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Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Caste Inequalities

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. When was Untouchability Offence Act passed?
(a) 1956
(b) 1954
(c) 1955
(d) 1957
Answer:
(c) 1955

2. Which institution completely disintegrated the Indian society?
(a) Caste system
(b) Class system
(c) Joint family
(d) Dowry system
Answer:
(a) Caste system

3. Which of these is the base of caste?
(a) Money
(b) Birth
(c) Property
(d) Religion
Answer:
(6b) Birth

4. Who was the first one to use the word ‘Harijan’?
(a) Dr. Ambedkar
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) The Indian Constitution
(d) G.S.Ghurye
Answer:
(b) Mahatma Gandhi

5. Who gave the six features of caste system?
(a) Ghurye
(b) Srinivas
(c) Dubey
(d) Karve
Answer:
(a) Ghurye

6. Who gave the traditional theory of caste origin?
(a) Majumdar
(b) Karve
(c) Srinivas
(d) Dubey
Answer:
(a) Majumdar

7. The mate selection within the group is called …………….
(a) Exogamy
(b) Endogamy
(c) Group Marriage
(d) Monogamy
Answer:
(b) Endogamy

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Ghurye gave ………………. features of caste system.
Answer:
six

2. ……………… system took the form of caste system.
Answer:
varna

3. Traditional theory is given in ……………….
Answer:
Rigveda

4. In the process of ………………… lower caste people adopt the ideas, habits, ways of living etc. of upper caste people.
Answer:
Sanskritization

5. With the process of …………………. untouchability has almsot eliminated from society.
Answer:
Secularization

6. The problem of untouchability is due to ……………….. system.
Answer:
caste

True/False:

1. Caste system is based on wealth.
Answer:
False

2. Untouchability Offence Act was passed in 1960.
Answer:
False

3. Traditional theory of caste origin is given in Rigveda.
Answer:
True

4. Caste system originated from the varna system.
Answer:
True

5. First three castes were known as ‘dwija’.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
Which system has divided our society 7
Answer:
Caste system has divided our society.

Question 2.
From which language’s word, the word caste came?
Answer:
Word ‘caste’ was originated from a Portuguese word ‘CASTA’.

Question 3.
Which type of class is caste?
Answer:
Caste is a closed class.

Question 4.
Who were given the highest place in Caste system?
Answer:
Brahmins were given the highest place in caste system.

Question 5.
Which caste was greatly exploited in Caste system?
Answer:
Fourth caste was greatly exploited in caste system.

Question 6.
What is meant by Endogamy?
Answer:
When marriage is done within one’s own caste then it is known as endogamy. Question 7. Which type of occupation of an individual is there in caste system? An. In caste system, occupation of an individual is based on birth. It means one is required to adopt the occupation of his family.

Question 8.
On what, mutual relations in caste system are based?
Answer:
In caste system, mutual relations are based on superiority and inferiority.

Question 9.
What is meant by closed caste system?
Answer:
The class which cannot be changed is known as closed caste system.

Question 10.
What is used to make Kachcha food and Pakka food?
Answer:
Water is used to make Kachcha food and oil is used to make Pakka food.

Question 11.
On what division of labour in Indian society was based?
Answer:
Division of labour in Indian society was based on caste system.

Question 12.
Who gave the Racial theory of origin of caste system?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye gave the racial theory of caste system.

Question 13.
Which theory was given by Ghurye about origin of caste system?
Answer:
Racial theory was given by Ghurye.

Question 14.
Who gave the Religious theory of origin of Caste system?
Answer:
Hockart and Senart gave the religious theory of origin of caste system.

Question 15.
Who gave the occupational theory about origin of Caste system?
Answer:
Nesfield gave this theory.

Question 16.
Who wrote the book ‘Caste in India’?
Answer:
The book ‘Caste in India’ was written by J.H. Hutton.

Question 17.
Who wrote the book Races and Culture?
Answer:
The book Races and Culture was written by Majumdar.

Question 18.
How many features of caste system are given by G.S. Ghurye?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye has given six features of Caste system.

Question 19.
When was Untouchability Offence Act passed?
Answer:
Untouchability Offence Act was passed in 1955.

Question 20.
When was Civil Rights Protection Act passed?
Answer:
Civil Rights Protection Act was passed in 1976.

Question 21.
When was Hindu Marriage Act passed?
Answer:
Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 1955.

Question 22.
Which thing was restricted in Untouchability Offence Act?
Answer:
It was restricted that no one will be called as untouchable.

Question 23.
How many castes approximately are available in India?
Answer:
Approximately 3,000 castes are available in India.

Question 24.
Which type of marriage is allowed in Caste system?
Answer:
Endogamy is allowed in caste system.

Question 25.
In how many parts, ancient Indian society was divided?
Answer:
Ancient Indian society was divided into four parts.

Question 26.
What was the merit of caste system?
Or
Write about one positive function of caste system.
Answer:
It has protected Hindu society, has given stability to society and has given definite occupation to the people.

Question 27.
Which type of change is coming in caste-system?
Or
Mention one change in caste system.
Answer:
Prestige of Brahmins is declining, untouchability remains no more and traditional occupations are coming to an end.

Question 28.
Give main features of caste system.
Or
Mention any two features of caste.
Answer:
Membership of caste remains for life, segmental division of society is there and one has to adopt his traditional occupation.

Question 29.
What is the demerit of caste system?
Answer:
Lower castes are exploited, untouchability increased and personality of an individual is unable to develop.

Question 30.
Who gave the Multifactor theory of origin of caste system?
Answer:
It was given by Hutton.

Question 31.
Who has accepted caste as a political unit?
Answer:
Saxena has accepted caste as a political unit.

Question 32.
What is the base of membership of caste?
Answer:
Base of membership of caste is birth.

Question 33.
What is the permanent form of stratification?
Answer:
Caste is the permanent form of stratification.

Question 34.
Which institution has greatly disintegrated the Indian society?
Answer:
Caste system has greatly disintegrated the Indian society.

Question 35.
Which scholar has divided functions of caste system into three parts?
Answer:
J.H. Hutton has divided functions of caste system into three parts.

Question 36.
In which Veda’s purushsukta, the description of origin of caste system is given?
Answer:
In Rigveda’s purushsukta, the description of origin of caste system is given.

Question 37.
From which word, the word caste is originated?
Answer:
The word caste is originated from the Portuguese word ‘CASTA’.

Question 38.
Which are the main bases of caste?
Answer:
Caste is a very large group whose bases are caste based differences and birth based differences.

Question 39.
Why are restrictions kept in caste system?
Answer:
So that the different castes could not come in each other’s contact and caste superiority and inferiority could remain as it is.

Question 40.
How is caste a closed group?
Or
Is caste a closed group?
Answer:
Caste is a closed group because one cannot change it even if one has the ability to do so.

Question 41.
How is occupation fixed in Caste System?
Or
Definite occupation in caste.
Or
Hereditary occupations.
Or
Traditional occupation.
Answer:
Occupation in caste is traditional. It means one has to adopt the occupation of his family.

Question 42.
Which two laws have helped in the weakening of caste system?
Answer:

• Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
• Untouchability Offence Act, 1955.

Question 43.
What is social disability of lower castes?
Answer:
Social disability of lower castes is that they cannot keep relations with upper castes and cannot take water from their wells.

Question 44.
What is religious disability of lower castes?
Answer:
Lower castes cannot take religious education, cannot read religious books and cannot go into temples.

Question 45.
How has industrialization affected the Caste system?
Or
Effect of industrialisation on Caste System.
Answer:
In industries, people of different castes started to work together with which caste based restrictions came to an end.

Question 46.
Caste develops the feeling of Co-operation.
Answer:
It is right because members of one caste work with each other due to same occupation co-operate with each other.

Question 47.
Untouchability.
Or
What is Untouchability?
Answer:
The process in which people of few castes were not allowed to touch the upper caste people was known as untouchability.

Question 48.
Inter-caste Marriage.
Answer:
When people of two different castes marry with each other then it is known as inter-caste marriage.

Question 49.
Is Caste system changing?
Answer:
Yes, caste system is changing due to a number of factors like education, industrialisation, urbanisation, laws etc.

Question 50.
Maintenace of Purity of Blood.
Answer:
When one marries within his own caste then it maintains the purity of blood. Blood of other castes never mixes with one’s caste.

Question 51.
Endogamy.
Answer:
When an individual does marriage within his own caste or group then it is known as Endogamy.

Question 52.
Is class intermarriageable?
Answer:
Yes, class is intermarriagable. It means endogamous as well as exogamous.

Question 53.
Hierarchy in Caste.
Answer:
There were four castes—Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Lower castes. This was the hierarchy in caste.

Question 54.
What are the bases of class?
Answer:
Money, wealth, prestige, education, occupation etc. are the bases of class.

Question 55.
What is the fundamental basis of caste system?
Answer:
Fundamental basis of caste system was the superiority of few castes and inferiority of few castes.

Question 56.
Restrictions on feeding and social relations in Caste.
Answer:
Different castes in Caste system were not allowed to keep feeding and social relations with each other.

Question 57.
Restrictions regarding marriage in a caste.
Answer:
There was restriction regarding marriage in a caste. It means members of different castes were not allowed to marry with each other.

Question 58.
Maintenance of Purity of Blood.
Answer: Members of different castes cannot marry with each other. So their blood never mixes with other caste and it maintains purity of blood.

Question 59.
Caste membership based on birth. .
Answer: A person remains member of that caste in which he is born and he cannot change his caste even if he has the ability to do so.

Question 60.
Caste provides social security.
Answer:
If any problem comes to an individual, then members of his caste always help him. In this way, caste provides social security.

 

Question 61.
State any two abuses of caste system.
Answer:

• In caste system, one particular caste was exploited.
• In caste system, hatredness prevailed among different castes.

Question 62.
What is the basis of class?
Answer:
In modern times, wealth occupation, business etc. are the bases of class.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Hierarchy of Castes.
Answer:
Society was divided into four castes and due to this division, there was a definite system of high or low social status in society. This system of division of society into four castes is known as hierarchy of castes.

Question 2.
How is the social status of an individual determined?
Answer:
In caste system, the social status of an individual was determined by the caste in which he was born. But in class system, the social status of an individual is based on his individual ability.

Question 3.
Caste develops the sense of Co-operation.
Answer:
It is a fact that caste develops the sense of co-operation among its members. As members of one particular caste have same occupation, that’s why they work in co-operation with each other.

Question 4.
What is Kachcha food?
Answer:
Kaccha food is that food in whose making, oil or ghee is not used, only water is used. In caste system, it is fixed that from which caste one can take kaccha food and from which caste one can take pakka food.

Question 5.
What is Pakka food?
Answer:
Pakka food is exactly opposite to Kachcha food. Pakka food is that’food in whose making ghee or oil is used. It is fixed that from which caste one can take Pakka food. ‘

Question 6.
Modern Education and Caste.
Answer:
Now people are taking modern education which is based on Science and reason. That’s why gradually people come to know about demerits of caste and it leads to removal of caste restrictions from the society.

Question 7.
Social Security in Caste.
Answer:
If any problem comes to an individual then all the members of one caste collectively solve that problem. In this members of each caste get social security from their respective castes.

Question 8.
Membership of caste based on birth.
Answer:
It is a fact that membership of caste is based on birth. One cannot leave the caste in which he is born. At any cost he cannot leave his caste even if he is having the ability to do so.

Question 9.
To maintain purity of blood.
Answer:
Caste is an endogamous group in which one needs to marry in his own caste. It helps in maintaining purity of blood as blood from all the castes never mixes with each other.

Question 10.
Give one definition of caste.
Answer:
According to Martindale and Mona Chesi, “A caste is aggregate of persons whose share of obligations and privileges is fixed by birth, sanctioned and supported by magic and religion.”

Question 11.
Exploitation of lower castes.
Answer:
In caste system, lower castes were exploited by the upper castes. They were misbehaved and were not given any rights. They lived their fives in hell-like conditions.

Question 12.
Discuss two changes in the Caste System.
Answer:

• Due to the passing of many Legislations, the discrimination of untouchabifity is coming to an end.
• Due to the advent of many new occupations, the hierarchical order of the caste system and the superiority of many castes is changing.

Question 13.
Caste as Segmental division of society.
Or
Give the number and name of castes.
Answer:
In caste system, whole of the society was divided into different parts. First part comprised the Brahmins, second part comprised the Kshatriyas, third part was Vaishyas and the fourth part comprised the people of lower castes.

Question 14.
Change in the caste regarding marriage.
Answer:
Now people work with each other and come closer to each other. It led to increase in inter-cas’te marriages. People started to marry according to their own wish. Child marriage no more prevails, widow marriage is increasing day by day.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Caste.
Or
Caste.
Answer:
Hindu social system has one of the important complex and interesting institutions which is known as caste system. Word Caste has been taken from Portuguese word ‘Casta’ whose meaning is birth. Caste is an endogamous group whose membership is based on birth, occupation is hereditary and traditional. Many types of restrictions are there regarding ways of living, eating, relations and marriage.

According to Risley, “Caste is a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from mythical ancestor, human or divine. Professing to follow the name hereditary calling and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community.”

Question 2.
Give any four characteritics of Caste.
Answer:

• Membership of caste is based upon birth.
• Caste is an endogamous group.
• Restrictions on social relations are there in caste.
• Restrictions are there in caste regarding feeding.
• Occupation of a person is hereditary in caste. It means that no one can adopt any occupation of his choice.
• Society is divided in different segments.
• There is a definite hierarchy in caste system.

Question 10.
Give one definition of caste.
Answer:
According to Martindale and Mona Chesi, “A caste is aggregate of persons whose share of obligations and privileges is fixed by birth, sanctioned and supported by magic and religion.”

Question 11.
Exploitation of lower castes.
Answer:
In caste system, lower castes were exploited by the upper castes. They were misbehaved and were not given any rights. They lived their lives in hell-like conditions.

Question 12.
Discuss two changes in the Caste System.
Answer:

• Due to the passing of many Legislations, the discrimination of untouchability is coming to an end.
• Due to the advent of many new occupations, the hierarchical order of the caste system and the superiority of many castes is changing.

Question 13.
Caste as Segmental division of society.
Or
Give the number and name of castes.
Answer:
In caste system, whole of the society was divided into different parts. First part comprised the Brahmins, second part comprised the Kshatriyas, third part was Vaishyas and the fourth part comprised the people of lower castes.

Question 14.
Change in the caste regarding marriage.
Answer:
Now people work with each other and come closer to each other. It led to increase in inter-caste marriages. People started to marry according to their own wish. Child marriage no more prevails, widow marriage is increasing day by day.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Caste.
Or
Caste.
Answer:
Hindu social system has one of the important complex and interesting institutions which is known as caste system. Word Caste has been taken from Portuguese word ‘Casta’ whose meaning is birth. Caste is an endogamous group whose membership is based on birth, occupation is hereditary and traditional. Many types of restrictions are there regarding ways of living, eating, relations and marriage.

According to Risley, “Caste is a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from mythical ancestor, human or divine. Professing to follow the name hereditary calling and regarded by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community.”

Question 2.
Give any four characteritics of Caste.
Answer:

• Membership of caste is based upon birth.
• Caste is an endogamous group.
• Restrictions on social relations are there in caste.
• Restrictions are there in caste regarding feeding.
• Occupation of a person is hereditary in caste. It means that no one can adopt any occupation of his choice.
• Society is divided in different segments.
• There is a definite hierarchy in caste system.

Question 3.
What is Hierarchy?
Answer:
There was a definite hierarchy in caste system. Society was divided in different segments on the basis of their higher or lower status. Brahmins got the higher status in all parts of India. Kshatriyas were coming at second place and third place was of Vaishyas. Fourth and the last place was given to lower castes. Social status of any person in society was determined on the basis of this hierarchy.

Question 4.
Caste as Segmental division of Society.
Or
Segment division of Society.
Answer:
The Indian society was divided in many segments in caste system and generally it was divided in four segments. Status, place and functions of member of every segment were pre-determined. Every caste had its own rituals, customs, traditions, values etc. That is why the scope of relations of members of every caste was generally limited to its own caste. Every caste was a social unit in itself where a person can spend his whole life.

Question 5.
Membership based on birth.
Or
How is membership of caste fixed or determined?
Answer:
Membership of any caste is based upon birth. No one can detrmine his caste according to his wish. Social status of a person was determined by that caste in which caste that person was born. No one can change his caste even if he has the ability to do so. In this way the person used to get social status according to the caste in which he was born, not on the basis of individual ability.

Question 6.
Which type of restrictions are there in caste regarding food?
Answer:
Some clear rules are there in caste system which tell us that with which caste we can establish relations regarding food or feeding. Whole food has been divided into two parts-Kachcha food and Pakka food. Kachcha food is that food which can be made with the help of water and Pakka food is that food which can be made with the help of oil or ghee. A general rule is that any person never takes kachcha food till that time until it has not been made by the person of his own caste. Brahmins accept Pakka food from any specific caste.

Question 7.
How is occupation fixed in caste?
Answer:
According to the rules of caste system, all the castes have their traditional, specific and hereditary occupations. Every person has to adopt the occupation of that caste in which he is born even if the other occupations are more profitable. Person had no choice instead of adopting his traditional and hereditary occupations. Main function of the brahmins was to perform religious function and to give education to people. Function of Kshatriyas was to protect the country and rule over the country. Vaishyas were doing agriculture and business and the function of lower castes was to serve the people of higher three castes. All of them had to adopt traditional occupations.

Question 8.
What are the rules regarding marriage in caste?
Answer:
Most of the castes have been divided in sub-castes in caste system and all of these sub-castes are not allowed to marry with the people of other caste or sub-caste. Person has to marry in his own caste. Yet in some conditions person was free to marry with the girl of lower caste but the general rule was that person has to marry in his own caste. If any one was trying to break this rule he was generally thrown out of his caste and he was not allowed to enter in any other caste or sub-caste. In this way all of them were allowed to marry within their own castes.

Question 9.
Restrictions regarding castes.
Or
Which restrictions were related with caste?
Answer:
Some rules are there in every caste regarding restrictions on some points like:

• Every person had to adopt the occupation of his own caste.
• He has to obey the restrictions regarding rules of feeding.
• He has to marry in his own caste.
• Lowfer were not allowed to get education and to enter into the temples.
• Lower people were not allowed to touch the people of higher castes and to take water from wells of people of higher castes.

Question 10.
Restrictions on Social relations.
Or
Which type of restrictions were there in caste system regarding Social relations?
Answer:
Society was divided in different castes in earlier times and the sense of high and low was there in these castes. People of higher castes lived inside the village and people of lower castes lived outside of the village. They kept themselves away from each other.Lower castes were also not allowed to perform Upanayana Samskara. In this way restrictions were there on people to establish relations with people of other castes.

Question 11.
How caste provides social security?
Answer:
Caste provides social security to its members. Members of every caste are always ready to help the members of their castes. There was ho need for a person to be worried from any point of view because he was aware of the fact that caste will definitely help him if any need arises. Caste gives social security in two ways. Firstly it determines the social status of a person and secondly it protects the person from every type of problem.

Question 12.
Describe the functions of caste.
Answer:

• Caste determines the occupation of a person.
• Caste provides social security to a person.
• Caste gives mental security to a person.
• Caste maintains purity of the blood.
• Caste provides political stability to the country.
• Caste saves the technical knowledge.
• Caste determines the rules related to education.

Question 13.
Purity of blood.
Or
How caste maintains purity of blood?
Answer:
Caste is an endogamous group with which the purity of the blood can be maintained. There were very strict restrictions regarding marriage. No one was allowed to marry out of his own caste. That is why the marriages were performed only within the caste. If any one was trying to break this rule then he was generally thrown out of the caste. With this the purity of blood was maintained. No one was trying to marry out of his caste which helps in the maintenance of purity of blood.

Question 14.
Caste and Occupation efficiency.
Or
How caste brings efficiency in occupation?
Answer:
Occupation of every caste was fixed in caste system. These occupations were according to the family and lineage and were transmitted from generation to generation. Efficiency of occupation comes in every child due to his ancestral traits because he gets atmosphere of that occupation in the family in which he is born. In this way efficiency of occupation and specialization comes in a person automatically without getting education.

Question 15.
Untouchability.
Or
Caste gives rise to untouchability.
Or
Contribution of Caste in increasing untouchability.
Answer:
The reason of increasing untouchablity was the division of the caste system. A large portion of total population were considered as impure because the occupation adopted by them was known as impure. They were kept away from the society. They were not allowed to touch anyone. This restriction was known as untouchability. People of lower castes lived out of the village or the city. That is why many problems like poverty, illiteracy etc. came in our society. Even restrictions regarding relations and feeding were there with them.

Question 16.
Caste is a closed group.
Or
Is Caste a closed group?
Answer:
Yes, caste is a closed group. Meaning of closed group is that the membership is based on birth. Social status of a person was determined by that caste in which he was bom. Person can neither leave his caste nor can change his caste. Anyone cannot change his caste even if he has enough ability. Membership of caste was not based upon the ability and wish of the person but was based upon birth. In this way it is a closed group.

Question 17.
Give merits of Caste.
Or
Two merits of Caste.
Answer:

• Caste does division of labour.
• Caste maintains the social unity.
• Caste maintains the purity of blood.
• Caste makes the rules of education.
• Caste produces cooperation in society.
• Caste provides mental and social security to the person.

Question 18.
Caste hindrance in Social Unity.
Or
Caste hinders Social Mobility.
Answer:
It is right that the caste is a hindrance in social unity and social mobility. It is so because society has been divided in many segments. There are many restrictions in keeping mutual relations in different castes. That is why there was no feeling of love and sympathy in people of different castes. Every caste thinks only about its members. People of lower castes were exploited by the people of higher castes because of which hatredness comes in castes and the sense of casteism comes in front of us. In this way caste is a hindrance in social unity. No one can change his caste because of which it lacks social mobility.

Question 19.
Causes of change in Caste.
Or
Why is Caste changing?
Answer:

• Socio-religious movements.
• Efforts of Indian government and making of legislations.
• Contribution of Britishers towards change.
• Change in caste due to industrialization.
• Because of the spread of education.
• Because of development in the means of transport and communication.

Question 20.
Is Caste changing?
Or
Future of Caste.
Answer:
Yes, caste is changing. Now importance is laid on money instead of caste. The policy of reservation is being adopted in jobs for scheduled castes. Now person can adopt any occupation. Inter-caste marriages have been started. Many changes have taken place in the rules of feeding. Now elections are fought on the name of caste. In this way after looking at this we can say that the caste is changing.

Question 21.
Demerits of Caste.
Answer:

• Position of women is lower in caste system.
• Caste system increases untouchability.
• Caste system increases casteism.
• Caste system increases cultural conflict.
• Caste system is a hindrance in social unity and social mobility.
• Caste system produces hindrance in efficiency of the person.
• It is against the democratic values of the country.

Question 22.
Difference in caste and class.
Answer:

• Caste is based upon birth but class is based upon wealth and money.
• Caste cannot be changed but class can be changed.
• Caste is a closed system but class is an open system.
• Caste is against democratic system but class is according to the rules of democratic system.
• Caste is putting many restrictions on its members but there is no restriction in class system.
• There is no consciousness in caste but there is consciousness in differnt classes.

Question 23.
What do you mean by Inter-caste marriage?
Answer:
In ancient times, marriage out of the caste was not allowed. But there is no such restriction in modern times. When any person marries with the girl of other caste instead of his own caste then it is known as Inter-caste marriage.

Question 24.
Caste is Intra-marriage.
Or
Endogamy.
Or
Caste Endogamy.
Answer:
It is right that caste is Intra-marriage. It means that the person has to marry in his own caste. He is not allowed to marry out of his caste. If he marries out of his caste then he can be thrown out of his caste. It can help in maintaining purity of blood.

Question 25.
The Caste gives Social Structure.
Answer:
The whole society was divided in four segments in caste system. Every segment had its own social status and every segment had its predetermined traditional and hereditary occupations. No one was allowed to change his caste. Castes were restricted to make relation with other castes regarding marriage, feeding and keeping relations. In this way the whole society runs like an organisation or structure in caste system in which #11 the segments worked in their own way. In this way caste system gives social structure.

Question 26.
Give differences between caste and class.
Answer:

Class	Caste
1. Social status of a person is made with the individual ability of its members.	1. There is no place of individual ability in caste. Social status Is based upon birth.
2. Membership of class is based upon money, status etc.	2. Membership of caste is based upon birth.
3. Person in class has more freedom of doing anything.	3. There are many types of restrictions on the person regarding feeding, relations, marriage etc.
4. Very less mutual distance is there in class.	4. Different castes are very much far away from each other.
5. Class system is based upon the theory of Democracy.	5. Caste system is completely against the system of Democracy.
6. Any person can change his class with his individua ability.	6. Person cannot change his caste even if he has the ablity to do so.
7. Different persons are very much conscious about their class in class system.	7. There is no consciousness in caste system because no one can change his caste.

Question 27.
Power.
Answer:
Society is generally divided into classes and humans are given status and roles according to these classes. Each person has different status and role. This division of society into different classes is known as stratification. When a person gets any position in society while obeying his role and status then we can say that he has achieved the power. In- this way power is a proces of contract in which decisions are taken in relation to preferences.

Question 28.
Caste Panchayat.
Answer:
During ancient times, there were caste Panchayats in villages which used to decide on the matters of different castes. Generally elders of upper castes were their members. It was believed that these caste panchayats decided impartially but actually decisions were given after looking at the caste of an individual. If the crime was committed by the person of upper caste then he was given less punishment but if even small type of crime was committed accidently by a lower caste person then he was given quite a heavy punishment. These caste panchayats have been abolished by the Indian Constitution.

Long- Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Varna System? Explain its meaning.
Answer:
The mixture of materialism and spiritualism is the main feature of the Indian Hindu Culture. According to this, meeting with God is the biggest pleasure but the pleasures of the world cannot be ignored. So the Hindu Culture has generated a system to get the pleasures of the mixture of both. This is known as Varna system. The Varna system was an unseparated part of Hindu culture inspite of basic base of Hindu Social system. Therefore, the duties related to Varna were called Varna Dharma. The relations between person and society were described systematically. With this help a person gives his help to run a social organisation. The Varna system had divided Indian society into four different parts so that the social functions could function systematically.

Literal meaning of Varna is colour. During Vedic period the Indian society was divided into four groups or Varna. The work of Brahmins was to give education and perform religious activities, Kshatriya’s work was to protect society and to defend country, the work of Vaishya was trade and agriculture. The work of fourth Varna was to serve all the three classes. Similarly the colour was given to these groups as per their work. For example, white colour to Brahmin, red colour to Kshatriya, yellow colour to Vaishya and black colour to fourth Varna were given. The white colour was the symbol of purity, the red colour was the symbol of anger and bravery, the yellow colour was the symbol of life’s physical commodities like food, clothes etc. Such division was done to fulfil the desires of human beings. Inspite of Indian society, we can find such division of work also in other societies of the world.

Meaning of the Varna. According to literature the word Varna is taken from word Vari’ which means to ‘choose’. Varna relates to the selection of work. In the same way the people of same Varna have same profession. Varna also means colour which was given to different classes. The same colour indicates the function of that
Varna. According to Dr. Sharma, it was not possible for the people of the Vedic period that they could evaluate their physical features. So, the meaning of Varna cannot be the colour. Therefore, word Varna mainly was related to qualities and Karma. Similarly, the Varna system was a system which divided different persons as per their qualities and profession in different classes.

In Varna system, the aim of these four divisions of whole society was to attain salvation as per their fate Karma-Dharma and religion which is the main aim of every Hindu life. In Varna system the responsibilities were organised in a way that every person could attain salvation by doing these functions.

Another thought about Varna system comes in mind that we should make one system to make / keep social system stable and that is Varna system, so that people cannot interfere in each other’s functions. The Varna system defines the area of work of each Varna. When this work is done then the desire of social and personal development arises. On one side the Varna system inspires a person to perform his hereditary profession and reduces physical desires and on other side it inspires a person to get knowledge, power and enjoy his life.

In this way, Varna system was a system in which the functions of a person are divided according to his birth. It is hoped from a person that he will do this work for the whole life, so that the whole system that is social system can remain stable or it can work systematically.

Question 2.
Explain in detail about Varna System.
Or
Explain Varna System as the traditional basis of Indian society.
Or
Explain functions of all ‘Varnas’ in system of Varna. (Varna system)
Answer:
Varna System was the base of traditional Hindu society and social organisation. There were many theories for Varna system to come in existence such as fate, birth, colour and man. These theories show similarity in the functions of Varna’s. In the form of tradition, Indian society was divided in four divisions on the basis of work. Varnas are formed to organise the society. The functions of Varna were determined so that no conflict may occur. Some rules were formed to fulfil the functions. To obey these rules was compulsory for all. The functions of four Varnas are given below:

1. Functions of Brahmins. The Brahmins were considered the highest of all the Varnas. The main function of Brahmin Varna was to give education and knowledge. In Vedas, Brahmin was accepted as supreme member of the society. According to Bhagwat Geeta, the qualities of a Brahmin were purity, to tolerate pain for religion, to excuse and, purity of body. So he was given supreme functions. The main function of Brahmin was to perform “Yagya”, study of Vedas, education and to perform religious functions. All functions were considered incomplete without the presence of Brahmin. People used to give them charity. If they could not feed themselves on their profession, then they could adopt the profession of Kshatriya and Vaishya. The responsibilities of Brahmins were to educate society and perform all religious functions from birth to death.

2. Kshatriya’s Functions. In the Varna system the work of Kshatriya was to protect people and to defend the country. Word “Rajad” was used for the people of Kshatriya Varna in Rigveda which means ‘King’ or ‘Great’. Therefore this word was always used for ruling class of the state. It was considered that if a country is insecure then it cannot do progress. So, the main function of Kshatriya was to protect the society and to defend the country. According to Bhagwat Gita, the real duty of the Kshatriyas was to rule with bravery, zeal and patience. In society the Kshatriyas had second position. So, the work of Kshatriyas was to protect the society internally and defend the country externally.

3. Functions of Vaishya. The group of persons which was related to economic activities of the society was called Vaishya. First of all the word Vaishya is used in Rigveda. According to Manu Samriti, the functions of Vaishya were to protect the animals, give charity, perform yagya, study, trade, take interest by lending money, do agriculture, rear animals and do sale and purchase business. They could perform the works of others also as per needs.

4. Functions of Fourth Varna. A group was established for the service of all three Varnas which is fourth Varna. According to religious books the main duty of this Varna was to serve the other three Varnas-Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishyas. This Varna was considered the lowest of all Varnas in the society. So, they were not given any economic, religious and social rights. They were not allowed to read and listen to Vedas’. Later on they were allowed to do the functions like art, agriculture and carpentery. This system had an important place in Hindu Social organisation. Traditionally this system was the base of Indian Society. There’is no evidence in the History that the Varnas were based on birth and fate. According to all religious scriptures, the Varna system was based on the traits and professions of a person, not on birth.

Question 3.
Explain the main features of Varna System.
Or
Explain the importance of Varna System.
Or
Explain the significance of Varna System in Indian Society.
Answer:
Varna system was established in Indian social system so that the Indian society could be administered smoothly. To run this society efficiently, the society was divided in four different parts. Function of every part was kept different so that no tension would come in the distribution of occupations. Main features and importance of Varna system is given below:

1. Division of Labour. The function of every Varna was determined in Varna system so that all of the social needs of humans could be fulfilled. That’s why function of every Varna was determined. In this every person does his determined work and contributes towards the progress of society. Brahmins were given the function of education, Kshatriyas were given the function of security, Vaishya’s function was of business and fourth Varna was given the function to give service to higher three Varnas. In this way division of labour occurs in Varna System.

2. It is based upon Traits and Nature. Some persons are of the view that the Varna System is based upon birth and person had to adopt the occupation of that Varna in which he was born. But if we look at the ancient scriptures then we come to know that it was not based upon birth. In earlier times it was based upon personal traits and nature of the person. But with the passage of time it became rigid and instead of based upon traits it became based upon birth.

3. Stress on Theory of Karma. This system gives stress on the theory of Karma that person will adopt the traditional occupation of that Varna in which he was born and will live his whole life while doing that work. With this the person was also told about the concept of recarnation or rebirth that if he will perform his duties in a proper way then he will get the next birth in the high Varna. With this the people started to perform their duties in an efficient manner and became satisfied with their respective positions.

4. Division of Rights and Duties. Every Varna in Varna system has been given some duties and rights. In this, the status of Brahmins is highest and that’s why their rights are also more than others. Duties of every one are determined in it and the duties of all are useful for the society. This system will shatter in the absence of one. Rights are also determined in it. That’s why definite levels were fixed in all Varnas and their higher or lower status was determined in society.

5. Determination of Occupation. Occupations of every Varna in Varna system are pre-determined and traditional and every person has to adopt the occupation of his Varna. Advantage of this system is that there is no need for person to move here and there to earn money because his occupation is already determined by birth.
In this way we can say that Varna system was of great importance in society and Karma System also came into being due to this.

Question 4.
Give features of caste system as given by G.S. Ghurye.
Answer:
Ghurye has given features of caste sytem which are more acceptable:

• Segmental division of society
• Hierarchy
• Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse .
• Civil and religious disabilities and privileges of various castes.
• Lack of unrestricted choice of occupation
• Restriction on marriage.

Now we will see these features in detail:

1. Segmental division of society. Caste system divides the Hindu society in many parts in which it determines or fixes the status, position and functions of the members of every part. That is why members of any specific group are conscious about their position and because of which they think themselves as unbreakable part of that group. The area of interaction of members of one caste is limited to its own caste because of this division of society in parts. Every caste has its own ways of living, traditions, values etc. Generally members of one caste interact with the members of its own caste. In this way according to Ghuriye one caste is a social unit in which person lives his whole life.

2. Hierarchy. In most parts of India, Brahmin varna has got the highest status. We can see a definite hierarchy in caste system in which all castes are kept in a definite hierarchy. In this system the status of highest and lowest caste is definitely determined but there is some unclarity between the middle caste.

3. Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse. There are some definite and detailed rules in caste system which tell us that with which caste a person can keep social relations and with which caste he can keep relations of feeding. Whole food has been divided in two categories of ‘Kacha Food’ and ‘Pakka Food’. We need water to cook ‘Kacha Food’ and we need oil to cook Pakka Food. There are a number of restrictions in giving and taking food of different castes.

4. Civil and religious disabilities and privileges of various castes. Different castes have special civil and religious disabilities. In ancient times impure castes were kept out of the limit of the village. There were restrictions on social intercourse with impure castes. They were restricted to go to the temples of higher castes, they were restricted to take water from the wells. They were restricted to read religious books. Children of lower castes were restricted to get education. Higher castes had special privileges over lower castes.

5. Lack of unrestricted choice of occupation. According to the rules of caste system, some castes had traditional occupations. Members of the caste had to adopt the traditional occupation. But some occupations like trade, agriculture, job etc. were free to be done by anyone. But still with that a number of castes had definite occupations like carpenter, blacksmith, potter etc.

6. Restrictions on marriage. Castes were again divided into sub-castes. These sub-castes were restricting its members to marry out of their group. The characteristic of caste is that it is an endogamous group. Person has to marry in his own sub-caste. If any one was breaking this rule then he was generally thrown out of his caste.

Question 5.
Give features of Caste System.
Or
Write a detailed note on the main characteristics of caste system.
Or
Explain the characteristics of caste.
Answer:
Caste is a group whose membership is based on birth. Person cannot leave his caste until he is not thrown out of his caste. Caste is a closed group. It means no one can marry out of his caste and there are restrictions on living in it. Caste system has certain characteristics which are given below:

1. Membership is based on birth. Membership of caste is based upon birth and no one can fix his caste with his own wish. One cannot change his caste even if he has the ability to do so. Is this way membership of caste is based upon birth, not on the ability of an individual.

2. Restrictions on social relations. In earlier times, whole of the society was divided into different castes and their status was pre-determined. There were a number of restrictions regarding keeping relations with other castes. People of upper castes were keeping relations only with upper castes. They were not allowed to keep relations with lower castes.

3. Restrictions on Eatables. Few clear rules are there in the caste system which tells that with which caste one has to keep feeding relations or not. Whole of the food was divided into two categories and these were Kachha food and Pakka food. Water was used to make Kachha Food and oil was used to cook Pakka food. There was a general rule that one never eats the Kachha food unless it is made by the member of his own caste or the food must be made by the Brahmin or his Guru. That’s why most of the castes accepted the food given by Brahmins. But Brahmins never accepted Kachha food made by any one of the other caste. Pakka food was accepted only by a specific caste. In this way restriction on feeding was one of the major features of caste system.

4. Restriction on occupation. According to the rules of caste system, castes had their specific traditional occupations. Person had to adopt the occupation of his own caste even if the other occupations were more profitable. Man had no choice except adopting his caste’s occupation. But some occupations were free to be adopted by any one like trade, agriculture, job in military etc. Even many castes were free to adopt any occupation but many castes used to do their traditional functions like carpenter, blacksmith, barber, potter etc. Main function of Brahmins was to give education and to perform religious rites, function of Kshatriya was to protect the country, function of Vaishyas was to do agriculture and trade and lower castes used to serve the higher castes. They had to perform their traditional functions.

5. Restrictions on marriage. Caste system was again divided and different
castes were divided into sub castes. These sub castes used to restrict their members to marry out of their group. Endogamy is the important feature of caste system. It means to marry in the group. Yet in some specific .conditions, there were some relaxations. But generally they had to marry in their own caste. If anyone was breaking this rule then he was generally thrown out of his caste and was restricted to enter any other caste. In this way everyone used to marry in his own caste or sub-caste. ”

6. Segmental division of society. Hindu society was divided into many parts by caste system and the status, place and function of every part were determined by it. That is why members had some consciousness of being members of a group and used to think themselves as the unavoidable and unbreakable part of the group. Because of this segmental division of society the area of interaction for a person was generally restricted to his own caste. Panchayat was free to give punishment to the person who will break the rules of caste. Different castes had different traditions and ways of living. People of one caste were generally interacting with the persons of their own caste.

7. Restrictions related with caste. Restrictions related with caste are given below:

• Person had to adopt the occupation of his own caste.
• He had to obey the restrictions related to feeding.
• He had to marry in his own caste.
• Lower castes were forbidden to get education and to enter the temple.
• Lower castes were also restricted to touch anyone and to take water from the wells.

9. Each caste consists of many sub-castes. In India, there are about 3000 castes. Again every caste is divided further into many sub-castes. Persons have to work according to these sub-castes. Every person has to marry in his own sub-caste.

10. Endogamy. There were strict restrictions related to marriage. A person was not allowed to marry out of his caste but he had to marry in his own sub-caste. If anyone was breaking this rule then he was generally thrown out of his caste. Anulom marriage was also allowed to a certain extent. That is why boy of higher caste used to marry girl of lower caste. So endogamy was the main base of caste system. Even after doing different functions different castes were dependent upon each other because the occupation of every caste was definite. Members of every caste were dependent upon the members of other castes to fulfil their needs. From economic point of view, position of higher castes was better and lower castes were very much suppressed by high castes. That is why their economic condition was not good.

Question 6.
What are the merits and demerits of caste system?
Or
Write a note on advantages and disadvantages of caste system.
Or
Discuss merits and demerits of caste system.
Answer:
Caste is that’group in itself which has played an important role in the Hindu society and in India. The functions which caste system has done for Indian society, all the other social organizations are jointly unable to do that much work for Indian Society. In this way we can see that caste system has many merits and advantages. But with these advantages there are certain disadvantages also of caste system. All these advantages and disadvantages are’ given below

Merits or Advantages of Caste System:

1. It gives Social Security. The biggest advantage of caste is that it provides social security to its members. Members of one caste are always ready to give help to other members of the caste. That is why there is no need to worry to’ anyone because he knows that if any problem comes on him then his caste will definitely give him help. Caste system determines social status of man and reduces the possibility of competition.

2. Fixation of Occupation. Another characteristic of caste system is that it determines the occupation or function for the person. This occupation is according to his family and is transmitted from one generation to another generation. Occupational qualities come automatically in the child of the family. In this way specialization comes in the person without any formal education. Except this it also reduces the competition of occupation in society and provides economic security. In this way it is an important advantage of caste system,

3. Purity of Blood. Caste System is an endogamous group. The meaning of endogamy is that man has to marry in his own caste and if any one was trying to break this rule then he was forced to leave the caste. Advantage of this thing is that it stops the blood of other castes to come in their caste and it maintains the purity of blood. In this way its advantage is that it helps in maintaining purity of blood.

4. Division of Labour. Another important advantage of caste system is that it produces feeling of love and dedication among humans towards their duties. Humans with lower duties were doing their functions properly. Caste system fills one feeling within its members that every person has got his function according to the deeds of his previous birth and if he does good deeds in this birth then he will get next birth in higher caste. It reduced the sense of hatred towards their functions and toward others. With this people did their functions properly. Caste system has divided the society in four varnas. Everyone knows about its functions properly. All of them do their functions properly and transmit their trade secrets to their next generations. In this stability is maintained in the society towards their functions and it helps in increasing division of labour and specialisation.

5. To make Rules of Education. Another important merit of caste system is that it has made definite rules regarding getting education and has made religion as the base of education. Education helps the person in learning self control, knowledge about occupation and to live in discipline. Education also gives knowledge about daily routine and occupation. Caste system determines that who will get education and which rule he has to obey. In this way caste system arranges the education for person according to the social status of his caste.

6. It maintains Social Unity. Another merit of caste system was that it kept the Indian society in unity. Caste system has divided the whole society in four parts and has given different functions to different parts. The way in which everyone has different functions in division of labour, in that same way caste system has produced division of labour in society. These different parts do different functions but help each other and fulfill each other’s needs. In this way .even after this division, they are tied in the thread of unity.

7. It gives Mental Security. The caste gives mental security to its members.
From the rules of caste, every person comes to know that which occupation he has to adopt, in which group he has to marry and perform religious customs and with which groups he has to establish social relations. In this way when a person is free from these burdens then he feels secured himself mentally.

8. Carrier of Culture. Caste system is the carrier of culture. Caste system helps in transmitting culture of one caste from one generation to another generation. Every caste has some rules related to eating, money, wearing, relations etc. and these rules are transmitted to another generation by caste system so that it can be preserved. In this way caste system regulates the social behaviour according to cultural rules.

9. Co-operation in Society. Caste system has established such a system in a society that people from different background are working with each other for the welfare of the society. With the help of caste system even foreigners were mixed in Hindu Society. So it increases co-operation in society.

10. Security of Hindu Society. Many foreign invaders had invaded India. First of all tribes of Central Asia, then Muslims, Mughals, Britishers came to India and ruled over it. If caste system would not have been there then Hindu society might have mixed in any one of these societies. But caste system has prevented this. Caste system is an endogamous system in which marriage out of its caste is restricted and a number of restrictions were there regarding feeding and social intercourse. That is why there were very less relations of Hindu society with foreigners and they were saved from mixing in them. In this way caste system has saved the Hindu society.

Demerits or Disadvantages of Caste System:

Yet a number of merits exist of the caste system and it has played an important role in keeping social unity but still it has produced a number of problems and evils in society which are given below:
1. Low Status of Women. The main reason of low status of women is caste
system. Because of controls of caste system, the position of Hindu women was not more than a maid in the family. Because caste is an endogamous group, that is why to find a match for their children in their own caste, they advocated the child marriage. It has resulted in polygamy. Kuleen Vivaha has also produced many evils, in society like polygamy, dowry system. Females used to work only in the house. The^ had no rights. In this way the main reason behind all the problems of women? vias caste system. Even it has not given the permission of widow remarriage ancFfemale was a server for the family only. .

2. Untouchability. Problem of untouchability came into being because 6f division of society by caste system. A big portion of total population was made untouchable and they were generally disgraced by the higher castes because their function was known as non-sacred. Their position was even less than servants. They were restricted in many ways. They were not allowed to take part in economic sector. In this way a large portion of population was just like a burden on society. That is why poverty came in society. It produced the sense of hatred in society and the problem of casteism came into being.

3. Casteism. With caste system, our thinking has been shrinked. Too much dependence upon caste related to marriage, occupation, social relations etc. increased the sense of casteism among people. It has increased th’e sense of prestige and hatred among people. It has increased the social and physical farness among the people. Because of this we have to face the problem of casteism. People only think about their caste.

4. Cultural Conflict. There are many restrictions in the relations of different castes and because of this every caste is a closed group which has ita own ways of living. This differentiation has given birth to cultural conflict. Different pastes have been divided in different cultural groups. We can see a number of conflicts in these groups. Higher castes think that their culture is superior and that is why they keep themselves away from other castes.

5. It Stops Social Mobility. Distribution of status in caste system depends upon birth. No one can change this with his ability. Every member knows that he cannot change or improve his position. This system never motivates to do hard work because person knows that he cannot change his position even with hard work. It is an obstacle in economic progress. People cannot invent anything even if they have ability to do so because people have to adopt their traditional occupation. Many occupations are running at very less pace because of caste system.

6. It Stops Efficiency Among Persons. The main reason of people lacking in efficiency is that they are under the control of caste and caste system. All the members of all the castes are not working by coordinating with each other instead they try to create obstacles in the way of other caste. Their occupation is hereditary and even if they don’t have any ability to do that work, they have to adopt their ancestral occupation. It reduces efficiency in persons.

7. Caste System and Democracy. Caste system is against the modern democratic system. Equality, freedom and social consciousness are the three bases of democracy but caste system is against these three bases. It is based upon inequality. Caste orders the person to live according to the life of caste which is totally against the democratic rules. Lower castes were restricted in many ways and they were unable to use their ability.

8. Hindrance to Social Unity. Caste system has divided our society in different segments and a system of hierarchy exists in these segments. There was strict restriction in establishing social contacts with other castes. Concept of sacred and non-sacredness exist in it. Person from higher caste was restricted to keep contacts with the persons of lower castes. In this way person has to keep contacts with the members of his own caste. Members of one caste were helping each other. In this way their mutual relations were of hatred. Caste system has divided the whole Indian society. It has increased dangers to national security. In this way the relations among people were of hatred and conflict. So caste system is not in favour of national unity. This is the main disadvantage of caste system.

9. Hindrance to Individual Personality. Caste system has produced obstacles in the development of individual. Sometimes people were not interested in their traditional occupation but they were forced to do so. This situation increases the mental tension. Individual have many traits but he cannot show his traits and caste becomes an obstacle in this. Children of one parents don’t have same capabilities but still they have to adopt their traditional occupation. In this way it hinders the individual personality. ”
In short we can say that caste system has produced relations of hatred among members of different castes. So it is necessary to remove these problems so that our country should be able to develop like Western Countries.

Question 7.
Why are changes coming in Caste System?
Or
Is Caste System changing into Class System? What are the factors responsible for the change?
Answer:
Yes, Caste system changes into Class system. Like all other institutions, a number of changes are coming in caste system. Actually caste system was not there in Vedic age but caste system came into being because of division of labour. Slowly and slowly it was extended in such a way that different castes were gone far away from each other. Many invaders invaded India and caste system put restrictions on its members on social intercourse with foreigners with which caste system became more strict. With this caste became a closed group. After 19th century a number of changes came in Indian society and these changes have affected a lot the caste system and with which its effect has been reduced. These changes did not come at once. Many reasons have contributed towards changes which are given below:

1. Socio-Religious Reforms Movements. Even before the advent of British empire many religious movements had criticised the caste system. Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Sikhism had criticised caste system. Gautam Buddha had criticised caste system 2500 years back. Except this Islam and later on Sikhism also criticised caste system. In 19th century many social reformers had started movements against this. Some of these movements were Brahmo Samaj by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Arya Samaj by Dayanand Saraswati, Rama Krishna Mission etc. were important. Except these Jyoti Ba Phule established Satya Shodhan Samaj in 1873 whose main aim was to provide equality to every person. Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar also criticised the caste system.

2. Efforts of Indian Government. Under the British empire and after independence many important laws were passed by government which contributed towards weakening of caste system. Caste and rural panchayats were very powerful before British rule. These panchayats had the rights to give punishment to criminals. During British empire One Law i.e. ‘Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850’ was passed which has weakened the Caste Panchayats. In this way ‘Special Marriage Act, 1872’ gave approval to the marriage of different castes. After independence a number of laws like Untouchability Offences Act, 1955 and Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 also weakened the caste system. In 1949 Hindu Marriage Validation Act was passed in which legal sanction was given to inter-caste marriage.

3. Contribution of the Britishers. A comprehensive opposition against caste system was started during the British reign. The British had applied the rule of equality in front of_ law. Rights from caste based Panchayats were taken back. Educational system of the British was secular. Government jobs were open to everyone. The British started modern industries, rails, buses etc. which was a strong slap on the face of caste system. All the people jointly worked in the industries and travelled in rails and buses with each other which resulted in the establishment of contacts between different castes.

4. Industrialization. Industrialization played an important role in bringing change in caste system. It increased the importance of ability of the person. Importance of materialism has also been increased. People came out of their houses to go to job. Everyone started to work in industries. In industries no one asks for anyone’s caste but they look to each other’s abilities. Lower castes have also got higher status with their hard work.

5. Modern Education. Modern education has also put a great effect on caste system. In ancient Hindu Society, education was confined only for higher castes and education was also based upon religion. But with the advent of Britishers, a rule of equality was started by Britishers. Then educational institutions were opened for everyone. Western Education was started instead of religious education. Boys and girls both started to get education. In this way modern educational system started to give importance to individual’s abilities instead of any one’s caste. With this inter-caste relations started to establish. After independence Indian Constitution also started to apply democratic values which was a great setback to caste system.

6. Urbanization. Urbanization was also developed with industrialization because people came out of their house for work. Urban features like more density of population, individual’s feelings, social mobility, more occupations etc. have weakened the caste system. People live with each other in big cities. Feeling of assimilation of higher and lower caste was increased. The individual abilities started to control the society. Man has to achieve status in society. Difference on the basis of gender in cities was decreased. Males and females started to work together. In this way females came out of the four walls of houses and started to work in offices. They became economically independent. Urbanization has increased the mutual contacts between different castes which resulted in exogamy instead of endogamy.

7. Importance of Money. Caste System started to weaken due to an increase in materialistic approach of the people. People get status due to money in society. Every one gives respect to rich persons irrespective of his caste. In Modem Society person works only for the sake of his profit. Every one tries to earn more and more money. It increases the importance of individuals’ abilities. In this way the importance of money has been increased and the importance of caste system has been reduced.

8. Formation of New Social Groups. People doing different jobs have made their new groups like Trade Unions. People from different castes and groups are included in these groups and their aim is to protect their interests. With this people of different castes come-closer to each other and start to co-operate with others. With this class consciousness comes into being instead of caste consciousness.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 11 Important Current Issues in Agriculture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 11 Important Current Issues in Agriculture

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Important Current Issues in Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in 1-2 words:

Question 1.
Write full form of GM.
Answer:
Genetically modified.

Question 2.
Write full form of Bt.
Answer:
Bacillus Thuriengiensis.

Question 3.
Name the poisonous substance produced in Bt plant.
Answer:
It produces a crystalline protein, which is toxic for bollworms.

Question 4.
Write full form of PPV and FR.
Answer:
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act.

Question 5.
When PPV & FR Act was passed?
Answer:
In the year 2001.

Question 6.
Which instrument of the implement is used for leveling of fields?
Answer:
Laser land leveler.

Question 7.
Write the name of the instrument which is used for judicious use of water in paddy crop.
Answer:
Tensiometer.

Question 8.
How much increase in earth’s surface temperature has been recorded during the past century?
Answer:
0.5°C.

Question 9.
Name any two prominent Green House Gases.
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide, Chlorofluoro Carbon, Methane etc.

Question 10,
Write full name of CFC.
Answer:
Chlorofluoro Carbon.

(B) Answer in 1-2 sentences:

Question 1.
Define GM crops.
Answer:
By using specialized genetic engineering technologies crop can be genetically modified by the transfer of gene of other plant or organism into the crop. GM stands for Genetically Modified crops.

Question 2.
Differentiate BG-I from BG-II.
Answer:
BG-I stands for Bollguard-I hybrid and BG-II stands for Bollguard-II. These are cotton hybrids. BG-I contained only one Bt gene. Whereas BG-II contains two Bt genes. BG-I can withstand the attak of American Bollworm only whereas BG-II can withstand the attack of all the four types of Bollworm namely American Bollworm, Spotted bollworm, Pink Bollworm and Tobacco Caterpillar.

Question 3.
Why Bt cottons remain safe from any damage by the bollworms?
Answer:
Bt cotton contains Bacillus Thuriengiensis, a soil bacterium. This gene produces crystalline protein in the plant, which is highly toxic for the bollworm, insects-pests of cotton. When bollworm feeds on flower bud or flower or boll of a Bt cotton plant, digestive system of the insect gets damaged and it gets killed. This way ‘cotton crop is saved from the harmful insects.

Question 4.
What is precision farming? List its benefits.
Answer:
This is a new concept of farming. The main objective behind this concept is to use judiciously the various inputs as decided and calibrated by various scientific technologies so as to save natural resources and to increase the yield of the crop. Insecticides, fertilizers, weedicides etc. are used in measured quantity accurately and different amounts are used in different sections of a field according to the need. This way these inputs are not wasted and yield is also increased. It also does not pollute the environment.

Question 5.
Discuss methods that need to be adopted for judicious use and saving of water.
Answer:
If leveling of field is done by using laser land leveler a lot of water is saved. Similarly use of tensiometer in rice crop helps in deciding when and how much irrigation is needed for the rice crop. This helps in saving water.

Question 6.
What may be the impact of climate change on wheat crop?
Answer:
It can adversely effect the yield of wheat. If there is increase in temperature during February and March wheat production will reduce.

Question 7.
Why temperature increases inside a greenhouse?
Answer:
Houses which are made up of plastic sheets or glass in which plants are grown are known as green houses. Sun rays can enter the green house but the infrared rays (heat rays) cannot come out from such a house. Thus Temperature increases in the green house.

Question 8.
List names of different Green House Gases.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Question 9.
What was the impact of Bt cotton varieties on cotton production in Punjab?
Answer:
Bt cotton was introduced in Punjab in 2006. Before this cotton crop in Punjab was totally ruined due to attack of American Bollworm. Lint yield reduced to only 2-3 quintal per acre. But with Bt cotton lint yield increased to 5 quintals per acre and use of insecticides were also reduced.

Question 10.
List names of important techniques used in Precision Farming.
Answer:
Important techniques used in precision farming are- sensors, G.P.S. satellite technology etc.

(C) Answer in 5-6 sentences:

Question 1.
Which GM crop is being cultivated in “Punjab”? Explain its benefits.
Answer:
In Punjab G.M. crop of cotton in cultivated. It is called Bt cotton. Now there are some other GM crops prepared e.g. Brinjal, Maize, Soyabean and Rice. In Bt crops gene of a soil Bacterium Bacillus Thuriengiensis is introduced in the plants. This produces a crystalline protein in the plant, which is highly toxic for the bollworms. The insects eat this protein and their digestive system is damaged and thus they are killed in 3-4 days. Bt varieties can bear the attack of American bollworm, pink, Tobacco, spotted bollworms. In Bollguard-I hybrid of cotton only one Bt gene was introduced but in Bollguard-II two Bt genes were introduced cultivation of Bt cotton started in Punjab in 2006. Before its cultivation lint yield was only 2-3 quintal per acre but with Bt cotton lint yield increased to 5 quintal per acre. There in no need to use insecticides and thus environment also does not get polluted.

Question 2.
What are the dangers and risks associated with GM crops?
Answer:
Ever since the introduction of GM crops, many organizations, social activists, human welfare groups and even some of the scientists are against such GM crops. They think such crops are very harmful to the humans, plants, environment, species of cultivated plants, biodiversity of plants in long run. Although, there are no such evidences till date in favour of such fears or arguments. But some of the countries have banned the cultivation of such GM crops.

Question 3.
List objectives of PPV & FR Act. When was this act introduced?
Answer:
Main objective of PPV and FR act was to recognize and protect the farmers’ rights.

• Plant breeder has right on the new variety of plant which he produced.
• Farmers who are .cultivating a variety traditionally on their field or a landrace of a variety for which farmer have common knowledge can be registered as farmers’ variety.

Question 4.
How Green House Gases affect the climate?
Answer:
Green house gases have bad effect on the environment. Because of increase in the density of green house gases in the atmosphere, temperature of the globe is increasing, over the past 100 years it is estimated that earth has warmed by 0.5°C. And an estimate says that by the year 2050 temperature may increase by 1.8 to 4.0°C. As a consequence of this increase in temperature polar ice will melt, ocean water level will become higher, warm days become will become more warmer and cold days become colder. Rains will become erratic and seasons will start overlapping.

Question 5.
Discuss impact of climate change on agriculture.
Answer:
Climate changes can affect the agricultural activities. Due to global warming temperature on earth is increasing which can affect the environment in many ways.

• Increase in temperature will effect life time of crop, crop rotation and time of cultivation of crops is also affected.
• Due to increase in temperature and moisture content in the atmosphere many diseases and some new type of insects will damage the crop.
• Increase in temperature in the month of Feb-March will affect the production of wheat.
• There is uncertainly in rains and production decreases.
• Fall in night temperature will also reduce yield. ,
• There may be good affects on agricultural production in many countries.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is other name of GM crops?
Answer:
Transgenic crops.

Question 2.
Which technique is used to introduce gene of other plant or organism in a crop?
Answer:
By Genetic engineering technique.

Question 3.
What is full form of Bt?
Answer:
Bacillus Thuriengiensis.

Question 4.
What is Bt?
Answer:
It is a Bacteria found in soil.

Question 5.
Which other Bt crops are prepared other than Bt cotton?
Answer:
Brinjal, Maize, Soyabean, Rice etc.

Question 6.
Which variety cannot be registered?
Answer:
Plants which include terminator technology.

Question 7.
What is duration of registration for generhl crops?
Answer:
6 years but can be extended to 15 years.

Question 8.
Which website can be opened for getting crop registered?
Answer:
www.plantauthority.gov.in.

Question 9.
To whom the concept of precision farming applicable?
Answer:
It is applicable to both small and big farmers.

Question 10.
Which device is used in developed countries to find proper amount of fertilizer requirement?
Answer:
Nitrogen sensor.

Question 11.
Which technique is used to measure fields in developed countries?
Answer:
G.P.S. Technique.

Question 12.
If water remains standing in Paddy fields which gas is produced?
Answer:
Methane gas.

Question 13.
Which green house gas is produced by the use of nitrogen fertilizer?
Answer:
Nitrogen oxide.

Question 14.
What is the effect of rising in temperature at night on the crops?
Answer:
Yield will reduce.

Question 15.
By the end of 21st century, what is the estimate increase of temperature on earth?
Answer:
1.8 to 4.0° C.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Name varieties of Bollguard-2.
Answer:
RCH 650, NCS 855 are the varieties of BG-2.

Question 2.
Which crops can be registered under the act PPV and FR?
Answer:
Jowar, Maize, Bajra, Wheat, Paddy, Sugarcane, Cotton, Pea, Arhar, Masar, Turmeric, Grams etc. crops can be registered.

Question 3.
Which crops cannot be registered under the PPV and FR act.
Answer:
A variety which is harmful to human beings, for the environment or for plants. Plants including terminator technology can also not be registered.

Question 4.
Why varieties using terminator technology cannot be registered?
Answer:
Seeds of such crops do not have growing power.

Question 5.
Write about penalties of infringement in PPV and FR act.
Answer:
Providing wrong information e.g. wrong name of registered variety, wrong name of the country, wrong name and address of breeder, etc. are punishable acts. Punishment can be imprisonment, fine, or both.

Question 6.
What is a clear message of precision farming?
Answer:
Its clear message is to consider a field as consisting of many sections, there may be a problem of one type in one section and another type of problem in another section. Without knowing the problem of a particular section do not apply fertilizers or spray pesticides etc. If the soil in a section of the field is deficient in a particular mineral. Apply that particular fertilizer in only that section of the field and not in the whole of the field.

Question 7.
By how much temperature of the surface of the earth has increased over the last 100 years. Why?
Answer:
The temperature of the surface has increased by 0.5°C over the last 100 years. This is due to global warming.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write about Green House Gases and greenhouse principle. How is it related to the earth?
Answer:
Greenhouse gases are Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxide, Chlorofluorocarbon, Methane, etc. Houses that are made up of plastic sheets or glass in which plants are grown are known as greenhouses. Sun rays can enter the greenhouse but the infrared rays (heat rays) cannot come out from such a house. Thus temperature increases in the greenhouse.

Greenhouse gases are there all around the globe. These allow the sunlight to enter into the earth’s atmosphere but do not allow the infrared rays (heat rays) to go back into space. Thus they are responsible for global warming. The temperature of the earth is increasing and its bad effects can be floods, drought, change in time of monsoon, etc.

Question 2.
Write some factors responsible for climate change?
Answer:

1. Increased concentration of greenhouse gases like C02, CH4, etc.
2. Burning of fossil fuels like petrol and coal etc.
3. Deforestation on a large scale.
4. Industrialization and urbanization.
5. Excessive use of agrochemicals.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Important Current Issues in Agriculture Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Greenhouse gases are :
(a) C0₂
(b) Nitrous oxide
(c) Methane
(d) All
Answer:
(d) All

2. PPV & FR act was passed in :
(a) 1985
(b) 2001
(c) 2015
(d) 1980
Answer:
(b) 2001

3. Device used in paddy for saving water :
(a) Tensiometer
(b) leveler
(c) B.T.
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Tensiometer

4. How much increase in earth’s surface temperature has been recorded during the past century?
(a) 0.5°C
(b) 5°C
(c) 2°C
(d) 10°C
Answer:
(a) 0.5°C

True/False:

1. Man is not practicing farming since time immemorial.
Answer:
False

2. Bt is the abbreviation for a soil bacterium Bacillus thuriengiensis.
Answer:
True

3. Yield of Bt cotton is four quintal lint per acre.
Answer:
False

4. After the introduction of Bt cotton use of insecticides has reduced a lot.
Answer:
True

5. Trees and vines were protected for 9 years and the period can be extended for 10 years.
Answer:
False

Fill in the Blanks:

1. By using specialized genetic engineering technologies crop can be genetically modified by transfer of ………………… of other plant or organism into the crop.
Answer:
gene

2. A crystalline protein is produced in Bt cotton which is highly toxic for ………………… insects pests of cotton.
Answer:
bollworms

3. Such improved crops are known as G.M. or ………………… crops.
Answer:
transgenic

4. Government of India enacted ‘protection of plant varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act (PPV & FR act) in …………………
Answer:
2001

5 ………………… crops of Brinjal, soybean, maize, rice, etc. have been developed.
Answer:
GM

6. Over the last 100 years temperature of the earth has increased by …………………
Answer:
0.5°C

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 11 Plant Clinic Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 11 Plant Clinic

Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Plant Clinic Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
In which year plant clinic was established at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana?
Answer:
In 1993.

Question 2.
How many plant clinics have been established by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in Punjab?
Answer:
Plant clinics are running at 18 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKS) in various districts and four at regional research stations Abohar, Bathinda and Gurdaspur and Department of Fruit science, PAU, Ludhiana.

Question 3.
Where is plant clinic located at PAU?
Answer:
PAU clock tower, located near gate no. 1 at PAU campus.

Question 4.
Name any two instruments/tool being used in the plant at clinics?
Answer:
Computer, Microscope, scissors, knife etc.

Question 5.
Name the principle based on which the exact quantity of pesticides is calculated to control insect pests on different crops.
Answer:
Economic threshold level.

Question 6.
Name the instrument with the help of which one can observe the pictures on slides.
Answer:
Projector.

Question 7.
Name the tool used to observe the small disease specimens under field conditions.
Answer:
Microscope.

Question 8.
Name any two chemicals used for preservation of diseased plant specimens.
Answer:
Formalin, acetic acid.

Question 9.
Mention the email address of plant clinic located at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
Answer:
[email protected].

Question 10.
Mention the telephone number of plant clinic situated at PAU, Ludhiana.
Answer:
0161-240-1960 with extension 417. Mobile number: 9463048181.

(B) Answer in one-two sentences:

Question 1.
What is plant clinic?
Answer:
Plant clinic is a place where diagnosis and remedial measures for diseased plants, nutrient deficiency, insect attack etc. are provided to the farmers.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of Plant Clinic?
Answer:

• Diagnosis and remedial measures for plants are provided.
• Various experts are available at all times in the plant clinic for quick redressal of day to day problems faced by farmers.
• Farmers can get solutions to their problems through email, mobile phone, whatsapp.

Question 3.
How plant clinic differ from human hospitals?
Answer:
In human hospitals, diseases of human beings are identified and treated. Whereas in plant clinic besides treating diseased plants, training and education to identify diseased plants is also given.

Question 4.
Mention the disiciplines / subjects used for the identification of plant specimens.
Answer:
In these clinics attack of disease, nutrient deficiency, insect attack and other reasons which are harming plants are studied. Disciplines which are used to identify plant, specimen etc. at plant clinic are plant pathology, entomology, soil sciences, agronomy etc.

Question 5.
Enlist the equipments being used in plant clinic.
Answer:
Following equipments are required at plant clinic:
Microscope, magnifying lenses, chemicals, incubator, scissors, knife, computer, photo camera, projector, books, etc.

Question 6.
What is the importance of microscope in plant clinic?
Answer:
Plant is dissected to see the symptoms of disease by using microscope. Actual colour, small identification marks etc. are also seen by using microscope.

Question 7.
What do you understand from the term “Economic Threshold Level”?
Answer:
To protect plants from diseases and insects, fertilizers and insecticides should be used after properly calculating the required dose of these. When number of insects increased upto a specific number or affect a specified number of plants of the crop. Spray of pesticide should start after this level has reached. This way crop as well as farmers will get some benefit. This is known as economic threshold level.

Question 8.
Comment on the use of computer in plant clinic.
Answer:
Some specimens cannot be preserved either wet or dry. Such samples are scanned and stored in computer. These can be used when needed.

Question 9.
How incubator is useful in diagnosis of microorganisms in plants?
Answer:
Media after inoculation with pathogen is placed in incubator which is set at appropriate temperature and proper moisture is provided for the proper growth of pathogen. This is used for identification of other organisms also.

Question 10.
Enlist the chemicals required for the preservation of plant specimen in glass jars.
Answer:
For this work formalin, alcohol etc. is used.

(C) Answer in five-six sentences:

Question 1.
Describe the mobile diagnosis-cum-exhibition van.
Answer:
To make the reach of plant clinics upto the villages, plant clinics have mobile diagnostics cum exhibition van. This van has the facilities in it for diagnosis and for exhibition. It has various equipments in it and it has the facility to show movies of technical know how to farmers, Agricultural experts provide remedies at the spot after testing and knowing their problems. Farmers are gaining a lot from this van.

Question 2.
What is the use of camera and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector in plant clinic?
Answer:
Camera is used to take photographs of diseased plants. These photographs and slides are kept safe in the plant clinic. These are shown to the students for further reference. Scientists can also take help from these photos. Projector is used to see these slides. It can show enlarged view of photos and slides.

Question 3.
Define PAU doots and KMAS service of plant clinic.
Answer:
PAU doots is a new service introduced by clinic plants in which some farmers are enrolled as ‘PAU doots’ who are given the responsibility to disseminate the agriculture technology: These doots disseminate the information, which they get regularly through mobile messages and emails, to the fellow farmers using public address system.

KMAS is Kisan Mobile Advisory Service which is provided by Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) to the farmers for adopting advanced and new agricultural practices at their field. Messages are sent to the fellow farmers for spreading the technology related information.

Question 4.
What is touch screen Kisok and farmer service centre?
Answer:
Plant clinic has a computerized touch screen Kisok which is called information booth. It pictorially explains the production and protection technology of rabi and Kharif crops from sowing till harvesting. Plant clinic was made a part of Farmer Service Centre (FSC) in 1999 and now it is known as agricultural technology information centre. Various types of problem of allied activities related to agriculture are taken. This is very helpful centre for the farmer.

Question 5.
Describe the services provided by plant clinic to the farmers. Or What are the advantages of plant clinic?
Answer:

• In Plant Clinic identification of deficiency of nutritional elements in plants is done and also identification of harmful insects is also done.
• After identifying the symptoms of the diseased plarfts brought from the fields, methods to prevent diseases are suggested on the spot.
• In Plant Clinic training is given to identify the symptoms of diseases and insects.
• Training is given to calculate the required amount of fertilizers and insecticides etc. to be applied to the crop so that unnecessary expenditure can be avoided.
• Training is also given about the economic threshold of main insects of different crops. This helps in knowing exact amount of fertilizers and insecticides to be used or applied.
• Training for using different types of spray pumps and other agriculture implements is also given.
• Students are shown various types of diseased plants and are trained to treat such plants. This help in reducing the expenditure of the fanners.
• Photographs of various types of implements, fertilizers, pumps, plant sample, seed and other items used for studying plants are kept at the plant clinic.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Plant Clinic Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Name of chemical used for preservation of diseased plant specimens.
(a) Formalin
(b) Gulocose
(c) Sodium bromide
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) Formalin

Question 2.
In which year plant clinic was established in. PAU?
(a) 2010
(b) 1993
(c) 1980
(d) 1955.
Answer:
(b) 1993

Question 3.
Which tool is tised to diagnose micro organisms in plants?
(a) microscope
(b) incubation
(c) Projector
(d) All.
Answer:
(b) incubation

Question 4.
In how many Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) are plant clinics working?
(a) 1
(b) 27
(c) 18
(d) 22.
Answer:
(c) 18

Question 5.
What is the e-mail address of plant clinic of Punjab Agriculture University?
(a) www.gadvasu.in
(b) www.pddb.in
(c) [email protected]
(d) www.pau.edu.
Answer:
(c) [email protected]

Question 6.
Mention the landline telephone number of plant clinic situated at Punjab Agricultural University.
(a) 0161-2401960 Extension-417
(b) 94630-48181
(c) [email protected]
(d) www.pau.edu.
Answer:
(a) 0161-2401960 Extension-417

True False:

1. PAU established Central Plant Clinic at Ludhiana in 1993.
Answer:
True

2. Various types of equipments and apparatus are required in the plant clinic.
Answer:
True

3. No chemicals are required in plant clinic.
Answer:
False

4. e-mail address of plant clinic at Punjab Agricultural University is [email protected].
Answer:
True

Fill in the blanks:

1. To see various symptoms of disease, we use ………….. .
Answer:
microscope

2. One of the chemical used to preserve fresh symptoms of various plants is …………. .
Answer:
formaldehyde

3. Computer, ………… are important part of plant clinic.
Answer:
scanners

4. Plants are dissected using knife, ……………..etc.
Answer:
scissors.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give one reason due to which yield is reduced.
Answer:
Deficiency of nutrients, diseases, attack of insects.

Question 2.
Which instrument is used to see the symptoms of diseases?
Answer:
Microscope.

Question 3.
What is used for disection of plants?
Answer:
Knife, scissors etc.

Question 4.
Which equipment is used to observe micro organisms?
Answer:
Incubator.

Question 5.
At which mobile number one can contact plant clinic?
Answer:
9463048181.

Question 6.
Which type of van is used by plant clinic at PAU for giving technical knowledge to villagers?
Answer:
Mobile diagnostic cum exhibition van.

Question 7.
Write name of any one chemical which is used in plant clinic?
Answer:
Formalin.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the need of knife in the plant clinic?
Answer:
Knife is used to dissect the plant so that it can be viewed under the microscope.

Question 2.
What is the use of magnifying lens in plant clinic?
Answer:
This is used Ip see small parts of plants, insects and other smaller organism and to identify them.

Question 3.
Which service has been started by plant clinic so as to reach the villagers?
Answer:
PAU doot and KMAS service has been started. Farmers can register their email and mobile number with the plant clinic to” get benefits.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by economic threshold? Describe in detail.
Answer:
Before applying insecticides, their exact amount required for the particular crop is first calculated. This way plants can get maximum benefit and expenditure is also minimum. Many problems are created if insecticides f are used in excess of what is required or if these are unnecessarily used. e.g. insects become resistant to the use of insecticides, these become habitual rather than dying, friendly insects are also killed, the insects which were not harmful earlier may start harming the crop, whole of the environment gets polluted.

Every year the same insect does not attack the crop to the same extent. On one year the attack is intense on the other year it may be moderate or mild. Therefore, one should take proper care while using these drags. Insecticides should be used only when the number of insects reach a particular level for a given crop. This way plant get more benefit and expenditure is also lowered.

Number of insects should not be allowed to increase from the specified value and do not allow these to damage the crop. Farmers should not get monetary loss due to unnecessary use of drugs. Sometime the signs of attack are counted and not the number of insects e.g. Stemborer in rice. Its attacked sites are counted and not actual number of insects.

Question 2.
Criticise the future of economic clinics.
Answer:
This is a competition age. Therefore, farmers should not allow the nutrient deficiencies to occur in their crops and also should take proper measures to protect the crop from diseases. This way he can earn more profit. The agriculture is now not limited only to state or country but has extended to international level. Produce has to be exported to other countries.

If produce is of good quality one can earn more profit. Help from plant clinic can be taken to maintain the proper quality of the crop. Nutrient deficiencies can be checked and proper fertilizers can be used to overcome the deficiencies. Amount of insecticide or fertilizers to be used can be calculated and expenditure on these poisons can be reduced. Unnecessary use of these poisons also harm the whole of environment Therefore, plant clinics have an important role to play in future.

Question 3.
Which facilities are available at plant clinic?
Answer:

• Farmers are given technical knowledge at plant clinics.
• Diagonsis of diseases is done, their symptoms are noted. Damage of crop by insects is also estimated.
• Soil and water testing facility is also available.
• Farmers can contact plant clinic through telephone, e-mail and whats app and can get solution to their problems.
• Plant clinic has a diagnostic cum exhibition mobile van, which is used to reach villagers and films are shown to farmers having technical information.
• PAU has started PAU messengers and KMAS service. Farmers can register their phone no. and e-mail with the plant clinic.

Question 4.
Explain the need of plant clinic by telling its history.
Answer:
For the last few years there is an increase in number of students from cities who are seeking admission in higher education courses related to agriculture. These students do not have much of practical knowledge about agriculture works and when they go to the field work after getting higher education degrees, they face so many practical problems.

First plant disease clinic was set up by PAU Ludhiana in 1978 and later on PAU Ludhiana established central plant clinic in 1993. In different districts there are 18 agriculture science centres, where plant clinics are also running. These clinics have proved very useful for the students. Because of this principle farmers are getting knowledge and information about the nutritional deficiencies in their crops and protection against diseases, thus they are earning more profit.

Question 5.
What is plant clinic? What is the use of computer in plant clinic?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 11 Processing of Fruits and Vegetables Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Agriculture Chapter 11 Post Harvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables

Agriculture Guide for Class 8 PSEB Processing of Fruits and Vegetables Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one or two words:

Question 1.
What is the place of India in the world for the production of fruit? and vegetables?
Answer:
India is second in the world in the production of fruits and vegetables.

Question 2.
What is the area and production of vegetables in Punjab?
Answer:
Vegetable produce is 41.11 lakhs tonnes and area under vegetables is roughly 110 thousand hectares.

Question 3.
What is the area and production of fruits in Punjab?
Answer:
Fruits produce is 15.41 lakh tonnes and area under fruits is roughly 78 thousand hectare.

Question 4.
Write the amount of salt to be added in lime pickle?
Answer:
20% salt.

Question 5.
Which preservative is used in tomato ketchup (chutney) and how much quantity is used?
Answer:
Sodium benzoate 700 mg in 1 kg.

Question 6.
Which preservative is used in mango squash and how much quantity is used?
Answer:
2.8 gram potassium metabisulphite in 1 kg mango pulp.

Question 7.
Which fruit is produced maximum in Punjab?
Answer:
Production of kinnow is highest among other fruits.

Question 8.
How much percentage of salt is used for dipping in preparation of Amla preserve?
Answer:
2 percent solution of simple salt.

Question 9.
How much annual production of fruits in India?
Answer:
81.285 million metric tonne.

Question 10.
How much annual production of vegetables in India?
Answer:
162.19 million metric tonne.

(B) Answer in One to Two sentences:

Question 1.
What kind of products can be made from fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Products which can be made from fruits and vegetables are squash, jam, pickle, ketchup etc. e.g. lemon syrup, amla preserve, tomato ketchup, apple jam etc.

Question 2.
How processing of fruits and vegetables is useful for the farmers?
Answer:

• Produce is damaged and injured during harvesting, storing, grading and transportation etc. This loss can be minimized by processing. This loss can be 30-40%.
• One can get more income from processed products.

Question 3.
What is the difference between tomato juice and tomato ketchup (chutney)?
Answer:
Tomato juice consists of only tomato, sugar and salt and is dilute. Tomato ketchup contains onion, garlic, chilli and other spices and it is concentrated.

Question 4.
What is the importance of addition of Potassium Meta bisulphite in various food products?
Answer:
Potassium metabisulphite acts as a preservative and processed produce can be stored for a long time duration.

Question 5.
What is the temperature of drying of fruits and vegetables and why these are kept at that temperature?
Answer:
Normally these are dried at 50 to 70° C. Initially temperature is 70°C and finally at 50°C.

Question 6.
How much quantity of sugar is added in Amla preserve and why?
Answer:
Only one kg sugar is added to one kg of Amla. It creates sweetness and sugar also acts as preservative. Amla preserve can be stored for many months.

Question 7.
Write the recipe of tomato juice.
Answer:
Boil ripened Tomato in aluminium container. Squeeze these boiled tomatoes to get juice. Again boil the juice mixed with 0.7% salt, 4% sugar, 0.02% Sodium Benzoate and 0.1% citric acid. Fill bottles and seal these. Put these hot sealed bottles in water and then put these bottles in boiling water for 30 to 50 minutes and cool by pouring on it cold water in small quantities again and again many times. This juice is used for drinking for making soup and is also used in the preparation of vegetables.

Question 8.
Which preservative is added in lime, mango and barley lime squash/syrup and write the quantity?
Answer:

• 3.5 gram potassium metabisulphite for 1 kg lemon in lemon syrup.
• 2.8 gram potassium metabisulphite for 1 kg mango pulp for mango syrup.
• 3 gram potassium metabisuphite is added in lemon/barley syrup.

Question 9.
What are the important factors for the production for fruits and vegetables in Punjab?
Answer:
Soil of Punjab is very fertile, climate in also suitable for the production of fruits and vegetables.

Question 10.
Write the types of packaging in fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables can be packed based on their softness and size in jute sacks, cardboard boxes, plastic crates, bamboo baskets, wooden boxes shrink/cling films etc.

(C) Answer in Five or Six sentences:

Question 1
Give comments on production of fruits and vegetables in Punjab?
Answer:
Future of fruits and vegetables production in Punjab is very bright. One can earn for many year by one time investment in orchards. Vegetables can be harvested in very short span of time. According to WHO there is requirement of 300 gram of vegetable and 80 gram of fruits per day per person. But availability is only of fruits is 30 grams and of vegetables is 80 grams per day per person in India. Therefore, there is a need to concetrate on the cultivation of fruits and vegetables.

Question 2.
What is the importance of processing of fruits and vegetables?
Answer:
Produce is damaged and injured during harvesting, storing, grading and transportation etc. This loss can be minimized by processing. This loss can be 30-40%. Only 2% of the total produce is processed. Therefore to get vegetables and fruits in off-season storing and processing is 1 necessary. This occupation can be adopted at small scale or large scale.
Processed products are squashes, syrups, jam, pickles etc. One can set more income from processed products.

Question 3.
Write a note on production of fruits and vegetables in India?
Answer:
India is at second place in the production of fruits and vegetables in the world. Vegetable crop is ready for harvesting in two to three months and thus 3-4 crops can be taken. Yield is high and income is also high and is on daily basis. For the cultivation of fruits orchards are established which give fruits for many years by little care. Production of vegetables and fruits is very good in India but due to increasing population demand is not fulfilled, therefore there is a need to increase the production of vegetables and fruits.

Question 4.
What is the status of processing of fruits and vegetables in India?
Answer:
Food processing in India of fruits and vegetables can be done at small scale as well as at commercial level. India is second in the world in the production of vegetables and fruits. But only 2% of the total produce is processed. There is a need to concentrate on processing of fruits and vegetables at individual level as well as at government level. Farmers can earn good income at village level by adopting the business of processing. Farmers can directly make links with big companies for establishing processing units.

Question 5.
What are the reasons of fruits and vegetables spoilage?
Answer:
There can be many reasons behind the spoilage of vegetables and fruits. Produce is damaged and injured during harvesting, storing, grading and transportation etc. This loss can be minimized by processing. This loss can be 30-40%. One can get more income from processed products. Vegetables and fruits are perishable and their spoilage is easy. Some insects, birds etc. can also damage the produce, micro organisms and fungi can also damage the produce. Thus there are many reasons behind the spoilage of vegetables and fruits.

PSEB 8th Class Agriculture Guide Processing of Fruits and Vegetables Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many weeks are required for mango pickle to be prepared?
Answer:
2-3 weeks.

Question 2.
Should vegetables be dried in Sun or shade?
Answer:
In Shade.

Question 3.
Write a method to preserve apples.
Answer:
Murrabba of Apple, Jam etc.

Question 4.
How much percent of the total produce is processed in India?
Answer:
Only 2%.

Question 5.
What is the function of potassium metabisulphite?
Answer:
This is a preservative.

Question 6.
In how many days lemon pickle is ready?
Answer:
2-3 weeks.

Question 7.
Which oil is used in mango pickle?
Answer:
Mustard oil.

Question 8.
What is the benefit of food processing?
Answer:
It helps to avoid post-harvest losses of horticultural produce.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How lemon sharbat is prepared?
Answer:
In the on season buy lemons and prepare sharbat. Sharbat can be sold at higher price and profit” can be earned. Cut and squeeze lemons to get their juice in porcelain container. Add 2 kg sugar in one litre of water and heat it so that whole of the sugar dissolves. Now sieve this sugar solution through a fine but clean mulmul cloth. On cooling add to it one litre of lemon juice and 4 gram of essence and 3.5 gram Potassium metabisulphite. Fill in bottles and seal the bottles using wax.

Question 2.
Describe the method of preparation of sharbat of sweet orange (Malta) or Mandrines (Santra).
Answer:
Take good quality of fresh fruits. Get their juice witff the help of a machine. Dissolve 2 kg of sugar and 25-30 gram of citric acid “in one litre of water and heat it. Sieve the solution through a fine and clean cloth, on cooling add to it one litre fruit juice, 2-3 gram essence and 5 gram potassium metabisulphaite. Fill bottles and seal with wax.

Question 3.
How is Mango sharbat prepared?
Answer:
Take well ripened juicy fruits and collect its pulp with the help of a knife. Crush the pulp and sieve through a fine cloth or using a sieve having very fine holes. Heat 1.4 kg sugar in 1.6 litre of water and sieve this solution through fine and clean cloth. When cooled add to it 1 kg of mango pulp and 20-30 gram citric acid. Also add to it 2-3 gram of potassium metabisulphaite. Fill in bottles and seal with wax.

Question 4.
How is lime and barley sharbat prepared?
Answer:
Cut lemons into two pieces and squeeze to get juice. Sieve this juice using a sieve. Add 0.3 litre of water to 15 grams of fine ground. Barley to get a paste. Heat one litre of water with 50-60 millilitre of paste, sieve it and let it cool. Dissolve 1.7 kg of sugar in remaining water and heat, sieve and cool. Mix paste, sugar solution and one litre lemon juice. Add 3.5 gram potassium metabisulphate also. Fill bottles and seal with wax.

Question 5.
How is mango pickle prepared?
Answer:
Take fully grown, hard and sour mangoes. Wash these and cut each mango into many long pieces, throw away the stones. Dry in the sunlight. Collect all the ingredients 1kg mango pieces, 250 gram salt, 30 gram Kalonji, 50 gram Methe, 25 gram red chilli, 65 gram Saunf l 30 gram turmeric. Mix mango pieces with salt and put these in a glass murtban. Add all other ingredients. Also add to it mustard oil. Oil should cover all the mangoes. Place the murtban in sun and pickle is prepared in 2-3 weeks.

Question 6.
Give method to prepare Amla pickle.
Answer:
Take 1kg fresh Amlas and soak these in water for a night. Dry by putting these on clean cloth. Cook in 100 ml of oil for five minutes, add 100 gram salt, 50 grams turmeric and cook for another 5 minutes. Allow these to cool down pickle is ready. Preserve in clean air tight container.

Question 7.
Give method to prepare carrot pickle.
Answer:
Wash 1kg of carrot with simple clean water. Peel these. Cut into pieces and let these to dry in sunlight. Cook these pieces in 250 gram of mustard oil for five minutes or so. Add to these cooking pieces 100 gram salt, 20 gram red chilli and remove from flame. When cooled mix 100 gram Raai powder. Pickle is prepared. Preserve in some container.

Question 8.
What do you know about the storage of produce after harvesting?
Answer:
Fruits and vegetables should be stored when in full-season. This way fruits and vegetables can be saved from damaging and on the other hand a good profit can also be earned by selling these in the off season. The fruits and vegetables are stored or preserved in the form of sharbat, pickle, Gel, Murraba, Chutney, Jam etc.

Question 9.
Write in detail the preparation method of pickle of lime.
Answer:
Take clean and ripened lemons wash them and dry with a clean cloth. Take lemon and salt in the ratio 4: 1 for one kg lime pickle. Take 7 gram of Jeera, 2 gram cloves and 20 grams of Ajwain. Make four pieces while keeping it single. Then fill each lemon at cuts with the mixture. The lemons are put in a container called murtban. And the remaining mixture is also added to this murtban. Place the container in sunlight and give jerks to container to move the lemons up and down in the container. Within 2-3 weeks pickle is prepared.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is pickle of lemon, green chilli and Ginger prepared? Answer: Wash chillies, lemons and Ginger in water. Cut two or four pieces of each lemon from 250 gram lemon, Peel off 300 gram ginger and cut into equal sized long thin pieces, give a cut in each chilli of 200 gram chillies. Mix all the three with 250 gram salt. Put in a clean container having wide opening. Squeeze the remaining 250 gram lemons to get juice, mix this juice with the already prepared mixture. Juice should cover all the mixture in the container. Air tight the container and keep in sun for a week. When colour of lemon and chilli is light brown and ginger is pinkish in colour, pickle is ready to use.

Question 2.
How is tomato chutney prepared?
Answer:
Cut ripe tomato into pieces and heat, sieve and get juice. Collect the ingredients. 1 litre of tomato juice, 15 gram of cut onions, cut 2-3 cloves of garlic, 4-5 cloves without head, black pepper 2-3 in number, two cardamom, cumin (1-2 gram), unground Jalvatri (1-2 gram), Dal chintii (broken into pieces), vinegar (40 ml), sugar (30 gram), salt (12-15 gram), red chilli (1-2 gram) or as needed.

Collect all the ingredients in a clean cloth and tie in a mulmul cloth leaving vinegar, sugar and .salt. Add half of sugar in the juice and heat over low flame and place the bundle of ingredient in the juice. Go on heating till the required concentration is not reached. This way only half of juice remains. Remove the bundle, and squeeze it to get any juice in it. Now add sugar, salt and vinegar in it. If on adding vinegar juice gets diluted, heat again. Fill bottles with hot chutney and store.

Question 3.
What do you know about drying of vegetables? Give method of drying for any four vegetables.
Answer:

• Wash vegetables and cut into pieces.
• Tie these pieces in a mulmul cloth to make a bundle. Dip this bundle for 2-3 minutes in boiling water.
• After taking out from boiling water soak these pieces in 0.25% of potassium metabisulphite solution for 10 minutes. This save the vegetables from spoiling. Use one litre solution for one kg vegetables.
• After taking out from the solution place these pieces on Aluminium trays. There should be no water in the vegetables.
• Make a uniform layer of these pieces in the tray.
• Place these trays in the direct sunlight for drying.

Drying Vegetables:

• • Carrot-Peel off and cut one centimetre long pieces of carrot and dry in sun for 3 days.
  • Onion-Peel onion cut into thin long pieces and dry in sun.
  • Garlic-Peel of the garlic cloves and cut in pieces. Dry in sun for 2-3 days.
  • Karela-Cut and remove both ends. Cut the remaining in small pieces.

Blanch in boiling water for 7-8 minutes. Treat with 0.25% of Potassium metabisulphite solution and dry in sunlight for 2 days.

Question 4.
Write the method of preparation of Murraba preserves of Amla.
Answer:
For preparing Murraba of Amla take cleaned big sized Banarsi type Amlas. Soak Amlas in 2% salt solution for a night. Take out these Amlas from the salt solution and repeat the process with fresh 2% salt solution. Repeat on third day also. Take out Amlas from the solution and wash them with water. Pierce the Amlas with steel forks at various places so that small holes appear on them. Tie these Amlas in a clean mulmul cloth. Dissolve 2 grams of alum in one liter of water, boil the amlas in this water so that they become soft.

Take one and a half kg sugar for one kg of Amla. Dissolve 750 grams of sugar in water. Boil this and sieve through mulmul cloth. Soak Amlas in this solution for the whole night. Take out the sugar solution and boil the remaining 750 grams of sugar. Sieve through mulmul cloth. Again soak Amlas in this solution. After two days boil again so that solution gets concentrated. Cool and preserve in a container.

Question 5.
Write a method to prepare lime and barley syrup and tomato. juice.
Answer:
Do it yourself.