.
  • Data is contained in different areas of a worksheet.
  • Data in cells on other worksheets in the same workbook.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

Question 5.
What are the parts of a Function?
Answer:
The order in which you insert a function is important. Each function has a specific order—called syntax — which must be followed in order for the function to work correctly. The basic syntax to create a formula with a function is to insert an equals sign (=), function name (SUM, for example, is the function name for addition), and argument. Arguments contain the information you want the formula to calculate, such as a range of cell references.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 2

Question 6.
Define Sorting.
Answer:
Sorting is a common spreadsheet task that allows you to easily reorder your data. The most common type of sorting is alphabetical ordering, which you can do in ascending or descending order.
To sort in alphabetical order :

  • Select a cell in the column you want to sort (In this example, we choose a cell in column A).
  • Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on the Home tab.
  • Select Sort A fo Z. NOWT the information in the Category column is organized in alphabetical order.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 3

You can sort in reverse alphabetical order by choosing Sort Z to A in the list.

Question 7.
Define Filter.
Answer:
The basic Excel filter (also known as the Excel Autofilter) allows you to view specific rows in an Excel spreadsheet while hiding the other rows in the worksheet. When a filter is added to the header row of a spreadsheet, a drop-down menu appears on each cell of the header row. This provides you with a number of filter options that can be used to specify which rows of the spreadsheet are to be displayed.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are Merge and Centre? Write down the steps to merge a group of cells.
Answer:
If you go to the Home menu in the ribbon and look in the Alignment grouping of commands, you will see a small icon in the lower, right-hand corner called Merge and Center. This command does just what it implies. It not only merges the cells into one larger cell, but it also centers the text. Merge and Center improves the appearance of a title or header by centering the text over a particular section of the spreadsheet. If you click on the More icon to the Merge and Center command, you will see other Merge options.

  • The first one is Merge Across. This will merge multiple cells and more than one row at the same time. The text will remain left-justified.
  • Then there are Merge Cells. This will merge multiple cells on one row and will keep the text left-justified.
  • Finally, you have Unmerge Cells, which will undo the merged cells.

Let’s take a look at an example using the Merge and Center command. Imagine you are a painting contractor for residential homes. You created a spreadsheet to include several different costs for work requested by a new client. You have everything formatted nicely. The title, which includes the name of the client, the estimated number, and street address has been entered into cell Al. It would be nice if we could quickly and easily center the title across the top of the spreadsheet. Here are the steps.

  1. Highlight the cells you want to merge. (In our example, Al through FI),
  2. Go to the Home menu in the ribbon.
  3. Look in the Alignment grouping of commands.
  4. Click on Merge and Center.

Just like that, your title is centered and the cells have been merged into one larger cell. The benefit? Well, besides it looks better, you can make changes to the cells below and the title will remain centered: For instance, you can add a column (or delete one) and your title will not be affected. One important note about the Merge command: merging cells can delete data. Only the data in the upper-left cell will be kept once the cells have merged. Do not place data in every cell if you plan on merging multiple cells into one larger cell.

Question 2.
What is Conditional Formatting? Write down the steps to create a conditional formatting rule.
Answer:
Conditional formatting in Excel enables you to highlight cells with a certain color, depending on the cell’s value.
Highlight Cells Rules
To highlight cells that are greater than a value, execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:A10.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 4

2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, Highlight Cells Rules, Greater Than…
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 5

3. Enter the value 80 and select a formatting style.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 6

4. Click OK.
Result. Excel highlights the cells that are greater than 80.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 7

5. Change the value of cell A1 to 81.
Result. Excel changes the format of cell A1 automatically.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 8

Question 3.
What is a cell? How can we insert a new cell in our current worksheet?
Answer:
A cell is an intersection between a row and a column on a spreadsheet that starts with cell Al. Below is an illustrated example of a highlighted cell in Microsoft Excel; the cell address, cell name, or cell pointer “D8” (column D, row 8) is the selected cell and the location of what is being modified.
Insert Cells into an Excel Worksheet
Having to insert extra cells to an Excel worksheet from time to time is a common practice: data gets forgotten and must be added, space must be made for new data, or existing data gets moved about when the sheet is reorganized.
Whatever the reason, there is, as is the case with all Microsoft programs, more than one way to accomplish the task of inserting cells to an Excel worksheet.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 9

Question 4.
What is a Formula? Write down the steps to create a simple Formula in Excel.
Answer:
A formula is an expression that calculates the value of a cell. Functions are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel. For example, cell A3 below contains a formula that adds the value of cell A2 to the value of cell A1.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 10

Steps to create a simple formula in MS Excel
You can create a simple formula to add, subtract, multiply or divide values in your worksheet. Simple formulas always start with an equal sign (=), followed by constants that are numeric values and calculation operators such as plus (+), minus (-), an asterisk(*), or forward-slash (/) signs.
For example, when you enter the formula =5+2*3, Excel multiplies the last two numbers and adds the first number to the result. Following the standard order of mathematical operations, multiplication is performed before addition.

  1. On the worksheet, click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
  2. Type the = (equal sign) followed by the constants and operators that you want to use in the calculation.

You can enter as many constants and operators in a formula as you need, up to 8192 characters.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

Question 5.
What is a Function? Write down the steps to create a basic Function in Excel.
Answer:
In Excel, a function is a preset formula used for calculations. Like formulas, functions begin with the equal sign ( = ) followed by the function’s name and its arguments. The function name tells Excel what calculation to perform. The arguments are contained inside round brackets. For example, the most used function in Excel is the function, which is used to add together the data in selected cells.

The SUM function is written as –
= SUM (D1: D6 )
Here the function adds the contents of cell range D1 to D6 and displays the answer in cell D7.

The parts of a function :
The order in which you insert a function is important. Each function has a specific order called syntax—which must be followed in order for the function to work correctly. The basic syntax to create a formula with a function is to insert an equals sign (=), function name (SUM, for example, is the function name for addition), and argument. Arguments contain the information you want the formula to calculate, such as a range of cell references.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 11

PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide MS Excel Part-I Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks

1. Format Cell window contains …………………… Labs.
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
Answer:
(b) 6

2. Excel has ……………………. Number formats.
(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 12
Answer:
(d) 12

3. Insert/Delete dialog box has ………………. options.
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 7
Answer:
(a) 4

4. Workbook contains sheets by default.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

5. Arranged data in ascending or descending order is called …………………
(a) Formatting
(b) Splitting
(c) Sorting
(d) Replacing
Answer:
(c) Sorting

6. Cell address used in the formula is called ……………………………………..
(a) Function
(b) Formula
(c) Address
(d) Reference
Answer:
(d) Reference

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Microsoft Excel?
Answer:
Microsoft Excel is an electronic worksheet developed by Microsoft, to be used for organizing, storing, and manipulating.

Question 2.
What is a ribbon?
Answer:
The ribbon runs on the top of the application and is the replacement for the toolbars and menus. The ribbons have various tabs on the top, and each tab has its own group of commands.

Question 3.
How can I hide or show the ribbon?
Answer:
Use the CTRL and FI key to toggle & show or hide the ribbon.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

Question 4.
How can you wrap the text within a cell?
Answer:
You have to select the text you want to wrap, and then click wrap text from the home tab and you can wrap the text within a cell.
PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Img 12

Question 5.
Is it possible to prevent someone from copying the cell from your worksheet?
Answer:
Yes, it is possible. In order to protect your worksheet from getting copied, you need to go into Menu bar >Review > Protect sheet > Password. By entering the password, you can secure your worksheet from getting copied by others.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

Question 6.
How you can sum up the Roi4p and Column number quickly in the excel sheet?
Answer:
By using the SUM function you can get the total sum of the rows arid columns, in an excel worksheet.

Question 7.
How you can add a new excel worksheet?
Answer:
To add a new Excel worksheet you have to insert a worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen.

Question 8.
How you can resize the column?
Answer:
To resize the column you have to change the width of one column and then drag the boundary on the right side of the column heading to the width you want. The other way of doing it is to select the Format from the home tab, and in Format, you have to select AUTOFIT COLUMN WIDTH under the cell section. On clicking on this the cell size will get formatted.

Question 9.
What are three report formats that are available in Excel?
Answer:
The three report formats in Excel are :

  • Compact
  • Report
  • Tabular

Question 10.
How would, you provide a Dynamic range in the “Data Source” of Pivot Tables?
Answer:
To provide a dynamic range in the “Data Source” of Pivot tables, first, create a named range using offset function and base the pivot table using a named range created in the first step.

Question 11.
Is it possible to make a Pivot table using multiple sources of data?
Answer:
If the multiple sources are different worksheets, from the same workbook/then it is possible to make a Pivot table using multiple sources of data.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do you create formulas in Excel?
Answer:
Create a simple formula in Excel with constants and calculation operators.
To create a simple calculation, click the cell in which you wish to enter the formula and type an equal sign. Enter the constants and operators that you wish to use in the calculation within the cell. Use the plus sign for addition, a minus sign for subtraction, the backslash for division, and the asterisk for multiplication. For instance, to add ten and ten in a cell, enter “=10+10” within the desired cell and press the Enter key.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

Question 2.
Write the various steps for inserting a single cell into a worksheet.
Ans. The first example will insert a single cell to column A in order to make room for the month of March. To do this April will be shifted downward to cell A4.

  1. Click on cell A3 to make it the active cell
  2. Right-click on cell A3 to open the right-click menu
  3. Click on Insert in the right-click menu to open the Insert cells dialog box
  4. Click on the Shift cells down option in the dialog box
  5. Click OK to add the one cell to the worksheet and to close the dialog box
  6. Cell A3 should now be blank and April should be located in cell A4
  7. Type March into cell A3

Question 3.
Write the various steps for inserting multiple cells into a worksheet.
Answer:
The second example will insert two additional cells to row two in order to make room for February and June in cells A2 and B2. In the process, October will be shifted to cell C3.

  1. Drag select cells A2 and B2 in the worksheet to highlight them
  2. Right-click on cells B2 to open the right-click menu
  3. Click on Insert in the right-click menu to open the Insert cells dialog box
  4. Click on the Shift cells right option in the dialog box
  5. Click OK to add the two cells to the worksheet and to close the dialog box
  6. Cells A2 and B2 should now be blank and October should be located in cell C3
  7. Type February into cell A2 and June into cell B2.

Question 4.
Discuss the cell reference in Excel.
Answer:
For many spreadsheets, you won’t want to go back to the original formula to change all the information you’re working with. This is where cell references come in handy. By entering a reference to another cell on the worksheet, you can tell the formula to work its calculation with whatever number is placed in that cell. The formula can then be changed quickly by trying out different numbers in the reference cell.

To reference a cell, simply enter the location of the call as designated by its column and row; for example, A1 is the cell in the top left corner of the spreadsheet. To reference a cell on another worksheet within the same workbook, type the name of the worksheet followed by an exclamation point, then the location of the cell. So Sheet !A1 would refer to the A1 cell on the worksheet titled “Sheet.” If you want to reference a range of cells, use a colon between the first and last cell of the range. The formula =SUM(A1:A12) will calculate the total sum of all the figures in the range from A1 down to A12.

Question 5.
Demonstrate the use of AutoSum in Excel.
Answer:
Using AutoSum to select common functions
The AutoSum command allows you to automatically return the results for a range of cells for common functions like SUM and AVERAGE.

  1. Select the cell where the answer will appear (E24, for example).
  2. Click the Home tab.
  3. In the Editing group, click the AutoSum drop-down arrow and select the function you want (Average, for example).

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Reproduction in Animals Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.
Answer:
Importance of Reproduction.
It is the ability of living organism to produce the youngones of its own kind. Reproduction helps to increase the population of species. It is an important biological process for existence and continuity of a species. It also involves the transmission of genetic material from parents to offsprings.

Question 2.
Describe the process of fertilization in human beings.
Answer:
Fertilization.
The testes produce the male gametes called sperms. Millions of sperms are produced by the testes. Though sperms are very small in size, each has a head, a middle piece and a tail.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 1
The first step in the process of reproduction is the fusion of a sperm and an ovum or an egg. Millions of sperms from the male are transferred into female body. The sperms swim in the oviduct with the help of their tails to reach egg. When they come in contact with the egg,- one of the sperms may fuse with the egg. Such fusion of the egg and the sperm is called fertilization. During fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse to form a single nucleus which result in the formation of a fertilized egg called zygote. Zygote is the beginning of a new individual.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 2
The process of fertilization is the meeting of an egg cell from the mother and a sperm cell from the father. So the new individual inherits some characteristics from the mother and some from the father.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 3.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) Internal fertilization occurs:
(i) in female body.
(ii) outside female body.
(iii) in male body.
(iv) outside male body.
Answer:
(i) In female body.

(b) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of:
(i) fertilization
(ii) metamorphosis
(iii) embedding
(iv) budding.
Answer:
(ii) metamorphosis.

(c) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is
(i) none
(ii) one
(iii) two
(iv) four.
Answer:
(ii) one

Question 4.
Indicate whether the following statements are True [T] or False [F]:
(a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones.
Answer:
False

(b) Each sperm is a single cell.
Answer:
True

(c) External fertilization takes place in frog.
Answer:
True

(d) A new human individual develops from a cell called gamete.
Answer:
False

(e) Egg laid after fertilization is made up of a single cell.
Answer:
True

(f) Amoeba reproduces by budding.
Answer:
False

(g) Fertilization is necessary event in asexual reproduction.
Answer:
False

(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction.
Answer:
True

(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilization.
Answer:
True

(j) An embryo is made up of a single cell.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Give two differences between a zygote and a foetus.
Answer:
Differences between a zygote and a foetus

Zygote Foetus
1. The fusion of sperm and egg is called a zygote. 1. The stage of embryo in which cell body parts are identifiable is called foetus.
2. It is single celled structure. 2. It is a multicellular structure.

Question 6.
Define asexual reproduction. Describe two methods of asexual reproduction in animals.
Answer:
Asexual Reproduction.
The type reproduction in which only a single parent is involved is called asexual reproduction.

Methods of asexual reproduction in animals
1. Binary Fission.
Binary fission involves an equal or nearly equal longitudinal or transverse splitting of the body of the parents into two parts each of which grows to parental size and form. This method of reproduction occurs regularly among protozoa (Amoeba, Paramecium etc.) in which it is essentially the process of cell division which results in the complete separation of the daughter cells. It has also been observed among multicellular animals as an sea anemones in the form of longitudinal fission or as transverse fission among planarians.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 2

2. Budding.
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which new individual arises from a relatively small mass of cells that initially forms a bud on the parental body. The bud may assume parental form either before separation from the body of the parent as in external budding or after separation as in internal budding. External budding is common among sponges, coelenterates (e.g. Hydra), flatworms and tunicates. But in some coelenterate as in Obelia, it gives rise to medusae rather than to the parental.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 4

Question 7.
In which female reproductive organ does embryo get embedded ?
Answer:
Uterus (Uterine wall).

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 8.
What is metamorphosis ? Give examples.
Answer:
Metamorphosis. The drastic changes that take place during the development of an animal is called metamorphosis.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 5
In the above figure, we see the different stages of development of frog. We find three distinct stages –
(i) Egg (ii) tadpole larva (iii) adult frog.
We see that tadpole larva is totally different from its adults.
Tadpole has gills for respiration because it lives outside the water. The sudden changes come in the body of tadpole like gills are replaced lungs. These sudden changes are called metamorphosis.
Example of animals in which metamorphosis take place are : Frog, silkworm.

Question 9.
Differentiate between internal fertilization and external fertilization.
Answer:
Differences between external fertilization and internal fertilization

External fertilization Internal fertilization
1. The fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (ovum) occurs outside the body. 1. The fusion of gametes occurs inside the body.
2. Both individuals discharge their gametes outside the body. 2. Only the male discharge gametes into genital tract of female.
3. Development occurs outside the body. 3. Development may occur inside the body.
4. Example : Frog. 4. Example : Human, cattle, shark, birds.

Question 10.
Complete the crossword puzzle using the hints given below.
Across
1. The process of the fusion of the gametes.
6. The type of fertilization in hen.
7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of Hydra.
8. Eggs are produced here.

Down
2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs.
3. Another term for the fertilized egg.
4. These animals lay eggs.
5. A type of fission in amoeba.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 6
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 7

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Reproduction in Animals Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
A hydra on fission produces two or more hydra. What is this type of asexual reproduction called ?
(a) Budding
(b) Binary Fission
(c) Vegetative reproduction
(d) Gamete.
Answer:
(a) Budding.

Question 2.
The following diagram is of which organism ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 8
(a) Amoeba
(6) Paramecium
(c) Hydra
(d) Frog
Answer:
(c) Hydra.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 3.
The following diagram shows the life cycle of which organism ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 9
Answer:
Life cycle of a frog.

Question 4.
The following Diagram shows which process of asexual reproduction of amoeba ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 10
(a) Budding
(b) Binary fission
(c) Asexual reproduction
(cl) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Binary fission

Question 5.
Female gamete is called:
(a) Sperm
(b) Egg
(c) Zygote
(d) Fertilization
Answer:
(b) Egg.

Question 6.
An amoeba on fission produces two amoeba. What type of asexual reproduction is this ?
(a) Budding
(b) Binary fission
(c) Gametes
(d) Vegetative reproduction.
Answer:
(b) Binary fission.

Question 7.
Internal fertilization is:
(a) Inside the body of female
(b) Outside the body of female
(c) Inside the body of male
(d) Outside the body of male.
Answer:
(a) Inside the body of female.

Question 8.
By which process one tadpol is developed into adult ?
(a) Fertilization
(b) Metamorphosis
(c) Stagnation
(d) Budding.
Answer:
(b) Metamorphosis.

Question 9.
The number of nucleus found in gamete is:
(a) None
(b) One
(c) Two
(d) Four
Answer:
(b) One.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
1. The process of ……………… ensures continuity of life on earth.
2. The male and female gametes in the flower are called ………………. and ………………… respectively.
3. In ……………….. reproduction, one individual can make many new individuals from its body parts.
4. ………………….. grow throughout life, but ………………… grow only upto a certain age.
5. A multicellular animal starts its life from a ……………………. through sexual reproduction.
Answer:
1. reproduction
2. pollen, egg
3. asexual (vegetative)
4. plants, animals
5. zygote.

Question 2.
Which part of the body:
(a) produces sperms ?
(b) produces ova ?
(c) passes sperms from a man to a woman ?
Answer:
(a) Testis
(b) Ovaries
(c) Penis.

Question 3.
How many methods of reproduction are there in the plants and animals ?
Answer:
Two:

  1. asexual
  2. sexual.

Question 4.
How many parents are needed in asexual reproduction ?
Answer:
Only one parent is needed in asexual reproduction.

Question 5.
How many parents are needed in sexual reproduction ?
Answer:
Two parents are needed in sexual reproduction.

Question 6.
What are the specialised cells present in the sex organs ?
Answer:
Gametes.

Question 7.
Name two animals which reproduce by binary fission.
Answer:

  1. Amoeba
  2. Paramecium.

Question 8.
In which organisms do the buds remain attached to the parent organisms ?
Answer:
Sponges, Corals.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 9.
What is zygote ?
Answer:
Zygote. Zygote is the first structure formed after union of sperm and egg.

Question 10.
What is fertilization ?
Answer:
The fusion of male gamete and female gamete is known as fertilization.

Question 11.
Which is the larger-sperm or ovum ?
Answer:
Ovum or egg.

Question 12.
Name two hermaphrodites.
Answer:

  1. Earthworm
  2. Leech.

Question 13.
Name two animals in which fertilization is external.
Answer:

  1. Frog
  2. Fish.

Question 14.
Define metamorphosis.
Answer:
Metamorphosis. The drastic changes which transform a larva into an adult is called metamorphosis.

Question 15.
What is gonad ? Name the male and female gonads of human body.
Answer:
Gonad.
The reproductive organ that produces special sex cells called gametes, is called gonad.
Male gonad. The male gonad testis produces male gametes, called sperms.
Female gonad. It is the ovary and produces female gametes called ova.

Question 16.
Name the male and female gametes of man.
Answer:
Male gamete – Sperm : Female gamete – Ovum.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 17.
Give one example each of animal showing external fertilization and another of internal fertilization.
Answer:
External fertilization – Frog;
Internal Fertilization – Human.

Question 18.
What is the function of sperm duct ?
Answer:
Sperm duct (vas deferens). It conducts sperms from testes to urethra.

Question 19.
What is hymen ?
Answer:
Hymen. In the case of virgins at the orifice of vagina present a thin membranous diaphragm called hymen. It is perforated to pass menstrual discharge.

Question 20.
In which type of asexual reproduction takes place in Hydra ?
Answer:
Budding.

Question 21.
Define cloning.
Answer:
Cloning. It is the production of an identical cell, any other part, or a complete organism.

Question 22.
Name the sheep which was cloned successfully by Ian Wilmont at the Roslin Institute in Edenburgh, Scotland.
Answer:
Dolly sheep.

Question 23.
Name the first mammal to be cloned.
Answer:
A sheep named Dolly which was born on 5th July, 1996.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 24.
What is reproduction ?
Answer:
Reproduction. To produce young ones of their own kind is called reproduction.

Question 25.
What is the function of tail of sperm in man ?
Answer:
For movement.

Question 26.
What is ovulation ?
Answer:
Production of eggs from the ovaries is called ovulation.

Question 27.
What is a test tube baby ?
Answer:
The babies produced by an artificial fertilization outside the body are called test tube babies.

Question 28.
Give full form of I.V.F.
Answer:
Invitro fertilization.

Question 29.
Where does test tube baby develops ?
Answer:
In uterus.

Question 30.
What are oviparons animals ?
Answer:
Egg laying animals are called oviparous animals.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 31.
What are viviparous animals ?
Answer:
Young ones producing animals are called viviparous animals.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction ?
Answer:
Differences between Asexual and Sexual reproduction:

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
1. New individuals are formed from a single parent. 1. Two parents are involved in the formation of new individual.
2. It does not require the production of sex organs. 2. Sex organs are pre-requisite for it.
3. It does not involve meiosis. 3. It involves meiosis at one or the other stage.
4. It does not involve fusion of cells. 4. It involves formation and fusion of gametes.
5. New individual develops from one cell. 5. New individual develops from fusion product of two gametes.
6. New individuals are genetically similar to the parents. 6. New individuals are generally different from either of the two parents.
7. It does not introduce variability. 7. It introduces variability.

Question 2.
What is sexual reproduction ? Discuss sexual reproduction in animals.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction.
Union of male and female individuals to accomplish fertilization is called sexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction in animals.
In sexual reproduction, there are two parents. The parents have sex organs which produce sex cells. Females produce eggs while males produce sperms. Sperms are produced by sex organs called testes. Female sex cells are called eggs or ova (singular ovum). Ova are produced by sex organ called ovaries. A sperm enters an egg. This is called fertilization. A fertilized egg divides many times. The cells develops into an embryo which later develops into an adult.

Question 3.
What are the organs in human beings which produce the gametes ?
Answer:
The male organs in human beings are a pair of testis. The female organs in human beings are a pair of ovaries.

Question 4.
Name two organisms which produce by two types of asexual methods. What are the methods ?
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 11

Question 5.
What are gametes ? What is the difference between the unisexual and hermaphrodite ?
Answer:
Gametes.
Gametes are the reproductive cells which are produced by the sex organs of the body. There are two types of gametes-male and female. Due to the union of gametes, fertilization takes place.

Unisexual organism are those which have only one kind of sex organs either male or female.
Hermaphrodite are those organisms which have both kinds of sex organs.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 6.
What is hermaphrodite ? Give two examples.
Answer:
The organisms which can produce both the male and female gamete are called hermaphrodites or bisexual. Examples:

  1. Earthworm
  2. Hydra.

Question 7.
In how many ways can a tissue grow in size ?
Answer:
Growth means getting bigger in size. The tissue can grow in size by:

  1. Increasing the size of the cells.
  2. Increasing the number of cells.

Question 8.
What are the basic features in the process of asexual reproduction ?
Answer:
Basic features of asexual reproduction

  1. Only one parent is involved.
  2. All the cell divisions are mitotic.
  3. All the offsprings are genetically similar to the parent.
  4. The reproductive unit is a fragment or specialised part of the parent.

Question 9.
How is process of binary fission different from budding ?
Answer:
Differences between binary fission and budding

Binary Budding
1. Only two young ones are formed. 1. Large number of buds may be formed, each growing into new individual.
2. Example : Amoeba, Euglena. 2. Examples : Sponges, Hydra.

Question 10.
Define ovulation.
Answer:
Ovulation.
Release of ovum (unfertilized egg) from the ovary is called ovulation. Egg is released on 14th day of 28-day menstrual cycle.

Question 11.
What is reproduction ? What are its basic types ?
Answer:
Reproduction.
All organisms born on this earth show characteristics life cycle, involving birth, growth, maturation, reproduction and death. Reproduction is one of the most important processes by which continuation of the species from one generation to another generation can take place. Older and aged organisms are replaced by new and younger organisms by reproduction. There are two basic types of reproduction. Reproduction is of two types:
A. Asexual reproduction
B. Sexual reproduction.

Question 12.
Name the various organs of male reproductive system in man.
Answer:
Male reproductive organs of man

  1. A pair of testes
  2. A pair of epididymis
  3. A pair of vas deferentia
  4. A pair of seminal vesicles
  5. Urethra
  6. Penis
  7. Male reproductive glands
    (Cowper’s gland and prostate gland).

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 13.
Name the various organs of female reproductive system.
Answer:
Female reproductive system is composed of organs given ahead :

  1. A pair of ovaries
  2. A pair of fallopian tubes
  3. Uterus
  4. Vagina
  5. Vulva

Question 14.
Differentiate the following:
(i) Sperm and Ovum
(ii) Vas deferens and Fallopian tube
(iii) Male urethra and Female urethra
(iv) Foetus and Embryo.
Answer:
(i) Differences between Sperm and Ovum

Sperm Ovum
1. The sperm is active. 1. The ovum is inactive.
2. The sperm is capable of movement. 2. The ovum is stationary.
3. It has a locomotory organ (tail). 3. It has no locomotory organ.
4. It is smaller in size. 4. It is bigger in size due to presence of yolk.

(ii) Differences between Vas deferens and Fallopian tube

Vas deferens Fallopian tube
1. Vas deferens is a part of male reproductive system. 1. Fallopian tube is a part of female reproductive system.
2. It serves to conduct the sperm from the testis to the urethra. 2. It serves to conduct the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.

(iii) Differences between Male Urethra and Female Urethra

Male urethra Female urethra
In male the urethra serves to carry the urine as well as semen outside. In female urethra serves to carry only the urine as the urethra and the vaginal apertures are separate.

(iv) Differences between Foetus and Embryo

Foetus Embryo
1. The mammalian embryo which has recognisable appearance of main features of fully developed animal is called as foetus. 1. In early stage of development (from the fertilized egg), the developing animal is called as embryo.
2. In humans after two months of gestation the embryo is called foetus. 2. It is the early stage of development, before it emerges from the egg or from the uterus of the mother. In humans, the term is restricted to the stages between second to eighth week after conception.

Question 15.
Write a note on ‘test tube babies’.
Answer:
Test tube babies.
Actually this name is a wrong name because babies cannot grow in test tubes. In some women oviducts are blocked. These women unable to bear babies because sperms can not reach the egg for fertilization. In such cases, doctors collect freshly released egg and sperms and keep them together for a few houjs for in vitro fertilization (fertilization outside the body). After the zygote develops for about a week, it is placed in the mother’s uterus. Complete development takes place in the uterus and the baby is born like any other baby.

Question 16.
How does fertilization take place in frog ?
Answer:
In frog fertilization takes place outside the body of female. So this type of fertilization is called external fertilization.

During spring or rainy season, frogs and toads move to ponds. As the eggs are laid, the male frog deposits sperms over them. Each sperm swims randomly in water with the help of its long tail. The sperms come in contact with the eggs. This results in fertilization.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals

Question 17.
Why animals which undergo external fertilization such as frog and fish lay eggs in hundreds while a hen lays only one egg at a time ?
Answer:
Frog and fish release hundred of eggs and millions of sperms. But all the eggs are not fertilized because eggs and sperms get exposed to water movement, wind and rainfall. Some animals found in water may feed on eggs. Thus production of large number of eggs are necessary to ensure fertilization.

Question 18.
What are oviparous and viviparous animals ?
Answer:
Oviparous animals. The animals, which lay eggs are called oviparous animals. Frog, butterfly, hen, crow etc.

Viviparous animals. The animals which give birth to young ones are called viviparous animals, e.g. man, dog, cow, cat etc.

Question 19.
What is Menstruation ?
Answer:
Menstruation.
The rhythmic changes in the uterus which occur about every 28 days throughout the reproductive cycle of women except the pregnancy is called menstrual cycle. The female sex hormones initiate the thickening of the uterine wall for the implantation of a fertilized ovum. If the ovum is not fertilized, the lining wall is broken down and discharged from the body. This is called menstruation. Normally the menstrual cycle starts at the age of 10-14 years and stops at the age of 45-50 when menopause is reached.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are gonads ? Briefly explain male reproductive system.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 12
Gonads.
The primary sex organs which produce gametes are called gonads. Male gonads are testes and female gonads, ovaries.

Male reproductive system. The male reproductive system of man consist of following organs:
1. A pair of testes.
The male gonads (primary sex organs) are a pair of testes. They are paired organs and are located outside the body cavity in a pouch called scrotum. It helps in keeping the testes at a cooler temperature than the body temperature essential for maintenance and function of spermatogenic tissue. It measures 4 cm, 3 cm and 2.5 cm in length, thickness and width. Each testis is formed of large number of seminiferous tubules, they produce sperms and glandular cells which produce sex hormone, testosterone.

2. A pair of epididymis.
At the end of each seminiferous tubule is a very small tubule called the vas efferens. The vasa efferentia lead into epididymis. In the epididymis sperms are stored.

3. A pair of vasa deferentia (Sing. Vas deferens).
Corpus epididymis continues as vas deferens. It is a muscular tube. It is about 30 cm long. It leaves the scrotum by inguinal canal passes over the urinary bladder and receives a duct from seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory Fig. Male reproductive organs duct.

4. Male Urethra.
It is about 7-9 inches long. It leaves the urinary bladder and is joined by ejaculatory duct. It passes through penis and opens at the tip. The tip of penis is called glans penis and is covered over by fold of skin which is known as prepuce.

5. Reproductive glands (Accessory or secondary glands). They are prostate gland and Cowper’s gland.

  • Prostate gland. It surrounds the urethra and opens into by means of numerous fine ducts. It secretes milky alkaline secretion and form 15-30% of semen.
  • Cowper’s gland. A pair of glands called Cowper’s gland are attached to urethra. They secrete a clear viscid muscus which is lubricatory in function.
  • The seminal vesicles. They are paired tubular structures located behind the neck of bladder. Its secretion forms essential component of seminal fluid.

Question 2.
Briefly explain various parts of female reproductive system.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 13
Reproductive system of woman. It consists of following organs:
1. A pair of ovaries.
There are present a pair of ovaries (primary female sex organ) measuring 3 cm, 2 cm and 1 cm in length, breadth and thickness. Each ovary is a small almond-like flattened body. Each ovary lies in the abdominal cavity on either side of the middle line. Ovaries produce female sex cells, ova and their glandular cells produce hormones. Each ovary is attached to dorsal abdominal wall by a fold of peritoneal membrane called mesovarium.

2. A pair of fallopian (uterine) tubes.
Each fallopian tube is about 5 inches long. It extends from the vicinity of the ovary to the uterus. The fallopian tube is retained in its position by a mesentery called mesometrium.

3. Uterus.
The uterus is hollow, muscular, thick walled organ. Its mucous membrane contains small gland cells and many capillaries. It receives ova and pass them on to vagina. The lower part of uterus is called cervix.

4. Vagina.
It is muscular tube measures 8 cm in length and lined with stratified epithelium. It receives the semen from the male during mating and during child birth, it conveys the child to the outside.

5. Vulva.
The opening of vagina to the outside alongwith labia majora and labia minora constitute the external female sex organs collectively called as vulva. Clitoris, homologous to penis is present at the junction of labia majora and labia minora.

Question 3.
Write a note on cloning.
Answer:
Cloning. It is the production of an identical cell or a complete organism. Dolly, a sheep, was successfully cloned. It was the first mammal to be cloned in 1996.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Reproduction in Animals 14
A cell was collected from the mammary gland of a female Finn Dorsett sheep. [Fig. (a)]. Simultaneously, an egg was obtained from a Scottish blackface ewe [Fig. (b)]. The nucleus was removed from the egg. Then, the nucleus of the cell from the Finn Dorsett sheep was inserted into the egg of the Scottish blackface ewe. The egg thus produced was implanted into the Scottish blackface ewe. Development of the egg took place normally and finally Dolly was born. Though Dolly was given birth by Scottish blackface ewe, it was found to be identical to the Finn Dorsett sheep from which the nucleus was taken. Because the nucleus of Scottish blackface ewe was removed, Dolly did not show any character of the Scottish blackface ewe. Unfortunately, Dolly died on 14th February 2003 due to certain lung diseases.
The cloned animals are also found to be born with severe abnormalities.