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Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class History Source Based Questions

Physical Features of Punjab and their Influence on Its History:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The holy land of Punjab, the territory of five rivers has, undoubtedly, contributed to a great extent in diversified fields, not only to India but to the world also. About love to five thousand years ago, the Indus Valley Civilisation or Harappa civilisation was born, in areas around Punjab which were one of the oldest civilisations of the world. The great characters of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata belonged to Punjab. The great Mahabharata war was also fought on this land and Lord Krishna delivered his spiritual message i.e. the Gita here.

This land has the honour of giving birth to great scholars like Kautilya, Charka and Panin the great Sanskrit scholar. Due to the economic position of Punjab, most of the foreign invaders invaded Punjab through the North-West frontier Chandragupta Maurya and Harsh Vardhana had started these campaigns in Punjab and were able to establish a vast empire.

1. Harappan civilisation was born at which place?
2. The characters of which epics were related to Punjab?
3. Lord Krishna gave the message ……………….. at which place?
4. The foreign invaders who attacked India came from which side of Punjab?
5. Panini was the scholar of which subject?
Answer:
1. Harappan civilisation was born in areas around Punjab.
2. The great characters of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata were related to Punjab.
3. Lord Krishna gave the message of Gita in the land of Punjab.
4. The foreign invaders who invaded India came from the North-West frontier of Punjab.
5. Panini was a great Sanskrit scholar.

2. Punjab has been known by various names during different periods of history. It was called ‘Sapta Sindhu’ in the Rigvedic period, on the basis of the seven rivers that flowed in this land. They were : Sindhu (Indus), Vitasta (Jhelum), Asikni (Chenab), Parushni (Ravi), Vipasha (Beas), Sutudri (Sutlej) and Saraswati. The rivers Sindhu and Saraswati were the outer boundaries of Punjab. It is called ‘Panchnada’ in the Epics and the Puranas. ‘Panchnada’ means the land of five rivers. The Greeks named it ‘Pentapotamia’ ‘Penta’ means five and ‘Potamia’ means river. So, the Greeks also called it the land of five rivers. The territory of Afghanistan and Baluchistan were annexed to Punjab during the Maurya period. Thus its north-western boundary stretched up to the Hindukush. As Tak’ tribe ruled this vast land for centuries, therefore Punjab was called Tak Desh’.

1. By what name Punjab was known during the Rigvedifc Age?
2. What is meant by Panchnada?
3. Who gave the name of Pentapotamia to Punjab?
4. Why was Punjab called ‘Tak Desh’?
5. Which of the following river flows from Punjab?

• Beas
• Ganga
• Yamuna
• None of the above.

Answer:
1. Punjab was known by the name of Sapta Sindhu during the Rigvedic Age.
2. Panchnada means the land of five rivers.
3. The name of Pentapotamia was given to Punjab by the Greeks.
4. Punjab was called Tak Desh because it was ruled by the Tak tribe for centuries.
5. Beas.

3. The Himalayas are situated to the north of Punjab. ‘Himalaya’ means ‘abode of snow5. Its tops remain covered with snow throughout the year. It stretches from Assam in the east to Afghanistan in the west. Its length is 2500 kilometres and the breadth ranges from 240 kilometres to 320 kilometres. On the basis of its height, the Himalayas can be divided into three parts. The first part, the Greater Himalayas, consists of those high peaks whose height is 20,000 ft. or above. Mount Everest, the world’s highest peak. Its height is about 29,028 feet or 8848 metres.

1. What is meant by the Himalayas?
2. What is the length and breadth of the Himalayas?
3. Which is the highest peak of the Himalayas?
4. Write any one advantage of the Himalayas.
5. The height of Mount Everest is a metre.
Answer:
1. the Himalayas means the abode of snow.
2. The length of the Himalayas is 2500 kilometres and the breadth ranges from 240 kilometres to 320 kilometres.
3. The highest peak of the Himalayas is Mount Everest.
4. It acted as a watchman both for the Punjab and India for centuries.
5. 8848.

4. The Plains constitute the largest and most important region of Punjab. It is rightly called Virtual Punjab. This part is located between the rivers of Indus and Jamuna. It is considered one of the best fertile plains in the world. Its average height from the sea level is less than 1000 feet. Five great rivers of Punjab (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum) flow in this very part. The land of this area is very fertile, it receives ample rainfall and the means of transport are fairly developed. So, the population of this area is very dense.
1. Where are the Plains of Punjab located?
2. Which is considered the best fertile plains in the world?
3. Name the rivers of Punjab.
4. Why the population of Punjab is very dense?
5. The population of Punjab is very
Answer:
1. The Plains of Punjab is located between the rivers Indus and Jamuna.
2. The best fertile Plain in the world is Punjab Plains.
3. The five great rivers of Punjab are Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum.
4. It land is very fertile.
5. dense.

5. As a result of its geographical location, the Punjab has been the gateway of India for many centuries. There are a number of passes (Khyber, Koorram, Tochi, Bolan etc.) in the nerth-west of the Punjab which were easy to cross. So, the foreign invaders kept attacking by entering through these passes for centuries. The Aryans, Iranians, Greeks, Kushanas, Hunas, Turks, Mughals and Durranis invaded India crossing through these passes. First of all these invaders had to fight with the people of the Punjab. They could go further only after defeating the Punjab. So, the Punjab has been called the gateway of India.

1. Why is Punjab called as the gateway of India?
2. Which is the most important pass -located in the north-west of the Punjab?
3. Why the foreign invaders kept invading India through the passes?
4. Which foreign invaders invaded Punjab first of all?
5. Which foreign invaders were the first to invade Punjab?

• Iranians
• Aryans
• Greeks
• Kushanas.

Answer:
1. Punjab is called as the gateway of India because the foreign invaders invaded Punjab first of all.
2. Khyber is the most important pass located in the north-west of the Punjab.
3. Because it was easy to cross the passes.
4. The Aryans, Iranians, Greeks, Kushanas, Hunas, Turks, Mughals and Durranis were the first to invade Punjab.
5. Aryans.

Sources of the History of the Punjab:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. A good knowledge of the sources of the history of a country is in dispensable for a thorough understanding of its history. This knowledge is as much essential for the students of history as are surgical instruments for a doctor to undertake an operation. However, we had many difficulties regarding the sources of the history of Punjab. The Punjab remained the arena of battles in the 18th century. That is why, even the Sikhs could not have any time for writing their own history in this period of anarchy and confusion as they were fighting a battle of life and death for their very existence. Thus, most of the available sources of the history of the Punjab relate to the nineteenth century when Maharaja Ranjit Singh established an independent Sikh kingdom.

1. Why are the sources indispensable for the students of history?
2. Which problems do we confront while writing the history of Punjab? Mention any one.
3. In which century did Punjab became an arena of battles?
4. In which century did Maharaja Ranjit Singh establish an independent Sikh Kingdom?
5. The most of the available sources of the history of the Punjab relate to the ………….
Answer:
1. The sources are indispensable for the students of history to know the culture and civilisation of any country.
2. The available sources of the history concerning the period of the Gurus are very few.
3. The Punjab remained the arena of battles in the 18th century.
4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh established an independent Sikh Kingdom in Punjab in the 19th century.
5. 19th Century.

2. The Adi Granth Sahib Ji is the most sacred and authentic scripture of Sikhism. Guru Aijan Dev Ji compiled this great holy scripture in 1604 A.D. In it the hymns of the first five Sikh Gurus are compiled. Later on during the times of Guru Gobind Singh Ji the hymns of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji were also included in it and Adi Granth Sahib Ji was given the status of Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Although the Adi Granth Sahib Ji or Guru Granth Sahib Ji was not compiled for any Historical purpose, yet its thorough study gives us most valuable information regarding the political, religious, social and economic life of the people of those days.

1. When was Adi Granth Sahib Ji was compiled?
2. The Adi Granth Sahib Ji was compiled by ……………
3. Which Guru Sahib gave the status of Guru Granth Sahib to Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
4. The Banis of how many Guru Sahibs are given in Guru Granth Sahib Ji?
5. Write any one significances of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Answer:
1. Adi Granth Sahib Ji was compiled in 1604 A.D.
2. Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
3. Adi Granth Sahib Ji was given the status of Guru Granth Sahib Ji by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
4. The Bams of six-Guru Sahibs are given in Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
5. It gives the message of universal brotherhood of mankind.

3. Dasam Granth Sahib Ji is another holy scripture of Sikhism. It is the compilation of the writings of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and his court poets. This holy scripture was compiled by Bhai Mani Singh Ji in 1721 A.D. The Dasam Granth was primarily compiled to awaken heroic sentiments among the Sikhs so that they were able to fight against political injustice and religious intolerance. It is a work of 18 compositions of which ‘Jaap Sahib’, ‘Akal Ustat’, ‘Chandi Di Var’, ‘Chaubis Avtar’, ‘Shabad Hazare’, ‘Shastra Nama’, ‘Bachitar Natak’ and ‘Zafamama’ are worth noting. ‘Bachitar Natak’ and ‘Zafamama’ are the most significant firom the historical point of view. ‘Bachitar Natak’ is the autobiography of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. ‘Zafamama’ (letter of victory) was written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Dina. It is a letter written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Persian language.

1. By whom was Dasam Granth Sahib compiled?
2. When was Dasam Granth Sahib compiled?

• 1604 A.D.
• 1701 A.D.
• 1711 A.D.
• 1721 A.D.

3. What is Bachitar Natak?
4. What is the name of letter written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb?
5. What is written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Zafamama?
Answer:
1. Dasam Granth Sahib was compiled by Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
2. 1721 A.D.
3. Bachitar Natak is the name of autobiography of Gum Gobind Singh Ji.
4. The name of the letter written by Gum Gobind Singh Ji is Zafamama.
5. In it the account of the atrdCmes of Aurangzeb is given.

4. Bhai Gurdas Ji was the son of Bhai Datar Chand Bhalla, a brother of Guru Amar Das Ji. He was a contemporary of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Guru Hargobind Ji. He composed 39 Vars. These Vars are considered the key to understand Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The Vars Nos. 1 and 11 are considered important from the historical point of view. The first Var contains a very detailed description of the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Besides, we get a glimpse of Guru Angad Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Guru Hargobind Ji’s life from this Var. In the eleventh Var, we get information of the important Sikhs and places connected with the first six Gurus.

1. Who was Bhai Gurdas Ji?
2. How many vars are composed by Bhai Gurdas Ji?
3. The var contains very detailed description of the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
4. Which is called the key of Guru Granth Sahib Ji?
5. What is the importance of Bhai Gurdas Ji?
Answer:
1. Bhai Gurdas, Ji was the son of Bhai Datar Chand Bhalla, a brother of Guru Amar Das Ji.
2. Bhai Gurdas Ji composed 39 vars.
3. First.
4. The vars of Bhai Gurdas Ji is called the key of Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
5. From these we get valuable imformation of the first six Gurus, important Sikhs and places.

5. The stories relating to the birth and life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are called Janam Sakhis. Many such Janam Sakhis were written in the seventeenth and ‘ eighteenth centuries. They were written in the Punjabi language. They, were compiled for the faithful and not for students of history. Though they are a mixture of facts and fiction, yet they provide valuable information about the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

1. What is meant by Janam Sakhis?
2. In which language Janam Sakhis were written?
3. Write the names of any two Janam Sakhis.
4. Write anyone demerit of Janam Sakhis.
5. Many Janam Sakhis were written in the ……………. and …………….
Answer:
1. By Janam Sakhis we meant the stories relating to the birth and life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
2. The Janam Sakhis were written in Punjabi language.
3. Puratan Janam Sakhi and Janam Sakhi of Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
4. The events narrated in them are not in chronological order.
5. 17th and 18th centuries.

6. Hukamnamas were those orders or proclamations that were issued by the Sikh Gurus or by the members of their families to the Sikhs from time to time. In majority of such Hukamnamas demands were made to supply grains for the Langar (common kitchen), to donate money for building religious places and to bring horses and arms for battles. These Hukamnamas were compiled by the famous historian Ganda Singh. 89 Hukamnamas are available upto this day. Of these, 34 Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Gobind Singh Ji and 23 Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. These Hukamnamas provide very valuable information about the political, religious, economic and literary history of the period of the great Gurus.

1. What is meant by Hukamnamas?
2. Why were Hukamnamas issued?
3. Which famous historian of Punjab compiled Hukamnamas?
4. Give any one significance of Hukamnamas.
5. How many Hukamnamas are available upto this day? 1

• 23.
• 24
• 79
• 89.

Answer:
1. Hukamnamas were those orders or proclamations that were issued by the Sikh Gurus or by the members of their families to the Sikhs from time to time.
2. Hukamnamas were issued to demand the supply of grains for the Langar, to donate money for construction of religious places and to bring horses and arms for battles.
3. Ganda Singh.
4. We get valuable information about Guru Sahibs.
5. 89.

Political, Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab in the Beginning of the 16th Century:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. After the death of Bahlol Lodhi, his son Sikandar Lodhi succeeded to the throne of Delhi Sultanate. He ruled upto 1517 A.D. The Muslim historians speak very highly of Sikandar’s love of justice, wisdom and benevolence. However, his kindness and love of justice was confined, to the Muslims only. He hated the Hindus. He adopted a very harsh and cruel policy towards them. He demolished many famous Hindu temples and built mosques over them. He forbade the barbers to shave the beards and heads of the Hindus. He started converting them to Islam by force. He got a Brahman named Bodhan murdered because he had described Hinduism as good as Islam.

1. Who was Sikandar Lodhi?
2. When did Sikandar Lodhi sit on the throne?

• 1485 A.D.
• 1486 A.D.
• 1487 AJX
• 1489 A.D.

3. How was Sikandar Lodhi in the eyes of Muslim historians?
4. Which one step was taken by Sikandar Lodhi against the Hindus?
5. Why was a Brahman named Bodhan was murdered?
Answer:
1. Sikandar Lodhi was the Stdtan of Delhi. He ruled from 1489 A.D. to 1517 A.D.
2. 1489 A.D.
3. He was a justice-loving and benevolent Sultan.
4. He had demolished many Hindu temples.
5. He had described Hinduism as good as Islam.

2. In the beginning of the sixteenth century the condition of the subjects was also very deplorable. The rulers used to indulge in luxuries and merry-making. Extravagant parties had become a daily routine of the court. As a cousequence none had time to take care of the public. As a consequence of this, the government officials became corrupt. Bribery was common. Not to speak of the Sultan, even Qazis and Ulemas took bribe and delivered justice accordingly. All sorts of atrocities were let loose on the Hindus. They were being converted to Islam by force. Those who refused were put to death.

1. What was the condition of subjects in the beginning of the 16th century?
2. What was the character of the government officials in the beginning of the 16th century?
3.. How did Sultan, Qazis and Ulemas deliver justice in the beginning of the 16th century?
4. What was the policy adopted against the Hindus in the beginning of the 16th century?
5. In the 16th century the ruling class used to indulge in ……………. and …………….
Answer:
1. In the beginning of the 16th century the condition of subjects was very pitiable.
2. At that time the government officials had become very corrupt.
3. At that time Sultan, Qazis and Ulemas deliver justice by taking bribe.
4. At that time all sorts of atrocities were let loose on the Hindus.
5. Luxuries, merry-making.

3. The social condition of the Punjab in the beginning of the sixteenth century was also very deplorable. The society was divided into two major classes, namely the Hindus and the Muslims. The Muslims enjoyed many privileges,1 because they belonged to the ruling class. On the other hand, the Hindus, who formed the majority of population, were deprived of almost all the rights. They were called ‘Kafirs’ and ‘Zimmies’. Jaziya and the pilgrimage tax were forcibly charged from the Hindus. The Muslims subjected the Hindus to so much atrocity that a large number of them were compelled to embrace Islam. The condition of women in the society was not good. The moral character of the public had fallen to the lowest ebb.

1. Why was the social condition of Punjab in the beginning of the 16th century was called deplorable?
2. Who were deprieved of their rights in the beginning of the 16th century?
3. Who were called ‘Kafirs’?
4. What was Jaziya?
5. The Muslims belonged to the …………… class.
Answer:
1. The social condition of Punjab in the beginning of the 16th century
was called deplorable because the muslims let loose atrocities on the Hindus and the condition of women was pitiable.
2. Hindus were deprieved of their rights in the beginning of the 16th century.
3. All Non-Muslims were called Kafirs.
4. Jaziya was a tax imposed upon the Hindus.
5. ruling.

4. No remarkable progress was made in the field of education in the beginning of the sixteenth century. Ulemas and Maulvis taught the Muslims. They held classes in mosques, maktabs and madarasas. The government gave them grants. Primary education was given in the mosques and maktabs whereas higher education was provided in the madarasas. Madarasas were usually situated in cities. Lahore and Multan were the well-known centres of education for the Muslims in the Punjab.

1. Why no remarkable progress was made in the field of education in the beginning of the 16th century?
2. Whether the Maulvis taught the Muslims?
3. Where was elementary education given to the Muslims?
4. Which was the one famous centre of education of the Muslims in the beginning of the 16th century?
5. Madarasas were usually situated in ……………..
Answer:
1. Because it was not the responsibility of the government to provide education to the public.
2. Yes, the Maulvis used to provide education to the Muslims.
3. The elementary education to the Muslims was provided in the mosques and maktabs.
4. In the beginning of the 16th century the one famous centres of education was Lahore.
5. cities.

5. In the beginning of the 16th century, this sect had become very popular. The Sufi saints were known as Shaikhs or Pirs. They believed in the Allah. They did not repose faith in any other power except Allah. According to them, Allah is omnipotent and omni- present. One could realise Allah only through Pir or Guru. They did not believe in fake externalities. They started the tradition of Qawalis. They considered service of mankind as service to God. They did not believe in caste-system. They respected other faiths.

1. To which sect Sufism was related Shaikhs?
2. By which other name Sufi Shaikhs were known?
3. What is the ideology of Sufi Shaikhs called?
4. Write any one principle of Sufism.
5. According to Sufis one could realise Allah through.

• Pir
• Qawali
• Dargah
• All of the above.

Answer:
1. Sufism was a sect related with Islam.
2. Sufi Shaikhs are also known as Pirs.
3. The ideology of Sufi Shaikhs is called as Tasawnf.
4. They believed in one Allah.
5. Pir.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and his Teachings:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the Questions that follows:

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikhism1. At the time of his birth in the fifteenth century A.D., there was chaos all around. People had become very -’’pprstitious. They were stumbling in the darkness of ignorance. Impiety, falsehood and corruption were rampant everywhere. People had forgotten the essence of religion and it had been reduced to mere rituals and vain show. The rulers and the officials had no longer any concern about public welfare and remained busy in merry-making. In such a deplorable state of affairs, Guru Nanak Dev Ji showed a path of truthfulness and knowledge to the humanity.

1. Who was the founder of Sikhism?
2. What was the condition of society at the time of the birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
3. What was the attitude of rulers and the officials towards subjects at the time of birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
4. Which path was shown to the humanity by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
5. People had forgotten the of religion.
Answer:
1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikhism.
2. At that time people had become very superstitious.
3. At the time of birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji the attitude of rulers and the officials towards subjects was atrocitious.
4. Guru Nanak Dev Ji showed the path of truthfulness and knowledge to the humanity.
5. essence.

2. After attaining enlightenment in 1499 A.D., Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not stay for a long time at Sultanpur Lodhi. So, he set out on long travels in India and in foreign countries. He spent about 21 years in these travels. These travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are known as Udasis because he wandered like an Udasi (unconcerned, unattached) during these years and renounced his home and family. We had to face some difficulties regarding the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

1. Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji attain enlightenment?
2. What is meant by Udasis?
3. Which was the one difficulty being faced regarding the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
From where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji start his Udasis? , When did Guru Nanak Dev Ji attained enlightenment?

• 1469 AJD.
• 1479 A.D.
• 1489 A.D.
• 1499 A.D.

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji attained enlightenment at Sultanpur Lodhi.
2. By Udasis we meant the travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
3. We get no contemporary sources regarding Udasis.
4. Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his Udasis from Saidpur.
5. 1499 A.D.

3. When Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Saidpur at the end of 1520 A. D., Babar attacked this town with a view to occupy it. The Mughal army put to death thousands of innocent people during this attack. Saidpur was looted heavily and the houses were set on fire. Women were dishonoured. Thousands of men, women and children were taken prisoners. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was also arrested along with them. But when Babar came to know that Guru Nanak Dev Ji was a great saint, he himself came for his Darshan. He was so much impressed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s personality that he set free not only Guru Nanak Dev Ji but many other prisoners also. Guru Nanak Dev Ji writes about the cruelties of Babar in Babar Vani.

1. When did Babar attack Saidpur?
2. What did the army do at Saidpur?
3. Was Babar imprisoned Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Saidpur?
4. What did Babar do when he came for the Darshan of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
5. How did the army of Babar treat the women in Saidpur?

• It illtreated the women
• It respected the women.
• It imprisoned the women.
• None of the above.

Answer:
1. Babar attacked Saidpur in 1520 A.D.
2. The army of Babar sacked Saidpur on an extensive way.
3. Yes, Babar did imprison Guru Nanak JDev Ji at Saidpur.
4. When did Babar have the Darshan of Guru Nanak Dev Ji he was greatly impressed. So he ordered the release of Guru Nanak Dev Ji along with other prisoners.
5. It illtreated the women.

4. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded a town named Kartarpur (the abode of God) at the banks of the Ravi river in 1521 A.D. and spent the last 18 years of his life at this place. He started the institutions of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’ during this period. ‘Sangat’ meant the congregation held daily to listen to the Bani (hymns) of Guru Ji. Everybody could join it without any consideration of caste or sex. The ‘Name’ of only one God was recited in it. Similarly ‘Pangat’ meant to sit in a queue and to partake langar (food). No discrimination of any kind regarding caste or religion, high or low was made in the ‘langar’. These two institutions proved very helpful in spreading the message of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Besides, he composed 976 Sabads, which also proved extremely helpful for the spread and development of Sikhism.

1. What is meant by Kartarpur?
2. Which two institutions were founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Kartarpur?
3. How many hymns were composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
4. Write the names of any two main Banis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
5. When was Kartarpur founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?

• 1501 A.D.
• 1511 A.D.
• 1521 A.D.
• 1531 A.D.

Answer:
1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded Kartarpur in 1521 A.D.
2. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded two institutions named Sangat and Pangat.
3. Guru Nanak Dev Ji composed 976 hymns.
4. The two main Banis composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji are Japji Sahib and Asa di Var.
5. 1521 A.D.

Development of Sikhism Under Guru Angad Deli Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Before meeting Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Lehna Ji used to visit Jawalamukhi ‘ (in Kangra district) every year along with a group of devotees (Jatha) but his search for truth did not culminate in success. One day he heard in Khadur Sahib, the recitation of ‘Asa Di Var’ from Bhai Jodha Ji, who was a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Bhai Lehna Ji was so much impressed by it that he decided to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Thus, when he set out for the pilgrimage of Jawalamukhi with his group of devotees next year,he stopped on the way at Kartarpur to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was so much overwhelmed by the great personality and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji that he became a follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He spent his life in the service of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

1. Bhai Lehna Ji was the devotee of which goddess before he met Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
2. At Khadur Sahib Bhai Lehna Ji heard the recitation of Asa Di Var from whom?
3. What did Bhai Lehna Ji decide after he heard the recitation of Asa Di Var?
4. Why did Bhai Lehna Ji became the follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
5. At which place Bhai Lehna Ji met Guru Nanak Dev Ji?

• At Kartarpur
• At Jawalamukhi
• At Kiratpur
• At Amritsar.

Answer:
1. Bhai Lehna Ji was the devotee of Mata Durga before he met Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
2. At Khadur Sahib Bhai Lehna Ji heard the recitation of Asa Di Var from Bhai Jodha Ji.
3. After listening the recitation of Asa Di Var Bhai Lehna Ji decided’to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
4. Bhai Lehna Ji was greatly impressed by the personality and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
5. At Kartarpur.

2. It is true that Gurmukhi existed before Guru Angad Dev Ji, but anybody could be confused very easily by reading it. Therefore, Guru Angad Dev Ji improved and polished it. Now it became very easy even for common people to understand it. All the religious books of Sikhism were written in it. Its very name ‘Gurmukhi’ (an utterance of words frem the Guru’s mouth) reminded the Sikhs of their duties towards the Guru and constantly kept alive in their minds the consciousness that they were something distinct from the common mass of Hinduism. This script was also instrumental-in rapid spread of education, among the Sikhs. Besides, the introduction of this script gave a severe blow to the Supremacy of the Brahmans, who recognised Sanskrit as the only religious language.”

1. Gurrmukhi script was popularised by which Guru Sahib?
2. Which script wa prevalent before Gurnukhi script?
3. What is meant by Gurmukhi?
4. What is the importance of Gurmukhi script?
5. All the reIigius books of Sikhism were written in …………….
Answer:
1. Gurmukhi script was popularised by which Guru Sahib?
3. By Gurmukhi we meant the utterance of words from the Gurus mouth.
4. It led to the rapid spread of education among the Sikhs.
5. Gurmukhi.

3. The construction of a Baoli at Goindwal Sahib was started in 1552 A.D. and it was completed in 1559 A.D. Guru Ji had two objectives in its construction. First, he wanted to give the Sikhs a separate place of pilgrimage so that they could be separated from the Hindus. Secondly, he wanted to solve the water problem of the people of that place. Eighty four steps were built to reach the Baoli. After its construction was over. Guru Amar Das Ji declared, “Whoever would attentively and reverently repeat the Japji on every step after a bath in the baoli would escape from the wandering in the wombs of the 84 lakhs of living creatures.”

The construction of Baoli Sahib proved a very important step in the development of Sikhism.

1. Which Guru Sahib had constructed the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
2. When was the construction of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib started?

• 1552 A.D.
• 1559 A.D.
• 1562 A.D.
• 1569 A.D.

3. How many years were spent in building Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
4. How many stairs were built to reach at the bottom of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
5. How did the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib prove an important step in the consolidation of Sikhism?
Answer:
1. The Baoli at Goindwal Sahib was constructed by Guru Amar Das Ji.
2. 1552 A.D.
3. Total of 7 years were spent in building Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
4. A total of 84 stairs were built to reach at the bottom of Baoli.
5. It gave a. new boost to Sikhism.

4. The establishment of Manji system was one of the most important works of Guru Amar Das Ji. During his Guruship, the number of the followers of Sikhism had increased considerably. Thus, it became impossible for Guru Amar Das Ji to reach every Sikh. So, he established twenty two Manjis to convey the message of Sikhism living in far off areas. The head of every Manji was called Manjidar. This post was given only to a very pious Sikh. The area of propaganda of the Manjidar was not limited to any specific area. He could visit any place for propaganda at his will.

1. By which Guru Sahib Manji system was established?
2. How many Manjis were established?
3. Who was the head of Manji?
4. What was the one main function of the Manjidar?
5. The area of ‘propaganda of the Manjidar was not limited to any specific ……………..
Answer:
1. Manji system was established by Guru Amar Das Ji.
2. A total of 22 Manjis were established.
3. Manjidar was the head of Manji.
4. He used to preach Sikhism.
5. area.

5. The most important contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji towards the Sikh Panth was the foundation of Ramdaspura. After assuming the Guruship, he himself settled here. In 1577 A.D. he founded Ramdaspura. He settled fifty two other traders, belonging to different trades, at this place in order to make it popular and attract people. It soon became a famous trade centre. Guru Ram Das Ji planned to construct two sarovars (tanks) Amritsar and Santokhsar at Ramdaspura. The digging of Amritsar sarovar was started first. Baba Buddha Ji was entrusted to look after this project. Later on the name of Ramdaspura came to be known as Amritsar.

1. Ramdaspura was established by which Guru Sahib?
2. Ramdaspura was later on came to known by which other name?
3. What was the name given to the market for the traders of Ramdaspura?
4. What was the importance of Ramdaspura?
5. When was Ramdaspura founded?

• 1571 A.D.
• 1573 A.D.
• 1575 A.D.
• 1577 A.D.

Answer:
1. Ramdaspura was established by Guru Ram Das Ji.
2. Ramdaspura later on came to be known as Amritsar.
3. ‘Guru Ka Bazaar’ was given the name for the traders of Ramdaspura.
4. It gave the Sikhs their most sacred religious place.
5. 1577 A.D.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji and his Martyrdom:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging of Amrit Sarover and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. After this, he started the construction work of Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) in Amrit Sarovar. Its foundation was laid on 13th January, 1588 A.D. by a very famous Sufi saint, named Mian Mir. According to Sikh tradition, the Sikhs suggested to Guru Arjan Dev Ji that the temple should be higher than the surrounding buildings. But Guru Sahib said, “He who is humble shall be exalted.” That is why the building of the temple was kept lower as compared to the other buildings. Another distinguishing feature of Harmandir Sahib was that it has four doorways, one on each side.

1. By which Guru Sahib Ha rmandir Sahib was constructed?
2. Who laid the foundation of Harmandir Sahib?
3. The foundation of Harmandir Sahib was laid in ………………
4. How many doors were kept for the entry in the Harmandir Sahib?
5. What wais the importance of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
1. Harmandir Sahib was constructed by Guru Aijan Dev Ji.
2. The foundation of Raima p dir Sahib was laid by Sufi Saint Mian Mir.
3. 1588 A.D.
4. Four doors were kept for the entry in the Harmandir Sahib.
5. It gave the Sikhs their most sacred religious place.

2. Development of Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Aijan Dev Ji. This system was founded by Guru Ram Das Ji. The word Masand has been derived from the Persian word ‘Masnad’ which means high place. As the representatives of Guru Ji used to sit on a higher place than others, so they were called as Ms sands. With the passage of time, the number of Sikhs had increased considerably. As a consequence, Guru Ji needed money for Langar and other development programmes. It was enjoined upon every Sikh to give Daswandh of his total income to Guru Sahib. For collecting this money from Sikhs, he appear red very responsible persons called Masands.

1. Which Guru Sahib had founded the Masand System?
2. Masand is the word of which language?
3. What is meant by Daswandh?
4. What was the importance of Masand system?
5. During whose Guru pontificate the development of Masand system took place?

• Guru Ram Dss Ji
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji
• Guru Hargobmd Ji
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Answer:
1. The Masand system was founded by Guru Ram Das Ji.
2. Masand is the word of Persian language.
3. Daswandh means l/10th of the total income.
4. It spread the message of Sikhism far and wide.
5. Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

3. Jahangir was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. So, he could not bear to see any other religion more prosperous than Islam. He could not tolerate the growing popularity of Sikhs in Punjab. So, he was looking for a chance to hamper their development. He wanted to put a stop to all this. In his book Tuzak-i-Jahangiri, he has himself written, “In Goindwal on the banks of the river Beas lived a Hindu named Arjan in the garb of‘Pir’ or ‘Shaikh’.

By his ways and manners he captured the fancy of many of the simple hearted Hindus and even many ignorant Muslims. He had loudly sounded the drum of his being Pir and a holy person. They called him Guru and from all sides innocent and foolish people crowded to manifest their complete faith in him. For three or four generations they had kept their shop warm. Many times I thought of putting a stop to this vain affair or to bring him
to Islam.”

1. What was the name of autobiography of Jahangir?
2. Why was Jahangir against Guru Arjan Sahib?
3. To whom did Jahangir call the shop of liar?
4. When Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred?
5. Guru Arjab Dev Ji was martyred at …………………
Answer:
1. Tuzak-i-Jahangiri was the name of autobiography of Jahangir.
2. He was not ready to tolerate the spread of Sikhism day by day.
3. Jahangir’called the peachings of Guru Arjan Dev Ji as the shop of liar.
4. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on 30th May, 1606 A.D.
5. Lahore.

Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Slkhism:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. At the time of assuming Guruship, Guru Hargobind Ji decided to wear the swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri was a symbol of temporal power and the sword of Piri a symbol of religious leadership. It meant that henceforth, Guru Hargobind Ji would lead his followers in temporal matters in addition to the religious matters. Guru Hargobind ji enjoined on his Sikhs to recite the name of God on one hand, and to wear arms for self-defence on the other. In this way, Guru Hargohind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint soldiers. This policy of Miri and Piri as adopted by Guru Hargobind Ji exercised a deep impact on the Sikh History.

1. When did Guru Hargobind Ji sat on Gurgaddi?
2. Which title was assumed by Guru Hargobind Ji?
3. Miri sword was the symbol of which power?
4. Piri sword was the symbol of …………. power.
5. Which Guru Sahib had declared the Sikhs as Saint Soldier? 1
Answer:
1. Guru Hargobind Ji sat on Gurgaddi in 1606 A.D.
2. Guru Hargobind Ji assumed the title of Sacha Padshah.
3. The sword of Miri was the symbol of temporal power, religious.
4. Guru Hargobind Ji had declared the Sikhs as Saint Soldier.

2. The construction of Akal Takht proved very helpful in the evolution of the New Policy. In fact, it was a great task of Guru Hargobind Ji. The construction of Akal Takht was begun by Guru Hargobind Ji in front of Harmandir Sahib in 1606 A.D. This stupendous task was completed in 1609 A.D. Inside it was built a -12 feet high rostrum, which was like a throne. Guru Hargobind Ji used to guide the political and military affairs of the Sikhs by occupying the throne.

1. What is meant by Akal Takht?
2. In which city Akal Takht Sahib was built?
3. Why was Akal Takht Sahib built?
4. What functions were carried by Guru Hargobind Ji at Akal Takht Sahib? Write any one. ”
5. When was the construction of Akal Takht Sahib started?

• 1605 A.D.
• 1606 A.D.
• 1607 A.D.
• 1609 A.D.

Answer:
1. Akal Takht meant seat of the Almighty.
2. Akal Takht Sahib was built in Amritsar.
3. Akal Takht Sahib was built to guide the political and military affairs of the Sikhs.
4. Guru Hargobind Ji gave military training to the Sikhs.
5. 1606 A.D.

3. Soon after the battle of Amritsar, second battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira (near Bathinda). The immediate cause of this battle was two horses named Dilbag and Gulbag. Two Masands named Bakht Mai and Tara Chand were bringing these horses from Kabul to present them to Guru Hargobind Sahib. On the way the Mughals dispossessed them of these horses and sent them to the royal stable.

Bhai Bidhi Chand Ji, a devotee of Guru Ji could not tolerate it. He went in disguise of a grass cutter and brought out both the horses from the royal stable and sent them to Guru Hargobind Ji. When Shah Jahan heard this news, he became very angry. He immediately sent a large army under the command of Lala Beg and Qamar Beg to crush the power of the Sikhs. A fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of life and both their commanders were killed.

1. When was the battle of Lahira took place between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
2. Write the names of those two horses which led to the battle of Lahira.
3. Which Sikh devotee brought out both the horses from the royal stable?
4. Which two Mughal commanders were killed in the battle of Lahira?
5. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of ……………
Answer:
1. The battle of Lahira took place between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals in,1634 A.D.
2. Dilbagh and Gulbagh were those two horses which led to the battle of Lahira.
3. Bhai Bidhi Chand Ji was the name of Sikh devotee who brought out both the horses from the royal stable.
4. Lala Beg and Qamar Beg were the two commanders who were killed in the battle of Lahira.
5. life.

Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Guru Har Rai Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1645 to 1661 A.D. His pontificate is considered peaceful in Sikh History. In order to preach Sikhism, Guru Har Rai Ji travelled to different parts of the Punjab i.e. Jalandhar, Amritsar, Kartarpur, Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Patiala, Ambala, Kamal and Hissar. Besides, he sent his preachers outside Punjab. During his journey to the Malwa region, Guru Sahib blessed Phul that he would become great and his descendants would rule. This prophecy of Guru Sahib turned out to be true. Dara Shikoh, the elder son of Shah Jahan was a devoted follower of Guru Har Rai Ji. In 1658 A.D. he was defeated by Aurangzeb. Thereafter, Dara Shikoh visited Guru Har Rai Ji to seek his blessings.

Guru Heir Rai Ji boosted his morale. After Aurangzeb firmly established himself on the throne he summoned Guru Har Rai Ji to Delhi. Guru Har Rai Ji sent his elder son Ram Rai to Delhi. In order to save himself from Aurangzeb’s wrath he wrongly interpreted a hymn of Adi Granth Sahib. Consequently, the Guru Ji declared Ram Rai unfit for Guruship and nominated his younger son Har Krishan Ji as the next successor of the Sikhs.

1. When Guru Har Rai Ji ascended the Gurgaddi?
2. Which places of Punjab were visited by Guru Har Rai Ji for preaching Sikhism? Name any two.
3. Name the devotee who was blessed by Guru Har Rai Ji.
4. Who was nominated the successor of Guru Har Rai Ji?
5. Who was the oldest son of Shah Jahan?

• Dara
• Shujha
• Aurangzeb
• Murad

Answer:
1. Guru Har Rai Ji ascended the Gurgaddi in 1645 A.D.
2. The four places of Punjab visited by Guru Har Rai Ji for preaching Sikhism were Jalandhar and Amritsar.
3. Guru Har Rai Ji blessed his devotee Phul that his descendants would rule.
4. Guru Har Rai Ji nominated Guru Har Krishan Ji as his successor.
5. Dara.

2. Guru Har Krishan Ji was the younger son of Guru Har Rai Ji. His pontificate began in 1661 A.D. Thus, he became the 8th Guru of the Sikhs. At the time of his assumption of Guruship he was only five years old. That is why Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as the Child Guru (Bal Guru) in Sikh History. Ram Rai, the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji stoutly opposed him. He considered himself to be the real claimant of Guruship. He tried his best to wrest Guruship from his brother but when he did not succeed, he sought help from Aurangzeb, who called Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. He stayed at the house of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. Cholera and small pox had broken out in Delhi in those days. Guru Har Krishan Ji devoted himself to the help of the sick, the poor and the orphAnswer: He himself became a victim of sma – pox and was taken ill. He breathed his last on March 30, 1664 A.D., but befo v that he uttered the words Baba Bakala’ which meant that his successor would found at Bakala.

1. Who was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs?
2. Guru Har Krishan Ji sat on Gurgaddi in ……………
3. Why is Guru Har Krishan Ji called as ‘Ral Guru’?
4. Who was Ram Rai?
5. Which service was rendered by Guru Har Krishan Ji in Delhi?
Answer:
1. Guru Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.
2. 1661 A.D.
3. Because he was only of .five years when he ascended the Gurgaddi.
4. Ram Rai was the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji.
5. In those days cholera and small-pox had broken out in Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji served the Sikhs, the poor and the orphans with open heart.

Guru Tech Bahadur Ji and his Martyrdom:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was the ninth Sikh Guru. He held the Guruship from 1664 A.D. to 1675 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib undertook tours to various places in and outside Punjab, to spread Sikhism and to remove prevalent blind faiths and superstitions among the masses. At that time, Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb ruled over India. He was a staunch Sunni Muslim. He had spread terror in the whole country with a view to convert Hindus into Muslims. Kashmiri Pandits were the worst sufferers of his persecutions. For the protection of Hindu religion, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji courted martyrdom on 11th November, 1675 A.D. at Delhi. This unique martyrdom of Guru Sahib had far reaching impacts.

It marked the beginning of a new era, not only in the history of Punjab, but also in the history of India. The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji kindled such a spark, which soon assumed the shape of a big flame, which eventually reduced the powerful Mughal empire to ashes. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his martyrdom for the protection of the Hindu religion Therefore he is known in History as ‘Hind Di .Chadar’.

1. When dud Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji ascend the Gurgaddi?
2. What were the objectives of the travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
3. Which Mughal emperor gave order to martyr Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
4. Where was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was Martyred?

• Lahore
• Delhi
• Amritsar
• None of the above.

5. Why is Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji called ‘Hind Di Chadar’?
Answer:
1. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji ascended the Gurgaddi in 1664 A.D.
2.

• To preach Sikhism.
• To remove superstitious prevalent among the people.

3. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb gave order to martyr Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
4. Delhi.
5. Because Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his martyrdom for the protection of Hindu religion so he is called as ‘Hind Di Chadar’.

2. The Pandits living in Kashmir were firm believers in their religion and culture. The Hindus all over India revered them. Aurangzeb thought if these Kashmiri Pandits were converted to Islam the Hindus living in other parts of India would readily follow their example. With this object in view Aurangzeb appointed Sher Afghan as the Governor of Kashmir. Sher Afghan forced the Pandits to embrace Islam. He offered them the choice between Islam and death. They were tortured and brutally killed everyday in large numbers. When they found no way out to save their faith, a sixteen member deputation led by Pandit Kirpa Ram met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Chakk Nanaki, (Sri Anandpur Sahib) on 25th May, 1675 A.D. They sought Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s help.

1. Who was Sher Afghan?
2. Why was Sher Afghan infamous?
3. Under whose leadership a deputation of Kashmiri Pandits came to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji for help?
4. At which place the Pandits of Kashmir met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

• Lahore
• Amritsar
• Chakk Nanaki
• Jalandhar.

5. What is the modern name of Chakk Nanaki?
Answer:
1. Sher Afghan was the governor of Kashmir.
2. He had inflicted great atrocities on Kashmiri Pandits.
3. A deputation of Kashmiri Pandits under the leadership of Pandit Kjrpa Ram had met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Chakk Nanaki for help.
4. Chakk Nanaki.
5. The modern name of Chakk Nanaki is Sri Anandpur Sahib.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, his Battles and his Personality:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The Battle of Bhangani was the first battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Hill Chiefs. It took place on September 22, 1688 A.D. Many factors were responsible for this battle. Firstly, the Hill Chiefs were alarmed to see the military activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Their freedom seemed to be jeopardised. Secondly, the Hill Chiefs deemed the reforms of Guru Gobind Singh Ji an interference in their religious matters. Thirdly, these Hill Chiefs used to harass the Sikh Sangat. Fourthly, the Mughal government was also instigating these Chiefs to take steps against Gum Ji.

The allied forces of Hill Chiefs under the command of Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur and Fateh Shah, the ruler of Kashmir attacked Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s army at Bhangani on September 22, 1688 A.D. Pir Buddhu Shah of Sadhaura rendered valuable help to Guru Gobind Singh Ji in this battle. The Sikhs bravely resisted the allied forces and became victorious in this battle. This victory boosted the morale of the Sikhs and Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s fame reached far and wide. The Hill Chiefs deemed it wise to shun Guru Ji’s opposition and establish amicable relations with him.

1. Which was the first battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Hill Chiefs?
2. Write any one cause of the battle of Bhangani.
3. When was the battle of Bbangani fought?

• 1686 AD.
• 1687 A.D.
• 1688 AD.
• 1699 A.D.

4. In the battle of Bhangani who provided help to Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
5. What was the significance of the victory of Sikhs in the battle of Bhangani?
Answer:
1. The first battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Hill Chiefs is the battle of Bhangani.
2. The Hill Chiefs were alarmed on seeing the war preparations of the Sikhs.
3. 1688 A.D.
4. In the battle of Bhangani Guru Gobind Singh Ji was provided help by Pir Buddhu Shah.
5. As a result of the victory of the Sikhs in the battle of Bhagani the fame of Gum Gobind Singh Ji spread far and wide.

2. On the day of Baisakhi in 1699 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji held a congregation at Kesgarh at Sri Anandpur Sahib. 80000 Sikhs attended the congregation. When all the people sat down, Guru Ji appeared on the stage. With his sword unsheathed—he spoke, “Is there any Sikh who would sacrifice his life for Dharma?” His words numbed the audience. When Guru Sahib repeated his call for the third time, Bhai Daya Ram Ji offered himself for sacrifice.

Guru Ji repeated this process for four more times. Bhai Dharara Das Ji, Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji, Bhai Sahib Chand Ji and Bhai Himmat Rai Ji were thus selected. Guru Gobind Singh Ji selected the ‘Panj Payaras’, the five beloveds. Guru Sahib gave the Nectar of Immortality (Khande Ka Pahul) to the five beloved ones and then begged to be baptised by them. Guru Sahib gave the name of Khalsa i.e. pure to the love beloved ones. He said Khalsa is in Guru and the Guru is in Khalsa therefore, Guru Gobind Singh Ji is also called ‘Aape Gur Chela’. In this way, Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of the Khalsa.

1. What is meant by Khalsa?
2. Who was the first to offer his head to the Guru?
3. Which was the unanimous name given to those who offered their heads?
4. Who is called ‘Aape Gur Chela’?
5. Which of the following offered his head?

• Dharm Das
• Mohkam Chand
• Sahib Chand
• All of the above.

Answer:
1. Khalsa meant pure.
2. Bhai Daya Ram Ji was the first to offer his head.
3. Five beloved ones.
4. Guru Gobind Singh Ji is called ‘Aape Gur Chela’.
5. All of the above.

3. After the creation of the Khalsa in 1899 A.D., people .in a large number had started adopting Sikh religion. This increasing strength of Guru Sahib gave sleepless nights to the Hill Chiefs. Raja Bhim Chand of Kahlur, in whose dominion Sri Anandpur Sahib fell, told Guru Gobind Singh Ji to vacate Sri Anandpur Sahib. Guru Sahib flatly refused to oblige him. He held the view that Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had purchased that land by. .making proper payment for it. So, Bhim Chand in collusion with some other Hill Chiefs attacked the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib in 1701 A.D.

The siege continued for days together. Although the number of the Sikhs inside the fort was very small yet they strongly resisted the joint forces of the Hill Chiefs. When the Hill Chiefs lost hope of victory, they compromised with Guru Sahib. This compromise was only a pretense on the part of the Hill Chiefs.

1. When was the first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib fought?
2. Who was Bhim Chand’?
3. Write anyone cause of the first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
4. Bhim Chand in collusion with some other Hill Chiefs attacked the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib in …………….
5. What was the result of the first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib?
Answer:
1. The first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought in 1701 A.D.
2. Bhim Chand was the ruler of Kahlur.
3. The Hill chiefs were not prepared to see the war preparation of the Sikhs.
4. 1701 A.D.
5. The Hill Chiefs had entered into a treaty with Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

4. The battle of Khidrana was the last decisive battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughal forces. After facing many hardships in the forests of Machhiwara, Guru Sahib reached Khidrana. When the Mughal forces came to know of it, the Nawab of Sirhind Wazir Khan planned to attack Khidrana. On 29th December, 1705 A.D., Wazir Khan, under the command of a huge army attacked Guru Sahib at Khidrana. The Sikhs showed exemplary bravery in the battle. They inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mughal forces as a result of which they took to their heels.

In this way, Guru Sahib won a glorious victory in this last battle. In this battle, those 40 Sikhs also fell martyrs who had deserted Guru Sahib in the second battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib. Impressed by the sacrifice made by them, and on the request of their leader Maha Singh, who was struggling with life, Guru Sahib tore the Bedawa, which they had written at Sri Anandpur Sahib. He also gave them the boon of Mukti (salvation).

1. Which was the last battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals?
2. Who was the Nawab of Sirhind?
3. Which Sikhs had got martyrdom in the battle of Khidrana?
4. When was the battle of Khidrana fought?

• 1699 A.D.
• 1701 A.D.
• 1703 A.D.
• 1705 A.D.

5. What is the modern name of Khidrana?
Answer:
1. The last battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals was the battle of Khidrana.
2. The Nawab of Sirhind was Wazir Khan.
3. In the battle of Khidrana those 40 Sikhs were martyred who had given bed away to Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the second battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
4. 1705 A.D.
5. The modern name of Khidrana is Sri Muktsar Sahib.

5. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a poet and laureate of exceptional order. His poetry is unexcelled for its freshness and vigour. It remains unsurpassed in any language in proclaiming the supreme holiness and majesty of God. The scenes of the battles are recaptured in a very vivid manner. For its intellectual sweep and rhythm, his poetry is so different from the literary creation of the period. In his compositions, Guru Gobind Singh Ji made use of languages like Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit etc. Among his compositions Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak, Zafamama, Chandi Di Var and Akal Ustat are very prominent.

These compositions are so thrilling that they have the power to infuse a new life even among the dead. It gave the message of universal brotherhood of mankind. It also inspires to boldly face the prepetrators of cruelity.

1. Write the names of any four famous compositions of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
2. What is Bachitar Natak?
3. Which letter was written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb?
4. What was explained in Zafamama?

• The atrocities of Aurangzeb
• The battle between Aurangzeb and Dara.
• The religious policy of Aurangzeb.
• All of the above.

5. Write any one feature of the literature of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
1. The names of four famous compositions of Guru Gobind Singh Ji were Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak, Zafamama and Chandi Di Var.
2. Bachitar Natak is the name of autobiography of Gum Gobind Singh Ji.
3. The name of letter written by Gum Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb was Zafamama.
4. The atrocities of Aurangzeb.
5. It gave the message of universal brotherhood of mankind to humanity.

Banda Singh Bahadur:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Banda Singh Bahadur, whose first name was Lachhman Dev was a resident of Rajauri village in district Poonch of Kashmir. His father was a poor peasant. His heart was moved when he hunted down a pregnant she-deer. As a result he turned a bairagi. He changed his name from Lachhman Dev to Madho Das. He obtained teaching in occultism (Tantric Knowledge) from a saint of Panchvati, named Aughar Nath. Staying there for some time, Madho Das came to Nanded. It was at Nanded that a meeting took place between him and Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1708 A.D.

A discussion took place between Madho Das and Guru Gobind Ji. In this meeting Madho Das was so much impressed by the personality of Guru Gobind Singh Ji that he became his Banda (slave). Guru Gobind Singh Ji administered him Amrit and gave him a new name—Banda Singh Bahadur. In this way, Banda Bairagi became a Sikh.

1. What was the childhood name of Banda Singh Bahadur?
2. Which incident had a deep impact on the mind of Banda Singh Bahadur?
3. At which place the meeting between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Banda Singh Bahadur were held?
4. When was a meeting held between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Banda Singh Bahadur?

• 1705 A.D.
• 1706 A.D.
• 1707 A.D.
• 1708 A.D.

5. How did Banda Bairagi become a Sikh?
Answer:
1. The childhood name of Banda Singh Bahadur was Lachhman Dev.
2. By hunting she deer which was pregnant had a deep impact on the mind of Banda Singh Bahadur.
3. Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Banda Singh Bahadur had met at Nanded.
4. 1708 A.D.
5. Guru Gobind Singh Ji had baptised Madho Das. Thus Banda Bairagi had become a sikh.

2. Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind had got the two younger sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, of Guru Gobind Singh Ji killed by bricking them alive in the wall. So, Banda Singh Bahadur wanted to teach him such a lesson which should be remembered by the Muslims for a long time. On May 12, 1710 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadur attacked the army of Wazir Khan at Chapar Chiri.

The Sikhs massacred the Muslims to such an extent that they shuddered at the very thought of it. Wazir Khan was killed and hanged on a tree upside down. Massacre stalked the whole Sirhind on May 14, 1710 A.D. This glorious conquest further boosted the morale of the Sikhs.

1. Who was Wazir Khan?
2. Why did Banda Singh Bahadur attack Sirhind?
3. At which place Wazir Khan was killed by the Sikhs?
4. When was the battle of Chapar Chiri fought?

• 1706 A.D.
• 1708 A.D.
• 1709 A.D.
• 1710 A.D.

5. Who became victorious in the battle of Chapar Chiri?
Answer:
1. Wazir Khan was the Nawab of Sirhind.
2. Banda Singh Bahadur wanted to avenge the martyrdom of two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji who were bricked alive in a wall at Sirhind.
3. Wazir Khan was killed at Chapar Chiri by the Sikhs.
4. 1710 A.D.
5. The Sikhs became victorious in the battle of Chapar Chiri.

3. Abdus-Samad-Khan besieged Banda Singh Bahadur at Gurdas Nangal in April 1715 A.D. This siege continued for eight months. Gradually provisions ran out and condition of the Sikhs grew critical. At this juncture, Baba Binod Singh advised Banda Singh Bahadur to escape from the haveli but Banda Singh Bahadur refused to do so. So, Binod Singh escaped from the haveli with his companions. At last Banda Singh Bahadur had to give in on December 7, 1715 A.D.

1. Who was Abdus Samad Khan?
2. At Gurdas Nangal Banda Singh Bahadur had faced the Mughal forces from which Haveli?
3. For what time the battle of Gurdas Nangal lasted?
4. Which companion of Banda Singh Bahadur had left him during the battle of Gurdas Nangal?
5. When was Banda Singh Bahadur arrested?

• 1705 AJD.
• 1710 A.D.
• 1711 A.D.
• 1715 A.D.

Answer:
1. Abdus Samad Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. At Gurdas Nangal Banda Singh Bahadur had faced the Mughal forces from the haveli of Duni Chand.
3. The battle of Gurdas Nangal lasted for 8 months.
4. During the battle of Gurdas Nangal Baba Binod Singh, a companion of Banda Singh Bahadur had left him.
5. 1715 A.D.

Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow:

1. After the issuance of the royal edict, Abdus Samad Khan had started torturing the sikhs in various ways. Hundreds of innocent Sikhs were daily arrested and brought to Lahore. They were tempted to embrace Islam in exchange for their life but the Guru’s Sikhs preferred death to this type of life. The executioners killed such Sikhs after subjecting them to untold tortures. In order to escape this bloody policy of Abdus Samad Khan, many Sikhs took shelter in the Lakhi jungles and in the Shivalik hills. There they had to face many hardships. They had to go without food for days together or feed on tree leaves and roots.

The Mughal officials started committing harshness on women and children, who were left behind. In this way during the early years of Abdus Samad Khan’s rule, this policy paid rich dividends. Feeling happy with him Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of “Sword of the State”.

1. Who was Abdus Samad Khan?
2. After the issuance of the royal edict …………… had started torturing the sikhs daily martyred?
3. Where were Sikhs daily martyred?
4. What steps were taken by the Sikhs to escape the tyranny of Abdus Samed Khan?
5. With which title Farrukh Siyar honoured Abdus Samed Khan?
Answer:
1. Abdus Samed Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. Abdus Samad Khan.
3. The Sikhs were daily martyred at Lahore.
4. To escape the tyranny of Abdus Samad Khan the sikhs took shelter in Lakhi jungles and Shivalik Hills.
5. Farrukh Siyar had honoured Abdus Samad Khan with the title of ‘Sword of the State’.

2. Zakariya Khan was greatly disturbed due to the growing activities of the Sikhs. He raised the slogan of ‘Jihad’ to crush the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Muslims gathered under his banner. The command of this army was entrusted to Inayatulla Khan. On the auspicious day of Id, they were given a Haidri flag and it was proclaimed that God would certainly bestow victory on those who fought under this flag. When the Sikhs learnt about it they once again went to their hideouts. One day about seven thousand Sikhs suddenly attacked these Ghazis and caused havoc in their ranks. Thousands of Ghazis were killed. Besides, the Sikhs plundered their possessions.

1. Who was Zakariya Khan?
2. What is meant by Jihad?
3. Who was given the command of Haidri flag?
4. Who was the Subedar of Punjab at the time of the incident of Haidri flag?

• Abdus Samad Khan
• Zakariya Khan
• Mir Mannu
• Ahmad Shah Abdali.

5. Where did the Sikhs took shelter?
Answer:
1. Zakariya Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. Jihad meant religious war.
3. The command of Haidri flag was given to Inayatulla Khan.
4. Zakariya Khan.
5. The Sikhs took shelter in forests and hills.

3. The compromise with the Mughals gave the Sikhs a golden opportunity to organise their power. Nawab Kapoor Singh sent a message to the Sikhs that they should return to their homes from their hideouts in jungles and hills. Thus, the two decade old struggle between the Mughals and Sikhs came to an end. The Sikhs heaved a sigh of relief. In order to strengthen the power of the Sikhs Nawab Kapoor Singh organised them in two groups in 1734 A.D.

These groups were known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups. Each group comprised 1300 to 2000 Sikhs and had its own leader and banner. The Buddha Dal looked after the religious places and the Taruna Dal fought with the enemies.

1. When was a pact signed between the Mughals and the Sikhs?
2. Who was the Subedar of Punjab when a pact was signed between the Mughals and the Sikhs?

• Ahmad Shah Abdali
• Mir Mannu
• Zakariya Khan
• None of these.

3. Who was Nawab Kapoor Singh?
4. When was Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal formed?
5. Who were recruited in the Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal?
Answer:
1. A pact was signed between the Mughals and the Sikhs in 1733A.D.
2. Zakariya Khan.
3. Nawab Kapoor Singh was a prominent sikh leader of the 18th centuiy.
4. Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal were formed in 1734 A.D.
5. The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal.

4. The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji occupies a significant place in the Sikh History. Because of his matchless service to the Sikh Panth, he was greatly respected by the Sikhs. He had been the Head Priest of Harmandir Sahib since 1721 A.D. The Sikhs were greatly perturbed when the soldiers of Zakariya Khan occupied Harmandir Sahib and established army posts to prevent the entry of the Sikhs. In 1738 A-D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested Zakariya Khan to allow the Sikhs to enter the Harmandir Sahib on the Diwali festival, he would offer him Rs. 5000.

Zakariya Khan readily accepted the offer. In fact, he hatched a plan. According to this plan he wanted to attack suddenly and completely decimate the Sikhs who were supposed to gather at Amritsar on Diwali.

1. Who was Bhai Mani Singh Ji?
2. To whom Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested to give the Sikhs permission to celebrate Diwali at Amritsar?
3. Bhai Mani Singh Ji offered what amount to Zakariya Khan in case of allowing the Sikhs to enter Amritsar.

• Rs. 2000
• Rs. 3000
• Rs. 4000
• Rs. 5000.

4. When was Bhai Mani Singh Ji martyred?
5. What was the result of the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji?
Answer:
1. Bhai Mani Singh Ji was the Head Priest of Harmandir Sahib from 1721 A.D.
2. He requested Zakariya Khan, the Subedar of Lahore.
3. Rs. 5000.
4. Bhai Mani Singh Ji was martyred in 1738 A.D.
5. It boosted the morale of the Sikhs.

5. With a view to decimate the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai raised a huge army. This army, unexpectedly, besieged 15,000 Sikhs at Kahnuwan. The Sikhs escaped from there and took shelter in the hills of Basoli. The Mughal soldiers gave them a hot chase. Here the Sikhs were trapped in a difficult situation. On one side there were high hills, while on the other the river Ravi was in full spate. The Mughal soldiers were chasing them from behind while in front they were faced by the Hill Chiefs and those people, who were their bitter enemies.

The Sikhs were short of food-stuffs. Owing to the shortage of fodder, the horses too were suffering from starvation. In this attack, 7000 Sikhs were martyred and 3000 arrested. These Sikhs were martyred at Lahore. It was the first occasion in Sikh history, when the Sikhs suffered such a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as first Ghallughara or small holocaust in history.

1. When did first holocaust take place?
2. Who was the Subedar of Lahore at the time of first holocaust?
3. How many Sikhs were martyred in the first holocaust?
4. Sikhs were arrested during the first holocaust.
5. The first holocaust was known by which other name?
Answer:
1. The first holocaust took place in May 1746 A.D.
2. At the time of the first holocaust Yahiya Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
3. In the first holocaust 7000 Sikhs were martyred.
4. 3000
5. The first holocaust was known as chotta Ghallughara.

Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. When the persecution of the Sikhs by Zakariya Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs, he compromised with the Sikhs in 1733 A.D. So the Sikhs got a golden opportunity to organise their power. In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singh, by merging all small Jathas organised them into two chief Dais. These Dais were named Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. In the Buddha Dal, Sikhs above 40 years of age were recruited. The function of this Dal was to look after the religious places and to propagate Sikh religion. The chief function of the Taruna Dal was to defend the community and to fight with the enemies.

The Taruna Dal was further divided into five Jathas and each Jatha was placed under an experienced Sikh Jathedar. Each Jatha comprised 1300 to 2000 young men. Each Jatha had its flag and drum. Although, Nawab Kapoor Singh was entrusted with the leadership of Buddha Dal, he acted as a common link between the two Dais. After having been united into two Dais the Sikhs were able to intensify their activities against the government.

1. Who was Zakariya Khan?
2. When was Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal formed?
3. Who formed Buddha Dal and Taruma Dal?

• Banda Singh Bahadur
• Nawab Kapoor Singh
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji
• None of these.

4. Who were included in the Taruna Dal?
5. Who led the Buddha Dal?
Answer:
1. Zakariya Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal was formed in 1734 A.D.
3. Nawab Kapoor Singh. 5:
4. In Taruna Dal the Sikhs below the age of 40 were included.
5. Buddha Dal was led by Nawab Kapoor Singh.

2. On 29th March, 1748 A.D. on the day of Baisakhi the Sikhs gathered at Amritsar. Nawab Kapoor Singh suggested that in view of the hard time ahead, there was a great need for unity and strength of the Panth, Keeping this objective in view, the Dal Khalsa was organised on this day. 65 Sikh Jathas were merged into 12 Jathas. Each Jatha had its own separate leader and flag. Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Supreme Commander of the Dal Khalsa. Every Sikh, who had faith in the principles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was considered to be the member of the Dal Khalsa.

It was imperative for every Sikh to join the Dal Khalsa to face the enemy. It was expected of every Sikh who joined the Dal Khalsa to be expert in both horse-riding and use of weapons. Every member of the Dal Khalsa was at full liberty to join any Jatha. At the time of war, one of the 12 Sardars was selected the Chief of the Dal Khalsa and the other Sardars complied
with his orders.

1. By whom was Dal Khalsa established?
2. When was Dal Khalsa established?

• 1733 A.D.
• 1734 A.D.
• 1738 A.D.
• 1748 A.D.

3. Who was S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
4. Who could be recruited in the Dal Khalsa?
5. Write any one feature of the Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
1. Dal Khalsa was established by Nawab Kapoor Singh.
2. 1748 A.D.
3. S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the Supreme Commander of the Dal Khalsa.
4. In Dal Khalsa every Sikh who had faith in the principles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji could join it.
5. Cavalry was the most important organ of the army of the Dal Khalsa.

Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. In the Mughal period, it wasnot the responsibility of the government to impart education to the people. The Hindus received their early education in the temples, while the Muslims received*! in the mosques. The pupils were also given education about their religions, ’JThe Hindus took more interest in education than the Muslims. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of studies, the pupils would give some offerings to the teachers. There were centres of higher education at places like Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Batala, Ambala, Sirhind in Punjab. The government would give them financial aid. Dining this period no attention was paid to women’s education. Only a few women of upper class families got education. Private arrangement for their education was made at homes.

1. Why was education not developed during the Mughal times?
2. During the Mughal period the Hindus and the Muslims get their early education from where?
3. Write any one feature of the prevelent education during the Mughal times.
4. During the Mughal times what was the status of women education.
5. During the Mughal times the pupils would give some to the teachers after the completion of their studies.
Answer:
1. Because it was not the responsibility of the government to provide education during the Mughal times.
2. During the Mughal times the Hindus ’got their early education in temples and the Muslims got their early education in mosques.
3. At that times no fee was charged from the students.
4. No attention was paid to the women education during the Mughal times.
5. offerings.

2. The chief occupation of the people of Punjab during the Mughal period was agriculture. 80% population of the Punjab was engaged in this occupation. The reason behind this was that the land of Punjab was very fertile and there was no shortage of means of irrigation. The Mughal emperors were well aware of the fact that the prosperity of the empire depended on the economic condition of the. farmers. So, they paid special attention to encourage agriculture. In 1581 A.D., ‘Zabti system’ was enforced in Punjab. Under this system the cultivable land in the Punjab was measured.

On the basis of its fertility, it was classified as Polz, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The government would determine its land revenue on the basis of the fertility of the soil, convenience of irrigation and average output of the previous decade. The maximum revenue of the government was one-third. The government collected its land revenue in kind or cash according to the convenience of the farmers.

1. What was the chief occuption of the people of Punjab during the Mughal period?
2. During the Mughal times what % of people depended upon agriculture?

• 50%
• 60%
• 70%
• 80%.

3. What is meant by Zabti system?
4. Write any two features of agriculture during the Mughal period.
5. How did the government collected its revenue from the farmers during the Mughal times?
Answer:
1. The chief occupation of the people of Punjab during the Mughal period was agriculture.
2. 80%.
3. Zabti system meant the measurement of the cultivated land.
4. The government would determine its land revenue on the basis of fertility of the soil, irrigational facilities and average output of the previous decade.
5. The government collected its land revenue either in kind or in cash taking int6 the convenience of the farmers.

3. Sikhism was founded during the Mughal period,, This religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the 15th century. Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned the prevailing social evils of the times. He preached the worship of one God and delivered the message of universal brotherhood of*mankind. He founded Sangat and Pangat institutions. The doors of his religion were open for people of all castes and creeds. He showed the right path of knowledge to the people who were groping in the darkness. His nine successors carried forward his message!

The policy of religious tolerance of Mughal emperor Akbar provided a golden opportunity for the Sikh religion to prosper. Tension between the Mughals and the Sikhs started with accession of Mughal emperor Jahangir. The Sikhs were incited due to the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji in 1606 A.D. and of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in 1675 A.D. To confront the cruelties of the Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded Khalsa Panth in 1699 A.D. The foundation of Khalsa started a new era in the history of Punjab.

1. During which period Sikhism was born?
2. Who was the founder of Sikhism?
3. What do you mean by ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’?
4. When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred?

• 1605 A.D.
• 1606 A.D.
• 1665 A.D.
• 1675 A.D.

5. When was Khalsa Panth founded?
Answer:
1. Sikhism was founded during the Mughal period.
2. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikhism.
3.

• Sangat means that congregation which listens to the hymns of the Guru.
• Pangat means a group of people sitting in a queue to partake langar.

4. 1675 A.D.
5. Khalsa Panth was founded in 1699 A.D. by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal rule in the Punjab:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Ahmad Shah Abdali ruled from 1747 A.D. to 1772 A.D. He invaded Punjab eight times, during his rule from 1747 to 1767 A.D. In 1752 A.D. after defeating the Mughal Governor, Mir Mannu, he annexed Punjab to Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Governors appointed by him committed innumerable atrocities on the Sikhs. In the big holocaust of 1762 A.D., Abdali brutally martyred a large number of Sikhs. Despite all this, the Sikhs stood firm like a rock.

Through guerilla warfare they never allowed any sigh of relief to Abdali. In 1765 A.D. the Sikhs took possession of Lahore and declared their independence. Despite his best efforts Abdali had failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.

1. Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
2. When did Ahmad Shah Abdali became the king of Afghanistan.

• 1747 A.D.
• 1748 A.D.
• 1752 A.D.
• 1767 A.D.

3. How many times Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab?
4. When did Wadda Ghallughara take place?
5. Why did Ahmad Shah Abdali fail to crush the Sikhs? Write any one cause.
Answer:
1. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the rdler of Afghanistan.
2. 1747 A.D.
3. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Pui\jab for the eight times.
4. Wadda Ghallughara take place in 1762 A.D.
5. The determination of the Sikhs was very strong.

2. Ahmad Shah Abdali reached Delhi in January 1757 A.D. None resisted Abdali in Delhi. In Delhi, he looted enormously. Afterwards, he looted Mathura and Brindaban. Then he marched towards Agra but owing to the outbreak of cholera in the army, he decided to go back to Kabul. On reaching Punjab, he made his son Timur Shah, the Governor of Punjab. He ordered Timur Shah to teach the Sikhs a lesson for their activities. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs, he sent an army to Amritsar under the command of Jahan Khan. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism.

As tradition goes, he continued to fight the enemy even after his head was severed. He breathed his last after reaching Harmandir Sahib on November 11, 1757 A.D. The martyrdom of Baba Deep Singh Ji infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. The Sikhs started looting the adjoining areas of Lahore. It frightened the Afghans, so much that the gates of Lahore city were closed an hour before nightfall.

1. In 1757 A.D. Ahmad Shah Abdali looted the which cities of India?
2. Why Ahmad Shah Abdali returned from Agra?
3. Who was Timur Shah?
4. When and where did Baba Deep Singh Ji got martydom?
5. The martyrdom of Baba Deep Singh Ji infused a new mong the Sikhs.
Answer:
1. In 1757 A.D. Ahmad Shah Abdali looted the Indian cities of Delhi, Mathura, Brindaban and Punjab.
2. Ahmad Shah Abdali had returned from Agra because cholera had spread in that city.
3. Timur Shah was the son of Ahmad Shah Abdali,
4. Baba Deep Singh Ji got martyrdom in 1757 A.D. at Amritsar.
5. spirit.

3. On 14 January, 1761 A.D. the Marathas attacked the army of Abdali. This was a fearful battle. At the beginning of the battle the Marathas seemed to have the odds in their favour. But when Vishwas Rao was killed by a bullet the whole situation was easily reversed. Sadashiv Rao Bhau got down from his elephant to express sorrow. When the Maratha soldiers saw his palanquin empty on the elephant they thought he had also been killed.

As a result panic spread amongst the Maratha soldiers. Abdali’s soldiers grabbed this golden opportunity and followed them and caused them heavy losses. In this battle nearly all important Maratha leaders and 28,000 Maratha soldiers were killed. Thousands of Maratha soldiers were wounded and thousands were taken prisoners.

1. When was the third battle of Panipat fought?
2. Between whom the third hattle of Panipat was fought?

• Sikhs and Marathas
• Marathas and Abdali
• Sikhs and Abdali
• None of these.

3. Who was Vishwas Rao?
4. Who was Sadashiv Rao Bhau?
5. Write any one result of the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
1. The third battle of Panipat was fought on 14th January, 1761 A.D.
2. Marathas and Abdali.
3. Vishwas Rao was the son of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao.
4. Sadashiv Rao Bhau was the commander in chief of the Marathas during the third battle of Panipat.
5. It resulted in the heavy loss of the Marathas in men and money.

4. Ahmad Shah Abdali captured Lahore without any resistance. Then, he proceeded towards Jandiala. On reaching here, he received the information that the Sikhs had gone from there and gathered at a village Kup near Malerkotla. So, he hurriedly rushed towards Malerkotla. He ordered Zain Khan, the Governor of Sirhind, to reach there with his forces. These joint forces suddenly attacked the Sikhs at village Kup on 5th February, 1762 A.D. At that time the Sikhs were taking their families to some safe place. Their arms and rations were lying at village Garma, which was at a distance of 6 kilometres from there.

The Sikhs while forming a safety circle around their women and children started resisting Abdali’s soldiers. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses in the battle for want of arms. In this battle 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. This loss was too much for the Sikhs. That is why this incident is known as Wadda Ghallughara (Great Holocaust) in the Sikh history.

1. When and where did Wadda Ghallughara take place?
2. Who was responsible for Wadda Ghallughara?
3. Who was the Subedar of Sirhind at the time of Wadda Ghallughara?
4. What were the causes of heavy loss of the Sikhs during Wadda Ghallughara?
5. The Sikhs suffered in the battle.
Answer:
1. Wadda Ghallughara took place on 5th February, 1762 A.D. at Kup.
2. Ahmad Shah Abdali was responsible for Wadda Ghallughara.
3. Zain Khan was the Subedar of Sirhind at the time of Wadda Ghallughara.
4. The Sikhs had very few weapons with them.
5. Heavy losses.

Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their nature of Organization:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of the Faizalpuria Misl. First of all, he occupied a village named Faizalpur near Amritsar. The name of this village was changed into Singhpur. Therefore, Faizalpuria Misl is also known as Singhpuria Misl. Kapoor Singh was very brave and fearless. It was Bhai Mani Singh, who baptised him. Soon, he became a famous Sikh leader. In 1733 A.D., he received the title of Nawab and an estate which could fetch Rs. 1 lakh as annual income from the Mughal Governor of Punjab, Zakariya Khan. With a view to organise the Sikh power in .1734 A.D.

Nawab Kapoor Singh formed two ‘Jathas’ namely the Buddha Dal and the Taruna Dal. He led both the Dais very ably and intelligently. By founding the Dal Khalsa in 1748 A.D., he rendered a yeoman’s service to the Sikh Panth. In fact, the contribution of Nawab Kapoor Singh to the growth and organisation of the Sikh Panth is remarkable. He passed away in the year 1753 A.D.

1. Who was the founder of the Faizalpuria Misl?
2. By what other name Faizalpuria Mi$l was known?
3. In which year and from when S. Kapoor Singh received the title of Nawab?
4. Write any one achievement of Nawab Kapoor Singh.
5. Dal Khalsa was established in ………………
Answer:
1. The founder of the Faizalpuria Misl was Nawab Kapoor Singh.
2. Faizalpuria Misl was also known as Singhpuria Misl.
3. S. Kapoor Singh was given the title of Nawab in 1733 A.D. by Mughal Subedar Zakriya Khan.
4. He had organised the Buddha Dal and the Taruna Dal in 1734 A.D.
5. 1748 A.D.

2. The founder of the Ahluwalia Misl was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He was the inhabitant of Ahlu village near Lahore. So, this Misl came to be known as the Ahluwalia Misl. Jassa Singh was still very young when his father passed away. 3o, Jassa Singh’s maternal uncle, Bhag Singh brought him up. Nawab Kapoor Singh was greatly impressed by the personality of Jassa Singh. He kept Jassa Singh with him and brought him up as his own son.

Because of his qualities Jassa Singh soon became a famous leaded of the Sikhs. In 1739 A.D. under the leadership of Jassa Singh, the Sikhs attacked Nadir Shah’s army and robbed it of its wealth. In the small holocaust of 1746 A.D. Jassa Singh showed many feats of bravery. As a result, his name and fame spread, far and wide. When the Dal Khalsa was organised in 1748 A.D., Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made its Commander-in-Chief. By leading the Dal Khalsa ably, he rendered a great service to the Sikh Panth.

Under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, the Sikhs conquered Lahore in 1761 A.D. It was the most significant conquest of the Sikhs. For this reason, the Khalsa Panth honoured S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by conferring on him the title of Sultan-ul-Quam. In 1762 A.D., at the time of Great Holocaust, Jassa Singh fought very bravely against the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1764 A.D. Jassa Singh conquered Sirhind and put its ruler, Zain Khan to death. In 1778 A.D. Jassa Singh captured Kapurthala and made it the capital of the Ahluwalia Misl.

1. Who was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
2. Why was Ahluwalia Misl so called?
3. What was the name of the capital of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
4. Write any one achievement of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
5. When was Kapurthala occupied by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?

• 1761 A.D.
• 1768 A.D.
• 1778 A.D.
• 1782 A.D.

Answer:
1. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the founder of Ahluwalia Misl.
2. Ahluwalia Misl was so called because Jassa Singh Ahluwalia belonged to village Ahlu.
3. Kapurthala was the capital of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
4. He had ably led the Dal Khalsa.
5. 1778 A.D.

3. Jassa Singh was the most famous leader of the Ramgarhia Misl. Under his leadership, this Misl reached the pinnacle of glory. Jassa Singh at first served under the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab, Adina Beg. In October 1748 A.D. the forces of Mir Mannu and Adina Beg besieged 500 Sikhs in a surprise attack in the Ram Rauni fort. Jassa Singh’s blood boiled on seeing his brethren in trouble. He left Adina Beg’s job and came to the rescue of the Sikhs. The result of his co-operation was that the lives of 300 Sikhs could be saved. Pleased over it, the Sikhs handed over the Ram Rauni fort to Jassa Singh. Jassa Singh named the fort Ramgarh. From this the Misl came to be known as Ramgarhia Misl.

Taking advantage of the disturbed condition after the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., Jassa Singh captured Kalanur, Batala, Hargobindpur, Qadian, Urmur Tanda, Dipalpur, Kartarpur and Haripur. Thus, he largely expanded Ramgarhia Misl. He declared Sri Hargobindpur the capital of the Ramgarhia Misl. Jassa Singh did not have cordial relations with the Ahluwalia and tfie Sukarchakia Misls.

1. Who was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
2. What was the name given to Ram Rauni fort by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
3. What was the name of the capital of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
4. Write any one achievement of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
5. Mir Mannu died in ……………..
Answer:
1. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the most famous leader of the Ramgarhia Misl.
2. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia gave the name of Ramgarh to the Ram Rauni fort.
3. Sri Hargobindpur was the name of the capital of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
4. He saved the Sikhs during the seige of the Mughals of the Ram Rauni fort.
5. 1753 A.D.

4. Ala Singh was the founder of the Patiala House. He was very brave right from the beginning. In 1731 A.D. he gave a crushing defeat to the joint forces of the Faujdars of Jalandhar Doab and Malerkotla. Ala Singh made Bamala the centre of his activities. He founded villages like Longowal, Chhajli, Dirrba and Shoron. During Ahmad Shah Abdali’s first invasion in 1748 A.D., Ala Singh helped the Mughals against him. In view of his services, the Mughal emperor, Mohammad Shah Rangila, presented him a ‘Khillat’ (Robe of Honour). It added to the name and fame of Ala Singh. Soon, Ala Singh defeated the Bhatti brothers who were his bitter enemies and, took possession of their areas of Budhlada, Tohana, Bhattner and Jaimalpur.

In 1761 A.D., Ala Singh helped the Marathas against Ahmad Shah Abdali. Soon, in 1762 A.D. during his 6th invasion Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Bamala and arrested Ala Singh. Ala Singh saved his life by giving Abdali a huge amount of money. In 1764 A.D. Ala Singh with other leaders of the Dal Khalsa attacked Sirhind. In 1765 A.D., Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed Ala Singh the Governor of Sirhind. The other members of the Dal Khalsa were annoyed with him over this compromise and told him to snap his ties with Ahmad Shah Abdali. But soon after, Ala Singh passed away.

1. Who was Ala Singh?
2. What was the name of the capital of Ala Singh?
3. When was Ala Singh arrested by Ahmad Shah Abdali?
4. Ahmad Shah Abdali had appointed Ala Singh the Subedar of which place?
When was Ala Singh made the Subedar of Sirhind?

• 1748 A.D.
• 1761 A.D.
• 1762 A.D.
• 1764 A.D.

Answer:
1. Ala Singh was the founder of Phulkian Misl in Patiala.
2. Bamala was the capital df, Ala Singh.
3. Ahmad Shah AbdaU had arrested Ala Singh in 1762 A.D.
4. Ahmad Shah Abdali had appointed Ala Singh as the Subedar of Sirhind.
5. 1764 A.D.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 A.D. in the family of the Sukarchakia Misl Chief, Mahan Singh. Although Maharaja Ranjit Singh was illiterate yet he had acquired deftness in swordsmanship and horse-riding. He had begun to display feats of bravery right from his childhood. In 1797 A.D. when Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl, the political situation in the Punjab, was in a state of constant turmoil. It was passing through a dark age. By virtue of his ability and bravery Maharaja Ranjit Singh converted his small state into a vast and powerful empire. Ip this way, Maharaja Ranjit Singh translated the dream of Sikh empire into a reality.

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in ……………..
2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to which Misl?
3. What was the political condition of the Punjab in the 18th century?
4. Which werie the two important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. When did Maharcqa Ranjit Singh die?
Answer:
1. 1780 A.D.
2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to the Sukarchakia Misl.
3. The political condition of the Punjab in the 18th century was in a dwindling condition.
4. The two important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were Lahore, and Peshawar.
5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had died in 1839 A.D.

2. When Ranjit Singh was only 12 years old, his father Mahan Singh died in 1792 A.D. Since Ranjit Singh was only a minor, the task of state administration passed into the hands of his mother, Raj Kaur. Raj Kaur did not have any administrative skills, so she handed over the charge to her favourite, Diwan Lakhpat Rai. In 1796 A.D. when Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur, his mother-in-law, Sada Kaur too began to take interest in matters of administration. In this way from 1792 A.D. to 1797 A.D. the administration of Sukarchakia Misl remained in the hands of three persons i.e. Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai and Sada Kaur. So, this period is called the period of the Triune Regency.

1. Who was the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
2. Who was Raj Kaur?
3. With whom was Maharaja Ranjit Singh first married?
4. Mehtab Kaur was related with which Misl?

• Sukarchakia Misl
• Kanahia Misl
• Bhangi Misl
• Ramgarhia Misl.

5. Who was Sada Kaur?
Answer:
1. Mahan Singh was the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
2. Raj Kaur was the name of the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur for the first time.
4. Kanahia Misl.
5. Sada Kaur was the mother-in-law of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

3. Before the growth of Ranjit Singh’s power, the Bhangi Misl in the North¬West of the Sutlej river was very powerful. The two most important towns of the Punjab, Lahore and Amyitsar, were under this Misl. Besides these, the areas of Gujarat and Sialkot were also under it. In 1797 A.D., Lahore was jointly being ruled by Chet Singh, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh, Amritsar by Gulab Singh, Sialkot by Jiwan Singh and Gujarat by Sahib Singh. All these Bhangi rulers were great addicts of ‘bhang (hemp). They spent most of their time in merry¬making. Besides, they had started quarrelling with each other for power. Consequently, the Bhangi Misl had lost much of its previous glory and power. It was heading fast towards its end.

1. Why was Bhangi Misl so called?
2. The Bhangi Misl ruled over which cities?
3. In …………… Lahore was jointly ruled by three Bhangi rulers.
4. What was the nature of the rule of Bhangi rulers?
5. Which Bhangi rulers had started quarrelling with each other?
Answer:
1. The Bhangi Misl was so called because its rulers were addicts of bhang (hemp).
2. The Bhangi Misl ruled over the cities of Lahore, Amritsar, Sialkot and Gujarat.
3. 1797 A.D.
4. The Bhangi rulers used to spent most of their time in merry-making.
5. The ruler of Gujarat Sahib Singh had started fighting with other Bhangi rulers.

4. The founder of the Sukarchakia Misl Charat Singh was the grandfather of Ranjit Singh. He had under him Gujranwala, Eminabad and Sialkot. After the death of Charat Singh in 1774 A.D. he was succeeded by his son, Mahan Singh. He had all the qualities of a great Sardar. He expanded his Misl by conquering the areas of Rasul Nagar and Alipur. After the death of Mahan Singh in 1792 A.D., his son Ranjit Singh became his successor.

Since Ranjit Singh was barely 12 years old at that time, the task of running the administration of the Misl fell into the hands of his mother Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai and mother-in-law, Sada Kaur. When Ranjit Singh grew to be young enough in 1797 A.D. he took over the charge of Sukarchakia Misl independently. He proved to be an able, brave and far-sighted ruler.

1. Who was the founder of Sukarchakia Misl?
2. Which two territories were conquered by Mahan Singh?
3. What was the period of Triune Regency?
4. Ranjit Singh took the independent charge of Sukarchakia Misl in ……………
5. What type of ruler was Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
1. The founder of Sukarchakia Misl was Charat Singh.
2. Mahan Singh had conquered Rasul Nagar and Alipur.
3. The period of Triune Regency was from 1792 to 1797 A.D.
4. 1797 A.D.
5. Ranjit Singh proved to be an able, brave and far-sighted ruler.

5. The valley of Kashmir has been famous for its beauty, delicious fruits and prosperous trade since-ancient times. That is why, Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer this province. In this regard, he sent two- expeditions to Kashmir in 1813 and 1814 A.D., but both these expeditions failed to achieve the desired objective. Maharaja Ranjit Singh got a new impetus with the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D. Therefore, in 1819 A.D., he sent a huge force under the command of Misar Diwan Chand, the victor of Multan, to Kashmir. He succeeded in defeating the Afghan Governor of Kashmir, Jabbar Khan.

The conquest of Kashmir added . to the prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Misar Diwan Chand was honoured with the title of‘Fateh-o-Nusrat Nasib’ (one who is destined to win). The conquest of Kashmir gave a stunning blow to the Afghan power. It boosted the morale of the Sikh forces. Moreover, it proved beneficial to the Maharaja from the commercial point of view.

1. Why did Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Kashmir?
2. When was Rohtas pact signed?
3. Who was the governor of Kashmir at the time first compaign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
4. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Kashmir?
5. Who was the Governor of Kashmir at the time of its conquest by Maharqja Ranjit Singh?

• Fateh Khan
• Jabbar Khan
• Nusrat Khan
• Diwan Mohkam Chand.

Answer:
1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Kashmir because of its splendid beauty and prosperous trade.
2. Rohtas pact was signed in 1813 A.D.
3. Ata Mohammed Khan was the governor of Kashmir at the time of first campaign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh to Kashmir.
4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had conquered Kashmir in 1819 A.D.
5. Jabbar Khan.

Anglo-Sikh Relations: 1800-1839:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to bring all the Sikh states under him. So, he invaded the Malwas region twice in 1806 A.D. and 1807 A.D. He conquered many regions. The conversation between Ranjit Singh and Charles Metcalfe in 1808 A.D. failed. Ranjit Singh attacked Malwa for the third time in 1808 A.D. He had occupied some territories of Malwa and collected Nazrana from the rulers. Now the English started military preparations to make Ranjit Singh accept their conditions. As a results, a treaty was sighed between Ranjit Singh and the English. It was known as the Treaty of Amritsar.

1. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa for the first time?

• 1805 A.D.
• 1806 AJD.
• 1807 AJD.
• 1808 AU.

2. Why did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa?
3. What is meant by Nazrana?
4. Why did the Sardars of Malwa want the help of Britishers?
5. When was the treaty of Amritsar signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Britishers?
Answer:
1. 1806 A.D.
2. The main objective of these attacks was that Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to annex these states into his empire.
3. Nazrana meant the gifts to be given to the Maharaja.
4. The Sardars of Malwa wanted the help of Britishers because they feared that Maharaja Ranjit Singh would annex their states.
5. The treaty of Amritsar was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Britishers on 25th April 1809 A.D.

2. The area of Sind was geographically and commercially very significant. So both, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British were keen in controlling it. In 1831 A.D. the British sent Alexander Bums to gather information about Sind. In order that Maharaja Ranjit Singh might not develop any doubt, he was invited to Ropar to hold a meeting with Governor-General William Bentinck. This meeting was held on 26th October, 1831 A.D. The Britishers very cleverly kept him absorbed in talks. On the other hand, the English sent Col. Pottinger to sign a treaty with the Amirs of Sind. He succeeded in signing a commercial treaty with Sind in 1832 A.D.

1. Why did Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Sind?
2. Who was Alexander Bums?
3. When did a meeting was held between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck?
4. Where was a meeting held between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck.

• At Ropar
• At Amritsar
• At Lahore
• At Delhi.

5. Who succeeded in entering into a commercial treaty between the British and Sind?
Answer:
1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Sind becuase it was geographically and commercially very significant.
2. Alexander bums was a British official who was sent to Sind to gather information about Sind.
3. A meeting was held between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck on 26th October, 1831 A.D.
4. At Ropar.
5. Col. Pottinger succeeded in signing a commercial treaty between the Britishers and Sind.

3. The Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under their control. This city was hardly at a distance of 40 miles from Lahore. The English could have a better view of Ranjit Singh’s activities from this place. Besides, the possession of Ferozepur was essential to surround the Punjab. Although the Britishers had been looking towards Ferozepur greedily for a long time,’ they had been postponing its acquisition lest Ranjit Singh should feel annoyed with them.

That is why, the Britishers had been conceding his control over Ferozepur till 1835 A.D. But, by now the situation had changed. -The Britishers did not need Ranjit Singh’s friendship any more. Therefore, they forcibly took possession of Ferozepur in 1835 A.D. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a big military cantonment here. Although Ranjit Singh expressed his resentment over the seizure of Ferozepur and setting up of a military cantonment there by the British, yet they did not bother about it.

1. Why did the Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under these control?
2. The possession of ………………. was essential to surround the Punjab.
3. When was Ferozepur occupied by the Britishers?
4. When a military cantonment was established by the Britishers in Ferozepur?
5. What had Maharcga Ranjit Singh yielded on the question of Ferozepur?
Answer:
1. The Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under their control because they could have a better view of Ranjit Singh’s activities from this place.
2. Ferozepur.
3. The Britishers had occupied Ferozepur in 1838 A.D.
4. The Britishers had established a military cantonment in 1838 A.D.
5. Yes, the Maharaja Ranjit Singh had yielded to the British on the question of Ferozepur.

Ranjit Singh’s Relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. In 1800 A.D., a war of succession for the royal throne had started in Kabul. Shah Zaman was dethroned and Shah Mehmud became the new king of Afghanistan. He ruled only for three years (1800-03 A.D.). In 1803 A.D., Shah Shuja forcibly took possession of the throne from Shah Mehmud. He ruled till 1809 A.D. He proved to be an unworthy king. It led to chaos-in Afghanistan. On finding this golden opportunity, the Afghan Governors of Attock, Kashmir, Multan and Deraj at declared their independence. Maharaja Ranjit Singh also took advantage of the weakness of the Kabul government and took possession of the Afghan areas like Kasur, Jhang, Khushal and Sahiwal. In 1809 A.D. Shah Shuja was dethroned and Shah Mehmud again became the new king of Afghanistan. Since Fateh Khan had rendered every possible help to Shah Mehmud in getting the royal throne, so he appointed him his Prime Minister.

1. In a war of succession for the royal throne had started in Kabul.
2. When did Shah Mehmud become the ruler of Afghanistan for the first time?
3. What type of ruler was Shah Shuja?
4. Who was Fateh Khan?
5. When was Shah Shuja was dethroned?
Answer:
1. 1800 A.D.
2. Shah Mehmud became the ruler of Afghanistan for the first time in 1800 A.D.
3. Shah Shuja was an incompetent ruler.
4. Fateh Khan was the Wazir (Prime Minister) of Shah Mehmud.
5. Shah Shuja was dethroned in 1809 A.D.

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to teach Fateh Khan a lesson for his deceit. He at once sent Faqir Aziz-ud-Din to take possession of Attock. The ruler of Attock, Jahandad Khan, handed over the area of Attock to the Maharaja in exchange for an estate of Rs. 1 lakh. When Fateh Khan came to know of it, he lost his temper. He handed over the Kashmir administration to his brother, Azim Khan and himself proceeded with a huge army to drive out the Sikhs from Attock. On July 13, 1813 A.D. a fierce battle was fought at a place called Hazro or Haidru, in which Maharaja Raujit Singh inflicted a crushing defeat on Fateh Khan. It was the first battle fought between the Sikhs and the AfghAnswer: This victory gave a severe blow to the power of the Afghans and enhanced the prestige of the Sikhs.

1. Who was Fateh Khan?
2. Who was the ruler of Attock during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. Which was the first battle fought between the Sikhs and the Afghanis?
4. When was the battle of Hazro fought?

• 1811 AJD.
• 1812 A.D.
• 1813 A.D.
• 1814 A.D.

5. Who become victorious in the battle of Hazro.
Answer:
1. Fateh Khan was the wazir of Shah Mehmud, the ruler of Afghanist.
2. Jahandad Khan was the ruler of Attock during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. The battle of Hazro was the first battle to be fought between the Sikhs and the Afghans.
4. 1813 A.D.
5. The Sikhs became victorious in the battle of Hazro.

3. During the period 1827 A.D. to 1831 A.D., Syed Ahmad a religious leader of the Muslims had created disturbance against the Sikhs in Attock and Peshawar. He belonged to Bareilly. He declared, “God has sent me to conquer Punjab and India, and to drive out the Sikhs from the Afghan territories.” Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan Sardars became his disciples. In no time, he was able to organise a big army. It was a challenge to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s power. The Sikh forces defeated him first at Saidu and then at Peshawar, but fortunately he escaped both the times. Despite these defeats, he continued his struggle against the Sikhs. At last in 1831 A.D., he died at Balakot while fighting against Prince Sher Singh. In this way a big nuisance for the Sikhs was over.

1. Who was Syed Ahmad?
2. Syed Ahmad was the inhabitant of which place?
3. At which two places the sikh forces had defeated Syed Ahmad?
4. Syed Ahmad was killed where and fighting with whom?
5. When was Syed Ahmad killed?

• 1813 A.D.
• 1821 A.D.
• 1824 A.D.
• 1831 A.D.

Answer:
1. Syed Ahmad was a religious leader of the Muslims.
2. Syed Ahmad was the resident of Bareilly.
3. The Sikh forces had defeated Syed Ahmad at Saidu and Peshawar.
4. Syed Ahmad was killed at Balakot while fighting with prince Sher Singh.
5. 1831 A.D.

4. Dost Mohammad Khan wanted to avenge his humiliation suffered at the hands of the Sikhs. On-the other hand, the Sikhs also wanted to consolidate their position in Peshawar. In order to counter the Afghan invasions, Hari Singh Nalwa got a strong fort constructed at Jamraud. In order to check this operation of Hari Singh N.alwa, Dost Mohammad Khan sent a huge army of 20,000 soldiers under the command of his son Mohammad Akbar and Shamsudin.

This army attacked the fort of Jamraud on 28th April, 1837 A.D. Hari Singh Nalwa was then lying seriously ill at Peshawar. When he heared the news of Afghan attack, he with his 10,000 soldiers attacked the Afghans at Jamraftd with a view to teach them a lesson. Although Hari Singh Nalwa was killed in this battle, the Sikhs caused such a havoc among the Afghans that they never turned their face towards Peshawar thereafter.

1. Who was Dost Mohammad Khan?
2. Who built the Jamraud fort?
3. The fort of Jamraud was attacked on …………..
4. Which general of Maharsya Ranjit Singh was martyred in the battle of Jamraud and when?
5. Who became victorious in the battle of Jamraud?
Answer:
1. Dost Mohammad Khan was the ruler of Peshawar.
2. The fort of Jamraud was built by S. Hari Singh Nalwa.
3. 28th April, 1837 A.D.
4. S. Hari Singh Nalwa was martyred in the battle of Jamraud on 30th April, 1837 A.D.
5. In the battle of Jamraud the Sikhs became victorious.

Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the qu estions that follow :

1. Every word uttered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh was deemed law. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, the Maharaja had appointi jd many ministers, of which prominents were the Prime Minister, Foreign Minister , Diwan, Chief Commander and Deorhiwala. It rested on Maharaja’s will to acct 3pt their advice or not. He had also established 12 departments of daftars for the 5 smooth functioning of administration.

1. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who was tl ie head of the Central Administration?
2. Who was the Prime-Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. Who was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

• Raja Dhian Singh
• Hari Singh Nalwa
• Faqtiir Aziz-ud-Din
• Diwan Mohkam Chand.

4. How many Daftars were established for the admi nistrative efficiency during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. What is the function of Daftar-i-Taujihat?
Answer:
1. Maharaja himself was the head of Central Administrf ition during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
2. Raja Dhian Singh was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Faqir Aziz-ud-Din.
4. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 12 Daftars were established for the administrative efficiency.
5. Daftar-i-Taujihat maintained the account of royal family.

2. With a view to run the administration efficiently, Mahamja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom into four Provinces. The main duty of Nazim was to maintain peace and order in the Suba. For this purpose, he was aillowed to maintain a small force. In addition, he supervised the work of other officials of the Suba. He got the orders of Maharaja implemented in the Suba. He decided the civil and criminal cases. He heard the appeals against the decisions, of the Kardars.

He helped the various Suba officials in the collection of land revenue. He also supervised the work of district Kardars. Thus, the Nazim exercised vast powers in his own Suba. But, he had to seek the prior approval of the Maharaja, before taking any crucial decision about his Suba. The Maharaja could change the Nazim, whenever he wanted.

1. The kingdom of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was divided into how many Subas?
2. Write the names of any two Subas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Who was the head of the Suba during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
4. Write any one function of the Nazim?
5. The Maharaja could…………… the Nazim whenever he wanted.
Answer:
1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his Kingdom into four Subas.
2. The names of the two Subas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were Suba-i- Lahore and Suba-i-Kashmir.
3. The Nazim was the head of the suba during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times.
4. To implement the orders of Maharaja Ranjit Singh under his province.
5. Change.

3. The smallest unit of administration was the village. It was then called Mauza The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat. The Panchayat looked after the people of the village and settled their petty disputes. The people showed great regard for the Panchayat and they mostly accepted its decisions. The Patwari maintained the record of the village land. The Chaudhary would help the government in collecting land revenue. Muqaddam (Lambardar) was head of the village. He worked as a link between the government and the people. The Chowkidar was the watchman of the village. The Maharaja did not interfere in the working of the village.

1. Which was the smallest unit of administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
2. What was village called during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. In whose hands the administration of the village was during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
4. Who was Muqaddam during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. Who kept the record of village land during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

• Muqaddam
• Chaudhary
• Patwari
• None of these.

Answer:
1. The smallest unit of administration during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was village.
2. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the village was called Mauza.
3. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat.
4. Muqaddam was head of the village.
5. Patwari.

4. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. A Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. The Mohalladar maintained peace and order in his mohalla and looked after the arrangement of cleanliness. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. Mostly he used to be a Muslim. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja’s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars, to make arrangements for cleanliness in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc. He used to take necessary action against the guilty persons.

1. Who was the chief official of Lahore city during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
2. Who was appointed on the post of Kotwal during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. What was the one main function of Kotwal?
4. Who was the head of Mohalla during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the administration of ………………… city was run differently from other cities.
Answer:
1. Dining the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the chief official of Lahore city was Kotwal.
2. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Imam Bakhsh was appointed on the post of Kotwal.
3. To maintain peace in the city.
4. Mohalladar was the head of Mohalla dining the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
5. Lahore.

5. Fauj-i-Khas was the most important and the powerful organ of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army. It was trained under the command of General Ventura. It consisted of four battalions of infantry, two regiments of cavalry, and a troop of artillery. The artillery of Fauj-i-Khas was under the command of General Illahi Bakhsh. It was trained and disciplined strictly on European pattern. In it, very selected soldiers were recruited. Their weapons and horses were, also, of the superior type. That is why this army was called Fauj-i-Khas. It had a separate flag and emblem. It used French words of command. It grew to be the best organised section of the regular army. Even the European officers were amazed to see its performance.

1. Which was the most important and powerful organ of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army?
2. Who was General Ventura?
3. Under whose command was the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas?
4. Write any one feature of Fauj-i-Khas.
5. Fauj-i-Khas used ……………. words of command.
Answer:
1. Fauj-i-KhaS was the most important and powerful organ of Mahara Ranjit Singh’s army.
2. Fauj-i-KhaS was trained under the command of General Ventura
3. The artillery of Fauj-i-Khas was under the command of General Illahi Bakhsh.
4. It was trained and disciplined strictly on European pattern.
5. French.

Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. He never took any big decision or launched upon any undertaking without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib. After each victory, the’Maharaja paid a thanks giving visit to the Darbar Sahib, Amritsar, and made costly offerings. He spent considerable sums of money on the maintenance of Gurdwaras. He called his government as Sarkar-i-Khalsa and liked to be addressed as Singh Sahib instead of Maharaja.

He considered himself to be the Kukar at the door of the Guru and the Panth. He took pride in proclaiming himself to be the mere drum (Ranjit Nagara) of Guru Gobind Singh. He issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The words ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’. were inscribed on them. The royal seal of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was engraved with the words Akal Sahai.

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had unshakable faith in Sikhism. Give any one example.
2. What is meant by ‘Kukar’?
3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government by which name?
4. Which words were inscribed on the royal seal of Maharaja Raqjit Singh?
5. The words ………….. and …………. were inscribed on coins.
Answer:
1. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Nanak Sahib Ji and Kirtan.
2. Kukar meant slave or servant.
3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government as Sarkar-i-Khalsa.
4. ‘Akal Sahai’ were the words inscribed on the royal seals of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
5. Nanak Sahai, Goind Sahai.

2. Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire, the co-operation of people of different religions was essential. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit.

In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed or nationality. For instance, his Foreign Minister Faqir Aziz-ud-Din was a Muslim, his Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, his Diwan Bhiwani Das and his Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and his General Ventura and Allard were Europeans.

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a tolerant ruler. How?
2. Who was Dhian Singh Dogra?
3. Who was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
4. Who was Diwan Bhiwani Das?
5 was the Commander-in-Chief of Maharqja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
1.

• In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit.
• He respected all the religions.

2. Dhian Singh Dogra was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Faqir Aziz-ud-Din was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
4. Diwan Bhiwani Das was the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
5. Misar Diwan Chand.

First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. In 1842 A.D., Lord Ellenborough was appointed the new Governor-General of India in place of Lord Auckland. Lord Ellenborough wanted to erase the disgrace of the defeat which the British had to taste in the First Anglo-Afghan War. empire, it further embittered the Anglo-Sikh relations.

1. Who was Lord Ellenborough?
2. When was Lord Ellenborough appointed the new Governor General of India?

• 1812 A.D.
• 1822 A.D.
• 1832 A.D.
• 1842 A.D.

3. Why did the British want to conquer Sind?
4. When was Sind conquered by the Britishers?
5. What was the consequence of the conquest of Sind by the Britishers?
Answer:
1. Lord Ellenborough was the Governor General of India.
2. 1842 A.D.
3. Because Sind was important from the geographical point of view.
4. The Sind was conquered by the Britishers in 1842 A.D.
5. It resulted in great tension between the Britishers and the Sikhs.

2. The second great’battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Ferozeshah or Pheru Shahar on 21st December, 1845 A.D. This place is located at a distance of 10 miles from Mudki. The British were fully prepared for this battle. They had called their forces from Ferozepur, Ambala and Ludhiana to Ferozeshah for attack. The strength of the British soldiers in this battle was 17,000. The British army was commanded by famous and experienced generals like Lord Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. Qn the other hand, the strength of the Sikh soldiers was about 25,000 to 30,000. The Sikh soldiers were led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh. The Britishers were fully confident of the treachery of the Sikh generals and that they would score* an easy win in the battle. But the Sikhs gave such a baffling rebuff to the British that once it looked that their empire in India had shaken.

1. When was the battle of Ferozeshah fought?
2. Who was Lord Hugh Gough?
3. Who led the Sikh forces in battle of Ferozeshah?
4. The strength of the British soliders in the battle of Ferozeshah was ………….
5. Who was defeated in the battle of Ferozeshah and why?
Answer:
1. The battle of Ferozeshah was fought on 21st December, 1845 A.D.
2. Lord Hugh Gough was the commander in chief of the Britishers.
3. In the battle of Ferozeshah the Sikh forces were led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh.
4. 17000.
5. In the battle of Ferozeshah the Sikhs were defeated.

3. The battle of Sobraon was the last and the most decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. This battle was fought on 10th February, 1846 A.D. Before this battle 30,000 Sikh soldiers had reached Sobraon. In order to give a stiff resistance . to the British, they had started digging up their trenches. Lai Singh and Teja Singh who were commanding the Sikh army were sending every detail of the ’ preparations to the British. In order to face the Sikh army, the British had also made a good preparation. The strength of the British army in this battle was 15,000. Lord Hugh Gough and Lord Hardinge were commanding the British army. On 10th February, 1846 A.D., the Britishers attacked the Sikh army. As a result of the counter attack by the Sikh army, the British xarmy had to retreat. At this time, as pre-planned, at first Lai Singh and then Teja Singh fled away from the battlefield. While going away, Teja Singh sank the boats loaded with powder and ammunition, and also destroyed the Pontoon bridge.

1. Which was the last battle to be fought during the First Anglo-Sikh War?
2. When was the battle of Sobraon fought? 1
3. In the battle of Sobraon the British forces were led by…………..and …………..
4. Who was defeated in the battle of Sobraon? 1
5. Which Sikh leader had shown exemplary bravery in the battle of Sobrabn?
Answer:
1. The last battle to be fought during the First Anglo-Sikh War was the battle of Sobraon.
2. The battle of Sobraon was fought on.10th February, 1846 A.D.
3. Lord Hugh Gough, Lord Hardinge.
4. In the battle of Sobraon the Sikhs were defeated.
5. In the battle of Sobraon S. Sham Singh Attariwala showed an exemplary bravery.

Second Anglo-Sikh War: Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The revolt of Diwan Moolraj of Multan was one of the most -potent causes, which led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Multan was a province of the Lahore Raj. After the death of Sawan Mai, the Nazim (governor) of Multan in 1844 A.D., his son Moolraj was appointed the new Nazim. In 1847 A.D. the British Resident increased the annual revenue payable to the Lahore Darbar by Multan from Rs. 13,47,000 to Rs. 1,97,15,00. On the other hand, the British removed the excise duty on some essential goods and one-third part of Multan was taken from him. Owing to these reasons, Diwan Moolraj was not in position to pay the increased revenue. On being forced by the British Resident, Moolraj tendered his resignation in December, 1847.

In March 1848 A.D. the new Resident, Fredrick Currie, decided to nominate Sardar Kahan Singh as the new Nazim of Multan. In order to take over the charge of Multan, two British officers, Vans Agnew and Anderson were sent alongwith Kahan Singh. Moolraj warmly welcomed them. On 19th April, Moolraj handed over the keys of the fort to Kahan Singh. But the next day on 20th April, some soldiers of Moolraj murdered both the officers and imprisoned Kahan Singh. Fredrick Currie held Moolraj responsible for the revolt of Multan.

1. When was Diwan Moolrqj was appointed as the new Nazim of Multanh?
2. For which one reason Diwan Moolraj had given his resignation?
3. In 1848 A.D. which new Nazim of Multan was appointed by Fredrick Currie?
4. The responsiblity of the murder of which two British officers were put on Diwan Moolrqj by the Britishers?
5. Fredrick Currie held …………….. responsible for the revolt of Multan.
Answer:
1. Diwan Moolraj was appointed as the new Nazim of Multan in 1844 A.D.
The British resident had increased the annual revenue payable to the Lahore Darbar by Multan.
3. Sardar Kahan Singh.
4. Vans Agnew and Anderson.
5. Diwan Moolraj.

2. The battle of Chillianwala was one of the significant battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. This battle was fought on 13th January, 1849 A.D. Lord Gough was of the view that he did not have a strong force to face Sher Singh. So, he was waiting for more reinforcement, but when Lord Hugh Gough came to know that Chattar Singh with his soldiers was coming to the help of Sher Singh, he attacked the soldiers of Sher Singh on 13th January. It was one of the hardest and fiercest battles. The Sikhs fought with great determination and daring. They wrought havoc in the British army. The British lost 695 soldiers, including 132 officers in the battle and 1651 soldiers were wounded. Four British guns were also captured by the Sikhs.

1. Which was the most significant battle of the Second Anglo- Sikh War?
2. When was the battle of Chillianwala fought?
3. Who was Sher Singh?
4. Who was defeated in the battle of Chilianwala?
5. In the battle of ChiUianwala how many British officers were killed?

• 132
• 142
• 695
• 1651.

Answer:
1. The battle of Chillianwala was the most significant battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
2. The battle of Chillianwala was fought on 13th January, 1849 A.D.
3. Sher Singh was the son of S. Chattar Singh, the Nazim of Hazara.
4. In the battle of Chillianwala, the Britishers were defeated.
5. 132.

3. The battle of Gujarat proved to be the most important and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In this battle, Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh made a united front against the British. In addition, the king of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad also sent 3,000 cavaliers under the command of his son, Akbar Khari to help the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikhs had a total army of 40,000 soldiers. On the other hand, the English army was still led by Lord Hugh Gough because Sir Charles Napier had not yet reached India. The British army comprised 68,000 soldiers.

In this battle, guns were extensively used by both the sides, because of which this battle is also .famous in history as the Battle of Guns. This battle started at 7.30 a.m. on 21st February, 1849 A.D. The ammunition of the Sikhs was soon exhausted. When the Britishers came to know about it, they made a fierce attack on the Siklis. The Sikh soldiers unsheathed their swords, but they could not resist the guns for long. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses in this battle.

1. battle of the second Anglo-sikh War.
2. When was the battle of Gujarat fought?
3. Who led the British forces during the battle of Gujarat?
4. Why is the battle of Gujarat as the Battle of Guns?
5. Who became victorious in the battle of Gujarat?
Ans.
1. decisive.
2. The battle of Gujarat was fought on 21st february, 1849 A.D.
3. In the battle of Gujarat the British forces were led by Lord Hugh Gough.
4. The battle of Gujarat was known as the battle of guns because guns were extensively used by both the sides in this battle.
5. The Britishers became victorious in this battle.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Advertisement Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Advertisement Writing

(1) Draft an advertisement for ‘Mangla Academy’.

MANGLA ACADEMY An ideal coaching centre, located in the centre of the city, near Galaxy Tower. Well-qualified staff for all subjects and all competitive examinations. Quite reasonable and affordable fees. Equipped with all facilities for practicals. Contact : Ravi Mangla Director Ph. 2000015, 2000025.

(2) Advertise ‘the showroom named ‘Kids World’.

KIDS WORLD : Come with your little ones and choose from a wide range of: Dresses and Outfits Games and Toys Comics and Storybooks & Much More Visit today and enjoy the benefit of special gifts and discounts. Galaxy Towers (Phagwara) Ph. 3010120, 3010121.

(3) Advertise ‘Futura Coconut Hair Oil’.

Depend On Futura Coconut Hair Oil To get rid of dandruff. To check the falling of hair. To treat your dry and rough hair. Futura Coconut Hair Oil (FCHO) A Quality Product of Indian Herbals Ltd.

(4) Draft an advertisement for ‘Chamak Detergent Powder’.

For a Sparkling Wash of Your Clothes and Dishes Always Depend On CHAMAK DETERGENT POWDER MOST ECONOMICAL Leaves no stains anywhere & Friendly Towards Your Hands A Quality Product of Ratson and Watson India Ltd.

(5) You have organized a handloom exhibition in your colony. Draft an advertisement for the same.

INTER-STATE HANDLOOM EXHIBITION Dates ….. 1st May — 15th May Timing ….. 8 a.m. — 8 p.m. daily Venue ….. Sangam Palace, Gokul Vihar, Ludhiana. Book your orders in bulk and enjoy heavy discounts Exquisite Handloom Products on Display From Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, J & K, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat Sponsored by : Punjab Khadi Udyog.

(6) Advertise ‘Singla Mosquito Repellant Oil’.

ENJOY AN UNDISTURBED SLEEP with Singla Mosquito Repellant Oil Colourless Odourless Non-allergic Quitmos Cream Quitmos Liquid Quitmos Mats

(7) Draft an advertisement for a new footwear showroom.

MAURYA FOOTWEAR POINT Your wait is over. A new footwear showroom has opened in your area. We have all the leading brands like Bata, Lakhani, Action, Relaxo, Liberty etc. Originality of the stuff guaranteed. Prices are genuine. Special discount on certain days. Kindly pay at least one visit and see the difference. Maurya Footwear Point 33 Foota Road Opposite New Sunder Nagar Chandigarh Road Ludhiana Ph. 4209211, 5637863

(8) As the Principal of New Light Public School, Jagraon, draft an advertisement for a daily newspaper, inviting applications for the post of a librarian in your school.

WANTED A QUALIFIED LIBRARIAN Wanted an experienced librarian, at least B.A. B.Lib., in the pay-scale 4300-120-5600. D.A. and H.R.A. according to State Govt, rules admissible. Apply by 20th May. Principal, New Light Public School, Jagraon.

(9) Advertise ‘Gupta Travel Agency’.

GUPTA TRAVEL AGENCY Visit for exciting domestic and international holiday packages both for individuals and groups. Decide your time and place and leave the rest to us. 1. Magical Singapore 5 nights / 6 days ₹ 64,999/- 2. Australia (Sydney, Coral Islands and CNS) 7 nights / 8, days ₹ 94,999/ 3. Exotic Goa 3 nights / 4 days ₹ 13,333/- Contact : Parkash Kumar Gupta (Manager) Ph. 233313

(10) Advertise ‘Rin Detergent Powder’.

For a Sparkling Wash of Your Clothes and Dishes Always Depend On RIN DETERGENT POWDER MOST ECONOMICAL Leaves no stains anywhere & Friendly Towards Your Hands A Quality Product of Rat son and Watson India Ltd.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 10 साए Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 10 साए

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB साए Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
परिवार वाले हर रोज़ किसकी राह देखते थे?
उत्तर:
परिवार वाले हर रोज़ घर के मुखिया की राह देखते थे।

प्रश्न 2.
घर का मुखिया कारोबार करने कहाँ गया हुआ था?
उत्तर:
घर का मुखिया कारोबार करने के लिए अफ्रीका गया हुआ था।

प्रश्न 3.
अज्जू बड़ा होकर क्या बनना चाहता था?
उत्तर:
अज्जू बड़ा होकर इन्जीनियर बनना चाहता था।

प्रश्न 4.
अजू को नैरोबी में मिला वृद्ध व्यक्ति कौन था?
उत्तर:
अज्जू को नैरोबी में मिला वृद्ध व्यक्ति उसके मृत पिता का दोस्त था।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नैरोबी के अस्पताल से आए पत्र को पढ़कर पत्नी परेशान क्यों हो गई?
उत्तर:
नैरोबी से आए पत्र को पढ़कर पत्नी इसलिए परेशान हो गई क्योंकि वह पत्र उसके पति का था। उसका पति बहुत बीमार था। उसके शरीर का रोग काबू से बाहर होता जा रहा था। रंगभेद के कारण उसे यूरोपियन अस्पताल में जगह मिलने में भी बहुत कठिनाई उठानी पड़ी थी। काफ़ी कुछ कहने कहलवाने के बाद उसे अस्पताल में जगह मिल पाई थी। डॉक्टरों ने ऑपरेशन की सलाह दी थी। अब उसके बचने के आसार बहुत ही कम थे। ऐसे समय में उसे अपने बच्चे और पत्नी बहुत याद आ रहे थे।

प्रश्न 2.
घर से जाने वाले पत्र में अज्जू और तनु के बारे में क्या-क्या लिखा था?
उत्तर:
घर से अफ्रीका जाने वाले पत्र में अजू और तनु के बारे में लिखा था कि-बच्चे अपने पिता को बहुत याद करते हैं। उन्हें देखने के लिए तरसते रहते हैं। उनके द्वारा दी गई सभी हिदायतों का पालन करते हैं। पढ़ने में बहुत मेहनत करते हैं। अज्जू तो बड़ा होकर पापा की तरह अफ्रीका जाना चाहता है। वह इन्जीनियर बनना चाहता है। वह बारह वर्ष का हो गया है। वह छठी कक्षा में प्रथम स्थान पर आया है। तनु अठारह वर्ष की हो गई है। उसका विवाह करना हैआदि बातें लिखी होती थीं।

प्रश्न 3.
तनु के लिए वर सहज रूप से मिल जाने का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
तनु के लिए वर सहज रूप से मिल जाने का कारण तनु के पिता का अफ्रीका में काम करना था। लड़के वालों को लंगा कि पिता विदेश में है। खूब धन कमा रहा होगा। लड़की की शादी में धन की कोई कमी न रहेगी। शादी खूब धूम-धाम से होगी। दहेज की भी उन्हें कोई चिंता न थी। इसलिए जल्दी ही एक खाते-पीते घर का लड़का मिल गया।

प्रश्न 4.
अज्जू के लिए अफ्रीका से क्या-क्या आया था?
उत्तर:
अजू जब हाई स्कूल की परीक्षा में जिले भर में प्रथम आया तो उसने इसकी सूचना अपने पिता को अफ्रीका भेजी। उसने बहुत-से सर्टिफ़िकेटों तथा खेल-कूद में भी मिलने वाली वस्तुओं के फ़ोटो अपने पिता जी को भेजे। पिता ने भी वहाँ से अज्जू के लिए एक कीमती कैमरा भेजा। गर्म सूट का कपड़ा भेजा। सुन्दर-सी एक घड़ी भेजी तथा इसके साथ ही मर्मस्पर्शी एक लम्बा पत्र भी भेजा।

प्रश्न 5.
पढ़ाई पूरी करने के बाद अज्जू ने अफ्रीका जाने का निर्णय किन-किन कारणों से किया?
उत्तर:
पढ़ाई पूरी करने के बाद अजू नौकरी की तलाश में इधर-उधर भटकने लगा। उसे नौकरी कहीं नहीं मिल रही थी। उसके मन में पिता से मिलने की लालसा बढ़ती जा रही थी। बचपन से उसने अपने पिता को नहीं देखा था। वह उसने मिलना चाहता था। प्यार से बातें करना चाहता था। पिता के प्यार को पाना चाहता था। इसके लिए उसने अचानक पिता के पास जाने का निर्णय किया ताकि वह अपने पिता के सामने अचानक पहुँच कर उन्हें चौंका सके।

प्रश्न 6.
अज्जू को अंत में पिता के जिगरी दोस्त ने भरे गले से क्या बताया?
उत्तर:
अज्जू को उसके पिता के जिगरी दोस्त ने बताया कि अजू के पिता तो उसके बचपन में ही मर गए थे। अज्जू के पिता ने और उसने साझे में कारोबार शुरू किया था। उनके हिस्से का रुपया वह लगातार भेजे जा रहे थे। उन्हें वर्षों से अजू के आने का इंतजार था ताकि वह अपने पिता का कारोबार संभाल सके। उसने अपने दोस्त को जो वचन दिया था उसे पूरा कर दिया। उनके परिवार को बिखरने नहीं दिया।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
वृद्ध व्यक्ति का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कहानी में वृद्ध व्यक्ति का चरित्र एक सज्जन और अच्छे मित्र के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया गया है। वृद्ध व्यक्ति मित्रता का सच्चा और जीता जागता उदाहरण है। उसने अपने मरते मित्र को उसके परिवार का पालन-पोषण करने का जो वचन दिया था, वह उसे आजीवन निभाता है। वह नियमित रूप से मृत मित्र के घरवालों को रुपये भेजता था। तनु के विवाह के लिए रुपये, जेवर तथा कपड़े भेजे। समय-समय पर उपहार भेझे। सांत्वना और दिलासा देने के पत्र निरन्तर परिवार को लिखता रहा। परिवार और बच्चों को दुःख न हो इसके लिए उसने परिवार वालों से दोस्त मृत्यु का दु:खद समाचार नहीं बाँटा। दोस्त के बच्चों को अपने ही बच्चों के समान प्यार और स्नेह दिया। अजू को पिता के बारे में पता न चले इसलिए उसने अज्जू को अफ्रीका आने से मना कर रखा था। सही अर्थों में वृद्ध व्यक्ति एक सच्चा मित्र, अच्छा इन्सान और विवेकशील व्यक्ति था।

प्रश्न 2.
वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने अजू और उसके परिवार की देखभाल में क्या भूमिका निभाई और क्यों?
उत्तर:
वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने अज्जू और उसके परिवार की देखभाल में बड़ी ही महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। वह लगातार परिवार के सम्पर्क में रहा। उसने परिवार की प्रत्येक आवश्यकता का ध्यान रखा। समय-समय पर परिवार की धन आदि से सहायता की। पत्रों के माध्यम से जीवन जीने की प्रेरणा दी। तनु का विवाह स्वदेश में ही करने की सलाह दी। विवाह में स्वयं न जाकर रुपए, जेवर तथा कपड़े भेजे। बच्चों की सच्चाई न बताकर उन्हें एक सफल तथा ज़िम्मेदार व्यक्ति बनाया। वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने ऐसा इसलिए किया था क्योंकि उसने अपने मृत मित्र को वचन दिया था कि वह उसके परिवार का ध्यान रखेगा। परिवार को टूटने या बिखरने नहीं देगा। बच्चों की देखभाल में कोई कमी नहीं छोड़ेगा।

प्रश्न 3.
‘साए’ कहानी के शीर्षक की सार्थकता स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
जिस प्रकार माँ-बाप अपने बच्चे का नाम रखने में सतर्कता रखते हैं ठीक उसी प्रकार लेखक हिमांशु जोशी ने भी अपनी कहानी ‘साए’ का नामकरण करते समय पूरी सावधानी रखी है। उसने कहानी के नामकरण में मौलिकता, संक्षिप्ता तथा जिज्ञासावर्धक तत्वों को समाहित किया है। आकर्षक और उपयुक्त ‘साए’ नाम वाली रचना पाठक एवं आलोचक को स्वयं ही आकर्षित कर लेती है। ‘साए’ कहानी में नामकरण घटना या चरित्र पर आधारित न होकर प्रतीकात्मकता का सहारा लिए हुए हैं। कहानी का शीर्षक प्रतीक रूप में अपनी सार्थकतापूर्ण किए हुए। वृद्ध व्यक्ति का अपना मित्र धर्म पालन करना एक उदाहरण है। दूसरा उदाहरण बच्चों का अपने पिता के आने तथा उनके होने का जो आसरा सदैव बना रहता है वह ‘साए’ शीर्षक की सार्थकता को पूर्णतः सार्थक सिद्ध करता है। अतः कहानी का शीर्षक ‘साए’ मित्रता, ईमानदारी तथा भाईचारे की भावना को हृदय तक पहुँचाने में पूर्ण समर्थ है।

4. निम्नांकित कथनों के भावार्थ स्पष्ट करो

• • “तिनकों के सहारे तो हर कोई जी लेता है लेकिन कभी-कभी हम तिनकों के साए मात्र के आसरे भंवर से निकलकर किनारे पर आ लगते हैं।”
• “हम दुर्बल होते हुए, असहाय, अकेले होते हुए भी कितने-कितने बीहड़ वनों को पार कर जाते हैं, आसरे की एक अदृश्य डोर के सहारे……”

उत्तर:

• लेखक ने उक्त पंक्तियों के माध्यम से मनुष्य को यह समझाना चाहा है कि किसी सहारे या आसरे के साथ तो प्रत्येक मानव जीवन जी ही लेता है लेकिन कभी-कभी जब वह सहारा या आसरा समाप्त हो जाता है तब हम उसकी छाया या साए को ही सहारा समझ कर जीवन की भँवर पार लग जाते हैं। हमें अपना जीवन जीने में कोई कठिनाई नहीं होती। जीवन सरल लगने लगता है। जीवन में आने वाली बाधाएँ सरलता से पार होने लगती हैं। जीवन बोझ की बजाए प्यारा और सुगम लगने लगता है।

• उक्त पंक्तियों का भावार्थ यह है कि जब व्यक्ति के पास कोई उम्मीद या उस उम्मीद से जुड़ी हुई हल्की-सी भी रोशनी होती है तो वह सारी रुकावटों को पार करता हुआ जीवन क्षेत्र में आगे बढ़ता जाता है। उसे रोकने वाला तब कोई नहीं होता। वह कमज़ोर, हताश, निराश, परेशान होते हुए भी एक न दिखने वाली उम्मीद एवं सहारे के आसरे विषम से विषम स्थितियों को पार करता चला जाता है। जीवन की समस्त कठिनाइयाँ सरलता से उसके अनुकूल होती जाती हैं। कठिनाई सुगमता में बदल जाती है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के लिंग बदलिए

पुल्लिंग – स्त्रीलिंग
पति – ……………….
युवक – ……………….
वर – ……………….
बेटा – ……………….
बच्चा – ……………….
मज़दूर – ……………….
उत्तर:
पति – पत्नी
युवक – युवती
बेटा – बेटी
बच्चा – बच्ची
वर – वधु
मज़दूर – मज़दूरिन।

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में उपसर्ग तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
अबोध – ……….. – ………..
असहाय – ……….. – ………..
अदृश्य – ……………. – ………..
असुरक्षा – ………….. – ………..
अप्रवासी – ……………. – ………..
विलंब – …………….. – ………..
विलीन – ………………. – ………..
विमान – ………….. – ……………
उत्तर:
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
अबोध – अ – बोध
असहाय – अ – सहाय
अदृश्य – अ – दृश्य
असुरक्षा – अ – सुरक्षा
अप्रवासी – अ – प्रवासी
विलंब – वि – लंब
विलीन – वि – लीन
विमान – वि – मान

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के प्रत्यय तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
मेहमानदारी – ……….. – ………….
भारतीय – ……….. – ………….
स्वाभाविक – ……….. – ………….
नियमित – ……….. – ………….
आसानी – ……….. – ………….
आवश्यकता – ……….. – ………….
उत्तर:
मेहमानदारी – मेहमान – दारी
भारतीय – भारत – ईय
स्वाभाविक – स्वभाव – इक
नियमित – नियम – इत
आसानी – आसान – ई
आवश्यकता – आवश्यक – ता

4. निम्नलिखित तद्भव शब्दों के तत्सम रूप लिखिए

तद्भव – तत्सम
ब्याह – ………………
बूढ़ा – ………………
भाई – ………………
हाथ – ………………
रात – ………………
घर – ………………
पाँव – ………………
आज – ………………
दो – ………………
मुख – ………………
उत्तर:
तद्भव – तत्सम
ब्याह – विवाह
बूढ़ा – वृद्ध
भाई – भ्राता
हाथ – हस्त
रात – रात्रि
घर – गृह
पाँव – पाद
आज – अद्य
दो – द्वि
मुख – मुँह

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने अपने मरते हुए जिगरी दोस्त को जो वचन दिया था उसे पूरा किया; यदि आप उस वृद्ध की जगह होते तो क्या करते?
उत्तर:
यदि ‘मैं’ उस वृद्ध व्यक्ति की जगह होता तो मैं भी उसी के समान अपने दिए हुए वचन का पालन करता। परिवार को किसी भी स्थिति में बिखरने न देता। कभी-कभार मित्र की ओर से बच्चों को मिलने अवश्य जाता। उनकी पारिवारिक दशा को अपनी आँखों से देख कर उनकी परेशानियों को दूर करने का प्रयत्न करता। मित्र की पुत्री में समस्त सामान के साथ उसे आशीर्वाद देने के लिए स्वयं उपस्थित होता।

प्रश्न 2.
परिवार को पिता की मृत्यु की सूचना न देकर पिता के जिगरी दोस्त ने अच्छा किया या बुरा। – अपने विचार लिखें।
उत्तर:
परिवार को पिता की मृत्यु की सूचना न देकर पिता के जिगरी दोस्त ने अच्छा किया। क्योंकि यदि परिवार को घर के मुखिया की मृत्यु की सूचना मिलती तो पत्नी अवश्य उनकी मृत्यु आघात सहन न कर पाती। वह मर जाती। बच्चे अनाथ हो जाते। उनका पालन-पोषण ठीक से न हो पाता। अज्जू उच्च शिक्षा न ग्रहण कर पाता। तनु का विवाह एक अच्छे परिवार में न होता। जीवन के सभी परिदृश्यों का ध्यान करते हुए पिता के जिगरी दोस्त ने पिता की मृत्यु का समाचार न देकर जो कार्य किया वह. परिस्थितियों के अनुसार अति उत्तम था।

प्रश्न 3.
यदि पिता का मित्र पत्र और पैसे न भेजता तो परिवार की क्या हालत होती?
उत्तर:
यदि पिता का मित्र पत्र और पैसे न भेजता तो परिवार टूट जाता पारिवारिक स्थिति एक दम डगमगा जाती। घर में खाने के लाले पड़ जाते। बीमार माँ का इलाज न हो पाता। बच्चे अच्छे स्कूल में न पढ़ पाते। समाज में नाम और प्रतिष्ठा न मिल पाती। कोई भी अच्छा घर तनु के लिए रिश्ता लेकर न आता। परिवार का पिता के आने की उम्मीद तथा उनके साए का सहारा चकनाचूर हो जाता।

प्रश्न 4.
क्या पत्र की जगह फैक्स, ई-मेल, टैलीफोन तथा मोबाइल ले सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
बड़े शहरों और महानगरों में संचार साधनों के तेज़ विकास तथा अन्य कारणों से पत्रों की आवाजाही पूरी तरह से प्रभावित हुई है, लेकिन देहाती दुनिया आज भी पत्रों पर चल रही है। फैक्स, ई-मेल, टेलीफ़ोन तथा मोबाइल ने पत्रों को तेजी से रोका है, लेकिन देश का अभी भी बहुत बड़ा भाग पत्रों पर ही निर्भर और आश्रित है। आज व्यापारिक डाक की संख्या लगातार बढ़ रही है। भविष्य में फैक्स, ई-मेल, टेलीफोन आदि चिट्ठियों की जगह ले सकते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
आप भविष्य में क्या बनना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
‘मैं’ भविष्य में एक अध्यापक बनना चाहता हूँ। अध्यापक बनने के कई कारण हैं। अध्यापक सबसे पहले अनुशासन स्थापित करता है और अनुशासन ही राष्ट्र की नींव होती है। अध्यापक बनकर मैं अनुशासन स्थापित करने की योजना बनाऊँगा आज के बच्चे कल का नया भारत बनते हैं। उन्हें अच्छी शिक्षा देकर समाज को दृढ़ता प्रदान करूँगा। अपने आचरण को बेहतर बनाकर बच्चों के समझ उदाहरण प्रस्तुत करूँगा क्योंकि बच्चों में अनुकरण की प्रवृत्ति होती है। अत: वह मेरे आचरण और कार्यों को देखकर मुझसे प्रभावित होंगे। इसलिए ‘मैं’ अध्यापक बनना चाहता हूँ।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

1. ‘सच्ची मित्रता’ पर कुछ सूक्तियाँ चार्ट पर लिखकर कक्षा में लगाइए।
2. ‘जैसी कथनी वैसी करनी’ विषय पर कक्षा में चर्चा कीजिये।
3. परोपकार और ईमानदारी विषय पर कहानियाँ पढ़िये।
4. पत्र-लेखन विधा के अनेक संग्रह और संकलन हैं जैसे :- “पिता के पत्र पुत्री के नाम’ – जवाहर लाल नेहरू, ‘गांधी जी के पत्र’-मोहन दास कर्मचंद गांधी, ‘सुभाष के पत्र’-नेता जी सुभाष चंद्र बोस आदि-इन्हें पढ़िए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. केन्या (कीनिया)-केन्या गणतन्त्र पूर्वी अफ्रीका में स्थित एक देश है। भूमध्य रेखा पर हिन्द महासागर से सटे हुए इस देश की सीमा उत्तर में इथोपिया, उत्तर-पूर्व में सोमालिया, दक्षिण में तन्जानिया, पश्चिम में युगांडा और विक्टोरिया झील और उत्तर पश्चिम में सूडान से मिलती है। देश की राजधानी नैरोबी है। राजभाषाएँ स्वाहिली और अंग्रेज़ी हैं।
2. भँवर : नदी के बहाव में वह स्थान जहाँ पानी चक्कर की तरह घूमता है।
3. पासपोर्ट : पासपोर्ट एक राष्ट्रीय सरकार द्वारा जारी एक दस्तावेज़ होता है जो अंतरर्राष्ट्रीय यात्रा के लिए उसके धारक की पहचान और राष्ट्रीयता को प्रमाणित करता है। पहचान स्थापित करने के लिए नाम, जन्मतिथि, लिंग और जन्म स्थान के विवरण इसमें प्रस्तुत किये जाते हैं। आमतौर पर एक व्यक्ति की राष्ट्रीयता और नागरिकता समान होती है।
4. वीज़ा : वीज़ा लैटिन शब्द कार्टा वीज़ा से लिया गया है जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है , ‘वह कागज़ जो देखा गया हो’। वीज़ा इंगित करता है कि अमुक व्यक्ति वीजा जारी करने वाले देश में प्रवेश के लिए अधिकृत है। वीजा वह दस्तावेज़ होता है जो एक व्यक्ति को किसी अन्य देश में प्रवेश करने की अनुमति देता है। वीज़ा एक अलग दस्तावेज़ के रूप में भी हो सकता है लेकिन अधिकतर यह आवेदक के पासपोर्ट पर ही एक मोहर के रूप में पृष्ठांकित किया जाता है। वीजा जारी करने वाले देश आमतौर पर इसके साथ कई शर्ते जोड़ देता है जैसे वीजा की वैधता, वह अवधि जिसके दौरान एक व्यक्ति उस देश में रह सकता है, दिए गए वीज़ा पर व्यक्ति कितनी बार यात्रा कर सकता है, आदि।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide साए Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘साए’ कहानी का मूलभाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘साए’ कहानी मित्रता और सद्भाव प्रधान कहानी है। कहानी का मूलभाव लोगों में मैत्री की भावना का प्रचार और प्रसार करना है। यह कहानी लोगों को प्रेरणा देती है कि हमें कठिनाई के समय मित्र का साथ नहीं छोड़ना चाहिए। मित्र की ज़िम्मेदारियों को अपनी ज़िम्मेदारी समझना चाहिए। अपने दिए हुए वचन का पालन करना चाहिए। स्वार्थ लोलुपता से दूर रहना चाहिए। जिस प्रकार कहानी में वृद्ध व्यक्ति ने अपने मृतक मित्र के परिवार की यथोचित सहायता की, उसी प्रकार हमें भी अपने जीवन में इसी प्रकार के भावों तथा विचारों को अपनाकर अपने जीवन स्तर को ऊँचा उठाना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
सच्ची मित्रता की परख कैसी की जाए?
उत्तर:
लेखक का मत है कि एक सच्चे मित्र में वैद्य के समान कुशलता और परख होती है। जिस प्रकार एक वैद्य रोगी के रोग की परीक्षा करके और उचित दवाई देकर उसे रोग से मुक्त कर देता है, उसी प्रकार एक सच्चा मित्र अपने मित्र की दुर्बलताओं और त्रुटियों को ढूंढ़कर उन्हें दूर करने में सहायक होता है। एक सच्चे मित्र में माँ के गुण भी होते हैं। जिस प्रकार माँ स्नेह, कोमलता और धैर्य की प्रतीक होती है, उसी प्रकार सच्चा मित्र भी माता के समान स्नेह एवं धैर्य से अपने मित्र को बुरे मार्ग से हटाकर अच्छे मार्ग पर बढ़ने की प्रेरणा देता है।

प्रश्न 3.
मित्र का चुनाव करते समय हमें किन बातों का ध्यान रखना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने मित्र को पथ-प्रदर्शक के समान माना है। हमारे जीवन की उन्नति तथा अवनति बहुत कुछ मित्र के चुनाव पर निर्भर करती है। अतः मित्र का चुनाव करते समय हमें विशेष सावधानी से काम लेना चाहिए। ऐसे लोगों का साथ करना हमारे लिए लाभकारी नहीं जो हम से अधिक दृढ़ संकल्प के हैं। ऐसे मित्र की हर बात हमें माननी पड़ती है। इससे हमारे चरित्र का स्वतन्त्र विकास नहीं हो सकता। ऐसे लोगों का साथ भी उचित नहीं जो हमारी ही बात को ऊपर रखें। मित्र ऐसा हो जिस पर हम पूरा विश्वास कर सकें। वह भाई के समान सहायक और हमारे प्रति सहानुभूति दिखाने वाला हो। जो गुण हम में नहीं, वह हमारे मित्र में होने चाहिए। गम्भीर प्रकृति वाले मनुष्य को विनोदी पुरुष का संग करना चाहिए और निर्बल को बलवान का तथा महत्त्वाकांक्षी व्यक्ति को किसी महान् व्यक्ति की मित्रता करना चाहिए। भाव यह है कि मित्र ऐसा चुनना चाहिए जिसके साथ हम अपने गुणों का आदान-प्रदान कर सकें।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘साए’ कहानी के लेखक कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
हिमांशु जोशी।

प्रश्न 2.
घर का मुखिया कारोबार करने कहाँ गया था?
उत्तर:
अफ्रीका।

प्रश्न 3.
डाकिया भूल से भी इनके घर क्यों नहीं झाँकता था?
उत्तर:
महीनों से इनके घर कोई पत्र नहीं आया था।

प्रश्न 4.
लम्बे अर्से के बाद पत्र कहाँ से आया था?
उत्तर:
नैरोबी के किसी अस्पताल से।

प्रश्न 5.
किसी अन्य व्यक्ति से पत्र लिखवाने का घर के मुखिया ने क्या कारण बताया?
उत्तर:
हाथ के आप्रेशन के कारण वह स्वयं पत्र नहीं लिख सकता।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
अजू छठी कक्षा में सबसे अव्वल आया।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
तनु के विवाह पर उसके पिता आए थे।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
अज्जू के पापा अमरीका में कारोबार करते थे।
उत्तर:
गलत।

प्रश्न 9.
पहले की तरह किसी से बोल कर लिखवाया हुआ पत्र आया।
उत्तर:
सही।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
जिसने …….. किया है, वह …….. भी करेगा।
उत्तरः
जिसने पैदा किया है, वह परवरिश भी करेगा।

प्रश्न 11.
अपने इस ……. में मेरा …….. बँटाओ।
उत्तर:
अपने इस कारोबार में मेरा हाथ बँटाओ।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
अजू के पापा का कहां के अस्पताल से पत्र आया?
(क) नाइजीरिया
(ख) नैरोबी
(ग) न्यूयार्क
(घ) नम्बीबिया।
उत्तर:
(ख) नैरोबी।

प्रश्न 13.
तनु अब क्या पार कर रही है?
(क) सोलह
(ख) अठारह
(ग) बीस
(घ) बाईस।
उत्तर:
(ख) अठारह।

प्रश्न 14.
कन्या का बाप कहां सोना बटोर रहा था?
(क) अदन में
(ख) दुबई में
(ग) अफ्रीका में
(घ) अमेरिका में।
उत्तर:
(ग) अफ्रीका में।

प्रश्न 15.
हाई स्कूल की परीक्षा में जिले में प्रथम आने पर अज्जू को पिता की ओर से क्या मिला?
(क) घड़ी
(ख) कैमरा
(ग) स्कूटर
(घ) साइकिल।
उत्तर:
(ख) कैमरा।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

रुग्ण = बीमार। सुदूर = बहुत दूर। विलम्ब = देरी। चन्द दिनों = थोड़े दिनों। परवरिश = पालन-पोषण। रुलाई भरी = आँसुओं से भरा। अबोध = अनजान, नासमझ। टाइपराइटर = टाइप करने की मशीन। स्वाभाविक = बिना किसी बनावट के। निपट अकेले = एक दम अकेले। अम्मा = माँ। हिदायतें = सीख। ब्याह = शादी, विवाह । अक्षरशः = ज्यों-का-त्यों। अड़चन = मुश्किल। अव्वल = प्रथम। विवशता = मजबूरी। स्थगित करना = टाल देना। वज़ीफ़ा = छात्र-वृत्ति। निगाहें = नज़रें। मर्मस्पर्शी = दिल को छू लेने वाला। स्थगित = कुछ समय के लिए रोक देना। अबाध = बाधा रहित, बिना रुकावट। आबोहवा = जलवायु। प्रत्युत्तर = जवाब में। अकस्मात् = सहसा, अचानक। उत्कंठा = प्रबल इच्छा। इंगित = इशारा। भँवर = लहरों का चक्कर। असमंजस = दुविधा। असुरक्षा = सुरक्षा का अभाव। बीहड़ = ऊबड़-खाबड़। सरसब्ज़ = हरा-भरा।

साए Summary

साए लेखक-परिचय

जीवन परिचय- श्री हिमांशु जोशी बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के साहित्यकार हैं। उन्होंने गद्य की विविध विधाओं की रचना कर हिन्दी-साहित्य में एक विशेष स्थान प्राप्त किया है। उनका जन्म कुमाऊँ के पर्वतीय अंचल में 4 मई, सन् 1935 ई० में हुआ। यहीं उनका बचपन व्यतीत हुआ। उनकी शिक्षा दीक्षा नैनीताल तथा दिल्ली में सम्पन्न हुई। बचपन से ही लेखन के प्रति उनकी रुचि थी। इसी रुचि के विकास ने उन्हें हिन्दी-साहित्य में ला खड़ा किया। उनकी पहली कहानी सन् 1954 ई० में प्रकाशित हुई। जोशी जी ने पत्रकारिता तथा स्वतन्त्र लेखन को अपनी जीविका को आधार बनाया। वे साप्ताहिक हिन्दुस्तान के विशेष संवाददाता के कार्यभार को सम्भाले हुए हैं।
रचनाएँ-जोशी जी ने कहानियाँ, उपन्यास, कविताएँ, यात्रा वृत्तान्त आदि गद्य की विभिन्न विधाओं तथा बाल साहित्य से सम्बन्धित लगभग 24 पुस्तकों की रचना की है। उनकी उल्लेखनीय रचनाएँ निम्नलिखित हैंउपन्यास-अरण्य, महासागर, छाया मत छूना मन, कगार की आग, समय साक्षी है, तुम्हारे लिए, सु-राज।
कहानी-संग्रह-अंततः, रथचक्र, मनुष्य, चिन्ह, जलते हुए डैने, इस बार बर्फ गिरी तो, इकहत्तर कहानियाँ गंधर्व गाथा, हिमांशु जोशी की इक्यावन कहानियाँ आदि। विशिष्ट रचनाओं का संग्रह-उत्तर पूर्व।
बाल साहित्य-तीन तारे, बचपन की याद रही कहानियाँ, सुबह के सूरज, हिम का साथी, विश्व की श्रेष्ठ लोककथाएँ, नार्वेः सूरज चमके आधी रात, कालापानी।
कविता-संग्रह-अग्नि सम्भव, नील नदी का वृक्ष, एक आँखर की कविता।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-सहजता, सरलता तथा स्वाभाविकता हिमांशु जोशी की रचनाओं की उल्लेखनीय विशेषताएँ हैं। इन गुणों के कारण इनका साहित्य पाठकों की रुचि का विषय बन गया है। कुमाऊं का पर्वतीय अंचल इनकी रचनाओं में बड़े प्रभावशाली ढंग से चित्रित हुआ है। इनके उपन्यास सुराज पर कला फ़िल्म भी बन चुकी है। कगार की आग, कोई एक मसीहा, छाया मत छूना, मन का सफल मंचन भी हो चुका है। दिल्ली अकादमी ने उन्हें उनके कहानी-संग्रह पर पुरस्कृत किया है। हिन्दी संस्थान, उत्तर प्रदेश ने भी उन्हें छाया मत छूना मन, मनुष्य, चिह्न तथा अरण्य के लिए सम्मानित किया है। हिमांशु जी की कुछ रचनाओं का भारतीय भाषाओं के साथ-साथ अंग्रेजी, चीनी, जापानी आदि भाषाओं में अनुवाद हुआ है।
भाषा-शैली-हिमांशु जोशी की भाषा सरल तथा सहज है। कहीं-कहीं नाटकीयता तथा जटिलता का भी समावेश है। संस्कृत के शब्दों के साथ-साथ उन्होंने आंचलिक शब्दों का भी खुलकर प्रयोग किया है।

कहानी का सार/प्रतिपाद्य

‘साए’ नामक कहानी कथा-शिल्पी हिमांशु जोशी द्वारा रचित एक श्रेष्ठ रचना है। यह एक चरित्र प्रधान कहानी है। यह कहानी अत्यंत मर्मस्पर्शी है। आधुनिक युग में धन लोलुपता के कारण तथा स्वार्थपरता के कारण आज मनुष्य अपने आदर्शों से हटता जा रहा है। किन्तु आज भी समाज में ऐसे बहुत-से लोग हैं जो स्वार्थपरता से कहीं ऊपर हैं। उन्हें आज भी आदर्श प्यारे हैं। मित्र को दिए वचन को निभाने के लिए सारा जीवन बिताने को तैयार हैं। एक बीमार शरीर अपने दो नन्हें-नन्हें बच्चों को लेकर उम्मीद भरी आँखों से प्रतिदिन डाकिए की प्रतीक्षा किया करती थी। वह अफ्रीका में गए अपने पति के पत्र की प्रतीक्षा में रोज़ पलकें बिछाए बैठी रहती थी। लेकिन डाकिया था कि आता ही नहीं था। बहुत दिनों के बाद एक पत्र आया जिस पर रंग-बिरंगी टिकटें लगी थीं। पत्र नैरोबी के एक अस्पताल से आया था। पत्र बड़ा ही अजीब था जो करुणा और दर्द से भरा हुआ था। पत्नी ने पत्र पढ़ना शुरू किया। पत्र उसके पति का था। पति ने पत्र में लिखा था कि रंगभेद के कारण उसे यूरोपियन लोगों के अस्पताल में जगह नहीं मिल पाई। उसकी हालत काफ़ी गंभीर थी। इलाज में देरी के कारण रोग काबू से बाहर हो गया था। काफ़ी मेहनत तथा सिफ़ारिश लगवाने पर अस्पताल में भर्ती कर लिया गया हूँ। तुम्हारी और बच्चों की सोच दिन-रात सताती रहती है। पत्नी पत्र पढ़तेपढ़ते रोती जा रही थी। नन्हें अबोध बालक माँ को आँसू भरे नेत्रों से देखते जा रहे थे। पत्नी ने पति की सूचना के लिए कई पत्र तथा तार डाले। कुछ दिनों के बाद उन्हें केन्या की मोहर लगा एक विदेशी लिफाफा मिला। पत्र उसके पति का था।

अब उसकी हालत में काफ़ी सुधार था। पत्र के साथ उसने कुछ रुपए भी भेजे थे। बीमार पत्नी का स्वास्थ्य अब ठीक होने लगा था। बच्चों के मुरझाए चेहरे खिल उठे थे। पत्रों का आदान-प्रदान नियमित रूप से हो रहा था। पति की ओर से अब बड़े ही अच्छे पत्र आने लगे थे। सभी परिवार वाले खुश थे। घर वाले चाहते थे कि विदेश गया उनका पिता, पति कुछ समय के लिए स्वदेश आ जाए। बच्चे पिता को देखना चाहते थे। पत्नी-पति के दर्शन करना चाहती थी। पत्नी पत्र में पति को लिखकर बताती थी कि उनके द्वारा दी गई सभी नसीहतों को बच्चे अच्छे से मानते हैं। समय पर पढते हैं। पुत्र के बारे में बताते हुए वह कहती है कि अज्जू बड़ा होकर आपकी तरह ही अफ्रीका जाएगा। अब अजू पूरे बारह साल का हो गया है। तनु अठारह साल पूरे कर चुकी है। पति की ओर से पत्र आया। उसमें लिखा था कि वह अभी नहीं आ पाएगा। अगले वर्ष तनु की शादी पर ज़रूर आ जाएगा। उसने यह भी लिखा की स्वदेश में ही तनु के लिए वर की तलाश करना। वर ढूँढ़ने में अधिक कठिनाई नहीं हुई। शायद इसलिए कि वर पक्ष के लोगों को लग रहा था कि पिता अफ्रीका में है। रुपए पैसे की कोई परेशानी न होगी। आखिरकार शादी का दिन आ गया। शादी भी हो गई, किन्तु तनु के पिता जी नहीं आए। उन्होंने कपड़े, जेवर, रुपए भेज दिए थे। विवाह के बाद तनु के विवाह के चित्र अफ्रीका में भेज दिए गए। अजू ने भी इनाम में मिली सारी वस्तुओं के फोटो अपने पापा को अफ्रीका भेजे। पिता ने भी पत्र के उत्तर में एक कैमरा, एक गर्म सूट का कपड़ा तथा घड़ी भेज दी। पिता के स्वदेश न आने पर बच्चों ने इच्छा जताई की वे ही अफ्रीका आ जाएँ तब उत्तर यह मिला कि उनका कोई एक ठिकाना नहीं है इसलिए यहाँ आना बेकार है। एक दिन ऐसा भी आया जब अजू ने अपनी पढ़ाई पूरी कर ली। वह नौकरी की तालाश में लग गया।

पिता के स्वदेश न आने पर उसने स्वयं अफ्रीका जाने का प्रबन्ध कर लिया। शीघ्र ही वह पत्र में लिखे पते पर अफ्रीका में जा पहुँचा। शाम को एक वृद्ध ने घर का ताला खोला। वृद्ध ने अज्जू से उसका परिचय पूछा और अज्जू को अपनी बाँहों में भर लिया। भोजन करने के बाद उन्होंने दीवार पर लगी एक तस्वीर दिखाई जिसे देखकर अजू ने कहा कि, वह उसकी अपनी फोटो है। यह सुनकर वृद्ध व्यक्ति ज़ोर से हँसा और बोला बेटा यह तुम इतने बड़े हो गए। अज्जू के चेहरे की ओर देखते हुए उन्होंने कहा कि-तुम शायद नहीं जानते, तुम्हारे पिता का मैं कितना जिगरी दोस्त हूँ। मैं और तुम्हारे पिता एक साथ रहते थे। हम दोस्त की तरह नहीं अपितु सगे भाइयों की तरह थे। उन्होंने ही मुझे हिन्दुस्तान से यहाँ अफ्रीका बुलाया था। कुछ देर मौन रहने के बाद वृद्ध ने अज्जू से कहा कि कभी-कभी हमें तिनको का सहारा छोड़कर उनके साए में जीना पड़ता है। वृद्ध ने खाँसते हुए अज्जू से बताया कि बेटा तुम ही सोचो कि आज तुम्हारे पिता की मृत्यु आज से 10-15 वर्ष पहले हो जाती तो तुम्हारा क्या होता। तुम अनाथ हो गए होते। तुम्हारी माँ मर चुकी होती। आज जो तुम हो वह न बन पाते। अजू को समझाते हुए वृद्ध ने कहा कि हम जीवन में कभी-कभी सहारे की एक अदृश्य डोर से अपना जीवन व्यतीत कर जाते हैं। इतना कहते ही उनका गला भर आया। उन्होंने अज्जू को बताया कि उसके पिता का देहांत उसके बचपन में ही हो गया था। वह ही साझे के कारोबार से अज्जू के पिता के हिस्से के पैसे उन्हें लगातार भेजता रहा था। अब तुम बड़े हो चुके हो। अब तुम इस कारोबार को संभाल लो। मैंने तुम्हारे पिता को दिया अपना वचन पूरा कर दिया। इतना कहते हुए वृद्ध की आँखें आँसुओं से भर आईं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 9 दो हाथ Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 9 दो हाथ

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB दो हाथ Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नीरू की दिनचर्या क्या थी ?
उत्तर:
नीरू की दिनचर्या में बर्तन साफ करना, रसोई का काम करना तथा कॉलेज की पढ़ाई करना था।

प्रश्न 2.
नीरू को प्रायः किसका अभाव खलता था ?
उत्तर:
नीरू को प्रायः अपनी माँ का अभाव खलता था, जो अब जीवित नहीं थी। ।

प्रश्न 3.
नीरू अपनी हम उमर सहेलियों को खेलते देखकर क्या सोचा करती थी ?
उत्तर:
नीरू सोचा करती थी कि आज अगर उसकी माँ जीवित होती तो वह भी बेफ़िक्र होकर अपनी सहेलियों के साथ खेलती।

प्रश्न 4.
पिता का दुलार पाकर नीरू क्या भूल जाती थी ?
उत्तर:
पिता का दुलार पाकर नीरू अपनी माँ की कमी को भूल जाती थी।

प्रश्न 5.
नीरू ने पढ़ाई के साथ अन्य कौन-से इनाम जीते थे ?
उत्तर:
नीरू ने पढ़ाई के साथ संगीत, चित्रकला और खेलों में भी खूब सारे इनाम जीते थे।

प्रश्न 6.
कॉलेज की लड़कियाँ हफ्तों से किस की सजावट में जुटी थीं ?
उत्तर:
कॉलेज की लड़कियाँ हफ़्तों से अपने नाखूनों की सजावट में जुटी थी।

प्रश्न 7.
सभापति ने कौन-सा निर्णय सुनाया ?
उत्तर:
सभापति ने निर्णय सुनाया कि नीरू के हाथ सबसे अधिक सुंदर हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
घर लौटते समय नीरू खुश क्यों थी ?
उत्तर:
घर लौटते समय नीरू इसलिए खुश थी क्योंकि आज उसके कटे-फटे, गंदे-भद्दे हाथों का सही रूप आँका गया था।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए-

प्रश्न 1.
नीरू घर के कौन-कौन से काम किया करती थी ?
उत्तर:
नीरू अपने भाई बहनों में सबसे बड़ी थी। माँ की मृत्यु के बाद से वह माँ की सारी ज़िम्मेदारियाँ खुद ही उठाती थीं। वह रसोई के झूठे बर्तन धोती थी। साग-सब्जी काटती थी। चूल्हे की लिपाई करती थी। सारे घर में झाड़ लगाती थी। भोजन पकाती थी। चपातियाँ सेकती थीं। कपड़े धोती थी तथा घर के अन्य छोटे-बड़े काम किया करती थीं।

प्रश्न 2.
नीरू की माँ उसे काम करने से क्यों रोकती थी ?
उत्तर:
नीरू की माँ उसे काम करने से इसलिए रोकती थी क्योंकि नीरू बहुत कोमल तथा प्यारी थी। उसके हाथ बहुत ही सुंदर थे। घर के काम करने के बारे में वह नीरू को कहती थीं कि – “यह सब काम तेरे करने के नहीं। हम अनपढ औरतें तो जानवर होती हैं और माँ अपने हाथ खोलकर दिखाती। मोटी खुरदरी उंगलियाँ, कटी-फटी चमड़ी और टेढ़े-मेढ़े नाखून।” तेरे हाथ ककड़ी के समान हैं। इनकी पाँच उंगलियों में पाँच अंगूठियाँ डालूँगी न कि तुझ से काम करवाऊँगी।

प्रश्न 3.
नीरू की सहेलियाँ उसका मज़ाक क्यों उड़ाती थीं ?
उत्तर:
नीरू की सहेलियाँ उसके गंदे हाथों को देखकर उसका मज़ाक उड़ाती थीं। नीरू के हाथ कहीं से कटे थे। कहीं से फटे थे। कहीं पर चपाती सेकते हुए जल भी गए थे। उसकी सहेलियाँ उसके गंदे-भद्दे हाथों को देखकर उस पर हँसती थी। वे सभी नीरू का मजाक उड़ाते हुए कहती थी कि -“तेरी शादी कभी नहीं होगी, तुझे कोई पसन्द नहीं करेगा। चेहरे के सौंदर्य के बाद सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण हाथों का सौंदर्य होता है।” सहेलियों की ये सभी बातें नीरू को बहुत दुःख देती थीं।

प्रश्न 4.
नीरू को उसके पिता ने हाथों का क्या महत्त्व समझाया ?
उत्तर:
नीरू के पिता ने नीरू को हाथों का महत्त्व समझाते हुए कहा कि-न जाने कौन व्यर्थ की बातें तुम्हारे दिमाग में भरता रहता है। यह सब बातें करने वाली लड़कियाँ एक दम पगली हैं। काम करने वालों की शोभा उसके हाथों से ही आँकी जाती है। अपने हाथ से काम करने वाली लड़कियाँ शक्ति और सम्पन्नता का प्रतीक होती हैं। काम करने वाले दोनों हाथ मानव जीवन की शोभा हैं। भगवान् ने मानव के ये दोनों हाथ कर्म करने के लिए बनाए हैं। हाथ इतिहास, संस्कृति तथा साहित्य का निर्माण करते हैं। हाथ कर्म की गति के साथ सुंदर होते जाते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
इनाम लेते समय नीरू को शर्म क्यों आ रही थी ?
उत्तर:
इनाम लेते समय नीरू को इसलिए शर्म आ रही थी क्योंकि उसके हाथ बहुत ही गंदे थे। देखने में उसके हाथ तनिक भी सुंदर नहीं थे। उसकी सहेलियाँ तो अक्सर उसके हाथों का मजाक उड़ाती थीं। उसे यह सोचकर और अधिक शर्म आ रही थी कि सभापति जब इनाम देते समय उसके हाथों को देखेंगे तो वह उसके बारे में क्या सोचेंगे।

प्रश्न 6.
कर्मशीलता ही हाथों की शोभा होती है।’ इस पंक्ति का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
उक्त पंक्ति के माध्यम से लेखक ने कहना चाहा है कि. हाथ कर्म करने के लिए होते हैं। हाथों के द्वारा ही समाज तथा राष्ट्र की उन्नति होती है। यही उन्नति हाथों की शोभा बन उसकी कर्मशीलता का उदाहरण प्रस्तुत करती है। हाथों के द्वारा किया गया प्रत्येक अच्छा कार्य उसकी शोभा का ही उदाहरण है। फिर चाहे साहित्य-रचना हो या फिर इतिहास और संस्कृति का निर्माण करना हो।

प्रश्न 7.
इनाम लेकर लौटते समय नीरू को अपने हाथ सुन्दर क्यों लग रहे थे ?
उत्तर:
इनाम लेकर लौटते समय नीरू इसलिए प्रसन्न थी कि आज उसके हाथों का मज़ाक नहीं उड़ाया गया न ही उसके हाथों पर किसी ने किसी भी प्रकार का कोई आक्षेप किया। इसके विपरीत आज सभापति ने नीरू के हाथों को कर्मशीलता का अपूर्व उदाहरण कहा। उसके हाथों को सर्जक कहते हुए हाथों की शोभा कर्मशीलता को कहा। उन्होंने यह भी कहा कि नीरू के हाथ अपूर्व सौंदर्य का जीता जागता उदाहरण हैं। अपने हाथों की प्रसन्नता को सुनकर नीरू को अपने हाथ सुंदर लग रहे थे।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नीरू का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नीरू ‘दो हाथ’ कहानी की मुख्य पात्रा है। अपने सभी भाई-बहनों में वह सबसे बड़ी है। वह सबसे समझदार तथा कर्तव्यपरायण है। घर की सारी ज़िम्मेदारी उसी के कंधों पर है। वह अपने भाई-बहनों का ध्यान रखती है। घर का सारा काम वह स्वयं अपने हाथों से करती है। खाना पकाती है। बर्तन धोती है। चूल्हा लीपती है। सब्जी काटती है। जब उसके भाई-बहन खेल रहे होते थे तब वह घर का काम करती थी। घर के संपूर्ण काम में दक्ष होने के साथ-साथ वह पढ़ाई, संगीत, चित्रकला तथा खेल में भी श्रेष्ठ थी। किसी भी क्षेत्र में उसका कोई सानी नहीं था। उसका शारीरिक रूप सौंदर्य भी अनुपम था। उसके हाथ उसकी कर्मशीलता का साक्षात् उदाहरण थे। वह अपनी माँ से बहुत प्यार करती थी। उन्हें अक्सर याद करके वह रोती रहती थी।

प्रश्न 2.
नीरू ने कौन-सा अनोखा सपना देखा था ?
उत्तर:
नीरू कॉलेज में होने वाले वार्षिक उत्सव को लेकर काफ़ी परेशान थी। उसे समझ नहीं आ रहा था कि वह क्या करे। उसकी सहेलियाँ हफ्तों से अपने नाखूनों की सजावट में जुटी हुई थीं। रात के समय सोते हुए वह रह-रह कर जाग जाती थी। उसे एक अनोखा सपना दिखाई दिया, जिसमें दो हाथ-दो हाथ चारों तरफ़ सुंदर-सुंदर कमल के समान दिखाई दे रहे थे। सारा आकाश उन हाथों से भरा हुआ था। किंतु स्वप्न की अनोखी बात यह थी कि नीरू के मैले धब्बेदार, टेढ़े नाखूनों वाले, आटा लगे हाथों के उदित होते ही वातावरण जगमगा उठा, ठीक उसी प्रकार जैसे सूर्य के उदित होते ही रात्रि का अंधकार जगमगा उठता है। इसी के साथ सुंदर हाथ तारों के समान न जाने कहाँ खो गए थे। नीरू इस अनोखे स्वप्न को देखने के बाद दुबारा रातभर सो नहीं पाई।

प्रश्न 3.
सभापति ने हाथों का वास्तविक सौन्दर्य क्या बताया ?
उत्तर:
सभापति ने हाथों का वास्तविक सौंदर्य बताते हुए कहा-सुंदर हाथ कर्म से सजते हैं। कर्मशीलता ही हाथों की शोभा होती है। हाथ सर्जक हैं। उनका सौंदर्य कार्य करने की क्षमता में ही निहित है। हाथ मानव जीवन का बाह्य सौंदर्य न होकर आंतरिक सौंदर्य है। यह एक प्रकार का श्रृंगार भी है। वह हाथ सबसे सुंदर हैं जो कर्म साधना में अपनी भी सुध-बुध खो बैठते हैं। वह सदा दूसरों की सेवा में लगे रहते हैं। उन्हें अपना कोई होश नहीं रहता। वह सदा दूसरों की भलाई तथा कर्त्तव्यपरायणता में लगे रहते हैं। हाथों पर लगे आटे के निशान, काले-पीले जले निशान, स्थान-स्थान से कटे-फटे हाथ एक अद्वितीय अलौकिक सृष्टि का अपार सौंदर्य जान पड़ते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
‘दो हाथ’ कहानी का उद्देश्य क्या है ?
उत्तर:
दो हाथ’ कहानी मनोवैज्ञानिक धरातल पर रचित कहानी है जिसमें लेखक ने एक बिना माँ की बच्ची के द्वारा कर्मशीलता का संदेश दिया है। बच्ची माँ के अभाव में स्वयं को अकेला महसूस करती है। माँ की ज़िम्मेदारियाँ स्वयं उठाती है। वह अपने हाथों से सब्जी काटती है। बर्तन धोती है। कपड़े धोती है। लकड़ियाँ काटती है। कोयला तोड़ती है तथा अन्य सभी काम अपने हाथों से ही करती है। इन सब कार्यों को करने के कारण नीरू के हाथ कहीं से कट जाते हैं तो कहीं से फट जाते हैं। देखने में उसके वह हाथ एक दम मैले, गंदे, भद्दे तथा बदसूरत लगते थे, किंतु लेखक ने इन्हीं मैले गंदे हाथों में आम जनमानस को कर्मशीलता तथा नित्य कर्म करने का संदेश दिया है। हाथ में पड़ने वाले निशान व्यक्ति के कर्मशील होने का प्रमाण हैं।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर इनका अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
मन भर आना – भावुक होना – …………….
फूट-फूट कर रोना – बहुत ज्यादा रोना – …………………..
आँखें डबडबा आना – आँखों में आँसू आ जाना – …………….
दम घुटना – उकता जाना – ……………….
उत्तर:

• पापा की याद आते ही राधा का मन भर आता था।
• कभी-कभी अपने हाथों की दशा देखकर साधना फूट-फूट कर रोने लगती थी।
• दादा का दुलार पाकर रेखा की आँखें डबडबा आईं।
• रिश्तेदारों का उपहास सुनकर तमन्ना का दम घुटने लगा था।

2. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में उपयुक्त स्थान पर उचित विराम चिह्न का प्रयोग कीजिए

(i) पिता झट पूछते क्या बात है मेरी रानी बिटिया उदास क्यों है
(ii) पिता जी सिर पर हाथ फेरते हुए कहते शायद मैं तुम्हें माँ का पूरा प्यार नहीं दे पाया
(iii) वह उमंग से भर कहने लगी सच पिता जी आप ठीक कहते हैं
उत्तर:
(i) पिता झट पूछते, “क्या बात है, मेरी रानी बिटिया उदास क्यों है ?”
(ii) पिता जी सिर पर हाथ फेरते हुए कहते, “शायद मैं तुम्हें माँ का पूरा प्यार नहीं दे पाया।”
(iii) वह उमंग से भर कहने लगी, “सच पिता जी आप ठीक कहते हैं।”

3. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का हिन्दी में अनुवाद कीजिए

(i) ਬਰਤਨ ਸਾਫ਼ ਕਰਕੇ ਨੀਰੂ ਨੇ ਰਸੋਈ ਨੂੰ ਧੋਇਆ ਅਤੇ ਸਾਗ ਕੱਟਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਗਨ ਹੋ ਗਈ ।
(ii) माधठी ठे हैमप्ला मुटाप्टिमा ਤਾਂ ਸਾਰੇ ਹੈਰਾਨ । ताप्टे ।
(iii) ਭਗਵਾਨ ਨੇ ਇਹ ਦੋ ਹੱਥ ਕਰਮ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਬਣਾਏ ਹਨ ।
उत्तर:
(i) बर्तन साफ करके नीरू ने रसोई को धोया और साग काटने में मग्न हो गई।
(ii) सभापति ने फैसला सुनाया तो सब हैरान हो गए।
(iii) भगवान ने ये दो हाथ कर्म करने के लिए बनाए हैं।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप भी नीरू की तरह हर काम ज़िम्मेदारी से निभाते हैं ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
हाँ । मैं नीरू की तरह हर काम पूरी ज़िम्मेदारी से निभाता हूँ। घर के लिए सब्जी बाज़ार से खरीद कर लाता हूँ। छुट्टी वाले दिन घर के काम में माँ का हाथ बँटाता हूँ। प्रतिदिन भाई-बहनों को अपने साथ बैठाकर पढ़ता और उन्हें पढ़ाता हूँ। शाम को भाई-बहनों को लेकर पार्क में घूमने भी जाता हूँ। घर के लिए दूध, फल आदि लेकर आता हूँ।

प्रश्न 2.
अपने दैनिक कार्यों की सूची बनाइए और बताइए कि अपनी पसंद के कार्य के लिए आप किस तरह समय निकालते हैं ?
उत्तर:
सुबह सवेरे जल्दी उठकर व्यायाम करना, स्नान आदि से निवृत्त होकर स्कूल जाना, दोपहर को विद्यालय से वापस आना, शाम को पार्क में घूमने जाना, देर शाम को पढ़ने के लिए बैठना, घर के लिए दूध, फल, सब्जी लाना आदि मेरे दैनिक कार्य हैं। इसी बीच मैं शाम के समय कविता लिखने के लिए समय निकाल लेता हूँ।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

1. कर्मशील व्यक्तियों के जीवन-चरित्र पढ़ें।
2. कर्मठ व्यक्तियों के चित्र एकत्रित करके एक छोटी-सी पत्रिका तैयार करें।
3. आप अपने घर अपनी माता जी की मदद किस प्रकार करते हैं ? क्या केवल लड़कियाँ ही मदद करती हैं या लड़के भी ? कक्षा में चर्चा करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

हाथ पर मुहावरे
हाथ धो कर पीछे पड़ना – बुरी तरह पीछा करना।
हाथ मलना – पछताना।
हाथ साफ करना – चोरी करना।
हाथ फैलाना – याचना करना।
हाथ पाँव फूल जाना – घबरा जाना।
हाथों हाथ बिकना – बहुत जल्दी बिकना।
हाथों के तोते उड़ना – बहुत व्याकुल होना।
हाथ धो बैठना – किसी वस्तु से वंचित होना, गँवा बैठना।
हाथ पैर मारना – कोशिश करना।
हाथ रंगना – खूब धन कमाना।
हाथ खींचना – सहायता बंद करना।
हाथ तंग होना – पैसों का अभाव।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide दो हाथ Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘दो हाथ’ कहानी में निहित संदेश स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
डॉ० इन्दुबाली द्वारा रचित ‘दो हाथ’ कहानी एक मनोवैज्ञानिक कहानी है। इस कहानी में लेखिका ने मानव के दो हाथों के माध्यम से सौन्दर्य के वास्तविक स्वरूप पर प्रकाश डाला है। लेखिका ने माना है कि हाथों की सुंदरता का रूप कर्म करने में विद्यमान हैं। अपने इसी संदेश से लेखिका ने लोगों की मानसिक कुंठा को दूर करने का प्रयास किया है। इस प्रकार लेखिका ‘कर्म के सौन्दर्य की अमूल्य कीमत’ का संदेश बच्चों तक पहुँचाने में पूर्णतः सफल रही ।

प्रश्न 2.
नीरू अपने छोटे भाई-बहनों से किस प्रकार भिन्न थी ?
उत्तर:
माँ की मृत्यु के बाद नीरू ने अपने भाई-बहनों को सम्भालने का सारा बोझ अपने ही कंधों पर उठा लिया था। वह अपने सभी भाई-बहनों से एक दम अलग थी। जब सभी छोटे भाई-बहन खेलने-खाने में मस्त रहते थे तब वह अपनी ही धुन में काम करती रहती थी। वह अपनी माँ के समान ही गंभीर थी। भाई-बहनों के समान उधम मचाना उसे अच्छा नहीं लगता था। वह पढ़ाई में भी सबसे आगे थी। घर के काम में व्यस्त उसके हाथ पढ़ने-लिखने में खूब चलते थे।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1. ‘दो हाथ’ कहानी किस के द्वारा रचित है ?
उत्तर:
डॉ० इन्दुबाली।

प्रश्न 2.
नीरू को किसका अभाव प्रायः खलता था ?
उत्तर:
माँ का।

प्रश्न 3.
नीरू को घर का काम कौन नहीं करने देता था ?
उत्तर:
नीरू को उसकी माँ घर का कोई काम नहीं करने देती थी।

प्रश्न 4.
काम करने वाले की शोभा किससे आँकी जाती है ?
उत्तर:
काम करने वाले की शोभा उसके हाथों से आँकी जाती है।

प्रश्न 5.
सुंदर हाथ किससे सजते हैं ?
उत्तर:
सुंदर हाथ कर्म करने से सजते हैं।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
नीरू घर का काम नहीं करती थी सिर्फ कॉलेज जाती थी।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 7.
नीरू रोज़ कुल्हाड़ी से लकड़ियाँ छाँटती थी।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
नीरू के छोटे बहन-भाई खेलने खाने में मस्त रहते।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
कॉलेज के वार्षिक उत्सव में नीरू को कोई पुरस्कार नहीं मिला।
उत्तर:
गलत।

दो हाथ रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
उनका …….. भरा …….. बड़ा ………… लगता।
उत्तर:
उनका प्यार भरा स्पर्श बड़ा सुखद लगता।

प्रश्न 11.
ऐसे …… हाथ मैंने ……. कभी ……. देखे।
उत्तर:
ऐसे सुंदर हाथ मैंने पहले कभी नहीं देखे।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
किस पक्षी के पैर कुरूप होते हैं_
(क) कबूतर
(ख) तोता
(ग) मोर
(घ) चिड़िया।
उत्तर:
(ग) मोर।

प्रश्न 13.
नीरू के कॉलेज की सभी लड़कियाँ हफ्तों से किसकी सजावट में जुटी थीं ?
(क) पैरों
(ख) हाथों
(ग) चेहरे
(घ) नाखूनों।
उत्तर:
(घ) नाखूनों।

प्रश्न 14.
माँ को नीरू की उंगलियाँ किसकी तरह कोमल लगती थीं ?
(क) कमल
(ख) ककड़ी
(ग) गुलाब
(घ) चमेली।
उत्तर:
(ख) ककड़ी।

प्रश्न 15.
चेहरे के सौंदर्य के बाद सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण किसका सौंदर्य होता है ?
(क) आँखों का
(ख) हाथों का
(ग) होठों का
(घ) पैरों का।
उत्तर:
(ख) हाथों का।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

खला = दुःख होना ; बुरा महसूस होना, कष्ट होना। कुरूप = गंदा, भद्दा। चपाती = रोटी। स्पर्श करना = छूना। आँखें डब-डबाना = आँखों में आँसू भरना। उपहास = मज़ाक। प्रतीक = चिह्न । परत-दर-परत = एकएक करके। व्यस्त होना = काम में लगे होना। ढेरों = अत्यधिक। किस्मत = भाग्य। अभाव = कमी। टीस = कसक, सहसा रह-रह कर उठने वाली पीड़ा। स्पर्श = छूना। सौन्दर्य = सुन्दरता। स्निग्ध = कोमल। शोभा = सुन्दरता। रहस्य = गुप्त बात, राज। उद्वेलन = उछाल (भावों की उथल-पुथल)। कर्मशीलता = फल की इच्छा छोड़कर काम करना। सर्जक = रचना करने वाला। अद्वितीय = अनोखा। अलौकिक = जो इस लोक में न मिलता हो। सृष्टि = संसार । उपलब्धि = विशेष प्राप्ति।

दो हाथSummary

दो हाथ लेखक-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-हिन्दी-गद्य की प्रसिद्ध लेखिका डॉ० इन्दुबाली का साहित्य में अप्रतिम स्थान है। इनका जन्म सन् 1932 में लाहौर पाकिस्तान में हुआ। विभाजन के बाद इन्दुबाली भारत आ गई। इनकी प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा पहले लाहौर तथा विभाजन के बाद शिमला में हुई। इन्होंने उच्च शिक्षा लुधियाना तथा चंडीगढ़ से प्राप्त की। डॉ० इन्दुबाली ने साहित्य, दर्शन-शास्त्र तथा उपन्यासों का भी गंभीरता से अध्ययन किया है। अध्यापन को इन्होंने व्यवसाय के रूप में चुना। पंजाब के विभिन्न शहरों में इन्होंने प्राध्यापिका के रूप में अध्यापन कार्य किया। इन्होंने प्राचार्या के रूप में भी अनेक स्थानों पर कार्य किया। इनका सारा जीवन अध्यापन और अध्ययन के क्षेत्र में बीता। पंजाब प्रदेश के कहानीकारों में इनका विशिष्ट स्थान है। इनकी साहित्य सेवा को देखते हुए पंजाब के भाषा विभाग की ओर से इन्हें शिरोमणि साहित्यकार के सम्मान से अलंकृत किया। इसके अतिरिक्त इन्हें समय-समय पर और भी अनेक पुरस्कार मिलते रहे हैं। आजकल आप चंडीगढ़ में सेवानिवृत्त हो कर अपना जीवन व्यतीत कर रही हैं।

रचनाएँ-डॉ० इन्दुबाली एक महान साहित्य सेवी हैं। वे बहमुखी प्रतिभा संपन्न साहित्यकार मानी जाती हैं। उन्होंने अपनी लेखनी के माध्यम से अनेक साहित्यिक विधाओं का विकास किया है। इनकी लगभग पंद्रह पुस्तकें प्रकाशित हो चुकी हैं। उनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
कहानी संग्रह-मन रो दिया, दो हाथ, मेरी तीन मौतें, दूसरी औरत होने का सुख, टूटती-जुड़ती, मैं खरगोश होना चाहती हूँ। – उपन्यास-बांसुरिया बज उठी, सोए प्यार की अनुभूति। इनकी प्रथम कहानी सन् 1964 में धर्मयुग में ‘मैं दूर से देखा करती हूँ” शीर्षक से प्रकाशित हुई।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-डॉ० इन्दुबाली साहित्य सेवी और समाज सेवी दोनों रूप में प्रसिद्ध हैं। इनका गद्य साहित्य समाज केंद्रित है। इन्होंने अपने गद्य साहित्य में समाज का यथार्थ चित्रण किया है। समाज के सुख-दुःख, ग़रीबी, शोषण आदि का यथार्थ वर्णन किया है। इनकी कहानियों में राणाज में फैली गरीबी, कुरीतियों, जाति-पाति, विसंगतियों का यथार्थ के धरातल पर अंकन हुआ है। वे एक समाज सेवी लेखिका थी। अत: आज तक वह साहित्य सेवा के द्वारा समाज का उद्धार करने में लगी हुई हैं।

भाषा शैली-इनकी भाषा शैली अत्यंत सहज, सरल एवं प्रवाहपूर्ण है। इन्होंने अपने गद्य साहित्य में अनेक शैलियों को स्थान दिया है। इनकी भाषा में प्रवाहमयता और सजीवता है। इनकी भाषा पाठक के विषय से तारतम्य स्थापित कर . उसके हृदय पर अमिट छाप छोड़ देती है।

दो हाथ कहानी का सार/प्रतिपाद्य

डॉ० इन्दुबाली द्वारा रचित कहानी ‘दो हाथ’ मनोविज्ञान पर आधारित कहानी है। इस कहानी में लेखिका ने एक बालिका की उस मानसिक दशा का चित्रण किया है, जिसमें वह अपने हाथों के सौंदर्य को लेकर चिंतित रहती है। इससे बालिका का समुचित विकास नहीं हो पाता। वह माँ की कमी को अक्सर महसूस करती है।
नीरू बिना माँ की एक मेहनती लड़की थी। उसे घर का सारा काम करना पड़ता था। वह कर्म करने में विश्वास करती थी। रसोई का सारा काम करना। घर की साफ-सफाई तथा कॉलेज की पढ़ाई करना बस यही उसका जीवन था। उसे अपने जीवन में माँ का अभाव प्रायः दुःख देता था। वह अक्सर सोचती थी कि यदि उसकी माँ आज जीवित होती तो वह भी बे-फिक्र होकर अपनी सहेलियों के साथ खेल सकती थी। किंतु वह अपना मन मसोसकर रह जाती थी।

वह अपने दुःख को घर के काम तथा पढ़ाई के बीच डालकर शांत करने का प्रयत्न करती थी। जब कभी पढ़ते और काम करते समय उसका ध्यान अपने हाथों की ओर जाता था तो वह अत्यंत निराश और हताश हो जाती थी। अपनी निराशा को छुपाने के लिए वह तरह-तरह के विचार करने लगती थी। वह सोचने लगती थी कि मोर के पैर भी तो कुरूप होते हैं लेकिन मोर फिर भी सुंदर है। इसी तरह क्या वह मोर से कम सुंदर है ? घर में सारा दिन काम करने के कारण उसके हाथ कट-फट चुके थे। कभी बर्तन मांजते हुए, कभी झाड़ लगाते हुए तो कभी रोटियाँ सेकते हुए। जब कभी नीरू के पिता प्यार और दुलार से उसके सिर पर अपना हाथ रख देते थे तो वह सभी अभावों को भूल कर सुखद आनंद का अनुभव करने लगती थी। जब कभी वह उदास हो जाती थी तो पिता जी उसकी उदासी का कारण पूछते तो वह अक्सर टाल दिया करती थी। पिता जी को पता चल जाता था कि उसे अपनी माँ की याद आ रही होगी शायद इसीलिए वह फूट-फूट कर रोने लगती थी। तब पिता जी ने नीरू से कहा कि शायद वह नीरू को पूरा प्यार नहीं दे पाते, तभी तो वह छुप-छुप कर रोती है। तभी नीरू को ध्यान आया कि अभी तो उसे रसोई का सारा काम करना है। झूठे बर्तन धोने हैं। चूल्हे की लिपाई करनी है। कल की रसोई के लिए कोयले तोड़ने हैं। उसे याद आता है कि पहले जब कभी वह अपनी मां का हाथ बँटाने की बात करती थी तो उसकी माँ उसे नहीं करने देती थी।

उसे कहती थी कि “तुम्हारी उंगलियाँ ककड़ी की तरह कोमल हैं, इन पाँच उंगलियों में पाँच अंगूठियाँ डालूँगी, मेंहदी रचाऊँगी, कलाई को चूड़ियों से सजाऊँगी।” घर का सारा काम करते हुए उसे माँ की बातें याद आते ही उसकी आँखों से आँसू बहने लगते थे। वह अनजाने में अपने हाथ को साड़ी के पल्लू में छिपाने की अक्सर कोशिश करती थी। एक दिन नीरू ज़ोर-ज़ोर से रोने लगी। पिता के पूछने पर उसने बताया कि उसकी सभी सहेलियाँ उसके गंदे-भद्दे हाथों को देखकर उस पर हँसती हैं तथा कहती हैं कि तुझसे कोई शादी नहीं करेगा। तब पिता जी नीरू को समझाते हुए कहते हैं कि काम करने वाले की सुंदरता तो उसके हाथों में होती है। काम करने वाली लड़की तो शक्ति तथा सम्पन्नता की प्रतीक होती है। पुत्री को कर्म और शक्ति का उपदेश देते-देते वह गंभीर हो गए। पिता की बातों का नीरू पर इतना गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा कि उसमें एक नई जागृति आ गई और उमंग से भर गई। जब से नीरू की माँ का देहांत हुआ था, तभी से उसने अपने भाई बहनों की ज़िम्मेदारी का बोझ उठा रखा था। घर के काम में चलने वाले नीरू के हाथ पढ़ाई में भी खूब चलते थे।

अगले दिन कॉलेज में वार्षिक उत्सव था तथा नीरू को काफ़ी सारे इनाम भी मिलने वाले थे। नीरू ने पढ़ाई के साथ-साथ संगीत, चित्रकला तथा खेलों में बहुत-से इनाम जीते थे। वार्षिक उत्सव को लेकर नीरू काफी परेशानी में थी। वह सारी रात सो नहीं पाई थी। उसे अपने हाथों की चिंता सताए जा रही थी। सुबह का समय अत्यधिक व्यस्तता का समय होता है। सभी को जल्दी होती है। घर में कोई न कोई किसी-न-किसी चीज़ की पुकार में लगा ही होता है। नीरू घर का सारा काम निपटा कर कॉलेज में पहुँची। वह अपनी कुर्सी पर उदास एवं खोई हुई बैठी थी। इनाम देने के लिए नीरू का नाम बड़े सम्मान और तारीफ़ों के साथ लिया गया। इनाम लेने के लिए जैसे ही वह मंच पर पहुँची तो अपने हाथों को देखकर उसे बहुत शर्म आ रही थी। उसकी आँखों से आँसू टपक रहे थे। इनाम बँट जाने के बाद सभापति ने एक विशेष इनाम की घोषणा की। उन्होंने सबसे सुंदर हाथों को पुरस्कृत करने की बात कही। नीरू सभापति की बातों को सुनकर चुपचाप खड़ी थी। उसे लग रहा था कि अब मारे शर्म के वह धरती में ही गड़ जाएगी जब सभापति ने सुंदर हाथों का निर्णय सुनाया तो सभी चकित रह गए थे। उन्होंने कहा कि सबसे सुंदर हाथ नीरू के हैं क्योंकि कर्मशीलता ही हाथों की शोभा होते हैं। नीरू के हाथ कर्मशीलता का साक्षात् उदाहरण थे। नीरू जब इनाम लेकर घर लौट रही थी तो वह धीर और गंभीर थी। आज उसे अपने गंदे, भद्दे हाथ बहुत सुंदर लग रहे थे। वह अपने हाथों को निरंतर देखती ही जा रही थी।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 8 पाजेब Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 8 पाजेब

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB पाजेब Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मुन्नी के लिए पाजेब कौन लाया?
उत्तर:
मुन्नी के लिए पाजेब उसकी बुआ लाई थी।

प्रश्न 2.
मुन्नी को पाजेब मिलने के बाद आशुतोष भी किस चीज़ के लिए ज़िद्द करने लगा?
उत्तर:
मुन्नी को पाजेब मिलने के बाद आशुतोष साइकिल के लिए ज़िद्द करने लगा।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक की पत्नी को पाजेब चुराने का संदेह सबसे पहले किस पर हुआ?
उत्तर:
लेखक की पत्नी को पाजेब चुराने का संदेश सबसे पहले घर के नौकर बंशी पर हुआ।

प्रश्न 4.
आशुतोष को किस चीज़ का शौक था?
उत्तर:
आशुतोष को पतंग उड़ाने तथा साइकिल का शौक था।

प्रश्न 5.
वह शहीद की भाँति पिटता रहा था। रोया बिल्कुल नहीं था उपर्युक्त संदर्भ में बताइए कि कौन पिटता रहा?
उत्तर:
आशुतोष पिटता रहा।

प्रश्न 6.
गुम हुई पाजेब कहाँ से मिली?
उत्तर:
गुम हुई पाजेब बुआ के पास से मिली।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक को आशुतोष पर पाजेब चुराने का संदेह क्यों हुआ?
उत्तर:
लेखक को आशुतोष पर पाजेब चुराने का संदेह इसलिए हुआ क्योंकि उसे अपने नौकर बंशी पर पूर्ण विश्वास था कि वह पाजेब नहीं चुरा सकता। लेखक का शक तब यकीन में बदल गया जब उसे पता चला कि शाम को आशुतोष पतंग और डोर का पिन्ना लाया है।

प्रश्न 2.
पाजेब चुराने का संदेह किस-किस पर किया गया?
उत्तर:
पाजेब चुराने का सर्वप्रथम संदेह कथाकार की पत्नी ने घर के नौकर बंशी पर किया। इसके बाद संदेह आशुतोष पर किया गया। उसी से बातचीत में छुन्नू का नाम सामने आया और छुन्नू पर भी पाजेब की चोरी का शक किया गया।

प्रश्न 3.
आशुतोष ने चोरी नहीं की थी फिर भी उसने चोरी का अपराध स्वीकार किया। इसका क्या कारण हो सकता है ?
उत्तर:
आशुतोष ने चोरी नहीं की थी, यह बात पूर्ण रूप से सच है किंतु घर के सभी सदस्य पाजेब चुराने का शक उसी पर कर रहे थे। उसे कोठरी में भी बंद किया गया। माता-पिता दोनों उस पर क्रोधित थे। दोनों ही आशुतोष पर झल्ला रहे थे। बार-बार उससे एक ही सवाल पूछा जा रहा था कि पाजेब किसने ली है?बार-बार के प्रश्नों से बचने के लिए तथा घर में शांति स्थापित करने के लिए आशुतोष ने चोरी न करने पर भी पाजेब की चोरी का अपराध स्वीकार कर लिया होगा।

प्रश्न 4.
पाजेब कहाँ और कैसे मिली ?
उत्तर:
पाजेब आशुतोष की बुआ के पास मिली। जब आशुतोष की बुआ घर आई और उसने आशुतोष से कहा कि जो कागज़ात वह माँग रहे थे, वे सभी इसी बॉक्स में हैं। तभी उसने अपनी बॉस्केट की जेब में हाथ डालकर पाजेब निकाली और कहने लगी कि उस दिन भूल से यह पाजेब उसके साथ ही चली गई थी।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
आशुतोष का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कहानी में आशुतोष एक प्रमुख पात्र है। सारी कहानी उसी के चारों ओर घूमती है। वह एक बच्चा है। मुन्नी की जिद्द पूरी होने पर वह भी साइकिल लेने की जिद्द ठान लेता है। वह पाजेब पहनी हुई मुन्नी को बाहर घुमाने में गर्व महसूस करता है। चोरी का इल्ज़ाम आशुतोष पर लगने के कारण वह हठी और उदंड बन जाता है। वह झुठ भी बोलता है। उसमें अपना दोष दूसरों पर डालने का विकार भी है। उसका चरित्र पूर्णत: मनोविज्ञान से प्रभावित है।

प्रश्न 2.
आशुतोष के माता-पिता ने बिना किसी मनोवैज्ञानिक सूझबूझ के आशुतोष के प्रति जो व्यवहार कियाउसे अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
आशुतोष के माता-पिता ने उसके साथ बिल्कुल भी अच्छा व्यवहार नहीं किया था। उन्होंने तो यह तक भी सोचने का प्रयास नहीं किया कि बच्चों के साथ कैसे पेश आना चाहिए। सर्वप्रथम आशुतोष के पिता ने उस पर चोरी करने का शक किया। उसे डराया, धमकाया तथा उसके कान भी खींचे। आशुतोष की माँ ने भी उसे मारा-पीटा तथा धमकाया। आशुतोष के गाल भी सूज गये थे। वह पूरी तरह से डरा हुआ था। उसे कोठरी में बंद करके तो अत्याचार की सारी सीमाएँ ही लाँघ दी जाती हैं। अंत में जब बुआ उन्हें पाजेब देती है तो आशुतोष के पिता अपना सा मुँह लेकर रह जाते हैं। ये सब बातें दर्शाती हैं कि आशुतोष के माता-पिता ने बिना किसी मनोवैज्ञानिक सूझबूझ के आशुतोष के प्रति जो व्यवहार किया वह एकदम अनुचित था।

प्रश्न 3.
आशुतोष के किन कथनों और कार्यों से संकेत मिलता है कि. उसने पाजेब नहीं चुराई थी?
उत्तर:
आशुतोष के निम्नलिखित कथनों तथा कार्यों से संकेत मिलता है कि उसने पाजेब नहीं चुराई थी
1. जब आशुतोष के पिता ने उसकी माँ से पूछा था कि उसने आशुतोष से पूछा तो माँ ने कहा, ‘हाँ’, वो तो स्वयं उसकी ट्रंक और बॉक्स के नीचे घुस-घुसकर ढूंढ़ने में उसकी मदद कर रहा था।
2. पिता के कहने पर आशुतोष का कमरे के कोने-कोने में पाजेब को ढूँढ़ना।
3. छुन्नू के पास जाने से इन्कार करना।
4. यह कहना कि छुन्नू के पास होगी तो देखना।
5. किसी भी बात का हाँ और ना में ठीक से उत्तर न देना।

प्रश्न 4.
“प्रेम से अपराध वृत्ति को जीता जा सकता है, आतंक से उसे दबाना ठीक नहीं है ….” इस वाक्य का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
इस वाक्य का आशय है कि अपराधवृत्ति को दबाने के लिए दण्ड का सहारा उचित नहीं। दंड व्यक्ति को उदंड बनाने का काम करता है। उसमें जिद्दीपन तथा हट्ठीपन लाता है। इसके विपरीत प्यार व्यक्ति के भावों को समझने का काम करता है। प्यार से व्यक्ति दूसरे के दिल को पिघला कर मोम कर लेता है। उसके अंदर की बातों को जान लेता है तथा उसकी अपराध वृत्ति को अपने प्यार के कोमल हथियार से जीत लेता है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में उपयुक्त स्थान पर उचित विराम चिह्न का प्रयोग कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बुआ ने कहा छी-छी तू कोई लड़की है
उत्तर:
बुआ ने कहा, “छी-छी तू कोई लड़की है ?”

प्रश्न 2.
मैंने कहा छोड़िए भी बेबात की बात बढ़ाने से क्या फायदा
उत्तर:
मैंने कहा, “छोड़िए भी। बेबात की बात बढ़ाने से क्या फायदा!”

प्रश्न 3.
मैंने कहा क्यों रे तू शरारत से बाज नहीं आयेगा
उत्तर:
मैंने कहा, “क्यों रे, तू शरारत से बाज़ नहीं आयेगा ?”

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर इनका अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाकय
खुशी का ठिकाना न रहना – बहुत प्रसन्न होना – ………………..
टस से मस न होना – अपनी ज़िद्द पर अड़े रहना – ………………..
• चैन की सांस लेना – राहत महसूस करना – ……………..
• मुँह फुलाना – रूठ जाना, नाराज़ होना – ……………..
उत्तर:
आद्या को जब उसकी मनपसंद फ्रॉक मिल गई तो उसकी खुशी का ठिकाना न रहा।
• नरेश अपनी बात से तनिक-सा भी टस से मस नहीं हुआ।
• जब रेखा ने सब सच-सच बता दिया तो उसकी माँ ने चैन की सांस ली।
• अपने ऊपर चोरी का इल्ज़ाम लगने पर मोहन मुँह फुलाकर बैठ गया।

3. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का हिन्दी में अनुवाद कीजिए

(i) मान गेट डे निभा टी वृभा उप्ली गप्टी ।
(ii) मॅच वरिट हिँउ पाठा ठी सापीर ।
(iii) ਉਸ ਦਿਨ ਭੁੱਲ ਨਾਲ ਇਹ ਇੱਕ ਪਜੇਬ ਮੇਰੇ ਨਾਲ ਚਲੀ ਗਈ ਸੀ ।
(iv) घतात हिर प्टॅिव ठहीं उतां टी पोप उली ।
उत्तर:
(i) संध्या होने पर बच्चों की बुआ चली गई।
(ii) सच कहने में घबराना नहीं चाहिए।
(iii) उस दिन भूल से यह एक पाजेब मेरे साथ गई थी।
(iv) बाज़ार में एक नई प्रकार की पाजेब चली है।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
पाजेब कहानी के लेखक के स्थान पर यदि आप होते तो आशुतोष के साथ कैसा व्यवहार करते ?
उत्तर:
‘पाजेब’ कहानी के लेखक के स्थान पर यदि हम होते तो आशुतोष से बड़े प्यार से पेश आते। उसके साथ खेल-खेल में बात जानने की कोशिश करते। तरह-तरह की बातों में लगा कर उससे बात ही बात में मतलब की बात जान लेते। किसी भी प्रकार से उस पर हाथ नहीं उठाते। न ही उसे डाँटते, धमकाते तथा कोठरी में बंद करते। उसे बड़े ही प्यार और दुलार से समझाते तथा स्थिति को सही करने का प्रयास करते।

प्रश्न 2.
यदि कभी बिना किसी पुष्टि के आप पर चोरी का इल्ज़ाम लगा दिया जाए तो आपकी स्थिति कैसी होगी?
उत्तर:
यदि कभी बिना किसी पुष्टि के हम पर चोरी का इल्ज़ाम लगा दिया जाए तो हमारी स्थिति अत्यंत दयनीय होगी। हमारी यकायक नींद उड़ जाएगी। शरीर काँपने लगेगा। मन में तरह-तरह के विचार आने लगेंगे कि लोगों को पता चलेगा तो वह हमारे बारे में क्या सोचेंगे।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

1. बालमन से संबंधित खेल (जैनेंद्र कुमार), ईदगाह (प्रेमचंद) आदि कहानियों को पढ़िए।
2. ‘पाजेब’ कहानी को अध्यापक की सहायता से एकांकी के रूप में मंचित कीजिए।
3. कहानी को पढ़ने के पश्चात् आपको अपने माता-पिता से जुड़े कुछ प्रसंग याद आए होंगे-उन्हें डायरी में लिखिए।
4. मार, डाँट और भय से बच्चों को सुधारा जा सकता है-इस विषय पर कक्षा में वाद-विवाद कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. आना : पुरानी मुद्रा में आना’ (इकन्नी), दुअन्नी, चवन्नी आदि मुद्राएँ चलती थीं। पुरानी मुद्रा के अनुसार आना’ से अभिप्राय था एक रुपये का सोलहवाँ हिस्सा।
2. गिल्ली डंडा : गिल्ली डंडा पूरे भारत में काफ़ी प्रसिद्ध खेल है। इसे सामान्यत: एक बेलनाकार लकड़ी से खेला जाता है जिसकी लंबाई बेसबॉल या क्रिकेट के बल्ले के बराबर होती है। इसी की तरह की छोटी बेलनाकार लकड़ी को गिल्ली कहते हैं जो किनारों से थोड़ी नुकीली या घिसी हुई होती है।
खेल का उद्देश्य डंडे से गिल्ली को मारना है। गिल्ली को ज़मीन पर रखकर डंडे से किनारों पर मारते हैं जिससे गिल्ली हवा में उछलती है। विरोधी खिलाड़ी को गिल्ली को पकड़ना होता है। यदि वह इसमें सफल हो जाता है तो पहला खिलाड़ी आऊट हो जाता है। यदि वह गिल्ली को न पकड़ पाए तो उसे उस गिल्ली को पहले खिलाड़ी के डंडे पर मारना होता है। इस तरह खेल इसी क्रम में जारी रहता है।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide पाजेब Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
मुन्नी की माँ का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कहानी में मुन्नी की माँ का चरित्र एक सामान्य नारी के समान है। वह बिना किसी प्रमाण के घर के नौकर बंशी पर पाजेब चुराने का शक करती है। इसके बाद बिना सच्चाई को जाने परखे वह छुन्न की माँ से भी जा लड़ती है। वह अपने विवेक से काम न लेकर तनाव से काम लेती है। मुन्नी की माँ भी अन्य नारियों की भाँति आभूषणों को चाहने वाली है। वह मुन्नी की पाजेब पर मोहित होकर उसी तरह की पाजेब अपने पति से लाने को कहती है।

प्रश्न 2.
‘पाजेब’ कहानी क्या एक घटना है या और कुछ है?
उत्तर:
‘पाजेब’ कहानी एक घटना है, जो मनोविज्ञान पर आधारित है। यह घटना प्रधान होने के बाद भी अपनी सच्चाई से बड़ी ही मार्मिक बन पड़ी है। कहानी में बच्चों की अदालत में बड़ों को कसूरवार ठहराया गया है। कहानी. घर के बड़ों को संदेश देती है कि उन्हें अपने निर्णयों पर पुनर्विचार करने पर बाध्य होना पड़ेगा।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘पाजेब’ कहानी के लेखक कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
जैनेन्द्र कुमार।

प्रश्न 2.
मुन्नी ने बाबू जी से कैसी पाजेब लाने के लिए कहा?
उत्तर:
जैसी रूकमन और शीला पहनती है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘नौकर को शह जोर बना रखा है’ किसने किसे कहा?
उत्तर:
मुन्नी की मम्मी ने मुन्नी के पापा को।

प्रश्न 4.
“यह कुलच्छनी औलाद जाने कब मिटेगी”-किसने किसके लिए कहा?
उत्तर:
छुन्नू की माँ ने छुन्नू के लिए।

प्रश्न 5.
गुम हुई पाजेब किससे मिली?कैसे?
उत्तर:
बुआ से। वह धोखे से इसे अपने साथ ले गई थी।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
आशुतोष बंसी का भाई है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 7.
आशुतोष बाईसिकिल लेने की हठ करने लगा।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
इतवार को बुआ आई और पाजेब ले आई।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
प्रकाश छुन्नू के पिता हैं।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें-

प्रश्न 10.
आखिर …. .. पर ….. को ……. हुआ।
उत्तर:
आखिर समझाने पर जाने को तैयार हुआ।

प्रश्न 11.
पैसे उसने …….. करके ……… को कहे हैं।
उत्तर:
पैसे उसने थोड़े-थोड़े करके देने को कहे हैं।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
मुन्नी की माँ ने पाजेब की चोरी का दोष किस पर लगाया?
(क) छुन्नू
(ख) बंसी
(ग) मन्नू
(घ) रघू।
उत्तर:
(ख) बंसी।

प्रश्न 13.
मुन्नी के पिता के लिए पाजेब से बढ़कर क्या है?
(क) प्रेम
(ख) विश्वास
(ग) शांति
(घ) चोर।
उत्तर:
(ग) शांति।

प्रश्न 14.
आशुतोष कितने वर्ष का है?
(क) चार
(ख) पाँच
(ग) सात
(घ) आठ।
उत्तर:
(घ) आठ।

प्रश्न 15.
बुआ आशुतोष के लिए क्या लाई थी
(क) केले और मिठाई
(ख) बाईसिकिल
(ग) चाकलेट
(घ) सेब और अंगूर।
उत्तर:
(क) केले और मिठाई।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

निज = अपना। पाजेब = नुपूर, पायल। आलोचना = गुण-दोष विवेचन। इतवार = रविवार। टखना = पिंडली एवं एड़ी के बीच की दोनों ओर उभरी हड्डी। बलैया लेना = बलिहारी जाना। हर्ष = प्रसन्नता, बरस = वर्ष। प्रतीत = ज्ञात। सुघड़ = सुडौल, सुंदर। सुपुर्द = सौंपना। घडीभर = थोड़े समय के लिए। मनसूबा = इरादा। गुस्ताख़ी = अशिष्टता, उदंडता। टटोलना = ढूँढ़ना। शहजोर = बलवान। प्रतिकार = कार्य आदि को रोकने के लिए किया जाने वाला प्रयत्न। स्नेह = प्यार। फ़रिश्ता = देवदूत । मुरौव्वत = उदारता। इल्ज़ाम = दोष । रोष = क्रोध। प्रतिरोध = विरोध। औलाद = संतान। आतंक = डर। उद्यत = तैयार। प्रण = प्रतिज्ञा। भयावह = भयानक। रत्ती-रत्ती = थोड़ी-थोड़ी। लाचारी = विवशता।

पाजेब Summary

जैनेंद्र कुमार लेखक-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय:
श्री जैनेंद्र कुमार हिंदी-साहित्य के सुप्रसिद्ध कथाकार हैं। उनको मनोवैज्ञानिक कथाधारा का प्रवर्तक माना जाता है। इसके साथ-साथ वे एक श्रेष्ठ निबंधकार भी हैं। उनका जन्म सन् 1905 ई० को उत्तर प्रदेश के अलीगढ़ जिले के कौड़ियागंज नामक स्थान पर हुआ था। उनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा हस्तिनापुर के जैन गुरुकुल में हुई। उन्होंने वहीं पढ़ते हुए दसवीं की परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण की। तत्पश्चात् काशी हिंदू विश्वविद्यालय में उच्च शिक्षा हेतु प्रवेश लिया लेकिन गाँधी जी के असहयोग आंदोलन से प्रेरित होकर उन्होंने बीच में ही पढ़ाई छोड़ दी और वे गाँधी जी के साथ असहयोग आंदोलन में शामिल हो गए। वे गाँधी जी से अत्यधिक प्रभावित हुए। गाँधी जी के जीवन-दर्शन का प्रभाव उनकी रचनाओं में स्पष्ट दिखाई देता है। सन् 1984 ई० में उनको साहित्य-सेवा की भावना के कारण उन्हें उत्तर प्रदेश हिंदी संस्थान में भारत-भारती सम्मान से सुशोभित किया। उनको साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार भी प्राप्त हुआ। भारत सरकार ने उनकी साहित्यिक सेवाओं के कारण पद्मभूषण अलंकृत किया। सन् 1990 ई० में ये महान् साहित्य सेवी संसार से सदा के लिए विदा हो गए।

रचनाएँ:
जैनेंद्र कुमार जी एक कथाकार होने के साथ प्रमुख निबंधकार भी थे। उन्होंने उच्च कोटि के निबंधों की भी रचना की है। हिंदी कथा साहित्य को उन्होंने अपनी लेखनी से समृद्ध किया है। उनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं

उपन्यास:
परख, अनाम स्वामी, सुनीता, कल्याणी, त्यागपत्र, जयवर्द्धन, मुक्तिबोध, विवर्त। कहानी संग्रह-वातायन, एक रात, दो चिड़िया, फाँसी, नीलम देश की राज कन्या, पाजेब। निबंध संग्रह-जड़ की बात, पूर्वोदय, साहित्य का श्रेय और प्रेय, संस्मरण, इतस्ततः, प्रस्तुत प्रश्न, सोच विचार, समय और हम।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ:
हिंदी-कथा साहित्य में प्रेमचंद के पश्चात् जैनेंद्र जी प्रतिष्ठित कथाकार माने जाते हैं। उन्होंने अपने उपन्यासों का विषय भारतीय गाँवों की अपेक्षा नगरीय वातावरण को बनाया है। उन्होंने नगरीय जीवन की मनोवैज्ञानिक समस्याओं का चित्रण किया है। इनके परख, सुनीता, त्यागपत्र, कल्याणी में नारी-पुरुष के प्रेम की समस्या का मनोवैज्ञानिक धरातल पर अनूठा वर्णन किया है।

जैनेंद्र जी ने अपनी कहानियों में दार्शनिकता को अपनाया है। कथा-साहित्य में उन्होंने मानव-मन का विश्लेषण किया है। यद्यपि जैनेंद्र का दार्शनिक विवेचन मौलिक है लेकिन निजीपन के कारण पाठक में ऊब उत्पन्न नहीं करता। इनकी कहानियों में जीवन से जुड़ी विभिन्न समस्याओं का उल्लेख किया गया है। उन्होंने समाज, धर्म, राजनीति, अर्थनीति, दर्शन, संस्कृति, प्रेम आदि विषयों का प्रतिपादन किया है तथा सभी विषयों से संबंधित प्रश्नों को सुलझाने का प्रयास किया है।

जैनेंद्र जी का साहित्य गाँधीवादी चेतना से अत्यंत प्रभावित है जिसका सुष्ठु एवं सहज उपयोग उन्होंने अपने साहित्य में किया है। उन्होंने गाँधीवाद को हृदयगम करके सत्य, अहिंसा, आत्मसमर्पण आदि सिद्धांतों का अनूठा चित्रण किया है। इससे उनके कथा साहित्य में राष्ट्रीय चेतना का भाव भी मुखरित होता है। लेखक ने अपने समाज में फैली कुरीतियों, शोषण, अत्याचार, समस्याओं का डटकर विरोध किया है।

भाषा शैली:
जैनेंद्र जी एक मनोवैज्ञानिक कथाकार हैं। उनकी कहानियों की भाषा शैली अत्यंत सरल, सहज एवं भावानुकूल है। इनके निबंधों में भी सहज, सरल एवं स्वाभाविक भाषा शैली को अपनाया गया है। इनके साहित्य में संक्षिप्त कथानक संवाद, भावानुकूल भाषा शैली आदि विशेषताएँ सर्वत्र विद्यमान हैं।

पाजेब कहानी का सार

जैनेंद्र कुमार द्वारा रचित ‘पाजेब’ कहानी को मध्यवर्गीय परिवार की घटनाओं पर आधारित कहानियों में रखा जा सकता है। यह कहानी सन् 1944 में लिखी गई थी।
कहानीकार की दो संतानें थीं। एक लड़का और दूसरी लड़की थी। लड़का लड़की से आयु में बड़ा था। उसका नाम आशुतोष था। लड़की का नाम मुन्नी था और उस की आयु चार वर्ष थी।
बाज़ार में इस समय एक नए प्रकार की पाजेब चल पड़ी थी। पैरों में पहनने के बाद वह पाजेब बहुत ही अच्छी लगने लगती थी। उस पाजेब की खास बात यह थी कि उसकी कड़ियाँ आपस में लचक के साथ जुड़ी रहती थीं। वह जिस किसी के भी पाँव पड़ जाती थी, वहीं सुंदर लगने लगती थी। जैसे उसका अपना कोई व्यक्तित्व ही नहीं था। आस-पड़ोस में रहने वाली सभी छोटी बड़ी लड़कियाँ वह पाजेब पहने घूम रही थीं। पहले किसी एक ने पहनी, फिर उसे देख दूसरी ने, तीसरी ने इस प्रकार पाजेब को पहनने का चलन बढ़ गया। मुन्नी, जो कहानीकार की पुत्री थी। वह भी जिद्द करने लगी कि वह भी अपने पैरों में पाजेब पहनेगी। पिता ने पूछा कि कैसी पाजेब पहनेगी तो उसने कहा कि जैसी पाजेब रुक्मन और शीला पहनती हैं, वह वैसी ही पाजेब पहनना चाहती है।

पिता ने पाजेब लाने की हामी भर दी। कुछ देर तो मुन्नी पाजेब की बात भूलकर किसी काम में लग गई लेकिन बाद में फिर उसे पाजेब की याद आ गई। उसकी बुआ भी दोपहर बाद आ गई। मुन्नी ने पाजेब लाने का प्रस्ताव अपनी बुआ के सामने भी रखा। बुआ ने मुन्नी को मिठाई खिलाई और उसे गोद में उठाते हुए कहा कि वह रविवार को अवश्य ही उसके लिए पाजेब लाएगी। जब रविवार आया तो मुन्नी की बुआ उसके लिए पाजेब लेकर आई। देखने में पाजेब बहुत सुंदर थी। वह चाँदी की थी जिसमें दो-तीन लड़ियाँ-सी लिपटी हुई थीं। पाजेब पाकर मुन्नी की खुशी का ठिकाना न रहा। उसने यह पाजेब अपनी सहेलियों को भी दिखाई। मुन्नी का बड़ा भाई आशुतोष उसे पाजेब सहित दिखाने के लिए आस-पास ले गया। अब आशुतोष भी जिद्द करने लगा कि उसे भी साइकिल चाहिए। बुआ ने उसे समझाते हुए कहा कि उसके जन्म-दिन पर वह उसे साइकिल दिला देगी। सारा दिन बीत जाने के बाद शाम को पाजेब निकाल कर रख दी गई । पाजेब पर बारीक काम होने की वजह से वह महँगी भी थी-पाजेब की सुंदरता और बनावट को देखकर कथाकार की पत्नी का मन भी उस पाजेब को लेने का कर गया। रात को जब कथाकार अपनी मेज़ के पास बैठे थे, तब उनकी पत्नी ने उन्हें बताया कि मुन्नी की पाजेब नहीं मिल रही है। उन्होंने पाजेब जिस स्थान पर रखी थी, अब पाजेब वहाँ नहीं है। सारे घर में पाजेब की तलाशी का काम शुरू हो गया।

घर में एक नौकर था। उसका नाम बंशी था। पत्नी को घर के नौकर बंशी पर शक था कि उसने ही पाजेब चुराई होगी। पाजेब रखते समय वह वहाँ मौजूद था। कथाकार को नौकर पर तनिक भी शक नहीं था। जब उन्होंने अपने पुत्र आशुतोष के बारे में जाँच-पड़ताल की तो उन्हें पता चला कि वह शाम को पतंग और डोर का नया पिन्ना लाया है। कथाकार का शक उस पर गहराता जा रहा था। सुबह होते ही उन्होंने आशुतोष को अपने पास बुलाकर बड़े ही प्यार से पाजेब के बारे में पूछा। किंतु पाजेब को उठाने की बात आशुतोष ने कबूल नहीं की। उस समय कथाकार के मन में तरह-तरह के विचार घूमने लगे कि-अपरांध के प्रति करुणा ही होनी चाहिए। रोष का अधिकार नहीं। प्रेम से ही अपराध वृत्ति को जीता जा सकता है। आशुतोष किसी भी प्रकार से अपराध कबूल नहीं रहा था। उसने सिर हिलाते हुए क्रोध से अस्थिर और तेज आवाज़ में कहा कि उसने कोई पाजेब नहीं ली है। उस समय कथाकार को लगा कि उग्रता दोष का लक्षण है। आशुतोष को बहलाने का बहुत प्रयत्न किया गया अंत में उसके दोस्त छुन्नू का नाम भी चोरी की इस घटना में आ गया। आशुतोष ने हाँ में सिर हिला दिया। जब उससे पाजेब माँग लाने को कहा गया तब आशुतोष कहने लगा कि छुन्नू के पास यदि पाजेब नहीं हुई तो वह कहाँ से लाकर देगा।

बात बढ़ते-बढ़ते छुन्नू की माँ तक पहुँच गई। छुन्नू की माँ मानने को तैयार नहीं थी कि उसके लड़के ने पाजेब ली है। आशुतोष ने जिद्द बाँधते हुए कहा कि पाजेब छुन्नू ने ही ली है। इस पर छुन्नू की माँ ने उसे खूब पीटा। किंतु मामले का निपटारा नहीं हो सका। छुन्नू से सवाल जवाब करने पर उसने कहा कि पाजेब उसने आशुतोष के हाथ में देखी थी। उसने वह पाजेब पतंग वाले को दे दी है। __ झमेला इतना अधिक बढ़ गया था कि अगले दिन कथाकार समय पर अपने दफ़्तर भी नहीं पहुंच पाया था। जाते समय कथाकार अपनी पत्नी से कह गया था कि बच्चे को अधिक धमकाना नहीं। प्यार से काम लेना। धमकाने से बच्चे बिगड़ जाते हैं और हाथ कुछ नहीं लगता। शाम के समय जब कथाकार दफ्तर से वापस आया तो उसकी पत्नी ने उसे बताया कि आशुतोष ने सारी बात सच-सच बता दी है। ग्यारह आने में उसने पतंग वाले को पाजेब बेच दी है। पैसे उसने थोड़े-थोड़े करके देने को कहा है। उसने जो पाँच आने दिए वे छुन्नू के पास हैं। पता चलने के बाद छुन्नू से पैसे माँगने की बात होने लगी। लेकिन वह किसी भी प्रकार से पैसे माँगने को तैयार नहीं था। तब आशुतोष के पिता ने ज़ोर से उसके कान खींचें और अपने नौकर से कहा कि इसे ले जाकर कमरे में बंद कर दो। नौकर बंशी ने आशुतोष को कमरे में ले जाकर बंद कर दिया। कुछ देर बाद आशुतोष से पतंग वाले के बारे में पूछा गया और उसे चाचा और बंशी के साथ पतंग वालों के पास भेज दिया गया। पाजेब लेने से दोनों पतंग वालों ने पूरी तरह से नकार दिया। आशुतोष से दुबारा पूछताछ होने लगी। इसी बीच आशुतोष की बुआ भी आ गई। कुछ देर बातचीत करने के बाद, वह एक बक्से को सरकाते हुए बोली कि इनमें वह कागज़ है जो तुमने माँगे थे। तभी बुआ ने अपनी बॉस्केट की जेब में हाथ डालकर पाजेब निकाली और बोली कि दिन में भूल से यह पाजेब उसके साथ चली गई थी।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 7 पंच परमेश्वर Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 7 पंच परमेश्वर

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB पंच परमेश्वर Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिये

प्रश्न 1.
जुम्मन शेख की गाढ़ी मित्रता किसके साथ थी?
उत्तर:
जुम्मन शेख की गाढ़ी मित्रता अलगू चौधरी के साथ थी।

प्रश्न 2.
रजिस्ट्री के बाद जुम्मन का व्यवहार ख़ाला के प्रति कैसा हो गया था?
उत्तर:
रजिस्ट्री के बाद जुम्मन का व्यवहार ख़ाला के प्रति अत्यंत निष्ठुर हो गया था। वह ख़ाला का तनिक भी ध्यान नहीं रखता था।

प्रश्न 3.
ख़ाला ने जुम्मन को क्या धमकी दी?
उत्तर:
ख़ाला ने जुम्मन को पंचायत में जाने की धमकी दी।

प्रश्न 4.
बूढ़ी ख़ाला ने पंच किसको बनाया था?
उत्तर:
बूढ़ी ख़ाला ने पंच अलगू चौधरी को बनाया था।

प्रश्न 5.
अलगू के पंच बनने पर जुम्मन को किस बात का पूरा विश्वास था?
उत्तर:
अलगू के पंच बनने पर जुम्मन को पूर्ण विश्वास था कि फैसला उसी के पक्ष में आएगा।

प्रश्न 6.
अलगू ने अपना फैसला किसके पक्ष में दिया?
उत्तर:
अलगू के अपना फैसला बूढ़ी मौसी के पक्ष में दिया।

प्रश्न 7.
एक बैल के मर जाने पर अलगू ने दूसरे बैल का क्या किया?
उत्तर:
एक बैल के मर जाने पर अलगू ने दूसरे बैल को बेच दिया।

प्रश्न 8.
समझू साहू ने बैल का कितना दाम चुकाने का वादा किया?
उत्तर:
समझू साहू ने बैल का दाम डेढ़ सौ रुपये चुकाने का वादा किया था।

प्रश्न 9.
पंच परमेश्वर की जय-जयकार किस लिए हो रही थी?
उत्तर:
पंच परमेश्वर की जय-जयकार इसलिए हो रही थी क्योंकि अलगू चौधरी ने निष्पक्ष रूप से फैसला सुनाया था।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिये

प्रश्न 1.
जुम्मन और उसकी पत्नी द्वारा ख़ाला की ख़ातिरदारी करने का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
जुम्मन और उसकी पत्नी इसलिए खाला की खातिरदारी कर रहे थे क्योंकि ख़ाला के पास कुछ जायदाद थी। वे दोनों उस जायदाद को पाना चाहते थे। ख़ाला का निकट संबंधी भी कोई नहीं था। ख़ाला की सेवा करके तथा उसे अपना प्यार दिखाकर जुम्मन तथा उसकी पत्नी ख़ाला की सारी धन-सम्पत्ति अपने नाम करवा लेना चाहते थे।

प्रश्न 2.
बूढ़ी ख़ाला ने पंचों से क्या विनती की?
उत्तर:
ख़ाला ने बड़े ही विनम्र भाव से पंचों से कहा कि तीन वर्ष पहले उसने अपनी सारी जायदाद अपने भानजे जुम्मन के नाम लिख दी थी। इसके बदले जुम्मन ने उम्र भर उसे रोटी, कपड़ा देने का वादा किया था। साल भर किसी तरह रो-धोकर दिन बिताए हैं। अब जुम्मन के साथ नहीं रहा जाता क्योंकि न वह पेट भर भोजन देता है और न ही तन ढकने को कपड़ा देता है। मैं विधवा कचहरी नहीं जा सकती। मुझे आप पंचों के फैसले पर पूर्ण विश्वास है।

प्रश्न 3.
अलगू ने पंच बनने के झमेले से बचने के लिए बूढ़ी ख़ाला से क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
अलगू जुम्मन का मित्र था। दोनों में गहरी दोस्ती थी। वह अपनी दोस्ती में सरपंच बनकर खटास नहीं लाना चाहता था। इसलिए बूढी ख़ाला से कहा कि “ख़ाला, तुम जानती हो कि मेरी जम्मन से गाढी दोस्ती है।”

प्रश्न 4.
अलगू चौधरी ने अपना क्या फैसला सुनाया?
उत्तर:
अलगू चौधरी ने अपना फैसला सुनाते हुए कहा कि उन्हें नीति और न्याय-संगत ज्ञान होता है कि बूढ़ी ख़ाला को माहवार खर्च दिया जाए। ख़ाला की जायदाद से इतना लाभ अवश्य ही होता है कि माहवार खर्च दिया जा सके। यदि जुम्मन को फैसला नामंजूर हो तो संपत्ति की वह रजिस्ट्री रद्द समझी जाए।

प्रश्न 5.
अलगू चौधरी से खरीदा हुआ समझू साहू का बैल किस कारण मरा?
उत्तर:
समझू साहू ने अलगू चौधरी से बैल खरीदकर उसे अपनी इक्का गाड़ी में खूब जोतने लगे। पहले जहाँ वह दिन में सामान की एक खेप लाते थे, अब वह तीन-तीन, चार-चार खेप लाने लगे थे। बैलों के चारे तथा पानी की तरफ उनका कोई ध्यान नहीं था। भोजन, पानी के अभाव में बैल कमज़ोर होता जा रहा था। एक दिन अधिक बोझ उठाने के कारण वह रास्ते में ही मर गया।

प्रश्न 6.
सरपंच बनने पर भी जुम्मन शेख अपना बदला क्यों नहीं ले सका?
उत्तर:
सरपंच बनने पर जुम्मन शेख अपना बदला इसलिए नहीं ले सके क्योंकि जब वह सरपंच बने तो उनके दिल में सरपंच के उच्च स्थान की ज़िम्मेदारी का भाव उत्पन्न हो गया। उनके मुख से निकलने वाला प्रत्येक वाक्य देव-वाक्य होगा। ऐसे में कुटिल विचारों का कदापि समावेश नहीं होना चाहिए। ये सभी बातें उनके मन में घर कर गई जिस कारण वह अलगू से अपना बदला न ले सके।

प्रश्न 7.
जुम्मन ने क्या फैसला सुनाया?
उत्तर:
जुम्मन ने अलगू के पक्ष में फैसला सुनाते हुए कहा कि जब समझू ने अलगू से बैल खरीदा था, उस समय बैल एकदम स्वस्थ था। यदि उसी समय बैल के दाम दे दिए होते तो आज यह दिन न देखना पड़ता, बैल की मृत्यु बीमारी से न होकर अपितु अत्यधिक परिश्रम से हुई है। अतः समझू साहू को अलगू को बैल की कीमत देनी ही होगी।

प्रश्न 8.
‘मित्रता की मुरझाई हुई लता फिर हरी हो गई’-इस वाक्य का क्या अभिप्राय है?
उत्तर:
इस वाक्य का अभिप्राय है कि जुम्मन और अलगू की मित्रता जो दुश्मनी की कड़वाहट से मुरझा गई थी वह अब मन-मुटाव समाप्त हो जाने के बाद फिर से दोस्ती में बदल गईं। दोनों के दिलों में एक-दूसरे के प्रति जो ग़लत फहमियाँ थीं वे दूर हो गईं। इसलिए प्यार और सौहार्द से मित्रता रूपी लता फिर से हरी हो गई।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिये

प्रश्न 1.
‘पंच परमेश्वर’ कहानी का क्या उद्देश्य है?
उत्तर:
पंच परमेश्वर’ कहानी एक आदर्शवादी कहानी है। इस कहानी में लेखक ने समाज में इस आदर्शवादी धारणा को प्रस्तुत करना चाहा है कि पंच में परमेश्वर का वास होता है। पंच के मुख से निकलने वाला प्रत्येक वाक्य एवं शब्द परमात्मा का शब्द होता है। पंच की कुर्सी पर बैठने वाला व्यक्ति किसी का दोस्त, दुश्मन तथा हितैषी नहीं होता। वह तो केवल न्याय का हितैषी होता है। उसे न्याय तथा अपने कर्तव्य पालन की चिंता रहती है। अतः स्पष्ट है कि कहानी हमें न्याय संगत होने तथा कभी भी स्वार्थी न बनकर निष्पक्ष भाव से रहने तथा निर्णय लेने को कहती है।

प्रश्न 2.
अलगू, जुम्मन और ख़ाला में से आपको कौन-सा पात्र अच्छा लगा और क्यों?
उत्तर:
अलगू, जुम्मन और ख़ाला में से मुझे अलगू अच्छा लगा क्योंकि ‘पंच परमेश्वर’ कहानी में वह एक ऐसा पात्र है जो पूर्णत: स्थिर है। वह एक सच्चा मित्र है। मित्र धर्म का पालन करना उसे आता है लेकिन कर्त्तव्यपरायणता के रास्ते में वह दोस्ती की परवाह न करते हुए फैसला बूढी ख़ाला के पक्ष में सुनाता है। वह अपने अधिकारों के प्रति सचेत है। वह अपने बैल की कीमत समझू साहू से लेने के लिए पंचायत तक करता है। वह अपने गुणों तथा कर्मों के कारण इस कहानी का एक आदर्श पात्र है। उसमें कर्त्तव्य का पालन तथा अपने उत्तरदायित्व को निभाने की पूर्ण योग्यता है, इसी कारण वह कहानी के अन्य पात्रों से एक दम अलग है।

प्रश्न 3.
दोस्ती होने पर भी अलगू ने जुम्मन के खिलाफ फैसला क्यों दिया और दुश्मनी होने पर भी जुम्मन ने अलगू के पक्ष में फैसला क्यों दिया?
उत्तर:
अलग चौधरी कहानी में जम्मन शेख का परम मित्र है किंतु जब वह न्याय करने के लिए सरपंच चुन लिया जाता है तो वह दोस्ती को भलकर सरपंच के कर्त्तव्य का पालन करता है। वह निष्पक्ष भाव से फैसला बढी ख़ाला के पक्ष में सुना देता है। जब से अलगू ने जुम्मन के विरोध में फैसला सुनाया तब से दोनों में मटमुटाव बढ़ता जा जुम्मन बदला लेना चाहता था। एक दिन जब वह अलगू और समझू साहू के झगड़े का निपटारा करने के लिए सरपंच बना तो सहसा उसे सरपंच के पद तथा कर्त्तव्य का ज्ञान हो आया। वह सोचने लगा कि सरपंच के मुख से निकलने वाला प्रत्येक वाक्य देववाणी के समान होता है। अत: वह सत्य के पथ से तनिक भी नहीं हटेगा। अन्ततः जुम्मन ने निष्पक्ष भाव से फैसला अलगू के पक्ष में सुना दिया।

प्रश्न 4.
अलगू के पंच बनने पर जुम्मन के प्रसन्न होने और जुम्मन के पंच बनने पर अलगू के निराश होने का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
बूढ़ी ख़ाला तथा जुम्मन शेख के झगड़े का निपटारा करने के लिए जब बूढी ख़ाला ने अलगू चौधरी को सरपंच चुना तो जुम्मन मारे खुशी के फूला न समा रहा था, क्योंकि अलगू चौधरी जुम्मन शेख का परम मित्र था। अब उसे पूर्ण विश्वास हो गया था कि फैसला उसी के पक्ष में आएगा। कहानी के अंत में जब जुम्मन समझू साहू और अलगू चौधरी के झगड़े का निपटारा करने के लिए सरपंच चुना गया तो अलगू चौधरी इसलिए निराश हो गए क्योंकि उन्होंने पहले जुम्मन के विरोध में फैसला सुनाया था। उन्हें महसूस हो रहा था कि आज जुम्मन अवश्य ही उनसे बदला लेगा और फैसला समझू साहू के पक्ष में सुनाएगा।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप लिखिए

तत्सम – तद्भव
मुख – …………………
पंच – …………………
मित्र – …………………
ग्राम – …………………
उच्च – …………………
गृह – …………………
मृत्यु – …………………
संध्या – …………………
मास – …………………
निष्ठुर – …………………
उत्तर:
तत्सम – तद्भव
मुख – मुँह
पंच – पाँच
मित्र – मीत
ग्राम – गाँव
उच्च – ऊँचा
गृह – घर
मृत्यु – मौत
संध्या – शाम
मास – महीना
निष्ठुर – निठुर (कठोर)

2. विराम चिह्न

प्रेमचंद ने ठीक ही कहा है, “खाने और सोने का नाम जीवन नहीं है। जीवन नाम है सदैव आगे बढ़ते रहने की लगन का।” उपर्युक्त वाक्य में हिंदी विराम चिह्नों में से ‘उद्धरण चिह्न’ का प्रयोग हुआ है।
किसी के द्वारा कहे गए कथन या किसी पुस्तक की पंक्ति या अनुच्छेद को ज्यों का त्यों उद्धृत करते समय दुहरे उद्धरण चिह्न का प्रयोग होता है।
पूर्ण विराम तथा अल्प विराम पिछली कक्षाओं में करवाए गए हैं।

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में उपयुक्त स्थान पर उचित विराम चिह्न लगाएँ

• जुम्मन ने क्रोध से कहा अब इस वक्त मेरा मुँह न खुलवाओ
• ख़ाला ने कहा बेटा क्या बिगाड़ के डर से ईमान की बात न कहोगे ..
• अलगू बोले ख़ाला तुम जानती हो कि मेरी जुम्मन से गाढ़ी दोस्ती है
• उन्होंने पान इलायची हुक्के तंबाकू आदि का प्रबंध भी किया था।

उत्तर:

• जुम्मन ने क्रोध से कहा, “अब इस वक्त मेरा मुँह न खुलवाओ”।
• ख़ाला ने कहा, “बेटा क्या बिगाड़ के डर से ईमान की बात न कहोगे?”
• अलगू बोले, “ख़ाला तुम जानती हो कि मेरी जुम्मन से गाढ़ी दोस्ती है”
• उन्होंने पान, इलायची, हुक्के-तंबाकू आदि का प्रबंध भी किया था।

3. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर इनका अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य

• राह निकालना – युक्ति निकालना – ……………..
• मौत से लड़कर आना – मृत्यु न होना – ……………
• कमर झुककर कमान होना – बूढ़ा हो जाना – ……………….
• दुःख के आँसू बहाना – दुःख के कारण रोना – ………….
• मुँह न खोलना – चुप रहना – ………………….
• रात दिन का रोना – दु:खी रहना (हर पल का कष्ट) – ………
• राह निकालना – युक्ति निकालना – ………………..
• हुक्म सिर माथे पर चढ़ाना – बात मानना – …………..
• मुँह खुलवाना – बात उगलवाना – ………………
• कन्नी काटना – बचना – …………..
• ईमान बेचना – बेईमान होना – ……………
• मन में कोसना – मन में बुरा-भला कहना – ……………….
• जड़ खोदना – बात को बार-बार कुरेदना – ……………
• सन्नाटे में आना – स्तब्ध या सुन्न हो जाना – ……………..
• दूध का दूध पानी का पानी – पूरा-पूरा न्याय करना – ……………….
• जड़ हिलाना – नष्ट करना/अति कमजोर करना – …………………..
• तलवार से ढाल मिलना – शत्रुता के भाव से मिलना – ………………
• आठों पहर खटकना – हमेशा बुरा लगना – ……………….
• मन लहराना – खुशी होना – ………………
• लाले पड़ना – मुश्किल में पड़ना – ………………
• मोल तोल करना – कीमत तय करना – ………………
• लहू सूखना – अत्यधिक डर लगना – ………………
• नींद को बहलाना – जाग-जाग कर रात काटना – ………………
• हाथ धो बैठना – गँवा बैठना – ………………
• कलेजा धक-धक् करना – व्याकुल होना – ………………
• फूले न समाना – अत्यंत प्रसन्न होना – ………………
• गले लिपटना – आलिंगन करना – ………………
• मैल धुलना – दुश्मनी खत्म होना – ………………

उत्तर:

• रुक्साना अपनी ख़ाला को कोसते हुए कहती थी कि वह मौत लड़कर आई है।
• गाँव-गाँव घूमने के कारण बूढ़ी ख़ाला की कमर झुककर कमान हो गई थी।
• गाँव में शायद ही कोई बचा था जिसके सामने रघू चाचा ने दुःख के आँसू न बहाए हों।
• रमेश ने कहा कि वह पंचायत में आएगा तो अवश्य लेकिन मुँह न खोलेगा।
• गुप्ता परिवार का अत्याचार अब बूढ़ी नौकरानी के लिए दिन-रात का रोना हो गया था।
• झगड़े को समाप्त करने के लएि पंचायत करने की राह निकाली गई।
• रोहन और राखी ने पंचायत के हुक्म को सिर माथे चढ़ा लिया।
• लोग तरह-तरह के प्रश्न करके नरेश का मुँह खुलवाना चाहते थे।
• पापा आगरा जाने से कन्नी काट रहे थे।
• बूढ़ी ख़ाला ने कहा कि दोस्ती के लिए ईमान बेचना ठीक बात नहीं।
• जब बूढ़ी ख़ाला ने अलगू चौधरी को सरपंच चुना तो राम धन और अन्य लोग उसे मन ही मन कोसने लगे।
• सब को हैरानी थी कि राघव उसकी जड़ क्यों खोद रहा है।
• अपने विरोध में फैसला सुनने के बाद मोहन सन्नाटे में आ गया।
• न्यायमंत्री ने अपना फैसला सुनाकर दूध का दूध पानी का पानी कर दिया।
• गाँववासियों ने नेता जी की जड़ हिलाने की ठान ली थी।
• पंचायत के बाद जब कही राम और शाम मिलते थे तो वे ऐसे मिलते थे जैसे तलवार से ढाल मिल रही हो।
• माँ को नौकर अब आठों पहर खटकने लगा था।
• वह घोड़ा देखकर डाकू का मन उस पर लहरा उठा था।
• नेता जी को एक-एक खेप के लाले पड़ रहे थे।
• बातचीत करने के बाद कोठी का मोल-तोल कर लिया गया।
• भूखा-प्यासा नौकर जब जूठे बर्तनों का ढेर देखता तो उसका लहू सूख जाता था।
• मार्ग में बैल के मर जाने के कारण जगदीश सेठ अपनी नींद को बहला रहे थे।
• रात में सो जाने के कारण गुप्ता जी को धन की थैली से हाथ धो बैठना पड़ा।
• डाकुओं के देख सबका कलेजा धक्-धक् करने लगा था। पत्र के न्यायाधीश बनते ही पिता फला न समा रहा था।
• अपनी गलती का अहसास होने पर नरेश अपने मित्र के गले लिपट गया।
• उन की आँखों से गिरने वाले आँसुओं ने दोनों के दिलों के मैल को धो दिया।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
यदि अलगू जुम्मन के पक्ष में फैसला सुना दता तो ख़ाला पर क्या गुज़रती?
उत्तर:
यदि अलगू जुम्मन के पक्ष में फैसला सुना देता तो ख़ाला का पंचायत के ऊपर से विश्वास उठ जाता। वह सोचती कि गरीब की सुनने वाला कोई नहीं होता। प्रत्येक पद तथा व्यक्ति अपने हितैषियों के लिए काम करता है।

प्रश्न 2.
यदि जुम्मन शेख-समझू साहू के पक्ष में फैसला सुना देता तो अलगू क्या सोचता?
उत्तर:
यदि जुम्मन शेख-समझू साहू के पक्ष में फैसला सुना देता तो अलगू चौधरी को लगता कि जुम्मन ने अलगू द्वारा उसके विरोध में किए फैसले का बदला लिया है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘दूध का दूध पानी का पानी’ पर कोई घटना या कहानी लिखें।
उत्तर:
एक व्यक्ति दो महीने के लिए किसी दूसरे नगर जा रहा था। उसने अपने घर के सोने-चांदी सभी बर्तन एक बड़े थैले में भर कर अपने मित्र को दे दिए। उसने उसे कहा कि जब वह वापस आएगा तो वह उन्हें उससे ले लेगा। सने घर में उन्हें रखने से उसे चोरी का डर लगा ही रहेगा। मित्र ने उन्हें ले लिया। बहुमूल्य बर्तनों को देख उसकी नीयत खराब हो गई। दो महीने जब उसका मित्र वापस आया। उसने अपने बर्तन वापस मांगे तो मित्र ने उदासी का नाटक करते हुए कहा कि उसने बर्तनों से भरा थैला कमरे में रख दिया था। उसने आज सुबह ही देखा था कि उन सभी बर्तनों को चूहे खा गए थे। मित्र कुछ देर उसके उदास चेहरे को देखता रहा। वह उससे बोला कि कोई बात नहीं। जो भगवान को स्वीकार था वही हुआ। अब रोने धोने से बर्तन तो वापस नहीं आएंगे। कुछ घंटे बाद उसने अपने मित्र से पूजा करने के लिए मंदिर जाने की बात कही। जब वह बाहर निकलने ही लगा था कि मित्र के चार-पांच वर्ष आयु के पुत्र न उस उँगली पकड़ ली। उसने जिद्द की कि वह भी उसके साथ मंदिर जाएगा। मित्र के आग्रह पर वह उसके पुत्र को मंदिर ले गया। लगभग एक घंटे बाद मित्र घबराया हुआ वापस आया। उसने बताया कि जब वह मंदिर के तालाब में स्थान कर रहा था तो एक बड़ा-सा बाज उसके पुत्र को अपनी चोंच में उठा कर उड़ गया। बहुत ढूंढने पर भी वह नहीं मिला। उसका मित्र क्रोध में भर कर बोला कि क्या कभी बाज इतने बड़े बच्चे को चोंच में उठा कर उड़ सकता था उसके मित्र ने कहा कि यदि चूहे सोने-चांदी के बर्तन खा सकते थे तो बाज भी इतने बड़े बच्चे को उठा सकता था। उस का मित्र एक दम ही उस का आशय समझ गया। वह अपने घर के भीतर गया और उसका बर्तनों से भरा थैला ले आया। उस का मित्र भी मंदिर गया और वहां छिपाए हुए लड़के को वापस लौटाते हुए बोला कि यह लो वापस अपना पुत्र। अब हुआ दूध का दूध और पानी का पानी।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

1. अपने गाँव में लगने वाली ग्राम पंचायत के बारे में कक्षा में चर्चा कीजिए।
2. सरपंच बनकर फैसला करते समय आप अपने मित्र को महत्त्व देते या फिर न्याय व्यवस्था को इस पर अपने विचार कक्षा में प्रस्तुत कीजिए।
3. यदि आप ख़ाला की जगह होते तो क्या आप भी न्याय के लिए इतनी ही हिम्मत और साहस दिखाते या अन्याय सहते-इस विषय पर कक्षा में चर्चा कीजिए।
4. पुस्तकालय में प्रेमचंद के कहानी-संग्रह ‘मानसरोवर’ में से ‘मित्र’, ‘नशा’, ‘नमक का दारोगा’ आदि कहानियाँ पढ़िए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. हज : हज एक इस्लामी तीर्थ यात्रा और मुस्लिमों के लिए सर्वोच्च इबादत है। हज यात्रियों के लिए काबा पहुँचना जन्नत के समान है। काबा शरीफ मक्का में है। हज मुस्लिम लोगों का पवित्र शहर मक्का में प्रतिवर्ष होने वाला विश्व का सबसे बड़ा जमावड़ा है।

2. उर्दू में रिश्तों के नाम
अम्मी (माता) – अब्बू (पिता)
वालिदा (माता) – वालिद (पिता)
वालिदेन – माता-पिता दोनों के लिए
बीवी (पत्नी) – शौहर (पति)
ख़ाला (मौसी) – ख़ालू (मौसा)
ख़ालाजाद – मौसी के बच्चे
मुमानी (मामी) – मामू (मामा)
सास – ससुर
भाबी – भाई
बहन – बहनोई
बेटी – दामाद

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide पंच परमेश्वर Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
अलगू चौधरी के बैल की क्या विशेषता थी?
उत्तर:
अलगू चौधरी ने बैल बटेसर से खरीदे थे। उनके बैलों की जोड़ी बहुत अच्छी थी। बैल पछाही जाति के थे। उनके सींग बड़े-बड़े थे, जो देखने में बहुत ही सुंदर लगते थे। महीनों तक आसपास के गाँव के लोग उनके दर्शन करने के लिए आते रहे थे। बैल शरीर से भी हृष्ट-पुष्ट थे। उन्हें जो देखे वह देखता ही रह जाता था।

प्रश्न 2.
समझू साहू बैल के साथ कैसा बर्ताव करता था?
उत्तर:
समझू साहू एक व्यापारी था। उसे केवल अपने मुनाफे से मतलब था। वह बैल को एक जानवर ही समझता था। वह उसे जब चाहे तब काम में दौड़ाए रहना चाहता था। उसे अपने पेट की तो चिंता रहती थी लेकिन वह बैल . की भूख प्यास का ध्यान नहीं रखता था। वह न तो बैल को समय पर चारा देता था और न ही पानी पिलाता था। कभी कभी सूखा भूसा बैल के सामने डाल दिया करता था। थकान के कारण जब कभी बैल धीरे चलने लगता था तो समझू साहू उसे चाबुक से मारता भी था।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक ने कहानी के बैल की घटना का वर्णन किस लिए किया है?
उत्तर:
लेखक केवल कथा लिखने वाला नहीं होता। वह एक समाज सुधारक तथा समाज को नवीन दिशा देने वाला होता है। अपनी इसी सोच के कारण लेखक ने समाज में जानवरों के प्रति होने वाले अत्याचार को उजागर के है। मानव अपने स्वार्थ में इतना अधिक रम चुका है कि उसे किसी की संवेदना से कोई लेना-देना नहीं। जानवर मानव का सदैव हितकारी रहा लेकिन एक मनुष्य है जो उसके प्रति अपनी दुर्भावना को समाप्त ही नहीं करना चाहता।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘पंच परमेश्वर’ कहानी के लेखक का नाम लिखें।
उत्तर:
मुंशी प्रेमचंद।

प्रश्न 2.
अलगू चौधरी की किसके साथ गाढ़ी मित्रता थी?
उत्तर:
जुम्मन शेख के साथ।

प्रश्न 3.
बूढ़ी खाला की कमर को क्या हो गया था?
उत्तर:
बूढी खाला की कमर झुककर कमान हो गई थी।

प्रश्न 4.
अलगू चौधरी के नीति-परायण फैसले की किसने प्रशंसा की?
उत्तर:
रामधनमिश्र तथा अन्य पंचों ने।

प्रश्न 5.
कितने रुपयों से हाथ धो लेना अलगू चौधरी के लिए आसान नहीं था?
उत्तर:
डेढ़ सौ रुपए से।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
अपने उत्तरदायित्व का ज्ञान बहुधा हमारे संकुचित व्यवहारों का सुधार होता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
रामधन ने कहा-“समझू के साथ कुछ रिआयत होनी चाहिए।”
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
पंच की जुबान से खुदा बोलता है।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
बूढी खाला अलगू चौधरी को गालियाँ देने लगी-“निगोड़े ने ऐसा कुलच्छनी बैल दिया कि जन्म-भर की कमाई लुट गई।”
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
समझू साहू ने नया ……… पाया, तो लगे उसे ………….।
उत्तर:
समझू साहू ने नया बैल पाया, तो लगे उसे रगेदने।

प्रश्न 11.
क्या ……….. के डर से ……. की बात न कहोगे?
उत्तर:
क्या बिगाड़ के डर से ईमान की बात न कहोगे।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
बूढ़ी खाला ने किसे सरपंच बनाया?
(क) अलगू चौधरी को
(ख) रामधनमिश्र को
(ग) समझू साहू को
(घ) झगड़ साहू को।
उत्तर:
(क) अलगू चौधरी को।

प्रश्न 13.
समझू साहू का नया बैल एक दिन में कितनी खेप में जोतने से मर गया?
(क) पहली
(ख) दूसरी
(ग) तीसरी
(घ) चौथी।
उत्तर:
(घ) चौथी।

प्रश्न 14.
अलगू चौधरी पूरा कानूनी आदमी था क्योंकि उसे हमेशा किससे काम पड़ता था?
(क). पुलिस
(ख) नेता
(ग) कचहरी
(घ) कमेटी।
उत्तर:
(ग) कचहरी।

प्रश्न 15.
जुम्मन की पत्नी का क्या नाम था?
(क) करीमन
(ख) ज़रीना
(ग) सकीना
(घ) महज़ीन।
उत्तर:
(क) करीमन।

कठिन शब्दों का अर्थ

गाढ़ी = गहरी, बहुत मेहनत से। आदर-सत्कार = मान सम्मान। अटल = दृढ़, पक्का। मिलकियत = संपत्ति। रजिस्ट्री = ज़मीन-जायदाद बेचने-खरीदने के लिए की जाने वाली कानूनी लिखा-पढ़ी। नित्य = प्रतिदिन। ख़ातिरदारी = सत्कार। सालन = साग आदि की मसालेदार तरकारी। निष्ठुर = कठोर। ऊसर = बंजर। बघारी = तड़का, छौंक। दखल देना = हस्तक्षेप करना। कन्नी काटना = बचकर निकलना। नम्रता = कोमलता से, आराम से। प्यार से। कोसना = भला-बुरा कहना। गृहस्वामिनी = घर की मालकिन। निर्वाह = गुज़ारा। धृष्टता = ढिठाई, ढीठपन। अनुग्रह = कृपा। ऋणी = कर्जदार। फ़रिश्ता = देवदूत। बिरला = बहुत कम मिलने वाला। गौर से = ध्यान से। भला आदमी = अच्छा आदमी। सांत्वना देना = ढाढ़स देना। ललकारना = चुनौती देना। दीन वत्सल = दीनों से प्रेम करने वाले। दमभर = पल भर। ईमान = अच्छी नीयत । ता-हयात = जीवन भर। क़बूल = स्वीकार। बेकस = निस्सहाय। बेवा = जिसका पति मर चुका हो। दीख पड़े = दिखाई दिए। वैमनस्य = वैर, विरोध। असामी = किसी महाजन या दुकानदार से लेन-देन रखने वाला। वक्त = समय। मुग्ध = मोहित। अर्ज़ = प्रार्थना, बाज़ी = दाँव, बारी। ख़िदमत = सेवा। फ़र्ज़ = कर्त्तव्य। मुनाफा = लाभ। जिरह = बहस। चकित = हैरान। कसर निकालना = बदला लेना। कायापलट = बहुत बड़ा परिवर्तन। संकल्प-विकल्प = सोच-विचार में। नीति संगत = नीति के अनुरूप। माहवार = महीने भार का। नीति परायणता = नीति का पालन करना। रसातल = पाताल। बालू = रेत। शिष्टाचार = सभ्य व्यवहार। आवभगत = आदर-सत्कार। चित्त = हृदय। कुटिलता = धोखेबाज़ी, दुष्टता। दैवयोग = भाग्य से। चित्त = हृदय, दगाबाजी = छल बाज़ी, धोखा। सब्र = सहन, धैर्य। नेक-बद = भला-बुरा। बेखटके = बिना संकोच के बेधड़क। खेप = एक फेरा, एक बार में ढोया जाने वाला बोझ। गरज = मतलब। रगेदने = भगाना, दौड़ाना। रतजगा = रातभर जागना। नदारद = गायब, लुप्त। सुनावनी = ख़बर, सूचना। बर्राना = क्रोध में बोलना। परामर्श = सलाह। ताड़ जाना = भाँप जाना, लहु = खून। पग = पाँव। दूभर = मुश्किल। झल्ला उठना = क्रोधित होना। अशुभ चिंतक = किसी का बुरा सोचने वाले। उक़ा = आपत्ति, एतराज । संकुचित = तंग। पथ प्रदर्शक = राह दिखाने वाला। सर्वोच्च = सबसे ऊँचा। देववाणी = देवताओं की वाणी। सदृश = समान, तुल्य! भलमनसी = सज्जनता। सराहना = प्रशंसा, प्राण घातक = जाने लेने वाला। दिलासा = ढाढस बाँधना। हामी भरना = स्वीकार करना। टलना = हटना।

पंच परमेश्वर Summary

मुंशी प्रेमचन्द लेखक-परिचय

जीवन परिचय:
मुंशी प्रेमचन्द हिन्दी-साहित्य के ऐसे प्रथम कलाकार हैं जिन्होंने साहित्य का नाता जन-जीवन से जोड़ा। उन्होंने अपने कथा-साहित्य को जन-जीवन के चित्रण द्वारा सजीव बना दिया है। वे जीवन भर आर्थिक अभाव की विषमं चक्की में पिसते रहे। उन्होंने भारतीय समाज में व्याप्त आर्थिक एवं सामाजिक विषमता को बड़ी निकटता से देखा था। यही कारण है कि जीवन की यथार्थ अभिव्यक्ति का सजीव चित्रण उनके उपन्यासों एवं कहानियों में उपलब्ध होता है।

प्रेमचन्द का जन्म 31 जुलाई, सन् 1880 ई० में वाराणसी जिले के लमही नामक ग्राम में हुआ था। उनका वास्तविक नाम धनपत राय था। आरम्भ में वे नवाबराय के नाम से उर्दू में लिखते थे। युग के प्रभाव ने उनको हिन्दी की ओर आकृष्ट किया। प्रेमचन्द जी ने कुछ पत्रों का सम्पादन भी किया। उन्होंने सरस्वती प्रेस के नाम से अपनी प्रकाशन संस्था भी
स्थापित की।

जीवन में निरन्तर विकट परिस्थितियों का सामना करने के कारण प्रेमचन्द जी का शरीर जर्जर हो रहा था। देशभक्ति के पथ पर चलने के कारण उनके ऊपर सरकार का आतंक भी छाया रहता था, पर प्रेमचन्द जी एक साहसी सैनिक के समान अपने पथ पर बढ़ते रहे। उन्होंने वही लिखा जो उनकी आत्मा ने कहा। वे बम्बई (मुम्बई) में पटकथा लेखक के रूप में अधिक समय तक कार्य नहीं कर सके क्योंकि वहाँ उन्हें फ़िल्म निर्माताओं के निर्देश के अनुसार लिखना पड़ता था। उन्हें स्वतन्त्र लेखन ही रुचिकर था। निरन्तर साहित्य साधना करते हुए 8 अक्तूबर, सन् 1936 को उनका स्वर्गवास हो गया। :

रचनाएँ: प्रेमचन्द की प्रमुख रचनाएँ निम्नलिखित हैं

उपन्यास: वरदान, सेवा सदन, प्रेमाश्रय, रंगभूमि, कायाकल्प, निर्मला, प्रतिज्ञा, गबन, कर्मभूमि, गोदान एवं मंगलसूत्र (अपूर्ण)।

कहानी संग्रह: प्रेमचन्द जी ने लगभग 400 कहानियों की रचना की। उनकी प्रसिद्ध कहानियाँ मानसरोवर के आठ भागों में संकलित हैं।

नाटक: कर्बला, संग्राम और प्रेम की वेदी। निबन्ध संग्रह- कुछ विचार।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ:
प्रेमचन्द जी प्रमुख रूप से कथाकार थे। उन्होंने जो कुछ भी लिखा, वह जन-जीवन का मुँह बोलता चित्र है। वे आदर्शोन्मुखी-यथार्थवादी कलाकार थे। उन्होंने समाज के सभी वर्गों को अपनी रचनाओं का विषय बनाया पर निर्धन, पीड़ित एवं पिछड़े हुए वर्ग के प्रति उनकी विशेष सहानुभूति थी। उन्होंने शोषक एवं शोषित दोनों वर्गों का बड़ा विशद् चित्रण किया है। ग्राम्य जीवन के चित्रण में प्रेमचन्द जी सिद्धहस्त थे।

भाषा शैली:
हिन्दी कथा साहित्य में कथा सम्राट के नाम से प्रसिद्ध प्रेमचन्द ने अपना समस्त साहित्य बोलचाल की हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा में लिखा है जिसमें लोक-प्रचलित उर्दू, अंग्रेजी, संस्कृत भाषाओं के सभी शब्दों का मिश्रित रूप दिखायी देता है। इनकी शैली वर्णनात्मक है जिसमें कहीं-कहीं संवादात्मक, विचारात्मक, चित्रात्मक, पूर्वदीप्ति आदि शैलियों के दर्शन भी हो जाते हैं। कहीं-कहीं इनकी शैली काव्यात्मक भी हो जाती है।

पंच परमेश्वर कहानी का सार/परिपाद्य

‘पंच-परमेश्वर’ मुंशी प्रेमचंद द्वारा रचित एक सुविख्यात कहानी है जिसका प्रकाशन सन् 1915 में हुआ था। हिन्दी साहित्य जगत में कुछ आलोचक पंच परमेश्वर’ कहानी को हिन्दी की प्रथम कहानी मानते हैं। सच्चे अर्थों में यह कहानी एक आदर्शवादी कहानी है।
जुम्मन शेख और अलगू चौधरी दोनों में बचपन से बहुत गहरी मित्रता थी। दोनों मिलकर साझे में खेती करते थे। दोनों को एक-दूसरे पर गहरा विश्वास था। दोनों एक-दूसरे के भरोसे अपना घर, सम्पत्ति छोड़ देते थे। उनकी मित्रता का मूल मंत्र उनके आपसी विचारों का मिलना था। जुम्मन शेख की एक बूढ़ी मौसी थी। मौसी के पास उसके अपने नाम से थोड़ी-सी ज़मीन थी। किंतु उसका कोई निकट संबंधी नहीं था। जुम्मन ने मौसी से लम्बे-चौड़े वादे किए और ज़मीन को अपने नाम लिखवा लिया। जब तक ज़मीन की रजिस्ट्री नहीं हुई थी तब तक जुम्मन तथा उसके परिवार ने मौसी का खूब आदर-सत्कार किया। मौसी को तरह-तरह के पकवान खिलाए जाते थे। जिस दिन से रजिस्ट्री पर मोहर लगी, उसी समय से सभी प्रकार की सेवाओं पर भी मोहर लग गई। जुम्मन की पत्नी अब मौसी को रोटियां देने के साथ साथ कड़वी बातों के कुछ तेज सालन भी देने लगी थी। बात-बात में वह मौसी को कोसती रहती थी। जुम्मन शेख भी मौसी का कोई ध्यान नहीं रखते थे। सभी बूढ़ी मौसी के मरने का इंतजार कर रहे थे। एक दिन जब मौसी से सहा नहीं गया तो उसने जुम्मन से कहा कि वह उसे रुपये दे दिया करे ताकि वह स्वयं अपना भोजन पकाकर खा सके। उसके परिवार के साथ अब उसका निर्वाह नहीं हो सकेगा। जब जुम्मन ने मौसी की बात को नकार दिया तो मौसी ने पंचायत करने की धमकी दे डाली। जुम्मन पंचायत करने की धमकी का स्वर सुनकर मन ही मन खूब प्रसन्न था। उसे पूर्ण विश्वास था कि पंचायत में उसी की जीत होगी।

सारा इलाका उसका ऋणी था, इसलिए उसे फैसले की तनिक भी चिंता न थी। वह पूर्णत: आश्वस्त था कि फैसला उसी के पक्ष में होगा। बूढ़ी मौसी कई दिनों तक लकड़ी का सहारा लिए गाँव-गाँव घूमती रही, वह सभी को अपनी दुःख भरी कहानी सुनाती रही। गाँव में दीन-हीन बुढ़िया का दुखड़ा सुनने वाले और उसे सांत्वना देने वाले लोग बहुत ही कम थे। सारे गाँव में घूमने के बाद अंत में घूमते-घूमते मौसी अलगू चौधरी के पास जाकर उसे पंचायत में आने का निमंत्रण देने लगी। अलगू चौधरी पंचायत में आने को तैयार हो गया। उसने मौसी से कहा कि जुम्मन उसका पक्का मित्र है इसलिए वह उसके विरोध में कुछ नहीं बोलेगा, वह वहाँ चुप चाप बैठा रहेगा। मौसी ने प्रतिवार करते हुए कहा कि-“क्या बिगाड़ के डर से ईमान की बात न कहोगे ?” मौसी द्वारा कहे गए इन शब्दों का अलगू के पास कोई उत्तर नहीं था। आखिरकार एक दिन शाम के समय एक पेड़ के नीचे पंचायत बैठी। जुम्मन शेख ने पहले से ही फ़र्श बिछाया हुआ था। पंचायत में आने वाले सभी लोगों के सत्कार का उसने पूरा प्रबंध कर रखा था। उनके खाने के लिए पान, इलायची, हुक्के-तंबाकू आदि का पूर्ण प्रबंध कर रखा था।

पंचायत में जब कोई आता था तो वह दबे हुए सलाम के साथ उनका आदर-सत्कार करते हुए स्वागत करता था। पंचों के बैठने के बाद बूढ़ी मौसी अपनी करुण कहानी सुनाते हुए कहने लगी कि तीन वर्ष पहले उसने अपनी सारी जायदाद जुम्मन शेख के नाम लिखी थी। जुम्मन शेख ने भी उसे उम्र भर रोटी कपड़ा देना स्वीकार किया था। साल भर तो किसी तरह रो-पीट कर दिन निकाल लिए लेकिन अब अत्याचार नहीं सहे जाते। आप पंचों का जो भी आदेश होगा वह मैं स्वीकार करूँगी। सभी ने मिलकर अलगू चौधरी को सरपंच बना दिया। अलगू के सरपंच बनते ही जुम्मन आनंद से भर गए। उन्होंने अपने भाव अपने मन में रखते हुए कहा कि उन्हें अलगू का सरपंच बनना स्वीकार है। अलगू के सरपंच बनने पर रामधन मिश्र और जुम्मन के अन्य विरोधी-जन बुढ़िया को अपने मन ही मन कोसने लगे। जुम्मन को अब फैसला अपनी तरफ आता दिखाई दे रहा था। पं द्वारा पूछा गया एक-एक प्रश्न जुम्मन को हथौड़े की एक-एक चोट के समान लग रहा था। अंततः अलगू चौधरी ने अपना फैसला सुनाते हुए कहा कि बूढ़ी मौसी की जायदाद से इतना लाभ अवश्य होगा कि उसे महीने का खर्च दिया जा सके। इसलिए जुम्मन को मौसी को महीने का खर्च देना ही होगा। यदि जुम्मन को फैसला अस्वीकार है तो जायदाद की रजिस्ट्री रद्द समझी जाए। सभी ने अलगू के फैसले को खूब सराहा। फैसला सुनते ही जुम्मन सन्नाटे में आ गए।

अलगू के इस फैसले ने जुम्मन के साथ उसकी दोस्ती की जड़ों को पूरी तरह से हिला दिया था। जुम्मन दिन-रात बदला लेने की सोचता रहता था। शीघ्र ही जुम्मन की कुटिल सोच की प्रतिक्षा समाप्त हुई। – अलगू चौधरी पिछले वर्ष ही बटेसर से बैलों की एक जोड़ी मोल खरीद लाया था। बैल पछाही जाति के थे। दुर्भाग्यवश पंचायत के एक महीने बाद अलगू का एक बैल मर गया। अब अकेला बैल अलगू के किसी काम का नहीं था। उसने बैल समझू साहू को बेच दिया। बैल की कीमत एक महीने बाद देने की बात निश्चित हुई। अब समझू साहू दिन में नया बैल मिलने से तीन-तीन, चार-चार खेपे करने लगे। उन्हें केवल काम से मतलब था। बैलों की देख-रेख तथा चारे से उन्हें कोई लेना-देना नहीं था। भोजन-पानी के अभाव में एक दिन सामान लाते हुए रास्ते में बैल ने दम तोड़ दिया। समझू साहू को मार्ग में ही रात बितानी पड़ी। सुबह जब वह उठे तो उनकी धन की थैली तथा तेल के कुछ कनस्तर चोरी हो चुके थे। समझू साहू रोते-पीटते घर पहुँचे। काफी दिनों के बाद अलगू चौधरी अपने बैल की कीमत लेने समझू साहू के घर गए, किंतु साहू ने पैसे देने के स्थान पर अलगू को भला बुरा कहना शुरू कर दिया। अंतत: पंचायत बैठी। सरपंच जुम्मन शेख को चुना गया। सरपंच के रूप जुम्मन ने न्याय संगत फैसला सुनाया। उसने समझू साहू को कसूरवार मानते हुए अलगू को बैल की कीमत लेने का हकदार बताया। क्योंकि जिस समय समझू साहू ने बैल खरीदा था। उस समय वह पूर्णत: स्वस्थ था। बैल की मृत्यु का कारण बीमारी न होकर अधिक परिश्रम करना था, जुम्मन के फैसले को सुनकर चारों तरफ ‘पंच परमेश्वर की जय’ का उद्घोष होने लगा। अलगू ने जुम्मन को गले से लगा लिया। दोनों के नेत्रों से गिरते आँसुओं ने दोनों के दिलों के मैल को धो दिया। दोनों की दोस्ती रूपी लता जो कभी मुरझा गई थी वह अब हरी-भरी हो गई थी।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Message Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Message Writing

A message is some information, news, request, etc. sent to somebody in writing, speech, by telephone, etc. Telephone is the quickest means for sending a message. Sometimes it so happens that a message is received by telephone, but the person for whom the message is meant is not at hand. So someone else has to receive it. And if he himself has to go out, he has to leave in writing the message for the person for whom it is meant.

(1) Read the telephonic conversation given below and write the message in about 50 words:

Sanjeev : Hello ! Is it 13557799?
Sandeep : Yes, may I know who is calling?
Sanjeev : This is Sanjeev. I want to talk to Mr. Mittal.
Sandeep : Papa is not at home. Would you like me to convey him any message?
Sanjeev : Tell him that the meeting scheduled for 30th March has been
postponed to 4th April.
Sandeep : I’ll tell him.
Sanjeev : Thank you.

MESSAGE 22nd March Dear Papa 5:00 p.m. There was a phone call from Mr. Sanjeev. He aids that the meeting scheduled for 30th March had been postponed to 4th April. Sandeep

(2) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Ramesh : Hello Ria, where is Mama ?
Ria : She has gone to the kitty party.
Ramesh : Please tell her that I will bring two of my friends for dinner tonight.
Ria : Fine. Is there anything else she should know ?
Ramesh : Yes, tell her to prepare fish-curry.
Ria : Is that all ?
Ramesh : Yes. Bye.

Ria has to go to her friend’s house. So she writes the message for her mother. Write the message for Ria.

MESSAGE 6.00 Pm 8th June Mama Ramesh told me on the phone that he bringing two of his friend for dinner tonight. His want you to prepare fish-curry for the dinner. Ria

(3) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Neha : Hello ! Is it 4607875?
Seema : Yes.
Neha : I am Neha. May I speak to Kriti, please?
Seema : She has gone to market and won’t be back till 9 o’clock.
Neha : Please tell her that she is invited to my birthday party on 15 April at 6 p.m. at my house.
Seema : I’ll convey your message.
Neha : Thank you.

Write this message on behalf of Seema.

MESSAGE 7.00 Pm 3 April Kriti There was a phone call from Neha. she has invited you to her birthday party on September at 6 pm at her house. Seema

(4) Given below is a telephonic conversation between Nandan and Nikita.

Nandan : I am Nandan. May I talk to Arun?
Nikita : I’m sorry, he is not at home.
Nandan : Why didn’t he come to school today?
Nik ita . : He has gone to visit a relative.
Nandan : Will you please convey my message to him?
Nikita : What is it?
Nan dan : Tell him to bring my English notebook as I need it for correction tomorrow.
Nikita : Anything else?
Nandan : Yes, tell him that our science test has been postponed. Our teacher
will announce the new date tomorrow.
Nikita : I will tell him.
Nandan : Thank you.

Nikita has to go to the market, so she writes the message for Arun. Write this message for her.

MESSAGE 4.30 pm 17 Sept, Arun There was a phone call from Nandan He said that you must take his English notebook to school as he needs it for correction He also said that your science test had been postponed The new date will he announced tomorrow. Nikita

(5) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Anoushka : Hello, is it 2295098?
Ritu : Yes, may I know who is calling?
Anoushka : I am Anoushka. Can I talk to Ishaan?
Ritu : He has gone to the library.
Anoushka : Please tell him that his interview for ‘Tata Indicom’ has been fixed for tomorrow 9 a.m. sharp. He should reach the office in time and also bring his certificates along with him. Don’t forget. It is urgent.
Ritu : I’ll convey the message.
Anoushka : Thank you.

Ritu has to go to visit her sister, so she writes the message for Ishaan. write this message.

MESSAGE 6.00 Pm 11 Sept, Ishaan There was a telephone cell from Anoushka. She said that your interview for Tata indicom has been fixed for tomorrow 9 a.m sharp. You should reach the office in time along with your certificates. Ritu.

(6) Read the following telephonic conversation between Gulzar and Sonam :

Gulzar – Is it 8287135 ?
Sonam – Yes, who is calling ?
Gulzar – I am Gulzar from JCT, Phagwara. I would like to speak to Dhruv.
Sonam – He is not at home. I am his sister and you can give me the message.
Gulzar – Please tell him that he has been selected for the post of junior engineer and he must join duty tomorrow at 10 a.m.
Sonam – Anything else ?
Gulzar – Yes, tell him to bring along the photocopies of his certificates.
Sonam – Sure, I’ll convey your message.
Gulzar – Thank you. Bye.

Sonam writes the message for Dhruv as she has to go out for dinner. Write this message for her.

MESSAGE 5.00 PM 7th March Dhruv One Mr Gulzar from JCT, Phagwara. rang up to inform you that you have been selected for the post of junior engineer. You must join duty tomorrow at 10 a.m. You should also take with you the photocopies of you certificates’. Sonam

(7) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Ravi : Hello ! Is it 2895634 ?
Tina : Yes, may I know who is on the line ?
Ravi : This is Ravi. May I talk to Suraj ?
Tina : He is not at home.
Ravi : Do me a favour. Tell him to pick me up while going to office tomorrow as my car has been sent for servicing.
Tina : Anything else ?
Ravi : Tell him to bring the file I gave him.
Tina : I’ll convey your message.
Ravi : Thank you. Bye.

Tina writes the message for Suraj as she has to go to her kitty party. Write this message on her behalf.

MESSAGE 3:00 p.m 22 March Suraj There was a phone call from Ravi. He want, you to pick him up while going to office tomorrow as his car has been sent for servicing. Also take along the file he gave you. Tina

(8) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Rajiv : Hello, is that Anu ?
Rajni : No, it’s Rajni speaking. Anu is not at home at the moment. What is the matter ?
Rajiv : We had planned to see ‘Power Cut’ running at Arora Palace today evening. Please tell her to wait for me at the main gate.
Rajni : Do not worry. I shall leave a message for her.
Rajiv : Thank you, Rajni. Bye.

Rajni has to go to market and she will not be able to meet Anu. Write a message on her behalf in about 50 words.

MESSAGE 10:00 a.m 10th October Anu You had planned to see ‘Power Cut’ runtime at Arora Palace today evening with Rajiv. He rang up to tell you that you should wait for him at the main gate. Rajni

(9) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Ajay : Hello, is it 2376589 ?
Anu : Yes, may I know who is speaking ?
Ajay : This is Ajay. I want to speak to Mr. Goyal.
Anu : Papa is not at home. Would you like me to convey any message, to him ?
Ajay : Tell him that the meeting scheduled for 9th March has been postponed to 11th March.
Anu : I’ll tell him.

Anu has to go to school. Write the message on her behalf.

MESSAGE 8:00 a.m 7th March Papa Mr. Ajay rang upto inform you that the meeting scheduled for 9th March has been ostpàied to 11th March. Anu

(10) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Mrs. Sharma: Hello, is it 2984567?
Ria: Yes, who would you like to speak to?
Mrs. Sharma: I want to talk to Sunita. I am Megha Sharma.
Ria: Hello auntie, mummy has gone to market.
Mrs. Sharma: Tell her that Nina’s father-in-law is not well and we are going
to see him at Kapoor Hospital where he has been admitted.
Tell your mother to be ready by 6 p.m. as I’ll pick her up on the way.
Ria: I’ll give her your message, auntie.
Mrs. Sharma: Thank you, dear. Bye.

Ria has to go to her friend’s house. Write the message for her mother on lier behalf.

MESSAGE 2:00 a.m 15th March Mummy Sharma auntie rang up to say that Nina aunties father-in-law is not well. They are going to see him at Kapoor Hospital Sharma aùntIwill pick you up out. the way You shrink be ready by 6 pm. Ria

(11) Read the telephonic conversation given below :

Kishore : Hello ! Could I speak to Raghu ?
Rani : Raghu has gone out. This is his sister Rani speaking.
Kishore : Will you please tell him to reach the Extension Library by 10 a.m.
tomorrow for the renewal of our membership ?
Rani : Of course, I will tell him. Anything else ?
Kishore : Yes, tell him to carry his membership card.
Rani : Sure. Bye.

Rani has to go to club for a meeting. Write down the message she would write for Raghu.

MESSAGE 4:00 p.m 4th March Raghu There was a phone call from Kishore. He said that vim should reach the extensive Library by 10 a.m. tomorrow for the renewal of membership. You should also carry your membership card. Rani

(12) Read the following telephonic conversation :

Rajesh: Hello, could I speak to Hemant, please?
Harish: Sorry, Hemant has not yet arrived.
Rajesh: Could you please convey to him that Mr. Verma has arrived at the company head office and he would like to meet Hemant tomorrow morning.
Harish: Sure, I’ll tell him?
Rajesh: Tell him to reach the office by 9 a.m.
Harish: I’ll coñvey the message.
Rajesh: Thank you. Bye.

Harish: has to go to Delhi, so he leaves the message for Hemant. Write the message on his behalf.

MESSAGE 2:00 p.m 11 March Hemant Rajesh rang up to say that Mr. Verma has arrived at the company head office. He would like to meet you tomorrow morning. Reach the office by 9 a.m. Harish

13. Read the following telephonic conversation between Asha and Kiran.

Kiran is about to leave home and will not be able to meet Arun. She leaves a message for him. Write this message in not more than 50 words. Put the message in a box.
Asha : Hello, is that Kiran ?
Kiran: Speaking.
Asha: It’s Asha here. You know there’s a good movie on. It’s ‘My Left Foot’.
It’s running at Alpana. How about it tomorrow?
Kiran: Yes, not a bad idea.
Asha: Let’s go to the evening show. Where should we meet?
Kiran: Let’s meet at Wimpy’s Corner, at 5.30. Is that okay?
Asha: Fine. Look, Vijay’s coming along too. Why don’t you ask Arun to join us?
Kiran: I’ll do that. He’s not at home at the moment, but I’ll ask him to ring you up this evening.
Please don’t buy the tickets until he calls.

MESSAGE 5:30 p.m 8 March. Arun There was a phone from Asha She and Vijay are going to see the movie ‘My Left Foot tomorrow evening I, too, have agreed to accompany them We shall he meeting at Wimpy’s Cornerrhat 5:30 Asha wants you also to accompany. Please ring her up this evening and confirm She’ll be waiting. Kiran

(14) Read the following telephonic conversation which took place when Suresh was staying with his uncle. Write the message from Suresh to his uncle, using not more than 50 words. Put the message in a box.

Seshu : Hello ! Hello ! This is Seshu from Lucknow. Can I speak to Mr. Rao, please? I am a friend of his son, Matlhav Rao.
Suresh : This is Suresh Rao My uncle’s not here the moment. We heard about the earthquake. Is Madhav all right?
Seshu : Yes, yes. He’s okay now. But he had a bad fall during the earthquake and he broke his left leg. It was a multiple fracture, but there’s nothing to worry about now.
Suresh : Is he in hospital?
Seshu : Yes, he’s at the Tata Memorial Hospital here. Would you please inform his family?
Suresh : Of course, I will. Thank you for calling.

MESSAGE 9.15 p.m 25 April Dear Uncle There Was a telephone call for you from one Mr. Seshu, our Madhav’s friend, from Lucknow. He said that Madhav had a fall during the earthquake and he broke his leg. He got a multiple fracture and has been admitted to the Tata Memorial Hospital there. But he added that there was nothing to worry. Suresh.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Paragraph Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Paragraph Writing

नोट-परीक्षा-पत्र में विद्यार्थियों को तीन अथवा चार विषय दिए जाएंगे जिनमें से किसी एक पर उन्हें लगभग 100 शब्दों में एक पैराग्राफ लिखना होगा। ये पैराग्राफ किसी व्यक्ति, घटना अथवा अनुभव, आदि के बारे में पूछे जा सकते हैं। किसी विषय पर एक अच्छा पैराग्राफ लिखने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखिए –

1. दिए हुए विषय पर चिन्तन कीजिए और इसके सम्बन्ध में जो बातें (points) आप लिखना चाहते हों, उन्हें क्रमबद्ध कर लीजिए।

2. पैराग्राफ लिखते समय इस बात का ध्यान रखिए कि आपके पैराग्राफ में एक सहज प्रवाह हो – अर्थात् पैराग्राफ का प्रत्येक वाक्य अपने पूर्व के वाक्य में से निकलता हुआ प्रतीत होना चाहिए।

3. अपने पैराग्राफ में केवल उन्हीं शब्दों का प्रयोग कीजिए जिनका अर्थ और प्रयोग आप को भली प्रकार आता हो। अपनी योग्यता से अधिक योग्य दिखलाई देने का यत्न कभी मत कीजिए।

4. अपने वाक्यों की लम्बाई इतनी रखिए कि वे आपके काबू में रहें। अधिक लम्बे वाक्य सुन्दर लेख का लक्षण नहीं होते हैं।

5. आपके पैराग्राफ का पहला वाक्य विषय का उल्लेख करने वाला होना चाहिए और अन्तिम वाक्य निष्कर्ष-पूर्ण होना चाहिए। आरम्भिक और अन्तिम वाक्य लिखने में विशेष ध्यान दिया जाना चाहिए।

6. आपका पैराग्राफ दिए हुए विषय पर ही केन्द्रित होना चाहिए। व्यर्थ की बातें लिखकर अपने पैराग्राफ को लम्बा करने का यत्न कभी मत कीजिए।

7. आपका पैराग्राफ संक्षिप्त तथा अर्थ-पूर्ण होना चाहिए। पुस्तक के इस भाग में अनेक विषयों पर पैराग्राफ दिए गए हैं। विद्यार्थियों को परामर्श दिया जाता है कि वे इन्हें ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ें और देखें कि किस प्रकार से किसी विषय को एक सारगर्भित पैराग्राफ का रूप दिया जा सकता है।

1. An Indian Festival

Outline: Diwali…… twenty days…… Dussehra…… Shri Ram…… Ayodhya…… set free…… Mughal Emperor …… festival…… village and town…… houses and shops…… painted…… new colours…… candles and electric lights …… gifts …… fireworks…… worship goddess Lakshmi…… gamble…… evil…… ended.

Diwali is an important Indian festival. It generally falls in the month of November. It comes twenty days after Dussehra. Shri Ram came back to Ayodhya on this day. Shri Guru Hargobind was set free by the Mughal Emperor on this day. This festival is celebrated in every village and town. Houses and shops are painted in new colours. People light their homes with candles and electric lights. They buy sweets and toys. They distribute gifts among friends and relatives. Children enjoy fireworks at night. On this day, people worship goddess Lakshmi. Some people gamble on this day. It is an evil. It should be ended.

2. Good Manners

Outline : Good manners oil the machine of life ……… earn us respect ……… ‘please’and ‘thank you’settle bitter quarrels ……… should be observed respect elders ……… be polite to the younger ……… talk less and listen more ……… take turn in queue ……… civility of behaviour is a moral obligation ……… bad manners create bitterness.

Good manners oil the machine of life and keep it healthy. They are necessary in every walk of life. They are a double blessing. They give us inner joy and also keep others happy. They earn us respect also. So we should be courteous in our behaviour. We should respect our elders and be polite to younger ones. We should talk less and listen more. We should take turn in queue. We should never forget that civility of behaviour is a moral obligation. While bad manners create bitterness, good manners win us friends. Even simple words like ‘Please’ and ‘Thank you’ settle bitter quarrels. If we have good manners we can make journey of life successful not only for others, but also for ourselves.

3. My Motherland

Outline : India my motherland …… most people live in villages …… many big cities …… land of saints …… big country …… Himalayas …… Indian Ocean …… fertile land …… brave and wise people …… proud of my motherland.

India is my motherland. Most of the people here live in villages. There are many big cities also. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai are some of them. India is a land of saints. It is the land of Kalidas, Kabir and Guru Nanak. India is a very big country. In its north, there are the Himalayas. They are the highest mountains in the world. The Indian Ocean is in its south. India is a land of big forests, lakes, valleys and rivers. They add to its beauty. The soil of India is very fertile. It gives us many kinds of crops. India is a land of lions, tigers and elephants. And Indians are brave and wise people. They are peace-loving people. I am proud of my country and its people.

4. Fashion Among Students

Outline : Students …… most of the time in front of the mirror …… very particular about clothes …… hairstyles …… show off…… inwardly hollow …… no attention to inner development…… a foolish trend.

Most of the time of students is spent in front of the mirror. They want to decorate themselves in such a way as to attract every eye. In their desire to look modern and attractive, they go crazy for new fashions. They dress themselves in the latest styles. With every change in fashion, their hairstyles also change. To be in the latest fashion seems to be the only care of our young boys and girls. They care so much for their exteriors that they have no time to attend to their interiors. They frequent the beautician for facials but never visit the library for books, journals or periodicals. If ever they carry some book or journal in their hand, that, too, is never meant for reading but merely for the sake of fashion. I hate these modern clowns.

5. Discipline

Outline : Discipline necessary …… house…… classroom …… assembly …… office ……playground …… without discipline confusion, disorder and chaos…… no work or progress possible without discipline …… training of mind.

Discipline is necessary in all walks of life. Any house without discipline will surely go to the dogs. A teacher can’t teach if his students don’t keep discipline in the class. The head of a family won’t be able to run his family if its members don’t maintain discipline. The members of an assembly must observe discipline if they are to do any good job. No office can function without discipline. Even in a playground, the players have to obey the rules of the game. They have to play under discipline. Without discipline, there is bound to be confusion, disorder and chaos. No work or progress is possible without discipline. It is discipline which enables a nation to march on the way to progress. It must be kept in mind that discipline can’t be enforced by law alone. It is training of the mind. It has to come from within.

6. A Small Family Is a Happy Family

Outline : Small family enjoys life …… food and clothes of their choice …… expenses limited …… enough money …… enough time …… enjoy luxuries of life.

A small family enjoys life to the full. The couple may enjoy the food of their choice. They can wear clothes of their liking. They have only one or two children. So their expenses are limited. They can enjoy life in any way they like. They have enough money to spend on the education and clothes, etc. of their children. They have a lot of time to look after their children. They can work hard and buy their own house to live in. They can enjoy luxuries of life. It is rightly said that a small family is a happy family.

7. Fast Food — a Health Hazard

Outline : Present-day life affects eating habits …… taken to fast foods …… such foods lose value and taste …… oily and spicy …… cause various diseases …… should not be eaten.

The present-day fast life has affected our eating habits also. We have taken to foods that can be cooked fast and eaten fast. But such food loses much of its value and taste. Fast foods are generally prepared at wayside eating stalls and cheap restaurants. They are ill-cooked. They are very oily and spicy. They can cause a number of ailments in our body. They can- give us ulcers and even cancer. Habit of taking fast foods is suicidal. It is in our own interest to give it up. Fast foods are junk foods and junk should be thrown away rather than be eaten.

8. A Scene at the Railway Station

Outline : I spend some time at the railway station …… like watching trains …… before the arrival of a train …… growing excitement and activity …… some in a great hurry …… some unhappy at the departure of loved ones s coolies run …… vendor boys move in and out of the train jostling and elbowing …… after the train has left platform gives a deserted look.

Last Sunday, I went to the railway station to receive a friend of mine who was coming from Delhi. I bought a platform ticket and since there was time for the train to arrive I thought of spending some time there. There was a lot of excitement and activity on the platform. People were in a great hurry to catch the train. After the arrival of the train some people, who had come to see off, were unhappy at the departure of their loved ones. The coolies were running. The vendor boys were moving in and out of the train. There was a great rush because of which there was a lot of jostling and elbowing. But after the train left, it was all quiet at the platform and the platform gave a deserted look.

9. The Scene at an Election Booth

Outline : The election day full of excitement …… my school …… polling centre …… lavish activity …… rush of voters …… cars, minibuses used to bring candidates from homes …… free drinks offered to voters …… polling officer enquired the names of voters verified identity cards …… after casting vote, ink mark put on, voter’s left forefinger …… booth closed at 4 p.m.

In our city municipal elections were held last month. Our school was chosen as the polling centre. There was a feverish activity on the day of polling. Everybody was full of excitement. Cars and mini buses were used to bring the candidates from homes. There was a great rush of voters. Free drinks were offered to the voters. Then the voters entered polling booth from one side. The polling officer enquired the names of the voters. He verified each voter by his/her identity card. Before casting the vote, the indelible ink mark was put on every voter’s fore-finger. After that, they went behind the curtain. There they pressed the button of the Electronic Voting Machine according to their choice. They came out from the other side after casting their vote.

10. Inauguration of the New Computer Wing of Our School

Outline: New Computer Wing…… inaugurated by Principal, Govt. Polytechnic College…… interesting and informative talk on computers …… new computer wing going to help the students.

The new Computer Wing of the school was inaugurated by Dr. Ravi Sharma, Principal of Govt. Polytechnic, Faridabad. On this occasion, a talk on computers and their use was organised. The talk was given by Dr. Arvind Sharma. His talk was very interesting and informative. He told the students about different kinds of computers and their use in our present-day life. He impressed upon the students to take maximum advantage of their new computer wing and gain some elementary knowledge about the working of computers. The new computer wing is going to help the students a great deal.

11. A Visit to a Book Fair

Outline : Organised by the local publishers …… held in Town Hall…… rich display of books …… large number of people …… series of competitions …… fair a great success.

A three-day book fair was organised by the local publishers and distributors of the city. It was held in the Town Hall from the 17th to the 19th of the month. There was a rich display of books on almost all subjects for school and college students. The fair attracted a large number of students, parents and other book-lovers. In order to make the fair attractive to students, a series of competitions were held for school students on each day of the fair. Students of all local schools could take part in these competitions. Prizes were given to the winners in painting, cursive writing and intelligence tests in science, maths and general knowledge. The fair was a ‘great success in so far as it aroused the interest of the students to read good and useful books.

12. Annual Inspection of Our School

Outline : Annual inspection last month …… few days before Principal called meeting …… students asked to decorate the school…… whitewashed and cleaned the classrooms …… won first prize.
Answer:
The annual inspection of our school took place last month. A few days before the inspection, our Principal called a meeting. All the teachers and the students took part in it. The Principal asked the students to lend a hand in decorating the school. We were asked to clean and whitewash our classrooms ourselves. The students gladly agreed to it. First of all, we removed all the benches and desks from our classroom. We took a broom and swept the room. Then we prepared some buckets of whitewash. We took a brush and whitewashed the walls. A ladder was used to whitewash the ceiling. Then we took some enamel paint. Two coatings of this paint were given to the doors and windows. After whitewashing and painting, we cleaned the floor. Lastly, we arranged the furniture. On the day of inspection, we won the first prize.

13. A Visit to a Hill Station

Outline : During…… last summer…… Mussoorie…… friends…… new experience…. number of visitors. …… foreigners…… atmosphere…… hustle and bustle…… very pleasant…… ‘Queen of Hills’. ……material life…… visit is still fresh….

During the last summer vacation, I visited Mussoorie with some of my friends. I had never been to Mussoorie before. So it was a new experience for me. There were a large number of visitors. The presence of foreigners and honeymooners lent an additional charm to the atmosphere. Everywhere, there was a great hustle and bustle. The weather was very pleasant. The scenery all round was very charming. The fir-clad hills presented a fine view. Rightly has Mussoorie been called the ‘Queen of Hills’. It transports one into a heaven of joy. It makes one forget about the worries of material life. We visited all the beauty spots in the neighbourhood of Mussoorie. The memory of this visit is still fresh in my mind.

14. Value of Newspapers

Outline : Newspapers …… our life …… well-informed …… give us confidence …… government…… wrong policies…… social purpose…… social evils…… help job-seekers…… suitable matches…… sons and daughters …… part and parcel….

Newspapers have an important place in our life. They keep us well-informed. They increase our general knowledge. They give us confidence. They tell us what is happening around us. They are the world’s mirrors. Newspapers guard our rights. They keep a check on the government. They bring to light the wrong policies of the government. Newspapers serve a social purpose also. They educate us against social evils. Thus, they help in reforming society. Newspapers help job-seekers also by advertising the vacant posts. They help parents in finding suitable matches for their sons and daughters. Truly, newspapers have become a part and parcel of modern life.

15. Science Fair in Our School 

Outline : Inaugurated by the District Education Officer …… 120 items on display…… most of them working models …… showed newness …… everyone fascinated ?.. students explained with confidence …… teachers had worked hard …… appreciated.

A science fair was organized in our school auditorium on the 7th of this month. It was inaugurated by the District Education Officer. There were more than 120 items on display. Most of them were working models. Each model showed newness and innovation in the practical application of some scientific law. Everyone was fascinated to see the exhibits. Students explained with confidence the mechanism of each model. Both, the students and teachers, had worked very hard to make this fair a success. Their efforts were appreciated by all present.

16. A Scene of a Flooded Village

Outline : There…… heavy rains…… July …… got flooded…… three days…… shelter…… roofs…… crops were all washed …… cattle died …… water level kept rising …… would get drowned …… army men came…… boats to safety…… villagers …… homes.

There were heavy rains in the month of July this year. The village in which I live got flooded after it had been raining for three days and nights. There was knee-deep water in all the houses of the village. The villagers had nowhere to go to. They took shelter on the roofs of their houses. Their crops were all washed away. Many of their cattle died. It was a horrible sight. To make it worse, the water level kept rising hour by hour. The villagers began to fear that all of them would get drowned. But luckily, the army men came to our help. They ferried the villagers in their boats to safety. The flood subsided after five days. The villagers came back to their homes.

17. A Rainy Day 

Outline : India ……….. land of varying seasons ……….. summer very hot ……….. rain brings relief dark clouds gather in the sky cool breeze ………..downpour children dance in rain ……….. streets flooded with water ……….. rain stopped cool weather……….. rainbow in the sky……….. people enjoy.

India is a land of various seasons. Here summer is very hot. Only rain brings relief. It was the month of July last year. One day, it was very hot. Men and animals were panting. All were perspiring. We longed for a shower of rain. In the afternoon, some dark clouds appeared in the sky. A cool breeze began to blow. Soon the whole sky was overcast with dark clouds and there was a heavy downpour. Streets and bazaars were flooded with water. Little children came out and played in the rain. The rain stopped after two hours. The weather became cool. A rainbow appeared in the sky after the rain. People enjoyed the cool weather.

18. Drug Addiction

Outline: Drug addiction very common among the youth …… causes…… neglect and harsh treatment …… frustration…… educational system.

Drug addiction is becoming very common among our youth. Perhaps the youth find this life too burdensome. As an escape from it, they take to drugs. Sometimes parents themselves become the cause of it. They are either too strict or have no time to attend to their children. The young ones feel neglected. Our purposeless system of education is also one of the big causes. When the youth fail to get any employment after 15-20 years of education, they get frustrated and take to drugs. Drug addiction has become a big social problem. There is no short-cut cure for drug abuse. We often complain that our youth are going wrong. But, we hardly do anything to understand their problems. The best way to keep our youth away from drugs is to use their energies in constructive ways. An employment-based educational system should be evolved.

19. Environmental Pollution

Outline : Living in polluted world …… air, water, food, etc. …… everything polluted ……scientists listed the dangers of environment pollution …… all governments worried…… man himself responsible …… use of fertilizers …… nuclear testing contaminating water …… several deadly diseases ….. an immediate control must.

Environment pollution is the greatest problem facing a man. We are living in a polluted world; where air, water, food, etc. everything upon which we survive is polluted. Scientists have listed down the dangers of environment pollution and the governments around the globe are worried about the same. In fact, man himself is responsible for such a situation. In his ignorance he has so far been destroying the wealth of nature, trees and forests. An immediate control is required to keep the environment free from pollution. More attention is being paid to afforestation. The unauthorized felling of trees is being checked. Scientists are developing methods to minimize the effect of smoke let out by our autos and chimneys.

20. Wonders of Science

Outline: Science…… this world…… marvellous changes…… life easy…… blessing for man…… our dreams into realities…… reduced human suffering…… medicine and surgery…… fatal…… many articles of daily use …… made…… comfortable.

Science has made man the master of this world. It has brought marvellous changes in man’s life. It has made our life easy and comfortable. It has, in fact, proved a blessing for man. It has translated our dreams into realities. It has brought revolution in the fields of agriculture, industry, transport and communication. Science has greatly reduced human suffering. Great progress has been made in the fields of medicine and surgery. Diseases once thought fatal can now be cured very easily. Science has given us many articles of daily use. These articles have made our life easy and comfortable.

21. Planting Trees

Outline: Trees…… in this world…… without trees…… man to live…… necessities of life…… purify the air …… beautify our surroundings…… the land safe from …… pleasant shade …… sun…… in his greed …… wealth of nature …… problems for mankind…… man’s own …… grow trees ….

Trees do more good to man than any other thing in this world. In fact, without trees, it would be impossible for man to live. They give us all the necessities of life. They give food for man. They purify the air. They help to bring rain. They beautify our surroundings. They give shelter to countless wild animals and birds. They keep the land safe from soil erosion. They give us pleasant shade from the heat of the sun. But it is very sad that man, in his greed, has destroyed this wealth of nature. It has resulted in many grave problems for mankind. It will be in man’s own interest to grow trees and look after them.

22. Life in a Village

Outline : The three words …… Simple, Pure and Fresh …… simple-hearted people …… thoughts and actions…… hospitable…. no anxiety…… calm and peaceful…… free from…… din of cities…… Says Leo Tolstoy …… A villager…… grow rich…… enough to eat…… worth-living.

The three words that can amply describe the life in a village are Simple, Pure and Fresh. The villagers are very simple-hearted people. They know no cunning. They are pure in their thoughts and actions. They are very hospitable. They live simply and happily. They have no anxiety. Life in a village is very calm and peaceful. It is free from the noise and din of cities. The air is fresh and health-giving. Says Leo Tolstoy in one of his stories, “A villager’s life is not a.fat one, but it is a long one.” A villager may never grow rich, but he has always enough to eat. In short, we can say that life in a village is worth-living.

23. An Ideal Citizen

Outline : Pride of nation …… duty comes first…… law-abiding …… pays taxes …… national outlook …… above the considerations of caste and creed…… works for national unity…… patriotism highest religion.

An ideal citizen is the pride of his nation. He is conscious of his rights and his duties. For him duty comes first. He knows that it is impossible to enjoy one’s rights without first doing one’s duty. He never forgets the duties that he owes to society. He is law-abiding. He obeys all the laws of the land. He pays all the taxes that are due to him. He has a truly national outlook. He is not narrow-minded. He is above the considerations of caste and creed. He works for national unity. Patriotism is the highest religion for him.

24. A House on Fire

Outline: It was Sunday…… with my friend…… saw clouds of smoke…… big fire…… running…… buckets of water…… sand and water …… after half an hour …… suffered a great loss …… grain and money…… People felt sorry …… gave him food, clothes …… carpenter thanked …… folded hands.

It was Sunday. I was sitting in my room with my friend. Suddenly, we saw clouds of smoke rising in the sky. There was a big fire. People were running to the site of fire. Children were shouting for help. People brought buckets of water. We also joined them. We threw sand and water on the flames. The fire was put out after half an hour. It was the house of a carpenter. The poor man suffered a great loss. All his wood, grain and money were gone. The house was reduced to ashes. He was very sad at his loss. People felt sorry for him. They gave him food, clothes and some money. The poor carpenter thanked them with folded hands.

25. My Hobby

Outline: My hobby…… reading books…… good and useful books…… knowledge ……pleasure…… great writers …… noble things of life…… best friends…… endless store …… food for the mind…… not very expensive…… borrow books from libraries.

Reading books is my hobby. I read only good and useful books. I read some good journals also. I get much useful knowledge from them. Reading gives me much pleasure. I can enjoy the company of great writers by reading their works. I can learn from them good and noble things of life. Good books are the best friends. They are an endless store of knowledge. We can learn much from them. They give us food for the mind. Reading books is the best of all hobbies. It is not very expensive. We can borrow books from libraries.

26. My Favourite Book

Outline: Many books…… “Gita’…… liked the most…… religious book…… philosophy…… work hard…… worry …… result…… certainly rewards…… leave the rest to God get peace of mind.

I have read many books. But I have liked one book the most of all. It is the ‘Gita’. It is a religious book of the Hindus. It has a very rich philosophy. It teaches us that man should work hard. He should not worry about the restful. God certainly rewards us for our work. Good work always leads to good results. So an man should only mind his work. He should leave the rest to God. I like this philosophy very much. I get peace of mind by reading this book.

27. My Best Friend

Outline: My best friend…… class-fellow…… lives next door tome ……go to school together…… intelligent…… captain of the tennisteam…… teachers love…… honest and sincere…… respects his elders…… polite to all…… poor and needy students…… true friend ……in the real sense…… friendly with him.

The person I like most is my best friend, Amit Kapoor. He is my class-fellow. He lives next door to me. We go to school together. We play and study together. Amit is very intelligent. He always stands first in the class. Amit is also good at sports. He is the captain of the tennis team of our school. All teachers love him. I like Amit for his good and simple habits. He always speaks the truth. He is honest and sincere. He respects his elders. He is polite to all. He helps the poor and needy students. He is a true friend in the real sense. Everybody wants to be friendly with him. I am proud of my friend. May he live long !

28. My Favourite Teacher

Outline: My favourite teacher…… active and smart…… M.A. B.Ed…. English…… method of teaching…… simple and effective…… ideal teacher…… real sense…… helps his students…… source of inspiration…… for the students…… proud of him…… live long

Mr. Ram Paul is my favourite teacher. He is my class teacher. He is forty years old. He is very active and smart. He is an M.A. B.Ed. He teaches us English. He is the master of this subject. His method of teaching is very simple and effective. His results are always good. Mr. Ram Paul is an ideal teacher in the real sense. He is ever ready to help his students. He helps the poor students with money and books. He is very kind to his1 students. He loves the students and the students respect him. He is a source of inspiration for his students. We are proud of him. May he live long !

29. Our School Library

Outline : A house of books …… big library …… big hall…… divided into four sections…… reading room …… 10,000 books …… newspapers and magazines …… students …… vacant periods …… read …… librarian …… issue books…… guides the students how to choose…… students can take…… after reading them.

A library is a house of books. There is a library in every school. There is a big library in our school also. It is housed in a big hall. The hall is divided into different sections. There is one section for each subject. There is a reading room also. There are about 10,000 books in our school library. The books are arranged on shelves. The newspapers and magazines are placed on the tables. The students go to the library in their vacant periods. They read books, newspapers and magazines there. The students love sitting in it. There is a librarian. He issues books. The students can take books to their homes also. They return the books after reading them.

30. The Morning Assembly of Our School

Outline: Students and teachers…… morning assembly…… stand in rows ……stand facing the assembly …… school compound …… head boy of school…… main news …… thought of the day …… explains it …… some important announcement…… go to classrooms.

Our school begins at half past eight in the morning. All the students and teachers reach the school in time. The morning assembly begins. All the students stand in rows in the school compound. They stand facing the school building. Four boys stand facing the assembly. First of all, there is the morning prayer. Then the head boy of the school reads out the main news of the day. A teacher gives the thought of the day and explains it. Sometimes our Headmaster makes some important announcement during the assembly. Then we go to our classrooms and the first period begins.

31. An Indian Farmer

Outline: An Indian farmer…… fields…… plough…… waters them …… sows seeds…… looks after crops…… no easy job…… very difficult and tiring…… remains poor…… hand to mouth …… lot is pitiable…… lives happily…… simple in habits ……pure in thoughts…… evils of city life.

The life of an Indian farmer is very hard. He has to work hard in his fields. He has to work in sun and rain. He has to plough his fields. He has to water them. Then he has to sow seeds in his fields. He looks after his crops day and night. Harvesting is also no easy job. It is very difficult and tiring. Even after so much labour, the Indian farmer remains poor. He has to live from hand to mouth. His lot is pitiable. But though he is poor, he lives happily. He is simple in his habits. He is pure in his thoughts. He lives away from the evils of city life.

32. An Indian Beggar

Outline: An Indian beggar…… common sight…… streets and bazaars…… railway stations…… in rags…… looks very dirty…… pretend to be lame…… painful voices ……pity …… money, clothes, flour…… don’t like…… poor homes…… work to do…… allowed to beg…… very ugly.

The Indian beggar is a common sight. We can see him anywhere and everywhere. We can see him in streets and bazaars. We can see him at bus stops and railway stations. He is always in rags. He looks very dirty. Some beggars pretend to be lame or blind. They cry in painful voices. People are moved to pity. They give them money, clothes, flour, etc. But I don’t like it. Beggars should be kept in poor homes. There they should be given work to do. Nobody should be allowed to beg in public places. It looks very ugly.

33. The Independence Day

Outline: India became free…… August 15,1947…… Indepdendence Day…… British rule…… red-letter day …… history of the country…… celebrated with great enthusiasm…… national holiday ……public meetings…… big function…… Prime Minister…… unfurls the National flag…… Red Fort…… hard-won freedom ……protect it.

India became a free country on August 15, 1947. So, August 15 is called the Independence Day of India. The British rule came to an end on this day. It is a red- letter day in the history of the country. It is celebrated all over the country with great enthusiasm. On this day all schools, colleges and offices remain closed. It is a national holiday. Public meetings are held in all towns and cities. A big function is held in Delhi. The Prime Minister unfurls the national flag at the Red Fort. Our freedom is a hard-won freedom. We should protect it.

34. The Republic Day

Outline : India became Republic…… Constitution came into force…… secular democratic …… power of government…… common people…… castes, creeds and religions…… equal…… red-letter day…… celebrated all over the country…… enthusiasm…… national flag unfurled…… public buildings…… big function…… Delhi…… President …… presides…… worth seeing…. national holiday.

India became a Republic on January 26, 1950. The Constitution of the country came into force on this day. India became a secular democratic country. The power of government passed into the hands of the common people. All castes, creeds and religions are to be equal in the eyes of the law. It is a red-letter day in the history of the country. It is celebrated all over the country with great enthusiasm. The national flag is unfurled at all the public buildings. A big function is held in Delhi. The President of the country presides over this function. It is worth seeing. This day is a national holiday.

35. A Football Match

Outline: Our school…… Khalsa School…… football match…… Sh. Jaswant Singh referee…… toss…… chose our side…… game slow ……played well…… our defence…… no goal…… blew the whistle…… interval…… Vinod passed …… the ball…… ran into the D…… kicked it hard…… goal…… loud cheers…… referee blew the whistle…… game was over…… won the match.

Last Monday, a football match was played between our school and Khalsa School. It was played on our school grounds. Sh. Jaswant Singh was the referee. He blew the whistle. There was a toss. We won the toss. We chose our side. The match began. At first the game was slow, but soon it became brisk. All the players played well. Our defence was very strong. There was no goal. The referee blew the whistle for interval. In the second half, Vinod passed the ball on to me. I ran with it into the D. Then I kicked it hard. It went through the poles. It was a goal. There were loud cheers. The referee blew the whistle. The game was over. We won the match by one goal.

36. Morning Walk

Outline: Morning walk…… best exercise…… costs nothing…… health…… refreshes …… saves from diseases…… develops…… habit…… pure thoughts…… dewdrops…… fresh flowers…… charm…… mind…… loving…… natural beauty …… not only…… body…… mind also.

Morning walk is the best form of exercise. It costs nothing. It is very useful for our health. It refreshes our mind. It strengthens our body. It saves us from many diseases. Morning walk keeps us fresh for the whole day. It develops in us the habit of rising early. It brings pure thoughts in our mind. The dewdrops, the fresh flowers, the chirping birds and the rustling leaves charm our mind. We start loving these objects of natural beauty. Thus, morning walk is useful not only for our body, but for our mind also.

37. A Visit to a Zoo 

Outline :A zoo…… visited …… parents…… tickets…… saw birds…… rare kinds of…… herons, gulls…… wild beasts …… lioness and her cub…… basking…… wolves…… rhinos…… muddy pond…… big snakes…… fearful…… stayed there …… three hours…… came back home.

There is a zoo in our city. I visited it last Sunday. I went with my parents. We bought tickets and went in. First of all we saw birds. There were many beautiful and rare kinds of birds. We saw parrots, canaries, swallows, peacocks, ducks, cranes, herons, gulls and geese. Then we saw some wild beasts. A lioness and her cub were basking in the sun. They roared now and then. We also saw wolves, tigers, elephants and rhinos. When we were coming back, we saw a muddy pond. There were many big snakes in it. It was fearful to look at them. We stayed in the zoo for about three hours. Then we came back home.

38. Leisure 

Outline : Life is not worth living if we remain busy in work ….. lot of energy wasted ….. restored by leisure ….. enjoy sights of nature develop new tastes and creative hobbies ….. busy men miss all this ….. overwork causes ailments….. make right use of leisure.

Leisure is the free or spare time one gets after one’s busy schedule. One must have some leisure to enjoy the sights of nature and to look after one’s physical, mental, moral, emotional and spiritual needs. A lot of energy is wasted in doing the day’s work. That energy is restored by leisure. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. It has been rightly said. During the leisure hours, we can develop new tastes as well as creative hobbies. All this is possible only if we have some leisure hours at our disposal. Busy men miss all this. Overwork and no rest causes ailments of various kinds. We should make the right use of leisure. This life is not worth living, if we always remain busy in work.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Notice Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Notice Writing

A notice is a written or printed news, announcement or information. It is usually displayed publicly as on a school / college notice-board. A notice can also be given for insertion in a newspaper like an advertisement. But there is one main difference between an advertisement and a notice. An advertisement is chiefly commercial (or matrimonial) in nature; but a notice is a general piece of information for a particular group. A notice should be in complete sentences or even in the form of a short paragraph, whereas an advertisement can be in the form of merely catchy phrases and slogans.

Question 1.
A notice is to be prepared for putting up on the students’ noticeboard, informing them about the school inspection to be held on 16th May, 2018. It is from Reema Sharma, The Principal, Government High School, Mohali.
Answer:

Govt. High School, Mohali Notice 10 May, 2018 This is to inform all the students and the school staff that the school inspection will be held on 16 May, 2018 by the District Education Officer. Therefore, all the students, teachers and the school staff are requested to maintain discipline, cleanliness and punctuality to keep up the good reputation of the school during the inspection. Reema Sharma (Principal)

Question 2.
You are Manav Shukla, the Secretary, the Help All Club of the Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kashmiri Gate, Delhi. Prepare a notice for the school students to help the earthquake victims with money, medicine, food and clothes.
Answer:

Navodaya Vidyalaya 16 October 20_ _ Kashmiri Gate, Delhi NOTICE The recent earthquake in the hilly areas has caused heavy loss of life and property. The affected people are having a horrible time. They are without food, clothes, money and medicine. The Help All Club of the school appeals to all students to help the victims with money, medicine, food and clothes. For your donations, contact the undersigned. Manav Shukla Secretary

Question 3.
As the Secretary of Sai Baba Society, Somesh Vihar, Delhi, prepare a notice for the residents of the colony, giving hints for protection against Dengue fever. Your name is Sheetal Jain.
Answer:

SAI BABA SOCIETY 10 August 20_ _ Somesh Somesh Vihar, Delhi NOTICE Hints for Protection against Dengue Many cases of dengue have been reported in the city. The escape from this disease lies more in prevention than in cure. All residents of the colony are advised to take the following steps to protect themselves against this dangerous disease. Disinfect all places where mosquitoes can breed. Use mosquito repellents. Do not let water stagnate around your houses. Wear clothes that cover arms and legs. In case of fever, contact your doctor or the nearest hospital. Sheetal Jain Secretary

Question 4.
Draft a notice on behalf of the Principal, Delhi Public School, Ludhiana, announcing elections for the posts of President and Secretary of English Literarary Society of the school.
Answer:

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL LUDHIANA NOTICE 20 October 20– The school is going to hold elections for the posts of President and Secretary of the English Literary Society of the school. Those who want to give their nominations for the same posts should give their names to the undersigned by the 13th of this month. Sanjeev Jain (Principal)

Question 5.
You are Mohan Kumar, Sports Secretary, Govt High School, Jalandhar. Some old sports goods have to be put on sale to collect money for donation to the poor cancer patients. Draft a notice, inviting students to help by buying these goods.
Answer:

GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL, JALANDHAR NOTICE 10 March 20 – – The school has decided to sell some of the old sports goods. The sale will be organized in the school hall on 15 March, 20 _ _. These goods include cricket bats, balls, hockey sticks, footballs, volleyballs and basketballs. All the goods are in a fairly good condition. The amount collected from the sale will be donated for the treatment of poor cancer patients. Please come, buy and help in the good cause. Mohan Kumar (Sports Secretary)

Question 6.
You are Nimisha, Student Editor, School Magazine, Radha Vatika School, Khanna. Draft a notice, inviting entries for the magazine from students. The last date is 10th of October.
Answer:

RADHA VATIKA SCHOOL, KHANNA NOTICE Contributions For The School Magazine 1 October 20 – – We are going to bring out the annual issue of our school magazine next month. Those who want to have their articles, stories, poems, etc. published in this issue should hand over their articles to the undersigned by the 10th of this month. The articles should be original and written neatly on one side of the paper only. Nimisha Paul (Student Editor)

Question 7.
You wish to arrange a charity show in your school. Write a notice in this regard, specifying the purpose, date and time of the show.
Answer:

P.S.N. PUBLIC SCHOOL, LUDHIANA 10 December 20_ _ The Cultural Committee of the school has decided to arrange a charity show to extend help to the victims of recent earthquake in Uttarakhand. Funds f collected from this charity show will be spent for purchasing clothes, food, blankets, etc. for the earthquake victims. Skits, folk dances, songs and a lot of fun is included in this charity show. So, all students are invited to this show on 15 December, 2017 at 11.00 a.m. at the school auditorium. Tamanna Bhatia (Cultural President)

Question 8.
You are Sonal, Cultural Secretary of the City Public School, Lucknow. Write a notice, inviting students to give their names for the Fancy Dress Competition being held in the School.
Answer:

CITY PUBLIC SCHOOL, LUCKNOW NOTICE FANCY DRESS COMPETITION 1 October 20 – – A Fancy Dress Competition is going to be held at our school on 10 October, 2017. The competition will be open to the students from Nursery to Class-V only. Famous dress designer, Ritu Beri, has consented to be the judge for this competition. So those desirous of taking part in this event, should give their names to the undersigned by 5 October, 20 Sonal (Cultural Secretary)

Question 9.
You are Munish, the Head Boy of Kamal Public School, Kamal. Write a notice ‘ for the school notice-board, inviting the students to participate in the Annual Sports Day.
Answer:

KARNAL PUBLIC SCHOOL, KARNAL NOTICE 10 March 20_ _ The school is holding its Annual Sports Day on 21st March. Those who want to participate in the various events should give their names to the undersigned by the 13th of this month. The list of various events is available with the undersigned. No student can take part in more than three events, excluding the relay. Munish Lai (Head Boy)

Question 10.
You are Nikhil Kumar, the Head Boy of Govt. Sr. Sec. School, Ambala. Draft a notice regarding a book that has been found in the school compound.
Answer:

GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL, AMBALA NOTICE LOST AND FOUND 22 March 20_ _ A book on English Grammar was found lying in the school compound last evening. It is of brown colour with a name written on it. The owner is requested to collect it from the school office after showing his / her identity card. Nikhil Kumar (Head Boy)

Question 11.
Rakesh Sharma is a student of class X-A in Govt. Sen. Sec. School, Amritsar. He has lost his English Reader Book during the lunch .break. Draft a notice on his behalf for the school notice-board.
Answer:

GOVT. SEN. SEC. SCHOOL, AMRITSAR NOTICE LOST ! LOST! LOST! 15 October 20 I have lost my English Reader Book somewhere in the school. The book bears my name and class roll number. I have put in it some notes and hints in my own hand. The finder is requested to return the book to me or deposit it with the school office. It will be an act of great favour. Rakesh Sharma Roll No. 5

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Letter Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Letter Writing

परीक्षा-पत्र में निम्नलिखित प्रकार के पत्र पूछे जा सकते हैं
1. Personal letters to friends and relatives.
2. Letters of complaint, enquiry, request; applications.
3. Letters to Editor.
पत्र-लेखन के सम्बन्ध में कुछ आवश्यक जानकारी
1. आजकल पत्र-लेखन के सम्बन्ध में एक नई विधि को अपनाना शुरू कर दिया गया है, यद्यपि भाषा-विज्ञान की दृष्टि से इसका कोई आधार नहीं है।

2. नई विधि के अनुसार पत्र-प्रेषक का पता तथा पत्र लिखने की तिथि कई बार ऊपरी दाएं कोने में लिखने की बजाए बाएं कोने में लिख दिए जाते हैं, और प्राप्तकर्ता का नाम, पता तथा सम्बोधन करने के शब्द, आदि भी इसी के साथ नीचे लिख दिए जाते हैं तथा इनके लिखने में विराम-चिन्हों का प्रयोग भी लुप्त कर दिया जाता है। पत्र के अन्त में पत्र-प्रेषक अपना नाम या हस्ताक्षर भी बाईं तरफ़ ही डालता है। यह विधि यद्यपि कुछ अटपटी सी प्रतीत होती है, फिर भी बहुधा लोग इसे अपनाना बेहतर मानते हैं।

3. परम्परागत पुरानी विधि के अनुसार पत्र-प्रेषक का पता तथा पत्र लिखने की तिथि दोनों ही दाईं तरफ़ के ऊपरी कोने में लिखे जाते हैं और प्राप्तकर्ता को सम्बोधित करने सम्बन्धी शब्द बाईं तरफ़ नीचे को हटा कर लिखे जाते हैं। पत्र-प्रेषक अपना नाम या हस्ताक्षर, आदि भी पत्र के अन्त में दाईं सरफ़ हटा कर डालता है। तथा इन सब के लिखने में विराम-चिन्हों का विशेष ध्यान रखा जाता है।

4. विद्यार्थी को पत्र लिखते समय इस बात का विशेष ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि वह नई या पुरानी, किसा भा वाध का प्रयोग कर सकता है। किन्तु इन दोनों को किसी भी हालत में एक-दूसरी से मिला कर न लिखे। ऐसा करने से अंक काटे जा सकते हैं।

5. इस पृष्ठ पर ऊपर दिए गए उदाहरणों में पुरानी विधि के अनुसार विराम-चिन्हों का प्रयोग किया गया है, किन्तु . आजकल अधिकतर पत्र नई विधि के अनुसार ही लिखे जाते हैं, जैसा कि अगले पृष्ठों में दिखाया गया है।

Important Personal Letters

Advising Brother To Improve His Health

Question 1.
You are Rohit Verma, living at 27, Gandhi Nagar, Delhi. Your younger brother is a bookworm. He is good at studies but weak in health. Write him a letter, advising him to take part in games.
Answer:
27 Gandhi Nagar
Delhi
12 April 20… …
Dear Kapil
Your friend, Ashok, met me a few days ago. He told me that you have become a bookworm. You do not care at all about your health. You do not take part in games. It is not good on your part. Games are a part and parcel of education. Health is wealth. You can’t have a sound mind without a sound body. No doubt, you are good at studies, but you have a very poor health.
I advise you to be careful about your health. You should go out for a walk daily. Take part in games also. You must improve your health. One can’t enjoy one’s life without good health. If health is lost, everything is lost. Be a good boy. I hope you will act upon my advice.
With love
Yours affectionately
Rohit

Permission To Join An Educational Tour

Question 2.
You are Rahul Duggal, studying in class X at Govt. Sr. Secondary School, Maud Kalan, Bathinda. Write a letter to your father, requesting him to allow you to join an educational tour conducted by your school.
Answer:
Queen’s Hostel
Govt. Sr. Secondary School
Maud Kalan
Bathinda
10 December 20– —
My dear Father
Our school is breaking up for Christmas holidays on the 24th of this month. Some students of our school are going on an educational tour. The tour has been organised by our Principal. It will be a seven-day tour, from December 25 to December 31. The students shall visit Bengaluru, Mysore, Chennai and Madurai. I request you to allow me to go on this tour. Each student has to deposit ₹5000/ for this tour. I shall do with ₹ 1000/- only for my pocket expenses. Kindly send me ₹ 6000/- as soon as possible. I hope you will not disappoint me.
With regards
Yours affectionately
Rahul Duggal

Inviting Cousin To Spend Winter Break With You

Question 3.
Write a letter to your cousin Pulkit, inviting him to spend his winter break with you. You are Rohan and you live at 24, Mall Road, Shimla.
Answer:
24 Mall Road Shimla
16 December 20– —
Dear Pulkit
I invite you to come to Shimla in your winter vacation. We will have a nice time together. Snowfall in Shimla is a beautiful sight. Many tourists come to see it. We will also visit all the beauty spots near Shimla. I hope you will definitely come. Pay my deep regards to dear uncle and aunt.
Yours affectionately
Rohan

To Father About Home News

Question 4.
You are Monu and you live at 51, Central Town, Nangal. Write a letter to your father, who is away on a long tour, giving him home news.
Answer:
51 Central Town Nangal
6 September 20
Dear Father
Many things have happened since I wrote you last. Bittoo fell down the stairs and broke her leg. She became senseless. She was moved to hospital. She is quite fit now. You need not worry about her. Mohan’s result Was out yesterday. He got 700 marks. He is sure to get a scholarship. He is very happy. Uncle Kartar Singh also visited us last week. He stayed with us for two days. We all miss you badly. Please come back home soon.
Yours affectionately
Monu.

Giving details of a medical camp

Question 5.
Write a letter to your sister, Mohini, giving her the details of a free medical camp that your grandmother arranged recently. You are Sudhir Singh and live at 111, Chandigarh Road, Rajpura.
Answer:
111 Chandigarh Road Rajpura
20 November 20– —
Dear Mohini
You know our grandmother is a social activist. Last week, she organized a free medical camp for poor patients in the local Town Hall. Eleven eminent doctors provided their services. Patients were given free consultation and medicines. More than 1000 patients benefited from this camp. Such camps are really a true service towards mankind.
Yours affectionately
Sudhir Singh.

A Letter Of Condolence

Question 6.
You are Tanbir Singh, living at G-312, Adarsh Colony, Moga. Write a letter of condolence to your friend Amrit on the death of her mother.
Answer:
G-312 Adarsh Colony Moga
5th January 20
Dear Amrit
I was shocked to learn about the untimely death of your mother. She was quite healthy. I met her the other day. I never thought that her end was so near.
She was a very noble lady. She was kind to all. She was a lovable mother. She took keen interest in your studies. She looked upon me as her own daughter.
Dear Amrit your loss is great. But it was God’s will. His ways are strange. We must bow before Him. May God grant peace to the departed soul !
With deep sympathies …
Yours sincerely
Tanbir Singh

Thanking For Gift

Question 7.
Write a letter to your uncle, thanking him for the birthday gift he has sent you. You are Bhushan, living at 37, Civil Lines, Ludhiana.
Answer:
37 Civil Lines Ludhiana
5 August 20_ _
My dear Uncle
Thank you for the lovely gift you have sent me on my birthday. Your gift is truly after my heart. The wristwatch sent by you looks very beautiful. All my friends have liked it very much.
Dear uncle, I was badly in need of a watch. I was often late for school. I had to pay some fine every month. This watch will now prove useful for me. It will help me during the examinations. It will also help me to regulate my daily work. It is a token of your love for me. I shall keep it with great care. I once again thank you for this nice present.
Yours affectionately
Bhushan

Describing A Visit To A Historical Place

Question 8.
Write a letter to your younger brother Hitesh, describing your visit to some historical building. You are Naresh, living at Pratibha Hostel, Bal Bharti, Delhi.
Answer:
Pratibha Hostel
Bal Bharti
Delhi
10 October 20_ _
Dear Hitesh
You will be glad to know that I went to Agra during the last Christmas holidays. Our history teacher arranged this tour. There we visited the Taj. It has a majestic look. It is a large and beautiful building. It stands on a raised platform. In the middle of the platform, there is a splendid white dome. At its four corners, there are four stately towers. Underneath the white dome are the marble tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan. The Taj was built by Shah Jahan in the sweet memory of his beloved wife. It is made of pure white marble. The beauty of the Taj beggars description. It looks like a fairy dressed in white. We stayed there for about two hours. I left the place most unwillingly. Its memory is still fresh in my mind.
With love
Yours affectionately
Naresh

About Your Stay With Your Uncle And Aunt

Question 9.
Write a letter to your mother, telling her about your stay with your uncle and aunt. You are Rajni and you live at Mansarovar Hostel, Vanketeshwara College, Karnal.
Answer:
Mansarovar Hostel
Vanketeshwara College
Karnal
20 June 20 _ _
Dear Mother
During my last holidays, I visited Uncle Rajan in Delhi. I spent there a couple of days. Aunt Neeru was very happy to have me there. She took me daily for shopping. We visited a number of historical places also. I came back on the fourth day with lots of gifts. How nice these people are !
With love
Rajni

Congratulating Friend On Success In Examination

Question 10.
You are Vishal and you live at New Janta Nagar, Jalandhar. Write a letter to your friend, Tanuj, congratulating him on his grand success in the Matriculation Examination.
Answer:
415 New Janta Nagar
Jalandhar 20 March
20- –
My dear Tanuj
The result of the Matriculation Examination was declared today. I looked up your roll number in the gazette. You are getting a high first division. It has given me great pleasure. Please accept my heartiest congratulations on your grand success. It is really a big achievement for you. And it is all the result of your hard work.
All of us are full of joy at your success. Please convey my congratulations to your dear parents also. They must be proud of your success. I hope you will be giving a party to celebrate your success. Don’t forget to keep my share. What are your future plans ? Write to me.
Your loving friend
Vishal

Scolding Brother For Neglecting Studies

Question 11.
You are Deepak Gupta. You live with your parents at 61, G.T., Road, Rajpura. Write a letter to your younger brother, Keshav, scolding him for neglecting his studies.
Answer:
61 G.T. Road
Rajpura
20 March 20_ _
My dear Keshav
I received your result card yesterday. Your result is very poor. You fail in all the subjects. This is a matter of shame for us. Manav, you should mend your ways. You should work very hard. Engage some tutor. Leave bad company. Make friends with good boys. Stop seeing movies. Start playing games in the evening. All this will pay you in the long run.
If you do not mend your ways now, you will repent later on.
I hope you will act upon my advice.
Yours affectionately
Deepak

Important Bussiness Letters

Wrong Supply Of Books

Question 1.
Write a letter to a bookseller, complaining about the wrong supply of a books. You are Jatinder Singh, living at 21, Model Town, Nakodar.
Answer:
21 Model Town
Nakodar
26 March 20 _ _
Messrs India Book Depot Mai Heera Gate Jalandhar
Subject : Wrong Supply of Books Dear Sirs
On 15th March, I ordered 10 copies each of books, ‘Background of Music’ by H.S. Narang and ‘History of Punjab’, by A.C. Arora, remitting ₹ 2000/-, the entire amount of their price, in advance.
On opening the parcel, received this morning, I found that it contained copies of the different titles by the same authors. I regret to say that I did not place the order for these titles. I am, therefore, returning them by parcel and requesting the replacement.  I hope the replacement will be despatched at the earliest date. I also hope that I shall not be charged any additional packing or postal expenses.
Yours faithfully
Jatinder Singh

Ordering Sports Goods

Question 2.
Write a letter ordering some sports goods to the firm, Messrs Avtar Singh and Sons at Jalandhar. You are Prabhjot, studying at Government High School, Nawan Shehar.
Answer:
Govt. High School Nawan Shehar
28 November 20_ _
Messrs Avtar Singh and Sons ’ Sports Goods Suppliers
Nakodar Road Jalandhar
Subject : Order for sports goods Dear Sirs
Kindly send the following sports goods at your earliest.
Footballs  Cosmo                      6 pcs.
Cricket      Bats English Willow One dozen
Cricket      Pads Antel               One dozen
Please check the above goods before packing. Send these goods through Satluj Transport Company. An a/c payee cheque for ₹2500/- is enclosed as advance payment.
Yours faithfully
Prabhjot Kaur

Complaint About A Tv Set

Question 3.
Ravi Sundaram of 28, Civil Lines, Ludhiana, bought a colour TV set from Messrs Ram Electronics, 14, Bazaar Marg, Ludhiana, a month ago. Now he finds that the sound is not clear and the picture changes to black and white from time to time. He writes a letter to the dealer, complaining about the same and requesting him to attend to it at the earliest. Write the letter.
Answer:
28 Civil Lines Ludhiana
28 March 20_ _
Messrs Ram Electronics
14 Bazaar Marg
Ludhiana
Subject: A recently purchased colour TV Set Dear Sirs
I bought a Venus Colour TV set from your shop against cash memo no. 1786 dated 17.3.20 and I regret to inform you that the set is not working properly, to the great dismay of each one in the house. The sound is not clear and the volume keeps fluctuating automatically. The picture also changes to black and white from time to time. The set is still under warranty, and I request you to attend to it at your earliest.
I hope you’ll enable us to watch on our TV the one-day Singer Cup cricket matches going to commence next Monday.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Ravi Sundram.

Cancelling An Order

Question 4.
You placed an order with Messrs Readymade Woollens, Ludhiana, for the supply of ladies cardigans, but they have delayed the execution of the order. Write a letter to them, cancelling the order. You are Nirmal Jain, Proprietor, Messrs Nirmal and Sons, Sangrur.
Answer:
Messrs Nirmal and Sons
Sangrur
5 October 20_ _
Messrs Readymade Woollens Ludhiana
Subject : Cancelling the order Sirs
We placed an order with you on 5th September for 200 pieces of ladies cardigans to be delivered by 20th September. But till now, we have received neither the goods nor any letter from you. The time of delivery has long expired and we are compelled to cancel the order, and should the goods arrive, they will now be refused.
Yours faithfully
Nirmal Jain
Proprietor

Placing An Order For Books

Question 6.
Imagine you are Rahul. You live at Muktsar. You live in Gandhi Nagar. Your house number is 765. You want to buy same books. Write a letter to Manager, Layal Book Depot, Ludhiana, ordering books of your choice.
Answer:
765, Gandhi Nagar
Muktsar
21 August 20_ _
The Manager
Layai Book Depot
Ludhiana
Subject: Placing an order for books
Dear Sir
Kindly send me one copy each of the following books by V.P.P. AU the books should be of the latest edition. I need them very urgently. Please send them at your earliest.
1. Modern English Grammar by Prof. Dharam Pal Bhanot (B.A. I)
2. History of Punjab by M.S. Mann (B.A.I)
3. Indian Political System by R.N. Duggal (B.A.I)
4. Essentials of Macro Economics by V.K. Srivastava (B.A.I)
Yours truly
Rahul Kushwaha

Complaint About A Beauty Product

Question 7.
You are Simran, living at Old Court Road, Sunam. Write a letter to Rama Herbal Cosmetics, Bengaluru, complaining about the body lotion they sent you.
36 Old Court Road Sunam
20 June 20_ _
Messrs Rama Herbal Cosmetics Bengaluru
Subject : Complaint about the body lotion sent by you Dear Sirs
Taken in by your much advertised body lotion, I had ordered three vials of it, the supply of which was received last Monday. But now I find that the lotion is very sticky and gives a very bad smell. Since this lotion is of no use to me, I want my money back. Please arrange to take back the vials and make good all the costs that have been borne by me.
Yours faithfully Simran
(Prop. Shiva Cosmetics)

Complaint Against The Postman

Question 7.
The postman of your street is rude and irregular. Write a letter to the postmaster complaining against the conduct of the postman. You are Gurpreet Singh, living at 11, Sector 25, Model Town, Jalandhar.
11, Sector 25
Model Town ‘
Jalandhar 19 April 20 _ _
The Postmaster General Post Office Jalandhar Sir
I am very sorry to report that my letters are not properly delivered to me. Ram Lai, the postman of our area, is very careless. Often he comes very late. He does not do his duty honestly. On the outer wall of my house, I have put up a letter box. It bears my name. But the postman never cares to put my letters into this box. He often throws them in at the gate. Sometimes, he hands them to the children playing in the street. Many important letters are thus lost. Kindly look into the matter and take suitable action.
Yours faithfully
Gurpreet Singh

Important Official Letters

Suggesting New Programmes For Children

Question 1.
During summer vacation, children stick to the television most of the time. Write a letter to the Director, Doordarshan, suggesting some new programmes you would like to have for children. You are Nikhil Gupta, living at 12, Patiala Road, Nabha.
Answer:
12 Patiala Road Nabha
28 May 20- –
The Director
Doordarshan
New Delhi
Subject : Request for showing certain programmes for children
Sir
As you know, these are the leisurely days of summer vacation. The school-going children can’t play outdoors due to scorching heat. They spend most of the time in front of the television. Therefore, I request you to telecast programmes on cartoons, general knowledge and new discoveries. It would help to increase their knowledge and also use their time in a constructive manner.
I hope you will do the needful.
Thanking you in anticipation
Yours faithfully
Nikhil Gupta.

Request For Installation Of Traffic Lights

Question 2.
Write a letter to the Superintendent of Police (Traffic), Chandigarh, requesting him to install traffic lights at the crossing near your school. You are Raj an Sethi, a student of class Xllth, DA.V. School, Chandigarh.
Answer:
D.A.V. School Chandigarh
28 September 20
The Superintendent of Police (Traffic)
Chandigarh
Subject : Installation of traffic lights at the crossing Sir .
There are no traffic lights at the crossing near our school. The traffic is very fast there. There is a grave danger to the life and limb of the students.
I, therefore, request you to kindly arrange traffic lights at the crossing.
Hoping for an immediate action
Yours faithfully
Rajan Sethi
Class XII

Request For A Study Loan

Question 3.
Write a letter to the manager of a bank, requesting for a loan for higher studies. You are Nikhil, living at 34, Krishna Nagar, Patiala.
Answer:
34 Krishna Nagar Patiala
28 November 20
The Manager Punjab National Bank Patiala
Subject : Request for a study loan Dear Sir
I read your advertisement in Hindustan Times yesterday. I have cleared the CAT examination and’have been selected for IIM, Ahmedabad. My father is a government teacher. The entire family banks upon him alone. So it is quite impossible for him to pay the fees for my course which is about ₹5 lac. I request you to sanction me a plan of this much amount. I undertake you to return the amount as per the conditions given in the advertisement.
Yours faithfully
Nikhil

Complaint About Insanitation

Question 4.
Imagine you are Raman. You live in Gali Ram Nath, Malerkotla. Write a letter to the Health Officer of your town complaining about the insanitary condition of your street.
Answer:
Gali Ram Nath
Malerkotla
16 March 20 _ _
The Health Officer Malerkotla
Subject : Insanitary condition of our street Sir
I beg to draw your attention to the insanitary condition of Gali Ram Nath in this city. Mainly poor people live in this area. Perhaps that is why no Sanitary Inspector
has ever visited it. There are very few proper drains here. The drains are not cleaned regularly. These are never flushed with water. No dustbins have been provided. People throw all their refuse here and there. Flies and mosquitoes buzz about. All this gives this area a very dirty look.
I hope you will take suitable measures to improve the sanitary condition of this area.
Yours faithfully
Raman

About Environmental Pollution

Question 5.
You are Raghu, staying at 12, Balmik Colony, Gurdaspur. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper to create awareness among the masses about pollution hazards.
Answer:
Balmik Colony Gurdaspur
March 20- –
The Editor The Tribune
Chandigarh
Subject : Environmental pollution
Sir
Environmental pollution is the biggest problem facing the modern man. Only recently has our government become aware of the gravity of this situation. More attention is being paid to afforestation. The unauthorised felling of trees is being checked. Scientists are developing methods to minimise the effect of smoke let out by our autos and chimneys. In fact, environmental awareness is a social necessity. It is not only the duty of the government, but also a social responsibility of the masses to keep the environment free from pollution.
Yours truly
Raghu

About The Problem Of Begging

Question 6.
You are Ramesh, living at 86, Sunam Road, Mansa. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper suggesting how the problem of begging can be solved.
Answer:
Adarsh Vihar Dwarka 27 April 20-
The Editor
The Indian Express
Delhi
Subject : The problem of begging Sir
The problem of beggars has assumed an alarming proportion in the city. Some beggars, no doubt, deserve our sympathy. They are handicapped. But the pity is that most of the beggars are able-bodied. Begging has become a profession for them. Some of them are criminals. They beg only to hide their crimes.
Begging should be abolished by law. Able-bodied beggars should be forced to work. If they go without work, they must also go without food. We should not encourage them by giving alms. People can thus play a big role in ending this evil.
Yours truly
Ramesh

Application For The Job Of A Computer Operator

Question 7.
Write an application for employment in Hindustan Limited, New Delhi, as a computer operator. You are Manu Gupta, living at 811, Sector 15, Rohini, New Delhi.
Answer:
811 Sector 15
Rohini New Delhi
25 July 20_ _
The General Manager Hindustan Limited
New Delhi
Subject : Application for the job of a computer operator
Sir
With reference to your advertisement in The Times of India, dated 20 July 20
I want to apply for the job of a computer operator in your company. As regards my qualifications, I have done Diploma in Computer Applications (DCA) after doing 10+2 from the CBSE. I have served for three years with a travel agency and am fairly good at all basic operations related to computer. If given a chance, I am sure you will feel satisfied with my services.
Yours faithfully
Manu Gupta