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This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Storage Devices will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 8 Storage Devices

Introduction:
Memory is like the human brain. A computer system needs memory to store the data and instructions for processing. Whenever we talk about the ‘memory’ of a computer system, we usually talk about the primary memory and secondary memory. Now in this chapter we will learn about these two types of memory.

What is Memory?
Computer memory is a physical device capable of storing data and information. It is a storage space where data and instructions are stored either for processing or for further uses. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each cell has a unique address. It can store data and instructions either temporarily (RAM) or permanently (ROM) which can be reused at any time.

Memory can be either volatile or non-volatile.

• Volatile Memory: Memory that loses work when a computer is switched off. For example, RAM is volatile. When you are working on a document, it is kept in RAM, and if the computer loses power, your work is lost.
• Non-volatile Memory: This memory, also called NVRAM, is the memory that retains its contents even when power is lost. EPROM is an example of unstable memory.

Types of Computer Memory:
There are many types of memory in a computer; the most basic is primary memory, also called system memory, and the secondary memory, commonly called storage. Details about these memories are given ahead:

Primary Memory:
Primary memory is the main memory of a computer system. It stores the data temporarily. It holds only those data on which computer is currently working. Primary memory is directly accessed by the CPU. It has limited storage capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.

Primary memory is a semiconductor memory because it is manufactured using semiconductor devices. The capacity of primary memory is very limited and is always less than that of secondary memory. It is more expensive than secondary memory.

Characteristics of Main Memory

• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

Types of Primary Memory:
There are two types of primary memory:

• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)

1. RAM: RAM stands for Random Access Memory. This is a volatile memory. This means it stores data or instructions temporarily. It is located on the motherboard. When you start the computer, Data and instructions from the hard disk are stored in RAM. The CPU uses this data to perform the required functions. RAM loses all data as soon as you shut down the computer.

The most important thing to understand about RAM is that RAM memory is very fast, it is a read/write memory. It is much more expensive than secondary memory. Due to the high cost of RAM, most computer systems use both primary and secondary memory, RAM is further divided into two types:
(a) SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): This stores a bit of data using the state of a six transistor memory cell.
(b) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): This stores a bit data using a pair of transistor and capacitor which constitute a DRAM memory cell.

2. ROM: This means read only memory. It is a non-volatile memory. It stores the data permanently. These are the IC (integrated circuits) inside the PC that makes up the ROM. ROM stores a startup program called ‘Bootstrap Loader’. When the computer’s power is turned on “Bootstrap Loader” checks and starts the device connected to the PC. ROM can only be read by CPU but cannot be changed.

Types of Read Only Memory (ROM):
(a) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): PROM is read¬only memory that can be modified only one time by a user. Once programmed, the data and instructions contained in it cannot be changed.
(b) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): It can
be reprogrammed. To delete data from it, place it in front of an ultra violet light. To re-program it, delete all previous data
(c) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): Data stored in EEPROM can be deleted and modified as many times as user wants. Implementing electric field can erase data, no need for ultra-violet light. We can only delete parts of the chip.

Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is permanent memory. It is not directly accessible by CPU. It communicates with the CPU through the main memory. Secondary memory stores data and holds it even when power is off. It is used to store large amount of data or programs. It is less expensive than the primary memory.
Secondary memory refers to the various storage media on which a computer can store data and programs. Floppy disks, Hard Disks, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes are the examples of secondary memory.

The Secondary storage media are of two types:

1. Fixed: Fixed Storage media is an internal storage medium like hard disk that is fixed inside the computer.
2. Removable: Storage medium that are portable and can be taken outside the computer are termed as removable storage media like CD, DVD, Pen drive etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

1. Magnetic Tapes: Magnetic discs are made of hard metal or synthetic plastic material. Magnetic material is coated on both sides of the disc platter and both sides can be used for storage. The magnetic disk provides direct access to both small and large computer systems. Magnetic audio tapes are used to record sound and music. Magnetic video tapes are used to record analog voice and video signals. These are low cost tapes. Hard disks and floppy disks are examples of magnetic tapes.

2. Floppy Disk: Also known as floppy diskette, it is a removable, portable secondary storage device. This was created in 1964 by IBM. It is a small plastic disc about 3.5 inches in size. These disks have very low storage capacity and can store approximately 1.4 MB of data. It can be read or written by a floppy disk drive.

3. Hard Disk: Hard disks are the secondary storage devices used to store data permanently. It is directly connected to the disk controller on the motherboard. Hard disks are flat, circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disk platters typically spin very fast at 5400 to 7200 cycles/minute.

It has unlimited storage space and its storage capacity ranges from 20 GB to 500 GB. It used to install a new program or application on the device. Software programs, images, videos, etc. all can be saved to the hard drive.

There are two types of hard disks.

• Internal Hard Disk: Internal hard drives are located inside your computer. Most computers come with a single internal hard drive, which includes the operating system and pre-installed applications.
• External Hard Drive: An external hard drive, also called a portable hard drive. It is a device connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection. It is often used to back up a computer or portable storage.

4. Optical Drives: Optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and written by a laser. Optical disks can store up to 6GB of data. Optical storage devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices.

The most commonly used types of optical storage devices are:

• CD-ROM
• DVD-ROM
• CD-RECORDABLE
• CD-REWRITABLE
• PHOTO – CD

1. CD: A compact disc is a flat, round, optical storage medium invented by James Russell. It is a portable storage medium that was used to digitally store and play the audio, video and other data. Compact discs have greater storage capacity than floppy disks. These disks can store 650-700 MB of data. This is a very reliable storage media.

There are two types of CDs:
(а) CD-R: CD-R stands for Compact Disc-Recordabie, also known as ROM is a digital optical disk storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can be written once and arbitrarily read multiple times.
(B) CD-RW: CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) is a digital optical disk storage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RW) can be read, written, erased, and rewritten.

2. DVD: Stands for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc. It is a digital optical disc data storage format that was invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. DVD is a type of optical media used to store digital data. It is the same size of a CD, but it has a large storage capacity. Some DVDs are specifically formatted for video playback, while others contain different types of data, such as software programs and computer files.

While using CDs and DVDs, we should keep the following in mind:
(a) CD / DVD should always be covered.
(b) The back shiny part of the CD / DVD should not be touched.
(c) Don’t write on the back of the CD / DVD.
(d) CD / DVD should not be folded.
(e) To clean CDs / DVDs, a soft cloth should be used. You can also use water to remove dust from it.

3. Pen Drive: A pen drive is a portable universal serial bus (USB) flash memory device. It is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer. The major advantage of USB pen drives over other portable storage devices such as floppy disks or DVDs / CDs is their compact shape and size; they work faster and can store more data. Memory Card: A memory card is a flash memory. It is used in electronic devices such as digital cameras, Mobile phones or video game consoles.

The memory card can stores data, images, music, games or other computer files. Memory cards have no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. They are more compact and portable than CDs or DVDs, and they can store more data than CDs. The data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.

Differences between Primary Memory and Secondary Memory
In this lesson, we have talked about both primary and secondary memory. Both are quite useful in their own way, now we will look at the difference between the both.

• Primary memory is also called internal memory. Secondary memory is also called backup memory or auxiliary memory.
• Primary memory can be accessed by data bus while secondary memory is accessed through I/O channels.
• Primary memory data is accessed directly by the processing unit. Secondary memory data cannot be accessed directly by the processor.
• Primary memory is more expensive than secondary memory. Secondary memory is cheaper than primary memory.
• Primary memory is both unstable and static. Secondary memory is always unchanging memory.

Note:

• Memory is an electronic holding space for instructions and data.
• Memory is used to store data and instructions.
• Memory can be either volatile or non-volatile.
• Primary memory is the main memory of a computer system. It is used to store the data temporarily.
• Primary memory consists of ROM and RAM.
• Secondary memory is permanent memory that communicates indirectly with the CPU through the main memory.
• Hard disks and floppy disks are examples of magnetic tapes.
• Internal hard drive is a hard drive that resides inside the computer.
• An external hard drive is connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection.
• A pen drive is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer.
• Data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Introduction to Multimedia will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Introduction to Multimedia

Introduction:
Multimedia is an interactive media and provides many powerful ways to present information to the user. It provides communication between users and digital information. It is a medium of communication. Some of the areas where multimedia is widely used are education, training, reference materials, business presentations, advertising and documentation.

Multimedia:
Multimedia is a form of communication that combines different types of data such as text, audio, images, animations or video into a single presentation. Multimedia is a computer based technology where all kinds of information can be digitally presented, displayed, processed and transmitted.

As the name suggests, multimedia is a combination of multi and media. Multi means many and media means the way by which data can be transmitted or sent. Email, newspaper, messaging, radio, TV context, etc. are all examples of media.

Components of Multimedia

1. Text: Text is the primary part of multimedia and the most common way of conveying information to another person. It is a combination of characters and certain symbols. Text is commonly used to send messages. In multimedia we can present text in a very attractive way using fonts, colors and styles. The most commonly used software for viewing text files are Microsoft Word, Notepad, WordPad etc.

We can use two types of text in multimedia.
(а) Static Text: Static text is a simple text that we use to type messages or other documents or given along with images to describe the image.
(b) Hypertext: Hypertext is text that contains links to other texts. These texts are displayed on the screen with blue underline. By clicking on this text we can easily and quickly go to the linked page.

2. Images: Every multimedia presentation is based on images. In multimedia we make the concept more effective and presentable with the help of images. Sometimes we do not like to read the large amount of text therefore images are used to explain the concept in very easy manner.

There are two types of images:
(a) Raster or Bitmap Images: Bitmap images are real images that are captured from digital cameras or scanners.. A bitmap is a simple matrix of small dots called a pixel that creates a raster or bitmap image. Each pixel contains two or more colors. Generally bitmap images are not editable. Bitmap images require a large amount of memory.
(b) Vector Images: Vector images are drawn using lines, circles and other mathematical equations. These images remain smooth even when zoomed in. Vector imagery requires less memory to store and thus we can use less data to represent the image. These images are editable.

3. Audio: In multimedia audio means recording or playing sound, speeches, music etc. Audio is an important part of multimedia because the concept that we cannot understand in the form of text, we explain in audio format.

Some sound formats are:
(a) MIDI: The full name of MIDI is Musical Instrument Digital Identifier. It is a communication tool developed for computers and electronic devices. It’s a flexible and easy way to create music projects in multimedia.
(b) Digital Audio: Digital audio is a better alternative to MIDI files. Digital sound files are created from predefined music to record live music. We can digitize any type’of sound. These files are larger in size than MIDI. The sound quality of these files is better than MIDI files. A special format is used for digital audio. This is called a WAV. Commonly used software for playing audio files is: Quick Time. Real Player, window media player.

4. Video: Video means moving pictures with sound. This is the best way to communicate with each other. It is used in multimedia to present more information and saves a lot of time. The most commonly used software for watching videos are: Quick Time, Real Player, window media player.

The video is divided into two parts:
(a) Analog Videos: Analog video is created in a video camera. Analog video, represents moving visual images (video) in the form of analog signals. The red, green and blue intensities are used to record these videos.
(b) Digital Videos: Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images (video) in the form of encoded digital data. Digital video is audio/visual data in a binary format. Information is represented as a sequence of zeroes and ones.

5. Animation: Animation is the process of displaying multiple images one after the other. In traditional animation, to show on film, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets. Today, most animations are made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Animation is a method in which images are shown as a video at high speed. For example Cartoon movies, games etc.

There are two types of animation:
(а) Path Animation: In this animation, path geometry is used as an input.
(b) Frame Animation: In this animation, pictures are shown moving in a frame.

Features of Multimedia:

• Photo Gallery: Show your photos arranged in a nice-looking grid format.
• Slideshows: Combine your pictures with music and animate them in a slideshow.
• Audio Player: Add music, podcasts or other audio files to your website.
• Video Player: Upload videos and display them in a professional player or embed videos directly from video sharing websites such as http:// www.youtube.com
• Embedded Documents: Embed already existing documents from script.com or other document sharing websites directly into your website for easy viewing.

Requirements of Multimedia
In multimedia, projects are created by combining text, graphics, sounds, videos, etc. These projects require verity of hardware and software. These hardware and software are based on the need of the project, budget and its presentation. The hardware and software commonly used in multimedia are as given ahead:

Hardware Requirements
The following hardware is required to create multimedia apps. This hardware include inputs, outputs and storage devices.
1. Input Devices: Those devices which are used to enter data and instructions into a computer are called input devices. They add text, graphics, sounds, videos, etc. to projects. The following are the input devices used in multimedia.
(a) Keyboard
(b) Mouse
(c) Scanner
(d) Touch Screen
(e) Microphone
(f) Voice Recognition System
(g) Digital Camera
(h) Joystick
(i) Light Pen

2. Output Devices: Those devices which are used to receive data from a computer. For example printing a document, displaying images on a screen and playing audio or video. Below are the names of some of the output devices.
(а) Monitor
(b) Audio Devices
(c) Video Devices
(d) Projectors
(e) Speakers
(f) Printers etc.

3. Storage Devices: The process of permanently saving data and instructions is called storage, and the devices in which multimedia projects are stored are called storage devices. The following are some of the storage devices used to store multimedia projects:
(a) Hard Disk Drive
(b) Magnetic Tape
(c) RAM
(d) CD-R, CD-RW, DVD
(e) Pen Drive
(f) External Disk Drive

Software Requirements
Multimedia software is a tool used to edit and manage the key elements of multimedia such as text, graphics, sound, animation and video.

The following are some of the specific software used for multimedia projects.

• Adobe Director
• Create Together
• Media Blander
• Media Works
• Play mo
• Multimedia Builder
• 4 File Format for Multimedia

File formats are designed to store specific types of information. Such as JPEG for storing raster data, AI for storing vector data, WAV and MPEG for storing audio data and video data. Before reading about the file format in multimedia, we need to know how many types of files are in multimedia.

Multimedia consists of 3 types of files which are mentioned ahead:

• Uncompressed: These are the files which are not compressed and are capable of storing a large file size.
• Lossless: Files that can be compressed and when they are compressed there is no loss in image quality such as (Vector images) which do not lose quality even when zoomed in and the image will remain clear.
• Lossy: Files that lose their quality when compressed. Such as bitmap Images. The easiest way to find any file type is to look at the file extension. The file extension determines which file it is.

Audio File Format
Audio file format is the file format used to store digital audio data on a computer system. Below are some audio file formats:

• MP3: The full form of MP3 is MPEG audio Layer-3. It is a standard technology and format that reduces the size of the file by one-tenth of the actual size and does not allow any loss in sound quality. The extension of these files is MP3.
• WAV: The most popular audio file format in Windows for storing compressed sound files. In order to the reduced the size of the files, these files can be converted to MP3 file format. The extension of these files is WAV.
• WMA (Window Media Audio): These file formats are used to encode digital audio files similar to MP3. It can compress files at a higher rate than MP3. WMA files can be compressed to any size to match many different connection speeds or bandwidths. Their file extension is .wma.
• AAC (Advanced Audio Coding): The default audio format of Apple iTune. They work very well on Apple computing but do not work on web browsers. Their file extension is .aac.
• Real Audio: This format has been developed by Real Media to allow steaming of audio with low bandwidth. Its file extensions are ,rm, .ram.

Video File Format
Video files are a collection of images, audio and other data. The following are many different formats for encoding and saving video data.

• AVI (Audio Video Interleave); One of the oldest video formats developed by Microsoft. Due to its simple architecture, these files are able to run on different systems such as Windows, Macintosh, Linux. The file extension of these files is .avi.
• MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group): The first popular video format on the web is MPEG, These are compressed video files that can store both audio and video files. The file extension of these files is .mpeg.
• MP4: MP4 is one of the earliest digital video file formats introduced in 2001. Most digital platforms and devices support MP4. An MP4 format can store audio files, video files, still images and text. In addition, MP4 delivers high quality video with relatively small files. The file extension of these files is .mp4.

Image File Format
There are many different image formats and image file extensions that can be used to create and save images to a computer. The most common image formats are listed below:
1. TIFF: Stands for Tagged Image File Format. TIFF file format is widely used bitmapped file format. TIFF files originally use lossless compression. Today TIFF files also use lossy compression according to the requirement. It allowing for very high-quality images but also larger file sizes.TIFF can store many different types of image such as 1 bit image, grayscale image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit RGB image etc. It is supported by many image editing applications, software used by scanners and photo-retouching programs. The file extension of these files is .tiff.

2. BMP: The bitmap file format (BMP) is a very basic format supported by most Windows applications. BMP files are uncompressed. It allowing for very high-quality images but also larger file sizes. Therefore, these are not suitable for the internet. BMP can store many different type of image: 1 bit image, grayscale image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit RGB image etc. The file extension of these files is .bmp.

3. GIF (Graphics Interchange Formats): The GIF format is one of the most popular on the Internet due to its compact size. They are widely used for web graphics, as they are limited to 256 colors and can be animated. The file extension of these files is .gif.

4. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Groups): Jpeg is a “loosy” format meaning it compresses the image to make it a smaller file. Compression of the image causes loss of image quality but this loss is usually not noticeable. JPEG files are very common on the Internet and JPEG is a popular format for digital cameras. The file extension of these files is -jpeg.

5. PNG (Portable Network Graphics): PNG files are a lossless image format designed to actually improve and convert GIF format. Unlike the 256 colors supported by GIF, PNG files can handle up to 16 million colors. The file extension of these files is .png.

6. RAW: Raw images are images that are not processed by a camera or scanner. Most digital SLR cameras can shoot in RAW format. The file extension of these files is raw.

Creating text files and using a word processor is the most common task on a computer. The following are the most common file formats used to store text files and documents.

• RTF (Rich Text Format): Rich Text Format is a primary file format. Files of this format can be read in any word processor. The file extension of these files is .rtf
• Plain Text: Plain text files can be opened, read and edited with most text editors. The most commonly used text editors are Notepad (Windows), Gadget or Nano (Unix, Linux), Text Edit (Mac OS) and more. Other computer programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is a real and popular way to deliver an email.

Multimedia Presentation
The multimedia presentations are electronic documents that can include text, diagrams, graphics, photographs, sounds, animations, video clips etc.

Multimedia presentations are used to convey a message to others using a variety of communication methods. These presentations usually include text, animation, video, audio or interactive features such as forms, popup and more. First presentations were offering by Microsoft PowerPoint. You could say that most PowerPoint presentations are multimedia presentations. Today there are many multimedia presentation creators available who use various tools to make the presentation attractive which attracts the attention of the audience.

The following should be kept in mind when creating a multimedia presentation.

• Text should be kept to a minimum in multimedia presentations.
• The level of audio and music quality should be good.
• The keyboard and mouse should be accessible for the convenience of the user.
• Multimedia presentation should be effective and small in size.

Types of Multimedia Presentation
There can be many types of multimedia presentations, some of which are as follows:
1. Virtual Presentation: Where hosts and viewers attend the presentation remotely, are becoming common place. It is a technology that allows us to gather information on any topic and create a virtual presentation using high technology hardware software tools.

2. Slide Presentation: A slide is a presentation page. A group of slides is known as a slide deck. A slide show is a display of a series of slides or images in an electronic device or on a projection screen. A slide can be a 35 mm slide seen with a slide projector. Presentation slides can be created in many pieces of software such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple Keynote, LibreOffice Effects, Preeze,

3. Web Presentations: When we add audio, video, animation etc. to web pages instead of static photos and text, web Pages turn into web presentations.

Applications of Multimedia
Multimedia is the most fast growing area in the field of information technology. A Multimedia is an application which uses media sources like text, images, sound/ audio, animation and video on a single platform. Following are the common areas of applications of multimedia.
1. Education: Multimedia is used to teach students in school and colleges. Nowadays multimedia CDs are used instead of text books.

2. Business: Multimedia applications are used in business for marketing, advertising, network communications, online shopping and more. It is also used in commercial marketing to motivate customers to buy products. ‘

3. Advertisement: Advertising industry uses multimedia to promote businesses, products and services. Multimedia advertising is done using animations and graphic design. Television, radio and print advertising are the most common mediums used in advertising.

4. Entertainment: Multimedia is widely used in the entertainment *> industry. It is used especially in movies and video games to create special effects. Music and video apps are a great example of multimedia in entertainment.

5. Public Places: Multimedia is available in many public places like trade ’ shows, libraries, railway stations, museums, malls, airports, banks, hotels and exhibitions in the form of kiosks. It provides information to the customers and helps them.

6. Software: Software engineers can use multimedia in computer entertainment to design everything from entertainment to digital games; it can be used as a learning process.

7. Medical Services: Multimedia also use in Hospitals. For surgery methods, Tiny digital cameras are inserted in human body and it displays the inner scene of the body. In this way the medical practitioners were , able to see the inner part without examine it.

Note:

• Multimedia is a combination of the two words multimedia and media.
• Multi means many, media means mean of communication such as newspaper, email, radio, television.
• The five main elements of multimedia are text, voice, pictures, animation and video.
• Hardware and software are essential elements for multimedia.
• There are two types of images in multimedia: raster images and vector images.
• Multimedia has two types of videos: analog video and digital video.
• Animation is a method in which pictures are sorted and played as a video. For example: Cartoon movies.
• Multimedia applications are use in education, banking, entertainment, advertising, hospital field.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Microsoft Word Part-IV will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 6 Microsoft Word Part-IV

Introduction:
A table is a grid of cells arranged in rows and columns. Tables are useful for various tasks such as presenting text information and numerical data. In Word, you can create a blank table, convert text to a table, and apply a variety of styles and formats to existing tables.

Table:
A table is a collection of rows and columns where data is grouped together. Rows are placed horizontally and columns are placed vertically in the table and the intersection of a row and column is known as CelL Cells are small boxes in the worksheet where we enter data. For example sample table is shown below :

In this lesson, we will learn how to create a table, how to join rows and columns, how to format a table, etc.

Creating a Table
In MS Word, we can create tables in three ways :

• With the help of table buttons.
• With the help of Insert Table option.
• With the help of draw table options.

Creating a Table using the Insert Table Option
Below are the steps to create a table using the Insert Table option :
(а) In the Insert tab, click on the “Table” command from the Table group.
(b) A dropdown menu will open as shown in the picture above, click on the “Insert Table” option from this menu.
(c) The Insert Table dialog box will appear.
(d) In this box, specify the number of rows and columns and click on the ok button.

Creating a Table with the Help of a Draw Table Option
The steps to create a table with the help of a draw table option are as follows:
(а) In the Insert tab, click on the “Table command from the Table group.
(b) A dropdown menu will open as shown in the picture above, click on the Draw Table option from this menu.
(c) The mouse pointer will turn into a pencil.
(d) Draw a rectangle on the page with the help of a pencil.
(e) Draw vertical and horizontal lines to form columns and rows as needed.

Enter Text into Table
Below are the steps for inserting text into a table :

• Click on the cell in which you want to insert the text.
• Now type
  Or
• You can also add text using copy paste

To Convert Text to a Table
Steps to convert text into table are as follows :

• Select the text which you want to convert into table.
• Click on the “Table” command in the “Table” group of the Insert tab.
• Select the command “Convert Text To Table”.
• The “Convert Text to Table” dialog box opens.
• Select the desired option in the Separate text at section.
• Click OK button.

Convert Table into Text
Steps to convert table into text are as follows :

• Select the rows of tables you want to convert to text.
• On the Layout tab, in the Data section, click “Convert To Text”.

In the Convert Table box, under Separate Text With, click on the different character you want to use instead of the column boundaries. Rows will be separated by paragraph symbols.

Click Ok.

Modifying a Table
Once you have included the table in your document, if you need to add or remove more data, you can easily add and delete rows and columns into the table. You can also change the look of your table.
When you select a table in Word, the Design and Layout tabs appear below the Table Tools on the Ribbon. Using the commands on the Layout tab, you can make various modifications into the table.

Adding ROMS to Tables
In any table, you can add a row above or below the selected cell. In MS Word we have 2 ways to add row into the table. Which are as follows :

Method 1.
Below are the steps to add rows to the table.

• Place the cursor in the table where you want to add the new row.
• Now right click on the mouse, a drop-down menu will appear on the screen.
• Click on the Insert option from this menu.
• If you want to add a new row above the insertion point, click on the “Insert Row Above” option.
• If you want to add a new row below the insertion point, click on the “Insert Row Below” option.
• A new row will appear above the insertion point.

Method 2.
The step of adding rows to the table is given below :

• Place the cursor in the table where you want to add the new row.
• From the “Rows & Columns” group of the “Layout tab”, click on the “Insert Above/Insert Below” option.
• A new row will appear below/above the insertion point.

Adding Columns to Tables
In MS Word, you can add a new column to the right or left of the insertion point in a table. There are two ways to add columns in Word which are as follows :

Method 1.

• Place the insertion point where you want to add new column.
• Right-click on the mouse. A menu will appear.
• Click on the Insert option from this menu.
• If you want to add a new column to the left of the insertion point, click on the “Insert Cloumn to the left” option.
• If you want to add a new column to the ‘right of the insertion point, click on the “Insert Column to the right” option.
• A new column will now appear to the right or left of the cursor.

Method 2.
Below is the step to add a column to the table:

• Place the cursor in the table where you want to add the new column
• From the “Rows & Columns” group of the Layout tab, click on the “Insert Left/Insert right” option.
• A new column will now appear to the right or left of the cursor.

Adding Cells to Tables
In MS Word, you can add a new cell around the selected cell, such as right, left, up or down.

The steps to add a new cell are as follows :

• Click in the cell.
• Press the right mouse button inside the cell.
• From this menu click “Insert” and then click “insert cell” option.
• Choose which side of the selected cell you want new cell.
• Click the OK button.

Deleting a Row or Column
Here are the steps to delete a row or column from the table :

• Select a row or column.
• Right click your mouse. A menu will appear.

• Click on the Delete Cells option,
• A Delete Cell dialog box will now open.

• Click “Delete entire row” option to delete the row or click “Delete entire column” option to delete the column.
• The appropriate row/column will be deleted.

Delete Rows or Columns using the Layout Tab

• Select the row or column you want to delete.
• Click the “Delete” button from the Rows & Columns group of the Layout tab.
• A dropdown menu will open.

From this menu, click the “Delete Row’” option to delete the row or click the “Delete Column” option to delete the column and if you want to delete the entire table, click the” Delete Table” option.

Deleting Cells using the Layout Tab

• Select the row or column you want to delete.
• Click the “Delete” button from the Row’s & Columns group of the Layout tab.
• Now a dropdown menu will open, click on “Delete Cells” option,
• A Delete Cell dialog box will now open.

• From this box click on “Shift Cells Left” / “Shift Cells Right” option.
• The selected cell wall be deleted.
  Or
• Press the right mouse button inside the cell you want to delete.
• A menu will appear, click on the “Delete Cell” option from this menu.
• A “Delete Cell” dialog box will open.
• In this box, click on Shift Cells Left / Shift Cells Right option.
• The selected cell will be deleted.

Properties of Tables
With the Table Properties dialog box we can adjust the alignment of the table and the size of the row, column or cell.

In MS Word we can also split or merged the Cells into a table.

Changing Alignment of Table
The method of aligning the table is as follows :

• Click the cursor anywhere in the table.
• Click on Layout tab.
• Click on “Properties” button in the “Table” group. A dialog box will appear.

In the dialog box, select the “Table” tab.

Choose the alignment you like and Click on the OK button.

Changing Size of Row, Column or Cell
Steps to resize the rows, columns and cells are as follows :

• Click in the cell, row, column that needs to be resized.
• Click on Layout tab.
• Click on “Properties” in the Table group. A dialog box appears as shown in figure 6.16.
• Select Row, Columns or Cells tab as required.
• Enter the required value in height for row, Width for column.
• Click on OK button.

Splitting the Cell:
Microsoft Word allows cells to be divided into multiple cells. Steps to divide a cell into several smaller sub-cells are as follows :

• Place mouse pointer inside the cell that you want to split into several cells.
• Now click on the “Layout” tab and then click on the “Split cells” button from the “Merge” group.

A “Split Cells” dialog box will open and ask about the Number of columns/ Number of Rows.

• Select the required number of rows and columns
• Click the OK button.

Splitting the Table
Microsoft Word allows a table to be split into multiple tables but a single operation always splits the table into two tables.

The following are simple steps to split a table into two tables in a World Document.

• Place the cursor in the row that you want to be the first row of the second table.
• Click the Split Table button ‘ from the Merge group on the Layout tab.

Merging Cells
Microsoft Word allows two or more cells to merge to form one large cell. You will often need to combine the columns in the top row to create a table title. You can combine cells row-by-column or column-by-column, you can’t mix cells diagonally :

The steps for merging cells are as follows :

• Select the cells we want to merge.
• Click the Merge Cells button from the Merge group on the Layout tab.

When clicked, this option will convert all selected cells into one cell.

Note:

• A table is a grid of cells arranged in rows and columns.
• Tables are often used to present data in a systematic way.
• The horizontal lines of a table are called rows and the vertical lines are called columns.
• The intersection of rows and columns is called cell.
• Using the Draw Table option we can draw a complex table, for example:
• If we want to keep the number of cells in each row of the table and their height different, we can use the Draw Table option.
• Press “Tab” or “Right Arrow” key to move forward in different cells.
• Press “Shift + Tab” key or “Left Arrow” key to move back and forth between different cells.
• After creating a table in Word, we can insert a new column to the right or left of any column and a new row above or below any row.
• Dividing a cell into more than one cell is called splitting.
• Combining two or more cells into one cell is called merging.
• “Table Properties button allows you to resize table rows, columns and cells.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Microsoft Word Part-III will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 5 Microsoft Word Part-III

Introduction
We can do a lot of work or formatting on the picture in our Word document. Also work in page layout, background etc. and then review our work and print it.

Format Picture Tool
The Format Picture toolbar in MS Word gives us all the options to format the picture. You can do any kind of formatting with the help of picture tool bar such as increase the size of the picture, change the color of the picture, change the background of the picture, change the brightness of the picture, etc. The image toolbar on the ribbon only appears when we select an image.
The Picture Format tool bar has 4 groups like Adjust, Picture Style, Arrange, Size. These four groups provide different types of formatting options for formatting an image.

Adjust Group:
You do not need to use additional picture editing software to create high quality images for your document. Instead, you can use Adjust tools to correct and improve your photos.
1. Correction: This command is used for brightness, sharpness, softness and adjustment of images for better printing or screen presentation. Steps to use this command are as ahead:
(a) Select photo.
(b) In the Format tab, click on the Correction option from the Adjust group. A drop-down menu will now open.
(c) From this menu, select sharpen/Soften and brightness Contrastsettings according to toyour needs.

To make these settingsmore detailed, go toPicture Format >> Corrections >> “PictureCorrections Options”options. The FormatPicture sidebar appears. This allows you to provide special settings for Sharpness, Brightness and Contrast.

2. Picture Color: Microsoft Word allows you to control the color and tone of your picture and you can repaint the whole picture for special effects.

Steps to change the picture color are as follows:
(a) Select picture.

(b) In the Format tab, click on the Color option from the Adjust group. A drop-down menu will open.

(c) In this menu there are 3 options:

• Color Saturation: This controls how bright the colors are in the image.
• Color Tone: This controls the temperature of the color, from cool to warm.
• Recolor: This controls the overall color of the image. Use this option to make the image black and white or grayscale, or to colorize it with a different color.

(d) Choose any of the options as per your need.

There are three more options in this dropdown menu which are as follows:

• More Variation: Repaints the image with a different color than the options provided.
• Set Transparent Color: Makes some colors transparent so that the background color is visible.
• Picture Color Options: The format opens the picture sidebar, where you can customize the settings for color saturation, tone and recolor.

3. Artistic Effect: This option can be used to add artistic effects to a picture. Using this option, the picture looks like a sketch or painting.

Below are the steps to add Artistic Effects to the photo:
(а) Select picture.
(b) In the Format tab, click on the Artistic Effects option from the Adjust group. A drop-down menu will appear.
(c) To preview the style, place your mouse pointer over the picture styles.
(d) Now choose the style according to your need.

Compress Picture:
With this button the image can be compressed. To reduce the size of documents, pictures can be reduced in storage size. You can change the resolution of an image or delete a cropped part of an image.

The steps to compress a picture are given below:
(a) Select the picture.
(b) In the Format tab, click on the Compress picture option from the Adjust group.
(c) Now a Compression Settings dialog box will open.
(d) If you want to print the picture, click on the Print (220 ppi) option.
(e) If you want to reduce the size of the file to e-mail, click on the E-mail (96 ppi) option.
(f) If you want to upload the file to a webpage or projector, click on Project Options.

Change Picture: Sometimes we need to change the picture in our document, we can easily replace the already exist picture with a new picture with the help of “Change picture”. “Change picture” command replaces the existing picture into a new picture while preserving the formatting and size. The steps to change the photo are as follows:
(а) Select the picture you want to change.
(b) In the Format tab, click on the Change picture option from the Adjust group.
(c) The Insert dialog box opens.
(d) Select a new image from this dialog box and click the Insert button.

Reset Picture: If you want to remove all formatting changes to a picture in the document, “Reset Picture” command will be used. This button is used to undo all formatting changes made to the picture and restore it to its original format.
(а) Select the picture.
(b) In the Format tab, click on the Reset picture option from the Adjust group.

7. Remove Background: This option is used to automatically remove unwanted parts of an image. Areas to remove or keep can be marked in the picture. Following are the steps to remove the background of a photo:
(a) Select the image from which you want to remove the background.
(b) Click the “Remove Background” option from the Adjust group in the Format tab.
(e) Now the default background area will be marked with magenta cokr, while the foreground will remain its natural color.
(d) If the default area isn’t correct, go to Background Removal > Picture Tools and do one or both of the following:

if parts of the picture that you want to keep are magenta, select
“Mark Areas to Keep” option and use the drawing pencil

to mark the areas on the picture that you want to keep.

To remove more parts of the picture, select “Mark Areas to Remove” option and use the drawing pencil

to mark those areas.

When you’re done, select “Keep Changes” or “Discard All Changes”.

Picture Style Group
Picture Styles Gallery offers many preset styles that make it easy for you to add borders and special effects with one click.
1. Picture Style Gallery : This field provides a list of different formats that can be applied to an image. To see what each style will do, just move the mouse pointer over each style. To apply the style on a picture steps are as follows :
(a) Select the photo whose style you want to change.
(b) On the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click any style you like.

2. Picture Border: Use this command to change the color, width, or line style of the border of the image. Steps to add border as follows:
(a) Select the image to which you want to add a border.
(b) On the Picture Format tab, in the Picture Styles gallery, select Picture Border command. A drop-down menu will appear.
(c) From this menu select color for border line.
(d) Select weight (thickness) of boarder line.
(e) Select whether the line of the border is dashed.

3. Picture Effects: Click this button to add visual effects to the picture such as shadows, 3-D effects, and glows. Steps to add an effect to a picture are as follows:
(а) Select the picture for which you want to add or change an effect.
(b) Under the Format tab, in the Picture Styles group, click Picture Effects command.
(c) A drop-down list will appear. From this menu select appropriate effect for image.

Arrange Group
In this group, all the options that determine the position of the text are available. This option determines which side of the text is to be placed on the picture. The commands of this group are Text Wrapping, position, align, rotate etc.
1. Picture Position: This button is used to change the position of the image on the page. A gallery of different locations will be displayed. You can also click on the “More Layout options” link to display additional options.
(a) Select the item whose position you want to change.
(b) Click on the “Position” option from the Arrange group.
(c) Choose the right place for your object as shown in the picture.

2. Text Wrapping: This feature is used to apply wrapping to an image. When wrapping is applied, text can be typed around the image. Make it easy to move images from one place to another in a document. To apply the text wrapping on the image follow these steps:
(a) Select the image which you want to apply wrapping.
(b) From the Picture Tools tab, in the Arrange group, click on the “Text Wrapping” option.

Do one of the following:
(a) Click “Square” command to type the text around the border of your picture.
(b) Click ‘Tight” command to type text around a clip art image or an irregularly shaped image.
(c) Click “Behind Text” command to display the text on the image.
(d) Click “In Front of Text” command to display the image on the text.
(e) Click “Top and Bottom” command to place the image on your line. (/) Click “More Layout Options” command for more layout Options. From this dialog box, specify the distance between the text and the image.

3. Bring Forward: Use this button when an image is behind another image and needs to be highlighted. Click on the list arrow to select Bring Forward, Bring to Front, or Bring in Front of Text options.

4. Send Backward: When an image appears on top of another image and needs to be moved to the back of the image, click this button. Click the list arrow to select Move Backward, Move Back., or Back to Text.

To bring an object to the front or back, steps are as follows:
(а) Select an object. The Format tab will appear.
(b) From the Format tab, click the “Bring Forward” or “Send Backward” drop-down box.
(c) From the drop-down menu, select “Bring to Front” or “Send to Back”.
(d) The objects will reorder.

5. Align Objects: This option is used to align a group of images at the top, bottom, right, or left position. If only one image is selected, the image will be arranged to the specified location on the page.

To align two or more objects, steps are as follows:
(a) Hold the Shift (or Ctrl) key and click the objects you want to align.
(b) From the Format tab, click the Align command and select one of the six alignment options.
(c) The objects will align based on the option you selected.

6. Group: This option is used to combine groups of images so that they can be formatted and moved as an image. To group objects, steps are as follows:
(a) Hold the Shift (or Ctrl) key and click the objects you want to group.
(b) From the Format tab, click the Group command and select Group.
(c) The selected objects will now be grouped.

7. Rotation: Click this button to rotate the image to a different orientation. It is possible to specify the degree of rotation. To rotate an object, steps are as follows:
(a) Select an object. The Format tab will appear.
(b) From the Format tab, click the “Rotate” command. A drop-down menu will appear.
(c) Select the desired Rotation option.
(d) The object will rotate.

Group
This group provides the option to resize the photo and remove unwanted parts.
1. Crop: Crop button is used to delete the unwanted part of an image. When you crop an image, an unselected part of the picture is removed. Steps to crop the image are as follows:
(a) Select the image you want to crop. The Format tab appears.
(b) On the Format tab, click the Crop command.
(c) Black handles will appear around the image. Click, hold and drag a handle to crop the image.
(d) Click the Crop command again. The image will be cropped.

2. Height: To change the height of the image, enter a size in the box or click the spinner arrow to change the height.

3. Width: To change the width of the image, enter a size in the box or press the spinner arrow to change the width.

Page Layout Tab:
This is the third tab of the ribbon. This tab allows you to control the look of your document, means you can change the page size, margins, line spacing, indentation, documentation, orientation, etc. The Page Layout tab contains five sets of related commands; Manage themes, page setup, page backgrounds,

Page Setup Group
With the help of this group, we can use margins, position, size, columns, etc. to improve the structure of our document.
1. Margins: A margin is the space between the text and the edge of the page. By default, a new document’s margins are set to Normal, which means it has a one-inch space between the text and each edge. Depending on your needs, Word allows you to change your document’s margin size. Steps to Format Page Margins:
(a) Click on the “Page layout” tab.
(b) Click on the Margins command. A drop-down menu will appear. By default “Normal” option will be Select.
(c) Click on any Pre-defined margin.

Steps to Use Custom Margins:
(a) Click on “Margins” from the Page Layout tab and select “Custom Margins”.
(b) Page Setup dialog box will appear.
(c) Adjust the margin size for ‘ each side of the page and click Ok.

2. Orientation: To change the position of a document from a portrait to a landscape, click this button. To change the position of the page, steps are as follows:
(a) Select the Page Layout tab.
(b) In the Page Setup group, click on the “Orientation” command.
(c) Click “Portrait” or “Landscape” to change the position of the page.
Landscape format means the page is horizontal, while portrait format means it is vertical.

3. Size: Click this button to resize the page that will be used for the document. To resize the page, steps are as follows:
(a) Select the Page Layout tab.
(b) Click on the “Size” command and a drop-down menu will appear.
(c) The current page size will be highlighted in this list.
(d) Click the size option as you want.

4. Columns: This button is used to split the selected text into two or more columns in a document. A gallery of different column formats is available in this command. To split the text into columns, steps are as follows:
(a) Select the Page Layout tab.
(b) Click on the “Columns” command and a drop-down menu will appear.
(c) Select the number of columns for text.

Page Background Group
From this group you can choose watermarks, page colors and borders for your document.
1. Watermark: It is just like a stamp. It is used for confidential documents. A watermark is an image that appears blurred behind the text on a page. The steps to add a
watermark to the docu¬ment are given below:
(a) Open the document to which you want to include the water-mark.
(b) Click the Page Layout tab and then click the “Watermark” button to display a list of standard watermark options.
(c) You can select any available standard watermark by clicking on it. This will apply to all pages of the document.

2. Page Color: With the help of this option we can apply different colors, textures and pictures to the background of the page in our document. Steps to add background color or texture are as follows:
(a) Click on “Page color” command in the Page Background group from the Page Layout tab.

(b) A drop-down menu will appear.

(c) Choose one of the following options from this drop-down menu:

• To apply the background color click any color from “Theme Colors or Standard Colors”.
• To apply the texture, Gradient, pattern and pictures into the background, click “Fill Effects” option.
• A Fill Effect dialog Box will appear. Select appropriate design for you background. ‘

3. Page Border: Page borders are used to set borders around the page. Here we can design our page border.
(a) Click on the “Page Borders” option in the Page background group, the Page border dialog box appears.
(b) In the “setting” list, we can choose the border of our choice.
(c) In “Style” list, we can choose style for the line as per our choice. id) Click on the arrow in “Color” drop-down list and select a border color.
(e) Click on the arrow in “Width” drop-down list and select the width of the border.
(f) If we want to use clip art instead of borders in Style, click on the arrow that appears under Art and select a border graphic.
(g) To continue, click on the arrow that appears under “Apply to” and click on the available option as per your requirement.
(h) Click on OK.

Review
In the Review tab we can see features like Spelling & Grammar, Word Count, “Translatipn and Language”.

Proofing Group
Proofing features help us to create flawless professional documents.
1. Spelling and Grammar Check:
To do Spelling and Grammar check, steps are as follows:
(a) From the Review tab, click the Spelling & Grammar command.
(b) The Spelling and Grammar dialog box will appear.
(c) This dialog box offer one or more suggestions for spellings and grammatical errors.
(d) You can select a suggestion and click “Change” to correct the error.

2. Word Count: Word Count is a feature that allows us to determine the number of words, letters and paragraphs in our document. We can also find this number in the status bar at the bottom of the window. Just click the “Word Count” command from proofing group on Review tab.

Printing Documents
Once you’ve created your document, you may want to print it to view and share your work offline. It’s easy to preview and print a document in Word using the Print option.

(a) On the File tab or Office button, click Print command.
(b) A print dialog box will appear.
(c) In the “Name” drop-down list select the name of you printer.
(d) In the “Copies” box, enter the number of copies you want.
(e) In “Page Range” option select “All” option if you want to print all pages of your document.
(f) If you want particular page to print then click “Pages” radio button and type page number in the box.
(g) Now click “Print” option. Your document will be print.

Note:

• When we click on the picture, the “Picture Tools Format tab” appears. The color option has three categories — color saturation, color tone, Re-color.
• In MS Word File size can be reduced by compressing images, reducing resolution and deleting cropped areas.
• The Reset Picture option eliminates the formatting and editing of the selected image.
• The Picture Border option determines the color, width and line style of the outline for the selected picture.
• Picture effect adds visual effects to the picture such as shadows, 3-D effects, and glows.
• Wrap text changes the way the text is wrapped around the selected object. Crop option helps in cropping and removing unnecessary parts of the picture.
• Orientation Specifies the portrait or landscape format of the page. Landscape means setting the page in horizontal direction.
• Portrait means setting the page in a vertical direction.
• Spelling errors in words are indicated by a red wave line while grammatical errors are represented by a green wave line.
• We use the “Word Count” option to find the number of words in a Word document.

This PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Microsoft Word Part-II will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Notes Chapter 4 Microsoft Word Part-II

Introduction:
Sometimes we need to create, design and manage effective documentation. To do this, we need to know how to format a document. Formatting means changing the general arrangement and appearance of the text in a document.

There are three types of text formatting available in MS-Word:

1. Character Formatting
2. Paragraph Formatting
3. Page.

In addition, we need to know how to highlight our document so that readers can easily read all the important parts of the document. MS Word gives us the ability to present our documents in a very efficient way. In this lesson, we will learn about formatting text, inserting pictures, inserting charts, creating objects, word art, clip art and more.

Text Selection
Before applying any type of formatting to text in MS Word or any word processing software we have to select the text so that we can apply the formatting on that selected text. We can select text using the mouse button or the keyboard keys.

How to Choose Text in MS Word?
Place the cursor in front of the text and then left click on the mouse button, hold it and drag it over the text and then release it. The text will be selected.

• Double click on the word to select the same word.
• To select the entire paragraph, click within the paragraph three times.
• To select the complete document, in the Home tab from the editing group, click Select command and then click the Select All button.
  Or
  Press Ctrl + A from the keyboard.
• Press Shift + Arrow keys from the keyboard; Hold down the Shift key and press the arrow button, Word will select the text in the direction of the arrow button. There are three arrow keys in numeric keypad, so you can select text in three different directions.

Home Tab:
The Home tab is the default tab in Microsoft Word. It consists of five groups of related commands; Clipboard, fonts, paragraphs, styles and editing. It helps you change the document settings like font size, adding bullets, adjusting style and many more common features. This helps you to return to the home section v of the document.

Clipboard Group
The Clipboard group is the first group to the left side of the Home Tab. This group contains four commands such as cut, copy, paste, format printer. It is often used in conjunction with the editing group, to the right of that tab.
In this topic, today we will learn how to cut copy and paste a word or paragraph.

Copy Paste Options
When we need to retype a word or paragraph in a document, we use the Copy option. Using the Copy option, we save our time and effort. Using the Copy option, you can copy text from one place to another. MS Word offers a variety of ways to copy and paste text.

Some popular methods are given below:
Method 1.

• First select the text you want to copy.
• Click the Home tab and click the Copy command.
• Place the cursor where you want to paste the text.
• Click on the Paste command in the Home tab as shown in the picture above.

Method 2.

• First select the text you want to copy.
• Hover the cursor over the selected text and right click on the mouse. ignore AH
• A menu will appear; Select the “Copy” option from this.
• Now, move the cursor to the desired position and right click on the mouse.
• A menu will appear; Select the “paste” option from this.

Method 3.

• First select the text you want to copy.
• Now press the Ctrl + C button.
• Now, move the cursor to the desired position and press the Ctrl + V button.

Cut Paste Option
Cut Paste Option means to move the selected text from one place to another. In Microsoft Word, you can cut text from a document and paste that text into ‘another document or anywhere in the same document. After cutting the text, it is stored in the clipboard.

Method 1.

• First select the text you want to cut.
• Click the Home tab and then click the Cut command.
• Place the cursor where you want to paste the text.
• Click on the Paste command in the Home tab as shown in the picture above.

Method 2.

• First select the text you want to cut.
• Now click the right button of the mouse on selected text.
• A menu will appear; select the “Cut” option from this menu.
• Now, move the cursor to the desired position and right click on the mouse.
• A menu will appear; select the “Paste” option.

Method 3.

• First select the text you want to copy.
• Now press the Ctrl + X button.
• Now, move the cursor to the desired position and press the Ctrl + V button.

Format Painter
With the help of Format Painter we can copy the format already applied to the text in our document very easily and without wasting time. Below are the steps for copying text formatting:

Method 1.

• First select the text whose formatting you want to copy.
• Click the Home tab and click the Format Painter command.
• The pointer changes to a paintbrush icon.
• Use the brush and drag it over the text where you want to apply the formatting.
• To cancel formatting, press the Esc key or click on the Format Painter command.

Method 2.

• First select the text whose formatting you want to copy.
• Now press the Ctrl + Shift + C button.
• Click on the text where you want to apply the copied formatting.
• Now press the Ctrl + Shift + V button.

Font Group
Text typed with the help of a typewriter is very simple and black in color, in this text we can neither change the color of the letters nor change its style but MS Word has given us a facility with which we can present our text in a very attractive way, we can change the color, style, size etc. of our text. The Fonts group of the Home tab gives us a number of character formatting commands such as font style, font size, font color, bold, italic, underline.

Pressing Ctrl + Shift + F keys will open the Font dialog box on the screen as shown in the picture below:

Font Face
Font face is used to change the appearance of the text. Steps to change the font face of the text are as follow:

• Select the text whose font you want to change.
• Select the appropriate font from the Font dialog box as shown in the picture above.
  Or
• Select the font from the Font drop-down menu in the Font group on the Home tab. Here I have selected the Times New Roman option.

Font Size
To change the size of the text, font side option is used. Steps to change the font size are as follow:

• Select the text whose size you want to change,
• Select the appropriate size from the Font dialog box as shown in the picture above.
  Or
• Select the size option from the Font drop-down menu in the Font group on the Home tab. Here I have selected the size 12.

Grow Font and Shrink Font
As shown in the picture below, large size A is called Grow Font and small size A is called Shrink Font. With the help of Grow Font we can increase the size of selected text by one size and with the help of Shrink Font we can reduce the size of selected text by one size.

• Select the text whose size you want to increase.
• Click on Grow Font.
  Or
  Press Ctrl +> Shortcut button on the keyboard:
• Select the text whose size you want to decrease.
• Click on the Shrink font.
  Or
  Press Ctrl + < Shortcut button on the keyboard.

Font Style
Word processor software uses three basic font styles for text, these are as follows:

• Bold: If you want to thicken the text in your document, the Bold (B) option will be used. To do this, first select the text and then press the B button from the Font group. Or press the Ctrl + B Shortcut button on the keyboard.
• Italic: If you want to italicize the text in your document, the Italic (I) option will be used. To do this, first select the text and then click the I button from the Font group. Or press the Ctrl + I Shortcut button on the keyboard.
• Underline: If you want to underline the text in your document, the underline (U) option will be used. To do this, first select the text and then click the U button from the Font group. Or press the Ctrl + U Shortcut button on the keyboard.

Font Color:
If you want to change the color of a word or paragraph in your document, you must select a font color for this purpose. Here are the steps to change the color of the text.

• Select the text you want to change color.
• Select the appropriate color from the Font dialog box as shown in the picture above.
  Or
• Select the text you want to change the color.
• Click on the Font Color option from the Font group as shown in the picture below. Now a pull down menu will open.
• Choose your favorite color from this menu. Now your text will change to that color.

Text Highlight Color:
Just as we can highlight a word or a sentence in our written document with the help of a pen, we can highlight our text with any color in MS Word.

• Select the text you want to highlight.
• Click on the Text Highlight
  
  option from the Fonts group. Now a pull down menu will open.
• Now choose your favorite color from this menu. Your text will be highlighted in that color.

Clear Formatting:

This option works to remove the formatting applied to the text
document. For this, select the text whose formatting you want to delete, and then click Clear Formatting from the Home tab.

Change Text Case:
(а) Sentence case: It capitalizes the first letter of each sentence.
(b) Lowercase: It changes the text from uppercase to lowercase.
(c) Uppercase-: It capitalizes all the all letters of your text.
(d) Capitalize Each Word: It capitalizes the first letter of each word.
(e) Toggle Case: It allows you to Shift between two case views, e.g. to Shift between Capitalize Each Word and cAPITALIZE eACH wORD.

You can easily change the text case in your document by follow these steps:

• Select the text you want to change.
• Click on the change case option from the Fonts group. Now a pull down menu will open.
• Select the desired case. Your text will be change in that case.

Paragraph Group
The paragraph group provides options related to the setting of the paragraph. Such as alignment, bullet, numbering, line and paragraph spacing etc.

Click on the Show / Hide button to show paragraph symbols and other hidden formatting symbols. Or press the (Ctrl + *) button from the keyboard.

Alignment
You can change the text alignment in your document to make it more presentable and readable.
There are four types of alignments available in the paragraph group which is as follows:

• Align Text Left (Ctrl + L): Aligns the selected text with the left margin.
• Align Text Right (Ctrl + R): Aligns the selected text with the right margin.
• Center (Ctrl + E): This aligns the selected text to the center within the margin.
• Justify (Ctrl + J): Aligns text to both left and right margins, adding extra space between words as necessary.

Here are the steps to change the alignment:

• Select the text.
• Click the appropriate alignment button from the Paragraph group of the Home tab.

Bullets and Numbers
Bullets or numbers are used to create a list in a document or to convert typed text into a list. Here are the steps to add bullets and numbers to a list:

• Place the cursor where you want to insert the bullet/number.
• If you want to insert a bullet, click on the Bullet option in the paragraph group and if you want to insert a number, click on the Number button.
• If you want more bullets/numbers style options, click on the arrow to the right of the bullet/number command. This will open the drop down menu.
• Now select any bullet/number style that you want to add from this list.

Paragraph Indenting:
Indenting a paragraph allows you to set text within a paragraph at different margins. There are several options for indenting:

• First Line: This option controls the left limit for the first line of the paragraph.
• Hanging: Controls the left boundary of each line in a paragraph except the first line.
• Left: Controls the left border for each line in a paragraph.
• Right: Controls the right limit for each line in a paragraph.

To indent paragraphs, you can follow the steps below :

• Place the cursor where you want to increase or decrease the indent.
• Click on the indent
  
  buttons to control the indent
• Repeatedly click the indent button to increase or decrease the size of the indent.

Line Spacing Adjustment
Line spacing represents the vertical distance between lines within a paragraph and determines the position of each line corresponding to the line above it. By default the line spacing is 1.15. You can increase or decrease the spacing between lines from the Paragraph dialog box. The line spacing drop-down menu includes two options, Add Space Before Paragraph and Add Space After Paragraph, this option adds a line of space above paragraph and below paragraph. Adding space will be removed by clicking this option again.

You can change the space between lines and paragraphs by following the steps below:

• Select the paragraph you want to change.
• On the Home tab, click the Paragraph dialog box launcher.
• Click the Indents and Spacing tab from the paragraph dialog box.
• In the Spacing section, adjust the space according to your needs.

Click on the line spacing button in the paragraph group as

and click on the required option from the drop down menu.
Or
To add single line space press (Ctrl +1), to add double line space press (Ctrl + 2) and to add 1.5 line space press (Ctrl + 5).

Borders and Shading
You can add borders and shading to paragraphs and full pages.
1. Shading: This option is used to color the background of the paragraph or selected text.

2. Border: This option is used to customize the border of the selected cell or text.

If you want to apply a border/shading to a paragraph or an entire page, first select the paragraph or page, then click the Borders or Settings button. For more border/shading options, click the small arrow next to it.

Style Group
You can create professional and presentable documents in MS Word by applying different styles. Changing the style of text can make your document look amazing as well as prepare your document for a table of contents page. You have several choices to choose from.

To use Quick Styles:

• Select the text you want to format.
• Click the Styles group next to the Home tab dialog box.
• Click the style you want to apply.

To see all options, click the dialog box launcher in the lower right corner of the Styles section.

Editing Group
The edit group actually appears at the far right of the Home tab. There are three options in this group which are as follows:

• Find (Ctrl + F): If you want to find a particular word or phrase in a document or an entire page, you can use the “Find” option.
• Replace (Ctrl + H): You can use this option if you want to delete any word and insert new word in that position.
• Select: This option is used to select a document .There are three different options for selection, which are as ahead:
  (а) Select All (Ctrl + A): This option allows us to select the entire document.
  (b) Select Object: This option allows you to select one or more objects, (c) Select Text with Similar Formatting: This option allows us to select words with similar formatting.
• GoTo (Ctrl + G): With the help of this command, we can easily reach a specific place in the document. Such as pages, sections, bookmarks, footnotes, end notes, etc.

Finding Words:
If you want to search for a word in a document follow these steps :

• Click the Find option from the Editing group on the Home tab.
• Type the words in the Find What box as shown below and click on the Find Next option.

Replacing Words:
To replace a word or more in a document follow these steps:
Click the Replace button from the Editing group on home Tab. The Find and Replace dialog box will display.

• Type the word you want to change in the Find What box as shown.
• In the Replace With box, type the word with which you want to replace the old word.
• Click on the Find Next option.
  You can use the Ctrl + F keys to find words and the Ctrl + H shortcut keys to replace words.

Insert Tab
This tab contains all the commands for inserting items into your documents like Pages, Tables, Links, Header and Footer, Text, Symbols are all insert tab options.

Pages
There are 3 options in the page group as shown in the picture below:

1. Cover Page: This button can be used to insert a pre-formatted cover page for a document. The information displayed on the page is filled in after the page is created.

Steps to add a Cover Page :
(a) From the Insert Tab, in the Pages group, click the Cover Page button.
(b) Select the cover page of your choice.
(c) Add in important information by editing the text that displays on the cover page.

2. Blank Page: This option is used to insert a new blank page into a document at the cursor position. If you want to add a new page anywhere in your document, click on the Blank Page option in the Page group from the Insert tab.

3. Page Break: This option is used to delete a page at the current cursor position and start a new page. In simple words we can say that it divides the page into two parts. For Page Break, click on the Page Break option from the Page group or use the Ctrl + return keys.

Tables Group
This button is used to insert a table into the document. With this option, you can create a table or row or column in the document. Or you can set the rows and columns of the table as your wish. In MS Word you can easily convert text to table.

Here are the steps to insert a table:

• Place the cursor where you want to place the table.
• Click the Table button from the tables group in the Insert tab. A dropdown table grid will open.
• Click and drag over the small boxes to determine the number of columns and rows for your table.

According to Insert Table dropdown menu we have three more options to insert a table into the document.

• Insert Table: You can click the Insert Table menu item to type in the number of columns and rows.
• Draw Table: Click the Draw Table button to use a pencil tool to draw cells of a table.
• Quick Table: By clicking on the Quick Tables option, we get a list of different table designs. You can choose any design of your choice for the table.

Illustrations Group
This group allows us to add photos, clip art, shapes, smart art, etc. in our document.
1. Pictures: This option is used to insert photos into your document. Here are the steps to insert pictures into the document:
(a) Place the cursor where you want to insert the image.
(b) In the Insert tab, click on the Picture option from the Illustrations tab.
(c) The Insert Picture dialog box will open.
(d) From this dialog box, click the image you want to insert.
(e) Click on the Insert button.

2. Shapes: This button is used to insert the shapes such as circles, squares, arrows and triangles into a document, When the button is clicked. Here are the steps to insert the shape:
(а) In the Insert tab, click on the Shapes option from the Illustrations tab.
(b) A gallery of different shapes will appear.
(c) Click the desired shape and then drag the shape into the document.

If you want to write something in the drawn shape, here are the steps:
(a) Right click on the drawn shape.
(b) Click Add Text from the pop-up menu.

You are now able to type the text in your Shape.

3. Smart Art: Smart Art graphics are visual representations of information. The Smart Art option is used to present information in the form of an image easily and quickly. This option offers many different layouts to effectively communicate your message or ideas. The steps to add smart art graphics are given below:
(а) On the Insert tab, in the Illustration group, click Smart Art.
(b) In the Choose a Smart Art Graphic dialog box, choose the layout you want to insert.
(c) Click the Ok button to insert your Smart Art graphic.

1. Click the Text Pane from the Create Graphic group in the Design Tab.

2. Type your text in the Type your text here box.

In the Smart Art Graphic, click the [Text] box and then type your text. For best results, use this option after you have added all the boxes.

Charts
Use this feature to insert a bar, area or line chart in a document. Steps to insert the chart are as follow:

• From the Insert tab, in the illustrations group, select Chart button.
• From the pull down menu, select the chart design you would like to use and then click Ok.

Clip Art
Clip art refers to a graphic or a picture that you can insert in your document. It comes in different formats and styles. It is used to enhance the appearance of a document. The steps to insert a clip art are given below:

• Place the cursor where you want to insert the clip art.
• From the Insert tab in Illustrations group click the Clip Art button.
• A task pane appears on the right side of document.
• Enter the keyword in ‘Search for’ field and select the suitable option in ‘Search in’ and ‘Results should be’ fields.
• Click Go, clip art menu will appear.
• Select the desired clip art.

Header & Footer
Header and Footer are parts of a document that contain specific information such as page number and total number of pages, title of the document, company logo, any photo, etc. A header appears at the top of each page and footer appears at the bottom of each page.

To insert the header and footer in your document steps are as follows:
1. From the Insert tab, click the Header / Footer option from the Header & Footer group.

2.Now a drop down menu of pre-design heading styles will open, from this menu you can choose any style as per your need.

3. Similarly clicking on the Footer option will open the already created Footers design and you can choose any design as per your need.

4. Now click on Edit Header or Edit Footer from the Header or Footer drop down menu.

5. Now you can edit the header/footer of your document.

6. Click the Close Header and Footer button to exit edit mode.

Insert Date and Time in Header/Footer
To insert the date or time in the header or footer, follow the instructions below:

• From the Insert tab, click the Date & Time option in the Text group.
• A Date & Time dialog box will open.
• Select the date format from the‘Available Format’list.
• Choose your desired language.
• Click the Update Automatically check box.
• Click the OK button at the bottom of the dialog box.

Removing Headers and Footers
The steps for removing headers and footers are as follows:

• From the Insert tab, click the Header/Footer command from the Header & Footer group.
• Now the drop down menu will open, from this menu you can click on Remove Header/Remove Footer option.

Page Number
MS Word automatically places a page number on top of each page and place it in the title, footer or sidebar. We can use the “Format page number” option to assign different numbers to these pages with the help of MS Word. Page number drop-down commands include: top of page, bottom of page, page margin, current position, format page number and delete page number.

1. Top of Page: If you want to put a number at the top of your page, click on the Page Number option from the Header & Footer group of the Insert tab and click on the Top of Page option from the drop-down list.

2. Bottom of Page: If you want to enter the number at the bottom of your page, click on the Page Number option from the Header & Footer group of the Insert tab and click on the Bottom of Page option from the drop¬down list.

3. Current Position: If you want to enter the page number on the position of your cursor, click on the Page Number option from the Header & Footer group of the Insert tab and click on the Current Position option from the drop-down list.
4. Remove Page Number: If you want to delete the previously entered page number, click on the Page Number option from the Header & Footer group of the Insert tab and click on the Remove Page Number option from the drop-down list.

Text Group:
The following options are available in the text group:

• Text: Text boxes are used to highlight text in a document.
• Quick Parts: Click this button to insert pre-formatted text, auto-text, document properties and fields into a document. Several different types of Quick Parts are available. It is also possible to create customized Quick Parts to use later in documents.
• Word Art: To insert decorative text into a document, click this button.
• Drop Caps: Drop Caps wrere used to create a capital character at the beginning of a paragraph. When this button is clicked, three options for drop caps will be displayed.

Hover the mouse over one edge of the text box. Mouse pointer will turn into a cross with arrows.

Click, hold and drag the text box to the desired location.

Resize Text Boxes

• Click on the text box you want to resize.
• Click, hold and drag the two-sided arrow-shaped handle on the corners or sides of the text box until it is the desired size.

Word Art
Word Art is designed to allow you make your text more attractive; you can format your text to make it look like a picture or 3D art and enhance its appearance in different ways. The steps to insert Word Art are given below:

• Select the text you want to change.
• Then click on the Insert tab.
• Click on the WordArt drop-down arrow in the Text group.

• A drop-down menu of WordArt style will appear. Click the style you want to use.
• Word will automatically create a text box for the text.
• Now click Ok button, the text will appear in the selected style.

Add Drop Cap Text

• Select a paragraph from your document.
• From the Insert Tab, in the Text group, click Drop Cap.
• Select the Drop Cap option of your choice from the menu.

Symbols Group.
Two buttons allow you to add special typing to your document. These buttons are Equation and symbols.

1. Equation: This button is used to insert a mathematical equation into a document. The equation tools ribbon will appear when the button is clicked. This ribbon is used to create the equation. A list of common equations is also available.
You can add it to your document by clicking on the equation you need from the Built-In Equation list as shown in the picture below:
Or
Click “Insert New Equation.” You will see a new “Equation Tools” Ribbon tab, giving you the option to create your own equation from scratch.

2. Symbols: The Symbols tool allows you to type characters that are not often found on the keyboard. This button is used for inclusion in copyright or trademark documents.

Click on the button to see some recently used symbols:

• Place your cursor where you want to add the symbol.
• From the Insert Tab, in the Symbols Group, click Symbol button.
• Select the symbol of your choice from the available options.
• If you don’t find the symbol at first, click the More Symbols option and select from the choices made available.

Note:

• Formatting means changing the general arrangement and appearance of the text in a document.
• There are three types of text formatting available in MS-Word:
  1. Character Formatting
  2. Paragraph Formatting
  3. Page.
• The Home tab is the default tab in Microsoft Word which consists of five groups of related commands; Clipboard, fonts, paragraphs, styles and editing.
• The Fonts group of the Home tab gives us a number of character formatting commands such as font style, font size, font color, bold, italic, underline.
• With the help of Format Painter we can copy the format already applied to the text in our document.
• We can also reverse the work done during editing using undo command. If we have made a mistake while editing the text in the document, we can correct it by clicking on the Undo command from the “Quick access” toolbar and this will undo the last change we made to the document,
• With the help of Grow font we can increase the size of selected text by one size.
• With the help of Shrink font we can reduce the size of selected text by one size.
• Word processor software uses three basic font styles for text, these are Bold, Italic and Underline.
• Clear Formatting option is used to remove the formatting applied to the text document.
• There are four types of text alignments available in the paragraph group, which are Align Text Left, Align Text Right, Center and Justify.
• Bullets or numbers are used to create a list in a document or to convert typed text into a list.
• To find a particular word or phrase in a document the “Find” option is used.
• If you want to delete any word and insert new word in that position, use Replace option.
• “Select Text with similar Formatting” option allows us to select words with similar formatting.
• Insert tab contains all the commands for inserting items into your documents like Pages, Tables, Links, Header and Footer, Text, Symbols etc.
• With the help of “Draw Table” button, we use a pencil tool to draw cells of a table.
• Page Break option is used to delete a page at the current cursor position and start a new page.
• Clip art refers to a graphic or a picture that you can insert in your document.
• Header arid Footer are parts of a document that contain specific information such as page number and total number of pages, title of the document, company logo, any photo, etc.
• A header appears at the top of each page, and footer appears at the bottom of each page.
• Text boxes are used to highlight text in a document.

This PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Networking will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 3 Networking

In networking the computers are connected to each other to share data with each other.

Networking:

A network is the group of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources exchange files, or allow communications.
The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

Need for Networking:

The ability to exchange data and communicate efficiently is the main purpose of networking computers. Some of common factors for Networking are:

Networks are used to:
1. Facilitate communication via chat email, video conferencing, instant messaging, etc.
2. Enable multiple users to share a single hardware device.

3. Enable file sharing across the network.
4. Allow for the sharing of software or operating programs.
5. Make information easier to access.
6. Allow Multi users to work together from different locations.
7. Allow Multi users to access the Internet simultaneously
8. Store data centrally for ease of access and back-up.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Network:

Advantages of Network:

1. Sharing files, data and information: We can share data program and different resources with it. It is only possible because all the files are stored on server
2. Sharing Hardware and software: We can share hardware and software within network easily.
3. Communication Media: Network provides a very fast communication media
4. Data Integrity: File integrity remains continuous due to network. It saves much time. Network helps in fast saving and sharing of files.
5. Cost-effective: We can share costly input and output devices like printer with network . It reduces the cost of system.
6. Reliability: Network ensures use of many resource to us e.g. when hardware fails, information can be recovered from other computer with the help of network.
7. Flexibility: It provides more flexibility because in it there is a possibility of connecting devices of different businessmen.
8. Backup: We can take backup over network.
9. Security: Network provides security to us.
10. Speed: Sharing and transferring files within networks is very rapid as compared to mannual transfer.

Disadvantages of Network:

1. Management: Management of whole network is tough.
2. Network Failure: All the central facilities may fail due to network failure.
3. Expensive to Build: Building a network is a serious business in many occasions, especially for
4. Security: Danger of security is always present on network. Data can be misused on network.
5. Large scale organizations: Cables and other hardware are very pricey to buy and replace.

Parts of Computer Network:

The purpose of a network is to join computers together. The computers will also need to include software that enables them to connect to the network.

There are two types of computers which are used for networking:
1. Client or Node: Client/Node is the normal computer system which is connected to network for sharing of resources.
2. Server: It is a powerful computer. It helps in sharing of resources or information. It controls all other nodes.
3. NIC: A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network.

It should be fitted in each client and server computer. Every client linked to network interface card has its own specific number is called node address.
There are two types of network cards: wired and wireless!
4. HUB/Switch: A networking hub/Switch is a device that allows you to connect multiple computers to a single network device.

5. Router: A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze and forward incoming data within a network or to another network.

Networks Topologies:

The term Topology refers to the way in which the various nodes or computers of a network are linked together. It describes the actual layout of the computer network hardware.

It may be depicted physically or logically. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network.

The following factors are considered while selecting a topology:

1. Cost
2. Reliability
3. Scalability
4. Bandwidth capacity
5. Ease of installation
6. Ease of troubleshooting
7. Delay from one node to another.

Topologies:

While making a selection of a particular topology we consider the relative status of different devices that are to be linked.

The nodes in a network can have following two relationships:
1. Peer to Peer: In this relationship, all the devices in the network have equal status in sharing the link.
2. Client-Server (Primary-Secondary): In this, one device controls the traffic and all other devices transmit through primary device.

Types of Network Topologies:

1. Bus Topology: Bus Topology is the simplest of network topologies. In this type of topology, all the nodes (computers as well as servers) are connected to the single cable (called bus), by the help of T- connectors. This central cable is the backbone of the network and is known as Bus (thus the name). A signal from the source is broadcasted and it travels to all workstations connected to bus cable.

Advantages of Bus Topology:

1. Any new computer can be attached easily.
2. It is a cheaper topology.
3. If one computer fails, others are not affected.

4. Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
5. Used in small networks.
6. It is easy to understand & connect

Disadvantages of Bus Topology:

1. More wire is needed to connect more nodes,
2. If the main central line fails the entire network collapses.
3. The efficiency of network is reduced with the increase in number of computers.
4. Cable has limited length.
5. It is slower than the ring topology. .
6. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable
7. Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down

2. Ring Topology:

In it all the computers are logically linked in the form of a ring. In it each node is connected to two other nodes. Rings can be unidirectional, with all traffic travelling either clockwise or anticlockwise around the ring.
There are two kinds of ring topologies :

1. Single Ring
2. Dual Ring

Advantages of Ring Topology:

1. Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the opportunity to transmit
2. Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load
3. Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity between the computers
4. It is easier to locate the problems with device and cable i.e. fault isolation is simplified. If one device does not receive a signal within a specified time, it can issue an alarm.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology:

1. Failure of one computer can affect the total network
2. Difficult to troubleshoot
3. Adding or removing Computers disrupts the network
4. A ring network requires more cable than a bus network.

3. Star Topology:

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a hub, a router or a switch. This hub/switch is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node. The computers present in star topology cannot have a direct relation with each other.

Advantages of Star Topology:

1. It is easily to prepare and connect.
2. It is easier to find faults in network.
3. More nodes can be connected in it. With it propagation delay does not increase.
4. Easy to setup and modify.
5. Easy to troubleshoot.
6. Failure of one computer does not effect the other.

Disadvantages of Star Topology:

1. Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such topology is depended on capacity of central device.
2. Cost of installation is high
3. Failure of hub results in failure of complete network.

4. Mesh Topology:

1. In mesh topology, each node is connected to every other node in the network.
2. A mesh topology can be a full mesh topology or a partially connected mesh topology.
3. In a full mesh topology, every computer in the network has a connection to each of the other computers in that network.

4. In a partially connected mesh topology, at least two of the computers in the network have connections to multiple other computers in that network.

Advantages of Mesh Topology:

1. In the event that one of those nodes fails, network traffic can be directed to any of the other nodes.
2. Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected.
3. Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic.
4. Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other nodes.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology:

1. Installation and configuration is difficult.
2. Cabling cost is more.

5. Tree Topology:

A tree network is a combination of two or more star networks connected together which involve a variety of single nodes connected to a central node.

Advantages of Tree Topology:

1. It is an extension of Star and bus Topologies, tree topology is the best alternative.
2. Expansion of Network is possible and easy.
3. The whole network can be easily managed and maintained.

4. Error detection and correction is easy.
5. If one segment is damaged, other segments are not effected.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology:

1. Tree topology, relies heavily on the main bus cable.
2. Scalability of the network depends on the type of cable used.
3. As more and more nodes and segments are added, the maintenance becomes difficult.
4. It has higher cabling cost in setting up a tree structure.

6. Hybrid Topology:

A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more other network topologies, including bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology. It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies.

Advantages of Hybrid Topology:

1. Reliable as Error detecting and troubleshooting is easy.

2. Effective.
3. Scalable as size can be increased easily.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology:

1. Complex in design.
2. Costly.

Data Communication:

Data communication is exchange of data between two or more computers with the help of communication medium. The device that transmits the data is known as sender and the device that receives the transmitted data is known as receiver.
Data communication must fulfil/obey following three conditions:
1. Delivery: Network should deliver the data at proper place.

2. Accuracy: Data communication should be free from fault.
3. Time limit: Data should reach destination without any delay.

Components of Data Communication

1. Sender: Sender prepares information (data) and sends it.
2. Medium: It carriers the information from sender to receiver.
3. Receivers: Receiver receives the information.
4. Protocol: There are rules under which data transmission takes place between sender and receiver.

Methods of data transmission:

Three methods of data transmission are given below:
1. Simplex: In it communication is one direction. The message source works as the transmitter. It sends the message over the data channel to the receiver. The receiver is the destination of the message.

2. Half duplex: In it information can flow in both directions but not at the same time. In other words if information is sent by one system then second can only receive it or vice versa

3. Full duplex: In it information can move in both directions at same time. It provides fast communication.

Communication Channel:

Communicating data from one location to another requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media: cable (twisted-pair wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable) and broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared).

Types of Networks:

Network may be small or large based on it size, complexity and Distribution area. On the basis of its area of distribution, network is divided into three parts :

1. PAN(Personal Area Network)
2. LAN (Local Area Network)
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
4. WAN (Wide Area network)

1. Personal Area Network: A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized around an individual person. This could be inside a small office or residence. Personal area networks can be constructed with cables or be wireless. It refers to the interconnection of information technology devices or gadgets (include laptop computers, PDAs, cellphones, printers) within the environment of an individual user (typically within 10 meters).

2. Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home. LAN’s enable the sharing of resources. Such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users. It Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no more than a mile.

It Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting to each device. It has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s. LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or fiber optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s. It is suitable to bus, ring or star topology. In it generally coaxial Cable, twisted pair and optical fiber etc. transmission media is used.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): It is distributed to a city or large area. In it many LANs are connected. A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. .A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and organization. A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional resources, A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter.

4. Wide Area Network (WAN): WAN covers a large geographic area such as country, continent or even whole of the world. WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs. In this network telephone lines, satellite, microwave etc. media are used. These transmission media are linked with Router.

This PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 E-Governance will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 E-Governance

“Governance” means The process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented. Various factors are involved in governance. Government is one of the actors in governance. Other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of government.

It’s not about making ‘correct’ decisions, but about the best possible process for making and implementing those decisions.

Main Characteristics of Good Governance:

1. Good governance is answerable to the community,
2. Good governance is transparent.
3. Good governance follows the rule of law.
4. Good governance is responsive.
5. Good governance is effective and efficient in implementing decisions and follows processes.
6. Good governance is participatory.

History and development of E-governance:

In India E-Governance originated during the seventies. The ICT was used to manage data related to elections, census, tax administration etc. After that, with the efforts of the National Informatics Center (NIC) all the district headquarters were connected during the eighties. From the early nineties, e-governance has used IT for wider sectoral applications with emphasis on reaching out to rural areas.

Earlier, a talk between a citizen and the Government takes place in a government office. But with the advancement of Information and Communication technologies, work culture of government offices has enhanced. Information and Communication Technologies has made it possible to locate service centers near to clients.

Such centers may consist of an unattended kiosk in the government agency, a service kiosk located close to the client outside the government agency, or the use of a personal computer at home or office.

In all the cases public traditionally look for information and services addressing his/her needs. In both cases quality and efficiency are of great importance. Therefore, the establishment of e-Govemance requires a good knowledge of the needs that exist in the society and that can be offered using ICT.

Due to widespread demand of E-govemance and exponentially increasing size of data, new technologies Hke Open source solutions and cloud computing need to be used in working of government. Today, electricity, water, phone and all kinds of bills can be paid over the internet. All these work is what government and citizens are using and doing. All ‘this dependents on internet and when citizens depends on government internet services all that come is E-Govemance.

E-governance:

Online working of a government or providing its services online to its citizens at their door step is known as E-Govemance. In other words, E-Govemance means online availability of government services.

E-Govemance has made the working of government more efficient andmore transparent to its citizens. Success or failure of any government depends on three things:

1. The way the government works.
2. Transparency in its working and information.
3. Communication to its citizen.

In E-Govemance, government use of internet technology to communicate and provide information to common peoples and businessman.

There are four pillars of E-Governance:

1. Connectivity: Connectivity is required to connect the people to the services of the government.
2. Knowledge: The knowledge here is referred to as IT knowledge.
3. Data Content: To share information over the internet, government possesses its database which should have the data content related to government services.
4. Capital: Capital is referred to money used by government to provide their services.

Objectives of E-Governance:

The two main objectives of e-governance are:
1. To satisfactorily fulfil the public’s needs and expectations by simplifying their interaction with various online services.
2. To facilitate a speedy, transparent, accountable, efficient and effective process for performing government administration activities.

E-Governance models:

These four models of e-governance are as:

1. Government to citizens (G2C)
2. Government to government (G2G)
3. Government to employees (G2E)
4. Government to businessman (G2B)

1. Government to citizens (G2C):

This model of e-govemance refers to the government services which are shared by citizens. In this model, citizens visit to the links of services that they want to use. This model strengthens the bond between government and its citizen. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

1. Payment of online bills such as electricity, water, telephone bills etc.
2. Online registration of applications.
3. Copies of land-record.
4. Online filling of complaints.
5. Availability” of any kind of online information.

2. Government to government (G2G):

This model refers to the services which are shared between the governments. These types of services or information are as:

1. Sharing of information between police department of various state.
2. Government document exchange which includes preparation, approval, distribution, and storage of ail governmental documents, is also done through e- governance.
3. Most of the finance and budget works are also done through e-governance.

3. Government to businessmen (G2B):

It is used by businessmen to communicate to the government. Type of services which are provided by this model includes:-

1. Collection of taxes.
2. Rejection and approval of patent is done by this model.
3. Payment of all kind of bills and penalty.
4. Sharing of all kind of information, rules and data.
5. Complaints or any kind of dissatisfaction can be shown by this.

4. Government to employees (G2E):

This model increases the transparency between government and its employee. Information that can be shared by this model:

1. All kind of data submission (attendance record, employee record etc.) from various government offices is done by this model.
2. Employee can file all kinds of complaints and dissatisfaction by this model.
3. All kind of rule- regulation and information for employees can be shared by this.
4. Employees can check their payment and working record.
5. Employees can register all kind of working forms online.

Areas of E-governance:

Today area of e-governance is very wide. E-Governance is implemented by government in almost every field.

I. E-Governance in urban areas:

1. Transportation

Services provided by e-governance in this area are:

1. Issue of learner licensees, Issue of driving licenses, Renewal of driving licenses etc.
2. To provide transport-related facilities online.
3. For online bookings, cancellation of seats, for enquiry about departure of buses, availability of seats and buses etc.
4. Issuance of Time Table of buses.
5. Provision of booking facility for Interstate transport.
6. Transportation Improvement Program.
7. Regional Transportation Plans.
8. Congestion Management Process.
9. Transportation Demand Management.

Various projects such as

• IRCTC (Indian Railway Catering and tourism Cooperation ltd.) Offers online rail ticket booking, and checking of ticket reservation status.
• HRTC (Himachal Road Transport Corporation project) is for online bookings, cancellation of seats, for enquiry about departure of buses, availability of seats and buses etc.

2. Online payment of bills and taxes

Services provided by e-govemance in this area are :

1. Online Transactions such as payment of license fees, university fees, etc.
2. Payment of Bill such as online payment of electricity and water bills,utility bills, to avail of trade licenses and transact on government matters at these facilities. ‘
3. Payment of taxes such as online payment of motor vehicle taxes, revenue taxes,
4. Payment of house EMIs.

Various Projects such as

• SAMP ARK by Chandigarh government.
• E-Suvidha by the government of Uttar Pradesh.
• E-SEVA (Electronic seva) by Andhra Pradesh.
• E-Mitra by the Government of Rajasthan

3. Information and public relation key services:

With these kinds of projects people can get any kind of information with just a single click are as under :
1. Information about vacancies, tenders and market rates etc.
2. Village e-mail etc.

Various projects such as
1. LokMitra by the government of Himachal Pradesh.

4. Municipal services

Services provided are as:

1. House Tax Assessment, Billing and Collection.
2. Maintaining records of Land & property. Certificates like Land sale Permission, Legal heir certificate.
3. Issue of Passport Verification Certificate.
4. Issue of Death and BirthCertificates.
5. Registration & Attorneys of properties such as computerization of the Document registration work at Sub Registrar Office.
6. Provide services such as issuance of certificates, issuance of orders in respect of Social Security Schemes such as old age pension, widow pension, freedom fighter pension etc.
7. Review and approval authority for site plans

Various projects such as

• SDO Suite by Assam government.
• Rural Digital Services.

5. Roads and traffic management

Services provided by this type of e-governance is :

1. Network of Roads & Bridges.
2. Road construction and their maintenance.
3. Traffic Management.

Safety, Accident and pollution control.arious projects such as
1. RSPCB (Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board) by Govt, of Rajasthan.

II. Areas of e-governance in rural areas

In rural areas e-govemance has its very powerful impact.
1. Agriculture:
Following are the projects used in Agriculture.
1. AGMARKNET: It is a project approved by Department of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, and the Government of India.
2. SEEDNET: It is a SEED informatics network under ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

2. Local information:

For local information such as personal information, prices of seeds, fertilizers, loan rates etc.
Various projects such as
1. E-Aadhar
2. E-JanSampark

3. Disaster management:

To deal with these disasters, much state government has started e-governance service for this.
Project in this area are:
1. Chetana by the state of Bihar is a Disaster management system which has been started to deal with natural disasters such as flood and earthquake.

4. Land record management:

By facilitating e-governance service in this area, millions of land records can be maintain in a very short time span.
Projects in this area are :

1. Land Records Management System State Government of Punjab.
2. Devbhoomi State Government of Uttarakhand.
3. Bhu-Lekh UP State Government of Uttar Pradesh.
4. E-Dhara State Government of Gujarat.

5. Panchayat:

Services provided by e-governance in this area are:

1. Issue of Birth/Death certificate.
2. Application for inclusion of name in Voter list.
3. Conducting various welfare schemes for the poor and needy sections of the society.
4. Preparing district wise planning, implementing those plan, and review for success.
5. To provide wage employment to the needy from amongst the poorest section of the rural society.
6. Rural water supply and sanitation.

Various projects:

1. E-GramViswa Gram Project by Gujarat.

III. E-governance in Health

Service provided by these projects are as:

1. Availability of medicines.
2. Special health camps.
3. Facilities at Anganwadi centers.

Various projects are:

• Hospital OPD Appointment:
• Online Vaccination Appointment for International Traveler:

IV. E-governance in Education

Providing basic education (elementary, primary, and secondary) to children.

1. Providing computer education to children.
2. Results for 10th& 12th classes.
3. Information on eligibility for “Distribution of books” scheme.

Various projects are:
Online Scholarship Management System such as Ashirwad portal by Punjab Government.