Class 8 – Page 11 – PSEB Solutions

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

October 7, 2024October 6, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 6 BeeKeeping

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB BeeKeeping Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
Name two hive-bee species.
Answer:
Indian bees, Italian bees.

Question 2.
How many legs a honey bee has?
Answer:
Three pairs.

Question 3.
Name two wild species of honey bees.
Answer:
Rock bee, little bee.

Question 4.
Which is the most suitable period to start beekeeping in Punjab?
Answer:
February-March and November.

Question 5.
How many days a drone bee takes to complete its life cycle?
Answer:
24 days.

Question 6.
Do you have to pay fee for getting beekeeping training?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
How many bee frames should be used to start a new colony for higher profit?
Answer:
Eight bee frames.

Question 8.
What material is used by honey bees to seal ripe honey?
Answer:
Bees wax.

Question 9.
After how much period, queen bee in a colony should be replaced?
Answer:
After every year.

Question 10.
Are the worker bees male or female?
Answer:
Female.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
Where do rock bees construct their comb?
Answer:
Rock bees construct their comb on projections of water tanks, buildings, rocks, tree branches, etc.

Question 2.
How will you differentiate new and old queen bee?
Answer:
New queen has long firm abdomen and is golden brown in colour. Old queen has dark brown or black adbomen and is sluggish in movement.

Question 3.
From where training on beekeeping may be obtained?
Answer:
Training on beekeeping may be obtained from PAU, Ludhiana, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or Department of agriculture.

Question 4.
How will you shift honey bee colonies to shady place during summer season?
Answer:
To protect bees from heat in summer, colonies should be shifted to the thick shade by 2-3 feet daily. Ventilation should be proper for the hives. There should be a sources of water near the apiary.

Question 5.
What should be hive to hive and row to row distance of colonies in an apiary?
Answer:
Hive to hive distance should be 6-8 feet and row to row distance should be 10 feet.

Question 6.
What hive products other than honey can be obtained from honey bee colonies?
Answer:
Hive products obtained from colonies other than honey are bees wax, propolis bee venom, royal jelly etc.

Question 7.
Why should not unripe honey be extracted?
Answer:
We should not extract unripe honey because its shelf life is low.

Question 8.
How can honey be filtered?
Answer:
After extracting honey we should remove wax and floating impurities from the extracted-honey for this use double layer muslin cloth for filtering the honey.

Question 9.
What are the equipment’s required for starting beekeeping?
Answer:
Equipment’s required for starting beekeeping are-hive tool, bee veil, smoker and comb foundation etc.

Question 10.
Write a note on honey marketing.
Answer:
There are traders and exporters who procure honey. Several self help groups (SHG) are also involved in the marketing of honey. Bottling of honey in attractive bottles having proper information labels fixed on them add to the profit from honey trading.

Question 1.
What care should be taken while purchasing honey bee colonies?
Answer:

Start beekeeping at suitable time, in Punjab suitable time for starting bee keeping is February to March and November.
For higher productivity starts new colony with eight bee frames.
Purchase new colony which have mated new queen, open and sealed brood, pollen and brood but have minimum number of drone brood and drone bees.
Shift colonies during late night or early morning with closed gates of the hives.

Question 2.
Explain the process of honey extraction.
Answer:
Honey is ready for extraction, it is indicated from the holes in the frame if 75% of holes are sealed, we can extract honey. Honey should not be extracted unripe, because its shelf life is low and it becomes sour in short duration. Remove bees from the frames by shaking and with the help of bees brush. We can use machines for extracting honey or it can be done manually. Remove wax layer from honey combs by using uncapping knife. After extraction, empty combs should be returned to the colonies. Remove the impurities and filter the honey using double muslin cloth.

Question 3.
How can bees wax be extracted?
Answer:
While extracting honey, wax layer is removed from the comb using uncapping knife. Put this wax, very old, broken or damaged combs or wild bee combs in hot water and filter it using thick cloth. Discard the impurities which remained on the top of the cloth. Allow the molten wax in hot water to settle for a night. Wax floats on the water surface as a harden block. This can be collected easily.

Question 4.
What are the. subsidy facilities being provided by the Government in Punjab?
Answer:
For encouraging the beekeeping occupation, government is providing subsidy on bee hive and honey bee colonies through National Horticulture Mission. Government also provides subsidy on honey extracting machine, uncapping knife, drip tray, food grade plastic container for honey.

Question 5.
Explain importance of beekeeping.
Answer:
Beekeeping is an important and beneficial agricultural based subsidiary occupation. One can earn good income from this occupation. This can be adopted by women, farmers, students etc. as subsidiary occupation. Italian Honey bees can yield 20 kg of honey per colony per year under stationary beekeeping and 60 kg honey per colony per year can be obtained under migratory beekeeping conditions. Other than honey, we can get bee wax, propolis, pollen, bee venom and royal jelly. These are also source of income, one can earn by selling queen bees and colonies etc. Honey bees also help in increasing the crop yield by pollination of field, crops, fruit and vegetable crops.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide BeeKeeping Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Which species of the bee was reared earlier, in India?
Answer:
Only Indian bees.

Question 2.
Which states were involved in beekeeping in earlier times?
Answer:
Hilly and southern areas.

Question 3.
How much honey can be obtained per colony per year from Italian bees under stationary conditions?
Answer:
20 kg.

Question 4.
How much honey can be obtained per colony per year from Italian bees under migratory conditions?
Answer:
60 kg.

Question 5.
How many body parts are there in bee body?
Answer:
Three parts-head, thorax, abdomen.

Question 6.
Which are male bees? Do they sting?
Answer:
Drone bee, No they do not have sting.

Question 7.
Does queen bee has sting?
Answer:
Yes, it has.

Question 8.
When does a queen bee use its sting?
Answer:
Against rival queen bee.

Question 9.
Which state is leader in honey production?
Answer:
Punjab.

Question 10.
How many worker bees can be there in a colony of bees?
Answer:
8000 to 80,000 and sometimes more.

Question 11.
Which species of bee is more aggressive?
Answer:
Rock bee.

Question 12.
What is the size of Indian bee?
Answer:
Medium size.

Question 13.
Which bees are produced from unfertilized eggs?
Answer:
Male bees.

Question 14.
What can be the maximum age of worker bees?
Answer:
One to one and half month i.e. six weeks.

Question 15.
Which season is suitable for starting beekeeping?
Answer:
Spring (February to April).

Question 16.
Name species of bees found in India.
Answer:
Little bee, rock bees, Indian bee, Italian bee.

Question 17.
What is common name of Apis Florea?
Answer:
Little bee.

Question 18.
What is common name of Apis Mellifera?
Answer:
Italian bee.

Question 19.
Which bee species is reared in Punjab?
Answer:
Italian bee.

Question 20.
What is life period for a queen bee?
Answer:
2-4 years.

Question 21.
What is the function of drones in the colony?
Answer:
They mate with queen bee.

Question 22.
Which bees are produced from fertilized eggs?
Answer:
Worker bees.

Question 23.
In which direction should bee hives face?
Answer:
Facing the sun.

Question 24.
What is the position of Punjab in the production of honey?
Answer:
It is a leading state.

Question 25.
How do bees help us?
Answer:
They help by pollinating crops in the fields, flowers, vegetables etc. and help in increasing the yield.

Question 26.
Name the wild species of bee.
Answer:
Rock bee and Little bee.

Question 27.
Where does the rock bee construct its comb?
Answer:
Projection of water tanks, buildings, rocks and thick branches of trees.

Question 28.
Where does the little bee construct its comb?
Answer:
In bushes, stacked sticks or thin twigs of trees.

Question 29.
Which species of the bees are reared?
Answer:
Indian and Italian bees.

Question 30.
How many castes of Honey bees are there in a colony?
Answer:
Three-queen, worker, drones.

Question 31.
Describe queen bee.
Answer:
It is long, light brown and shining.

Question 32.
What is difference between abdomen of worker and drone bee?
Answer:
Worker bees have conical abdomen and drones have roundish and hairy adbomen.

Question 33.
Write name of crops which are used by bees for getting nectar and pollen?
Answer:
Sheesham, khair, litchi, ber, cucurbits, peach etc.

Question 34.
Which is the second best season for bee keeping?
Answer:
October-November (Autumn Season).

Question 35.
In which season bee activities are slow?
Answer:
Winter season (December to January).

Question 36.
Why should there be water source near the bee live?
Answer:
Bees use water to cool their comb.

Question 37.
What should be distance between boxes?
Answer:
10 feet.

Question 38.
What is Propolis?
Answer:
It is honey gum.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about queen bee?
Answer:
Queen plays the role of laying eggs and maintains the colony. It can lay 1500 to 2000 eggs in a day. It can live for many years but its capacity to lay eggs starts reducing after one year. It have long firm abdomen, light brown in colour, wings of queen bee does not cover its abdoment completely.

Question 2.
How is Italian bee better than other species of bees?
Answer:
Quantity of honey obtained from Italian bee is more than the quantity of honey obtained from other species and it is not aggressive.

Question 3.
What arrangement should be done at bee farm for sunlight and shade?
Answer:
There should be arrangement of sunlight in winter and of shade in summer, plant autumn trees near it.

Question 4.
What are the four stages of honey bee?
Answer:
Egg, larva, pupa, adult.

Question 5.
Write a note on life span of queen and its replacement?
Answer:
Queen honey bee has a life span of 2-4 years. Queen bee is replaced every year with new queen bee.

Question 6.
Write note on life span of worker bee.
Answer:
Worker bee has life span of one to one and half month, but in winter it can live for six months.

Question 7.
Write a note on the body structure male bees?
Answer:
Drones (male bees) are black and big in size than worker bees. They have large compound eyes which unite at top of their head. Tip of abdomen is round and hairy.

Question 8.
Which equipment is required for starting bee keeping?
Answer:
Hive, gloves, hive tool, bee veil, smoker, comb foundation, honey extractor, queen cage, uncapping knife, bee brush, containers etc.

Question 9.
What is the importance of honey in human diet?
Answer:
Honey is a good food. One should take 50 gram honey daily. It contains carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It contains many antibiotics. It can be used in case of cough. It is also beneficial for eyes and brain.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many species of honey are there? Write about their size and nature.
Answer:
There are four species of honey bees. Little bee, rock bee, Indian bee. Italian bee. Rock bee is larger of all and is very aggressive. Little bee is smallest among them. Rock bee and little bee are wild species. Indian bees and Italian bees can be reared and medium sized. Italian bee is calm in nature.

Question 2.
What do you know about life cycle of honey bee and write about management of colony?
Answer:
Honey bee has four stages in life cycle-egg, larva, pupa, adult. Life cycle of queen bee completes in 16 days, worker bee and drone bee complete their life cycle in 21 days and in 24 days respectively.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 6 BeeKeeping 1
There are three castes of honey bees. Queen, worker, and drone (male) bees. There is one queen in a colony. There are thousands of worker bees and drones are a few hundred in number. Worker bees construct the comb, collect pollen and nectar, and can sacrifice their life for the betterment of their hive.

Question 3.
How many worker bees are there is a colony? What are the tasks they do?
Answer:
There can be 8000-80,000 worker bees in a colony depending upon in size. These do not lay eggs but perform all other duties. They keep the hive clean, take care of the brood, make a hive, collect nectar and pollen and fill in the comb, take care of the live, temperature regulation and guard the live, feeding young ones and queen.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

October 7, 2024October 6, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Mushroom Cultivation Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one to two words:

Question 1.
Name two important commercially grown mushrooms.
Answer:
Button mushroom, Paddy straw mushroom, shiitake mushroom.

Question 2.
Name the health benefits of mushrooms.
Answer:
Mushrooms are rich in proteins, minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium etc. These are also suitable for patients having Sugar and blood pressure.

Question 3.
How many crops of button mushroom can be obtained in the winter season in Punjab?
Answer:
Two crops can be obtained from September to March.

Question 4.
What is the maximum height of the compost stack during compost preparation for button mushroom?
Answer:
Five feet.

Question 5.
What is the ratio of farm yard manure and sandy soil for preparation of casing soil?
Answer:
FYM and garden soil should be in the ratio of 4:1.

Question 6.
Which insecticide is used for control of insect pests of mushrooms?
Answer:
Nuvan (Dichlorovos).

Question 7.
What is the gap period between spray of insecticide for control of flies and next harvest of mushrooms?
Answer:
48 hours.

Question 8.
What is the amount of spawn required for 3 quintals of straw?
Answer:
300 grams.

Question 9.
What is the total mushroom production in Punjab presently?
Answer:
Nearly 45000-48000 tones per annum.

Question 10.
How many turnings are given during preparation of compost?
Answer:
Seven turning.

Question 11.
What is the pH of good quality ready compost?
Answer:
7.0 to 8.0 pH.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
What are the important nutritional attributes of mushrooms?
Answer:
Calcium, phosphorus, iron, potash, minerals and vitamin C etc. are present in mushrooms in ample quantity.

Question 2.
What are the requirements for growing mushrooms?
Answer:
Fresh paddy straw (not older than one year), bamboo sticks and mushroom seed (spawn), Kisan Khad, urea, murate of potash, gypsum,
gamma, B.C. 20E, Furadan, Molasses etc. are required.

Question 3.
Why is it important to turn the compost stack during compost preparation?
Answer:
By turning the compost stack the original outer portion goes inside and central portion becomes the outer part. This helps in increase in microbial activity.

Question 4.
How is the compost prepared for mushroom growing treated?
Answer:
Before sowing the mushroom seeds, prepared compost is treated with Bavistin 50% soluble 20 mg per litre. 20 gram dust of Bavistin is required for one quintal compost which is enough for four boxes.

Question 5.
What is the significance of casing? How is casing soil prepared?
Answer:
Casing provides proper environment for growth of mushrooms. Casing mixture is obtained by mixing FYM and garden soil in the ratio 4: 1 or spent compost and FYM in the ratio of 1:1.

Question 6.
What are the recommended varieties of mushrooms for cultivation in Punjab and give their technical names?
Answer:
According to environment of Punjab, there are five varieties of mushrooms-Button mushrooms, shiitake mushroom, Chinese mushrooms, Milky, oyster mushrooms.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 5 Mushroom Cultivation 1
Question 7.
Give the turning schedule for preparation of compost and the details of what all is required for compost production.
Answer:
Turning schedule for preparation of compost:

Turning	After how many days turning is done after preparing the stack	Things to add
First	4	Molasses
Second	8	–
Third	12	gypsum
Fourth	15	–
Fifth	18	Furadan
Sixth	21	–
Seventh	24	Lindane.

Thus seven turnings are done. Initial three turning after even’ four days and the remaining turnings after every three days.

Question 8.
How is casing soil mixture disinfected before use?
Answer:
Disinfecting soil:
Wet the mix of compost and garden soil. Spray 4-5% of Formalin on it. In addition 20 g Furadan per quintal of casing soil is also added. Treated soil is covered with tarpaulin sheet or Polythene sheets for at least 48 hours. Then it is opened and turned again and again, so that formalin evaporates completely from it.

Question 9.
What are the quality attributed of well prepared compost?
Answer:
Attributes of well prepared compost are its colour, smell and moisture content. When colour of compost is dark brown and there is no smell of ammonia and moisture is 65-72% then the compost is ready for spawning and pH value should be 7.0 to 8.0.

Question 10.
What is the production of mushrooms from one square meter bed area?
Answer:
Production of mushrooms from one square metre bed area is 8-12 kg. mushrooms.

Question 1.
What is the importance of mushrooms in our diet?
Answer:
Mushrooms are used as food in whole of the world. It contains many nutrients and thus help in keeping the body fit. Mushrooms contain protein in large quantity, which is easily digestible. Mushrooms also contain potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, minerals and vitamin C in large amount. Carbohydrates and fats are present in small amounts. Therefore, mushrooms are beneficial for blood pressure and sugar patients.

Question 2.
Give the procedure for preparation of stack for composting in button mushroom?
Answer:
Spread wheat straw on “pucca” floor and wet it with clean water. Keep this straw as such for 48 hours. Mix bran and fertilizers separately and wet it with water. After 24 hours bran fertilizer mixture is broadcasted on the wetted wheat straw. Prepare stacks of the size 5 feet high, 5 feet broad and 5 feet long on the wooden boards. Height and breadth of the stack should not be more than 5 feet each.

Question 3.
What do you know about the marketing of mushrooms?
Answer:
Do not cut or pull the Mushrooms rather pick them by gentle twisting of the buttons. The mature unopened mushrooms are harvested once a day. This way no harm is done to the small button mushroom. After picking, clean off the straw pieces sticking to the mushrooms. Pack them in perforated polythene bags in 200 g lots. These packed mushrooms are sent for marketing. Mushrooms can be dried in sun or in shade and can be used in off season marketing.

Question 4.
What is mushroom spawn? How is spawning done in trays for button mushroom?
Answer:
See next questions.

Question 5.
What are the different steps in button mushroom production and briefly discuss each one?
Answer:
Steps in button mushroom production-
1. Ingredient, for compost preparing:
Wheat straw 300 kg., wheat bran 15kg, CAN 9 kg; urea, super phosphate and murate of potash 3 kg each of the three; gypsum 30 kg, gamma BHC (20% E.C.) 60 ml, molasses 5 kg, Furadan (3G) 150 gram.

2. Stack preparation:
Spread the wheat straw on a pucca floor and wet properly with water, leave it open for at least 48 hours. Mix wheat bran/husk powder with fertilizers (separately) mentioned in step 1 and moisten with water. Broadcast wheat bran mixture on the wet wheat straw after 24 hours. Mix using pitchforks. Prepare a stack of 5 x 5 x 5 foot high with the help of 3 wooden boards. Stack should not be higher than 5 feet.

3. Turning the compost stack:
Layer of stack is removed from top and all sides, it is thoroughly mixed and wetted. This way the inner part of the stack forms outer part of the new stack and outer part of the original stack goes inside the new stack. Repeat the same process when needed. Turning is necessary to increase the microbial activity which helps in decomposition. Turn the stack every fourth day and add to it. molasses, gypsum, furadan, lindane dust respectively at first, third, fifth, sixth and seventh turning.

The compost prepared from 300 kg wheat straw is used to fill 20-25 crates of the size 100 x 150 x 18 cm. When color of compost is dark brown and there is no smell of ammonia and moisture content is 65-72% then the compost is ready for spawning and pH should be 7.0 to 8.0.

4. Disinfecting the compost:
Before spawning, prepared compost is mixed with Bavistin 50% soluble 20 mg per litre. 20 gram Bavistin dust is required for one quintal compost which can be filled in four crates or boxes.

5. Filling crates and spawning:
Dismantle the compost stack and let it attain the room temperature. Take out spawn from the bottles and by using two layer growing method, broad cast spawn on the compost and fill in the boxes. Cover it with thick layer of compost. Broadcast the remaining part of spawn on this layer. Cover the boxes with wet newspaper or other papers.

6. Covering crates with soil:
Crates covered with 80-100% mycelium are covered uniformly with FYM and garden soil in the ratio 4:1 or covered with well rotten rice bran- and gobar gas slurry in the ratio 1:1. Before covering, treat it with 4-5% formalin.

7. Disinfecting soil:
Wet the mix of compost and garden soil. Spray 4-5% of Formalin on it..In addition 20g Furadan per quintal of casing soil is also added. Treated soil is covered with tarpaulin sheet or polythene sheets for at least 48 hours. Then it is opened and turned again and again so that formalin evaporates completely from it.

8. Covering of trays:
After 2-3 weeks of spawning remove the news paper and cover the compost covered with mycelium with a l’to 15 inch thick layer of disinfected soil.

9. Arranging containers:
Trays can be stacked and the area under cultivation can be increased. The trays are arranged one above the other in lines and the lines are 2 to 2.5 feet apart up and below. This way adequate working area is available and no harm is done to small pinheads of mushroom. After picking, the lower most part of the stalk of the mushroom is cut off with the help of a knife and clean mushrooms are collected.

10. Packing: Fresh Mushrooms are packed in perforated polythene bags in a lot of 200 grams.

11. Yield: 12 kg Mushrooms are available in one square metre area in one season.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Mushroom Cultivation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many trays are covered with Mycelium in 2-3 weeks?
Answer:
80-100 percent.

Question 2.
How many grams of Mushrooms are filled in poly bags for marketing?
Answer:
200 grams.

Question 3.
What is name of Mushroom seed?
Answer:
Spawn.

Question 4.
Which nutrients are found in less quantity in Mushrooms?
Answer:
Carbohydrates and fats.

Question 5.
Which variety of Mushroom is grown in summer and how many crops can be obtained?
Answer:
It is paddy straw mushroom. We can obtain four crops from this.

Question 6.
For how many boxes the compost prepared from 300 kg of wheat straw is enough?
Answer:
20-25 boxes of. the size 100 x 150 x 18 cm.

Question 7.
How will you identify the prepared compost?
Answer:
When color of the compost becomes dark brown and there is no ammonical smell, compost is ready.

Question 8.
Name any disease, which can be cured by taking mushrooms.
Answer:
Blood pressure.

Question 9.
How many crops of mushrooms are obtained in winter?
Answer:
White button mushrooms give two crops in winter.

Question 10.
When the winter mushrooms sown?
Answer:
From October to April.

Question 11.
Which materials are required for Mushroom compost?
Answer:
Molasses, Gypsum, furadan, gamma B.H.C. etc. are required.

Question 12.
How much seed is required for one square metre?
Answer:
300 gram seed is required for one square metre.

Question 13.
What is the yield of Mushrooms obtained from one square metre?
Answer:
In one season 8-12 kg of fresh Mushrooms can be obtained from one metre square.

Question 14.
How many crops are taken from summer season Mushroom?
Answer:
From milky mushroom three crops can be taken.

Question 15.
How many mushroom growers are there in Punjab?
Answer:
400.

Question 16.
What is the time when we can take crop of button mushroom?
Answer:
September to March two crops.

Question 17.
What is the time when we can take crop of oyster.
Answer:
October to March, one crop.

Question 18.
What is time of taking shiitake Mushroom?
Answer:
One crop September to March.

Question 19.
Which variety of Mushroom is cultivated more in Punjab?
Answer:
Button mushroom.

Question 20.
From where can we get seed of mushroom?
Answer:
Punjab Agricultural University, Department of Micro Biology.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is spawning done in boxes or crates?
Answer:
Dismantle the compost pile and let it attain the room temperature. Take out spawn from the bottles and by using two layer growing method, broad cast spawn on the compost and fill in the boxes. Cover it with thick layer of compost. Broadcast the remaining part of spawn on this layer. Cover the boxes with wet newspaper or other papers.

Question 2.
How will you fill the bags for cultivation of Dhingri (Oyster Mushroom)?
Answer:
Polythene bags are filled up-to 3 level with wheat straw and bits of spawn are broadcast on it. Fill the bag again up-to 2 level with wheat straw and broadcast spawn. Fill the bag with alternate layers of straw and spawn to its full capacity. The upper end of the bag is tied with gunny thread and bottom comers of the bag are given cut to drain off the excess of water. Place these bags in a room with proper facility of light. After 3¬4 weeks of spawning small mushroom primordia appear and at this stage bags are cut open. Water the straw only to keep them moist.

Question 3.
What should be taken care of while picking mushrooms (harvesting)?
Answer:
Do not cut or pull the Mushroom they are picked by gentle twisting of the buttons. The mature unopened mushrooms and harvested once a day.

Question 4.
Which insect is harmful for Mushrooms? How can we control it?
Answer:
Mushroom flies are harmful for Mushrooms, When these are seen in the beds, on the window panes, walls or ceiling then spray 30 millilitre Nuvan 100 EC (WP) per 100 cubic metre. After spray close the doors and windows for at least 2 hours and do not pick the mushrooms for at least 48 hours. Do not spray directly on the beds.

Question 5.
What is done to increase the crop area?
Answer:
Boxes are placed on each other to increase the crop area and the Distance between boxes placed in sines is 2 to 2.5 feet and the distance between trays placed over each other is one foot.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
How are paddy straw mushrooms cultivated?
Answer:
1. Material required: Fresh paddy straw (not older than one year) bamboo stick, spawn.

2. Method or procedure:
Make bundles weighing 1-1.5 kg from dry paddy straw. Tie both ends and cut the protruded ends on both sides to make them equal-sized. Soak these bundles in clean water for 16 to 20 hours. Place these bundles on a sloping surface to drain the excess water. Place five bundles on two bamboo sticks which are kept one foot apart. Spawn is broadcasted on these bundles. This way a bed of 22 bundles per square metre is prepared. To get more area under the cultivation, beds are laid on one another. For one bed 300 grams of seed is required.

3. Seed Broadcast (Spawning): 300 grams of seed is required for a bed. Keep uniformity for each layer.

4. Watering: Water after 2-3 days of spawning. Ventilation is not required initially but later on proper ventilation is required.

5. Crop appearance:
After 7-9 days of spawning small plant heads start appearing. Fruit bodies of mushrooms become worth harvesting on the tenth day. Mushroom continues to appear for 15-20 days in 4 flushes. One crop of this mushroom is over in one month. This way four crops from April to August can be obtained.

6. Packing: Mushrooms are packed in perforated polythene bags in a lot of 200 grams.

7. Yield and cost: 22 kg of dry paddy straw can give a yield of 2.5 to 3 kg of fresh mushrooms.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy

October 7, 2024October 6, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 4 Solar Energy

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Solar Energy Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer In one to two words:

Question 1.
What is the major benefit of solar water heater?
Answer:
It is used to heat water for temperatures less than 100°C.

Question 2.
Give two examples of renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Solar energy, Bio-gas.

Question 3.
Give two examples of non-renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Coal, Petroleum products etc.

Question 4.
How many types of solar dryers are?
Answer:
There are two types of solar dryer on the basis of their use domestic solar dryer and multi product solar dryer.

Question 5.
Name any two vegetables which are dried in the solar dryer.
Answer:
Spinach, Fenugreek, Chilli etc.

Question 6.
What is the capacity of multiple solar dryer for drying agricultural product?
Answer:
20 to 30 kg agricultural product.

Question 7.
What is the major benefit of solar cooker?
Answer:
It is used to cook food.

Question 8.
What percentage of conventional fuel can be saved by the use of solar cooker?
Answer:
It saves 20% to 50% conventional fuel.

Question 9.
For how many hours solar lantern can be used?
Answer:
For 3-4 hours.

Question 10.
How many types of solar cooker are there?
Answer:
These are of two types storage cum collector solar water heater and thermosiphon solar water heater.

(B) Answer in one to two sentences:

Question 1.
What are the types of energy sources? Give examples.
Answer:
There are two types of energy sources:

Renewable
Non-renewable.
Renewable energy sources: Biogas, solar energy, chemical energy etc. These sources are plenty and less costly.
Non-renewable energy sources: Electricity, coal, petrol etc. These are limited in nature.

Question 2.
Name the products which are dried with solar dryer.
Answer:
Spinach, tomato, fenugreek, mustard leaves, potato, turmeric, chilli, plums, peach, grapes etc.

Question 3.
What is meant by solar cooker?
Answer:
It is a device used to cook food using solar energy. It can save 20% to 50% of non-renewable fuel.

Question 4.
Briefly discuss solar street light.
Answer:
This light is used after the sun sets to light the street, roads etc. A battery is charged using solar energy which is used to give power to these solar lights. These are automatic lights which are operated automatically when sun sets.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 1

Question 5.
What are the points kept in mind when the cooking is done in solar cooker?
Answer:

Pre heat the solar cooker by setting up it in the sun.
Add just sufficient water to the container having food ingredients to be cooked in the solar cooker.
Vegetables, eggs etc. do not need water for cooking in solar cooker. Cut potatoes and vegetables into small pieces before placing these into the solar cooker for cooking.
The container containing ingredients and water should not be filled more than half of its level.

Question 6.
Briefly discuss the solar home lighting system.
Answer:
In this system sunlight is used to charge the inverter battery system. It can be used to light 2 tube lights and two fans up to 5 to 6 hours in case of power cuts.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 2

Question 7.
What is solar water pump?
Answer:
This pump is used to lift water from a level of 35 to 40 feet. It consists of a motor which runs by electricity produced by solar panels.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 3

Question 8.
Briefly discuss solar lantern.
Answer:
This is an emergency light system. It is charged in the sun light and it can be used for 3-4 hours for lighting.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 4

Question 9.
Briefly explain the working of domestic solar dryer.
Answer:
It is a small-sized solar dryer. It can be used to dry 2 to 3 kg fresh products in 2 to 3 days. Products which are dried in this dryer are normally used in powder form in the kitchen e.g. red chillies, onion, garlic, mango powder, ginger, spinach leaves etc.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 5

Question 10.
Briefly discuss the multi-product solar drier.
Answer:
Agricultural products should be dried at low air temperature than the maximum allowed temperature. High temperature may destroy the quality of the food items. This solar drier can be used for drying 20-30 kg of agricultural products per day.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 6

Question 1.
Explain the method of cooking in solar cooker.
Answer:

Pre heat the’solar cooker by setting up it in the sun.
Add just sufficient water to the container having food ingredients to be cooked in the solar cooker.
Vegetables, eggs etc. do not need water for cooking in solar cooker. Cut potatoes and vegetables into small pieces before placing-these into the solar cooker for cooking.
The container containing ingredients and water should not be filled more than half of its level.
Keep the top of solar cooker towards the sun.
Do not open the solar cooker again and again. This will delay in cooking.
Open the lid carefully after cooking the food, so that steam cannot hurt our body.

Question 2.
Explain the solar water heater in details.
Answer:
Solar water heater is a device used for heating water using solar energy. It consists of tubes, storage tank, tube and fix assembly, glass sheet etc.
PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 4 Solar Energy 8
Collector tubes are joined to the header of the bottom and top storage tank is insulated and is mounted in such a way that its bottom is above the top of collector by at least 60-70 cm. Front of the tube and fin assembly is covered by a glass sheet and all other sides and back are insulated. The sun rays fall on the tube and fin assembly, as a result water gets heated up, as hot water is lighter than cold water, hot water moves to the upper part of the storage tank.

Question 3.
Explain two solar dryer in detail.
Answer:
Solar dryer is used to dry vegetables and fruits. These are of two types.
Cabinet dryer:
This is a wooden box which is black from inside. It is covered with a glass sheet. Inside the box. there are perforated trays arranged at different levels, one above the other. Product to be dried is placed in these trays. There are two holes in this dryer, lower hole allows the air to enter and the hole at upper side allows the air to leave, this way air circulation takes place.

Multi product solar dryer:
This device is made up of sheets of wood and iron or of fiber glass. There are many holes at lower part and upper part for circulation of air. An arrangement has been done on the sides for placing and removing the products. There are shining rods for absorbing sunlight. Single glass sheet is fitted on the top of the box. Those trays which are used for drying the products have many holes in them. Trays are 3-4 cm in height. Cut pieces of vegetables and fruits can be dried in these trays. To protect the products from getting direct sunlight shining black plates are fixed. Since this is a solar device and uses sun rays it is placed in sunlight. Its glass top should be towards south.

Question 4.
Briefly discuss the different gadgets of solar energy.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 5.
How the solar energy can be used in different ways?
Answer:
Sun is the ultimate source of energy in the world. Plants make their own food in sunlight and living beings take their food from the plants. Sun is responsible for air – water cycle, but all these things are happening automatically in nature. We can use solar energy in different ways by using different techniques, e.g.

We can heat water using solar energy, cook food, produce electricity. We can dry fruits and vegetables using solar energy.
Electricity can be produced using solar cells.
We can save non-renewable sources of energy by using solar energy.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Solar Energy Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many types of natural energy source are there?
Answer:
Two types.

Question 2.
What type of energy is electricity obtained from burning of coal?
Answer:
Conventional (Non-renewable) energy source.

Question 3.
Which type of energy sources are limited?
Answer:
Non-renewable.

Question 4.
Which type of energy sources are in plenty?
Answer:
Renewable (Non-conventional).

Question 5.
How much fresh product can be dried in domestic level solar dryer and in how many days?
Answer:
2-3 kg fresh products in 2-3 days.

Question 6.
Can we prepare chapati in solar cooker?
Answer:
No.

Question 7.
In which direction solar water should face?
Answer:
Towards south.

Question 8.
How many fans and lights can be operated using solar home lighting system?
Answer:
2 tubes, 2 fans for 5 to 6 hours.

Question 9.
What is the name of solar water heater.
Answer:
Thermosyphen solar water heater and storage-cum-collector solar water heater.

Question 10.
Name any one conventional source of energy.
Answer:
Coal.

Question 11.
How much percent of conventional fuel is saved by using solar cooker?
Answer:
20% to 50%.

Question 12.
Frame of trays is made up of which material?
Answer:
G.I. sheets.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the uses of solar energy?
Answer:
Solar energy is used to heat water, for drying fruits and vegetables, for cooking food etc.

Question 2.
What is the disadvantage of drying bruits and vegetables in direct sun light?
Answer:
Insects, birds and dust can harm the fruits and vegetables and their color may change.

Question 3.
What is solar heater?
Answer:
This is a device which absorb solar energy and convert it in heat energy.

Question 4.
Why is it necessary to clean the glass of solar water heater?
Answer:
Dust collects on the glass which hinders the path of sun light and therefore efficiency of the water heater is reduced. It becomes necessary to clean the glass top.

Question 5.
How can solar energy be concentrated?
Answer:
By using various types of lenses and mirrors.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
How much conventional fuel is saved by using solar cookers? What are the types of solar cookers? What are the limitations of solar cookers?
Answer:
By using a solar cookers we can save 20% to 50% of conventional fuel which is used to cook food. Solar energy can be concentrated by using various types of lenses, normally these are of two types:

Box type solar cooker
Double reflector solar cooker.

Limitations:
We have to Place the solar cooker in such a way that it is always facing The sunlight and it has to be set again and again. The solar cooker can not be used to prepare chapatis.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

October 5, 2024October 4, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Physical Education Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet

Physical Education Guide for Class 8 PSEB Nutritious and Balanced Diet Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by food?
Answer:
Food is very important for our body because it helps in the growth and development of our body. It repairs old cells and forms the new cells. Food prevents us from diseases. We consider such things as food which becomes part of our body after taking it and develops the body.

Question 2.
What do you mean by nutritious food?
Answer:
The following are the constituents of nutritious food:

Proteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Mineral Salts
Water.

Question 3.
What do you mean by balanced diet?
Answer:
Balanced Diet. Balanced diet is the diet which has all the nutrients in right proportion and which is capable of fulfilling all the needs of the body. It should have all nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, salts and water in proper proportion. Such a diet needs to be taken for the proper development of body, protection from diseases and good health. No single item of food is balanced diet in itself. Only milk is an exception, as it has got almost all nutrients.

Question 4.
What do you understand by protein? How many types of proteins are there?
Answer:
Proteins:
Protein is a complex compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen. It is of two kinds vegetable protein and animal protein.

Sources:
1. Vegetable Protein: It is available in soyabeans, groundnuts, cashew-nuts, pistachio, walnuts, wheat, millet, maize, etc.
2. Animal Protein: It is available in meat, fish, egg, cheese, etc.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet 1
Advantages of Protein:

It ensures physical growth and development
It repairs broken tissues
It keeps the body temperature normal
It produces energy in case there is lack-of the quantity of carbohydrates or fats in the body.

Harms due to lack of Proteins:
The body catches the following diseases due to lack of proteins-
1. Kwashiorkor:
This disease is common in children in the age group of 1-3 years in case there is lack of proteins. At first, the child’s legs are affected. Then this disease causes swelling on the face and then the whole body. The skin of the child becomes rough and red. The child becomes irritated.

2. Rickets or Rachitis:
As a result of the lack of proteins children suffer from rachitis. A child affected with this disease looks very thin and weak. Bones are visible through his flesh.

3. Hunger Oedema:
Because of prolonged hunger and lack of protein, the body does not get nourishment, and water gets accumulated in cells, and body appears to be swelled up.

4. Pellagra: As a result of this disease, one’s skin appears to be rough and dry.

5. Defect in the Liver. Liver gets damaged due to the lack of protein in food.

Harms due to excess of Proteins:
One may suffer from kidney ailments in case of excessive intake of proteins. Blood vessels too get affected and one begins to have joint pains.

Proper quantity:
Children in the age group of 1-6 years are in dire need of proteins in large amount. A normal person should consume 70 to 100 gms. of proteins every day.

Question 5.
What are carbohydrates? What are the harmful effects of its deficiency and excess.
Answer:
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body. Indians, in general, compensate 70-80% of their food with this element.

Sources: Carbohydrates are available in wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, jaggery, sugar, potatoes, etc.

Advantages of Carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body.
They help in digesting fat.
They cleanse intestines and liver.

Harms due to lack of Carbohydrates:

As a result of the lack of carbohydrates, blood loses its alkaline nature, and becomes more acidic. In such a condition, a person may become unconscious. In such a condition due to hunger one may get diabetes.
Intestines are not cleaned properly.
As a result of lack of carbohydrates, fats remain undigested in the body.
As a result of lack of carbohydrates acidic elements in the liver get cleansed, and it is harmful to the body
A person becomes very weak and may die in case there is excess of lack of carbohydrates in his food.

Harms due to excess of Carbohydrates:
The excess of carbohydrates causes-

fatness
high blood pressure
joint pains and
diabetes.

Proper Quantity:
Our food has 50-80% of carbohydrates. 50-60% part of balanced diet consists of carbohydrates. A normal person should have 400 to 700 gms. of carbohydrates in his daily food.

Question 6.
What do you mean by fats? What are its types.
Answer:
Fats are of two types-
(i) vegetable fats
(ii) animal fats.

Sources.
1. Vegetable Fats. These are available in almonds, walnuts, soyabeans, groundnuts, coconut oil, mustard, etc.
2. Animal Fats. These are available in ghee, butter, milk, meat, fish, egg, etc.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet 3

Advantages:

It provides energy to the body.
It keeps the body temperature stable.
It protects all parts of the body against external injuries.
It keeps in reserve vitamins A, D and K according to the needs of the body.

Harms due to the lack of Fats:
The body suffers in the following ways in case there is lack of fats-

Skin becomes dry.
The deficiency of vitamins A, D and K follows.
The skin goes dry because of the lack of acids of fat.

Harms due to excess of Fats:
The excess of fats in one’s food also proves to be harmful in the following ways-

One suffers from obesity.
Heart diseases are caused.
Digestion weakens.
One suffers from diabetes.
Stones may form in the abdomen.

Proper Quantity: A normal person should have 50 to 75 gms. of fats in his daily food.

Question 7.
Milk is a complete food. Explain it?
Answer:
Milk:
Milk is an ideal and whole food. It has got all the essential nutrients. It has 3.6% fat, 3.4% protein, 4.8% carbohydrates, 0.7% salts and 7.5% water. Milk is given to growing children because it is a complete food. At home, patient is also given milk which acts as complete food.
For good health, milk serves as a balanced diet.

All the essential nutrients as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, salts, water, vitamins are available in milk in right proportion. All these nutrients have different functions to perform in our body. Milk is considered to be an ideal food as it has all the essential nutrients including vitamins, though it does not have iron.

Question 8.
What are the principles of cooking food?
Answer:
Cooking Food:
Properly cooked food is useful for health. Food must be cooked properly, if food is over cooked, it does loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food must be cooked properly for the following reasons:

Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
By cooking food disease causing germs get killed.
Cooked food is tasty. One feels like eating it.
We can preserve the cooked food for long.

Methods of Cooking food:
The following methods for cooking food are generally followed-

Boiling
Cooking with steam
Roasting
Frying

These methods are explained in brief below:
1. Boiling:
In this method, food articles are cooked by boiling in water. But essential vitamins and mineral salts dissolve in water and are lost in this method of cooking. A little quantity of water should be used in boiling eatables. If water used in boiling is excessive, it should not be thrown. Rice, pulses, meat and vegetables are cooked by boiling.

2. Cooking with Steam:
Food is also cooked with steam. Essential nutrients do not get lost in cooking by this method. The food cooked in a steam cooker is nutritious and beneficial to health. So this method is considered to be better than other methods.

3. Roasting:
In this method, food is directly roasted on the fire. Excessive roasting also destroys essential nutrients. The roasted meat is tasty and easily digestible.

4. Frying:
There are many food items such as ‘pakora’, ‘samosa’ and “purian” which are fried. Food is cooked very soon by frying. But essential nutrients also get lost in this method. Moreover, fried food is not easily digestible, and is often harmful to one’s health. Best Method. Of all the methods of cooking, cooking with steam is the best. The food cooked in this way does not lose essential nutrients and it is very beneficial to one’s health.

Question 9.
Explain the rules of taking food.
Answer:

Always have your food at a fixed time. Untimely eaten food causes indigestion.
Wash your hands with soap before taking meals and always wear clean clothes. Nails should be cut and cleaned.
We should not eat too hot or too cold food. Hot food causes blisters or boils and cold food cannot be chewed properly.
Food should be taken in an adequate quantity, over-eating may cause indigestion.
Food should be chewed slowly and properly so that it can be digested easily.
Food should be nutritious and easily digestible.
Never take stale food because it causes food poisoning.
We should be happy while taking food. Never talk or watch T.V. while taking food.
Take dinner at least two hours before sleeping because it is dangerous to sleep immediately after taking a meal.
Rest a while after meals.

Question 10.
Right notes on the following:
(a) Roughage
(b) Water
(c) Minerals
(d) Cooking food.
Answer:
(a) Roughage:
Wheat, pulses, vegetables, fruits, dry fruits, milk, meat, fish are the main food products. The advantages of these are as under:
(i) Cereals:
Wheat, rice, grams, maize, barley are generally taken as food.

Advantages of Cereals:

These are helpful for the formation of our body.
Food provides energy to body.
They contain too much carbohydrates.
The outer parts of these food material provide iron, lime, vitamins and proteins.
They are very useful to remove constipation.

(ii) Pulses:
Soyabean, peas, turnip, almonds are counted in pulses. These pulses provide us vitamins A, B, and C. They also supply us with proteins, minerals, salt, iron and phosphorus.

Advantages of Pulses:

These provide energy.
Increase appetite.
Improve digestion.

(iii) Vegetables:
Cauliflower, palak, sarson ka saag, methi, carrots, walnut, turnip, tomatoes, potatoes, peas, cabbage and onion are the main vegetables.

Advantages of Vegetables:

Vegetables protect our body.
Vegetables maintain the health of a person.
They purify the blood.
They prevent constipation.

(b) Water:
Our body is composed of 2/3rd of water. It is formed of the combination of oxygen and hydrogen. It is as important as air for our body.
Sources. It is available in pure form in many nutrients also such as milk, fruit and vegetables.

Uses of Water:

Water helps in the formation of cells.
It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
It helps in digestion of food.
It regulates the heat in our body.
It helps in mixing nutrients with blood.
It keeps the parts and joints of body soft.
It ensures blood circulation in the body.

Harms due to lack of Water:
There are many harms of drinking less water-

The food does not digest properly in case one drinks less water.
Liver remains heavy.
Constipation is caused.
One feels physical fatigue all the time.
The body gets weakened.
The face turns pale.
Waste products in the body do not get excreted properly.
One is afflicted with joint pains.
Stones are formed in kidneys.

Harms due to excess of Water:
Water should always be taken in right proportion. Liver remains filled by taking water in excess and one does not feel appetite. If one continues taking water with food, food does not digest properly.

Proper Quantity:
The quantity of water intake varies with season, exercise and food. Normally, 5-6 glasses of water a day are enough for a normal person.

(c) Minerals:
Our body has 4% of minerals and salts. Phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iodine and zinc are some prominent minerals.
PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Nutritious and Balanced Diet 4
Sources:
Minerals and salts are available in green vegetables, fruits, meat, milk. Milk has less amount of iron, but it has all other minerals.

Advantages of Minerals:
1. They help in the development of muscular tissues.
2. They make the blood red.
3. Calcium helps in blood clotting.
4. Iron is very important for the formation of blood.
5. Minerals help in the Topper functioning of all parts of the body.

Harms due to lack of Minerals:

The lack of calcium causes the weakening of teeth and bones.
Body loses its power of resistance to diseases.
The lack of iodine is the cause of goitre in the body.

(d) Cooking Food:
Properly cooked food is useful for health. Food must be cooked properly, if food is over cooked, it does loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food must be cooked properly for the following reasons:

Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
By cooking food disease causing germs get killed.
Cooked food is tasty. One feels like eating it.
We can preserve the cooked food for long.

Methods of Cooking food:
The following methods for cooking food are generally followed-

1. Boiling
2. Cooking with steam
3. Roasting
4. Frying

3. Roasting:
In this method, food is directly roasted on the fire. Excessive roasting also destroys essential nutrients. The roasted meat is tasty and easily digestible.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Guide Nutritious and Balanced Diet Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Balanced diet contains:
(A) Protein
(B) Carbohydrates
(C) Fats and Mineral Salts
(D) Above all.
Answers:
(D) Above all.

Question 2.
How the protein is made?
(A) Carbon
(B) Oxygen
(C) Hydrogen
(D) None of them.
Answers:
(A) Carbon
(B) Oxygen
(C) Hydrogen

Question 3.
How many types of Protein?
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five.
Answers:
(A) Two

Question 4
Write the sources of Fat:
(A) Fruits .
(B) Soyabeans
(C) Groundnuts
(D) All above.
Answers:
(A) Fruits .
(B) Soyabeans
(C) Groundnuts

Question 5.
Mention the types of carbohydrates
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five.
Answers:
(A) Two

Question 6.
Important food is:
(A) Butter
(B) Fruits
(C) Almond or Milk
(D) None of these.
Answers:
(C) Almond or Milk

Question 7.
The rules of eating food:
(A) Always have your food at fix time.
(B) Wash your hands with soap before taking meal.
(C) Food should be chewed slowly.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(A) Always have your food at fix time.
(B) Wash your hands with soap before taking meal.
(C) Food should be chewed slowly.
(D) All above.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of food?
Answer:
Those eatable things which satisfy our hunger and develop our body are called food.

Question 2.
Write down the salts, which are found in our food?
Answer:
Calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iodine, chlorine, and sulphur are salts found in our body.

Question 3.
Why the food cooked on steam is considered well?
Answer:
Because the food cooked by steam does not destroy the nutritious elements.

Question 4.
What is the percentage of water in our body?
Answer:
There is 60% of water in the body of a human being.

Question 5.
How many types of proteins are there? Write their names.
Answer:
Proteins are of two types:

Animal proteins
Vegetable proteins.

Question 6.
Mention sources of Animal Proteins
Answer:
It is available in meat, fish and milk.

Question 7.
Mention the three sources of Vegetable Proteins.
Answer:
It is available in soyabeans, groundnuts and cashew-nuts.

Question 8.
What are Carbohydrates?
Answer:
Carbohydrates contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

Question 9.
Mention the types of vitamins.
Answer:
Vitamins are of six types-A, B, C, D, E and K.

Question 10.
Lack of which vitamin causes night blindness?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin A.

Question 11.
Lack of which vitamin causes Berry-Berry disease?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin B.

Question 12.
Lack of which vitamin causes Scurvy disease?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin B.

Question 13.
What is the cause of Pyoria?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin C.

Question 14.
Lack of which vitamin causes infertility in women?
Answer:
Lack of Vitamin E.

Question 15.
Mention the vitamins which are not soluble in water?
Answer:
Vitamins C, D and K.

Question 16.
Which milk is useful for a child?
Answer:
Mother feed.

Question 17.
What are the various methods of cooking food? Name them.
Answer:

Boiling
Roasting
Frying
Cooking with steam.

Question 18.
How much quantity of proteins should we take in our daily meals?
Answer:
70 to 100 grams.

Question 19.
Describe the main constituents of carbohydrates.
Answer:
Starch and sugar.

Question 20.
Name the constituents of proteins.
Answer:
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Sulphur.

Question 21.
To whom do we call life giving?
Answer:
Vitamins.

Question 22.
Which vitamins are soluble?
Answer:
Vitamins B and C.

Question 23.
How much Fat do we require in our meals?
Answer:
50 to 70 gms.

Question 24.
Which disease is caused by lack of iron?
Answer:
Lack of Haemoglobin.

Question 25.
What should be kind of Dinning site?
Answer:
Clean and airy.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of food?
Answer:
Food is very important for our body because it helps in growth and development of our body. It repairs olcfcells and forms the new cells.
Food prevents us from diseases. We consider such thing as food which becomes part of our body after taking it and develops the body.

Question 2.
Why it is necessary for our body?
Answer:
Everybody needs food for living. Daily we take part in many activities or perform so many types of work. To perform these activities we need energy. This energy is derived from food.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of food?
Answer:

Food provides energy to the body.
Food helps growth and development of the body.
Food helps in the formation of new cells.
Food helps in repairing the broken cells.
Food helps in preventing diseases.

Question 4.
Name the main nutrients of food.
Answer:
The following are the constituents of food:

Proteins
Vitamins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Mineral Salts
Water.

Question 5.
How is water useful for our body?
Answer:
Our body needs water to live. We cannot live without water. Advantages of Water.

It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
It regulates the heat in our body.
It helps digestion of food.
It helps in mixing nutrients with blood.
It keeps the parts and joints of the body soft.
It ensures blood circulation in the body.

Question 6.
Why it is compulsory to cook food?
Answer:
Need for cooking food. Properly cooked food is useful for health. Food must he cooked properly. If food is overcooked, it loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food should be cooked for the following reasons:

Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
By cooking food disease-causing germs get killed.
Cooked food is tasty, one feels like eating it.
We can preserve the cooked food for long.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

October 5, 2024October 4, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 19 Colonialism and Urban Change

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Colonialism and Urban Change Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by colonialism?
Answer:
The meaning of colonialism is control of one country over the other from a political, economic, and social point of view.

Question 2.
Which new towns came into existence with the establishment of East India Company?
Answer:
Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.

Question 3.
Name the worth seeing places of Madras.
Answer:
Churches, Buildings, Monuments, Beautiful temples and Beaches.

Question 4.
Write down the names of the worth seeing places in Bombay.
Answer:
Juhu Beach, Chaupati, Kolaba, Malabar Hill, Jahangiri Art Gallery, Museum, Bombay University, Mahalaxmi Temple, Victoria Garden, Kamla Nehru Garden, etc.

Question 5.
Where and when the Britishers established their first trading factory in India?
Answer:
The British established their first trading factory at Calcutta in 1695 A.D.

Question 6.
In which three cities the municipalities were established in India during the British rule?
Answer:
During the British rule, first of all municipalities were established at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta in India.

Question 7.
Which British officer established Public Works Department in India?
Answer:
Public Works Department was established Jjy Lord Dalhousie in India.

Question 8.
Which Governor-General started the department of police in India?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis started department of police in India during the British rule.

Question 9.
When and by whom the first railway line was made in India? What was its route?
Answer:
First railway line in India was made by Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. It was made from Bombay to Thane city.

Question 10.
Write a note on the Madras city.
Answer:
Madras city is situated on the Eastern coast of India. Its present name is Chennai and it is the capital of Tamilnadu state. This city was one of three centres established by the British East India Company i.e. Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. It was also a Centre of Presidency of the East India Company. This centre of the Company was established by Francis De in 1639 A.D. This city was snatched by the French from the British after the first Carnatic war. But this city was taken back by the British at the end of the war. Madras became one of the important and prosperous cities due to last win of the British in the Carnatic wars.

This city was developed into a Port city and industrial Centre very rapidly. Many beautiful places are there in Madras. Churches, buildings, monuments, beautiful temples and beaches are included in these beautiful places.

Question 11.
Write a note on police System.
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis established police department to maintain law and order in the country. Police duties of Zamindars were taken away by the government. He divided all the districts of Bengal in Divisions (Thanas) in 1792 A.D. The head of every division was a police officer called Daroga (inspector). He worked under District Magistrate. In 1860

A. D., the British Government appointed a police commission to establish the same police administration in all the provinces of the country. On its recommendation, civil police, Inspector General of police, Police Superintendent and Deputy Suprintendent of police were appointed in each district. Police inspector, Head constable and other police officials worked under them. Generally the British officials were appointed on these posts. This structure of police is still going on with very few changes.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
In ancient period __________ and Mohanjodaro were two developed towns.
Answer:
Harappa

Question 2.
__________ was the capital of the emperor of Akbar.
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 3.
__________ is the present name of Chennai.
Answer:
Chennai

Question 4.
Lord set up police department for the maintenance of law and order.
Answer:
Cornwallis.

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi	(i) Inderprastha
2. Engineering College	(ii) Kolkatta
3. of West Bengal	(iii) Rurki
4. Delhi in epic	(iv) Shahjahanabad

Answer:

A	B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi	(iv) Shahjahanabad
2. Engineering College	(iii) Rurki
3. of West Bengal	(ii) Kolkatta
4. Delhi in epic	(i) Inderprastha

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Colonialism and Urban Change Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Political, economic and social control of a country over the other is known
(a) Colonialism
(b) Urbanism
(c) Communism
(d) Socialism.
Answer:
(a) Colonialism.

Question 2.
Once, Fatehpur Sikri was the capital of
(a) Humanyun
(b) Akbar
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Jehangir.
Answer:
(b) Akbar.

Question 3.
Which presidency cities were developed by the British?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Bombay
(c) Madras
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
Which of the following cities did not develop under the British East India Company in India?
(a) Madras
(b) Mumbai
(c) Chandigarh
(d) Calcutta.
Answer:
(c) Chandigarh.

Question 5.
Madras is situated on the coast of India.
(a) East
(b) West
(c) South
(d) North.
Answer:
(a) East.

Question 6.
Madras (Chennai) is the capital of
(a) Kerala
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Andhra Pradesh
(d) Telangana.
Answer:
(b) Tamil Nadu.

Question 7.
In the first Carnatic war the French Commander La-Bourdnnais took the possession of
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Madras
(d) Delhi.
Answer:
(c) Madras.

Question 8.
Which City was given in dowry to Charles II King of England by the Portuguese King?
(a) Delhi
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras.
Answer:
(b) Bombay.

Question 9.
Which of these is a famous place of Bombay?
(a) Juhu Beach
(b) Chaupati
(c) Malabar Hills
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 10.
In 1687-88, the British East India campnay for the first time set up Municipal Corporation in
(a) Delhi
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 11.
Delhi became capital of India in
(a) 1911 A.D.
(b) 1912 A.D.
(c) 1913 A.D.
(d) 1914 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1911 A.D.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
During ancient, times __________ and Mohenjodaro were famous cities.
Answer:
Harappa

Question 2
__________ was the capital of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.
Answer:
Fatehpur Sikri

Question 3.
The present name of __________ is Chennai.
Answer:
Madras

Question 4.
Lord __________ establish Police system in India.
Answer:
Cornwallis.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
The British made Calcutta as their capital in 1911 A.D.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 2.
During medieval tiiftes, Akbar made Delhi as his capital.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
The first railway line in India was laid in 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi	(i) Inderprastha
2. Engineering College	(ii) Kolkatta
3. of West Bengal	(iii) Rurki
4. Delhi in epic	(iv) Shahjahanabad

Answer:

A	B
1. During the reign of Shahjahan Delhi	(iv) Shahjahanabad
2. Engineering College	(iii) Rurki
3. of West Bengal	(ii) Kolkatta
4. Delhi in epic	(i) Inderprastha

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Urban Change?
Answer:
When political condition of any country changes, the position and importance of towns and cities of that country, also changes. This is known as Urban Change.

Question 2.
Name two developed cities of Ancient Age which are now completely destroyed.
Answer:
Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Question 3.
Why was the importance of Surat as a commercial centre declined?
Answer:
Importance of Surat in the form of commercial centre was declined because Bombay became the port and centre of political power of the East India Company. Most of the Traders of Surat were migrated to Bombay.

Question 4.
Where city of Madras is situated and what is its present name?
Answer:
City of Madras is situated on Eastern Coast of India. Its present name is Chennai.

Question 5.
What is the present name of Calcutta?
Answer:
Present name of Calcutta is Kolkata.

Question 6.
Write the names of capitals of states of Tamil Nadu, Maharasthra and West Bengal.
Answer:

Tamil Nadu – Chennai
Maharashtra – Mumbai
West Bengal – Kolkata.

Question 7.
Where is city of Bombay situated and what is its present name?
Answer:
City of Bombay is situated in the state of Maharashtra at Eastern Coast of Arabian Sea. Its present name is Mumbai.

Question 8.
When was Delhi made the capital of the British India by Britishers?
Answer:
The British made Delhi as capital of the British India in 1911 A.D. Their earlier capital was Calcutta.

Question 9.
Where and when was first Municipal Corporation established by the British Government?
Answer:
At city of Madras in 1687-88 A.D.

Question 10.
When was water released in River Ganga?
Answer:
On 8th April, 1853 A.D.

Question 11.
Write three facilities given to cities under Urban Planning by the British Government. –
Answer:

Supply of Water through pipes
Light in Streets
Parks and Playgrounds.

Question 12.
When railway line was laid from Calcutta (Kolkata) to Raniganj?
Answer:
In 1854 A.D.

Question 13.
How did the East India Company get Bombay (Mumbai)?
Answer:
In 1661 A.D. Portuguese Princess Catherine got married to the king Charles II and the city of Bombay was given to England in Dowry. It was farther given to East India Company on rent.

Question 14.
Name few famous places of Bombay (Mumbai).
Answer:
Juhu Beach, Kolaba, Chaupati, Jahangir Art Gallery, Malabar Hills, Museum, Mahalaxmi Temple, Bombay University, Kamla Nehru Park, Victoria Garden etc.

Question 15.
Name the worth seeing places of Calcutta (Kolkata).
Answer:
Victoria Memorial, Hawrah Bridge, Botanical Garden, Alipur Zoo, Indian Museum, National Library, Velloor Math, Eden Garden stadium etc.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Public Works Department during the British Rule.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie established Public Works Department in India during the British rule for doing welfare works of the people.

This department made roads, canals and bridges.

This department prepared G.T. road from Calcutta to Peshawar.
Ganga river was built by it on 8th April, 1853 A.D. and released the water in Ganga river.
It established an engineering college in Roorkee.
Many other welfare works were also done by this department.

Question 2.
Write a note on the work of laying down Railway lines during the British rule. Also tell that why Railway lines were laid?
Answer:
First railway line iri India was laid during the reign of Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. from Bombay to Thane city. In 1854 A.D. railway line was laid from Calcutta to Raniganj. There were many reasons of laying down railway lines in India by the British rulers.

Some of these reasons are given below :

The British wanted to secure their empire in India and wanted to lay down railway lines for the easy transport of army from one place to another.
Goods prepared in mills of England could be easily transported from one place to another.
The British companies and the British capitalists wanted to earn more profit by using their surplus wealth in laying down railway lines.
It was easy to collect raw materials from different parts of the country for the factories of England.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down Colonized organisations and policies which helped in the development of cities.
Answer:
The British government founded many local organizations, to organise their empire, which helped a great deal in the development of cities. Municipal committees, the Public works department, laying down net of railway lines etc. are included in it.

Their brief description is given below :
1. Municipalities. First Municipal Corporation was established by the British East India Company at Madras in 1687-88 A.D. Its members were nominated. After some time, Municipal Corporations were also established at Bombay and Calcutta. Slowly and slowly district boards and municipal committees were established for village and cities of different provinces. Many primary, middle and high schools were, opened through these organizations. Municipal committees used to arrange cleaning of City and light in the streets at night. People were given facility of supplying drinkirig water through pipes. Dispensaries were opened in cities in which arrangements of free medicines and injections were made so that the spreading of diseases could be prevented.

2. Public Works Department. During the British rule, Public Works Department was established by Lord Dalhousie for the welfare of the people. This department prepared many roads, canals, and bridges. G.T. Road from Calcutta to Peshawar was made by this department. This department also prepared Ganga-river on 8th April, 1853 and released water in it. It also established an engineering college in Roorkee. This department also done many other works for the welfare of people.

3. Planning. Many urban facilities were spread in different cities of India during the British rule. Arrangement of supply of drinking water through pipes and proper sanitation was made in most of the cities of India. Except this modern markets, parks and playgrounds were prepared in major cities of country.

4. Railway Lines. First railway line of India was made during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. from Bombay to Thane city. Railway line between Calcutta and Raniganj was also laid in 1854 A.D.

Britishers wanted to start railway in India due to given ahead reasons :

The British wanted to secure their empire in India and wanted to lay down railway lines for the easy transport of army from one place to another.
Goods prepared in mills of England could be easily transported from one place to another.
The British companies and the British capitalists wanted to earn more profit by using their surplus wealth in laying down railway lines.
It was easy to collect raw material, from different parts of the country, for the factories of England.

Question 2.
Write down the importance of Calcutta city during the British rule.
Answer:
Calcutta is the capital of West Bengal. Its present name is Kolkata. It was a famous commercial centre of India during the British rule. The British established their first factory over here in 1695 A.D. and fortified it from all sides. Till 1757 A.D., the British East India Company spent most of its time in commercial activities. When war started between Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the East India Company, the Britishers won the war. Later on their different commercial centres (Bastis), like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, were developed into cities. Most of Indian traders started to live in these cities because every type of trading facility was available over here. In the battle of Plassey and battle of Buxar respectively in 1757 A.D. and 1764 A.D., Nawabs of Bengal were defeated and the British emerged victorious. That’s why, the importance of city of Calcutta was increased.

These days many beautiful places are there in Calcutta. Howrah Bridge, Victoria Memorial, Botanical Garden, Indian Museum, Alipur Zoo, Vailoor Math, National Library etc. are some of them which increase the importance of Calcutta.

Question 3.
Write down in detail about Delhi city.
Answer:
Delhi is one of the famous cities of India. It is the capital of India. It is situated on the banks of Jamuna river. Delhi was known as ‘Indraprastha’ in the Mahabharat age. Later on, Mughal emperor Shahjahan gave it the name of Shahjahanabad. The British made it the capital of the British India in 1911 A.D. and the name of New Delhi was given to it.

Importance of Delhi. Right from the early age, Delhi was a centre of political, commercial and cultural activities of India. This city became more famous in medieval age because Iltutmish made it his capital. After this, Delhi remained the capital of almost all the kings. During the age of great Mughal King Akbar, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri remained capital of Mughals for quite some time. But all the other Mughal rulers

kept Delhi as their capital. That’s why, the importance of city of Delhi was increased to a great extent.

Famous places of Delhi: Old fort, Zoo, India gate, Fort Rai Pithar, Fatehpuri Mosque, Tomb of Nizamuddin Aulia, Jantar-Mantar, Tombs of Bahlol Lodhi and Sikandar Lodhi, Parliament House, President’s House, Museum, Raj ghat, Tin Murti Bhawan, Shakti Sthal, Shantivan, Delhi University, Jawahar Lai Nehru University, Birla Mandir, Gurudwara Sis Ghanj, Gurudwara Bangla Sahib etc. are some of the famous places of Delhi.

Question 4.
During urban changes which new cities emerged? Explain them.
Answer:
Three new cities came into existence due to urban change in the British age. These cities were—Madras, Bombay and Calcutta.

A brief description of these cities is given below :
1. Madras. The city of Madras is situated on Eastern coast of India. It’s present name is Chennai and it is the capital of State of Tamil Nadu. Madras was one of the three main centres which were-Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. It was also centre of of Presidency of the East India Company. French General La-Bourdnnais snatched it from the British in first Carnatic War (1746-1748). But it was given back to the British at the end of this war (1748 A.D.)

Madras became one of the important and prosperous cities after the British win in three Carnatic wars.
Madras was developed into a port city and a famous industrial city very rapidly. It has many beautiful places to see. Churches, Buildings, Monuments, Attractive Temples and Beaches are some of the beautiful places of Madras.

2. Bombay. The City of Bombay (Mumbai) is situated in Maharashtra on Eastern coast of Arabian Sea. It’s present name is Mumbai. It is not only a famous commercial centre but it is also a centre of industrial and cultural activities. In 1661 A.D., Portuguese princess Catherine was married to the British King Charles II. Then this city was given in the form of dowry by Portuguese to the British. He gave this city on rent to the East India Company. Gradually Bombay became the Presidency of Britishers. Some of the famous places of this city are Juhu Beach, Chaupati, Kolaba, Malabar Hill, Jahangiri Art Gallery, Museum, Bombay University, Mahalaxmi Temple, Victoria Garden, Kamla Nehru

3. Calcutta. Calcutta is the Capital of West Bengal. It’s present name is Kolkata. It was a famous commercial centre of India during the British rule. Britishers established their first factory over here in 1695 A.D. and fortified it from all sides. Till 1757 A.D., the British East India Company spent most of its time in Commercial activities. When war started between Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the East India Company, the British won that war. Later on their different Commercial centres (Bastis), like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, were developed into cities. Most of Indian traders started living in these cities because every type of trading facility was available over here. In the battle of Plassey and battle of Buxar respectively in 1757 A.D. and 1764 A.D., Nawabs of Bengal were defeated and the Britishers emerged victorious. That’s why, the importance of the city of Calcutta was increased.

These days many beautiful places are there in Calcutta. Howrah Bridge, Victoria Memorial, Botanical Garden, Indian Museum, Alipur Zoo, Vailoor Math, National Library, etc. are some of them which increase the importance of Calcutta.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

October 5, 2024October 4, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 12 Rural Life and Society

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Rural Life and Society Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Who, when and where, started permanent system?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis introduced Permanent Settlement of land in Bengal in 1793 A.D.

Question 2.
Who, when and where introduced Ryatwari system?
Answer:
Ryatwari system was started by a British officer Thomas Munro in 1820 A.D. in Madras and Bombay.

Question 3.
In which three areas Mahalwari system implemented?
Answer:
Mahalwari system was introduced in Uttar Pradesh. Punjab and some states of Central India. In this system, revenue was collected from whole of the community.

Question 4.
How the commercialization of agriculture started?
Answer:
Agriculture fulfilled the needs of people of villages before the advent of the British. But the British introduced new land settlements because of which farmers started to produce things to sell in the markets so that more and more money could be earned. In this way commercialization of agriculture took place.

Question 5.
Which were the commercial crops?
Answer:
The main commercial crops were wheat, cotton, oilseeds, sugarcane, jute, etc.

Question 6.
Mention two benefits of the commercialization of agriculture.
Answer:

People started growing different crops due to the commercialization of crops. It lead to increase in production.
Means of transport were developed so that crops could be taken to the market.

Question 7.
Mention two losses of commercialization of agriculture.
Answer:

Indian farmers did agriculture with ancient methods. That’s why their crops were unable to compete with those crops which were grown with the help of machines. That’s why farmers were unable to take maximum advantage out of it.
A farmer had to sell his crop in market through middlemen and middlemen took their share as well. It led to less profit for farmer.

Question 8.
What was permanent Settlement? What were the economic effects of this system? (P.S.E.B. 2004)
Answer:
Permanent Settlement was a type of land settlement. It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793 A.D. Later on it was also introduced in Bihar, Orissa, Benaras and Northern India. According to this system, zamindars were made the owners of the land. Government fixed the land revenue given by them. They deposited the fixed amount in government treasury. But they collected tax from the farmers according to their wish. If any zamindar was unable to pay the land revenue then government sold some part of his land to complete the amount of fixed revenue.

Economic Impact. Income of government was fixed with this system but it left a very bad impact on farmers. Zamindars started to exploit them. Zamindars were not paying any attention on land reforms. That’s why production of farmers started to reduce day by day.

Question 9.
Write a short note on commercialization of agriculture.
Answer:
Villages, before the British empire in India, were self-dependent. People used to do agriculture whose main aim was to fulfil the needs of the village. Crops were not sold. Other workers of village like blacksmith, carpenter, barber, etc. collectively used to fulfil the needs of the village. But the self-dependency of the villages come to an end after the establishment of the British empire in India. According to new land revenue systems, farmers had to pay the fixed amount to government as land revenue and at a particular time as well. Now the main aim of agriculture was just to earn money. It was known as the commercialization of agriculture. This process of commercialization of agriculture became more complex with the advent of the industrial revolution in England. The farmers were forced to produce those crops which could be used as the raw material in factories of England.

Question 10.
Write a note on Indigo-revolt.
Or
What do you know about Indigo Revolt?
Answer:
Indigo revolt was started by the Indigo-producing farmers against imposing more tax on the production of Indigo. Indigo revolt took place between 1858 to 1860 A.D. in a large part of Bengal and Bihar. Farmers of this area refused to produce Indigo. Government threatened them but they remained stick to their demand. When government took some hard steps then they attacked the factories of the British. All the efforts to stop them gone in vain.

One revolt also took place in Champaran district in 1866-68 A.D. against the cultivation of Indigo. This revolt remained continued till the beginning of 20th century. Then Gandhiji came in their favour and then their problem was solved.

Question 11.
Write a short note on mahalwari system.
Answer:
Mahalwari system was introduced to remove the shortcomings of Ryatwari system. It was introduced in U.P., Punjab and various parts of central India. Main feature of this system was the land was neither associated with any zamindar and nor with any farmer. This system was actually took place with whole community of the village. Whole of the community was responsible to pay land revenue. It was fixed in community that what a farmer has to pay. If any farmer was unable to give his share then it was taken from the community of the village.

This system was known as the best system because features of both the earlier systems were there in it. The only drawback which was there in it was that people had to pay a lot of tax.

Question 12.
Write down the benefits of ryatwari system.
Or
Write a note on Ryatwari system.
Answer:
Thomas Munro was appointed as the Governor of Madras in 1820 A.D. He made a new system of land which was known as Ryatwari system. It was introduced in Madras and Bombay. Government decided to take land revenue from those people who themselves tilled the land. So all the middlemen between government and farmers were removed. This system was much better than the Permanent Settlement. Farmers were made owners of their land. Their revenue was fixed which was 40% to 55% of the total produce. It led to increase in income of the government.

Some defects were also there in this system. This system reduced the community feeling among the people of the village. Importance of Panchayats was reduced. Except this government started to exploit the farmers. Farmers were forced to take loans from moneylenders by mortgaging their lands to them.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The contractors _______ the farmers.
Answer:
exploited

Question 2.
The _______ became land owners due to permanent settlement.
Answer:
Zamindars

Question 3.
Zamindars committed _______with the farmers.
Answer:
atrocities

Question 4.
_______ was the main occupation of the Indians before the British rule.
Answer:
Agriculture

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Warren Hastings	(i) Permanent Settlement
2. Lord Cornwallis	(ii) Ryatwari System
3. Thomas Munro	(iii) Permanent Settlement

Answer:

A	B
1. Warren Hastings	(iii) Permanent Settlement
2. Lord Cornwallis	(i) Permanent Settlement
3. Thomas Munro	(ii) Ryatwari System

IV. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Due to British rule self sufficiency of the vtllage economy got much benefit in India.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Mahalwari system was made with whole community of the village.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The Britishers implemented sale rule according to Permanent settlement ift Bengal.
Answer:
True.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Rural Life and Society Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The British came to India as
(a) Conquerer
(b) Sellers of goods
(c) Winner
(d) Traders.
Answer:
(d) Traders.

Question 2.
_______ were known as ryots.
(a) Cultivators
(b) Zamindars
(c) Landlords
(d) Labourers.
Answer:
(a) Cultivators.

Question 3.
The Champaran Movement was against
(a) The British
(b) The Indigo planters
(c) Landlords
(d) Revenue officials.
Answer:
(b) The Indigo planters.

Question 4.
Who were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay fixed revenue to the company in Permanent Settlement?
(a) Headman of village
(b) Revenue officials
(c) Cultivators
(d) Zamindars.
Answer:
(d) Zamindars.

Question 5.
Who was given the charge to collect and to pay revenue to the company in Mahalwari system?
(a) Headman of village
(b) Cultivators
(c) Zamindar
(d) Revenue officials.
Answer:
(a) Headman of village.

Question 6.
What was done by thousands of Indigo ryots of Bengal in 1859?
(a) Refused to pay rents
(b) Attacked indigo factories
(c) Agents of planters were beaten up
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
_______ introduced Mahalwari System.
(a) Holt Mackenzie
(b) Lord Carnwallis
(c) Lord Hastings
(d) Alexander Read
Answer:
(a) Holt Mackenzie.

Question 8.
Who introduced Ryotwari System?
(a) Holt Mackenzie
(b) Lord Hasting
(c) Captain Alexander Read
(d) Lord Carnwallis
Answer:
(c) Captain Alexander Read.

Question 9.
Which of these crops were encouraged by the British?
(a) Opium
(b) Tea
(c) Indigo
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 10.
When did a terrible femine occur in Bengal?
(a) 1760
(b) 1770
(c) 1765
(d) 1775.
Answer:
(b) 1770.

Question 11.
Which of these was the demerit of Permanent Settlement?
(a) A new class of landlords loyal to the British came in front
(b) Landlords had to sell their lands to pay the tax
(c) It hardly paid any attention to rights of farmers
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 12.
Between 1866 A.D. and 1868 A.D. Champaran in Bihar witnessed a revolt. The revolt was against which of the following :
(a) Against the Indigo planting
(b) Against the wheat planting
(c) Against the Cotton planting
(d) Against the Sugarcane planting.
Answer:
(a) Against the Indigo planting.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Contractors _______ the farmers.
Answer:
exploited

Question 2.
Due to Permanent Settlement, _______ became owners of land.
Answer:
Zamindars

Question 3.
Zamindars committed _______ on farmers.
Answer:
atrocities

Question 4.
Before the establishment of the British rule, main occupation of the Indian people was _______
Answer:
Agriculture.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
The self-sufficient -system of Indian villages got geat advantage of the British administration.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 2.
Mahalwari arrangement was done with the whole village.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 3.
According to Bengal’s permanent settlement, the British made sales Law.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Warren Hastings	(i) Permanent Settlement
2. Lord Cornwallis	(ii) Ryatwari System
3. Thomas Munro	(iii) Contractual System

Answer:

A	B
1. Warren Hastings	(iii) Contractual System
2. Lord Cornwallis	(i) Permanent Settlement
3. Thomas Munro	(ii) Ryatwari System

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why were Indian industries destroyed by economic policies adopted by the Britishers?
Answer:
Some new industries were established by the British. Their main aim was to fulfill the British interests. As a result, Indian industries were destroyed.

Question 2.
Which three new systems were introduced by the British in India to collect land revenue?
Answer:

Permanent Settlement
Ryotwari system and
Mahalwari system.

Question 3.
What was the main aim of the British regarding land policies?
Answer:
To collect more and more money from India.

Question 4.
When did the British get Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa? To whom the work of collecting revenue was given?
Answer:
The British got Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765 A.D. The work of collection of revenue was given to Aamils.

Question 5.
Who introduced contract system? What is meant by it?
Answer:
Contract system was introduced by Lord Warren Hastings. Its meaning was the system of giving land on contract.

Question 6.
After how many years, the land revenue in Ryatwari system was supported to be increased?
Answer:
After 20 to 30 years.

Question 7.
What was the main defect of Mahalwari system?
Answer:
Farmers had to pay a lot of land revenue.

Question 8.
Which 5 areas were greatly affected by commer-cialization agriculture?
Answer:
Punjab, Bengal, Gujarat, Khandesh and Barar.

Question 9.
What was sales law according the Permanent Settlement of Bengal?
Answer:
According to the sales law, whichever zamindar was unable to pay his land revenue till 31 March, his land was supposed to sell to other zamindars to collect the remaining revenue.

Question 10.
What was the main reason of revolt of farmers?
Answer:
The main reason of farmers revolt was more taxes on land. It led to deteriorating condition of farmers. That’s why they revolted against the Britishers.

Question 11.
Give one merit of Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
The zamindars became rich and they invested money for the development of the industry and trade.

Question 12.
Give one demerit of Permanent Settlement.
Answer:
The income of the company was fixed but the expenditure started to increase. Gradually the company was in loss.

Question 13.
What was the main purpose of the British land revenue policies?
Answer:
The main purpose of the land revenue policies of the British was to get maximum profit and to serve their self interests.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on contract system introduced by Lord Warren Hastings.
Answer:
Meaning of the contract system is the system of giving land on contract. This system was introduced by Warren Hastings. According to this system, land was given for contract of 5 years. Higher bidder was given the contract of land for collection of land revenue for 5 years. Later on in 1777 A.D., this term of 5 years was reduced to 1 year. But this system was very defective. Zamindars or contractors used to collect lot of tax from the farmers. It lead to deterioration of economic condition of farmers.

Question 2.
How were zamindars more benefitted by the Permanent Settlement as compared to the farmers?
Answer:
Zamindars were benefitted by the Permanent Settlement. They became the permanent owners of their lands. They got the right to sell or to change the land. They paid definite land revenue to company but they used to collect more land revenue from the farmers. If any farmer was unable to pay tax they captured his land. Most of the zamindars used to live a leisure life in cities but farmers were forced to live a hell like life. In the end we can say that zamindars were greatly benefitted by the Permanent Settlement as compared to the farmers.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the consequences of land revenue systems introduced by the British?
Answer:
There were some of the evil consequences of the land revenue systems introduced by the British and these are given below :

Zamindars used to exploit the farmers. Even they committed atrocities on farmers while collecting land revenue. The government did not take care of them.
Zamindars became owners of the land by paying definite land revenue to the government. Now zamindars were free to collect land revenue from the farmers according to their own wish. It led to richness of zamindars. Farmers became poorer with this.
The government itself exploited the farmers of those areas where Ryatwari and Mahalwari systems were introduced. One third or half portion of the total produce was collected as the land revenue. Rate, of land revenue was increased each year.
When land became private property then it started to be divided among the members of family. It fed to division of land into small pieces.
Farmers had to pay their land revenue till a particular date. They were forced to pay the land revenue even in the case of femine, flood, etc. That’s why they had to mortgage their land to moneylenders so that they could get money to pay their land revenue. In this way their debt increased day-by-day and they left with no option except by leaving their right over the land.

Actually the main aim of agriculture related policies of the British government was to get more and more money and to fulfil their administration interests. In the end farmers became poor and they came under the clutches of moneylenders.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the permanent settlement, ryatwari system and mahalwari system introduced under the British rule.
Answer:
Permanent Settlement, Ryatwari and Mahalwari system were the new revenue systems introduced by the British. Their brief description is given below :
1. Permanent Settlement: It was a type of land settlement. It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in!793 A.D. Later on it was also introduced in Bihar, Orissa, Benaras and Northern India. According to this system, zamindars were made the owners of the land. Government fixed the land revenue given by them. They deposited the fixed amount in government treasury. But they collected tax from the farmers according to their wish. If any zamindar was unable to pay the land revenue then government used to sell some part of his land to compensate the amount of fixed revenue.

2. Ryatwari System: Thomas Munro was appointed as the Governor of Madras in 1820 A.D. He made a new system of land which was known as the Ryatwari system. It was introduced in Madras and Bombay. Government decided to take land revenue from those people who themselves used to till the land. So all the middlemen between government and farmers were removed. This system was much better than the Permanent Settlement. Farmers were made owners of their land. Their revenue was fixed which was 40% to 55% of the total produce. It lead t* increase in income of the government.

Some defects were also there in this system. This system reduced the community feeling among the people of the village. Importance of Pancbayats was reduced. Except this government started to exploit the farmers. Farmers were forced to take loans from moneylenders by mortgaging their lands to them.

3. Mahalwari System: It was introduced to remove the shortcomings of the Ryatwari system. It was introduced in U.P., Punjab and some parts of Central India. The main feature of this system was that land was neither associated with any zamindar and nor with any farmer. This system was actually taking place with whole community of the village. Whole of the community was responsible to pay land revenue. It was determined in community that what a farmer has to pay. If any farmer was unable to give his share then it was taken from the community of village.

This system was known as the best system because features of both the earlier systems were there in it. The only drawback which was there in it was that people had to pay a lot of tax.

Question 3.
What was permanent system? Mention its benefits and losses.
Answer:
During the time of Lord Clive, the British East India Company got the Diwani Rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal Emperor. The Company had no means to collect the taxes. Therefore, the work regarding the collection of land revenue was given to the local officers. The method of collecting revenue by these officers was very faulty. Warren Hastings, therefore, made some reforms in this system. But neither the landlords were happy nor the income of the Company was increasing. Cornwallis, therefore, introduced what is called the ‘Permanent ^Settlement’ of land. This system was started in 1793 A.D.

Benefits of Permanent Settlement. The following were the advantages of the Permanent Settlement:

Income of the Company became certain. Now it was easy for the Company to prepare its budget.
Landlords were now made permanent owners of the land. They, therefore, started making improvements in agriculture and to make their lands fertile.
Now the Company had not to assess the land revenue time and again.
As the landlords were made the permanent owners of land, they were pleased with the British and sided with the government in times of internal revolts.

Losses:

Landlords became the permanent owners of the land as a result of this settlement. It gave birth to a new class of landlords loyal to the British.
Landlords who lived away from their lands were adversely affected. They could not collect revenue from the farmers and were unable to deposit it with the government in time. As a result, they had to sell their lands to pay the tax.
Due to lack of proper measurement of land, less revenue was fixed. As a result thereof, income of the landlords increased. But the income of the government remained stagnant.
Most of the landlords did not pay attention to the improvement of their lands. They gave their lands on contract and themselves stayed in big cities like Calcutta (Kolkata) and enjoyed a luxurious life there.
The Permanent Settlement did not give due attention to the rights of farmers. They were left at the mercy of the landlords. The landlords collected revenue from them mercilessly and did not behave well with them. As a result, the condition of the farmers worsened.

In brief, we may say that the objective of Lord Cornwallis was to improve the condition of the farmers through Permanent Settlement. But it did not benefit them. Only landlords were benefited. .The condition of the farmers became more miserable.

Question 4.
What were the causes of farmers’ revolt? Explain any one farmer’s revolt.
Answer:
The following were the reasons of revolts of farmers :
1. More taxes: The British introduced new systems of land revenue in their conquered states of India. Farmers were forced to pay high land revenue. That’s why they came in the debt of moneylenders with which their economic condition deteriorated.

2. Sales law: Government introduced sales law according to Permanent Settlement of Bengal. According to this law, if any zamindar was unable to pay his land revenue till March then government was free to sell his land to other zamindar for the recovery of its arear. That’s why zamindars and farmers were very angry with the government.

3. Capturing the Land: Zagirdars were given large pieces of land by the Mughal Emperor as gift. These lands were free of taxes. But these large pieces of land were captured by the British and they again imposed taxes on them. Not only this, taxes were raised. The British took harsh steps to collect taxes.

Farmers’ Revolts:

One revolt took place exactly after the establishment of British rule in Bengal. Farmers, Sanyasi’s and Faqir’s took part in it. They made their groups and even used arms. The British regiments were irritated by these groups. It took 30 long years for the government to suppress this revolt?
Farmers of Chittore and Satara revolted in 1822 A.D. against too much land tax. This revolt was suppressed by the government with the help of military and with politics. Some of the rebels were recruited in police and others were given land to till in die form of grant.
Farmers of the Sendove district revolted against the British government in 1829 A.D. They attacked the British police under the leadership of their leader and they killed a number of Britishers.
Farmers of Ganjam district revolted in 1835 A.D. under the leadership of Dhananjay. This revolt lasted till Feb. 1937. Later on this revolt was also suppressed by government with the help of large number of military forces.
Another farmers’ revolt took place in Sagar in 1842. Its leader was Madhuker, a Bundela Zamindar. A number of police officers were killed by farmers and they plundered many towns.
A number of farmers’ revolts also broke out against more taxes and the capturing of land by the British. Some of other important farmers’ revolts were revolt of Patiala and Rawalpindi (Modern Pakistan).

Question 5.
Write down about the commercialization of agriculture during the British rule.
Answer:
Villages, before the British empire in India, were self dependent. People used to do agriculture whose main aim was to fulfil the needs of the village. Crops were not being sold. Other workers of village like blacksmith, carpenter, barber, etc. collectively fulfilled the needs of the village. But the self-dependency of the villages come to an end after the establishment of the British empire in India.

According to the new land revenue system, farmers had to pay the fixed amount to the government as land revenue and at a particular time as well. Now the main aim of agriculture was just to earn money. It is known as the commercialization of agriculture. This process of commercialization of agriculture became more complex with the advent of the Industrial Revolution in England- Now farmers were forced to produce those crops which could be used as the raw material in factories of England.

Impact of Commercialization
Merits:

Production of different types of crops was increased.
Means of transport were developed to take crops to markets of cities.
Things became very cheap due to more production.
Farmers came in contact with urban areas because of which their point of view was changed. As a result, national consciousness aroused among them.

Demerits:

Indian farmers used to do agriculture with ancient methods. That’s why their crops were unable to compete with those crops which were grown with the help of machines. That’s why farmers were unable to take maximum advantage out of it.
Farmers had to sell their crops in the market through middlemen and middlemen took their share as well. It led to less profit for farmers.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

October 5, 2024October 4, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Reaching the Age of Adolescence Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
What is the term used for secretions of endocrine glands responsible for changes taking place in the body?
Answer:
Hormones.

Question 2.
Define adolescence.
Answer:
Adolescence.
The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity is called adolescence. Adolescence begins around the age of 11 and lasts upto 18 or 19 years of age. The adolescents are also called “teenagers”. Adolescence in girls may begin a year or two earlier than in boys. Also the period of adolescence varies from person to person.

Question 3.
WTaat is Menstruation ? Explain.
Answer:
Menstruation.
The rhythmic changes in the uterus which occur about every 28 days throughout the reproductive cycle of women except the pregnancy is called menstrual cycle. The female sex hormones initiate the thickening of the uterine wall for the implantation of a fertilized ovum. If the ovum is not fertilized, the lining wall is broken down the discharge from the body. This is called menstruation. Normally the menstrual cycle starts at the age of 10-14 years and stops at the age of 45-50 when menopause is reached.

Question 4.
List changes in the body that takes place at puberty.
Answer:
Puberty. Puberty is period between the age of 11 to 19 years. Following changes take place at the onset of puberty.

1. Changes taking place at puberty in boys.

Height increase suddenly. The bones of legs and arms become long and make a boy tall.
Boy’s shoulders become broader and chest also become wider.
Muscles of the body grow more prominently.
The voice becomes hoarse. Adam’s apple, a protruding part of throat is seen. They have a deep voice.
They get acne and pimples on the face at this time due to the increased activities
of sweat and subaceous glands.
Male sex organs like testes and penis develop completely.
Boys develop hair on their chest, under the arms and on the pubic region.

2. Changes taking place at puberty in girls.

Height also increases in girls but comparatively less.
The region below the waist becomes wider.
In girls the larynx is hardly visible from the outside. Girls have a high pitched voice.
Like boys girls also get pimples on the face.
The ovaries enlarge and eggs begin to mature.
Breasts begin to develop.
Hair grow under the arms and also on the pubic region.

Question 5.
Prepare a table having two columns depicting names of endocrine glands and hormones secreted by them.
Answer:
The table given ahead indicates the endocrine glands and their hormones:

Endocrine gland	Hormones
(i) Pituitary gland	(i) Growth Hormones
(ii) Thyroid	(ii) Thyroxine
(iii) Adrenal	(iii) Adrenalin
(iv) Pancreas	(iv) Insulin
(v) Testis	(v) Androgen (Testosterone)
(vi) Ovaries	(vi) Estrogen

Question 6.
What are sex hormones ? Why are they named so ? State their function.
Answer:
Sex hormones.
There are the hormones secreted by testes in males and ovaries in females. They are named so because they are secreted by male and female sexes separately.

Male Sex hormone (Testosterone).
It is secreted by testes. It causes changes in boys like growth of facial hair. It also stimulates spermatogenesis.

Female sex hormone (Estrogen).
It is secreted by ovaries. It controls the development of secondary sexual characters in females, appearance of mammary glands etc. It maintains pregnancy.

Question 7.
Choose the correct option.
[a] Adolescents should be careful about what they eat, because
(i) proper diet develops their brains.
(ii) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body.
(iii) adolescents feel hungry all the time.
(iv) taste buds are well developed in teenagers.
Answer:
(ii) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body.

[b] Reproductive age in women starts when their
(i) menstruation starts.
(ii) breasts start developing.
(iii) body weight increases.
(iv) height increases.
Answer:
(i) menstruation starts.

[c] The right meal for adolescents consists of
(i) Chips, noodles, coke.
(ii) Chapati, dal, vegetables.
(iii) Rice, noodles and burger.
(iv) Vegetable cutlets, chips and lemon drink.
Answer:
(ii) chapati, dal, vegetables.

Question 8.
Write notes on:
(а) Adam’s apple.
(b) Secondary sexual characters.
(c) Sex determination in the unborn baby.
Answer:
(a) Adam’s apple.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 1
At puberty boys develop larger voice box or larynx. This box in boys is seen as a protruding part of the throat called Adam’s apple.

(b) Secondary sexual characters.
We know testis and ovaries are the reproductive organs. They produce the gametes i.e. sperms and ova. In girls, breasts begin to develop at puberty and boys begin to grow facial hair, i.e. moustaches and beard. As these features help to distinguish the male from the female they are called secondary sexual characters. Boys also develop hair on their chest. In both boys and girls hairs grow under the arms and in the region above the thighs or the pubic region.

(c) Sex determination in the unborn baby.
Determination of the sex of child. Sex chromosomes determine sex in human beings. In males, there are 44 + XY chromosomes, whereas, in females there are 44 + XX chromosomes. Here X and Y chromosomes determine sex in human beings.

Two types of gametes are formed in male, one type is having 50% X-chromosome, whereas, other type is having Y-chromosome. In female, gametes are of one type and contain X-chromosome.

Thus females are homogametic. If male gamete having Y-chromosome undergoes fusion with female gamete having X-chromosome the zygote will have XY chromosome and this gives rise to male child.

If male gamete having X-chromosome undergoes fusion with female gamete having X-chromosome, the zygote will be having XX-chromosome and this gives rise to female child.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 2

Question 9.
Word game : Use the clues to work out the words.
Across
3. Protruding voice box in boys
4. Glands without ducts
7. Endocrine gland attached to brain
8. Secretion of endocrine glands
9. Pancreatic hormone
10. Female hormone

Down
1. Male hormone
2. Secretes thyroxine
3. Another term for teenage
5. Hormone reaches here through blood stream
6. Voice box
7. Terms for changes at adolescence
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 3
Answer:

Question 10.
The table below shows the data on likely heights of boys and girls as they grow in age. Draw graphs showing height and age for both boys and girls on the same graph paper. What conclusions can be drawn from these graphs?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 5
Answer:

The above graph shows that the increase in the growth in heights of boys and girls is same. The increase in growth is less in girls upto first eight years and after that it remains the same upto twenty years.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Reaching the Age of Adolescence Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Adolescent period normally start from …………………. of age.
(a) 9
(b) 11
(c) 13
(d) 15.
Answer:
(b) 11.

Question 2.
Adolescence period ends in the ……………….. year of age.
(a) 19
(b) 22
(c) 25
(d) 27.
Answer:
(a) 19.

Question 3.
Menstrual period of human female is of how many days ?
(a) 20 days
(b) 22 days
(c) 18 days
(d) 28 days.
Answer:
(d) 28 days.

Question 4.
The stoppage of menstrual cycle is called:
(a) Menopause
(b) Menstruation
(c) Metaphorsis
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Menopause.

Question 5.
Female sex harmone is called:
(a) Estrogen
(6) Testosterone
(c) Adrenalin
(d) Thyroxin.
Answer:
(a) Estrogen.

Question 6.
The male sex harmon is:
(a) Estrogen
(b) Adrenalin
(c) Testosterone
(d) Thyroxin.
Answer:
(c) Testosterone.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name two endocrine glands in humans.
Answer:

Pituitary
Thyroid.

Question 2.
Which of the endocrine gland secretes growth hormone ?
Answer:
Growth hormone is secreted by pituitary gland.

Question 3.
What are female sex cells called ?
Answer:
Ova.

Question 4.
When do human stop growing ?
Answer:
Human stops growing after about 20-25 years of age.

Question 5.
What is the main element of thyroxine hormone ?
Answer:
Iodine.

Question 6.
In which part adrenaline is produced ?
Answer:
Adrenal gland.

Question 7.
Name the male and female sex hormones.
Answer:
Testosterone, Estrogen.

Question 8.
Name the following:
(i) The types of glands that secrete hormones.
(ii) The other name of hormones.
(iii) The gland which is called ‘Master gland’.
(iv) The hormone secreted by thyroid gland.
(v) The disease caused by the deficiency of iodine.
(vi) The hormones that control blood glucose level.
(vii) The gland which produces the so called ‘emergency hormone’.
Answer:
(i) Endocrine glands or ductless glands
(ii) Chemical coordinators
(iii) Pituitary gland
(iv) Thyroxine
(v) Goitre
(vi) Insulin and glucagon
(vii) Adrenalin.

Question 9.
Define sex chromosomes.
Answer:
Sex chromosomes.
The chromosomes associated with sex determination are called sex chromosomes. XX in female and XY chromosomes in male are called sex chromosomes.

Question 10.
How many chromosomes are found in human cells ?
Answer:
46 (44 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes).

Question 11.
When do adolescence begins and ends ?
Answer:
Adolescence begins at the age of 11 years and lasts upto the 18 or 19 years of age.

Question 12.
The glands which pour their secretions directly into the blood stream is called ……………. ?
Answer:
Endocrine glands.

Question 13.
What is target site ?
Answer:
Target Site. Target site is a body part where the hormones act.

Question 14.
What is the period of reproductive phase in females ?
Answer:
The reproductive phase begins at puberty (10-12 years) and lasts till the age of 45-50 years.

Question 15.
Define menarch.
Answer:
Menarch. The first menstrual flow in females begins at puberty which is called menarch.

Question 16.
Define Menopause.
Answer:
Menopause. Stoppage of menstruation is called menopause.

Question 17.
What are the sex chromosomes in males and females ?
Answer:
Females have two X-chromosomes (XX), Males have one X and one Y-chromosome (XY).

Question 18.
To which body part pituitary gland is attached ?
Answer:
Pituitary gland is attached to brain.

Question 19.
Name the hormones which control metamorphosis in insects and frog.
Answer:
In insects-Insect hormone In frog-Thyroxine.

Question 20.
Expand AIDS.
Answer:
AIDS. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

Question 21.
What is the legal age of marriage in India ?
Answer:
The legal minimum age for marriage is 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does hormone affect a girl’s body between the age of 10-15 years ?
Answer:
Hormones affect girl’s body by making the breast to become bigger and hips becoming more rounded.

Question 2.
How does hormone affect a boy’s body between the age of 11-16 years ?
Answer:
In boy’s body, the following changes are caused by hormones:

his voice becomes hoarse (deeper)
hairs start to grow on his face and body.
his body muscles develop.
his testis start producing sperms.

Question 3.
Write short notes on :
(i) Menstruation
(ii) Menopause.
Answer:
(i) Menstruation.
Destruction of the mucous membrane of foetus and consequent bleeding which occur periodically in human and other mammals.

(ii) Menopause.
Stoppage of menstrual flow and other events is called menopause. It occurs between 45 to 55 years.

Question 4.
Explain sexual cycle in human female.
Answer:
Sexual cycle.
The rhythmic changes in the uterus which occur about every 28 days throughout the reproductive cycle of woman except the pregnancy period is called menstrual cycle. The female sex hormones initiate the thickening of the uterine wall for the implantation of a fertilized ovum.

If the ovum is not fertilized, the lining wall is broken down and discharged from the body. This is called menstruation. Normally the menstrual cycle starts at the age of 10-14 years and stops at the age of 45-50 when menopause is reached.

If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, the zygote develops in the wall of uterus and developing embryo called foetus is nourished by placenta. During the period, ovulation or ‘menstruation does not occur. However these activities are restored after child birth.

Question 5.
What is meant by reproductive health ?
Answer:
Reproductive health.
Reproductive organs are important organs of the body. Proper knowledge and hygiene of these organs is important otherwise persons may get some sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhoea.

Question 6.
Write modes of transmission of AIDS.
Answer:
Modes of transmission of AIDS. It is transmitted during transfusion of infected blood, use of contaminated needles, artificial insemination and several intercourse with an infected partner without a condom.

Question 7.
Differentiate between menarch and menopause.
Answer:
Differences between Menarch and Menopause

Menarch	Menopause
1. Commencement of menstruation at puberty is called menarch.	1. Stoppage of menstrual flow and other events is called menopause.
2. It starts at the age of 11 to 12 years.	2. It stops around the age of 50 years.

Question 8.
Write whether True (T) or False (F):
(i) Fertilization is process of fusion of sperm and ovum.
Answer:
True

(ii) Duration of menstrual cycle in human female is 20 days.
Answer:
False

(iii) Onset of menstruation is termed as menopause.
Answer:
False

(iv) In human beings, males attain puberty little later than females.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Why the endocrine glands are called ductless glands ?
Answer:
The transport of hormones from one place to another takes place through body fluids, rather than through the ducts. Therefore, the endocrine glands are also called ductless glands.

Question 10.
Which gland secretion reduces pituitary secretion ?
Answer:
Increased secretion of thyroxin from the thyroid gland reduces the production of hormones by the pituitary gland.

Question 11.
Adrenalin secretion increases during a frightening situation. What is the response ?
Answer:
Frightening experience (scene) is the stimulus which causes the increase of adrenalin secretion. Therefore, increased adrenalin secretion acts as response to the stimulus.

Question 12.
Draw a diagram showing various endocrine glands.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 7

Question 13.
List some of the functions of pituitary gland.
Answer:
Functions of pituitary gland.

Regulates growth.
Influences the thyroid gland, the adrenals and gonads.
Can produce changes in the skin colour of many amphibians and fishes.
Influences migration and nest building in birds.

Question 14.
Why should an adolescent eat right kind of food ?
Answer:
Adolescents are in growing years. It is very important to eat right kind of food. It helps in the better nourishment of growing bones, muscles and other parts of body.

Question 15.
Why do adolescents become independent than before ?
Answer:
Adolescents are more independent than before and are also self conscious. It is a period of change in a person’s way of thinking. Intellectual development takes place and they tend to spend more time in thinking. In fact, it is often the time in one’s life when the brain has the greatest capacity for learning. Sometimes, however, an adolescent may feel insecure while trying to adjust to the changes in the body and mind.

Question 16.
How will you explain that sex hormones are under the control of pituitary glands ?
Answer:
The sex hormones are controlled by pituitary gland. The gland secretes many hormones, one of which is FSH or Follicle Stimulating Hormone. It makes ova and sperms mature in the ovaries and testis respectively. It can be shown as follows:
Hormones from pituitary stimulates gonads to release Testosterone (in male) and Estrogen (in female)
Released in the blood stream and reach parts of the body (Target site)
Stimulate changes in the body and onset of puberty.

Question 17.
Adolescent should say ‘No’ to the drugs. Why ?
Answer:
Adolescence is a period of much activity in the body and mind. So, do not feel confused or insecure. If anybody suggests that you will get relief if you take some drugs, just say ‘No’ unless prescribed by doctor. We know that drugs are addictive, if you take them once, you feel like taking them again and again. They harm the , body in the long run. They ruin health and happiness.

Question 18.
Give some myths about adolescents.
Answer:
One comes across many myths and taboos. We should discard them. These myths are as follows-

A girl becomes pregnant if she looks at boys during menstruation,
A drop of semen lost means loss of 10 drops of blood which will make the boy weak.
The mother is responsible for the sex of her child.
A girl should not be allowed to work in the kitchen during menstruation.

Question 19.
What changes occur in voice at the time of puberty ?
Answer:
At puberty, the boys develop larger voice box and it can be seen as a protruding part. The voice of boys becomes hoarse and cracked due to increase in larynx. Such kind of difference is not visible in the voice box or larynx of girls. The girls have a high pitched and sweet voice due to smallness of larynx.

Question 20.
Write the main characteristics of hormones.
Answer:
Main characteristics of hormones are following:

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. They have specific functions.
Hormones are required in very little quantity,
These effect only specific organs.

Question 21.
Why is pituitary gland called master gland ?
Answer:
This gland is located in the lower portion of the brain. The hormone secreted . by it controls the growth of bones and tissues. This gland secretes a hormone which controls the function of other glands, therefore, it is called master gland.

Question 22.
What is reason behind this fact that boys and girls should not be married in young age ?
Answer:
In young age, the body of adolescents, especially reproductive organs, are not ready for motherhood. If marriage takes place in such a situation, then such couples may face many health problems which can cause stress. In our country, the legal age for marriage is 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys when adolescents are allowed to get married. The adolescents below this age are not allowed to marry under the law of marriage and it is legally wrong doing so.

Question 23.
Why there is great possibility of disease HIV-AIDS in adolescents ?
Answer:
Many adolescents start taking drugs to make themselves stress free. By taking drugs from HIV contaminated needle of injection, this dangerous virus spreads in other adolesqents. The other reason of spreading this virus is unsafe sexual relationship. In many cases, this virus may enter in infants through the milk of mother.
So,it is very necessary for adolescents to remain aware to save their precious life from HIV.

Question 24.
List any two changes in the body that take place at puberty.
Answer:
Changes taking place in boys at puberty.

Height increase suddenly. The bones of legs and arms become long and make a boy tall.
Boy’s shoulders become broader and chest also become wider.

Changes taking place at puberty in girls.

Height also increases in girls but comparatively less.
The region below the waist becomes wider.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give a chart showing the average rate of growth in height with age.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 8

Calculation for full height (cm)
Present height (cm)
= \(\frac{\text { Present height }(\mathrm{cm})}{\% \text { of full height at this age }}\) × 100
(as given in the chart)
For example, A boy is 8 years old and 108 cm tall. At the end of the growth period, he is likely to be
\(\frac{108}{72}\) × 100 cm = 150 cm tall.

Question 2.
Describe the various conditions or factors needed for keeping the body healthy during adolescence.
Answer:
During adolescence following conditions are essential for a healthy body:
1. Nutritional needs.
Adolescence is a stage of rapid growth and development, hence the diet for an adolescent has to be carefully planned. A balanced diet means that the meals should include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals in the requisite proportion. Our Indian meal of roti/rice, dal (pulses) and vegetables, milk, fruits is a balanced meal.

Chips and packed or tinned snacks, though very tasty should never replace regular meals as they do not have adequate nutritional value.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence 9
2. Personal hygiene.
Having a bath at least once every day is more necessary for teenagers because the increased activity of sweat glands sometimes makes the body smelly. All parts of the body should be washed and cleaned every day. If cleanliness is not maintained, there are chances of catching a bacterial infection. Girls should keep track of their menstrual cycle and be prepared for the onset of menstruation. Undergarments should be changed every day. Cotton undergarments should be preferred.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Challenge to Caste System Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Questions 1.
Write down in brief the work done by the Jyotiba Phule for the welfare of the lower caste people.
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule was a great social reformer of Maharashtra. He did many important works for the welfare of people of Scheduled Castes :

First of all, he opened three schools in Poone for education of the girls of Scheduled Castes. Jyotiba Phule and his wife Savitri Bai themselves taught in these schools.
He criticised the economic exploitation of people of Scheduled Castes by brahmins and purohits through his speeches and his two books.
He advised the people of Scheduled Castes to perform religious sacrament of marriage without Brahmins and Purohits.
Jyotiba Phule established an institution called Satyashodhak Samaj on 24th September, 1873 A.D. This institution criticised the social slavery of people of lower castes and demanded social justice for them.
He also appealed government not to take much land revenue from poor farmers and peasants so that their condition could be improved. Jyotiba Phule spent whole of his life in improving the condition of women of Scheduled Castes. He was given the title of ‘Mahatma’ for the works done by him for the welfare of the people of Scheduled Castes.

Question 2.
Write in brief why caste system was targeted by the social reformers? Write in brief. (P.S.E.B. 2009)
Answer:
Brahmins were greatly respected in the caste based society but the condition of lower castes was very pitiable. They were misbehaved by every one. They were not allowed to keep social relations with the people of upper castes. They were not allowed to use public wells or ponds. They were neither allowed to enter the temples nor they had the permission to read religious books or Vedas. They were considered untouchables. If even shadow of any one of lower caste was coming in the way of any higher caste person, then the person was severely punished. They were forced to adopt the occupation of cleaning, picking up dead animals, taking out their skin, making shoes and leather etc. So, to save these people from the atrocities of society, caste system was victimised by the social reformers.

Question 3.
What Mahatma Gandhi did to end untouchability from society?
Answer:
The meaning of untouchability is to consider touching any person as a .sin. One of the major group of society, was considered as untouchable. The condition of these people was very pitiable.

Mahatma Gandhi took the following steps to eradicate untouchability from society :

Gandhiji said that untouchables were the children of God and said that they should be equally treated by society.
Gandhiji started his journey from Vardha for the welfare of untouchables. Wherever he had gone, he asked the people to open the doors of schools and temples for backward classes.
He also stressed that untouchables should not be stopped from using roads, wells and other public places.
He also collected funds during his journeys for the welfare of backward classes.

Question 4.
Write down why Veeresalingam is called the “Prophet” of modern Andhra Pradesh. Write down in brief.
Answer:
Kandukari Veeresalingam was a great social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He was not only a social reformer but also a great scholar. While taking education in primary school, he criticized the prevailing hollow customs and religious beliefs of society. When he became the teacher in school, then he started raising his voice for equal rights for women. He was in favour of inter-caste marriages. He criticised caste system and propagated for the eradication of untouchability.

Veeresalingam was also a famous writer. He propagated to eradicate caste system through his essays and dramas.
He always helped the people of poor class and backward class. lie strongly criticized the custom of marriage of boys and girls in very small age. He also raised his voice for¬giving legal sanction to widow remarriage.
Veeresalingam spent whole of his life for social service, social welfare and for the welfare of Scheduled Caste people, that is why he was known as prophet of Andhra Pradesh.

Question 5.
What contribution was made by Sri Narayan Guru for the welfare of the lower caste people?
Answer:
Sri Narayan Guru was a great social reformer of Kerala state. He was born in Kerala in 1856 A.D. He struggled for whole of his life for the welfare of scheduled castes, especially people of Ijhevej castes. People of this caste were known as untouchables. It was not possible for Sri Narayan Guru to tolerate this injustice. So, he struggled for a long time for the welfare of people of Ijhevej caste and other scheduled castes. He established ‘Sri Narayan Dharam Pripaian Yogum’ in 1903 A.D. for social welfare. He strongly opposed discrimination on the basis of caste and religion. He has also done a lot to give better place to people of scheduled castes in society. Sri Narayan Guru

Question 6.
Which word was used by Mahatma Gandhi for the lower caste people and what is its meaning?
Answer:
Harijan. Meaning of the word ‘Harijan’ is ‘Children of God’.

Question 7.
Explain the work done by Mahatma Gandhiji for the low er caste people,
Answer:
1. According to Mahatma Gandhi, untouchability is a sin. In 1920 A.D., Non¬Cooperation Movement was started, against the British government, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Elimination of untouchability from the society was also included in the guidelining programme of this movement. One Sammelan of people of scheduled castes was held at Nagpur in 1920 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi criticised untouchability in this Sammelan. He was of the view at that concept of untouchability among Hindus is the largest sin of India. But Mahatma Gandhi was hurt by the fact that not enough steps were taken by the Congress in Non-Cooperation Movement for the elimination of untouchability from society. That’s why, Non-Coopera cion Movement was not supported by the people of scheduled castes. According to them, the British rule was much better than Hindu-Swaraj.

2. When Non-Cooperation Movement was stopped in its half way, then Mahatma Gandhi ordered the Congress organization that they should organize people of scheduled castes for their interests and they should take some steps to improve social, mental and moral condition of these people. They should be provided all such facilities which are already available for other people.

3. The Congress kept 49.5 lakh rupees for the welfare programmes of scheduled castes from 1921 to 1923 A.D. but only 43,881 rupees were spent on them. Yet people of scheduled castes didn’t participate in the Non-Cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi but still Mahatma Gandhi did a lot for the welfare of these people.

Some important works done by Mahatma Gandhi. Some of the important works done by Mahatma Gandhi for the welfare of untouchables, are given below :

Gandhiji said that untouchables were the children of God and said that they should be equally treated by society.
Gandhiji started his journey from Vardha for the welfare of untouchables. Wherever he had gone, he asked the people to open the doors of schools and temples for the backward classes.
He also stressed that untouchables should not be stopped from using roads, wells and other public places.
He also collected funds during his journeys for the welfare of backward classes. Speeches of Mahatma Gandhi were opposed at some places by the conservative Hindus. Even efforts were made to throw bomb on him at Pune. But the conservatives did not get any success.

Question 8.
Explain the effects of the work done by the Indian social reformers for the improvement of lower caste people.
Answer:
Many social evils prevailed in the Indian society from 19th century till the start of 20th century. Sati system, Female infanticide, Caste System, Dowry System, Child Marriage, restriction on marriage of widow were some of the main social evils. Indian social reformers took various steps to remove these social and religious evils from Indian society. Actually it is very difficult to remove prevailing social evils without the efforts of reformers efforts.

Following were the impacts of efforts of social reformers to fremove social evils from society :
1. Reform Movements. Many reform movements were started by social reformers to remove social evils. Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Namdhari Movement, Singh Sabha, Rama Krishna Mission, Aligarh Movement etc. gave a great contribution in it. Just because of the efforts of these movements, many social evils weakened to a great extent such as Sati system, Polygamy, Child marriage, Purdah system, Caste system, etc.

2. Legal Efforts. Indian social reformers stressed a lot and that’s why, the British government passed many laws to eradicate socio-religious movements :
(a) Lord William Bentick passed an Act in 1829 A.D. called ‘Sati Prohibition Act’ and declared the Sati Pratha illegal. He also passed laws against child infanticide and human sacrifice during his tenure.
(b) In 1856 A.D., ‘Widow Remarriage Act’ was passed and Widow remarriage was declared legal.
(c) Child marriage was also declared illegal in 1891 A.D.

3. Advent of Sense of Nationalism. Sense of nationalism was arosed among general masses, just because of the efforts of Indian social reformers. With this it became possible to form a new India.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Society was divided into four classes Brahman, Kshatriyas, _______ and Sudras.
Answer:
Vaishyas

Question 2.
Jyotiba Phule was honored with the title of _______
Answer:
Mahatma

Question 3.
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar established ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1936

Question 4.
Mahatma Gandhi used the word ‘Harijan’ for the lower caste people, which means
Answer:
Children of God.

III. Match the Words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Jyotiba Phule	(i) Shri Narayan Dharam Pripalan Yogam
2. Periyar Rama Swami	(ii) Prophet of Andhra Pradesh state
3. Veeresalingam	(iii) a great social reformer of Tamil Nadu
4. Sri Narayan Guru	(iv) association named Satya Shodak Society.

Answer:

A	B
1. Jyotiba Phule	(iv) association named Satya Shodak Society.
2. Periyar Rama Swami	(iii) a great social reformer of Tamil Nadu
3. Veeresalingam	(ii) Prophet of Andhra Pradesh state
4. Sri Narayan Guru	(i) Shri Narayan Dharam Pripalan Yogam

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Challenge to Caste System Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which reform Association was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
(a) Arya Samaj
(b) Brahmo Samaj
(c) Satya Shodhak Samaj
(d) Prarthna Samaj.
Answer:
(b) Brahmo Samaj.

Question 2.
In which language Ram Mohan Roy was well versed?
(a) Sanskrit
(b) English
(c) Persian
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
In which year Sati pratha was banned?
(a) 1825
(b) 1827
(c) 1828
(d) 1829.
Answer:
(d) 1829.

Question 4.
Arya Samaj was founded by _______ in 1875.
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Question 5.
Who worked for the people of low caste Ijhevej in Kerala?
(a) Swami Dayanand
(b) Periyar Swami
(c) Shri Narayan Guru
(d) Haridas Thakur.
Answer:
(c) Shri Narayan Guru.

Question 6.
The book Gulamgiri was written by
(a) Shri Narayan Guru
(b) Jyoti Rao Phuley
(c) Haridas Thakur
(d) Periyar Swami.
Answer:
(b) Jyoti Rao Phuley.

Question 7.
Satya Shodhak Samaj was founded by
(a) Jyoti Rao Phuley
(b) Swami Dayanand
(c) Periyar Swami
(d) Shri Narayan Guru.
Answer:
(a) Jyoti Rao Phuley.

Question 8.
Dr. Ambedkar got a fellowship to go to the for higher studies.
(a) Britain
(b) Germany
(c) U.S.A.
(d) France.
Answer:
(c) U.S.A.

Question 9.
When did Dr. Ambedkar start a temple entry movement in which his Mahar caste followers participated?
(a) 1917
(b) 1925
(c) 1922
(d) 1927.
Answer:
(d) 1927.

Question 10.
Periyar Swami was an outspoken critic of
(a) All social evils
(b) Sati System
(c) Hindu Scriptures
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Hindu Scriptures.

Question 11.
When was Prarthana Samaj established?
(a) 1877
(b) 1867
(c) 1872
(d) 1862.
Answer:
(b) 1867.

Question 12.
When was Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College founded by Sayyad Ahmed Khan?
(a) 1875
(b) 1880
(c) 1870
(d) 1885.
Answer:
(a) 1875.

Question 13.
When was Khalsa College established at Amritsar by the leaders of the Singh Sabha Movement?
(a) 1890
(b) 1894
(c) 1892
(d) 1896.
Answer:
(c) 1892.

Question 14.
When was Singh Sabha formed at Amritsar?
(a) 1870
(b) 1873
(c) 1871
(d) 1872.
Answer:
(b) 1873.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Society was divided into four groups : Brahmins, Kshatriyas, _______ and _______ Shudras.
Answer:
Vaishyas

Question 2.
Jyotiba Phule was honoured with the title of _______
Answer:
Mahatma

Question 3.
Dr, Bhim Rao Ambedkar founded ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1936

Question 4.
Mahatma Gandhi used the word _______ for lower castes.
Answer:
Harijan.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi considered untouchability as Sin.
Answer:
(✓).

Question 2.
Virselingam was in favour of inter-caste marriage.
Answer:
(✓).

Question 3.
Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer of Maharashtra.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Sri Narayan Dharam Pratipalan Yogum	(i) Jyotiba Phule
2. Reformer in Andhra Pradesh	(ii) Periyar Rama Swami
3. Reformer of Tamil Nadu	(iii) Virselinganl
4. Satya Shodhak Samaj	(iv) Sri Narayan Guru

Answer:

A	B
1. Sri Narayan Dharam Pratipalan Yogum	(iv) Sri Narayan Guru
2. Reformer in Andhra Pradesh	(iii) Virselinganl
3. Reformer of Tamil Nadu	(ii) Periyar Rama Swami
4. Satya Shodhak Samaj	(i) Jyotiba Phule

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which four classes, Ancient Indian Society was divided? What was the base of this division?
Answer:
Ancient Indian Society was divided in four classes namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and lower castes. Base of this division was occupation of a particular person.

Question 2.
In which age caste system became more rigid and why?
Answer:
Caste system became more rigid in Rajput age because many other castes and sub-castes were originated in this age except main castes.

Question 3.
Name any four social reformers of 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

Jyotiba Phule
Veeresalingam
Sri Narayan Guru
Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 4.
Name any four prevailing evils in Indian society during 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

Sati system
Child Marriage
Girl infanticide
Restriction on Widow remarriage.

Question 5.
Name any Socio-religious reform movements of 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

Brahmo Samaj
Arya Samaj
Ramakrishna Mission
Namdhari Movement.

Question 6.
Who declared Sati system illegal and when?
Answer:
Sati system was declared illegal in 1829 A.D. by Lord William Bentick through an Act called ‘Sati Prohibition Act, 1829’.

Question 7.
When was custom of Child Marriage declared as illegal?
Answer:
Child marriage was declared as illegal in 1891 A.D.

Question 8.
Why people of Scheduled Castes didn’t participate in the Non¬Cooperation Movement of Gandhiji?
Answer:
People of Scheduled Castes didn’t participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement because Congress didn’t take any concrete steps till that time to eradicate untouchability from society.

Question 9.
Who founded Independent Labour Party of India and when?
Answer:
Independent Labour Party of India was founded by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar in 1936 A.D.

Question 10.
Name two political parties organized by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
Answer:

Labour Party
Scheduled Caste Federation.

Question 11.
Who was Jyotiba Phule? Which was the first work done by him for the welfare of the lower caste people?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule was a great social reformer of Maharashtra. He did lot of work for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes. For this objective, he opened three schools in Poona where girls of lower castes were given education.

Question 12.
When did Jyotiba Phule establish Satyashodhak Samaj? Who was its first president and secretary?
Answer:
Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phule op 24 September 1873 A.D. Jyotiba Phule himself was its first President and its secretaries were Narayan Rao and Govind Rao.

Question 13.
When, where and in which caste Sri Naryan Guru was born.
Answer:
Sri Narayan Guru was born in 1856 A.D. in Ijhevej caste of Kerala State.

Question 14.
Which Satyagraha was started by Periyar Ramswamy to eradicate untouchability and which national leaders participated in it?
Answer:
Pariyar Ramaswami started various satyagraha to eradicate untouchability from the society. Other national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, C. Rajgopal Acharya, Vinoba Bhave, etc. participated in this satyagraha.

Question 15.
Which two organisations were started by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for the welfare of lower caste people and which two newspapers were published by him?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar established ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha’ and ‘Samaj Samat Sangha for the welfare of people of scheduled castes. He published newspapers like ‘Mook Nayak’, ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’ and Janata.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Pariyar Ramaswami? What he has done for the security of interests of the people of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
Pariyar Ramaswami was a great social reformer of Tamilnadu. He was born on 17th September, 1879 A.D. at Madras (Chennai). He felt that the people of scheduled castes were considered untouchables in society. Except this, they were not allowed to take part in social customs, keeping social relations with other castes and even to take education. So, he founded an organization called ‘Dravid Kazgas’ for the security of interests of these people.

This organization tried a lot in getting reservation in government services for the people of Scheduled Castes. As a result, for these castes, which were discriminated, first amendment of the Constitution took place for the security of their rights. Pariyar Ramaswami started satyagraha called ‘Vaikos’ for the eradication of untouchability. In this way Pariyar Ramaswami protected the interests of scheduled castes in Tamilnadu.

Question 2.
Write four works done by modern reformers to improve the condition of Indian Women. .
Answer:
1. End of Sati system. Sati system was one of the largest obstacle in the way of upliftment of women. This inhuman practice came to an end due to great efforts of modern social-reformers.
2. Permission of Widow Re-marriage. Condition of widows was very pitiable in the
society. They were not allowed to remarry. But they were given legal permission to remarry due to efforts of modern social reformers.
3. Opposition of Purdah System. Modern reformers were of the view that women cannot progress while remain behind the purdah, that’s why, they motivated the women not to use this custom of purdah.
4. Stress on Women Education. Social reformers gave a great stress on women education to uplift their social status. Many schools were opened for the education of women.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Explain the contribution made by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar for the improvement of lower caste people.
Answer:
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as Messiha of scheduled castes. He demanded justice for the people of Scheduled Castes from government and society. He did Satyagraha and demonstrated for equal rights of scheduled castes.

His contribution in this direction is given below :
1. In 1918 A.D., Dr. Ambedkar demanded from ‘Southberrow Reforms Committee’ that seats in all the state Legislative Councils and in Central Legislature Council should be kept reserved for the people of scheduled castes according to their population. Except this, he also demanded to fix definite constituencies for these people but his demands were not met.

2. Dr. Ambedkar recommended to give political rights to the people of scheduled castes in the ‘Round Table Conference’ of 1931 A.D. This recommendation was included to a great extent in the ‘Communal Award’ prepared by the British Prime Minister on 16th August, 1932 A.D.

3. Sammelans were held at Nagpur, Kolhapur etc. for the social and political rights of the people of scheduled castes. Dr. Ambedkar participated in these conferences.

4. He established ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha’ and ‘Samaj Samat Sangh’ to propagate the welfare of people of these castes. He also started to publish newspaper like ‘Mook Nayak’, ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’, ‘Janata’ etc. for this objective.

5. He also started Satyagraha for the equal rights of people of scheduled castes like other castes about entry in temples and taking water from public wells.

6. As a member of Bombay (Mumbai) Legislative Assembly, he introduced many bills for the welfare of farmers, labourers and other poor people from 1926 A.D. upto 1934 A.D. but these bills were not passed due to opposition of conservative members.

7. He founded ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ on October, 1936 A.D. which won reserved seats of scheduled castes in the elections of ‘Presidency Legislative Assembly’ in 1937 A.D.

8. Dr. Ambedkar also organized political parties called ‘Labour Party’ and ‘Scheduled Caste Federation’. Due to his deep requests, special provisions were kept in the Indian Constitution for the people of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.

9. The Government of India declared untouchability illegal due to Dr. Ambedkar’s efforts.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration Textbook Questions and Answers

I.. Write down the answer to the following questions :

Question 1.
When and which act was passed to check the working of the East India Company?
Answer:
The Regulating Act was passed in 1773 A.D. to check the working of the East India Company.

Question 2.
When and under which act the board of control was constituted?
Answer:
Board of Control was made in 1784 A.D. under Pitt’s India Act.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of Civil Services in India?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis was the founder of Civil Services in India.

Question 4.
Who was the first Indian to have passed the examination of the Indian Civil Services?
Answer:
The first Indian to pass the examination of Indian Civil Services was Satindra Nath Tagore. He passed this examination in 1863 A.D.

Question 5.
Which was the highest post given to Indian sepoy?
Answer:
Subedar was the highest post to be given to Indian soldiers in the military.

Question 6.
Which Governor-General made improvement in the police department and why?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis made improvement in the police department. His aim was to establish law, order and peace in the state.

Question 7.
When Indian Law Commission was constituted and why?
Answer:
Indian Law Commission was constituted in 1833 A.D. It was established for the compilation of laws.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Regulating Act?
Answer:
An Act was passed in 1773 A.D. to check the working of the English East India Company. It was known as the Regulating Act. According to this Act :

The civil and military administration of the company came under the check of the British Parliament. The Parliament got control over its revenues too.
The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General of British India. A council of members was appointed to help the Governor-General in discharging his duties.
The Governor-General was empowered to control the two presidencies of Bombay and Madras.

Question 9.
Write a note on Pitt’s India Act.
Answer:
In order to remove the defects of the Regulating Act, the British Parliament passed the Pitt’s India Act in 1784. According to this act :

Political and commercial functions of the company were separated. The Board of Directors was now to look after the commercial activities of the company only.
A Board of Control consisting of six members was formed through which the British Governments could fully control the affairs of the company in India.
The council of the Governor-General was to have three members instead of four, one of these members was to be the commander in chief of India.
The Governor-General in council got full powers to direct and control Bombay and Madras presidencies.

Question 10.
Which changes were made in the Army after 1858 A.D.?
Answer:
It was necessary to reorganize the army after the great revolt of 1857 A.D. The British didn’t want that soldiers would again go for revolt. So the following changes were brought in Indian military while keeping in mind these things:

The number of British soldiers were increased.
Only Britishers started to be appointed in artillery.
Indians and Europeans in the military of Madras and Bombay were kept in the ratio of 2: 1.
European troops were kept at all the important places from geographical and military point of view.
Now the British started recruiting people of different religions and castes in one regiment of soldiers so that the people of other religions should remain ready to kill people of one religion in case of any rebellion.
Soldiers of Awadh, Bihar and Central India took part in the revolt of 1857 A.D. Now their members in the military was reduced and number of Gorkhas, Sikhs and Pathan soldiers was increased.

Question 11.
Write a note on the judicial system.
Answer:
The British established important judicial system in India. It’s main feature was the written laws.

Warren Hastings established Revenue and Criminal Courts in each district.
According to the Regulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. Lord Cornwallis prepared a book called Cornwallis code to give directions to judges.
Lord William Bentick started jury system in Bengal in 1832 A.D.
In 1833 A.D., the Indian Law Commission was appointed which completely reorganized the whole judicial system. Right of making laws was given to Governor-General through Charter Act.
Common legal system was introduced in the entire country. According to this, all the Indians were considered as equal in front of law without any discrimination.

Even after this, discrimination with Indians was there and they were deprived of some specific rights. For example, Indian judges were not allowed to hear the cases of the Europeans. Lord Rippen, in 1883 A.D. tried to give this right to the Indian judges but remained unsuccessful.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
In 1886 A.D. Lord _________ appointed a Public Service Commission of 15 members.
Answer:
Rippon

Question 2.
The ratio of Europeans and Indians was 2: 1 in the army after the revolt of _________ A.D.
Answer:
1857

Question 3.
In 1773 A.D. according to the Regulating Act, a Supreme Court was established in _________
Answer:
Calcutta.

III. Write True or False for each statement:

Question 1.
The objective of British Policies was to protect the British interests in India.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
During the reign of Carnwalis in India each thana was under a Daroga.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
In 1773 A.D. according to the Regulating Act Supreme Court was established in Calcutta.
Answer:
True.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
When was the Regulating Act passed?
(a) 1773 A.D.
(b) 1784 A.D.
(c) 1833 A.D.
(d) 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1773 A.D.

Question 2.
With which Act, the Governor-General and his Council got the right to control Bombay and Madras presidencies?
(a) Pitt’s India Act
(6) Regulating Act
(c) Charter Act, 1833
(d) Charter Act, 1853.
Answer:
(b) Regulating Act.

Question 3.
When was Pitt’s India Act passed?
(a) 1773 A.D.
(b) 1784 A.D.
(c) 1833 A.D.
(d) 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1784 A.D.

Question 4.
With which Act, the Governor-General of Bengal was made the Governor-General of India?
(a) Charter Act, 1853
(b) Pitt’s India Act
(c) Regulating Act
(d) Charter Act, 1833.
Answer:
(d) Charter Act, 1833.

Question 5.
Who started Civil Service in India?
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Welleslay.
(d) Lord Canning
Answer:
(a) Lord Cornwallis.

Question 6.
Lord Rippon appointed a Public ServiceCommission with members.
(a) 12
(b) 15
(c) 18
(d) 21.
Answer:
(b) 15.

Question 7.
_________ established Diwani and Criminal Courts in districts.
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Warren-Hastings.

Question 8.
The given picture is of Robert Clive. He is believed to have started this service in India. Name the service.

(a) Civil Service
(b) Judicial Service
(c) Treasury Service
(d) Police Service.
Answer:
(a) Civil Service.

Question 9.
Who is the founder of Civil Services in India?
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Cornwallis
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord William Bentinck.
Answer:
(b) Lord Cornwallis.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Lord _________ appointed 15 members Public Service Commission in 1886.
Answer:
Rippon

Question 2.
The ratio of Indian and British soldiers was made at 2 : 1 after the revolt of _________
Answer:
1857

Question 3.
According to Regulating Act of 1773, Supreme Court was established at _________
Answer:
Calcutta.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
The main aim of the British policies in India was to protect British interests.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
During the times of Cornwallis, every police station was under the control of Daroga.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 3.
Supreme Court was established at Calcutta in 1773 A.D.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Central Public Service	(i) 1935 A.D
2. Commission Union Public Service	(ii) 1926 A.D
3. Commission Separate Legislature	(iii) 1832 A.D
4. Jury System in Bengal	(iv) 1853 A.D

Answer:

A	B
1. Central Public Service	(ii) 1926 A.D
2. Commission Union Public Service	(i) 1935 A.D
3. Commission Separate Legislature	(iv) 1853 A.D
4. Jury System in Bengal	(iii) 1832 A.D

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the main aim of the administrative policies of the British?
Answer:
To protect their interests in India.

Question 2.
Which were the main parts (basis) of the British administration in India?
Answer:
Civil Service, Army, Police and Judicial System.

Question 3.
When were the Regulating Act and Pitt’s India Act passed?
Answer:
In 1773 A.D. and 1784 A.D. respectively.

Question 4.
Why was Board of Control established in England? How many members were there of Board of Control?
Answer:
Board of Control in England was established to keep control over the working of company. It had six members.

Question 5.
When, where and why Hellibery College was established? ‘
Answer:
Hellibery College was established in 1806 A.D. in England. It was started to give training to the officers of Civil Service in India.

Question 6.
When was Lee Commission appointed? What did it recommend?
Answer:
Lee Commission was established in 1923 A.D. It recommended to establish Union Public Service Commission and provincial public service commission.

Question 7.
The British policy toward Indians was full of discrimination. Give two reasons in its favour.
Answer:

Indians were not given higher posts in civil services, military and police.
Indians were given very less salary as compared to the British.

Question 8.
What was Illbert Bill?
Answer:
Illbert Bill was introduced by the Viceroy of India Lord Rippen in 1883 A.D. This bill was aimed at giving right of hearing cases of Europeans to the Indian judges. But this bill was not passed.

Question 9.
By which Act the Supreme Court in Calcutta was established?
Answer:
Supreme Court in Calcutta was established in 1773 A.D. by the Regulating Act.

Question 10.
When and by whom Jury system was started in Bengal?
Answer:
Jury system in Bengal was started by Lord William Bentick in 1832 A.D.

Question 11.
With which four institutions the Indian administration was run?
Answer:
The Indian administration was run by four institutions and these were

Civil Services
Army
Police
Judiciary.

Question 12.
Who were appointed on higher posts during the British rule?
Answer:
Mostly the English people were appointed on higher posts during the British rule.

Question 13.
Give the number of armymen in the British army in 1856 A.D.
Answer:
In 1856 A.D, there were 2,33,000 Indians and 45,322 Europeans in the British army.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the Civil Services before 1858 A.D.
Answer:
Most of the employees of the company were corrupt before 1858. They carried on private trade and earned a lot of money through bribes and gifts. Clive and Warren Hastings tried to end this corruption but they did not succeed in this mission. Cornwallis came to India after Warren Hastings. He banned private trade by the officials of the company. They were forbidden to accept bribes or gifts. He increased the salaries of the employees so that they were not tempted to accept bribes. Upto 1853, the Directors of the Company appointed the British as employees of the company. But after the passing of Charter Act of 1853, the appointments to civil services were made through a competitive examination to be held in London. The main feature of the civil services before the passing of this Act was that the Indians were debarred from these services.

Question 2.
Why is Lord Cornwallis called the founder of Civil Services in India?
Answer:
Before Lord Cornwallis, the administration of the company was controlled by the Directors of the Company. They appointed employees of .the company. But Cornwallis appointed civil officers for administrative work. They were paid very high salaries. Temptation of the people towards Civil Services increased to such an extent that people from very high families of England started joining such services. That’s why Lord Cornwallis is called the founder of Civil Services in India.

Question 3.
Write a note on the discrimination policy in the British army between the Indians and the British.
Answer:
The British government made discrimination between the Indians and the British in making recruitments in the army. Indians were given low salaries as compared to the British. The arrangements for their lodging and boarding were also of low quality. Indian soldiers were not given due respect. They were often insulted. They could only reach the posts of the ‘Subedars’ by promotion. Contrary to it, the British were directly appointed as officers. This policy of discrimination later on became the cause of the revolt of 1857.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down in brief the constitutional changes made by British Government in India.
Answer:
The British government brought following constitutional changes in India :
1. Regulating Act: An Act was passed in 1773 A.D. to check the activities of English East India Company. It was known as the Regulating Act. According to this Act :

The civil and military administration of the company came under the control of the British Parliament. The Parliament got control over its revenue too.
The governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General of the British India. A council of members was appointed to help the Governor-General in discharging his duties.
The Governor-General was empowered to control the two presidencies of Bombay and Madras.

2. Pitt’s India Act. Pitt’s India Act was passed to remove the defects of the Regulating Act. According to this :

Political and commercial functions of the company were separated. The Board of Directors was now to look after the commercial activities of the company only.
A Board of Control consisting of six members was formed through which the British government could fully control the affairs of the company in India.
The council of the Governor-General was to have three members instead of four.
The Governor-General in council got complete powers to direct and control Bombay and Madras presidencies.

3. The Charter Act, 1833:

The company was restricted to do trade through Charter Act of 1833 so that it could completely concentrate on administration of the British India.
Governor-General and his council were given the name the Governor-General and his Council of India.
A legal member was included in council of Governor-General to make laws for the country. Right of making law was taken away from presidencies governments. In this way control of government was made very powerful.

4. The Charter Act 1853. Another Charter Act was passed in 1853 A.D. Legislative and Executive were separated through this Act. Now total of 12 members were there in legislative. Interference of central government in the affairs of company was increased. Now it was free to take rule of India in its hands at any moment.

Question 2.
Write down in brief about the Civil Services in India during the British rule.
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis is known as the founder of Civil Services in India. He raised the salaries of officers to eradicate bribery from the system. He restricted the officials to do their personal trade and to take gifts from Indians. He appointed only Europeans on the higher posts.

Development of Civil Services after Lord Cornwallis till 1885 A.D :
1. Lord William Bentick established the Hellibery College in England in 1806 A.D. Here formal training was given to the newly appointed officers of Civil Service. They were sent to India after taking formal training.

2. There was a provision in the Charter Act of 1833 that the Indians will be given government jobs without any discrimination on the basis of religion,-caste or colour. But they were deprived of higher posts in Civil Services.

3. Till 1853 A.D., only directors of the company appointed the British officials in India. But after the Charter Act of 1853, one competitive examination was started for the appointment of officials. This examination was conducted in England and its medium was English. Maximum age of 22 years was fixed for taking part in competition. This age was reduced to 21 years in 1864 and 19 years in i876. Satindra Nath Tagore was the first Indian to pass examination of Civil Service. He passed this exam in 1863 A.D.

4. It was very difficult for Indians to take part in this examination in less age and in England. So Indians raised the demand to increase the age of giving exam. They also demanded that this examination should also be taken simultaneously in India as well as in England. Lord Rippen supported this demand but it was refused by Indian government.

Development of Civil Services After 1886 A.D:
1. In 1886 A.D. Viceroy Lord Rippen appointed the Public Service Commission of 15 members: This commission recommended to divide civil services in following three parts :

Imperial or Indian Civil Service. Examination for this should take place only in England.
Provincial Services. Its examination should take place in different provinces.
Professional Service. Commission recommended to raise the age of this examination from 19 years to 23 years.

These recommendations were accepted by Indian Government in 1892 A.D.

2. In 1918, Montague-Chelmsford report recommended that 33% seats of Civil Service should be given to Indians and this number should be gradually increased. This report was implemented by the Indian Government in 1919 A.D.

3. In 1926, Central Public Service Commission and in 1935 Union Public Service Commission and some State Public Service Commissions were established.

It is right that a number of Indians were appointed in Indian Civil Service but still few higher posts were there which were restricted only for the Europeans.

Question 3.
Write down in brief about military, police and judicial system in India during the British rule.
Answer:
A brief description of military, police and judicial administration of India in the British empire is given below:
1. Military Administration. The military was one of the most important part of the British administration. It gave a great contribution in establishing and spreading the British empire in India. In 1856, there were 2,33,000 Indians and 45,300 European soldiers in the British military. Indian soldiers were given very less wages and incentives as compared to the British soldiers. Highest rank for Indians in military was the subedar. Indian soldiers were badly treated by the British officers. That’s why Indian soldiers revolted against the British in 1857 A.D.

It became necessary to reorganize the military after the great revolt of 1857 A.D. the British didn’t want that soldiers would again go for revolt.

So the following changes were brought in Indian military while keeping in mind these things :

The number of British soldiers were increased.
Only the British to be appointed in Artillery.
Indians and Europeans in the military of Madras and Bombay were kept in the ratio of 2:1.
European troops were kept at all the important places from a geographical and military point of view.
Now the British started recruiting people of different religions and castes in one regiment of soldiers so that people of other religion should remain ready to kill people of one religion in case of any rebellion.
Soldiers of Awadh, Bihar and Central India took part in the revolt of 1857 A.D. Now their numbers in the military was reduced and number of Gorkhas, Sikhs and Pathan soldiers was increased.

2. Police. Lord Cornwallis gave a new look to the police system to establish law, order and peace in the empire. He appointed one Police Superintendent in each district. Each district was further divided in divisions and ancient division system was given a new look. Every division was kept under one Daroga or inspector. Function of police in villages was being done by Chowkidars. Indians were not being given higher posts in police department. Their salary was also very low as compared to the British. They were badly treated by Britishers as well.

3. Judicial System: The British established important judicial system in India. Its main feature was written laws.

Warren Hastings established Revenue and Criminal Courts in each district.
According to Regulating Act of 1773, A Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. Lord Cornwallis prepared a book called Cornwallis code to give directions to judges.
Lord William Bentick started jury system in Bengal in 1832 A.D.
In 1833 A.D. the Indian Law Commission was appointed which completely reorganized the whole judicial system. Right of making laws was given to Governor-General through Charter Act.
Common legal system was introduced in the whole of the country. According to this, all the Indians were considered as equal in front of law without any discrimination.

Even after this, discrimination against Indians was there and they were deprived of some specific rights. For example, Indian judges were not allowed to hear the cases of Europeans. Lord Rippen, in 1883 A.D. tried to give this right to Indian judges but remained unsuccessful.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Establishment of East India Company

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 10 The Establishment of East India Company Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Establishment of East India Company

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB The Establishment of East India Company Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Who was the first Portuguese to reach India?
Answer:
First Portuguese who reached India was Vasco-de-Gama.

Question 2.
Write down the names of the four Portuguese settlements.
Answer:
Goa, Daman, Cochin, Calicut, Dieu, etc.

Question 3.
Where the Dutch established their colonies in India?
Answer:
Dutch people established their settlements in India at Cochin, Surat, Masulipattam, Nagpattam and Pulkit.

Question 4.
When and from which Mughal emperor the British got the previliage to free trade?
Answer:
The British got the previlige to trade without paying octroi from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1717 A.D.

Question 5.
Among which two European companies, the First Carnatic War was fought and who got the victory?
Answer:
First war of Carnatic was fought between the Britishers and the French. The French people won this war.

Question 6.
When and among whom the battle of Plassey was fought?
Answer:
Battle of Plassey was fought on 23rd June, 1757 A.D. between the British and Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula.

Question 7.
When and among whom the battle of Buxar was fought?
Answer:
The battle of Buxar was fought between the British and Mir Qasim, Siraj-ud- Daulah and Shah Alam II.

Question 8.
Write down a note on third Carnatic War.
Answer:
The third Carnatic war was fought between 1756 A.D. to 1763 A.D. In this war the British emerged victorious and the French were defeated.
Causes. In 1756 A.D., once again, England and France were engulfed in a war in Europe (Seven Years War). Consequently, in India too, war broke out between the English and the French.

Question 9.
Explain in brief the victory of Bengal by the British.
Or
How did the English became the Masters of Bengal?
Answer:
The English fought two battles with the Nawab of Bengal to gain control over Bengal

Battle of Plassey and
Battle of Buxar.

The Battle of Plassey took place in 1757 A.D. Siraj-ud-daulah was the Nawab of Bengal at that time. The English, through a conspiracy, won over the confidence of Mir Jafar, the army commander of the Nawab. He remained aloof in the battlefield and thus Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated. After this, Mir Jafar was appointed as the Nawab of Bengal. After some time, Mir Jafar was removed and Mir Qasim was made the Nawab, but after some time, the English tinned against him as well. A battle between the English and Mir Qasim took place at Buxar. Mir Qasim was defeated and Bengal came under the control of the British.

Question 10.
Write down a note on the Battle of Plassey.
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah. The Nawab was annoyed with the British due to various reasons. He caused a great loss to the British by invading Qasim Bazar. To take revenge, Clive hatched a conspiracy against him and won the confidence of Mir Jafar, the army commander of the Nawab of Bengal. When the battle started, Mir Jafar stood aside. Siraj-ud-daulah was discouraged as a result of this treachery of Mir Jafar and ran away from the battlefield.

Siraj-Ud-Daulah

Meerah, son of Mir Jafar, killed him. This battle proved to be very important for the English from historical point of view. The English became the real masters of Bengal and it became easy for them to expand their power in India.
Siraj-Ud-Daulah

Question 11.
Write down a note on Dual system in Bengal.
Answer:
Robert Clive started a new administrative system in Bengal which is known as the Dual administrative system. According to it, the administration of Bengal was divided in two parts. The work of tax collection remained with the British, while the Nawab was given the responsibility to run the administration. A fixed amount of money was paid to him for running the administration. As there were two types of administration in Bengal, so this system came to be known as dual administrative system. Real power of the administration in Bengal came in the hands of the British company as a result of this system and the Nawab remained a puppet in the hands of the British.

Question 12.
What do you mean by subsidiary alliance?
Answer:
The subsidiary alliance system was started by Lord Wellesley in 1798 A.D. He wanted to expand the British Empire in India and to make the company very powerful. It was possible only if all the native rulers and Nawabs were made powerless. He took advantage of the subsidiary alliance system and brought many native rulers under the British control.

Terms of the Subsidiary Alliance. Subsidiary Alliances were made between the company and the native rulers. The company promised to give military help to the rulers who entered into subsidiary alliances with it in case of any internal or external trouble.

In lieu of it, the local rulers had to accept the following terms :

He had to accept the supremacy of the company. He was not allowed to make war or any treaty with any other ruler without the permission of the company.
He had to keep a battalion of the English army in his state for his safety and he had to pay its expenses to the British.
He had to keep an English Resident at his court.

Question 13.
Write a note on “Policy of Lapse.”
Answer:
The Policy of Lapse was adopted by Lord Dalhousie. According to this doctrine, succession to protected state depended upon the will of the British. Lord Dalhousie decided that if the ruler of a dependent state had no male child, he could not adopt a son. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass onto the hands of the British. On the grounds of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed seven dependept kingdoms into the British Empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaitpur and Satara.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
After the battle of ________a treaty of Allahabad was signed among the British, Siraj-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam in 1765 A.D.
Answer:
Buxar

Question 2.
In 1772 A.D. the ________ was abolished in Bengal.
Answer:
Dual administration

Question 3.
Lord Welleselly introduced the ________ system for expansion of the British Empire.
Answer:
Subsidiary alliance.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
First of all Vasco-De-Gama a Portuguese captain, reached Calicut in India on 27th May, 1498 A.D.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Two Carnatic wars were fought between the Britishers and French.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
During the battle of Plassey with the Britishers, Mir Jaffer was the Nawab of Bengal.
Answer:
False.

IV. Something To Do:

Question 1.
Suppose you are nephew of Nawab. The Nawab have no son. From the beginning you are said that after the death of Nawab you will become a king. But under the policy of Doctrine of Lapse the British does not become a king to you. What will you do for become a king?
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 2.
Make a list on a chart of methods adopted by the Lord Dalhousie for the expansion of British Empire and which states were annexed in this empire by the Lord Dalhousie?
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide The Establishment of East India Company Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
When was Bahadur Shah Zafar arrested?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1859 A.D.
(c) 1858 A.D.
(d) 1860 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1858 A.D.

Question 2.
When did Vasco de Gama discover sea route to India?
(a) 1456 A.D.
(b) 1498 A.D.
(c) 1490 A.D.
(d) 1496 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1498 A.D.

Question 3.
What was a Farman?
(а) A royal order issued by Aurangzeb
(б) A royal edict issued by British
(c) A verdict 6f rule over Bengal
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) A royal order issued by Aurangzeb.

Question 4.
Which Nawab of Bengal died in 1756 A.D.?
(a) Sirajuddaulah
(b) Mir Qasim
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Alivardi Khan.
Answer:
(d) Alivardi Khan.

Question 5.
Which Governor-General defeated Sirajuddaulah at the battle of Plassey?
(a) Robert Clive
(b) William Bentinck
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Wellesley.
Answer:
(a) Robert Clive.

Question 6.
Which Nawab of Bengal was defeated in the battle of Buxar?
(a) Mir Jafar
(b) Sirajuddaulah
(c) Mir Qasim
(d) Murshid Quli Khan.
Answer:
(c) Mir Qasim.

Question 7.
After which battle the company appointed residents in the Indian states?
(a) Battle of Plassey
(b) Battle of Buxar
(c) Battle of Awadh
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Battle of Buxar.

Question 8.
Who granted Diwani rights of Bengal to the British?
(a) Mir Qasim
(b) Murshid Quli Khan
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.
Answer:
(d) Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.

Question 9.
Who was the son of Haider Ali?
(a) Tipu Sultan
(b) Mir Jafar
(c) Alivardi Khan
(d) Mir Qasim.
Answer:
(a) Tipu Sultan.

Question 10.
Which ruler of Mysore stopped the export of many things through the ports of his kingdom?
(a) Haider Ali
(b) Alivardi Khan
(c) Tipu Sultan
(d) Mir Jafar.
Answer:
(c) Tipu Sultan.

Question 11.
How many Mysore wars were fought?
(a) Two
(b) Four
(c) Three
(d) Five.
Answer:
(b) Four.

Question 12.
In which battle Tipu Sultan was defeated?
(a) Battle of Buxar
(b) Battle of Awadh
(c) Battle of Plassey
(d) Battle of Seringapatam.
Answer:
(d) Battle qf Seringapatam.

Question 13.
Identify the shaded state where the three Anglo French wars were fought:

(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
(c) Karnataka.

Question 14.
Why did Vasco-de-Gama come to India through sea route?
(a) To rule India
(b) To discover a new route to reach India
(c) To attack India
(d) On a vacation journey.
Answer:
(b) To discover a new route to reach India.

Question 15.
The person given in picture was the king of a famous kingdom in South India during late 18th century who fought four wars with the British. Name the king.

(a) Tipu Sultan
(b) Hyder Ali
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Mir Qasim.
Answer:
(a) Tipu Sultan.

Question 16.
The person given in the picture defeated Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daulah in the battle of Plassey. Name the person.

(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Robert Clive
(c) William Bentick
(d) Lord Canning.
Answer:
(b) Robert Clive.

Question 17.
Vasco-de-Gama was the first explorer who reached India by Sea. Which country did he belong to?
(a) England
(b) Portugal
(c) France
(d) Russia.
Answer:
(b) Portugal.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The battle of ________ was fought between the British and Shuja-ud-daulah, Shah Alam and Mir Qasim in 1764.
Answer:
Buxer

Question 2.
________ system was ended in Bengal in 1772 A.D.
Answer:
Dual,

Question 3.
Lord Wellesley adopted system of ________
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Vasco-de-Gama reached Calicut on 27th May, 1498.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Two carnatic wars were fought between the British and French.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
Mir Jafar was the Nawab of Bengal in the battle of Plassey.
Answer:
(✗)

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Battle of Plassey	(i) Lord Hastings
2. Battle of Buxor	(ii) Siraj-ud-daulah
3. Attack on Arcott	(iii) Mir Qasim
4. British Gorkha War	(iv) Robert Clive

Answer:

A	B
1. Battle of Plassey	(ii) Siraj-ud-daulah
2. Battle of Buxor	(iii) Mir Qasim
3. Attack on Arcott	(iv) Robert Clive
4. British Gorkha War	(i) Lord Hastings

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who discovered new sea route to reach India from Europe?
Answer:
Portuguese sailor (captain) Vasco-de-Gama discovered new sea route to reach India from Europe.

Question 2.
When and on which port did Vasco-de-Gama reached India?
Answer:
27 May, 1498 on the port of Calicut.

Question 3.
When the English East India Company was.established?
Answer:
On 31 Dec. 1600 A.D.

Question 4.
When the French East India Company was established?
Answer:
In 1664 A.D.

Question 5.
Name the two French Governors in India under whom French power was spread in India.
Answer:
Dooma and Dupleix.

Question 6.
Name the British representatives who were sent to the Mughal Durbar to get trade concessions?
Answer:
William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe.

Question 7.
Name the French settlements near Chennai (Madras) and Kolkata (Calcutta).
Answer:
Pondicherry near Chennai and Chandernagar near Kolkata were the French settlements.

Question 8.
Between which European companies the third carnatic war was fought?
Answer:
This war was fought between French East India Company and English East India Company.

Question 9.
Give any one cause of the First Carnatic War (1746-48).
Answer:
War broke out in Europe between England and France. As a result, war also started in India between the two powers.

Question 10.
When the first Carnatic War ended? Mention one result of this War.
Answer:
The First War of Carnatic come to an end in 1748 A.D. The English got back the region of Madras (now Chennai) as a result of the peace treaty.

Question 11.
Give any one cause of the Second Carnatic War.
Answer:
The French supported Nasir Jang the ruler of Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib, the ruler of the Carnatic. The English could not tolerate this so they gave recognition to their opponents and waged a war against the French in 1751 A.D.

Question 12.
What was the result of Second War of Carnatic?
Answer:
French were defeated in the Second Carnatic War. It increased the power and prestige of the British Company in India.

Question 13.
Which Indian powers got involved in the Second War of Carnatic?
Answer:
The following Indian powers got themselves involved in the Second Carnatic War :

Claimants to the throne of Carnatic.
Claimants to the state of Hyderabad.

Question 14.
Mention any one cause of the third Carnatic War. (1756-1763).
Answer:
The Seven Years War began in Europe between England and France in 1756 A.D. Subsequently, a war between England and France also started in India. This was the Third War of Carnatic.

Question 15.
When did the third War of Carnatic take place. Which two European companies fought the third Battle of Carnatic? Who was defeated in this War?
Answer:
The Third War of Carnatic took place in 1J56 A.D. It was fought between the English East India Company and The French East India Company. The French were defeated in it.

Question 16.
What was the result of the third War of Carnatic?
Answer:
France lost her power in India as a result of the third War of Carnatic and the British emerged as a great power in India.

Question 17.
Who was Dupleix? What was his plan?
Answer:
Dupleix was the Governor of French possessions in India. He had prepared a plan for enhancing the French influences in Southern India.

Question 18.
Why was Dupleix called back?
Answer:
Dupleix was called back to France on account of the French defeat in the second Carnatic war.

Question 19.
Who was Robert Clive? What part did he play in the second War of Carnatic?
Answer:
Robert Clive was a very able English army Commander. He occupied Arcot, the capital town of Chanda Sahib in the Second War of Carnatic and compelled Chanda Sahib to leave Trichnapalli, As a result, the British won the war.

Question 20.
When and between whom the Treaty of Paris was signed? What were the effects of this treaty on India?
Answer:
The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 A.D. between France and England. The Third War of Carnatic in India also came to an end by this treaty.

Question 21.
State any one reason for the success of the British against the French in the Carnatic Wars.
Answer:
The English had a powerful navy. They were in a position to send their army with the help of navy from one place to another.

Question 22.
Between which powers did the Battle of Plassey take place?
Answer:
Between the British East India Company and Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah of Bengal.

Question 23.
State any one cause of the Battle of Plassey.
Answer:
The British started fortifying Calcutta (now Kolkata) in order to strengthen their position in Bengal. Calcutta (Kolkata) was a part of the kingdom of the Nawab. It strained the relations between the British and the Nawab.

Question 24.
Write any one result of the battle of Plassey.
Answer:
Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated in this battle and Mir Jafar became the new Nawab of Bengal. Mir Jafar gave huge amount of money and the district of 24 Parganas to the British.

Question 25.
What was the importance of the Battle of Plassey for the British?
Answer:
This battle greatly enhanced the power and prestige of the British which was the largest and most prosperous state in India. As a result, the key to the conquest of India fell into the hands of the English.

Question 26.
Write any one cause of the battle of Buxar.
Answer:
The British Company had got permission to trade freely in Bengal, but the officials of the Company had been trading privately. It caused financial loss to the Nawab of Bengal.

Question 27.
Clive is considered to be “the founder of the British Empire in India.” Give one reason in support of this view.
Answer:
Clive won the Second War of the Carnatic and also the Battle of Plassey for the British. Both these victories proved to be the foundation stone of the British Empire in India.

Question 28.
Who was Mir Jafar? For how long he remained the Nawab of Bengal?
Answer:
Mir Jafar was an army commander who betrayed Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. He remained the Nawab of Bengal from 1757 A.D. to 1760 A.D.

Question 29.
When and between whom was the Treaty of Allahabad signed?
Answer:
The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on May 3rd, 1765 between the British, Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.

Question 30.
Write any one term of the treaty of Allahabad.
Answer:
The British Company got the right of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. As such, the English became the real rulers of Bengal.

Question 31.
“Buxar completed the work of Plassey.” Justify this statement.
Answer:
The battle of Plassey had paved the way for the increase of power and influence of the British in Bengal but they became the real rulers of Bengal after the battle of Buxar.- Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Avadh and Shah Alam, the Mughal Emperor came completely under the control of the British Company. It is, therefore, said that Buxar completed the work of Plassey.

Question 32.
Which treaty was imposed by Lord Wellesley to expand the British Empire?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley followed the policy of expansion by making Subsidiary Alliances with the Indian states.

Question 33.
Name the two states affected by the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
States of Jhansi and Nagpur were affected by Doctrine of Lapse. They both were annexed into the British empire.

Question 34.
When was Avadh annexed by the British?
Answer:
The British annexed Avadh in 1856 A.D.

Question 35.
Write any one term of Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
According to Subsidiary Alliance system, Indian rulers were not allowed to maintain any political relations with any internal or external power.

Question 36.
What promises the British Company made with any Indian ruler entering Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
The British East India Company promised security of the native ruler under this system in case of internal revolt or external aggression. The British company promised to protect the Indian rulers.

Question 37.
How was the British East India Company benefited by the Subsidiary Alliances? Mention any one benefit.
Answer:
Political position of the English East India-Company became very strong as a result of the Subsidiary Alliances.

Question 38.
How were the Indian rulers affected by the Subsidiary Alliances? Mention one effect.
Answer:
Local rulers who entered into Subsidiary Alliances with the company, were free from internal and external dangers. They started leading a luxurious life and became careless about the welfare of their subjects.

Question 39.
When did the Dual administrative system come to an end in Bengal?
Answer:
In 1772 A.D.

Question 40.
Name the three governors-general under whom the British empire expanded to a great deal.
Answer:
Lord Wellesley, Lord Hastings and Lord Dalhousie.

Question 41.
When and by whom independent Mysore state was established?
Answer:
Hyder Ali established independent Mysore state in 1761 A.D.

Question 42.
When first Mysore war took place? Who emerged victorious?
Answer:
First Mysore war took place in 1767-1769 A.D. Hyder Ali emerged victorious out of this war.

Question 43.
When was Hyder Ali died? Who became Sultan of Mysore after him?
Answer:
Hyder Ali was died in 1782 A.D. After him, his son Tipu Sultan became Sultan of Mysore.

Question 44.
When and how did Tipu Sultan die?
Answer:
Tipu Sultan died in 1799 A.D. while fighting fourth war of Mysore against the British.

Tipu Sultan

Question 45.
When treaties of Basin and Dewgao took place?
Answer:
In 1802 A.D. and 1803 A.D. respectively.

Question 46.
Between whom the treaty of Dewgao took place? Which two states were given to the British after this treaty?
Answer:
Treaty of Dewgao took place between Maratha Sardar Bhonsle and the British. The British got the states of Cuttock and Balasor through this treaty.

Question 47.
How many states of Rajasthan came under subordination of the British under Lord Hastings? Name four main states out of them.
Answer:
19 States of Rajasthan came under the subordination of the British during the tenure of Lord Hastings. Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaypur and Bikaner were four main states out of those 19 states.

Question 48.
Name Dutch settlements in India.
Answer:
Dutch had their settlements in India at Surat, Cochin, Pulikat, Nagapattam, Chinsura etc.

Question 49.
By whom and for how many years the East India Company was granted the trade privileges to trade with India?
Answer:
The British Queen Elizabeth-I granted the East India Company the trade privileges of 15 years to trade with India.

Question 50.
Who was Assif Shah and when did he die?
Answer:
Assif Shah was the Nizam of Hyderabad. He died in 1748 A.D.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did the European Trading Companies clash with one another and what were the results of the clash?
Answer:
Causes of the Clash. Many European companies came to India for trade. The traders of these companies were very greedy, selfish and ambitious. All the companies wanted to establish their complete control over the trade in India. So, this clash of interests was the main cause of conflict among the trading companies.

Results of the Conflicts. First of all, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese and took over the control of whole trade in their hands. In between, the English increased their activities. They defeated the Dutch and drove them away from India. So only the English and the French were left in India. A long struggle for supremacy in India began between these two powers. The English were the winners in this conflict and they established full control over trade in India. Gradually, they also established their political power in India.

Question 2.
Describe the First Carnatic War.
Answer:
War for the throne of Austria went on in Europe between 1740-48 A.D. England and France fought against each other in this war. As a result, the war between these two nations also started in India. The French looted the English trade centre of Fort Saint George (Madras). When the Nawab of Carnatic sent his army against them, it was also defeated by the French. Dupleix was the Governor of the French possessions in India during those days. The prestige of the French was greatly enhanced in India. In 1748 A.D., the war between the English and the French in Europe came to an end. In this year, a treaty was signed between the English and the French in India as well. The French returned Madras (now Chennai) to the English.

Question 3.
What were the results of the Second Carnatic War?
Answer:

Chanda Sahib was killed and Arcot was occupied by the English.
The English declared Muhammad Ali as the ruler of Carnatic.
The French influenced continued in Hyderabad. They got the right of collecting revenue. They also stationed a battalion of their army there.
The English Commander Clive became famous as a result of this war.

Question 4.
What were the results of the Third Carnatic War?
Answer:
The Third War of Carnatic started in 1756 A.D. and ended in 1763 A.D. Given below are the results of the war :

The French lost their hold on the state of Hyderabad and the English influences was established there.
The English got the territory of Northern Sarkars.
The French power in India completely broke down and it became easy for the English to expand their power in India.

Question 5.
What were the causes of animosity between the English and the French in the 18th century?
Answer:
The following were the three main causes of animosity between the two powers :

England and France had been the enemies of each other for a long time.
There was a trade competition between the two countries in India.
Both the countries wanted to establish their political power in India.

Actually, whenever there was a war between England and France in Europe, a conflict between the two powers also started in India.

Question 6.
Describe the main provisions of the Treaty of Allahabad.
Answer:
The following were the main terms of the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) :

The English and the Nawab of Awadh promised to help each other in case of any war.
The Nawab promised to pay fifty lakh rupees to the English as compensation of war.
The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam granted Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the British Company. The English, in return, agreed to pay a pension of? 26 Lakhs per annum to Shah Alam.
The Nawab of Awadh promised not to give shelter to Mir Kasim in his state.

Question 7.
Which of the three Wars of Carnatic was the most important and why?
Answer:
The Second War of Carnatic was the most important war out of the three wars of Carnatic. This war was a symbol of the diplomatic victory of the English. Before this, the English were badly defeated by the French in the First War of Carnatic. As a result, the French power in India became very strong. In the Second War of Carnatic too, the English were on the verge of defeat.

But Robert Clive cleverly changed the situation. He turned the war plan of the French into a failure. After this war, the power of the French rapidly declined. Consequently, the English easily defeated the French in the Third War of Carnatic. Had the English been defeated in the Second War of Carnatic, they would have not only lost trade in India, but would have to leave India like the Portuguese and the Dutch.

Question 8.
Why was Siraj-ud-daulah defeated in the battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Given below were the causes of defeat Siraj-ud-daulah in the Battle of Plassey :
1. Conspiracy of Clive. Clive gave a hitting blow to Siraj-ud-daulah by hatching a conspiracy against him. He won over the support of Mir Jafar, the army commander of Siraj-ud-daulah, and easily defeated Siraj-ud-daulah.

2. Lack of farsightedness of Siraj-ud-daulah. Siraj -ud-daulah was not a farsighted ruler. Had he been a wise ruler, he would have kept an eye on the activities of the English and his other opponents. He would have noticed the conspiracy beforehand which was being hatched by Clive. So, lack of his farsightedness became a cause of his defeat.

3. Lack of Military resources. The military set up of Siraj-ud-daulah was faulty. His soldiers were neither trained like the English soldiers nor they had modern weapons of war. Soldiers of the Nawab fought like a crowd in the battle. They lacked discipline.

Question 9.
What were the causes of the success of the British in the conflict between the French and the British?
Answer:
The following causes were responsible for the success of’the British against the French:
1. Powerful Navy of Britain. The English navy was more powerful than that of the French. The British had large ships to bring soldiers and war material from England to India.

2. Sound Financial Condition of the British. Economic condition of the British was very sound. Their trade activities continued even during the war days. But as the French usually kept themselves involved in politics, they therefore, lacked financial resources.

3. British Victory over Bengal. Bengal, a rich state of India, came under the control of the British after the battle of Plassey. Need of money for winning a war is very great. The British trade in Bengal continued even during the war days. The money they earned from this trade was utilised by them for their wars in the south.

4. Efficient infantry and able army commanders. The infantry wing of the British army was better trained and organised than that of the French army. English commanders like Robert Clive, Sir Ayercoote and Major Lawrence were very capable persons. On the other hand, the French army commanders like Dupleix, Lally and Bussey were not so capable and efficient persons. This factor also contributed to the success of the British.

Question 10.
What were the causes of conflict between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British? (P.S.E.B. 2005, 2003)
Answer:
The following causes were responsible for the conflict between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British :

The British gave no gifts to Siraj-ud-daulah on his appointment as the Nawab of Bengal. Siraj-ud-daulah was therefore, angry with the British.
The British gave shelter to a deserter of Siraj-ud-daulah’s service. The Nawab demanded the return of the traitor, but the British turned a deaf ear to his demand.
The English started deploying forces in Calcutta (Kolkata) and in spite of refusal of the Nawab to allow them to keep their forces there, the British did not withdraw them.
There was misappropriation of funds in the Dacca treasury of Nawab and the Nawab held that the misappropriated amount was in the possession of the English. He asked them to return the amount but the English refused.

Question 11.
What was the significance of the Battle of Buxar in Indian history?
Answer:
The Battle of Buxar is more important than the Battle of Plassey in the history of India. As a result of this battle, the British became a great political force in India. It paved for them the way for the conquest of more territories in India. The English consolidated their position in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Nawab of Avadh Shuja-ud- daulah and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam came completely under the British control.

Question 12.
What were the causes of the Battle of Plassey (1757 A.D.)?
Answer:
The following were the causes of the battle of Plassey :

Causes:

The English gave no gifts to Siraj-ud-daulah on his appointment as the Nawab of Bengal. He was, therefore, angry with the British.
The British stationed their armed troops at Calcutta (Kolkata) and continued reinforcing them in spite of the Nawab’s protests.
The English hatched a conspiracy against the Nawab with the co-operation of Seth Amin Chand and army commander Mir Jafar of Bengal.

Question 13.
What were the causes of the Battle of Buxar?
Answer:
The following are the causes of the Battle of Buxar :

The officials of the English Company were misusing the trade concessions allowed to them by the Nawab. It resulted in the decline in the income of the Nawab of Bengal.
Mir Qasim strengthened his army. He established an arms and ammunition factory and shifted his treasury from Calcutta (Kolkata) to Mungher. The English did not like the activities of Mir Qasim.
Mir Qasim also allowed Indian traders to trade without paying any tax like the English. It increased the animosity between the English and the Nawab.

Question 14.
Who was Tipu Sultan? Explain his conflict with the British.
Answer:
Tipu Sultan was the son of ruler of Mysore, Hyder Ali. He became ruler of Mysore in 1782 A.D. after the death of his father, Hyder Ali. At that time, second Mysore xwar was going on. Tipu carried on the war. In the beginning, he got some success but he was defeated in 3rd battle of Mysore (1790-92). He was forced to surrender some part of his kingdom to the British. He wanted to take revenge of his defeat and that’s why he again declared war against the British. Tipu Sultan died in this war (1799) and most of the part of his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. Remaining part of the Mysore was given to Prince Krishna Rao.

Question 15.
Write a note on the British-Gorkha War (1814-1816 A.D.).
Answer:
Gorkhas of Nepal captured some of the border areas of the British. That’s why Lord Hastings send a huge army to suppress the power of Gorkhas. It was send under Aukhterloani. Gorkha’s were defeated in this war. That’s why they were forced to give many areas to the British. Except this, they also agreed to keep a British resident in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the expansion of the British empire in India from 1823 till 1848 A.D.
Answer:
From 1823 till 1848 A.D., the British empire in India was expanded by Lord Emerhest, Lord William Bentick, Lord Auckland, Lord Allenbrough and Lord Harding.

It’s description is given below :

Lord Emerhest won the First Anglo Burmese war (1824-26 A.D.) and annexed the states of Arakan and Assam into the British empire.
After this, Lord William Bentick captured Kutch, Mysore and Kurg. He made a Trade treaty with amirs of Sindh in 1832. It led to stoppage of expansion of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in this direction.
Lord Auckland made a subsidiary alliance with amirs of Sindh in 1839 A.D. and expanded the British empire.
Charles Napier captured Sindh in 1843 A.D. during the tenure of Lord Allenbrough and annexed it into British empire.
Lord Harding defeated the Sikhs in first Anglo-Sikh War. As a result, Jalandhar, Kangra and Kashmir were captured by the British.

Question 2.
How different Maratha kingdoms won over by the British?
Answer:
Till 1772 A.D., Chief of Marathas, Peshwa, remained very powerful. After this, Maratha Chief Nana Fadnavis kept Maratha power in one way or the other. During this age, most important Maratha chiefs were Scindhia, Bhonsle, Holkar and Gaikwad. But Peshwas and different chiefs were defeated one by one by the British.

1. Decline of Peshwa. After the death of fourth Peshwa, Madhav Rao, in 1771 A.D. his son Narayan Rao became next Peshwa. But he was killed by his uncle Raghoba. At this moment of problem, Nana Fadnavis took charge of Marathas. He declared son of Narayan Rao as next Peshwa and declared himself as his guardian. He fought a long battle with the British but did not accepted the Subsidiary Alliance. But Maratha chiefs were divided after his death. Peshwa was afraid by Maratha chief Holkar. That’s why he came under the protection of the British in 1802 A.D. and accepted Subsidiary Alliance under the treaty of Bassein.

2. End of Power of Scindhia and Bhonsle. Scindhia and Bhonsle didn’t like the acceptance of subsidiary alliance by the Peshwa. They considered it as a disrespect of the whole Maratha community. They declared war against the British to take revenge of this disrespect. Gaikwad gave his support to the British. Lord Lake defeated Scindhia and captured Delhi, Agra and Aligarh. Areas of Cuttock and Balasor also came under occupation of the British. In the end, Scindhia and Bhonsle both accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.

3. End of Power of other Maratha Chiefs. The Peshwa, once again tried to create unity among Marathas. In 1817 A.D., Lord Hestings defeated the forces of Peshwa, Bhonsle and Holker. Peshwa was given pension and his title was abolished. Whole of his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. After this, other Maratha chiefs also accepted the subordination of the British. In this way, all the Maratha kingdoms were annexed into the British empire.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the Anglo-Mysore wars.
Answer:
The Kingdom of Mysore was very powerful. This kingdom became very prosperous under Hyder Ali and military power of the state was also increased to a great extent. The British made an alliance with the enemies of Hyder Ali—Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad, to suppress the increasing power of Mysore. This was unbearable for Hyder Ali.

That’s why he declared war against the Britishers.
1. First war of Mysore. This war started between Hyder Ali and the British in 1767 and fought till 1769 A.D. Hyder Ali reached till Madras in this war. Then in 1769 A.D. one defensive treaty took place between both the parties. Conquered areas of both the parties were given back to each other.

2. Second War of Mysore. Hyder Ali also showed a great courage in the second war of Mysore (1780—84). But he was defeated at Portonona because he was unable to get expected help from the French. Hyder Ali died in 1782 A.D. and Tipu Sultan carried on the war. Later on, according to the treaty of Mangalore in 1784 A.D., conquered areas of both the parties were given back to each other.

Tipu Sultan

3. Third War of Mysore. In third war of Mysore (1790-92 A.D.), Tipu Sultan attacked on the British forces. But in the end he was defeated by Lord Cornwallis. According to the treaty of Srirangapattnam, half of the kingdom of Tipu Sultan was taken away by the British and Tipu Sultan was also forced to give? 3 crore as a compensation of war to the British

4. Fourth War of Mysore. Tipu Sultan died (1799 A.D.) in fourth war of Mysore while saving his capital. After his death, some area of his kingdom was given to old Mysore dynasty, some area was given to Nizam and some area was taken away by the British.

In this way, the power of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan was completely destroyed by the British.

Question 4.
Explain in brief merchantilism and Trade Wars.
Answer:
There were trade relations between India and Europe right from ancient times. Three main routes were there of this trade :

First route was northern route. This route was going on through Afganisthan, Caspean Sea and Black Sea.
Second route was middle route which was going on through Iran, Iraq and Seria.
Third route was southern route. This route was going on through Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea and Egypt.

States of Western Asia and Southern-Eastern Europe were occupied by Turkey in 15th century. It led to closure of ancient trade routes between India and Europe. That’s why European countries tried to find new sea routes to reach India. First of all the Portuguese sailor Vasco-de-Gama reached port of Calicut of India on 27th May 1498. So, Portuguese started to do trade with India. This process is known as Merchantilism whose objective was to earn money.

Trade Wars. Other European powers also established trade relations with India When they found Portuguese earning money through trade with India. These European powers were Dutch, the British and the French. Wars started between them to establish their supremacy on Indian trade. These wars are known as Trade Wars.

Gradually they established their factories and establishments in India.

Main Portuguese establishments in India were at Goa,’ Daman, Basin, Bombay, Saint Tom, Hugli and Salset.
Main Dutch establishments in India were at Cochin,* N&gapatnam, Pulkit and Chinsura.
Main British establishments in India were at Surat, Ahmedabad, Baloch, Agra, Bombay and Calcutta.
Main French establishments were at Pondicherry, Chandranagar and Karikal.

With the passage of time, all these four European powers came in direct conflict with each other to win over each other’s establishments. Impact of Portuguese and Dutch reduced to a great extdht till 17th century due to this conflict. Till this time, only French and the British remained in Indian scenario. They both were also engaged in conflict with each other to keep monopoly over Indian trade. Later on the British emerged victorious out of this conflict.

Question 5.
Explain the establishment of the British the East India Company.
Answer:
Establishment of the Company. Like the Pbrtuguese and the Dutch the British too decided to trade with India. Britain had strengthened her navy after defeating Spain in 1588 A.D.. In 1600 A.D., traders of England sought the permission of Queen Elizabeth for trade with India and established the British East India Company. They wanted to establish trade relations with eastern islands. But eastern islands were under the control of the Dutch. The Dutch harassed the British traders and compelled them to withdraw from the East Indies.

Concessions from the Mughal Emperor. Now the British” East India Company increased its trade activities in India. In 1608 A.D., Capt. Hawkins obtained permission of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir to trade with India. In 1615 A.D., Sir Thomas Roe came to the Court of Jahangir as an ambassador of James I, the king of England. He sought permission of Jahangir to establish a factory at Surat and also obtained several other concessions. As such, Surat became a trade centre of the English.

Growth of power of the British East India Company. In 16li A.D., the English established a factory at Masulipattam in South India. After this, they purchased some land and laid the foundation of the city of Madras (Chennai) and established -a factory there. In 1651 A.D., the British Emperor Charles’ II got Bombay (Mumbai) from the Portuguese as dowry and the British Company established a cotton, cloth factory there.

Permission for free trade. The British East India: Company established its first factory in 1633 in the East India, in Orissa. Soon they set up their “factories at Hugli, Patna, Balasor and Dacca. Surat continued to be th^headquartes of the British Company till 1686 A.D. A mint was set up in Bombay (Mumbai). Coins made in this mint were in circulation in the Mughal Empire. In 1717 A.D., the British Company got the permission to trade freely (free from Octroi tax) in lieu of payment of Rs. three thousand per annum to the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.

In this way, trade of the British East India Company flourished a lot. With the expansion of trade, cities like Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) became very prosperous.

Question 6.
Explain Anglo-French struggle.
Or
Write the phases of struggle between the British and the French.
Answer:
The wars which took place between the British and the French in South India are known as the wars of Carnatic. Following is the chronological order of this conflict :
1. First Carnatic War: The First Carnatic War was fought during 1746-1748 A.D.

Causes:

The English and the French wanted to establish their supremacy in trade in the whole of India. This was the main cause of animosity between them.
At that time, war broke out between England and France in Europe. As a result, war between the English and the French also started in India.

Events. In 1746 A.D., the French attacked the British territory and occupied Madras (now Chennai). As Madras was a part of Carnatic state, the British requested the Nawab of Carnatic to come to their help. The Nawab sent ten thousand soldiers to stop the war between the British and the French. The Nawab’s army was defeated by the French army. In 1748 A.D., the war ended in Europe:

Consequently, the War between the English and the French also came to an end in India.

Results:

The French supremacy was established in South India as a result of their victory in this war.
The control of Chennai (Madras) was given back to the British as a result of the peace treaty.

2. Second Carnatic War (P.S.E.B. 2002 B):
The Second Carnatic War was fought between 1751 A.D. and 1754 A.D.

Causes: The Second Carnatic War was started due to the dispute about succession to the thrones in two states namely, Hyderabad and Carnatic. In each state, there were two claimants to the throne. Nasir Jang and Muzafar Jang were claimants to the throne of Hyderabad and Anwar-ud-Din and Chanda Sahib to that of Carnatic. The French army Commander Dupleix supported Muzafar Jang and Chanda Sahib and made them the rulers of Hyderabad and Carnatic respectively.

The English did not remain silent spectators. They supported Nasir Jang in Hyderabad and Muhammad Ali, son of Anwar-ud-Din in Carnatic.

Events: In the beginning, the French won some victories. Chanda Sahib, with the help of the French, defeated his enemies at Trichnapali. But the English army commander Robert Clive changed the whole position. He laid siege to Arcot, the capital of the state ruled by Chanda Sahib. Chanda Sahib ran away from Trichnapali for the protection of his capital, but he could neither protect his capital nor himself. In this way, Carnatic came under the rule of the British.

Results:

A treaty was signed in 1755 A.D. between the English and the French. Both the parties decided to remain aloof from the conflicts between Indian rulers.
The prestige of the English was enhanced as a result of this war.

3. Third Carnatic War. The Third Carnatic War was fought between 1756 A.D. to 1763 A.D. In this war too, the English came out victorious and the French were defeated.

Causes: In 1756 A.D., once again, England and France were engulfed in a war in Europe, (Seven Years War). Consequently, in India too, war broke out between the English and the French.

Events: First of all, the French occupied the English fort named Saint David. After this, they attacked Madras (now Chennai). But in 1760 A.D., an English Army Commander Eyer Coot badly defeated the French in the battle of Vandivash. In 1763 A.D., the war in Europe (Seven Years War), came to an end by the treaty of Paris. Consequently, the war between the English and the French in India also came to an end.

Results:

The power of the French in India was almost finished. The French were left with only Pondicherry, Mahe and Chandernagar.
The British became the most powerful political power in India.

Question 7.
Explain the expansion of the British Empire during the time of Lord Wellesley.
Answer:
Lord Welleslly came to India as Governor-General in 1798 A.D. He wanted to spread the British empire in India. He adopted a number of methods of fulfil this objective and captured many Indian states.

In short, he used following methods to spread the British empire in India:
1. Through Wars. Lord Welleslly defeated Tipu Sultan in fourth Mysore war in 1799 A.D. and captured lot of his territory. He also defeated Marathas in 1802 A.D. and captured Delhi, Agra, Cuttock, Balasor, Bharoch, Buftdelkhand to spread British empire. Wellesley also captured Indore, which was the capital to Maratha king Jaswant Rao Holker.

2. Through Subsidiary Alliance. Welleslly also adopted the policy of Subsidiary Alliance to spread the British Empire. It was made between the company and native rulers. The company promised to give military help to the rulers who entered into subsidiary alliances with it in case of any internal or external trouble. But in that case local ruler was not allowed to make war or any treaty with any ruler without the permission of the company.

First of all, this alliance was accepted by Nizam of Hyderabad in 1798 A.D. Even he gave some of his areas to the British. After Nizam, this alliance was also accepted by Nawab of Awadh. Even he gave area of Ruhelkhand and Doab of Ganga-Yamuna to the British for the expanses of military which was kept in its state.

3. Through Pensions. Wellesley gave pension to King of Surat- in 1800 A.D. and included Surat in the British empire. Nawab of Karnataka died in 1801 A.D. He fixed pension for his son and included his state in the British empire.
In this way Lord Welleslly expanded the British empire, to a great deal, in India.

Question 8.
Explain the expansion of the British empire during the time of Lord Dalhousie.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie spread the British empire in India through four following methods:

Through Conquests
Though Doctrine of Lapse
On the basis of Mal-administration
By discontinuing titles and pensions.

1. Through Conquests:

Lord Dalhousie took advantage of the opposition of Moolraj and Chatar Singh and declared war against the Lahore Darbar. It is also known as Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849 A.D.). The British emerged victorious from this war. As a result, Punjab was annexed on 29th March 1849 and it become part of the British empire.
Lord Dalhousie attacked Sikkim in 1850 A.D. and defeated its ruler. In this way, Sikkim was also annexed into the British empire.
The next turn was of Burma. The British emerged victorious from the second Anglo-Burmese war in 1852 A’.D. So, the Prom and Pegu states of Burma were annexed into the British empire.

2. Doctrine of Lapse. Lord Dalhousie adopted the policy of Lapse to annex Indian states into the British empire. According to this policy if the ruler of a dependent state had no male issue he could not adopt a son. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass into the hands of the British. On the grounds of this doctrine, Dalhousie annexed seven dependent kingdoms into the British empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaitpur, and Satara.

3. On the basis of Mal-Administration. In 1856-A.D., Lord Dalhousie accused Nawab of Awadh that the administration of Awadh is mismanaged. That’s why Avadh was annexed into the British empire. This action of Dalhousie .was totally against ethics.

4. By discontinuing titles and pensions. Lord Dalhousie took away the titles of rulers of Karnataka, Poona, Thanjavur, and Surun and discontinued their pension. Later on, these states were annexed into the British empire.