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Hockey Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

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Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Hockey Game Rules.

Hockey Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
How many players take part in the game of Hockey?
Answer:
Players:
1. The game of hockey is played between two teams. Each team consists of 11 players. During the play no team will have more than one goalkeeper.

2. During the play a team can substitute maximum number of players.

3. A player once substituted can play again. No player can play in place of a suspended player.

4. No substitute is allowed during the award of Comer, Penalty Comer and Penalty Stroke. During the stoppage of play, except for the award of a comer, a penalty comer, or a penalty stroke, the substitute player can enter the playground with the permission of a referee. Time taken by it will be added to the duration of the game.

5. If extra time is given to draw some result the other player can also be substituted.

Hockey Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Duration of Play

The game has two durations of 35 minutes each. There is an interval of minimum 5 minutes to maximum 10 minutes in between the two durations. The teams change their ends/sides after the interval.

Captain

(a) In the beginning captains of both teams toss for the choice of ends or doing pass. The winner of the toss can choose one of the two pass or end.
(b) A captain may act as umpire in case of his absence.
(c) If necessary, the captains can change their goal keepers, and will inform about the change to the umpire.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the following? The field of Play, Goal post, Goal Board, Shooting Circle, Ball Hockey (stick), Dress of Players and Back pass.
Answer:
Field of Play:
The hockey playground is rectangular in size. It is 100 yards (91.4 m) long and 60 yards (55 m) wide. The longer lines are known as side lines and shorter lines as goal lines. The goal line shall be 3 wide. There is a Centre line in the middle of the playground which divides the ground into two equal parts. In between the goal line and centre line there is a 25 yard line, and parallel to five yards from a side line a mark two yards in  length will be provided.

Inside the playfield, on each side line and parallel to the goal line 16 yards from its inner edge a mark 12 in length will be provided. For hits of corners, the field shall be marked by the goal lines on both sides of the goal at 5 yards. At a distance of 7 yards in front goal lines on both sides of the goal at 5 yards. At a distance of 7 yards in front of the centre of each goal a spot shall be marked which will not exceed 6 in diameter.

Hockey image 1

Hockey Field

Goal Post:
At the centre of each goal line, there will be a goal post consisting of two perpendicular posts 4 yards apart. These are joined together by a horizontal cross bar, 7 feet from the ground. The first part of the goal post will touch the outer edge of the goal line. Goal post shall not extend the cross bars, and cross bars, too, shall not extend goal posts. The goal posts and cross bars shall be 2′ wide and their depth shall not exceed 3′. The nets will firmly attached behind the goal posts. Their edges will be rectangular and they will face the playfield. The nets will be firmly attached behind goal posts, cross bars and goals, and the distance between these shall not exceed 6 inches.

GOAL POSTS

Hockey image 2

Goal Board:
Goal boards should not exceed 4 yards in length and 8′ in height. These will be placed on the comers inside the goal posts. These boards shall be perpendicular to the goal lines. Inside the goal posts the side boards will be placed in such a way that they have no effect on the inside of the goal or the outer width.

Shooting Circle:
A four yard long and 3 inch wide line shall be drawn in front of each goal. This line having the inner front corner of the goal posts as centre will reach each way to meet the goal lines by quarter circles. The space enclosed by these line, shall be called the shooting circle.

Ball:
The ball shall be made of white leather or of any other leather painted white. Its size is similar to that of the cricket ball, and it is sewn like the cricket ball, its weight should not exceed 5\(\frac{3}{4}\) ounces to 5 \(\frac{1}{2}\) ounces.

Its circumference shall be maximum 9\(\frac{1}{2}\)” and minimum 8\(\frac{3}{16}\)“.

Stick:
A stick should be flat on the left side alone. Its end should not be made of metal or attached with any metal. Its size is like the English letter “J”. It should not have any sharp edge on the top, neither should it have a dangerous splinter. Its weight shall be maximum 28 ounces and minimum 20 ounces. Its size is such that it may pass through a ring having a diameter of 2 inches. If the stick does not conform to these rules, it Will not be permitted to be used by the umpire.

Hockey image 3

Players Dress and Equipment:
Each team wears the dress approved by its association. The dress is such that players of one team can easily be distinguished from the players of the other team. A player’s dress and equipment consists of a shirt, underpants, socks and a pair of shoes. Each player shall put on such foot-wear as are not harmful to any other player. The teams have to wear dresses of different colours.

SHOOTING CIRCLE

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The goal keeper’s equipment includes pads, nickers, gloves and mask. The player should not wear such articles as a watch, ring or iron bangle (“Karra”) because they may hint other players.

Back Pass:
The back pass is given by the toss winning player at the start of the play after a goal has been scored, and to start the game after the interval. After half time the player of the opponent team will do back pass. The player doing pass may put his foot on the centre line or on the other side.

Hockey Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 3.
What are the General rules of hockey?
Answer:
GENERAL RULES OF HOCKEY

1. When a player hits the ball, no part of the stick should go above the shoulder.

Hockey image 5

2. The ball should not be played with the opposite side of the stick. Only the flat side of the stick should be used. No player can interfere with the game without having his own stick.

3. The ball is not under cut. The game is also not played in such a way as it may give rise to a danger or make the play itself dangerous.

4. The ball should not be stopped on the ground or in air with any part of the body except the hand. If the ball is caught at all, it should be thrown on the ground quickly from the level of the chest.

5. Except with the stick, the ball should not be stopped, picked, thrown or carried in any other manner.

6. Hitting, hooking, holding, striking at or intervening with the opponent’s stick is not allowed.

7. A player should not obstruct the game by running between an opponent and the ball or intercept himself or with his stick as an obstacle. The attack should not be made on the left side of the rival. The ball should be touched before touching of the ball by the rival.

8. The goalkeeper is allowed to stop the ball with any part of his body in the shooting circle.

9. If the ball is lodged in the pads of a goalkeeper or in the clothing of any player or the umpire, the game will be stopped by the umpire. The game shall restart by a bully on the spot where the incident occurred.

10. If the ball strikes the umpire, the game shall continue.

11. No player is allowed to play in a dangerous manner or in the spirit of revenge. If a player misbehaves, the umpire can give him warning.

12. If it rains or there is a defect in the lighting system during the play of the match, the match will be resumed the next day.

13. Golden Goal Rule:
If the match ends in a draw, the extra time for play will be given, of which the durations of the play minutes each. Whenever during this period a goal is scored by a team the match ends there and then. In case there is no result, then 5-5 penalty strokes are given to each team till the winner is decided.

Breach of the Simple Rules of the Game

1. If infringement takes place outside the shooting circle, a free hit is awarded to the opposing team. But if the umpire thinks that the player of the defending team has committed the offence deliberately within 25 yards, then he must award the penalty comer.

2. If the offence is done inside the circle by an attacker, a free hit is awarded to the defending team. On the other hand, if the offence is committed inside the circle by the defending player, the attacker team is awarded a penalty corner or penalty stroke.

3. If two opponents commit the offence at the same time outside the circle, the umpire shall order for a bully to be played. But the bully should be played 5 yards off the goal line.

4. In case of rough play or misconduct, the umpire can:

  • warn the offending player,
  • suspend him temporarily, or
  • suspend him from playing the game further

A player temporarily suspended shall remain standing behind the net of his goal until the umpire calls him back. The time for temporary suspension will not be less than 5 minutes.

Hockey Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 4.
What do you know about the Pass, Hit, Free Hit, Comer, Penalty Comer, Goal, Shooting Circle, Penalty, Umpire, Push in, Ball outside the play field, The use of “2” Iron Bangle (KARA).
Answer:
1. Pass:
The play starts when a player gives a pass to the other player by striking the ball on the centre line.

2. Hit:
If a player makes the ball cross the side line completely, he or any other player of the opposing team is allowed to hit the ball by placing it on the spot from where it has crossed the line.

3. Free Hit:
(a) Free hit is normally taken from the place of offence. A free hit shall be taken from the breach place provided that a free hit is given to the defending team within 16 yards of the inner edge of its goal-line.

(b) Scoop- stroke is not allowed in that case.

(c) While taking free hit, the ball shall remain stationary. The free hit shall be taken again in case any other player of any team is within 5 yards of it.

(d) If the striker fails to hit the ball, he can re-take the hit.

(e) The striker after taking free hit shall not play the ball until it has been touched or played by another player of either team.

4. Corner:
(a) The attacking team shall be awarded a penalty comer if in the opinion of the umpire, the defending team has sent the ball intentionally within 25 yards of the line, provided a goal is not scored. The player of the attacking team will take free hit on the goal line or side line of the defending team or on that spot from where the ball has crossed the line and which is 3 yards from the nearest comer flag post.

(b) When the hit is taken, other than six players of the defending team shall remain outside the playfield and their feet and sticks shall remain behind their goal line. The remaining defenders shall remain away from the centre until the hit is taken. The attacking team will be in the playfield. The feet and sticks of its players shall be outside the circle. If any player enters the circle before the ball is hit, the hit shall be taken again.

(c) No shot at goal shall be scored with the comer hit till any player of the defending team stops the ball on the ground or the ball is touched by his foot or any other part of his body.

(d) The umpire shall order for the hit again in case any player of the defending team crosses the goal or centre line or any player of the attacking team comes forward on his own before the hit is taken.

5. Penalty Corner:
If in the opinion of the umpire a player of the defending team has sent the ball off the goal line intentionally, he shall award a penalty comer to the opposing team provided no goal is scored. While taking a penalty corner, a player will do the ball push from a point inside the circle on the goal line, then the player standing on the edge of D will stop it with hockey, and the third player will hit it. The penalty comer shall be considered as goal if the ball does not go higher than the plank of the goal or there is no under cut, and the ball crosses the goal line.

6. Goal:
When a ball passing completely through goal posts has crossed the goal line, a goal is scored. At that time the ball should be within the circle, having been hit by the stick of an attacker. The team that scores greater number of goals is the winner. If the goalkeeper plays a foul at the time of penalty stroke it is not necessary for the ball to cross the goal line.

7. Shooting Circle:
A four yards long and three inches wide line shall be drawn in front of each goal which is parallel to and 16 yards from the goal line. This line having the inner front comer of the goal posts as centre will reach each way to meet the goal lines by quarter circles. The 16 yards distance shall be upto the outer comers of the circle and the face of the goal post.

8. Penalty:
If as a result of penalty stroke:

(a) The ball completely crosses the goal line between the goal¬posts and under the cross-bars, a goal is scored.
(b) The goalkeeper commits any breach and hinders the score, it is considered a scored goal.
(c) The goalkeeper catches the ball or the ball is lodged in his pad it is called ‘stopped’.
(d) A penalty stroke ends if the ball becomes stationary in the circle or passes over it.
(e) The play is re-started with a free hit when no goal is scored. The defending team takes a free hit from 16 yards of goal line.
(f) The duration between the penalty stroke and the re-start of the play will be added in the half of the play.

Penalty:
1. If the attacking player breaks any rule, the game shall re-start by the defending team with a free hit from 10 yards.
2. If the goalkeeper breaks the rule, the umpire shall ask for the second stroke.

9. Umpires:
There are two umpires for the proper management of the game. Each umpire looks after the play of the game in one half of the playfield. He keeps a record of the game. An umpire should have two watches, two whistles of different sounds, a pencil, a note-book and a two-inch ring. His proper uniform comprises white shirt, white pant, white canvas shoes.

Hockey image 6

10. Push-in:
(i) When a ball passes completely across the side-line it is given a push-in or hit from the same spot. The ball is pushed in or hit by a player of the opposing team to the player who last touched it.

(ii) When push-in is being taken, no player of either team should be in the circle. If it is not so, the umpire shall ask for the second push-in.

(iii) A player who takes the push-in cannot play or touch the ball until it has been touched or played by any other player of either team.

If the rule is broken by the player who takes push-in, the push-in is awarded to the opposing team. If the rule is breached by any other player, the push-in shall be taken again. But if the rule is broken again and again, the opposing team shall be awarded a free hit.

11. Ball outside the Playfield:
(i) If the ball is sent by one of the teams over the goal-line and the goal is not scored, or if it is sent unintentionally over the goal line, from more than a distance of 25 yards from the goal line in the opinion of the umpire, by a player of the defending team, player of the defending team shall take a free hit from a distance of 16 yards of the place where the ball has crossed the goal line.

(ii) The opposing team is awarded a comer if the ball is sent out of the goal line by 25 yards intentionally by the player of the defending team.

(iii) If the defending team intentionally sends the ball over the goal line from any comer of the playfield, a penalty comer is awarded to the opposing team.

(iv) If in the opinion of the umpire, a player of the defending team sends the ball intentionally within 25 yards of the line, the opposing team is awarded a penalty comer.

12. The use of 2-Inch Iron Bangle (“Karra”):
A two inch iron bangle is used in hockey. A stick which passes through it is considered to be proper, and the player can play with that stick.

Accidents:
(a) If an umpire or a player is incapacitated by some accident the game is temporarily stopped by the umpire. The time wasted in it is recorded. If a goal is scored before the game is stopped, it shall be allowed if in the referee’s opinion it has been scored before the accident.

(b) The umpire shall re-start the game at the earliest. The play shall re-start by bully from the spot chosen by the umpire.

Hockey Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 5.
Describe some important Techniques of Hockey?
Answer:
Some Important Techniques of Hockey
So long as the players ambitions to take part in A class matches at the earliest do not acquire knowledge about important strokes of hockey, it is difficult for them to enjoy the game. I think if the newly trained players before playing in matches leam to use hockey in dribbling the ball on the ground, it will be a good beginning for them.

There is no hard and fast rule regarding the position of head, foot and hands in taking different types of strokes. But in taking an easy stroke the foot work plays an important role. First of all, a player should know how to hold the stick properly. One can leam other rules of taking strokes automatically while practising in individual and small groups. It is essential for complete success that a player should do all practice exercises at a slow pace. Then gradually he should increase his speed.

The important strokes are as follows:

Push-stroke is taken by the wrist. In this stroke the left hand is on the upper part of the handle, and the right hand remains in the middle of the stick, and the shoulders should remain directly behind it. The ball should be pushed along with the ground. This stroke is taken for small and sure ‘pass’ and it is of great creative importance.

Flick:
Both the hands remain with the stick in taking flick-stroke. This stroke is made with loose wrists. While flicking, the stick should remain totally with the ball. This stroke is taken without raising the stick behind. Normally, this stroke is made on the dribbling ball and is made, in place of a hit, for the quick exit of the ball. In the reverse flick, the reverse stick is used to move the ball to the right. It is a clever way to dodge the opponent.

When a player becomes expert in it, this type of his stroke is worth seeing. There was a time when Indian players playing with European teams used to stun them by making much use of the scoop. But recently it has been observed in a match played at New Delhi that making the best use of flick the opposing German players would succeed in throwing the ball over the Indian players, or, in other words, in entering their defence line. It was amazing that the ball was thrown inside 25 yards or more, as a result of which our defence line got no opportunity to make immediate defensive move there.

To take a powerful flick stroke it is essential that the hold on the stick is divided, that is, the hold of the right hand should remain slightly downward as compared to that of the left hand. There, is some difference in the rule to make a short distance flick stroke. Our players should be well-versed in this art because it is the best answer to the ‘player to player’ modern technique.

It is an attractive and the most useful stroke, but it needs regular practice and powerful wrists. The following exercises should be done to make the wrists more powerful:

Hockey Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

(1) Hold the upper part of the stick with the right hand, and a little below, with the left hand. Turning the stick a little towards right push the ball. In the beginning of the stroke, the pressure of the body’s weight is on the left foot and the right shoulder turns a bit, and with it the stroke is made with the jerk of the wrist. In order to put this stroke in practice dribble the ball in the size of a circle with reverse-stroke.

(2) By remaining in that position and holding the stick only with the left hand, move the ball forward in the same manner. These two types of practice exercises are very essential, particularly for those Indian players who are totally ignorant in“left flick” or “push”. They will also provide that strength to the left hand which is essential for the flick-stroke.

This stroke is very useful from the viewpoint of giving high speed to the ball and for the quick exit of the ball. Through this stroke the player hides the direction of his ‘pass’ and also gets the essential strength for the variety of left hand.

Scoop:
This stroke is intentionally made to throw up the ball. In this stroke, the slightly bent stick remains behind the ball a little above the ground, and the two hands of the player on the stick remain far away from each other. If some problem arises in the play while making this stroke or when the ball falls on the ground, it should be deemed as infringement of rules. Though for a left – winger to dodge his opponent by throwing the ball on his stick, this stroke is very useful, yet the use of this stroke should be made occasionally. This stroke is very useful on a heavy, muddy playground.

Drive:
It is wrong notion that it is essential to raise the stick over the shoulder in any direction to hit the ball hard. The fact is that the ball reaches its destination very quickly with a hit made by the slightly backward raised stick. The speed and the strength of the hit depends upon the player’s foot work and the strength of the wrists at the time of hitting the ball. One should save oneself from the player’s undercut and the hit from below as these strokes are against the rules.

Lunge:
While making this stroke, the player holds the stick in one hand, his arms are completely drawn, the body leans over one foot and knees are bent. When the opposing player is away from the combat-distance this stroke is used to save the ball from his stick. Through this stroke the forward players can stop the ball from going out of the side line and goal line.

Jab:
This is a one-handed stroke. It can be taken either with the right or the left hand. This stroke is used to push the ball. This is a speedy forward activity of pushing the ball in which the player holds the stick in one hand and his arm remains extended forward. When two opposing players move forward with the aim of snatching the ball, use of this stroke is made to push the ball out of their reach before either of them snatches it.

For the Practice of Jab and Lunge

(a) By holding the stick in one hand and extending the arm fully, the player should do the practice of sharp jab.

(b) 1. The player should do the practice of playing reverse stroke by holding the stick in the left hand and by extending the arms fully. It will provide strength to the left wrist.

2. The two players, by placing the ball in between, should stand up. Then they should run fast to play the ball. Both the players should try to jab the ball with the right hand one before the other. Then they should try to lunge with the left hand. The practice of these two one-handed strokes is essential. When it is difficult to take the stroke with both the hands, only then the use of these strokes should be made. In other words, it.can be said that when the player needs “reach” more than the play of the game, these strokes prove to be very useful.

Dribble:
In hockey the art of dribbling is very important. A player cannot be perfect until he is not well-versed in this art. Dribbling should not be resorted to if it is adequate to hit or push the ball towards the colleague-player. The players of muddy, bouncing and uneven playgrounds should not do dribbling. The main aim of dribbling is to move the ball in possession to the left and then to the right.

The player, by maintaining this process, is to run fast. While doing dribbling a player should hold the stick in such a manner that the hold of his left hand remains upward the handle of the stick while the hold of his right hand remains 3-4 inches downward. The ball should remain one yard away from the player. While doing dribbling the stick should remain quite near the ball.

Hockey Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Fielding the Ball:
The experience tells that to stop the ball with the stick is very easy and quick process. That is why, hands are seldom used to stop the ball. It becomes essential to stop the ball with hands while taking the push for penalty corner or when the ball is in the air above the player’s waist in order to achieve the best result. If the ball is caught with hands, it should be immediately released.

While stopping the ball, the player should hold the stick in such a loose manner that his left hand remains on the handle of the stick and his right hand in the middle of the stick. In order to save the ball from swinging the hands should be left loose before the ball strikes. The ball is best stopped with stick.

When a rival forward player is running after the ball, then the best way to stop the ball for the player is to bring his body and stick to the level of the ball. If the player has the time and opportunity, then he should try to stop the ball from the right. Thus, he will be able to hit the ball easily.

The practice of Stopping and Hitting the Ball

Suppose two players ‘A’ and ‘B’ standing with a distance of 20 yards in between, and the centre line acts in their midst as the centre ‘R’ player hits the ball towards “A” players stops the ball and moves it back to ‘B’ again. The aim of both these players is to score the goal.

A goal is allowed if the all crosses the goal line of the rival player. In order to achieve his aim the player is to stop the ball properly and hit it back quickly. If the player has got a weak hit, then he should save himself, having entered the field of the rival player. By taking a quick hit within an area of 10 yards he will try to catch him in a difficult position.

Rules

  1. If the player hits the ball across the side line or the 4 yards line drawn parallel to it, then the opposing player dan take the hit anywhere from the spot of crossing the ball.
  2. If in the attempt to stop the ball, a player dribbles the ball over the line, then the opposing player can take the hit from the spot where the ball has dribbled.

The aim of practice is to improve the player’s art of stopping and hitting the ball. In order to make the best use of this practice, the players should remain on the look-out for the opportunity of quickly entering into and retreating from the field of the rival players.

Hockey Game Rules - PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

The Practice of Stopping the Ball While Running

This practice should be done within 25 yards area towards the side line instead of the goal line. In order to catch each other in a difficult situation, both the players should hit the ball towards the left or right of the rival player. The ball going beyond reach will be stopped through lunge by the left and the right hand. The player is to learn this particular point.

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Important Information About the Hockey Game

  • Numbers of players in a Hockey Team = 11 + 5
  • Length of the Hockey Ground = 100 yards, 91.4 metre
  • Breadth of the ground = 60 yrards, 55 metre
  • Duration of the Hockey play = 35 – 35 mipjite
  • Duration of interval = Five to Ten mipute
  • The weight of the Hockey Ball = 5 \(\frac{1}{4}\) to 5 \(\frac{3}{4}\) Aunce
  • Circumference of the ball = 224 to 235 M.M.
  • Weight of the Hockey stick = 737 gms
  • Size of the ring in which stick can pass through = 2.1
  • The distance of each pole = 3.66 m
  • The game of hockey is played between two teams. Each team has eleven players. During the play, no team can have more than one goal-keeper.
  • The game has two halves of 35-35 minutes. The interval or rest will be of 5 minutes duration.
  • After the interval both the teams shall change their side.
  • During the play a team can substitute maximum number of players. A player once substituted can be permitted to play again.
  • There are one technical official, two umpires, two judges and one reserve in a hockey match.
  • No substitute shall be permitted for a suspended player.
  • In the extra time the player who has been substituted can play again.
  • Both the captains can change goalkeepers as per need.
  • The captains can toss for the choice of ends/sides.
  • No player can wear such articles as ring, ‘karha’etc.
  • In the game of hockey there are in all 16 players, 11 of which take part in the game, and 5 players are kept in reserve.
  • While making a stroke, the stick may not go over the shoulder.
  • If the defending team intentionally commits a foul in or outside the “D”, the referee awards penalty comer.
  • If the goalkeeper or any player catches the ball or press it under his foot, the referee will award penalty stroke.
  • According to a new rule during the play a team can substitute maximum number of players. A player once substituted can be permitted to play again. In case of the break a player can not be substituted.
  • Goalkeeper can not be changed at the time of penality comer of penelity stroke. He can be changed only while he gets hurt.
  • Dotter line must be drawn of 20 yards in front of circle of 16 yards.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

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Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB India: An Introduction Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions objectively :

Question 1.
What is the basis of naming Bharat as ‘India’?
Answer:
India got its modern name from Sindhu river.

Question 2.
What is the situation of India on the globe?
Or
What is geographical position of India on the globe? (Pb. 2019)
Answer:
It is situated in the Northern hemisphere.

Question 3.
What are the geographical divisions of Northern and Southern India?
Answer:
Plain and Plateau Division.

Question 4.
What is the location of India in respect of Indian Ocean?
Answer:
India has central position in Indian Ocean.

Question 5.
Which countries came in direct contact with India because of the nearness of its coastal boundaries with Indian ocean?
Answer:
Maldeep , Sri Lanka.

Question 6.
What are th/e evidences for the powerful naval force of India?
Answer:
India’s naval army tried to curb the terrorism in Sri Lanka in last decade.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 7.
What is the extent of India?
Answer:
India extends between 804’ and 3706′ north latitude and 6707′ and 97025′ east longitude.

Question 8.
What is the area of India?
Answer:
The area of India is almost 32,87,263 square kilometres.

Question 9.
Compare the area, currency, population and literacy of India with that of Pakistan?
Answer:
Do it Yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 10.
What is the North-South and East-West extent of India?
Answer:
The North-South extent of India is 3214 km and East-West extent is 2933 km.

Question 11.
What is the length of land and coastal boundaries of India?
Answer:
The length of land frontiers is 15,200 km. and the length of coastal boundaries is 7,517 km.

Question 12.
What do you mean by sub-continent?
Answer:
A subcontinent is part of a larger continent. It is made up of a number of countries that form a large mass of land. The subcontinent is often used to refer to the area that contains India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Question 13.
What is Cultural fusion?
Answer:
Cultural fusion is a phenomenon which emerges when two or more cultures inter¬mingle and produce a new culture.

Question 14.
What is the rank of India in the world in terms of area?
Answer:
India ranks seventh in the world in terms of area.

Question 15.
Which countries share the land frontiers with India?
Answer:
Pakistan Nepal Bhutan, Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh and China.

Question 16.
What were the political division of India before Independence?
Answer:

  • Princely State
  • British Provinces.

Question 17.
What work was done by the State Reorganization Commission?
Answer:
It reorganised boundaries of the states on linguistic basis.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 18.
When was the present Punjab state created?
Answer:
Present Punjab came into existence on November 1st, 1966.

Question 19.
What is the present administrative division of geographical set up of India?
Answer:
India has 28 states and 8 union territories.

Question 20.
Name the largest and smallest States of India in terms of area and population.
Answer:
Rajasthan is the largest and Goa is the smallest state of India in terms of area. Uttar Pradesh is the largest and Sikkim is the smallest state of India in terms of population.

Question 21.
What is the number of members in the two houses of Parliament?
Answer:

  • Lok Sabha-545
  • Raya Sabha-250.

Question 22.
Name some of the important religious places of India.
Answer:
Amritsar, Bodh Gaya, Badrinath, Varanasi, Allahabad etc

Question 23.
To which regions of India major groups of people came through migration.
Answer:
From villages to urban areas.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 24.
In which areas/fields the country has failed on large scale?
Answer:
To provide Employment to a large population

Question 25.
Write the names of major folk dances of India.
Answer:
Bhangra. Gidha, Bhart Natyam, Kyttchipuddi etc,

II. Answer the following questions in short :

Question 1.
Is India a sub-continent?
Or
What is a sub-continent?
Answer:
India is called a sub-continent on the basis of its size and location :

  1. Physical features separate it from adjoining areas.
  2. In the Northern part, Trans Himalayan ranges Aghil, Muztagh, Kunleun, Karakoram and Hindukush separate it from N.W. of Asia.
  3. Palk Straits and Gulf of Manar separate it from Sri Lanka in the South. Arakans separate it from Burma (Myanmar) in the East.

Question 2.
What type of cultural diversities are found in India?
Answer:
People belonging to different Religions and castes live in different parts of India. Great diversity is found in their languages, food, clothing and mode of living. Their folk songs, festivals, fairs and customs are different. There are 187 spoken languages. 23 languages are spoken in 97% of area. In Constitution of India, 22 languages have been recognised. In fact, diversity is found in every aspect of life.

Question 3.
Write a note on India’s Land Extent.
Answer:
The Indian subcontinent extends from 8°4′ North to 37°6′ North latitudes and 68°7′ East to 97°25′ East longitude.

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the centre of the-country. The area of Northern India is twice than that of Southern India. It has a North-South extent of 3214 km. from Kashmir to Kanyakumari; and an East-West extent of 2933 km. from Arunachal Pradesh to Rann of Kutch. Its effect is that when the sun is rising in Arunachal Pradesh, it is the last quarter of night in Gujarat.

Question 4.
What is the contribution of Indian languages and arts to the unity in diversity of India?
Answer:
The languages and folk arts have an important role in the unity of India. Take up the case of Sanskrit. In India, Vedas and other ancient scriptures are written and learnt in Sanskrit. It goes to the credit of Sanskrit language that Vedas are read from Rajasthan to Manipur. Urdu came into existence as a mixture with Sanskrit. It was recognised by Delhi Rulers in Medieval period. Nowadays English is a link language and Hindi a national language. The folk songs, heroic ballads, film songs have encouraged fine arts in India.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 5.
Describe India’s regional diversity through any two facts.
Answer:

  1. Vast Size: A great diversity is found due to a large East-West and North South extent. It is called a sub-continent due to its size. It is natural that diversity is found in Natural and Human elements.
  2. Relief: India has old fold mountains like Aravallis as well as young fold mountains like Himalayas. The Southern Plateau is an ancient block of hard rocks. Great plains exist between the Himalayas and the plateau.

Question 6.
Elaborate India’s unity in diversity any two factors.
Answer:
1. There is a great diversity in relief: In the North Himalayas exist while plateau is found in the South. The Northern plains deepen the.diversity. Still Monsoons provide a climatic unity. Most of rainfall is through Monsoons.

2. 187 languages are spoken in India. 23 languages are spoken in an area of 97%. Still Sanskrit language has united the whole country. English as a link language and Hindi as National language provide a unity in diversity.

Question 7.
What has been the contribution of natural diversity towards cultural variations in the country?
Or
What is contribution of natural diversity towards cultural variation in India?
Answer:
India is a vast country. Many contrasts are found due to vast size. People wear woollen clothes in hilly areas and their life is according to environment. People in peninsular plateau work under harsh conditions. Their methods of cultivation .differ from those in other parts. On the other hand, people in plains have utilised their sources to the maximum extent to raise their standard of living.

Question 8.
When the sun is rising in Arunachal there is still night in Gujarat.’ Explain.
Answer:
India extend between 68°7′ E to 97° 25′ E longitudes. The East-West extent is 2933 km. which is roughly l/12th of the circumference of the earth. Thus, India has a longitudinal extent of about 30° longitudes. There is a time lag of 2 hours between the sunrise in the easternmost and the westernmost horizons of India. It means that the sun takes two hours to rise in Saurashtra after it has ri§pn in Arunachal Pradesh. There is a difference of 4 minutes for 1° of longitude. Therefore, there is difference of time of 2 hours (30° × 4 = 120 minutes = 2 hours). It has been suggested to have two standard meridians (instead of one) to reduce time lag to 1 hour.

III. Answer the following questions subjectively:

Question 1.
How has India got its name? Describe in detail its size and Administrative divisions.
Answer:
According to ancient writings, the name of our country has been changing. First of all, its name was Himachal Setu Paryantam. It means the area between Himachal and Rameshwarm. With the arrival of Aryans, it was called Aryavarat. According to Rig Veda, it was called Bharatvarsh on the name of Bharat, son of King Dushyant.

The new name ‘India’ is based on the river Indus. The vast river of North West had name Indus (Sindhu). This word Sindhu changed to ‘Hindu’. The people living along this river were called Hindus by the Iranians. The Greeks changed it to Indus and the people were called Indus ; later on it changed to India, Hindustan and Bharat.

Shape and size. Its shape is triangular, with Arabian Sea on one side and Bay of Bengal on the other side. It is broader in the North and tapering toward south. It is a point at Kanyakumari.

Administrative divisions. There are 28 States and 8 Union Territories. In fact, India is a unique country.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 2.
What is the impact of India’s geographical location on its security, climate, trade and culture? (Pb. 2014)
Answer:
India is a vast country situated in South Asia. It occupies a central position at the head of Indian ocean. Its effects are:
1. Defence. India has a strong naval fleet for defence of its long coastline. Its frontiers on the south are safe. Land and Air force is there to defend land frontiers of North. India has faced the attacks from the North, and has helped Sri Lanka and Maldives also.

2. Climate. India enjoys monsoon climate being located between the Himalayas and Indian Ocean. India mostly gets rainfall in summer, but S.E. part gets winter rainfall.

3. Trade. Most of trade routes pass through Indian ocean along the coast of India. These connect India with Europe and America on the west and Australia, East Asia, and Far East.

4. Culture. Different racial groups like Aryans, Greeks, Turks, Mughals came through passes to the N. West and settled in India. These races mixed with Indians and gave a new form to Indian culture. Indian culture got many changes in dress, food and mode of living.

In fact, India has an important position in the world due to its location.

Question 3.
‘India is a country of diversity.’ Explain the statement.
Answer:
India is a land of severe contrasts. The vastnesss has produced a diversity in physical and social conditions.

Factors of Diversity :
1. Vast size of the Indian Sub-continent : India ranks seventh in the world as regards to area. Thus, there is marked regional diversity in natural features.

2. Physical Environment : There is a high degree of diversity in the natural environment of India. Regional differences are found in relief, climate, vegetation and soils. The youthful topography of Himalayas with highest peak of the world, represent a great contrast to the old dissected topography of the Deccan plateau.

3. Ethnic Groups : Different racial groups entered India during different periods. The Mediterraneans, Negritos, Proto-Australoids and the Mongoloids are the main racial groups found in different parts of India.

4. Agriculture : India is primarily an agricultural country. A number of crops are grown ranging from tropical region to temperate region.

Question 4.
Which factors influence the regional disparities found in India?
Answer:
The following factors have created regional diversity in India:

  1. Vast Size. India is a vast country. North-South extent is 3214 km. while East-West extent is 2933 km. It is impossible to have a uniform relief over a country. It is a land of contrasts.
  2. Relief. India has a varied relief. It includes mountains, plateaus and plains. It includes narrow valleys as well as deserts.
  3. Climate. India has a variable rainfall. Some parts get the highest rainfall in the world. Some areas are the desert areas of the world. The Northern part has an extreme climate while Peninsula gets hot climate and coastal areas have a marine climate.
  4. Migration. Different racial groups entered India from different areas. Mongoloids, Aryans, Muslims, Dravidians settled in India.
  5. Culture. Due to the settlement of different racial groups, the food, shelter, clothing, mode of living, folk songs, folk dance of festivals and fairs of people are different.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 5.
Which factors are responsible for maintaining India’s unity in diversity?
Answer:
Factors of Unity:

  1. Monsoons: India has primarily a monsoon type of climate. Seasons follow the pattern of monsoons in India.
  2. Cultural Fusion: Different cultures are found in different regions. The mixing and exchange of these cultures have led to a cultural fusion in India. It has created a strong bond of integration. Sanskrit and Persian provided strong bonds of unity in the religious, cultural and intellectual fields.
  3. Economic Factors: The development of inter-regional means of transport and communication has played an important role in unifying the country.
  4. Languages and Fine Arts: Sanskrit, Urdu, Hindi and English languages have created a unity in India. Fine arts and folk songs represent some feelings of nationalism.

IV. Show the following port on the outline map of Indian subcontinent :

Question 1.
(1) India’s neighbouring countries and their capitals.
(2) Oceans adjoining India.
(3) Standard meridian.
(4) Runn of Kuchchh, Kanyakumari, Arunachal Pradesh, Srinagar.
(5) States and their capitals adjoining Bangladesh.
(6) New Moor Islands, Diu, Lakshadweep, Indira Point.
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India An Introduction 1

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide India: An Introduction Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in one word or one line :

Question 1.
Name the two zones formed by Tropic of Cancer in India.
Answer:
Tropical zone and Temperate zone.

Question 2.
Which line of latitude passes through centre of India?
Answer:
23\(\frac{1}{2}\)°N.

Question 3.
What is the total length of coastline of India?
Answer:
7516 km.

Question 4.
Which ocean route links India with Europe?
Answer:
Suez Canal.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 5.
Which is the smallest state of India?
Answer:
Goa.

Question 6.
Name a group of coral islands.
Answer:
Lakshadweep.

Question 7.
Name a capital town located on tropic of cancer.
Answer:
Gandhinagar.

Question 8.
Name the line forming the boundary between China and India.
Answer:
Mac Mahon line.

Question 9.
Which state is called the ‘Land of dawn’?
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 10.
Name the Southernmost point of India.
Answer:
Indira Point.

Question 11.
Name the place where three seas meet.
Answer:
Kanya Kumari.

Question 12.
Name a Southern neighbour country of India.
Answer:
Sri Lanka.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 13.
Where does India rank in population in world?
Answer:
Second.

Question 14.
Name a state which has the longest coastline.
Answer:
Gujarat.

Question 15.
In which two parts is India divided from the administrative point of view?
Answer:
India is divided into two parts from the view of administration—States and Union Territories.

Question 16.
Write the longitudinal extent of India.
Answer:
The longitudinal extent of India is 68°-7′-33″ to 97°-24′-47” E.

Question 17.
Write the latitudinal extent of India.
Answer:
The latitudinal extent of India is 8°4′ to 37°6′.

Question 18.
How many states and union territories are there in India?
Answer:
There are 28 states and 8 union territories in India.

Question 19.
Which groups of islands of India are situated in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea?
Answer:
Andaman Nicobar and Lakshdweep islands of India are situated in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 20.
In which continent is India situated? How much percentage 6f land area is covered by India?
Answer:
India is situated in the continent of Asia. This country covers the 2.2% of land area.

Question 21.
Name the three states of India along the borders of Pakistan.
Answer:

  1. Punjab
  2. Rajasthan
  3. Gujarat.

Question 22.
Which is the smallest Union Territory?
Answer:
Lakshadweep.

Question 23.
Name the two oceans along India and write the length of its coastal line.
Answer:
The Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea are oceans along with India. The length of its coastal line is 6,083 km.

Question 24.
Write two characteristics of states of India.
Answer:

  1. The number of states of India is 28.
  2. Rajasthan in the area and Uttar Pradesh in population rank first.

Question 25.
Name four union territories of India.
Answer:
Delhi, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Puducherry.

Question 26.
Write the East-West and North-South extent of India.
Answer:
The East-West extent of India is 2,933 km. and the North-South extent of India is 3214 km.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 27.
What is the length of coastline and land border?
Answer:
The length of coastline is almost 6,083 km. and the length of land border is almost 15,200 km.

Question 28.
Which strait separates India from Sri Lanka?
Answer:
Palk Strait.

Question 29.
Name any four states of India along the borders of other countries.
Answer:
Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and West Bengal are four states along the borders of other countries.

Question 30.
Which states of India are surrounded by boundaries of five states?
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Question 31.
Write the four states situated on the Eastern coast.
Answer:
The four states situated on the Eastern coast are—Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal.

Question 32.
Write four states of India along Arabian Sea.
Answer:

  1. Gujarat
  2. Maharashtra
  3. Karnataka
  4. Kerala.

Question 33.
Name four states along the borders of Bangladesh.
Answer:

  1. West Bengal
  2. Assam
  3. Meghalaya
  4. Mizoram.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 34.
Name the three newly organised states of India.
Answer:
The newly organised states of India are—Chhattisgarh, Uttranchal and Jharkhand.

Question 35.
How many states are coastal states?
Answer:
Nine states— Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal.

Question 36.
How many islands are there in Andaman and Nicobar Islands?
Answer:
204

Question 37.
Between which latitudes and longitudes does the Indian subcontinent lies?
Answer:
Between 8°N to 37°N latitudes and 68°E to 97°E longitudes.

Question 38.
Which line of longitudes passes through the middle of India?
Answer:
82/4° E longitudes.

Question 39.
Name the capitals of Chhattisgarh, Uttranchal and Jharkhand states.
Answer:
The capitals of these states are Naya Raipur, Dehradun and Ranchi respectively.

Question 40.
Name the states from which the states of Chhattisgarh, Uttranchal and Jharkhand have been formed.
Answer:
Chhattisgarh from M.P., Uttranchal from U.P. and Jharkhand from Bihar.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Indian ocean lies in the_________of India.
Answer:
South.

2. India is a_______country.
Answer:
Vast

3. In the west of India lies________desert.
Answer:
Thar

4. India has_______States.
Answer:
28

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

5. India has______climate.
Answer:
monsoon.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
India has Union Territories :
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 8.
Answer:
(d) 8.

Question 2.
Sri Lanka is separated from India by:
(a) Suez Canal
(b) Panama Canal
(c) Palk Strait
(d) Gibraltar Strait.
Answer:
(c) Palk Strait

Question 3.
Islands are situated in Arabian Sea :
(a) Lakshadweep
(b) Andaman
(c) Nicobar
(d) Barren.
Answer:
(a) Lakshadweep

Question 4.
Which is the Southernmost point of India?
(a) Kanyakumari
(b) Indira Point
(c) Rameshwarm
(d) Barren Island.
Answer:
(b) Indira Point

Question 5.
India has a coastline of :
(a) 6500 km
(b) 7500 km
(c) 8500 km
(d) 9500 km.
Answer:
(b) 7500 km

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

True / False :

Question 1.
There are 28 states and 6 UT’s in India.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Ranchi is the capital of Chandigarh.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Indira point is the southernmost point of India.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Andaman and Nicobar islands are situated in Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Sanskrit language is used to study Vedas.
Answer:
True

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the size and extent of India.
Answer:
India has an East-West length of 2933 km. while North-South length is 3214 km. The total area of India is 32,87,263 sq. km. Its size is so long as to include 24 countries of western Europe. It covers 2.2% area of the world. It has a coastline of 7516 km. and land frontiers of 15,200 km.

Question 2.
Reason out why the North-South extent of India is larger than its East- West extent even though the country’s latitudinal and longitudinal extent (in degrees) is of the same value (30°).
Answer:
The East-West extent of India is 2933 kilometres, but the North-South extent is 3214 kilometres. Thus, North-South extent is longer than East-West extent by 281 kms. The fact is that the latitudinal extent (29°02′) and the longitudinal extent (29°18′) of the country are almost of the same value. This is due to the spherical shape of the earth. The equator is the longest circle on the earth (one degree of longitude measures 111 km.). But the length of other parallels goes on decreasing from the equator towards the poles due to the curvature of the earth. At 25° latitude, the length of one degree of longitude is 100 kms. Therefore, the East-West extent is shorter than North-South extent in kilometres. The East-West extent for 30° will be reduced by 30 x 10 kms = 300 kms approximately.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 3.
What is the longitudinal extent of India? What are its implications?
Answer:
India extend between 68°7′ E to 97° 25′ E longitudes. The East-West extent is 2933 km. which is roughly l/12th of the circumference of the earth. Thus, India has a longitudinal extent of about 30° longitudes. There is a time lag of 2 hours between the sunrise in the easternmost and the westernmost horizons of India. It means that the sun takes two hours to rise in Saurashtra after it has ri§pn in Arunachal Pradesh. There is a difference of 4 minutes for 1° of longitude. Therefore, there is difference of time of 2 hours (30° × 4 = 120 minutes = 2 hours). It has been suggested to have two standard meridians (instead of one) to reduce time lag to 1 hour.

Question 4.
‘India is a vast country’. Support the fact with three examples.
Answer:
India is a vast country. It is the seventh-largest country of the world. It has a latitudinal and longitudinal extent of about 30°. Its area accounts 2.4 percent of the total geographical area of the world. India has a central location in the Indian ocean.

Question 5.
South of which latitude, tapering of mainland begins? What are its effects?
Answer:
The mainland of India begins to taper South of 22° N latitude. This tapering divides India into two parts—Northern plains and Southern peninsula. It divides Indian Ocean into three sections—Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal.

Question 6.
What is the effect of latitudinal extent on length of day in different parts of the country?
Answer:
India has a latitudinal extent of 30° almost 1/12 of the circumference of the earth. It affects the altitude of sun and inclination of sun’s rays. The differnce between length of day and night is about 6 hours in Kashmir. But the days and nights are almost equal in Kerala.

Question 7.
‘India’s relations through the land routes are much older than her maritime contacts.’ Discuss.
Answer:
India has a central location in Asia due to her Trans-Indian ocean routes and land routes in the west. The various passes across the mountains in the North have provided passages to ancient travellers. But the oceans restricted such contacts. The land routes helped to make contacts with West Asia.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 1 India: An Introduction

Question 8.
Name the five countries whose frontiers meet at the northern apex of India.
Answer:
On the northern side of India, the boundaries of the following five countries meet together: China, Russia, Tajakistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. These five countries meet at the apex of the north Indian triangle.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Into how many divisions, can India be divided on the administrative basis? Explain with the help of a table.
Answer:
India is divided into two parts:

  1. States.
  2. Union Territories.

The states are 28 in number and U.Ts. are 8 in number. The names of their capitals and area is given below:

State Area (sq. km.) Capital
1. Andhra Pradesh 160203 Amravati
2. Arunachal Pradesh 81,578 Itanagar
3. Assam 78,523 Dispur
4. Bihar 94,162 Patna
5. Chhattisgarh 1,35,133 Raipur
6. Goa 3,702 Panaji
7. Gujarat 1,95,984 Gandhinagar           –
8. Haryana 44,222 Chandigarh
9. Himachal Pradesh 55,673 Shimla
10. Jharkhand 79,714 Ranchi
11. Karnataka 1,91,773 Bangalore
12. Kerala 38,864 Thiruvanthapuram
13. Madhya Pradesh 3,08,313 Bhopal
14. Maharashtra 3,07,762 Mumbai
15. Manipur 22,356 Imphal
16. Meghalaya 22,489 Shillong
17. Mizoram 21,087 Aizawl
18. Nagaland 16,527 Kohima
19. Orissa 1,55,782 Bhubaneshwar
20. Punjab 50,362 Chandigarh
21. Rajasthan 3,42,214 Jaipur
22. Sikkim 7,299 Gangtok
23. Tamil Nadu 1,30,069 Chennai
24. Tripura 10,477 Agartala
25. Uttar Pradesh 2,38,568 Lucknow
26. West Bengal 87,353 Kolkata
27. Uttranchal 55,845 Dehradun
28. Telangana 114,840 Hyderabad
Union Territories Area (sq. km.) Capital
1. Andaman and Nicobar

islands

 8,293 Port Blair
2. Chandigarh 114 Chandigarh
3. Dadra & Nag&r Haveli and Daman and Diu 491 + 102 Daman
4. Lakshadweep 32 Kavaratti
5. Pondicherry 48 Pondicherry
6. Delhi 1,485 Delhi
7. Jammu & Kashmir — Srinagar
8. Ladakh — Leh
All India 32,88,015 New Delhi

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

by

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Programs run in a computer. A program is a group of step by step instructions. Group of these programs is called software. There are two types of software. First is application and second system software. Application software are used for specific tasks and system software is used to control the computer.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Software:

Computer can not do any work itself. It needs instructions to work. These instructions are written in computer readable languages. Group of these instructions is called a program. Group of programs is called software.

Types of Software:

Productivity of a computer is determined by the programs running in it. The assemblage of such programs is called software. Software can be divided into two categories as under:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 1

System Software

All the functions of a computer are controlled by system software. If the system software is not installed in a computer, then Application Software can not function. This establishes transmission of information in a computer.

It controls and runs the application programs. The following figure depicts the relationship among Hardware, Software and User. The system software are further divided into many types e.g. operating system, language translator, utility program etc.

Application Software

The combination of application programs is called application software. The application software is used for special function. To run these softwares, your computer must have system software installed on it. But every computer has system software (like operating system) pre-installed in it.

The application software is only used as per requirement. Different users have different requirements. So every user uses different software according to one’s need.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Office Tools

Office tools are software programs designed to make computer users more productive and efficient at our workplace. Office productivity tool is a category of application programs that help users produce things such as documents, databases, graphs, worksheets and presentations.

Office Productivity Tools

It is that category of software which allows the user to create documents, spreadsheets, databases etc. Examples of office productivity tools contains word processors DBMS, graphic software and spreadsheet.

Types of Office Tools:

1. Word Processing Software. It is the main software used in schools, homes, industrial and commercial establishments. Its main importance is that one can change, edit and print the text written in this software. MS-Word, Notepad, Pagemaker etc. are some word processing softwares. Once you learn how to use these softwares then it becomes easier to use other softwares.

2. Database Software. This software helps us to store the large quantity data and making alterations in them. They store data in a tabular form and can provide useful information as and when required. For example, we can store the record of names of students, the marks obtained by them and other related information in a database software. It is easy to include new data, delete or print it with the help of database software. MS Excel, Fox Pro, Oracle etc are database software.

3. Spreadsheet Software. Spreadsheet software stores the numeric data. Calculations can be done in it. In can be used for making time-table, keeping the income-expenditure account, storing the marks obtained by students and compiling their results. It consists of columns & rows. MS-Excel, LOTUS etc are spread sheet softwares.

4. Prersentation Software. This software can be used for editing pictures. The artists use this software for making computer images and drawings. One can make graphs, maps, charts etc with its usage. MS PowerPoint, Paint, Adobe Photoshop etc. are some examples of Graphic Software.

Multimedia Software

Multimedia software are those which are used for editing multimedia objects like films, audio files etc. It includes audio converter, player, burners, video encoder and decoders etc.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Objectives of using MS-word:

MS -Word is used for creating, editing and formatting a document, inserting tables, pictures and editing them. We have also used the feature of mail merge, spell- check and thesaurus etc.
Microsoft Word can be used for the following purposes:

  1. To create business documents having various graphics including pictures, charts and diagrams.
  2. To store and reuse readymade content and formatted elements such as cover pages and sidebars.
  3. To create letters and letterheads for personal and business purpose.
  4. To design different documents such as resumes or invitation cards etc.
  5. To create a range of correspondence from a simple office memo to legal copies and reference documents.

Formatting in MS-Word

Planning a document design is vital to ensure the printed output of our document accomplishes our goal or not. Document design determine if the document orientation will be portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal), if the document will be formatted in single or multiple columns. A landscape document with two columns is the most readable and popular layout for an event program. It also determines if we will use any images or clip art.

Templates in MS-Word

Word 2010 allows us to apply built-in templates from a wide selection of popular Word templates, including resumes, agendas, business cards, and faxes.
To apply a template in Word, do the following:
1. On the File tab, click New.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 2
2. Under Available Templates, select the following:

  • To use one of the built-in templates, dick Sample Templates, click the template that you want, and then click Create.
  • To reuse a template that you’ve recently used, click Recent Templates, click the template that you’ve want, and then click Create.
  • To find a template on Office.com, under Office.com Templates, click the template category that you want, click the template that you want, and click download to download the template from Office.com to my computer.

3. Once you have selected the template you can modify it in any way to create the document you want.
Microsoft Word 2010 allows us to create and edit personal and business documents, such as letters, reports, invoices, emails and books. By default, documents saved in Word 2010 are saved with the .docx extension.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Creating a resume with MS – Word Templates

Follow the steps written below:

  1. Click on New in File tab.
  2. In Office.com templates, select Resumes and Cover Letters.
  3. MS – Word will download the selected template from office.com templates.
  4. Here various styles are available for resumes and cover letters. Select any one according to the requirement and click download.
  5. Resume with selected template will appear.
  6. Now you can edit it and can make the necessary changes in resume.
  7. After filling all the required information in the resume, save it.

Ms-Excel:

Excel is a spreadsheet program used to create and format workbooks. It helps us in analyzing data and making data more informative in order to take business decisions. Specifically, we can use Excel to track data, analyze data, write formulae to perform calculations on that data, pivot the data in numerous ways, and present data in a variety of professional-looking charts.

Excel allows us to create a new workbook using a template, which is a predesigned spreadsheet. Several templates are preloaded in Excel, while others can be located on Office.com. A spreadsheet template is a predesigned spreadsheet which can be used, to create new spreadsheets with the same formatting and predefined formulae. With templates, we don’t need to know how to do the math, or even how to write formulae – these are already integrated into the spreadsheet.

Creating Workbook using Template

1. Click the File tab and Select New. The Available Templates pane appears.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 3
2. In Available templates, click Sample templates to choose a built-in template, or select an Office.com template category.
3. Now click on Finish & Merge option and select Edit Individual Documents from the menu.
4. A dialog box Merge to New Document will open. Choose option All and click Ok to show the report card of all the students in excel worksheet.
5. Now a new Word document will open having report cards of all the students. You can save this document and can also take printouts.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Sale Invoice

Sale invoice can be created in Excel using template. It is created like other templates. We can add data as per our requirement and save it.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 4

Using Mail Merge With Spreadsheet:

We can use Mail merge feature in Microsoft word to create student Annual Report. It seems very interesting.

Creating student Annual Report

Student Annual Report can be created using MS Word and MS Excel using following steps :

  1. Prepare the annual report format in MS word. Mention student’s detail like admission no, roll no, name, father’s name, marks of each subject, overall result and percentage of marks of student.
  2. On the other side, prepare an excel worksheet, in which student’s admission no, roll no, name, father’s name, subject-wise marks obtained in subjects Punjabi, English, Maths, Science, Social Studies and grades etc. are entered,
  3. Next calculate the percentage of marks of each student using a formula.
  4. Now, click on Mailing Tab, and start mail merge. Then, choose Letter option which we already prepared.
  5. Next Click on Select Recipients and select Use Existing List option. Choose excel sheet from Select Table dialog box and click OK.
  6. Place the cursor where you want to insert the value of field from excel sheet. Now go to Insert Merge Field option in Write & Insert Fields group. A dropdown menu will be displayed having field names.
  7. Select the field names one by one after placing the cursor in proper place in the student annual report. All fields will be displayed.
  8. After inserting all the clicking Preview Results next and previous button, you can preview the result of students by option.
  9. Now click on Finish & Merge option and select Edit Individual Documents from the menu. A dialog box Merge to New Document will open. Choose option All and click OK to show the report card of all the students in excel worksheet.
  10. Now a new Word document will open having report card of all the students. Save this document and we can also take printouts.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Page Layouts:

We see a document for printing in page layout and format if accordingly. It contains following things : –

  1. Line Space
  2. Page Margin
  3. Page Orientation
  4. Page Break
  5. Tab Stop

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 5
1. Adjusting Line Spacing:

The default spacing is 1.15 line spacing and 10 points after each paragraph. The easiest way to change the line spacing for an entire document is to select the paragraphs or entire document that we want to change the line spacing on.
1. On the Flome tab, in the Paragraph group, click Line Spacing.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 6
2. Do one of the following.
Click the number of line spaces that you want.
Click Remove Space Before Paragraph to remove any additional lines added after each paragraph as a default.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 7

2. Page Margins:

Page margins are the blank space around the edges of the page. In general, we insert text and graphics in the printable area inside the margins. When we change a document’s page margins, we change where text and graphics appear on each page.

Setting predefined page margins:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins. The margins gallery drop down menu will appear.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 8
2. Click the margin type that we want to apply.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 9

3. Page Orientation:

We can choose either portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal) orientation for all or part of our document.
To change page orientation:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Orientation.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 10
2. Click Portrait or Landscape.
Different page orientations on same document:
1. Select the pages or paragraphs that you want to change to portrait or landscape orientation.
2. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.

  • Click Custom Margins at the bottom of the drop down menu.
  • A Page Setup dialog box will appear.
  • On the Margins tab, click Portrait or Landscape.
  • In the Apply to list, click Selected text or This point forward.

Creating custom margins:
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.
2. At the bottom of the Margins gallery drop down menu, click Custom Margins.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 11

3. The Page Setup dialog box will appear.
4. Enter new values for the margins in all or some of the Top, Bottom, Left or Right text boxes.
5. Click OK.

4. Page Breaks:

Word automatically inserts a page break when we reach the end of a page. If we want the page to break in a different place, we can insert a manual page break.

Inserting a page break:
1. Click where you want to start a new page.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 12
2. On the Insert tab, in the Pages group, click Page Break.
One another formatting option is setting Tab stops.

5. Tab Stops:

Creating tab stops can be helpful when creating a large number of documents such as flyers, table of contents or even when creating a resume. They help us to display and line up information correctly.

Setting manual tab stops:
1. Click the tab selector at the left end of the ruler S until it displays the type of tab that you want.
2. Then click in the ruler at the top of the page, where you want to set the tab stop.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 14
The different types of tab stops are:

  1. A Left Tab stop sets the start position of text that will then run to the right as we type.
  2. A Center Tab stop sets the position of the middle of the text. The text centers on this position as we type.
  3. A Right Tab stop sets the right end of the text. As we type, the text moves to the left.
  4. A Decimal Tab stop aligns numbers around a decimal point.
    Independent of the number of digits, the decimal point will be in the same position (we can align numbers around a decimal character only).
  5. A Bar Tab stop doesn11 position text. It inserts a vertical bar at the tab position.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Clear Tab Stops

We can clear tab stops in a variety of ways, the simplest is going to the ruler, click and hold on the tab stop and drag in down towards the document. The tab stop will disappear. To quickly clear multiple tab stops and start fresh:
1. Click the Home tab, click the Paragraph Dialog Box Launcher.
2. A Paragraph box will appear, click on the Tabs button at the bottom left of the dialog box.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 15
3. A Tabs dialog box will appear.
4. In the list under Tab stop position, click the tab stop position that we want to clear, and then click Clear. To remove the spacing from all manual tab stops, click Clear All.
5. Click OK.

Finalizing A Document:

After completing our work, we need to finalize our document using some features of MS-word. –

Using the “Spell Check” Feature:
As we type our document, red wavy lines will appear under any word that is spelled incorrectly. The fastest way to fix spelling errors is to:
1. Put the cursor over the misspelled word and right click.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 16
2. A drop down box will appear with correct spellings of the word.
3. Highlight and left click the word you want to replace the incorrect word with.
To complete a more comprehensive Spelling and Grammar check, we can use the Spelling and Grammar feature:
1. Click on the Review tab.
2. Click on the Spelling & Grammar command.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 17
3. A Spelling and Grammar box will appear.
4. We can correct any Spelling or Grammar issue within the box.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Print Preview:

Print Preview automatically displays when we click on the Print tab. When we make a change to a print-related setting, the preview is automatically updated. To print preview your document follow these steps:
1. Click the File tab, and then click Print. To go back to your document, click the File tab.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 18
2. A preview of your document automatically appears. To view each page, click the arrows below the preview.

Print Command:

The Print tab is the place to go to make sure that we are printing what we want.
1. Click the File tab.
2. Click the Print command to print a document.
3. Click the Print button to print your document.
4. This dropdown shows the currently selected printer. Clicking the dropdown will display other available printers.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 19
5. These dropdown menu show currently selected Settings. Rather than just showing us the name of a feature, these dropdown menu show us what the status of a feature is and describes it.

Ms – Powerpoint:

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation tool that supports text, shapes, graphics, pictures and multimedia along with integration with other Microsoft Office tools like Excel. By default, documents saved in PowerPoint 2010 are saved with the .pptx extension whereas the file extension of the prior PowerPoint versions is .ppt. PowerPoint enables us to present information in office meetings, lectures and seminars to create maximum impact in a minimal amount of time.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Background in MS – PowerPoint

We all know that PowerPoint is a design-based program. Backgrounds in Power point are effective ways of improving the readability of the slides. The themes in PowerPoint help us to select the backgrounds by default, so every time we change the theme, the default background is set automatically. Theme includes more than just backgrounds.
A theme is a set of colors, fonts, effects and more that can be applied to our entire presentation to give it a consistent, professional look. We can apply any theme by clicking it in the Design ribbon.
Here are the steps to apply backgrounds in PowerPoint:
1. In the Design ribbon, under the Background group, click the Background Styles command.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 20
2. Select one of the background styles that suit your requirements.
3. To edit the background for a specific slide, right-click on the desired background slide and select “Apply to Selected Slides”.
4. Selected slide(s) now have the new background.

Transitions in MS – PowerPoint

PowerPoint supports slide transition feature which allows us to specify how the slides should transition during the slide show.
A powerPoint presentation that had special effects between each slide, are slide transitions. A transition can be as simple as fading to the next slide or as complex as a flashy effect. This means we can choose transitions to fit the style of any presentation. There are three categories of unique transitions to choose from, all of which can be found on the Transitions tab:

  • Subtle (slight transitions)
  • Exciting (Strong Transition)
  • Dynamic Content (strong transitions that affect only the content, such as text or images)

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 21
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 22
3. To specify the timing of the effects, on the Animations tab, use the commands in the Timing group.

Saving Presentation:

Save option allows us to save a new file or an existing file in standard format (.pptx format). If we are working on a previously saved file this will save the new changes in the same file format. If we are working on a new file, this command would be similar to the Save As command.

Saving Presentation as pdf File

As we know PowerPoint is used to create presentations, it supports various file types when it comes to saving the content. Using a pdf file type can be a great way of saving the slides.
Steps to save a presentation as a pdf file are :’
1. Go to the backstage view under the File tab.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 23
Home Insert Design Transitions Animations Slide Show Review
2. Click on Save -As to open the Save As dialog.
3. Add a proper name to the file.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 24
4. Select the file type as .pdf from the list of supported file types and click save.
5. The .pdf file is created in the specified location.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Saving Presentation as Video File

PowerPoint allows presentations to be saved as files that can be posted on video sharing platform like YouTube or just played on any other-media.
Steps to save a presentation as a video file are:
1. Go to the backstage view under the File tab.
2. Click on Save As to open the Save As dialog.
3. Add a proper name to the file.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools Notes 25
4. Select the file type as .wmv from the list of supported file types and click Save.
5. The video creation is not an instant process like other file types as PowerPoint needs to create the video file. We can track the progress of video creation at the bottom of our presentation window.
6. Once the creation is complete, the video file is created in the specified location.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Image File:

Among the many file types that PowerPoint supports, Image File is also supported by it. There are a set of extensions for image files. The image file extensions supported by PowerPoint include JPEG (.jpg), GIF (.gif), TIFF (.tiff) and Bitmap (.bmp).

Printing Presentation:

It is sometimes necessary that we share our slides with our audience in printed format before we begin presenting them so they can take notes.

Broadcast Slideshow:

PowerPoint 2010 offers users to broadcast their presentations on the internet to worldwide audience. Microsoft offers the free broadcast Slide Show service, all we need to do is share the link with our audience and they can watch the presentation from anywhere. There is no special setup or charges required to do this, all we need is a Windows Five account.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 1 Office Tools

Packaging Presentation:

Certain presentations are better suited for distribution as a CD to audience. In such cases, we can .create a CD packaging which can be burned into a CD and distributed.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

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Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Resources – Types and Conservation Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in 1-15 words :

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term ‘resources’?
Answer:
All the useful elements of the environment which satisfy human needs are called resources. Resources are called ‘Gifts of nature’ such as rocks, minerals, soil, rivers, plants, and animals. These are valuable for mankind. Man’s surroundings provide him with resources.

Question 2.
Which are the Natural Resources and who provides us?
Answer:
Forests, minerals, soil, and solar energy are natural resources. These make our environment or surroundings. These natural surroundings provide rsesources.

Question 3.
List all the types of resources.
Answer:
The three categories of resources are :

  1. Natural Resources
  2. Human Resources
  3. Human Made Resources.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 4.
Define ‘soil’.
Answer:
The loose and unconsolidated material which forms the upper layer of the crust is called soil. Soil is formed by the breaking of parent rock.

Question 5.
What do we get from Seas?
Answer:
The big water bodies are called seas. Seas provide us organic minerals and power resources, fish, pearls, diamonds, etc. At some places, petroleum is also obtained from sea.

Question 6.
How can you conserve the resources properly?
Answer:
The proper and planned use of resources help in the conservation of resources. These should not be misused.These should not be wasted or destroyed.

II. Answer the following questions in 50-60 words :

Question 1.
Differentiate between Biotic and Abiotic resources.
Answer:

Biotic Resources Abiotic Resources
1. These are obtained from living things. 1. These are obtained from non-living things.
2. Plants and animals are its examples. 2. Minerals and rocks are examples.
3. These are found in Biosphere and provide food, energy (coal and petroleum) and raw materials. 3. These are found on lithosphere and provide raw materials for industries.

Land: Land is the basis of human activities. It helps in agriculture, setting up of industries, means of transportation, sports, tourism, etc. Houses are built on land.Question 2.
Write a short note on the importance of Land and Soil Resources.
Answer:
The following is the importance of Land and Soil :

  1. Soil: Man grows crops on soils. It provides food and other raw materials to man. Fertile soils support dense population.

Question 3.
From where do we get the minerals and where they used?
Answer:
Minerals are obtained from the interior of earth from rocks. These are metallic and non-metallic. Metallic minerals include iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminium. Non- metallic minerals include coal, mica, manganese and oil. These are used in industries. Before use, these are smelted to make pure.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 4.
Explain the Developed and Potential resources with examples.
Answer:

Potential Resources

Developed Resources
1. These are total quantity of a resource found existing in nature. 1. These are only those resources, which have been judged good for use.
2. These have not been put to use. 2. They are put to use fully for economic gain.
3. These are found everywhere. 3. These are not found everywhere.
4. Africa has 40% potential water power resources of world due to large rivers. 4. Africa has only 1% of developed water power resources of world due to lack of technology.

Question 5.
Why should we use the exhaustible resources wisely and with hesitation?
Answer:
The modern civilisation depends upon products—natural as well as man made. With the help of technology, resources are being utilised on a large scale. The exhaustible resources will not last long. 80% of the fossil fuels will be finished in one century With the exhaustion of resources, the civilisation will come to an end. Therefore conservation of resources is necessary. A balance should be maintained between population growth and utilisation of resources so that the continuity of modern civilisation goes on. The natural resources are common heritage. We have to share these with future generations.

Question 6.
What is the contribution of human resources to the development of other resources ?
Answer:
Resources are the elements of Bio-physical environment. But these become resources only when humans preserve these. Coal was always there, but it became a resource only when man used it as a source of energy. So it has been rightly said that the resources are not, they become so. Man uses technology and skill to develop resources. Machines and tools are used. Japan is a very good example where in spite of non existence of resources, the country has progressed to a great extent.

III. Answer the following questions in about 125-130 words :

Question 1.
What do you understand by the resources ? Name their types and explain their importance and methods of conservation.
Answer:
Type of Resources: Resources are generally classified into three types :

  1. natural
  2. human and
  3. human-made.

Natural or man-made resources are of various types. On the bases of life, existence, availability, level of development and utilization these resources can be divided into the following types :

  • Biotic and Abiotic Resources
  • Developed and Potential Resources
  • Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources
  • Soil and Land Resources
  • Marine-and Mineral Resources
  • Human Resources

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation 3
Resource Types

1. Biotic and Abiotic Resources. Biotic resources are those basic resources which originate from the living things. Approximately 85% of the world’s total food depend upon these biotic resources. Plants and other living creatures are included in these types of resources. These resources provide raw material for our industries. Coal and petroleum are also included in the category of biotic resources as they are produced from the plants and animals.
The non-living products like minerals, water etc., which are provided by the nature are called ‘Abiotic Resources’. The minerals are the base of our industry. If we do not use the minerals with care, these will exhaust very soon.

2. Developed and Potential Resources. The resources which are used for some economic gain are termed as ‘Developed resources’. On the other hand, the resources which are available but are not being used or can be used in the future are called ‘Potential Resources’. The rivers descending the mountains can be used to produce electricity and are included in the category of potential resources. When the water of these rivers is used to produce electricity then this water is known as a developed resources. The coal lying underneath the earth is a potential resource whereas the coal which is being used is considered as a developed resource.

3. Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources. The resources which are being depleted very fast .because of their continuous and excess use are called exhaustible resources, as petroleum products are being used very fast. The time is not very far away when there will be shortage or non-existence of these resources. Therefore, the exhaustible resources should be used wisely and carefully. ‘

The resources which get renewed as we use them are called inexhaustible resources. For example : We are using sun energy, wind energy, water and forests but these resources do not get depleted rather get renewed. These types resources are being made available continuously. ‘

4. Soil and Land Resources. Soil is a small and uppermost layer of the earth which is formed by breaking of parent rock, due to climate effect and decomposition of plants and animals. Soil is a very important resource for man. It plays an important role in the growth of plants and crops. The soils are of different types like sandy soil, clayey soil, loamy soil, alluvial soil, mountain soil, red soil, black soil etc. Man gives preference to fertile soil for growing crops. The areas with fertile soil are densely populated and are full of economic activities.
Land means the earth’s surface where man carries on his economic or other activities. Man had been using the land resource for a very long time. The land resource is being used for the purpose of agriculture, industry, to develop means of transport, sports, tourism etc. Man uses the land, keeping in view its relief, slope, type of soil, drainage or his requirements.

5. Marine and Mineral Resources Marine Resources. Water is a basic and a very important resource for man. Approximately 71% part of the earth is water. Big water bodies are called ‘seas’. These water bodies provide many biotic, mineral and energy resources. It is believed that the life on the earth started from the seas and oceans. 75% of the total land creatures originated from the water bodies. We get fish, pearls, shells, diamonds etc. from the seas in large quantities. At some places we get petroleum substances from the sea coasts. The fish provide food to the large part of the World’s population.

Mineral Resources: Mineral resources are the substances which are taken from the earth. Basically these are of two types-Metallic and non-metallic minerals. Metallic minerals include iron, copper, silver, gold, aluminium etc.

Petroleum, coal, mica, manganese etc. are some of the non-metallic minerals. The minerals are taken from different types of rocks. The minerals are the bases for our industries, therefore, much significance is attached to them.

6. Human Resources: Man has been awarded the best status of all the creatures produced by the nature. With his intelligence and ability to work, man himself is a very huge resource. Man’s capability plays an important role in the use of all other resources. The development of human resources is reflected from the development of any area. Japan is a very good example where inspite of the deficiency or non-existence of resources, the country has progressed to a great extent. The development of all other resources is incomplete till the human resource is fully developed. Man’s qualities, capacity, educational and technical qualification etc. play an important role in the development.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

IV. Activity

Question 1.
Make a list of Hydroelectricity producing dams related to Punjab. Note down the names of rivers on which these dams are situated and names of districts in which these dams have been constructed.
Answer:

Dams

 Rivers

Districts
1. Bhakra Sutlej Himachal Pradesh
2. Ganguwal Nangal Hydel Channel Ropar
3. Kotla Nangal Hydel Channel Ropar
4. Pong Dam Beas Hoshiarpur
5. Thein Daam Ravi Gurdaspur
6. Mukerian Beas Hoshiarpur

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Resources – Types and Conservation Important Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which are the biotic resources?
(a) rocks
(b) minerals
(c) plants
(d) hills
Answer:
(c) plants.

Question 2.
What are the basis of classifying resources?
(a) life
(b) achievement
(c) use
(d) all of the above.
Answer:
(d) all of the above.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 3.
Which is not termed of human resource?
(a) knowledge
(b) efficiency
(c) intelligence
(d) transparency.
Answer:
(d) transparency.

Question 4.
Which of the following are the ubiquitous resource?
(a) air, water
(b) coal, copper
(c) iron, ore
(d) uranium.
Answer:
(a) air, water.

Question 5.
Nager coil is famous for __________
(a) coal mining
(b) windmills
(c) solar energy
(d) oil refinery.
Answer:
(b) windmills.

Question 6.
In this picture some resources are shown these resources are :
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation 1
(a) Abiotic resources
(b) Biotic resources
(c) Ubiquitous resources
(d) Human resources.
Answer:
(b) Biotic resources.

Question 7.
We enjoy a lot the beauty of waterfalls mountains, sea etc. Thus, they are natural resources which have ______value.
(a) Ethical Value
(b) Artistic Value
(c) Aesthetic Value
(d) Economic Value.
Answer:
(c) Aesthetic Value.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 8.
The following picture shows a specific type of plant. Identify the name of this plant :
PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation 2
(a) Thermal Plant
(b) Nuclear Plant
(c) Biogas Plant
(d) Hydro electric plant
Answer:
(c) Biogas Plant.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
_______ resources are derived from living things.
Answer:
Biotic

Question 2.
Localised resources are found only in _______ place.
Answer:
certain

Question 3.
The example of human resource is _______
Answer:
people

Question 4.
Anything that satisfy human needs is called _______
Answer:
resource

Question 5.
Non living resources are called _______ resources.
Answer:
Abiotic.

True/False :

Question 1.
Solar and wind energy is an example of renewable resources.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Environment means set of surroundings.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Resources are generally classified into two types.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 4.
Land use depend upon relief, slope, soil etc.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Coal and petroleum are not biotic resource.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does something become a resource?
Answer:
That thing which has a value and utility become a resource.

Question 2.
Why is modern man dependent on resources?
Answer:
In early times, human needs were limited. But now-a-days the needs have increased. So man has to depend upon many resources.

Question 3.
Explain, with examples, that the proper use of resources is real development of resources.
Answer:
Before the invention of coal, petroleum, and aeroplane, man was not aware of the Aluminium. Due to utility of Aluminium, its use increased. So we can say that proper use has led to the development of resources.

Question 4.
What are the four basis of classifying resources?
Answer:

  1. life
  2. achievement
  3. stage of development
  4. use.

Question 5.
Which resources are most important to obtain food-resources?
Answer:
To get food resources, agriculture is the most important source as it provides 85% of food resources.

Question 6.
Why coal and petroleum are biotic resources?
Answer:
Coal and petroleum are formed by organic and living plants and animals. So these are grouped as biotic resources.

Question 7.
How can you assess a country as a rich country?
Answer:
The wealth of a country is measured by its resources. The more developed resources make a country richer.

Question 8.
Why are fertile soil areas densely populated with large economic activities?
Answer:
Fertile soils help in growing crops. In fertile soils agriculture is developed. It leads to dense population and many economic activities.

Question 9.
On what factors does the landuse depend?
Answer:
Landuse depends upon relief, slope, soils, drainage and human needs.

Question 10.
What is human resource?
Answer:
Man made resources include machinery, transportation, industries. Human intelligence, knowledge and efficiency is termed as human resource.

Question 11.
Concept of Resource is changing. Why?
Answer:
The concept of resource is changing. It may expand or contract with the development of knowledge and technology.

Question 12.
Name the important types of soil.
Answer:
Sandy soil, Clayey soil, Loamy soil, Alluvial soil, Red soil, Black soil.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 13.
Classify resources on the basis of their source of origin.
Answer:
Based on their origin, resources can be biotic or abiotic. For example plants, animals, rocks, minerals, soils etc.

Question 14.
How can we conserve the resources?
Answer:
We can conserve resources by reducing consumption, recycling and reusing things.

Question 15.
What is technology?
Answer:
Technology is human made resource. It is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or making things.

Question 16.
The population of India is lesser than only one country. Name that country.
Answer:
China.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a resource?
Answer:
All the useful elements of environment which satisfy the human needs are called resources. Resources are called ‘Gifts of nature’ such as soils, rivers, plants, animals, rocks and minerals. These are valuable for mankind.

Question 2.
Why are humans also called a resource?
Answer:
They are called a resource because by developing the human skills only the resources can be developed. Resources are not, but they become due to man.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 3.
What do you understand by the statement “natural resources have utility and value”?
Answer:
Natural resources have utility and value is true. All the materials that are available in nature have some use or value and that’s what makes them valuable.

  1. Water, air vegetation all have utility or usability, they may or may not have economic value.
  2. Metals have economic value but a landscape may not have; but both are important to satisfy human need.
  3. Time and technology makes them a resource.

Question 4.
What leads to creation of new resources?
Answer:
The knowledge, ideas, inventions and discoveries by people leads to creation of more resources. The discovery of fire led to idea of cooking and other related processes. Invention of wheels led to changes in modes of transport.

Question 5.
Discuss the role of technology in the utilisation of resources.
Answer:
Technology helps to develop the means of production. It increases the value of natural resources. Technology depends upon the human skill and technical knowledge. Mechanism helps in the better utilisation of natural resources. A resource is no resource until it is used.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Natural Resources and Human-made Resources.
Answer:

Natural Resources

Human made Resources
1. They are free gifts of nature. 1. They are not free gifts of nature.
2. They are both renewable and non-renewable. 2. They are non-renewable.
3. They help in the economic development of the country. 3. They help in economic and social development.

Question 7.
Distinguish between Exhaustible and Inexhaustible Resources.
Answer:

Exhaustible Resources

Inexhaustible Resources
1. These resources get exhausted after use. 1. These resources do not get exhausted after use.
2. These resources are regenerated after a very long time. 2. These are renewable or flow resources.
3. Minerals and metals are exhaustible resources. 3. Forests, water power are inexhaustible resources.

Question 8.
What do we mean by a reserve?
Answer:
It refers to that portion of resource which<can be developed profitably with the help of available technology.
For example : High quality iron is used for steel making. But sometimes a low grade iron ore or coal (lignite—Less than 40% carbon content) is used for steel making. Lignite coal in Neyvelli (Tamilnadu) is an example of a reserve resource.

Question 9.
What is meant by human-made resources?
Answer:
They are those resources which are created by human being with the help of machines. Some of the examples are buildings, tools etc.

Question 10.
Give two examples of human made resources.
Answer:
The human made resources are those resources which are created by human beings.

Some examples are :

  1. Buildings,
  2. Machines.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 11.
Give an account of natural resources.
Answer:
Natural Resources:
Resouces drawn from (nature) and used without much modification are called natural resources.

  • Water, soils, minerals are all natural resources.
  • Many of the resources are free gift of nature.
  • They can be used directly.
  • In some cases tools and technology are needed to use a natural resource in the best way.

Question 12.
How are natural resources classified?
Answer:
Natural resources are classified into different groups :

  • Level of development and use
  • origin
  • stock
  • distribution.

Question 13.
Why natural resources are important?
Answer:

  • These are important for the economic development of a region or a country.
  • They are the main sources of our agricultural activities.
  • They provide raw materials for the industry.
  • All activities depend on them directly or indirectly.
  • They help in maintaining the ecological balance of nature. Thus they should be used carefully.

Question 14.
What is meant by conservation?
Answer:
It means the use of the natural resources carefully without any wastage. They are important to us, so they should be used wisely so that they are not exhausted and we may have to face their scarcity.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 15.
‘Resources are not resources, they become so.’ Explain.
Answer:
Resources are elements of Bio-physical environment. But these become resources only when humans preserve these. Coal was always there, but it became a resource only when man used it as a source of energy. So it has been rightly said that resources are not resources, they become so.

Question 16.
What are the ill effects of overuse of resdUrces? What are the measures to make the earth habitate? ”
Answer:
Ill effects :
Degradation of resources: The rising demand for various resources has caused degradation or depletion of many valuable resources.

Example :

  • Overuse of soil has caused infertility in many areas.
  • Similarly widespread deforestation and killing of birds and animals have endangered many plants and animal species.
  • The quality of air, water and land resources has also been affected badly due to misuse or overuse of resources.

Question 17.
Distinguish between Renewable and Non-renewable resources.
Answer:

Renewable Resources

Non-renewable Resources
1. These have the capacity to regenerate. 1. These cannot regenerate that quickly.
2. These are free gifts of nature. 2. These are not free gifts of nature.
3. These are those resources which can be used again. 3. These cannot be used again.
4. For example air, water, etc. 4. For example coal, natural oil.

Question 18.
Future of our planet is linked with life support system. Discuss.
Answer:
Our earth is the only planet where life has been found till today. Future of our planet and its people, is linked with our ability to maintain and preserve the life support system that nature provides. This makes it our duty to ensure that the natural environment is preserved and properly managed.

Question 19.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
By sustainable development, we mean that resources are utilised carefully so that besides meeting the present requirement it also takes care of the future generations.

Question 20.
What is our duty regarding resources?
Answer:
It is our duty to ensure that

  • The diversity of life on the earth is conserved.
  • All uses of renewable resources are sustainable.
  • The damage to natural environment system is minimised.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 21.
Distinguish between Natural Resources and Human Resources.
Answer:

Natural Resources

Human Resources
1. They are free gifts of nature. 1. They are not free gifts of nature.
2. They are both renewable and non renewable. 2. They are non renewable.
3. They help in the economic development of the country. 3. They help in the economic and social development.

Question 22.
In how many ways man uses his environment?
Answer:
Environment means set of surroundings. It provides many resources to get food, shelter and clothing. Man uses land for crops, houses, factories,- construction of transport network. Man uses minerals for industries. He uses forests for timber, herbs and shrubs. Man gets fish and other benefits from seas and oceans.

Question 23.
How are development and resources interdependent?
Answer:
Development is possible through resources. Resources are the foundations of development. These have economic significance for human beings. Land, water and air are basic requirements for agriculture. We can’t do agriculture without these resources. Minerals are basic requirement for industries. Industries cannot run without minerals. Thus development and resources are inter-dependent.

Question 24.
Distinguish between actual resources and reserve resources.
Answer:
Actual Resources. Actual resources depend upon physical conditions of environment. These are surveyed. Their quantity is determined and are actually used. Their quantity is known.

Reserve resources are a part of actual resources. These can be made useful with technology. A low grade coal-lignite is a reserved resource in some areas.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 25.
Give one example each of developed and potential resources.
Answer:
When the water of river is used to produce electricity, it is called a developed resource. The coal underlying the earth is a potential resource.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
_______ resources are derived from living things.
Answer:
Biotic

Question 2.
Localised resources are found only in places.
Answer:
certain

Question 3.
The example of human resource is _______
Answer:
people

Question 4.
Solar and wind energy is an example of _______
Answer:
Renewable resources

Question 5.
Anything that is used to satisfy a need is called a _______
Answers :
resource

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Resources – Types and Conservation

Question 6.
Petroleum in _______ is an example of actual resource.
Answer:
West Asia

Question 7.
_______ is the application of latest knowledge and skill is doing or making things.
Answer:
Technology.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the conservation of resources with special reference to marine and mineral resources.
Answer:
Conservation of Resources. Man depends upon his environment to meet his needs. He uses water, land, soil, vegetation, etc. to satisfy his needs. Man is using these resources at such an alarming rate that there will be a serious shortage of these resources in the near future. Natural resources are of a very limited supply. So conservation of resources is essential for the survival of man.

To some people, conservation means that the available resources should not be used. These should be held back. But conservation of resources means a careful and rational utilization of resources. These resources should be used intelligently for the welfare of mankind. It means careful control and management of resources so that these may be used for the benefit of future generations also. These should be preserved from reckless exploitation and wanton destruction. These resources should not be wasted in a short time. The resources should be maintained in a healthy condition for their use so as to achieve a high standard of living for mankind.

Importance:
Conservation of all resources has an economic, scientific, and aesthetic value for mankind :

  • Conservation of resources is necessary as these are the basis of the economic activities of man.
  • Resources must be conserved to meet the different human needs.
  • Conservation of resources is essential as life depends on these useful elements of the environment such as air, water, soil, rocks, forests, and water bodies.
  • Many areas of the world are still under-developed because the resources of these areas have not been used in a planned and rational manner.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the below questions carefully and answer the given questions.
Due to this vastness, India is called an Indian sub-continent. The sub-continent is a large and independent region. The boundaries of whose terrain are drawn by various natural features which distinguish it from the surrounding areas. India also crosses the Agil, Muzigh, Kunlun, and Karakoram, Hindukush and Jaskar mountain range from Tibet across the Himalayas in the north, from Pak, Jal Damru in the south and Gulf of Mannar from Sri Lanka, east. In the direction, Arakan separates Yoma from Myanmar (Burma) and in the western direction from the vast Dhar desert, Pakistan. Due to such a vast area of India many cultural, economic, and social variations are found. But despite this unity is found in climate, culture, etc. in the country.
(a) Why is India called the sub-continent?
Answer:
India is given the status of sub-continent due to its expansion and position. The sub-continent is a vast and independent landmass whose boundaries are formed by different topography. These topographies separate it from its surrounding areas. Agile across the Himalayas in the north of India. The mountain ranges of Mugtgh, Kunlun, Karakoram, Hindukush, etc. distinguish it from the north-western parts of Asia. In the South, the Pak strait of central and the gulf of Mannar separate it from Sri Lanka. Formerly Arakan Yoma separates it form Myanmar. The Thar Desert separates it from a very large part of Pakistan. Despite this, we cannot call present day India a sub¬continent. The Indian sub-continent is formed by the combination of undivided India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.

(b) Which elements contribute to maintaining unity in the diversity of the country?
Answer:
India is a country of diversity. Yet a distinct unity appears in our society. The main elements that provide unity to Indian society are the following:
1. Monsoon Season. The monsoon winds make most of the rainfall in summer. This affects the agriculture of the country as well as other business. Monsoon winds make the power supply reliable by raining the mountainous regions. Infact, monsoon rainfall is the basis of the entire country’s economy.

2. Religious Culture. There are two things in favor of religious culture. One is that religious places have united the people of the country in one sutra. Secondly, religious saints have instilled a sense of brotherhood through their teachings. People from all parts of the country come and worship at Tirupati, Jagannathpuri, Amamath, Ajmer, Harimandir Sahib, Patna, Hemkunt Sahib and other pilgrimage places. The saints have also tried to create religious harmony.

3. Language and Art. Almost all the northern India. Vedas were propogated in Sanskrit language. Urdu was born in the middle age of this language. English is the contact language and Hindi is the national language. Together, these have provided an opportunity to understand each other closely. Siinlarly, folk songs and folk arts have also created an opportunity for people to express similar feelings.

4. Traffic and means of communication. Railways and roads have played an important role in bringing people of different areas closer. The means of communication like Doordarshan and newspapers have also connected the national stream by giving the national thinking of the people.

5. Migration. Many people from villages have started coming to the cities. Despite their racial differences, they have come to understand each other and thus they have come closer to each other. The truth is that many natural and cultural elements have given unity to our country.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 2.
The vast northern plains along the Himalayas provide habitat and livelihood to 40% of the country’s population. Their fortile soil, suitable climate, flat surface have contributed significantly in the spread and development of rivers, canals, roads, railways and cities and in the development of agriculture. Therefore, this plain region has the distinction of being the granary of the country. These plains have built a special kind of civilization and society since the Aryans. People from all over the country consider Ganga to be a holy river and the Rishikesh, Haridwar, Mathura, Prayag, Ayodhya, Kanshi etc. places in its valley have been the center of attraction for sufi saints and religious people living in different parts of the country. Later in these plains, great men like Sikh Guru, Mahatma Buddha, Mahavir Jain were born and different religious were established. Its deep impact can be seen in the Himalayan mountains and also in South India.
(a) Name the major landforms created by the rivers in the vast plains of the north.
Answer:
The landforms formed by the rivers in the northern plains are alluvial fins, alluvial cones, sepentine turns, hilly staircases, natural dams and floodplains.

(b) Describe the huge northern plains contribute to the development of the country.
Answer:
The Himalayan regions have the following contribution to the development of the country.

  1. Rain. The monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean hit the Himalayan mountains and rain heavily. Thus, it donates rain to the northern plain. There is enough rainfall in this ground.
  2. Useful Rivers. All the major rivers flowing in northern India originate from the Himalayan mountains like Ganga, Yamuna, Sutlej, Brahmaputra, etc. These rivers flow throughout the year. In the dry season, Himalayan ice burns these rivers.
  3. Fruit and Tea. The slopes of the Himalayas are very useful for tea cultivation. Apart from these, fruits are also grown on the mountain slopes.
  4. Useful Wood. Dense forests are found on the Himalayan Mountains. These forests are our wealth. Many industries in India depend on the wood derived from them. This wood is also used in building works.
  5. Good Pastures. Beautiful and green pastures are found on the Himalayas. Animals are fed in them.
  6. Mineral Substances. Many types of mineral substances are found in these mountains.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 3.
The word ‘climate’ or ‘wind water’ refers to the long-term seasonal conditions in a place, in which the temperature of that place is the amount of water in the air flowing from there. These conditions are mainly determined by important elements such as surface variation of the place, distance from the coastline and distance from the equator. It has a profound effect on human and human activities. India is a vast country. Its vast sin-face units, the peninsular position and the tropic of cancer passing through it have a profound effect on its climate. Due to the largest surface variations of temperature, rainfall, winds and clouds etc.
(a) Describe the (two) elements affecting the climate of India.
Answer:
The main elements influencing the climate of India are :

  • Distance from the equator.
  • Surface Pattern.
  • Air pressure system
  • Seasonal winds and
  • Proximity to Indian Ocean.

(b) What are the regional variations of Indian climate?
Answer:
The regional variations of Indian climate are as follows:
1. In winter the temperature reaches – 45°C in the Kargil regions of the Himalayan mountain but at the same time it is more than 20°C in Chennai (Madras) metropolis in Tamil Nadu. Similarly in summer the western direction of the Aravali mountains is crossed 50° centigrade, while the Srinagar is less than 20° centigrade. There is a temperature of 204 centimeters in Srinagar.

2. The annual rainfall is located in the mountain range of Mawsymaram, 1141 cm. Annual rainfall in Jaisalmer is less than 10 cm. in the year.

3. In Barner and Jaisalmer are carved clouds, but the whole year is the same as the same year throughout the year.

4. Due to the effect of the sea in Mumbai and other coastal cities, the temperature ramains almost same of the year. In contrast, the National area is found to be huge difference in the cold and hot temperature in the area and surrounding areas.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 4.
The economy, the relief and social development is deeply influenced the economic progress. In the social development, the area can be applied to the development of economic progress there. Indian agriculture, almost completely dependent on. agriculture (aggregated). In which development of the monsoon has given significant contributions to providing a major and strong basis. Monsoon is called a pivotal point of the country. Apart from agriculture, the entire production is dependent oh agricultural production, If monsoon rainfall is in appropirate amount, the agricultural production increases. But because of the failure of monsoon, the crops dried. The country goes dry and the grains are reduced in the stores.
(a) Discuss the important features of the monsoon.
Answer:
In India rainfall is mainly in July to September. This is the period of southwest monsoons blowing from sea to land. There are three important features of the monsoon rainfall.

  1. Erratic. Rainfall is not reliable in India. It is not necessary that rain continues to be same. Due to this erratic situation of rain, the situation of starvation and famine is arranged. This erratic situation of rainfall is more in the inner parts of the country and in Rajasthan.
  2. Uneven Distribution. There is uneven distribution of rainfall in India. Western slopes of western ghats and Meghalaya or in the hills of Assam. There is more than 250 cm. rainfall. In contrast Rajasthan, West Gujarat, North Kashmir etc., the rainfall is less than 25 cm.
  3. Uncertainty. The amount of rainfall in India is not certain. Sometimes monsoon winds reached before time, It rains a lot. But sometimes the rainfall is low or sometimes ends up before a time. As a result the situation of drying is generated in the country.

(b) Why the Indian Economy (budget) is called gambling of monsoon winds?
Answer:
Indian monsoon is a gambling of monsoon winds. This sentence reveals that the advancement of India’s economy depends on that how much appropriate time of any year, distribution and quantity.
If the rain comes on time and its quantity is also suitable, a good crop of agriculture can be expected.

For example-crops are good due to good monsoon, so three things happen.

  1. Fair raw materials available for factories. The industry-related factors of cotton, jute, oil seeds etc. are flourishing.
  2. When the agriculture and industires are strengthened from good monsoon, the
    productivity increases. On one hand, the export is promoted. On the other hand international trade is flourishing. Wealth grows in the country and people’s standard of living improves.
  3. Due to good monsoon, there is an increase in water in the rivers, the water level of the dams rises high. Where this water helps in the production of hydropower, the irrigation system improves. This creates a stir in economic activities in the country. There is no doubt that today due to the advancement of science, we can grow a good crop even in the absence of monsoon, but we have to think about whether all farmers can benefit from lack of rainfall or unequal distribution of rainfall. A good monsoon affects every section and every region of the country. If the monsoon is suitable, the country’s economic development is assured. Therefore, it is fair to call the Indian economy a gamble of monsoon winds.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 5.
Agriculture has an important role in the Indian economy. The agricultural sector employs about two-thirds of the country’s workforce. The region derives 29.0 percent of the total national income and agricultural products a1 so have an important place in foreign exports. Many products of agriculture are used as raw materials in our factories. Due to the progress in the field of agriculture, the achievement of food grains per person, which was 395 grams in the 1950’s has increased to 510 grams per person per day in 1991.
India also ranks fourth in the world in the use of chemical fertilizers. The area under pulses in our country is the highest in the world. In the field of cotton products, India is the first country in the world, where the first efforts were made to produce improved varieties of cotton. The country has made significant achievements in the preparation of prawn fish and pest culture technological development.
(a) What percentage of land is cultivable in India?
Answer:
51% of the land in India is cultivable.

(b) Why is agriculture called the mainstay of the Indian economy?
Answer:
Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian economy. Even though agriculture now contributes only 33.7% of the total national production, its importance is no less.

  1. Agriculture sustains 2/3 of our population.
  2. The agriculture sector provides employment to about two-thirds of the country’s workers.
  3. Most of the industries get raw materials from agriculture. The truth is that the place of industries is being built on the foundation of agriculture.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 6.
A decline in per capita achievement of pulses in Punjab and other parts of the country is a matter of concern. It seems that the wave of ‘Green Revolution’, which has revolutionized the production of wheat and rice in the country has not made any special contribution in increasing the production of pulses. Actually, if it is said that there is harm then there will be no wrong. Because in the years following the Green Revolution, the area of pulses has been diverted to a large number of high yielding crops like wheat and rice. This has happened especially on a large scale in commercially agricultural states like Punjab.
(a) In Punjab, what kind of changes has occurred in the pulses production area after Green revolution.
Answer:
After the green revolution, the area of pulses production decreased from 9.3 lakh hectares to 9.5 thousand hectare.

(b) What are the main reasons for the decline in the production of pulses?
Answer:
The production of pulses has decreased in the last decades. The main reasons for this are as follows :

  1. The area with pulses has been subjected to crops like wheat and rice, which produce more after the Green Revolution.
  2. Some areas have been subjected to canals, roads, and other development projects due to development work.
  3. The growing area of pulses has also declined due to increasing land demand for
    housing of the growing population.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 7.
Our country is also considered very rich in terms of mineral wealth. It is estimated that the country accounts for one fourth of the total iron ore reserves in the world. There are also huge deposits of manganese, a major mineral used in the iron and steel industry. There are also abundant reserves of coal, limestone, bauxite and mica in the country. But non-ferrous minerals such as zinc, lead, copper and gold are in very limited quantities. The sulfur reserves in the country are almost nil, while sulfur is the mainstay of modern chemical industry. We also have plenty of water power resources and nuclear minerals. Their use as a power tool is increasing rapidly due to their power efficiency and very little tampering with the environment. For this reason, solar energy is also being used as a power tool. Solar energy is the priceless power store of God. Its use will increase rapidly as a source of power in the future.
(a) What is the contribution of minerals to the national economy?
Answer:
Minerals have great importance in the national economy. The following facts will make it clear.

  • The industrial development of the country depends mainly on minerals. Iron and coal are the basis of the machine age. We have one-fourth of the world’s iron ore deposits. There are also huge reserves of coal in India.
  • State governments get income from mining operations and provide employment to millions of people.
  • Coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. are important sources of mineral energy.
  • Equipment made from minerals helps in the growth of agriculture.

(b) Why is solar energy called the source of future energy?
Answer:
Coal and mineral oil are exhaustive resources. There will come a day when the people of the world will not get enough energy from them. Their stores must have been exhausted. Unlike then, sun energy is a never-ending means. This gives a tremendous amount of energy. When the reserves of coal and mineral oil are exhausted, then power will be obtained and we will be able to do it easily with our domestic work and plants.

Question 8.
All the trees, thorn bushes, plants and grasses etc. are included in the natural vegetation which grow without human intervention. Before starting its study, it is necessary to know the related words like Flora, Vegetation and Forests. Different species of plants that grow in a certain time and in a certain area are included in the flora, shrubs, plants, grass etc. that grow at a place in a certain environment are called vegetation. Whereas a large area surrounded by dense and adjacent trees, plants, thorn bushes etc. is called forest. The term jungle is mostly used by environmental scientists and forest guards and geographers. Each type of developed vegetation has to go through a long life cycle by creating a delicate balance with its environment, which depends on the quality of its mutual cohesion and ability to adapt. The entire flora found in our country is not local, but 4Q% of it belongs to foreign castes which are called Boreal and Paleo-Tropical species.
(a) Name the foreign castes and quantities in the country.
Answer:

  • The foreign vegetation species present in the country are called as Boreal and Paleo-Tropical.
  • The amount of foreign vegetation in India is 40%.

(b) Write briefly on the autumn or monsoon vegetables.
Answer:
The vegetation that leaves its leaves before the start of summer to prevent further evaporation is called the autumn or monsoon vegetation. This vegetation can be divided into two sub-parts which are and wet based on rainfall.

  • Autumn Forest. This type of vegetation is found in four big areas, where the annual rainfall varies from 100 to 200 cm. Trees are less dense in these areas but their height reaches 30 metres. Sal, Sheesham, Teak, Chandan, Jamun, Amltas, Haldu, Ebony, Mulberry are the major trees of these forests.
  • Dry Deciduous Vegetation. This type of vegetation is found in areas with rainfall less than 50 to 100 cm. Its long strip starts from Punjab and extends to the adjoining areas of the southern plateau. Kelkar, Babool, Banyan, Haldu are the main trees here.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 9.
In our country, along with the diversity of vegetation, there is a large variety of fauna. In fact there is a deep interconnection between the two. About 76 thousand species of fauna are found in the country. 2500 species of fish are found in the fresh and salt water of the country. Similarly, there are 2000 species of birds. 400 species of snakes are found in India. Apart from this, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and small insects and worms are also found. Mammals have majestic elephants with majestic chicks. It is an organism of equatorial tropical forests. In our country, it is found in the forests of Assam, Kerala and Karnataka. It rains heavily and the forests are also very dense. In contrast camels and wild asses are found in very hot and dry deserts. Camel Thar is the common animal of the desert, while wild plants are found only in the Rann of Kuchh. They have a horned rhinoceros in the opposite direction. They live in marshy areas in northern parts of Assam and West Bengal. Among Indian animals, the Indian bison, the Indian buffalo are particularly notable.
(a) Name the animals found in the Himalayas.
Answer:
In the Himalayas, wild sheep, mountain goat, a long horned wild goat and tapir etc, are found, while pandas and Himatendua animals are found in high mountain

(b) What are the works being done to look after the animals in the country?
Answer:
Indian Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in 1972. Under this, 1,50,000 square kilometers of area (2.7% of the country and 12 percent of the total forest area) in various parts of the country were declared as national parks and wildlife sancturies.

Near Extinction Special attention has been paid to wildlife.
The work of counting animals and birds has been started at the National level. At present there are 16 tiger reserves in different parts of the country.

A special scheme for rhinoceros conservation is being carried out in Assam. The truth is that till now 18 Biosphere Reserves have been established in the country.
Under the scheme, the first life reservation area was created in Nilgiri. Protection of every animal is mandatory under this scheme. This natural heritage is for future generations.

Question 10.
A combined mixture of light, loose and unstructured rocky shreds and fine-grained bacteria found on the earth’s surface is called soil which has the power to give rise to plants. Deposition of this mixture is found in deep layers ranging from 15-30 cm to several metres. But the soil scientist is divided into three layers called A, B and C respectively, depending on the depth and quantity of soil colour, texture, size of particles etc. Due to the high quantity of humus in ‘A’ Horizon soils, they begin to turn black. But due to being situated in the zone of leaching on this layer, the minerals dissolve and go down and the colour starts to turn dark black. The colour of sub-layer with ‘B’ Horizon under this layer is brown due to the mineral matter leaking from the top layer. But the aihount of humus in it decreases. Below this layer, a layer of ‘C’ Horizon soil is found in which the substances separated from the above rocks do not have any special change and later go to the main base rock. The colour of this sub-rocky surface is grey or light brown,
(a) Describe the definition of soil.
Answer:
The combined mixture of light, loose and unstructured rock crust (shell powder) and fine granules found on the earth’s surface is called soil.

(b) What is the contribution of primary rocks in the birth of soil?
Answer:
The primary rocks in the country consist of lofty rocks of the northern plains or lava-formed rocks of the plateau. They contain various types of minerals. Therefore, they make good soil. The colour, formation, texture, etc. of the soil formed by the primary rocks depends on how long the rocks are being affected and by what kind of climate. In a state like West Bengal, the spil is highly developed due to the effects of chemical reactions in the climate and humus. But in dry area like Rajasthan, due to lack of vegetation, soil fertility decreases. Likewise, soil erosion is more in areas with high rainfall and high winds. Fertility decreases as a result.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 11.
In today’s knowledge and information-based world, the important contribution of human resources is being realized in national construction and development much better than before. Today all the countries of the world, especially the developing countries, are paying more attention to the development of human resources than before. Children can you think why is this ? In the countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia etc., known as ‘Asian Tigers’, the rapid development of economic development is being attributed to the huge investment made in the development of human resources in the last few decades. In human resource development, not only the parameters like education, technical skills, health and nutrition but also human-ethics-ideas, civilization- culture, species and nation-pride should be included. Only then will human resource development becQme a complete ideology.
(a) What is the most valuable resource of a country?
Answer:
Intellectually and physically healthy citizens.

(b) Why is it important to study the population structure of the country?
Answer:
There are many reasons why it is necessary to know the population structure of a country.

  • Various characteristics of the population of any country for social and economic planning such as the age structure of the population, gender structure, business structure etc. data is required.
  • Different components of the population structure are closely related to the economic development of the country. While the population structure components are affected by economic development from another, they are also unable to remain untouched by the impact of progress and level of economic development. For example, if the percentage of children and old people in the age structure of a country’s population is very high, then the country will have to spend more and more financial resources on basic facilities like education and health. On the other hand, the rate of economic development of the country is accelerated due to the higher proportion of working-age groups in the age structure.

Question 12.
The study of the regional pattern of population distribution provides the basis for understanding all demographic components of the population. For this reason, it is very important to understand the regional pattern of distribution of population. Here first we must also clarify the difference between population distribution and population density. Population distribution is related to place and density is related to ratio. Population distribution implies that what is the regional pattern of population in any part of the country, that is, the population pattern is nucleated or agglomerated in one place. On the other hand in density, which is related to population size and area, attention is given to the ratio of man and area. The history of human settlements in India is very old. That is why the population resides in every part of the country which is the sum of human. habitation. Yet the distribution of population is greatly affected by the fertility* of the land. As India is an agricultural country, the pattern of population distribution depends on agricultural productivity. For this reason, in states where the productivity of agriculture is high, the concentration of population is equally high. Apart from agricultural productivity, the variation of physical factors, industrial development and cultural elements also contribute significantly in influencing the population distribution pattern of India.
(a) Name the largest and least populous states of the country.
Answer:
The most populous state in the country is Uttar Pradesh and the least state is Sikkim.

(b) Describe the format giving the salient features of the regional pattern of population distribution in the country?
Answer:
The regional pattern of population distribution in India and its important features are as follows:
1. The distribution of population in India is very uneven. Population is very dense in river valleys and seaside plains, but the population is very sparse in the mountainous desert and scarcity areas. Only 3% of the population lives on 16 percent of the country’s land in the hilly regions of the north, while 40 percent of the population lives on 18 percent of the country’s land in the northern plains. In Rajasthan, 6 percent of the population lives on only 6 percent of the country’s land.

2. Majority of the population is settled in rural areas. About 71% of the total population of the country resides in rural areas, about 29% in cities. Large cities have a large population of urban population. Two thirds of the total urban population lives in first-tier cities with population of one lakh or more.

3. The concentration of minority communities in thei country is in the most sensitive and important outer border areas. For example, the Sikhs in Punjab and the Muslims in Jammu and Kashmir are in abundance near the Indo-Pak border in north western India. Similarly there is a gathering of people of Christianity along the borders of China and Burma (Myanmar) in the northeast. Many social, economic and political difficulties arise from such distribution.

4. On the one hand, the population is dense in the coastal plains and valleys of the rivers. On the other hand, the population in the mountainous, plateau and desert parts is sparse. -This distribution resembles a demographic divide.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

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PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Athletics Game History
The origin of athletics has been found in the ancient Greek. The activities of running, jumping, throwing can be traced in the primitive times. Man had to hunt for his survival for which these activities were needed. Sometimes he used to run away from danger. He used stone throwing for killing the animals.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 1
Later these activities took shape of competitive activities. Probably the first foot race took place thousands of years ago as this was described in Greek poem MLLIAD’ which was composed in 700 B.C. In 776 B.C. First Olympic Games were held in Greece where foot race was the only event. Athletics was introduced in England in 11th century. Modem athletics began in England in 1837. In 1896 first modem Olympic Games were held in Athens where athletic events were introduced. In 1912 sixteen countries formed ‘International Amateur Athletic Federation’.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 2
Athletics Game Latest General Rules
1. The start and finish of a race shall be measured from the edge of the starting line farther from the finish to the edge of the finish line nearer to the start.

2. On the command ‘on your marks’ or ‘set’ if competitor fails to comply after a reasonable time, shall constitute a false start.

3. If a competitor starts movement before the shot of the gun, it shall be a false start and disqualified at a very first instance.

4. The time is taken from the fire of the electronic gun to the time when competitor touches his torso with the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line.

5. Every competitor must be provided with two chest numbers which must be worn on the chest and back. Where photo finish equipment is in operation the competitor must wear thigh numbers.

6. In all races run in particular allotted lanes, each competitor shall keep within his own lane.

7. In hurdling, each race has 10 hurdles. The hurdlers must run in their allotted lanes. They are disqualified if they allow their leg to trail along the side of a hurdle. The hurdler is not penalized for knocking down hurdle in his own lane.

8. Starting blocks shall be used for all races upto and including 400 m (including the first leg of the 4 x 200 m and 4 x 400 m) and shall not be used for any other race. When an athlete uses his own starting blocks, they shall comply with rules.

9. Wind Measurement. The periods for which the wind velocity shall be measured from the flash of the starter’s gun or approved starting apparatus are as follows:

  • 100 m 10 S
  • 100 m Hurdles 13 S
  • 110 m Hurdles 13 S

In the 200 m event, the wind velocity shall be measured for a period of 10 seconds commencing when the first athlete enters the straight.
The wind gauge for track events shall be placed beside the straight, adjacent to first lane at 50 m from the finish line. It shall be positioned 1.22 m high and not more than 2 m away from the track.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Athletics Game Important Points

  • Competition Director:01
  • Manager:01
  • Technical Delegate:01 (or more)
  • Technical Manager:01
  • Jury of Appeal:03,05 or 07
  • Referee for Track Events:01 (or more)
  • Referee for Field Events:01 (or more)
  • Referee for Combined Events:01 (or more)
  • Chief Judge for Track Events:01
  • Chief Judge for Field Events:01
  • Judges for Track Events:03 (or more)
  • Judges for Field Events:03 (or more)
  • Chief Judge for Walking Event:01
  • Judges for Walking Event:04
  • Umpires for Track Events:04 (or more)
  • Starter:01 (or more)
  • Recaller:01 (or more)
  • Starters Assistant:01 (or more)
  • Lap Scorer:01 (or more)
  • Recorder:01 (or more)
  • Marshal:01 (or more)
  • Wind Gauge Operator:01 (or more)
  • Chief Photo Finish Judge:01
  • Assistant Photo Finish Judges:02
  • Measure ment Judge:01 (or more)
  • Call Room Judge:01 (or more)
  • Announcers:02
  • Statistician:01 (or more)
  • Stewards:01 (or more)
  • Doctor:01 (or more)

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Athletics Game Rules And Regulations

Rules for Throwing Events:
1. The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot.
2. When there are more than eight competitors, each competitor shall be allowed three trials. Out of these trials best eight are selected and are given three additional chances. If there is a tie for eighth place, and competitor so trying shall be allowed for two additional trials. Eight or when the number of competitors are less, each competitor is given four trials.
3. At the competition each thrower is given two practice trials.
4. The competitor must not leave the circle until the implement has touched the sector.

Putting The Shot:

  • The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only.
  • A competitor is allowed to touch the inside of both the iron ring and the stop board.
  • Use of gloves is not allowed.
  • Shot must fall within the sector.
  • Use of adhesives and leather belt is allowed.
  • Use of taping is not allowed.

Discus:

  • It shall be a foul throw if the competitor touches the ground outside the circle or the top edge of ring if he has begun the technique.
  • The discus must fall within the inner edges of the sector.

Rules For Jumping Events

Rules for Long Jump and Triple Jump:
1. The order of trials shall be drawn by lot.

2. When there are more than eight jumpers, each jumper shall be given three trials. Out of these trials best eight are selected and are given three additional chances. If there is a tie for eighth place, any jumper so tying shall be allowed for two additional chances. When the number of competitors is eight or fewer, each competitor is given four trials.

3. A competitor fails if he or she:

  • Touches the ground beyond the take off line with any part of his or her body.
  • Takes off from side of the take off board.
  • While landing or in the course of landing, the jumper touches the ground outside the landing area.
  • performs somersaulting.

4. In case of a tie, second best jump is considered. If still tie occurs, the third best is considered and so on.

Rules of High Jump:
1. The order in which the competitors take their trials shall be drawn by lot.

2. Before the competition begins, the chief judge announces the starting height and the subsequent heights to which the bar will be raised at the end of each round. Unless only the one competitor is remaining and the bar should never be raised by less than 2 cm in case of high jump.

3. A competitor fails if after the jump the bar does not remain on the upright bars because, of the action of the competitor.

4. In high jump, competitor must take off from one foot.

5. Once a competition has begun, competitors are not permitted to use the runway area for sake of trials.

6. Two chances are given to clear one height.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Ties in the High Jump:
1. The competitor with the lowest number of jumps at the height at which the tie shall be … given the higher place.

2. If the tie still remains, the competitor who is having less failure throughout the event and including last height cleared shall be given the higher place.

3. If the tie still remains and if it is for the first place, the tying competitor shall have one more jump at the lowest height at which any of those involved in the tie failed, and yet if the decision is not final, the bar shall be raised or lowered 2 cm for the high jump. They shall then attempt one jump at each height until tie is resolved.
Measurements of Play Field and Specifications of Equipments

Standard Track:
For all International Championships, the length of the track is 400 m. It has 8 lanes. It consists of 2 straights and 2 bends. The inside of the track is bordered by metallic fencing which is 5 cm in height and 5 cm in width. Each lane is 1.22 m in width.

Dimensions:
In the Budapest congress of the LAAF held in 1966 a little addition was made regarding marking of track and .lanes. This says, “the measurement should be taken 30 cm outward from the inner border of the track dr where no border exists 20 cm from the line marking the inside of the track.”

  • Total Distance of Track:400 m
  • Straight Distance:84.39 m
  • Radius:36.50 m

Stagger:
The stagger is the distance given for each lane to compensate the excess distance which is increased due to the increase in radius of each line.
Formula for calculating staggers:
[w(n-1)-10 cm] 2 π

  • w-stands for width of lane
  • n-stands for number of lanes for which stagger is calculated
  • π -it is a constant and is equal to 22/7.

The distance of the staggers for the 200 m and 400 m race:

200 m 400 m
1st Lane 0.00 m 0.00 m
2nd Lane 3.52 m 7.04 m
3rd Lane 7.35 m 14.71 m
4th Lane 11.19 m 22.38 m
5th Lane 15.02 m 30.05 m
6th Lane 18.86 m 37.71 m
7th Lane 22.69 m 45.38 m
8th Lane 26.52 m 53.05 m

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Staggers for 800 m race:
The staggers for 800 m race consists of staggers for 200 m+Diagonal excess. The calculation for the runner in the first lane doesn’t arise as he will be running in the lane throughout the first lap. The diagonal distance by the runner in the second lane is very negligible and is not considered.
The distance of staggers for 800 m race

1st Lane 0.00 m
2nd Lane 3.52 m
3rd Lane 7.37 m
4th Lane 11.26 m
5th Lane 15.15 m
6th Lane 19.09 m
7th Lane 23.02 m
8th Lane 26.97 m

Specification of Hurdle. The following are the dimensions of the hurdle:
Men:

Distance of race Height of hurdle Distance from start line to first hurdle Distance between hurdles Distance from last hurdle to finish line
(Metres) (Metres) (Metres) (Metres)  (Metres)
110 1.067 13.72 09.14 14.02
400 0.914 45.00 35.00 40.00

Women:

Distance of race Height of hurdle Distance from start line to first hurdle Distance between hurdles Distance from last hurdle to finish line
(Metres) (Metres) (Metres) (Metres) (Metres)
100 0.840 13.00 08.50 10.50
400 0.762 45.00 35.00 40.00

Construction:
The hurdles are made of metal and wood. They consist of 2 feet and 2 uprights. The uprights are fixed on the end of each base. The height of the hurdle is adjustable.The hurdle shall be of such a design that a force at least equal to the weight of 3.6 kg applied to the centre of the top edge of the bar is required to overturn it.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 3
Construction of Baton:
The baton is made up of hollow metallic tube which shall not be more than 30 cm and not less than 28 cm in length. The circumference of the baton shall be from 12 cm to 13 cm. Each baton should weigh 50 gm. It should be bright coloured so that it is easily visible during race.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Shot Put:
Construction of Shot The shot shall be of solid iron, brass or any other metal not softer than brass.
Specifications of Shot:

Shot Men Women
Weight 7.265 – 7.285 kg 4.005 – 4.025 kg
Diameter 110 -130 mm 95-110 mm

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 4 - Copy - Copy
Specifications of Discus:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 5
Specifications of Javelin Throw:

Javelin Men Women
Weight 805-825 gm 605-625 gm
Length 260-270 cm 220-230 cm
Length of Metal Head (Nail) 250-330 mm 250-330 mm
Distance from Tip of Metal to C.O.G. 90-100 cm 80-95 cm
Diameter of Shaft 25-30 mm 20-25 mm
Width of Cord 150-160 mm 140-150 mm

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 6
Specifications of Long Jump:
The Runway:
The minimum length of the runway shall be 40 m. The width of runway should be from 1.22-1.25 m. It is marked with 4 cm wide white lines.

Take off Board:
It is placed 1 m from the nearer end of the landing area. It is made up of wood and measures 1.22 m x 20 cm x10 cm (depth).

Plasticine Indicator Board:
It is mounted in line to the edge of take off board which is nearer to the landing area. It measures 1.22 m x 10 cm x 7 mm (height). The edges shall either slant at 45° and are covered by 1 mm thick plasticine layer.
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Landing Area:
The landing area should have minimum width of 2.75 m and maximum of 3 m, the length of the landing area is 9 m. It is filled with the soft damp sand.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 8
Specifications of Triple Jump:
All the specifications of pit, take off board and plasticine indicator board are same as in jump. But the takeoff board along with the plasticine indicator should not be less than 13 m for men and 11 m for women from the nearer end of the landing area.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Specifications of High Jump:
Runway: The minimum length of runway shall be 15 m.

Uprights: Aluminium movable uprights having distance between 4.00 – 4.04 m are allowed. Crossbar. It is made of fibre glass, metal or other suitable material weighing 2 kg. The length of cross bar should be 3.98 – 4.02 m.

Landing Area:
The landing area is rectangular measuring not less than 5 m x 3 m. The landing area should be of foam to avoid injury while landing.

Fundamental Skills:
Track Events
The Start:
The athlete must take good start for having a good chance of winning a sprint. A good start can be defined as coming out of starting blocks off quickly with maximum thrust. To break inertia of rest quickly, the sprinter is crouched before the start because crouching of base makes the body unstable before the start. The crouch start has mainly three parts:
1. Bunch or Bullet Start: In this type of start, the distance between blocks of the starting block varies from 15 to 27 cm. Generally knee of rear leg is aligned with the toe of the front foot.

2. Medium Start: In this start the distance between blocks of the starting block is 40 to 50 cm and the knee of rear leg is aligned with the arch of the front foot.

3. Elongated Start: This type of start is rarely used. The distance between blocks of the starting block varies from 55 to 65 cm. The knee of rear leg is aligned with the heel of the front foot.

Setting of Blocks:
The distance between the blocks is first adjusted according to the type of the start to be used. A sprinter having tall body must fix starting block 21″ from the starting line, however short statured athlete might fix starting block 18″ away from the starting line. In 100 m start the starting block is fixed in the middle and parallel to the lane. While the starting block is fixed along the tangent of the inner curve if the start of the race is starting from a curve. The starting block is fixed on the track with the help of two nails.

On Your Marks Position”
After hearing the command on your marks the athlete comes from behind the blocks. The athlete is advised to place his strong foot first in front and then his rear foot at the back. After placing both the feet in the starting block the athlete should place his hands in front of starting line in such a way that the thumb and first finger makes a bridge. Hands should be kept apart according to the shoulder width. The head should be in line with the body.

‘Set’ Position:
The most important position in the crouch start is the ‘set’ position. After the command ‘set’ the athlete should raise his hips slightly higher than the head and shoulder. After raising hips the body weight must be shifted in front. The eyes should be focused on lane about 3 to 4 feet away from starting line. At ‘set’ position the angles of front knee and rear knee should be around 90° and 120° respectively.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

‘On Fire’:
The athlete should begin running immediately after the pistol is fired. The thrust is taken with the help of front foot and the rear leg comes out first. While driving rear leg, opposite arm is also given a swing in backward direction so that the coordination of arms and legs is maintained right from the beginning of the race.

Note: For long distance races, covering more than 800 m the command ‘set’ is eliminated and race is started with the rest of the two commands.

Finish:
At the ‘finish’, the ‘finishing tape’ should be of wool so that it breaks easily. The finish of the race is not considered with touching of tape but when the torso of an athlete just touches the vertical plane arising out from inner edge of the finish line and this vertical plane is aligned with the finishing tape. The finishing of the race is done in the following methods:

1. Lunge:
Most of the athlete use lunge style while finishing the race. Generally, experienced athletes use this method. In this method athlete lunges ahead with his head and chest. This activity is fastened with the help of backward arm swing. While performing lunge finish an athlete must maintain his body balance.

2. Shoulder Shrug:
In this technique when the athlete comes nearer to the finishing tape, he performs shrugging action. The body is twisted in such a way that the torso makes 90° angle with finish line. This can be achieved by shrugging the opposite shoulder in respect to the forward leg.

3. Running through the Tape:
Most of the beginners use this technique during finish of the sprint. The athlete is advised not to perform any finishing technique and he crosses the finish line without breaking speed and in a natural sprinting action.

Hurdle Races:
Hurdling began about 130 years back. In early times the hurdle races were performed with hurdles which were fixed on ground. At that time many runners got injury because they failed to clear the obstacle. Today hurdles are not fixed on the ground. Even knocking or falling of the hurdle doesn’t disqualify as it takes a fair amount speed out of his sprinting.

Technique of Hurdling:
Take off and flight, over the hurdle are most important requisites of a good hurdling.
As and when athlete approaches the hurdle, the first step is taken off by heel-ball and toe- action. After the take off, the legs are stretched in such a way that they make 90° angle with the hurdle. When the hurdler approaches he should flex his upper body towards the leg. At this stage rear leg should be flexed at 90°. While performing this action the coordination between arms and legs is maintained. After this landing is done with the front leg which is approximately 4 feet from the hurdle.

Relay Races:
4 x 100 m and 4 x 400 m sprint relays are the two most usual races. These relay races are run by four athletes by passing a baton among them.

Technique:
The baton can be exchanged in two ways:
1. Non-Visual Method. This method is used in 4 x 100 m relay race. In this method the athlete changes the baton without seeing back. The baton is changed in change over zone, which is 20 cm long. The first athlete keeps baton in right hand because he is to run on inner side of the curve. The 2nd runner stands in acceleration zone and starts running as the first runner approaches towards him. The non visual method is further divided in two parts:

(i) Upward Pass:
In this method the outgoing athlete should make cup shape fingers at the time of exchange and incoming athlete moves baton in an upward direction. As the baton touches the outgoing athlete’s hand the incoming athlete leaves the baton.

(ii) Downward Pass:
In this technique the outgoing athlete opens hand facing palm upward, the incoming athlete passes baton from downward pass.

2. Visual Method:
This technique is used in longer relay races. The outgoing athlete looks back and starts running. He takes the baton from incoming athlete with watching the movements of incoming athlete.

Field Event:
The field events are measured by the distance and height. They include throwing and jumping events.

Shot put:
Technique: Most of the throwers use either glide or the spin technique. Every thrower starts at the back of the circle facing the back.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Parry ‘O’ Brian Style:
1. Holding: The shot should rest at the base of fingers. The thumb and little finger first support at the sides.

2. Placement of Shot: The shot should be placed in the clavicle fossa just near to clavicle bone and touching the neck.

3. Stance:
The thrower should stand at the back of the putting circle facing back to the sector. The holding and placement of the shot is done after entering the circle. In case of right-hander, the thrower should flex his left leg and should raise flexed left arm.

4. T-formation:After the stance the thrower should bend his trunk down and to keep the balance left leg is extended.

5. Kick and Glide:
After making T of the body, the left leg is crouched and kick and glide is done to gain momentum. The glide should be long enough to reach the stop board.

6. Delivery:
When the left foot touches the stop board simultaneously the thrust from wrist, arm, shoulder and trunk is taken for putting the shot at 45° angle.

7. Follow Through:
After putting the shot die thrower should make a reverse flick by legs to prevent falling forward.

Disco Put Style:
In this method the movement of shot is circular. Instead of linear momentum, angular momentum is generated. Holding, stance, delivery and follow through is same as in Parry ‘O’ Brian style. But the difference is only in the turning. Thrower has to complete lVi-PA rounds putting the shot.

In the rotational style, the athlete stands upright, facing back to the putting circle. The upper body is turned towards right so that body weight shifts to right. After this the weight is again shifted to left foot. The left knee turns away from the right knee. The right foot in contact with the circle is preferred as long as possible. After the swing, right foot lands on the ball of the foot and right leg continues inward rotation. The left foot is grounded as quickly as possible at the front of circle. At this stage the chest of the thrower faces opposite to throwing direction. Like this the shot is released. After releasing shot, the left leg should swing anti-clockwise so that athlete continues to rotate back into the putting circle.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Discus:
Technique:
1. Holding the Discus:
The throwing hand is placed on the top of the discus so that the fingers are spread and also pushes over the edge. The wrist is kept rigid and the palm is flat against the surface of discus.

2. Stance: The athlete stands at the back of circle facing back to the direction of throw.

3. Swing:
The thrower makes the initial swings slowly, the speed is generated so that the right arm is fully extended and the discus comes behind the right hip. The height of the discus should be around at shoulder height.

4. Turns:
After achieving full swing the thrower pivots on the left foot with sweeping action of right leg. The thrower reaches the middle of the circle and lands right foot. After landing on right foot, the left leg is extended to the front of the circle. The weight is shifted to left leg.

5. Delivery: The discus is released at the shoulder height with fully extended arm.

6. Follow Through:
After the release of discus the right foot is moved in the front and simultaneously left leg is lifted to the backward reverse flick.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Javelin Throw:

Technique:
1. Holding: The javelin is held at the cord grip in three ways.

2. Standing Position: The javelin is held above the shoulder pointing forward and almost horizontal.

3. Approach Run:
After the initial stance athlete runs forward keeping the body in slightly leaning forward position. The athlete usually runs 36 metres and achieves 75% of speed. When the thrower is just four strides away from scratch line, the javelin is taken back. During this action athlete maintains the speed and places his feet in front of his body weight. The right knee is lifted and simultaneously push of the left leg is taken. This crossing action of legs in the air leans back the body.

4. Throwing Position:
The right foot is grounded first on the heel. As soon the body weight passes over the right foot and then the weight is shifted to left leg. This action arches the body like a bow. The right shoulder drives up and helps in throwing the javelin. The javelin is released high over the shoulder.

5. Follow Through:
After releasing javelin, the athlete takes one more stride so that the right foot land in front of scratch line. To stop forward movement, hopping is done on the right foot. .

Long Jump:
Technique-
The distance covered in a long jump depends upon the speed and angle of projection at the take off. A long jumper must acquire maximum speed before hitting the take off board.

1. Approach Run:
The athlete starts the run-up from the check mark. An odd number of strides is used s o that maximum speed is achieved. The approach mn should be so long so that strong foot exactly comes on the take off board. Generally top male jumpers take about 23 strides whereas top female athletes take about 17 strides.

2. Take Off:
The take off should be taken exactly from the take off board with vertical lift and at maximum horizontal range and to reach an effective landing position.

3. The Flight:
The aim of flight is to increase horizontal range and reach an effective landing position.

4. Hitch Kick Action:
In this the jumper takes additional stride in the air and cycles the legs. It is called as IV2 hitch whereas highly trained jumpers take another stride given a 2Vi hitch.

5. Hang Style: In this style the body is arched like a bow in the air. It is explained in the given figure.

6. Landing:
The landing must be made with the feet together and ahead of the body. The arms are moved back. After landing, side way falling is preferred to avoid the backward falling.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Triple Jump:
Technique-
It is also known as Hop, Step and Jump.
1. Approach Run: The check mark is placed so that athlete arrives take off board accurately with maximum acceleration.

2. Take off for Hop:
In this phase body is kept upright. The thighs are driven high and this leg drive is coordinated by action of opposite arm. During this phase the athlete lands the same foot from which he took off.

3. Step:
After the landing from hop, again step is taken but with increased height. Forward action of free leg and arms help the body in driving ahead. In this the jumper takes off from the same step and lands on the other foot.

4. Jump:
After taking step the jumper drives upward into the air vigorously. During this maximum height is achieved. Both arms are moved in forward to help vigorous arm swing.

5. Landing: The landing must be made with the feet together ahead of body same as in long jump.

High Jump:
Technique-
Hie technique of high jump devel oped many times. The following techniques were used:
(i) Scissor Style
(ii) Western Roll
(iii) Straddle Style
(iv) Fosbury Flop
The last two techniques are used now-a-days but fosbury is most advantageous and accepted.

Straddle Style:
In this method the take off foot is nearest to the bar. The jumper goes over facing the bar and lands on the other foot.
1. Approach Run:
Five to nine strides are taken to enable the jumper to get as much speed as required. The running is done at about 35°-45° to the bar.

2. Take-off:
The last stride should be long. The take off foot should touch the take off point in heel ball toe action. During the take off arms should swing upwards. The free leg is given swing above the head.

3. Action in Air:
After taking off the free leg and same side arm will cross the bar first together with head. As the body comes over the bar the take off leg is given kick in upward direction to clear the bar.

4. Landing: In straddle style the landing is done on shoulders or back depending upon the torque.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Fosbury Flop:
This method is widely used in the world. It is most advantageous because centrifugal forces are utilised in this style.
1. Approach Run: Usually 7-9 strides are taken, straight running is done in curve as the athlete approaches the bar.

2. Take-off:
The foot is planted at least two feet from the cross bar. The jumper must run tall with high. Aggressive knee drive is taken towards the bar. Simultaneously arm swing from both the arms is taken.

3. Action in the Air:
The knees are semi flexed. This results in the hips and thighs being held up. After the hips clear the bar, the legs are straightened so that it helps in lifting the legs away from the bar.

4. Landing: The landing is done on the shoulders in the landing area.

Important Terminologies:

  • Pentathlon: It consists of five events competition and is held in one day only.
  • Heptathlon: It consists of seven events competition for women held in two days.
  • Decathlon: It consists often events competition for men and is held in two days.
  • Stagger: It is the distance given for each lane to compensate the excess distance increased due to increase in radius.
  • Hurdle: These are the events in which competitor run over obstacles which are called hurdles.
  • Steeple Chase: It is the event comprising of 3000 metres distance with two type of obstacles.
  • Marathon: It is a long distance race run for 42.195 kilometres. .
  • Torso: It is a part of body excluding arms, feet, legs, hands, head and neck.
  • Pegging: When the nail of the javelin touches the ground, it is called pegging.
  • Putting: In shot put event the putting refers to throwing behind the line of shoulder.
  • Sector: Area for valid throw.
  • Baton: A baton is 30 cms long metallic hollow pipe which is used in relay races.
  • Exchange Zone: The exchange of baton takes place within 20 metres long zone and is called exchange zone.
  • Scratch Line: In javelin throw, the thickness of line is 7 cms which is called scratch line.
  • Relay: It is a race covered by four runners.
  • Foss Burry Flop: It is a technique of high jump in which the centrifugal force is utilized.
  • Photo Finish: Instrument used to decide the finish of the race.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Athletics Game Important Tournaments
International Level:

  • Europa Cup: Six Nation Championship held in Europe began in 1965
  • World Athletics Championship
  • Olympics: Athletics started in 1896
  • Commonwealth Games: Athletics started in 1930
  • IAAF Grand Prix
  • Asian Games: Athletics started in 1951
  • Asian Grand Prix
  • Asian Track and Field Championship: started in 1973

Nationaf Level:

  • National Circuit Meets
  • Federation Cup for Seniors
  • Federation Cup for Juniors.

Sports Personalities:
Arjuna Award Winners-

  • 1966-B. S. Barua
  • 1967-Bhim Singli
  • 1967-Praveen Kumar
  • 1968-ManjiWalia
  • 1968-Joginder Singh
  • 1969-HarnekSingh
  • 1970-Mohinder Singh Gill
  • 1971-Edward Sequcira
  • 1972-Vijay Singh Chauhan
  • 1973-SriramSingh
  • 1974-Shivnath Singh
  • 1974-T. C. Yohaiman
  • 1975-V. Anusuya Bai
  • 1975-Han Chand
  • 1976-GeetaZuishi
  • 1976-Bahadur Singh
  • 1978-79 Angel Mary Joseph
  • 1978-79 Sureh Babu
  • 1979-80 R. Gyanasekaran
  • 1980-81-Gopal Sami
  • 1981-SabirAli
  • 1982-Charles Borromeo
  • 1982-Chand Rara
  • 1982-M. D. Valsamma
  • 1983-P.T.Usha
  • 1983-Suresh Yadav
  • 1984-Shiny Abraham
  • 1984-Raj Kumar
  • 1985-Raghubir Singh Bal
  • 1985-Asha Agarwal
  • 1985-AdiUe Sumariwala
  • 1986-Suman Rawat
  • 1987-Vandana Shanbagh
  • 1987-Bagicha Singh
  • 1987-Vandana Rao
  • 1987-Balwinder Singh
  • 1988-Athwmi Nachappa
  • 1989-Moecy Kuflii
  • 1990-Lcaa Rn
  • 1992-Habair Praad
  • 1993-K. Sawnma
  • 1994-Ra Kufty
  • 1995-Malathi Kriihnamirthy Holla (Para Athlete)
  • 1995-Jyotirmoyee Sikdar
  • 1995-Sbakli Siagh
  • 1996-Par1mm 1baa
  • 1997-AjffBhta
  • 1996-Ka11cgowi (Para Athlete)
  • 1997-M. Mahadrva (Para Athlete)
  • 1997-Rccth Abraham
  • 1998-P.rami Singli
  • 1998-kachila Miatiy
  • 1998-SD,EahaI
  • 1998-Nerlam Jarwarn &ngh
  • 1998-Siridiand Ram
  • 1999-Guiab Charal
  • 1999-G. Venk avampçla (P.r. Athlete)
  • 1999-Gcmt Ku.
  • 1999-Panhiniar, Singti
  • 1999-Sunita Rani
  • 2000-Joginder Singh Bedi (Para Athlete For Lifetime Contribution)
  • 2000-Yadvendra Vashishta (Para Athlete)
  • 2000-K. M. Beenamol
  • 2001-K.R. Shankar Iyer (Para Athlete)
  • 2002-Anju Bobby George
  • 2002-Saraswati Saha
  • 2003-Madhuri Saxena
  • 2003-Soma Biswas
  • 2004-Devendra Jhajharia (Para Athlete)
  • 2004-J. J. Shobha
  • 2004-Anil Kumar
  • 2005-Manjit Kaur
  • 2006-K. M. Bin
  • 2007-Chitra K. Soman
  • 2009-Sinimol Paulose
  • 2010-Jagseer Singh (Para Athlete)
  • 2010-Krishna Punia
  • 2010-Joseph Abraham (Athletics)
  • 2011-Preeja Sreedharan
  • 2012-Ramkaran Singh (Para Athlete)
  • 2012-Kavita Ramdas Raut
  • 2012-Deepa Mallick (Para Athlete)
  • 2012-Sudha Singh
  • 2013-Amit Kumar Saroha
  • 2013-Ranjith Maheshwari (Athlete)
  • 2014-Tintu Luka
  • 2015-Maehettira Raju Poovamma
  • 2016-Lalita Shivaji Babar
  • 2017-Varun Bhati (Para Athlete)
  • 2017-Mariyappan Thangavelu (Para Athlete)
  • 2017-Arokia Rajiv
  • 2017-Khushbir Kaur

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Dronacharya Award Winners:

  • 1985-O.M. Nambiar
  • 1994-Ilyas Babar
  • 1995-Karan Singh
  • 1997-Joginder Singh Saini
  • 1998-Bahadur Singh
  • 1998-Hargobind Singh Sandhu
  • 1999-Kenneth Owen Bosen
  • 2002-Renu Kohli
  • 2002-Jaswant Singh
  • 2003-Robert Bobby George
  • 2006-R.D. Singh
  • 2010-AK Kutty (Athlete for Life-time Contribution)
  • 2011-Ramphal
  • 2011-Kuntal Roy
  • 2012-Virendra Poonia
  • 2012-Satyapal Singh (Para Sports Athlete)
  • 2012-J.S. Bhatia
  • 2013-K P Thomas
  • 2014-N. Lingappa (Athlete for Life-time Contribution)
  • 2015-Naval Singh (Para Sports Athlete)
  • 2015-Harbans Singh (Athlete for Lifetime Contribution)
  • 2016-Nagapuri Ramesh
  • 2017-Late Dr. R. Gandhi
  • 2018-Sukhdev Pannu

Rajeev Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Winners:

  • 1998-Jyotirmoyee Sikdar
  • 2002-K. M. Beenamol
  • 2003-Anju Bobby George

Practical:
Labelled diagram of 400 M Track & Field with computations:
400 Metre Athletics Track-
The standard is oval shaped and straight of 84.39 m and a radius of 36.5 m marking the two semi circles. The measurement is taken from 30 cm from the inner edge for lane 1 if there is a raised border or 20 cm if there is no border. All other lane distances are measured 20 cm from the white line.
Now a days to facilitate field for soccer, American football or rugby, the inside of track is made obstacle free. Basic dimensions are explained below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 9
Lane Width:
There are 8 to 10 lanes each 1.22 m wide and no more than 1.25 m. The measurement being taken from the outside edge of one marking line to the outside edge of the next line, going outwards from the track side of the inner kerb. All semicircular curves are equal.

  • Line Width: 5 cm (1.97in) wide
  • Colour: White

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Competition Area for Track Events:
The Competition area for Track Events includes:
(i) An oval track with at least 8 lanes (400 m+0.04 m x 1.22 m ± 0.01 m) and safety zones measuring not less than 1.00 m on the inside and preferably 1.00 m on the outside.
(ii) Straight with at least 8 lanes (100 m+0.02 m x 1.22 m ± 0.01 m for sprints and 110 m+0.02 m x 1.22 m ± 0.01 m for hurdles)
(iii) Starting area 3 m for 110 m hurdles.
(iv) Steeplechase track as for oval track with a permanent water jump (3.66 m x 3.66 m x 0.50 m- 0.70 m) placed inside or outside the second bend.

Staggers:
When race is running in lanes in the curves then a distance is given for Lanes 2-10 to equal distance for all the running athletes. This distance is known as stagger. It is calculated from the following formula:
Stagger = [w (n-1) -10 cm] 27 C
The data for staggered starts for 400 m Standard Track (constant lane width of 1.22 m) is listed in Table.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 23
Table-Staggered start data for the 400 m Standard Track (in m)

Relay Take Over Zones:
10 m before and after the takeover scratch line in each lane. Before this 10 metres acceleration zone is marked. For the 4 x 400 m relay races, the echelon starting positions for the first athletes in each lane should be marked as shown in the 400 m Standard Track Marking Plan.

The scratch lines of the first take-over zones are the same as the start lines for the 800 m. Each take-over zone’shall be 20 m long of which the scratch line is the centre. The zones shall start and finish at the edges of the zone lines nearest the start line in the running direction. The take-over zones for the second and last take-over is marked 10 m either side of the start/finish line.

The position of hurdles is as per given table:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 24
Field Events:
The field events are divided into two following parts:
(i) Jumping events
(ii) Throwing events

Facilities for Jumping Events:
The jumping events are Long Jump, Triple Jump, High Jump and Pole Vault. Their computations are explained below:

Facility for Long Jump:
The Long Jump event includes a runway, a take-off board and a landing area. Preferably the long jump pit is placed outside the track along one of the straights. Two adjacent runways with a landing area at each end are provided to allow competition in either direction by two groups of athletes.simultaneously.

Runway for the Long Jump:
The length of the runway is 40 m min. and is measured from the beginning of the runway to the take-off line. The width of die runway is 1.22 m ± 0.01 m wide.

Take-off Board for the Long Jump:
The take-off board is rectangular and measures 1.22 m ± 0.01 m long, 0.20 m ± 0.002 m wide and not more than 0.10 m deep. It is white coloured. The surface of the take-off board must be in line with the surface of the runway.

Landing Area for the Long Jump:
The landing area must be 7 m to 9 m long and 2.75 m min. wide.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 10

Plasticine Indicator: To detect foul a plasticine indicator is placed. It shall be 0.1 m X 1.22 m and 7 mm in height.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Facility for Triple Jump:
For triple jump event all the facilities are similar to the long jump but it differs only due placement of the take-off board. For international competition, it is recommended that the take-off board shall not be less than 13 m for men and 11 m for women from the nearer end of the landing area.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 11
Facility for High Jump:
The competition area for high jump includes a semicircular runway, a take-off area, two uprights with cross bar and a landing area. The removing of kerbs makes it possible to use the oval track as part of the runway. For major championships, the high jump facility must be large enough so that two high jumps can be conducted simultaneously. ‘

Runway for the High Jump:
The semicircular runway, with a radius of at least 20 m, will permit approaches from every direction.

Landing Mate for the High Jump:
The landing mat is 6 metre long and 4 metres wide. The overall height is minimum 0.70 metres. It is covered by a spike proof protective mat. It may be placed on a 0.10 m high grid which, on all sides shall be boarded to the ground with its front edge 0.10 m behind that of the mat.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 12
Facility for Pole Vault
The Pole Vault event includes a runway, a box for inserting the pole (vaulting box), two uprights with crossbar and a landing area. It is located either outside the track, parallel to one of the straights or within one of the segments. The facility must provide for two pole vaults to be conducted simultaneously in the same direction, preferably side by side and with same length of the pole vault runway for each.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 13
Runway for the pole vault is 40 metres minimum. The runway is 1.22 m ± 0.01 m wide. It is marked by white lines 0.05 m wide. At the end of the runway, the box for vaulting pole is mounted flush with the runway and installed such that the top inside edge of its end board lies on the 0-line and at the same height. The 0-line shall be marked by a white line, 0.01 m wide which extends beyond the outside edges of the uprights.
The dimensions of the box are explained in the figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 14
Uprights for the Pole Vault:
The two uprights are installed on horizontal bases, level with the 0-line, such that each can be moved from the 0-line not less than 0.80 m towards the landing area.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Landing Mats for the Pole Vault
The landing mats for all major international competitions must not be smaller than 6.00 m long (excluding the front pieces used for extra protection) x 6.00 m wide x 0.80 m high. It may be placed on a 0.10 m high grid. The front pieces must be at least 2 m long. The sides of the landing area nearest to the box shall be placed 0.10 m – 0.15 m from the box and shall slope away from the box at an angle of approximately 45°. The figure below explains the dimensions of the landing pit:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 15
Facilities for Throwing Events:
There are four throwing events that are: Shot Put, Discus Throw, Hammer Throw and Javelin Throw.

Facility for Shot Put:
1. Throwing Circle for the Shot Put: The inside diameter of the throwing circle is 2.135 m ± 0.005 m.

2. Stop Board for the Shot Put:
The stop board is made of wood or suitable metal and is painted white. It is placed midway between the sector lines and be firmly fixed to the ground. It is 1.21 m ± 0.01 m long on the inside. The width at the narrowest point is 0.112 m ± 0.002 m and the height is 0.10 m ± 0.002 m measured above the adjoining surface of the circle when the stop board is firmly in position.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 16
3. Landing Sector for the Shot Put The landing sector is 25 metres long. It has an angle of 34.92 degrees and the computation to draw it is explained in the figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 17
Facility for Discus Throw:
The competition area for throwing events includes Facility for Discus Throw with throwing circle (2.50 m ± 0.005 m diameter), protective cage and landing sector (80 m radius, 48 m chord).
1. Throwing Circle for the Discus Throw:
The throwing circle is made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which shall be flush with the ground outside or the synthetic surface or concrete surround. The interior of the circle is constructed with concrete and must not be slippery. The surface of the interior is level and 0.02 m ± 0.006 m lower than the upper edge of the rim of the circle. The inside diameter of the circle is 2.50 m ±0.005 m. The rim of the circle is at least 6 mm thick, 70 mm to 80 mm deep and is painted white. The centre of the circle through which all performances are measured is marked.

2. Landing Sector for Discus Throw:
The landing sector consists of grass. The landing sector is laid from the middle of the circle with an angle of 34.92 degrees and is marked by 0.05 m wide white lines. The length of the sector is 80 m.
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 18
Facility for Hammer Throw:
1. Hammer Throw Circle:
Hammer throw circle is same as shot put circle. However, no stop board is used for hammer throw event.

2. Landing Sector for the Hammer Throw:
The length of the landing sector of hammer throw is 90 metres. It has angle of 34.92 degree.

Safety Cage for Discus Throw and Hammer Throw:
Both the events have safe cage and the dimensions of common cage are explained in the figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 19
Facility for Javelin Throw:
The facility for javelin throw includes runway (30 m min. x 4 m), arc with a radius of 8 m and landing sector of 100 m radius.

Runway for the Javelin Throw:
The length of the runway is 30 m minimum. It shall be marked by two parallel white lines 0.05 m wide and 4.00 m ± 0.01 m apart. Two white square marks 0.05 m x 0.05 m beside the runway four metres back from the end points of the throwing arcs.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Throwing Arc for the Javelin Throw:
The throwing arc is situated at the end of the runway. It may be painted white and is made of suitable non-corrodible material like hard plastic. The throwing arc is 0.07 m wide and is
curved with a radius of 8.00 m from the centre point in the middle of the runway. The detailed specifications are explained in figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 20
Landing Sector for the Javelin Throw:
The landing sector is 100 metres long. The computation of the marking of landing sector is explained in figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 21
The placements of all the events is explained in the figure given below:
PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics 22

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Athletics Games Important Questions

Question 1.
Enlist various short distance races.
Answer:
100 m, 200 m and 400 m, 100 m HR (w) 110 m HR (M) 4 x 100 m Relay, 4 x 400 m Relay.

Question 2.
Where were the First Modem Olympic Games was organized?
Answer:
Athens in 1896.

Question 3.
Name the field events in Athletics.
Answer:
Jumping events and Throwing events.

Question 4.
How many judges are required for field event?
Answer:
03 (or more).

Question 5.
What is the distance of straights in track?
Answer:
84.39 m.

Question 6.
How many lanes are there in standard track?
Answer:
8 lanes.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Question 7.
What is the formula for calculating staggers?
Answer:
[w (n – 1)-10 cm] 2n

Question 8.
What is the distance of staggers for 800 m race for 2nd lane?
Answer:
3.52 m.

Question 9.
What is the height of hurdle for 110 m?
Answer:
1.067 m.

Question 10.
Write the diameter of Shot Put circle for men.
Answer:
110-130 m.

Question 11.
What is the weight of Shot Put for women?
Answer:
4.005 – 4.025 kg.

Question 12.
Give the length of Javelin for men.
Answer:
260-270 cm.

Question 13.
What is the diameter of shaft for men?
Answer:
25-30 mm.

Question 14.
What should be the width of landing area in long jump?
Answer:
2.75 m.

PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics

Question 15.
Name the types of start in track event.
Answer:
Bunch/Bullet start, Medium start and Elongated start.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Physical Education Book Solutions 12th Class Physical Education Practical Athletics Important Notes, Questions and Answers.