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Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Polity, Religion, Economy and Education Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Polity, Religion, Economy and Education

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. There are ……………. elements of state.
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
Answer:
(d) four

2. The means to achieve State’s objectives is …………….
(a) government
(b) society
(c) people
(d) caste
Answer:
(a) government

3. Who elects the government?
(a) State
(b) Society
(c) People
(d) Caste
Answer:
(c) People

4. Which of these is an organ of government?
(a) Legislature
(b) Executive
(c) Judiciary
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

5. Who strengthens the economy of country?
(a) State
(b) Society
(c) Caste
(d) Government
Answer:
(d) Government

6. Which of these is an economic institution?
(a) Private property
(b) Division of labour
(c) Exchange
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

7. ……………….. class owns all the means of production and which exploits the labourer class.
(a) Labour class
(b) Capitalist class
(c) Middle class
(d) Lower class
Answer:
(b) Capitalist class

8. From where did religion originate?
(a) Human beliefs
(b) God
(c) Spirit
(d) Spiritual power
Answer:
(a) Human beliefs

9. Who said this, “Religion is the faith in supernatural powers?”
(a) Tylor
(b) Durkheim
(c) Laski
(d) Frazer
Answer:
(a) Tylor

10. Who wrote the book, “Elementary Forms of Religious Life.”?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Tylor
(c) Weber
(d) Malinowski
Answer:
(a) Durkheim

11. What is the function of religion?
(a) To break society
(b) To maintain social unity
(c) To not to maintain social control
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) To maintain social unity

12. One who have faith in religion is known as ……………
(a) Theist
(b) Atheist
(c) Religious
(d) Non-religious
Answer:
(a) Theist

13. One who doesn’t have faith in religion is known as …………….
(a) Religious
(b) Non-religious
(c) Atheist
(d) Theist
Answer:
(c) Atheist

14. In India, who is a literate preson?
(a) One who can read and write in any Indian language
(b) One who has passed 8th class
(c) One who has clear matric exam
(d) One who has passed graduation
Answer:
(a) One who can read and write in any Indian language

15. Who prepares syllabus for schools in India?
(a) U.G.C.
(b) University
(c) NCERT
(d) State Board of Education
Answer:
(c) NCERT

16. Ancient educational system was based on ……………
(a) Religion
(b) Science
(c) Reason
(d) Religious education
Answer:
(a) Religion

17. Modern educational system in India is based on …………..
(a) Religion
(b) Western education
(c) Culture
(d) Social education
Answer:
(b) Western education

18. In 2011, literacy rate in India was
(a) 52%
(b) 79%
(c) 74%
(d) 70%
Answer:
(c) 74%

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Weber gave three types of ………………
Answer:
authority

2. There are four essential elements of ……………
Answer:
State

3. …………… gave the theory of Animism.
Answer:
E.B. Tylor

4. …………… gave the difference between sacred and profane.
Answer:
Durkheim

5. ……………. gave the theory of Naturism.
Answer:
Max Muller

6. Marx explained about two classes i.e ……………… and ………………
Answer:
Capitalists; Labourers

7. ………….. education is that which we get in school, college etc.
Answer:
Formal

True/False:

1. Indian citizens are given eight fundamental rights.
Answer:
False

2. Half of the total seats in Panchayats are kept reserved for women.
Answer:
False

3. Indian Constitution was implemented on 26th November, 1949.
Answer:
False

4. India is a religious country.
Answer:
False

5. Population, geographical area, government and Sovereignty are the essential elements of State.
Answer:
True

6. Ideas of Communism and Socialism were given by Durkheim.
Answer:
False

7. In 2011, literacy rate in India was 74%.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
When was the Indian Constitution passed?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution was passed on 26 Nov. 1949 by the constituent Assembly and implemented on 26 Jan. 1950.

Question 2.
How many fundamental rights are given in the Constitution?
Answer:
Six fundamental rights are given in the constitution.

Question 3.
When was Panchyati Raj Scheme passed?
Answer:
It was passed in 1959.

Question 4.
How many seats are kept reserved for females in Panchayati Raj?
Answer:
One third of the total seats are reserved for females in Panchayati Raj.

Question 5.
According to Gandhiji, which state is not right?
Answer:
According to Gandhiji, that state is not right which uses force or which is made with the help of force.

Question 6.
How is state formed?
Answer:
State is formed with conscious efforts so that it could be used for political objectives.

Question 7.
Who attains the objectives of state?
Answer:
The government attains the objectives of state.

Question 8.
Name the most important function of state.
Answer:
The most important function of state is to protect itself from any internal or external attack.

Question 9.
Who arranges for justice in society?
Answer:
State arranges for justice through Judiciary.

Question 10.
What are the essential elements of state?
Answer:
Population, geographical area, government and sovereignty are the four essential elements of state.

Question 11.
What are the economic institutions?
Answer:
Such institutions which care about production, consumption, distribution etc. are the economic institutions.

Question 12.
Give examples of economic systems.
Answer:
Capitalism, Communism, Socialism are the examples of economic systems.

Question 13.
Give examples of economic institutions.
Answer:
Private property, division of labour, exchange etc. are the examples of economic institutions.

Question 14.
How many classes are there in Capitalism?
Answer:
Mainly there are two classes in Capitalism—Capitalist class and Labour class.

Question 15.
Who controls the means of production in communism?
Answer:
In communism, everything is controlled by- the state.

Question 16.
Who gave the views of communism and socialism?
Answer:
The views of communism and socialism are given by Karl Marx.

Question 17.
Is India a religious country?
Answer:
No, India is a secular country.

Question 18.
What is Religion?
Answer:
Religion is an organisation of beliefs and rituals which regulate and control our lives.

Question 19.
Who originated religion?
Answer:
Religion was originated by humans.

Question 20.
Which sociologists studied religion?
Answer:
Durkheim, Weber, Tylor etc. studied religion.

Question 21.
Who is an educated person in India?
Answer:
One who can read and write in any Indian language is an educated person.

Question 22.
Who prepares school curriculum in India?
Answer:
N.C.E.R.T. prepares school curriculum in India.

Question 23.
On what Indian education system is based?
Answer:
Indian education system is based upon western educational system.

Question 24.
On what ancient Indian education system was based?
Answer:
It was based on religion or religious books.

Question 25.
In 2011, what was the literacy rate in India?
Answer:
In 2011, literacy rate in India was 74%.

Question 26.
Who established educational system in India?
Answer:
The British established educational system in India.

Question 27.
What is Formal education?
Answer:
The education which we get from school, college, university etc. is known as formal education.

Question 28.
What is Informal education?
Answer:
The education which one gets from his daily life experiences is known as informal education.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were Gandhiji’s views on the powers of state?
Answer:
According to Gandhiji, powers of state should be decentralised or divided among different levels or powers must not be centralised at one level. If they will be divided among different levels, they will not be misused.

Question 2.
Give any two features of state.
Answer:

• State works for the welfare of its people.
• If required state can use force.
• State is having its own geographical area, population and sovereignty .

Question 3.
What is meaht by the Capitalist Class?
Answer:
Capitalist class is the class which owns all the means of production and money and it exploits labour class. It invests its money to earn more money.

Question 4.
What is Labour Class?
Answer:
Labour class is the class which does not own any means of production. It is always exploited by the capitalist class and earns its livelihood only by selling its labour. It does not have any money or means of production.

Question 5.
What is Communism?
Answer:
Communism is a type of economic system where the main objective is to make society a classless society, means to form a society in which there is no class available. In this, all the means of production are controlled by the state.

Question 6.
What is Socialism?
Answer:
According to Karl Marx, the system in which every one will get according to his needs and ability from the state. This system will have every type of equality and every one will get equally from the state.

Question 7.
How religion keeps social control?
Answer:
Religion is a faith in a supernatural power which no one has seen. An individual is afraid of this power and never tries to work against it. So he controls himself. In this way religions keeps social control over an individual.

Question 8.
What is Education?
Answer:
Education is the system which develops an ability in an individual to maintain balance with circumstances and society. It is the impact which present generation uses on the future generation to convert them into good citizens.

Question 9.
How does education affect the development of children?
Answer:
Education affects the development of children because its main objective is their allround development. After getting education, child gets good life and it helps in shaping his future.

Question 10.
Give any two functions of education.
Answer:

• Education controls and regulates our lives.
• Education tells us how to maintain balance with society.
• Education develops moral values among individuals.

Question 11.
What is a state?
Answer:
State is a group of people which is situated in a geographical area having its own population, government and sovereignty. It has physical force to control its citizens which it often uses from time to time.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is State?
Answer:
State is a group of people which has a definite territory, which has its own population, government and sovereignty. It has the physical power to control its territory and its people. According to Gilchrist, “The State exists where a number of people living on a definite territory are unified under a government which in internal matters is the organ for expressing their Sovereignty and in external matters is independent of other governments.”

Question 2.
Four characteristics of State.
Answer:

• The state protects the public interests.
• The state is abstract.
• State membership is necessary.
• The state has the. actual authority and sovereignty.
• The state has only one government.

Question 3.
Four essential functions of State.
Answer:

• The state maintains internal peace and security.
• State gives Justice to the people.
• The state protects the rights of citizens.
• State saves the country from external aggression.

Question 4.
Four optional functions of State.
Answer:

• The state tries to develop means of transport and communication.
• State uses natural resources for its welfare.
• The state gives education to the people.
• The state takes care of the health of the people.
• The state regulates the business and commerce of the country.

Question 5.
What is Government?
Answer:
Government is an organization that has the power to control and to give orders which helps in maintaining peace in the State. Government is the means of State to achieve its objectives. The government has got the sanctions because it has the support of the majority of the people. Government is a means which tries to achieve the goals of the State.

Question 6.
Four characteristics of Government.
Answer:

• Government is elected by the people.
• Government is concrete in nature.
• Government has many parts.
• Government is temporary.
• Government is the means of State.

Question 7.
Parts of Government.
Answer:
Government has three parts—Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. Legislature means Parliament or State Legislative Assemblies which make the laws. Executive means who excutes or doing work like Prime Minister, Ministers etc. Judiciary means courts, Judges which implement the laws.

Question 8.
Four functions of Government.
Answer:

• Government spreads education among the masses.
• The government tries to remove poverty.
• Government takes care of public health,
• The government encourages businesses and industries and makes rules for them.
• Government strengthens the economy of the country.
• It makes the appointments,
• It makes the laws.

Question 9.
What is Political Party?
Answer:
Political Party is a group which is tied by some rules. It is an association of the people whose only aim is to achieve political authority for which every one is doing a lot of efforts. Views of its members are common because all of them belong to one party.

Question 10.
Characteristics of Political Party.
Answer:

• Every Political Party has different policies,
• Members of every party are organized and controlled in a proper way.
• All of its members believe in same policies,
• All of its members have common plan of action,
• Every political party takes care of welfare of the country.

Question 11.
Sovereignty.
Answer:
The meaning of sovereignty is that the state is without any internal or external pressure. It should be independent and should take its own decisions. It is of two types-Internal and External Sovereignty. Internal sovereignty is that state is above all other institutions of the state and alljhe institutions under its territory should obey its orders. Existence of other institutions depends upon state. External sovereignty is that the State is free from any external power of the country. It is free and independent to make its internal and foreign policy.

Question 12.
Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a form of government in which people govern themselves. The representatives of the people, who represent the masses, are elected by the people on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. Concepts like liberty, equality and fraternity are the basis or foundation of democracy. There is social, economic and political equality in democracy. Every one has freedom of expression and association within the framework of the constitution. There is maximum scope for individual and collective development of society and personality.

Question 13.
Power.
Answer:
Society is generally divided into classes and humans are given status and roles according to these classes. Each person has different status and roles. This division of society into different classes is known as stratification. When a person gets any position in society while performing his role and status then we can say that he has achieved the power. In this way, power is a process of contract in which decisions are taken in relation to preferences.

Question 14.
What is Private Property?
Answer:
By Private Property we mean by that property which is under complete control or authority of one person or group and with that the person or group should use that property for his personal profits.

Question 15.
Production.
Answer:
Production is that process with which everything is made to fulfil every need of a person. It can be defined in the form of using anything. Many things are required to make any thing like natural resources, human force, labour, technology, entrepreneur etc. In this way production is a process in which man makes anything to statisfy his needs and uses that thing.

Question 16.
Consumption.
Answer:
Consumption is also necessary with production because without consumption, production is not possible. Consumption means to use any thing and to use means that quality which makes any thing able to satisfy the needs of the person. It is the main function of every society to regulate and control the consumption for society.

Question 17.
Exchange.
Answer:
Giving and taking of anything is known as exchange. It means that to give another thing in place of one thing. Exchange is not a concept of modem society but is coming from ancient societies. Exchange is of many types like thing for thing, thing for service, service for service, money for thing, money for service, money for money. Exchange is of two types, direct and indirect. Direct exchange is of thing for thing, thing for service and service for service. Indirect Exchange is the exchange of gifts.

Question 18.
Distribution.
Answer:
For a laymdn the meaning of distribution is to take any thing from one place to another and by selling that thing. But in economics, Distribution is that process with which the actual and complete value of any thing is distributed in those persons who have contributed in the production of that thing. Different persons and groups have their own specific contribution in the production of any thing and they should be rewarded for that. In this way the money or reward given to them is Distribution. For example, rent to owner of land, wages to labourer, interest to the person who has invested money, tax to government. All these are getting their share in this form.

Question 19.
Capitalism.
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system in which private property is of great importance. Production in capitalism is on a large scale and we can see stiff competition among different capitalists. Capitalist tries to get more profit because of which he invests his money. This money and credit are of great importance in capitalism. The biggest feature of capitalism is the exploitation of labourers.

Question 20.
Division of Labour.
Answer:
According to Emile Durkheim, meaning of division of labour is dividing functions among people on the basis of their ability so that the work could be completed in the best possible way. Division of labour is a social fact, moral system and automatic universal phenomenon which existed in all societies and in all ages. It connot be originated but it develops with time.

Question 21.
What is Religion?
Answer:
Religion is the name of respect of humans towards the all powerful God or the experience of standing in front of God. In religion man believes that he has established the contact with the supernatural power. So Religion is an experimental encounter with the holy God.

Question 22.
Give any four Characteristics of Religion.
Answer:

• Belief in Supernatural power is there in religion.
• Many rituals are there in religion.
• Many religious methods are there in religion.
• Every religion has its symbols of religion.

Question 23.
Functions of Religion.
Answer:

• Religion gives stability to social organization.
• Religion gives definite form to social life.
• Religion organizes social life.
• Religion plays an important role in maintaining social control.
• Religion helps in removing differences.
• Religion motivates to do functions of social welfare.
• Religion also plays an important role in the development of man.
• Religion also helps in the socialization of man.

Question 24.
Demerits of Religion.
Answer:

• Religion becomes an obstacle in social progress.
• A person lives on the basis of fate.
• Religion is against the National Unity.
• Religion increases the social problem.
• Religion is an obstacle in the process of change.
• Religion divides society.

Question 25.
Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Answer:
There are two ways for the development of local areas in our country. Local governments are there for the development of urban areas and Panchayati Raj institutions are there for the development of rural areas. 70 % of the total population in our country lives in rural areas. That’s why the institutions which have been made for the development of rural areas are known as Panchayati Raj Institutions. It has three levels. Panchayat is there for the development at the village level, Block Samiti is there for the development at the block level and Zila Parishad is there for the development at the district level. Its members are nominated as well as elected.

Question 26.
Gram Sabha.
Answer:
All the adult persons of the total population, of the village, are the members of Gram Sabha and it is the complete unit of the whole population of the village. This is the basic unit on which the whole structure of our democracy rests. Gram Sabha can be made in that village whose population is more than 250. If the population of one village is less than 250 then two villages can jointly make the Gram Sabha. Every adult of the village is a member of Gram Sabha, who has the right to vote. There is one chairman and some members of every Gram Sabha. It is elected for 5 years.

Question 27.
Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
Every Gram Sabha elects one Gram Panchayat from its area. In this way, the Gram Sabha is an executive institution that elects members for the Gram Panchayat. It has one Sarpanch and 5-13 panches. There are certain places in panchayats that are reserved for backward classes and females. It is generally elected for 5 years but the state government can dissolve them even before 5 years if it will try to misuse its power. Government officials and mentally ill persons can not fight the elections. Gram Panchayat solves the problems of the village and develops many things like industries, agriculture, cleanliness, means of recreation, and means of transport.

Question 28.
Functions of Panchayat.
Answer:

• The first function of the Gram Panchayat is to uplift the social and economic life of the people.
• Village Panchayat tries to open schools in the village and motivates the people to send their children to schools.
• Gram Panchayat also arranges for the means of a recreation like films, festivals and opening up of library in the village.
• Panchayat tells the people about new techniques of agriculture and it arranges for new seeds and developed fertilizers.
• For the industrial development of the village, it also tries to establish any industry in the village.

Question 29.
Panchayat Samiti or Block Samiti.
Answer:
Panchayats, coming in one block are the members of Panchayat Samiti and Sarpanches of these Panchayats are the members of Panchayat Samiti. Members of Panchayat Samiti are also elected. Panchayat Samiti takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which are coming in its area. It checks the developmental functions of the village and directs the Panchayat for the welfare of the village. It is the second level of Panchayat Raj.

Question 30.
Zila Parishad.
Answer:
The highest level of Panchayati Raj is Zila Parishad which takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which are coming in the district. It is an executive institution. Chairman’s of Panchayat Samiti, elected members, members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and Legislative Assemblies are the members of Zila Parishad. All these take care of the developmental functions done in the villages of the district. Zila Parishad does many functions like improvement of agriculture, improvement-of land, irrigation, rural electrification, arrangement of seeds and fertilizers, education, industries, etc.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the major functions of Economic Institutions?
Answer:
Main functions of economic institutions are given below
(A) Production. Production means that action which a human does to make any thing to fulfil his needs. That’s why it can be defined in the form of use of anything. We need many things to make anything which are given ahead:

(1) First of all we need natural resources to produce anything from which thing can be made and generally natural resources are in limited quantity. All those things which are necessary to make anything are known as resources. In resources, material things and the human force used for them are included. For the production of material things we need good fertile land and good climate. To make alloy we need raw iron and to make electricity we need coal or water so that the machines can run. In this way for the production of things we need natural resources.

(2) Next turn after the natural resources is the human force. Human labour is used for the production of money. Whenever man makes anything then he uses his
labour and this labour can increase the usefulness of anything. How the labourer will get the fruit of his labour, will depend upon the economy. Like in ancient times in villages people used to work for others and they were getting food grains instead of money as their labour. But today person gets pay or daily wages in the form of money. In this way human labour plays a very important role in the production.

(3) For the production of anything we need resources and labour. Absence of one of these will lead to non-production of anything. With the help of these two and with the help of machines and other things of industry, anything produces in the factory. Whatever thing is produced is known as capital. In this way capital is that thing which is made by using labour on natural resources and which further can be used for the production of further capital.

(4) Except natural resources, labour and capital many things are there which help in the production of things. First of all comes technology. Technology is the collection of knowledge and complete art of society. The good and better knowledge and art of society will lead to the good quality of production in that society. With technology another important factor in production is ‘time’ which is necessary for the production of anything. If we want to produce anything then it should be produced within time unless it’s cost will be increased. Then next turn of way of functioning because the best method of functioning is to produce more in minimum resources and less time. It will increase the profit of a person.

(5) In the end the thing which is necessary for the production is capitalist or entrepreneur. In every process of production we need a definite direction and definite planning. In today’s modern and big industries, these industries are taken care by any group of people called management or by owner himself. Different persons contribute towards the process of production. Some people have natural resources, some have labour, some have money and some have tools. Entrepreneur collects all these things and produces a new thing with which he earns hig profit.

In this process of production, profit is distributed between all of them. With entrepreneur a number of other things are also necessary for the production like’ governmental policies, laws, wages of labourers, solution of their problems, regulation of business and commerce, formation of laws related with work etc. In this way because of these things anything is produced in the country. So the first function of economic institutions is to produce anything to satisfy the needs of the society and persons.

(B) Consumption. With production, consumption is also necessary because without consumption production is not possible. The meaning of consumption is to consume anything and meaning of consume is that quality which makes anything usable to fulfil needs of a person. In simple societies there is no problem of consumption because whichever thing is produced can be distributed and consumed very easily. Like it was happening in ancient societies where man was producing the food and was consuming it. But problem actually is in modern and complex societies where humans are developing some extra needs except their basic needs which are not necessary to live. For example good house, cars, things of pleasure etc. These things are consumed in a great number in complex societies because with them economy increases.

The main function of every society is to regulate consumption for society. Regulation of consumption can be done in many ways like by controlling production. Control on production can be done in many ways like to save the accumulation of natural resources and less use of natural resources even in high production. In this way export can also control this. We can affect the consumption by advertisement. Like if any new thing has been made then we can advertise about that thing in radio, T.V, newspaper so that people can come to know about that thing. In this way the consumption of any thing can be increased or decreased by advertisement.

Except this by legal restriction, consumption can be affected like to ban anything because of its bad effects, to give relaxation to anything and because of this consumption can be increased or decreased. In this way we can say that in every system one institutional system of rules is working like definition of property and distribution of rights, system of division of labour, control over the systems of production and consumption etc. In this way to regulate consumption is the another main function of economic institutions.

(C) Exchange. Giving and taking of anything is known as exchange. It means that to give another thing instead of any economic thing. Exchange is not a concept of today but is coming from the ancient societies. Exchange is of many types like thing for thing, thing for service, service for service, money for thing, money for service, money for mon’ey. Johnson keeps this exchange in two classes direct and indirect. Direct exchange firstly is done with the give and take of thing for thing, thing for service and service for service.

In this systematic business is also there and it happens at that time when the values of the things will be determined by political authority but can be changed with time. In this exchange of moftey is also there or we can say that things can be taken for money. Because of this exchange facility of exchange comes in people. In indirect exchange the exchange of gift is the general form in which one side is doing contract with other side to take any specific benefit from that and exchange of gift is done without anything or service. Except this group distribute the things in the members by collecting the produced things.

Capitalism:

Question 2.
What do you know about capitalism? Write in detail.
Or
What is capitalism? Give its features.
Answer:
Capitalism is an economic system in which private property is of great importance. Capitalism has not reached its advanced stage at once but it is being developed slowly and slowly. To see its development we have to study it from ancient societies. In ancient societies system of exchange of goods was there. There was no existence of concept of profit at that time. People were not collecting things for the profit but were collecting for those days when those things will become unavailable or even for social prestige they were collecting things. Business system was generally dependent upon the exchange of service and goods. No one was aware of economic factors like labour, investment, individual’s profit in ancient societies.

In middle aged societies business and commerce developed little bit. Yet at the start business was based on the system of exchange but slowly and slowly money became the medium of business. It has given a type of motivation to business and commerce because of which the importance of money, gold, silver and coin was increased. Money was yet not the property, but was the symbol of property. It has complete effect on the production forces and features. According to Simmel, the institution of money has affected the all parts of life when it became systematic in modern western society. It has given freedom to owner and servant and also affects the things and services and buyers and sellers because with this formal relations came into being in both sides of business. According to Simmel, money has brought a lot of changes in the philosophy of our life. It has made us practical because now we are measuring every thing in money. Social relationship and social contact become informal and formal. Human relationships become cold.

At the start of modern times economic activities were regulated by governmental forces. In this we can see the shadow of moving forward of European people under their monarchs. At this time economic activities were regulated by political authority so that the king’s profit and treasure should be increased. Country was running under the supervision of businessman and the business men were engaged in earning money like an economic organization. Production forces were also regulated by business laws. ‘
After this industrial revolution came which has changed the ways of production. Business policies were unsuccessful in doing welfare of the people. For the production of more things policy of ‘Laissez Faire’ was adopted. According to this policy there will be no interference in economic matters. According to this any person can see his individual interests. There was no pressure and burden on him. State has stopped interfering in the economic matters. According to Sumner, State should remove all the restrictions which were put on business and commerce and it should remove all the restrictions which were put on production, exchange and accumulation of money.

Features of Capitalism:

1. Large Scale Production. The most important feature of capitalism is the increase of production. With the advent of industries, production was started on a large scale. Capitalism came into being because of industrial revolution and because of which large scale production became possible. With the increase of big factories, division of labour and specialization, production was also increased. The meaning of more production was the use of capital on large scale and too much profit.

2. Private Property. Private property is the basis of modern societies and modern economic life. It is also the base of capitalism. In capitalism every person has the right to earn money and to keep property. Right of keeping property is seen as the personal right. Because of private property big industries, factories, corporations came into being and capitalism was increased.

3. Competition. One of the important features and results of capitalism is increase of competition. We can see lot of competition in big capitalists in capitalism. Demand is artificially increased and supply is decreased. With this capitalists area competing with each other. In this competition small capitalists are loosing and big capitalists are winning because of their money.

4. Profit. According to Marx, capitalism cannot stay without the profit. Capitalist invests on a large scale so that he can earn a lot of profit. In capitalism people are doing work and are producing things to earn profit not for social welfare.

5. Price System. The main aim in capitalism is to earn more and more profit. Value of any thing does not depend upon the cost of that thing but depends upon the base of demand of that thing. In this way labour of a labourer also depends upon its demand. Demand of that work is more whose demand is more in market. Value of the thing is determined on the base of demand of that thing in a market. In this way labour, value of labour is also determined in factory according to their demand.

6. Currency and credit. In the capitalist economy money and credit are of the great importance. Capitalists are taking credits and are increasing their business. This credit is given by money lenders, banks, credit institutions etc. With this credit they increase their production and are also increasing their profit and capital. They have to give interest on that credit.

7. Wages. The condition of labourers is very pitiable in capitalism. The main aim of capitalist towards labourers is to take more work in less wages. Labourers are exploited in capitalism.

State:

Question 3.
What do you mean by State? Explain wjith definitions.
Answer:
The main subject of Political Science is State but the word State had been used in many forms because of which a layman is unable to know the exact meaning of State. Generally the meaning of State, society, government and country has been taken as same. In the same way word ‘State’ is used “instead of country. But from political science’s point of view it is wrong. The U.S.A. is known as State and its different units are also known as States. In the same way India is also krfown as State and its different units like Punjab, Haryana, H.P., U.P., etc. are also known as State. But actually these are the units of State but not the State. That’s why it is necessary to know the exact meaning of the word State.

Etymology of the word State. The word ‘State’ has been taken from the Latin word ‘Status’. Meaning of word Status is the social level of any person. In ancient times there was hardly any difference between State and Society. That’s why this word was used to tell social level. In its modern meaning this word was used first time by Italian politician ‘Machiaveli’. He has used this word for Country State. In his book ‘The Prince’ he has written that “All the powers which had and have authority over man are State and are either monarchies or republics.”

So State is a part of whole society. It is right that it affects all the parts of social life but still it cannot take place of society. State is an agency which controls the social institutions. State affects all the aspects of society and it plays an important role in maintaining balance among them.

According to ancient philosopher Aristotle, there was no difference in State and Society because at that time, State and society were not in complex form and they were quite different from today’s State and society. Development of society is the result of those efforts which can be done for the fulfilment of specific aims. State is a means of administration which administers and controls the people. State has direct physical authority with which it can punish the people if they will try to break the Laws. State is a complete Sovereign unit which has every type of authority. It regulates the actions of different persons and institutions and makes a balance in their opposite aims. The main aim of State is the welfare of the people.

Definitions:

1. According to Maclver, “The State is an association which acting through law as promulgated by a government endowed to this end with coercive power, maintance, within a community territorially demarcated the universal external conditions of social order.”

2. According to Max Weber, “The State is an association that claims of monopoly of the legitimate use of the violence and cannot be defined in any other manner.”

3. According to Holland, “Numerous assemblage of human beings, generally occupying a certain territory among whom the will of the majority of an ascertainable class of persons, by the strength of such a majority is made to prevail against any of their number who oppose it.”

4. According to Anderson and Parker, “A State is that agency in a society that is authorised to exercise power control within a given territory.”

In this way from these given definitions we can say that State is a collection of people which live in a definite geographical area. It means it has its own geographical area, which has one government with whose help State does its functions, it controls its population and asks the people to obey its rules and it has its own sovereignty. By sovereignty means that it is free from any external pressure. It doesn’t come under any pressure. State protects its boundary from any external aggression and if there is any rebellion in it then it uses the physical force, in the form of police, which it has.

Elements Of State:

Question 4.
Explain in detail the elements of state.
Answer:
State is collection of persons who live in a definite land under an organised government which is sovereign. These fines contain four elements of State—population, land, government and sovereignty. It is right that different writers have given emphasis on different elements like some have emphasised on population which is united from social point of view. (2) Government or one political system in the form of administration. (3) Written or unwritten rules which can determine the limits of duties and authority of administrative officials. That’s why according to Willougby there are three elements of state-people, government and constitution. Sizwick has also given three elements. But according to modem writers, State cannot be made without 4 elements. According to Garner and Gattel there are 4 elements of State which are given below:

1. Population: The main element of a State is Population. State is not a group of animals. It is a political institution of people. Without population we cannot even imagine the establishment of State. The way in which we cannot imagine family without husband-wife and cloth without thread, in the same way we cannot imagine State without population. How much should be the population of State, there are no definite rules of that. Ten-twenty people cannot make a State. According to Plato the population of an ideal State should be 5040. According to Aristotle the population of the State should neither be 50-60 because with this it would not be able to make itself self-dependent nor it should be one million because it would not be able to control this much population. Rousseau has favoured a small State and that’s why he has given this number to ten thousand.

After looking at the population of modern States we can say that it is impossible to determine the population of State. But still we can accept the views of Aristotle that its population should be this much that it should be able to make itself self-dependent and its population should live a happy life. Administration should be made on it and a permanent government should be established.

2. Fixed Territory: The way in which population is a necessary element for a State, in that same way definite territory is also a necessary factor for a State. But according to some scholars, it is not a necessary element for a State. It was the Cluber who had accepted it as a necessary element for State in 1817. Seelay, Willoughby and Duguit had also not accepted a definite territory for State. According to Willoughby, “The State itself then is neither the people, the government, the Magistracy, nor the constitution. Nor it is indeed the territory over which the authority extends. It is a given community of given individuals viewed in certain aspect namely as a political unity.” According to Duguit, “Territory -is not an indispensible element in the formation of the State.” But according to him, there are many associations which exist in modern age these days. That’s why he accepts that the State should generally have its territory.

But modern writers are not accepting this view. According to them, without definite territory State’s existence is not possible. If population is the soul of State then territory is its body. According to Bluntschli, “As the State has its personal” basis in the people so it has its material basis in the land. The people do not become a State untill they have acquired a territory.” Until the group of people do not get any definite territory, State cannot be established till that time. Nomadic tribes are moving from one place to another that’s why they cannot establish a State because they don’t heve definite territory. Before 1948, Jews were scattered everywhere but they were without any State because they were not living at any definite territory of Isreal. Then Isreal became a State. Actually this element of State differentiates it from other communities.

3. Government. After the population and State we need the government to establish a State. The community of persons made on a definite territory, cannot be called a State till it is not organised from political point of view. Government is an agency with which State’s wish can be expressed and can be practically imagined. Without a government the group of people cannot be organised. Government regulates the mutual relations of humAnswer: It maintains peace and system of society and saves the people from external aggression. It establishes friendly relations with other countries. According to Garner, “Without a government the population would be an incoherent, unorganised anarchic mass with no means of collective action.”

Government in the State can be of any type. Democracy exists in India, U.S.A, U.K, Switzerland, Canada, France, Germany, Newzealand etc.. Dictatorship of communist party is there in China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba etc. In Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Monarchy is there. In many countries like Japan, England, India, Parliamentary government is there. In U.S.A Presidential type of government is there. In U.S.A., India and Switzerland Federal government is there. In Japan and U.K. Unitary government is there. It doesn’t matter that which type of government is there in any State because governments are changing all the time and it hardly affects its functions of making laws, welfare of the people.

Every government has three main functions

1. To make law
2. To implement law and
3. To explain law. For these functions of government, three parts of Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are there. Government should be so powerful that it should be able to maintain peace in the country and should be able to protect the country from external aggression.

4. Sovereignty: Sovereignty is the fourth important element of State. For the State, a definite area and government are not necessary for the group of people. Without sovereignty State cannot be established. Word sovereignty is the supreme power of State. State has many supreme rights and no one can stand against them. Because of sovereignty State has full control on its citizens and all its institutions. It is not under any pressure outside its territory.

Characteristics Of State:

Question 5.
What are different characteristics of state?
Answer:
1. Permanence: It means that the State is a Permanent Organization. In the words of Garner, “People once organised as a State remain always under some State organization.” If any State will merge in any other State or will cut-off from one State then it hardly affects the Legal personality of the State. With the treaties of war many States come to an end and can be included in any other State. But this affects the sovereignty. It means sovereignty of the State goes in the hands of other State but people live in the State. For example, Bangladesh was made separate from Pakistan. In this sovereignty went to Bangladesh and people were started to call as citizens of Bangladesh. From this it is clear that change of rule cannot change the State. That’s why State is always permanent.

2. Continuity: The State is not a static institution. It always stays in continuity. If the government will be changed then it hardly affects the nature of the State. In the government of people the State would be changed from monarchy to Republic then the rule will be of the people but it will hardly affect the international relations of the St&te. This theory is the theory of continuity of State and because of this the theory of heritage of State came into being. So all in all State never comes to an end. Government can be changed and comes to an end but State never comes to an end.

3. State is a powerful institution of the society: State is the most powerful institution of the entire society because it has all the means to force the people to obey its rules. Yet these means are formal like police, law, government etc. but with the help of these means it keeps control over all the other institutions. It binds all of them in one thread of order.

4. State takes care of public interest: One of the important elements of State is its population. It is necessary for the State to keep its people happy irrespective of their number. If the population is not happy then that State is useless. That’s why it is necessary for a State to do functions for the welfare of the people and in fact they do so. State never takes care of the interests of any specific person or group but it protects the interests of common man and tries to do welfare works for them.

5. State is abstract: State is an abstract word. We cannot touch or see the State but we can feel the power of the State. We even can’t imagine that what type of State it is. For example, we can imagine about the ‘Bharat Mata’ but we have not seen her that’s why we cannot touch her. That’s why State is abstract but it means the government is concrete because we can see our government and its form.

6. Membership of State is necessary: Membership of the State is not an optional subject which is dependent upon the wish of the person. All those persons who are living in its specific geographical territory are its members. No one can become member of more than one State at a particular time. Even Aristotle has written that, “Any one who is not the member of the State is either animal or god.” Without State, the needs of humans cannot be fulfilled. Without State, society was never a reality. It was just an imagination.

7. State has the actual Power and Sovereignty: It is the State which has the actual powers yet these powers are further divided but these are related to State. Actually all the powers of State are used by government in the name of State. Government cannot do anything which would go against the State. State has its own sovereignty. Government is also free but actually the State is free in itself and cannot function under the influence of any external pressure.

8. State is an aim in itself: State is an aim in itself and government is the means to achieve this aim. Power and authority of the State is supreme and no one is higher than State. Governments are coming and changing but State stands at the same position.

Functions of State:

Question 6.
Explain different functions of State.
Answer:
The main aim of modem state is the welfare of the people. State works for the development of the people. That’s why prof. Gattel and Willobi have divided the functions of State in two parts i.e. compulsory functions and optional functions. All these are given below:

1. Protection of Life and Property: Protection of Life and property of the people is a very necessary function of the State. The State should make a system in which every one’s life should be safe and should not be in danger. State should make definite laws related to property. For the protection of life and property, State maintains police which protects the common people from thieves, robbers and criminals.

2. Maintenance of Law and Order: The most important function of the state is the establishement of system of law and order. State forms or makes the laws to stop the criminals, to punish the criminals and to prOtet the life and property of the people. System of Police is established so that the police can catch the law-breakers and they can be punished.

3. Protection from External Aggression: State protects its citizens from external aggression. If any State is unable to protect its citizens from external aggression then that State will come to an end. If the life of the people is not secured from the external aggression, then they would not be able to try to develop their life. State maintains military for the maintenance of its existence. For the maintenance of internal peace and security, military can also be used.

4. Administration of Judiciary: That State is known as the best whose judicial system is the best. The meaning of best judicial system is that there should be no difference in rich-poor, literate-illiterate, and powerful-weak. It means that every one should be equal in front of Law. Every state establishes its system of judiciary. Independence of judiciary is necessary. Only independent Judiciary can give unbiased decisions. So the establishment of independent judiciary is a necessary element of State.

5. Maintenance of relations with other States: The way in which every person is dependent upon other to fulfil its basic needs, in that same way every State is also dependent upon other States, for the fulfilment of its needs. No state is self-dependent. Every state establishes its business, social and political relations with other states. To maintain world peace, it is necessary that every country should have friendly relations with other countries. Every state sends its representative to other country and gives permission to the representatives of other countries to live in its territory. Developed states are giving a lot of help to underdeveloped countries.

6. Taxation: According to Gattel to determine’currency, to keep taxation system and the collection of tax is a necessary function of a state. Without taxes government cannot do any thing. Less income of the state will lead to the less facilities to the people. A good state should have good income but only those taxes will be collected which are necessary.

7. Protection of Civil Rights: Every citizen of a State has certain basic rights like right of living, right of earning, right to keep property, right to get education etc. Even United Nations also promotes these rights. In the absence of these rights the life of the person will become a type of hell. In this way it is the duty of the state that it should protect those rights of its citizens and should make necessary laws for that. If any one will try to snatch away those rights then the government should punish that person. Optional Functions

1. Spread of Education. An important function of the present state is to spread the education. In ancient times the function of spreading education was being done by religious institution. But no state can leave this function in the hands of religious school. Education tells us about our rights and duties. Without education no one can become an ideal citizen and no one can develop his personality. Education is of great importance in democracy because the success of democratic government depends on the people. Every state establishes schools, colleges and universities for the spread of education. Scholarships are given to poor students and poor students are given better facilities of education.

2. Social and moral reforms. Present state also works to uplift the social and moral level of the people. In India many social evils like Sati system, child marriage, untouchability etc. were there;. All these have been abolished by the Law. In earlier times people used to eat opium and drink alcohol. That’s why these are restricted in many states. In earlier times people of China used to eat opium but now it has been reduced due to restrictions of Law.

3. Development of agriculture. Present state also works for the development of agriculture. Shortage of foodgrains will create a lot of problems. Then a country has to depend upon other countries for its requirements and sometimes it has to accept unacceptable demands of other state. That’s why government provides the facilities of good quality seeds, fertilizer, tractors, machinery, loan etc. Government also provides means of irrigation.

4. Development of the means of communication. Citizens cannot develop the means of communication themselves. That’s why the means of communication are being developed by state. State establishes railways, roads, telegraph offices, post offices etc.

5. To provide recreational facilities. Present state also arranges recreational facilities for the people. That is why it establishes cinemas, art centres, museums, parks, hotels etc. State also gives reward to literate persons and to good artists.

6. Public utility works. Present state also works for the Public Utility. State makes new roads and takes care of old roads. It also arranges for electricity. State also arranges for aeroplanes and ships. Telephone system is also arranged by the state.

7. Development of natural resources. One of the most important optional functions of the state is to develop natural resources. With the development of natural resources, country’s economy also progresses and national, income also increases. That’s why modern state takes complete care of protection and development of forests, finds mineral resources and their proper use and tries to get maximum profit from water resources.

Panchayat:

Question 7.
What do you know about Panchayat? Write in detail.
Or
Discuss the features and functions of village Panchayat with special reference to 73rd Amendment Act.
Answer:
Panchayat is an ancient institution of local self government which remains permanent even after many social and political changes came in country. Charles Metcalf says, “Rural communities are smaller republics which are living in their limits, can do anything according to their wish and are independent from external interference. They are coming from ancient times. Many revolutions came, families came to an end, but rural community has greatly helped the country for maintaining society and culture and a different state.”

Composition of Panchayat:

Number and Election of Members of Panchayat: Members of the Panchayat are known as the Panch and its head is known as the Sarpanch. Members of panchayat in every state are elected by those adult members of Gram Sabha whose names are there in the voter list of state legislative assembly. They all have the right to give vote in the election of members of panchayats. In this way members of panchayat are directly elected. The number of members of panchayat depends upon the population of the village. Number of members of village panchayat is different in different states.

Reservation of Seats: According to the 73rd constitutional amendment 1992, some seats are reserved in Panchayati Raj Institutions for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes and women.

Qualifications for the Members of a Panchayat:

• He should be the resident of India and he should possess the necessary qualification to contest as the member of state legislative assembly.
• He should be the resident of area of Panchayat.
• He should not be any official of State or Central government.
• He should not be declared bankrupt.
• He should not be a criminal.

Sarpanch or Chairperson: Head of the Gram Panchayat is known as Sarpanch or Chairperson. He is known by different names in different states. Election process of Sarpanch is not the same everywhere. He is generally directly elected in most of the states by those adults of the village who have the right to vote in the election of members of village Panchayat;* This system prevails in Bihar, Gujarat, Goa, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, U.P., Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Sarpanch is also indirectly elected in some states. It means members of Gram Panchayat elect one of them as Sarpanch. This system prevails in Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tripura, Orissa and Arunachal Pradesh. Seats of Sarpanch are also reserved for SCHEDULED CASTES, TRIBES AND BACKWARD CLASSES according to the ratio of their population in the total population. One third seats of Sarpanch are also reserved for women.

Functions of Gram Panchayat:
There are many functions of gram panchayat which are given as follows:

1. To take care and repair of roads in its area.
2. Cleanliness of village.
3. Arrangement of wells, ponds, taps, etc.
4. Arrangement of light in streets and markets
5. Taking care of funeral places.
6. Keeping record of birth and death.
7. Efforts for primary education.
8. Security of buildings related to gram sabha.
9. Arrangement of markets of animals and to take steps in the improvement of breed of animals.
10. To celebrate social festivals except for fairs and festivals.
11. To control the change and the spread of construction of new and old houses.
12. To give help in the development of agriculture, business and village industries.
13. Establishment of buildings related to the public and taking care of them.
14. Establishment of women and children welfare centers.
15. Establishment of hospitals for animals.
16. To determine the place to keep manure at one place.
17. Giving help in controlling fire and security of life and property at the time of fire.
18. Arrangement of libraries, reading rooms and game grounds.
19. Giving help to poor people.
20. Construction of bridges according to needs etc.

Sources of Income:

1. Taxes. First source of income of panchayat is tax. It can collect only those taxes which are sanctioned by government like property tax, animal tax, occupational tax, token tax, road tax, octroi tax etc.

2. Fees and Fine Tax. Second source of income of panchayat is the fine and fees imposed by it. For example fees for the use of panchayat rest house, tax of lighting of streets and markets, water tax etc. These are imposed only by those panchayats which give these facilities.

3. Government Grants. The main source of income of panchayats is the grants given by government. Government gives different types of grants to implement the plans related to development made by them. Generally some part of land tax collected by government is given to panchayats like 15% in Punjab, 12.5% in U.P. etc. Panchayats of Bihar, Maharashtra and Gujarat even collect land revenue on behalf of government.

4. Mixed Sources. There are many other sources of income of panchayats like income by selling the waste of the village, income from panchayat land (shamlat), income from fairs, income from the property of the village etc. Panchayats have special source of income fishery in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.

5. Borrowing. Except these sources, panchayats can borrow money with the approval of government.

Block Samiti
Or
Panchayat Samiti

Question 8.
What do you know about the Panchayat Samiti? Write in detail.
Answer:
Panchayat Samiti is the most important institution in the three tier structure of the Panchayati Raj. It is the intermediate tier of three tier system. It is established at the block level and it acts as a bond between panchayat and Zila Parished. It is established at Taluk level in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is called by different names in different states. It is known as Panchayat Samiti in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. In Assam it is known as Anchaik panchayat, Panchayat union council in Tamilnadu, Kshetra samiti in U.P., Taluk panchayat in Gujarat and Taluk development board in Karnataka. In this way the heads of the panchayat samiti are also called by different names in different states. He is known as President in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. He is known as Chairman in Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Orissa, Haryana, Punjab, Pradhan in Rajasthan and Pramukh in U.P. and Bihar.

Composition of Panchayat Samiti:

Elected members. Members of Panchayat Samiti are directly elected by the voters of that area. Number of members of Panchayat Samiti depends upon the population of that area and is different in different states. After every 10,000 persons one member is elected in Karnataka, 5000 in Bihar, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, 8000 in Tripura, 3000-4000 in Andhra Pradesh, 3000 in Himachal Pradesh, 2000 in U.P. and 15,000 in Punjab. In Haryana if the population of Panchayat Samiti is 40,000 then one member is elected after every 4,000 people. But if population is more than 40,000 then one member is elected after 5,000 persons.

Number of members of Panchayat Samiti is different in different states. It is 15 in Gujarat, 10-15 in Madhya Pradesh, 8-15 in Kerala and 6-10 in Punjab. If the population of Panchayat Samiti in Rajasthan is one lakh then it is divided in 15 areas but if it is more than one lakh then 2 member’s are elected after every 15,000 people. In Assam, one member from gram panchayat is elected for Aanchalik Panchayat. Number of members of Panchayat Samiti is not determined in Orissa and Maharashtra. –
Reserved seats. Some seats in every state are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women. Number of reserved seats for Scheduled castes and tribes are according to their ratio of population in the total population of that area.

One third seats of the total seats of Panchayat Samiti will be kept reserved for women (including the reserved seats for women of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes). Some states have kept some reserved seats for backward classes as well. Their population is kept in mind while keeping, seats reserved for them. Like in Punjab, if the population of backward classes is more than 20% of the total population then one seat will be kept reserved for them in Panchayat Samiti. In this way one seat is also kept reserved for backward classes in Panchayat Samiti in Haryana.

Chairman: The elected members of the Panchayat Samiti elect one chairman and one deputy chairman among themselves. This election takes places under the supervision of the officer appointed by deputy commissioner. Because the term of Panchayat Samiti is 5 years, that’s why the term of chairman and deputy chairman is also of 5 years. Seats of chairman are also kept reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes according to their population’s ratio in total population and one third of the total seats are kept reserved for women.

Functions of the Panchayat Samiti:

1. Community Development: The Panchayat Samiti is given the responsibilities of development functions in all the states. It implements the plannings of community development. It prepares the plans at block level and applies them in the block.

2. Functions regarding irrigation and agriculture: The special power related to the development of agriculture is given to Panchayat Samiti in almost all the states. It distributes the good seeds and fertilizers. It also tries to spread scientific techniques of agriculture. It also arranges for soil conservation and making the soil more fertile. It also tries to get self-dependence in procuring green fertilizer and fertilizar. It encourages the people to grow more and more fruits and vegetables. It also arranges wells, ponds and other smaller means of irrigation.

3. Animal Husbandry and Fisheries: Panchayat Samiti spreads the better ways of animal husbandry and arranges for their treatment to save them from any problem. It tries to improve the breed of animal, tries to spread fishries and determines the place for fisheries.

4. Primary Education: The responsibility of primary education is given to Panchayat Samiti in Ahdhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, U.P., Rajasthan and Punjab. Except this Panchayat Samiti also arranges for information centre, recreation, youth clubs, women organizations, farmer unions, fairs etc.

5. Functions related to health and sanitation: Generally the function related to health is given to the Panchayat Samiti in almost all the states. It arranges for the injections of Cholera, Malaria etc. It takes care of hospitals, women and children welfare centres in the block. It arranges drinking, water, cleanliness, sanitation etc.

6. Municipal Functions: It always constructs new roads in the block and arranges for the repair of old roads. It also arranges for cleanliness of the block, sanitation and drinking water for the block.

7. Cooperation: Panchayat Samiti motivates the people to establish industrial and agricultural cooperative societies and helps them in obtaining loans from the government.

8. Planning and Industries: Panchayat samiti, in some states, has been given the power to make plans for the development of block at block level. It also helps in establishing small scale industries at lower level.

Sources of Income of Panchayat Samiti:

1. Taxes imposed by Panchayat Samiti. Panchayat Samiti can impose many taxes under the panchayat samiti and the Zila Parishad Act 1961 and these taxes are occupation tax, property tax, toll tax, token tax etc.

2. Income from property. Panchayat Samiti also has the income from that property which is in its control.

3. Fees. Income from the services provided by the Panchayat Samiti. Panchayat samiti can impose many types of fees, with the sanction of Zila Parishad, like fees of fairs, fees from the exhibition of agriculture etc.

4. Government Grants. State government gives many types of grants to Panchayat Samiti for the plans of community development and many other functions.

5. Land Revenue. Some part of land revenue is given to Panchayat Samiti in almost all the states and this land revenue is collected from the block. For example 10% of land revenue collected by Punjab government is given to Panchayat Samitis.

6. Loans: Panchayat Samiti can take loans from governmental and non-governmental institutions but with the permission of Zila Parishad and Government. But it cannot take loan more than 5 lakhs from non-governmental institutions.

Zila Parishad:

Question 9.
What do you know about Zila Parishad? Write in detail.
Answer:
Zila Parishad is the third and the highest level of Panchayati Raj. It is established at district level in all the states. It is known as Zila Parishad in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Sikkim, Orissa, Assam, Rajasthan, Haryana, Manipur, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tripura, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh and Arunanchal Pradesh, Zila Panchayat in Karnataka, Goa and U.P. and District Panchayat in Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Kerala.

Composition: Zila Parishad has some elected and some other members. Elected members are directly elected by the people by dividing district into different constituencies. But the numbers of elected members are different in different states. No such number of fleeted members is fixed in Tripura, Sikkim, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and West Bengal. After the population of 50,000 one member is elected in Bihar, Punjab, U.P. and Madhya Pradesh. After 40,000 people one member is elected in Assam, Haryana and Karnataka, one member after 20,000 people in Himachal Pradesh and one member is elected after every 15,000 people in Manipur.

Minimum of 17 members are elected in Gujarat and.20 in Goa. Number of elected members is 10-35 in Madhya Pradesh, 40-60 in Maharashtra, 10-20 in Kerala, 10-35 in Punjab and 10-30 in Haryana. If the population under the area of Zila Parishad in Rajasthan is 4 lakh then 17 members are elected but if the population exceeds the 4 lakhs then 2 members are elected after every one lakh increased population. Except Maharashtra, in all the other states, M.P.’s and M.L.A.’s are the ex-officio members of Zila Parishad. M.L.A.’s of Gujarat are called in the standing committees of Zila Parishad but they don’t have any right to vote. Except these the chairman of District Cooperative Marketing Society, Chairman of District Cooperative Central Bank, Deputy Commissioners of the district and chairman of Zila Grandhalaya Sanstha are the ex-officio chairman of Zila Parishad. If there is no member from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes then it can be nominated by the government.

Reservation of Seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women: Provisions have been made for reserving seats in the Zila Parishad for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women. Reserved seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are in the same ratio with total seats which their population have with total population of the districts. One third seats of the total seats of Zila Parishad are kept reserved for women. It includes the reserved seats of women of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Chairman: Every Zila Parishad has one chairman and one vice-chairman. They are directly elected by the members of Zila Parishad out of themselves.-Chairman and vice-chairman are being called by different names in different states. Provisions have been kept for reservation of chairman’s post for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women. One third seats are reserved for women and for S.C.s’ and S.T.’s. It is according to ratio of their population in total population. Chairman and deputy chairman Can be removed from their posts by passing no-confidence motion against them. But 2/3rd majority is necessary for their removal.

Functions of Zilla Parishad:

The actual function of Zila Parishad is to bring conformity and balance in the functions of different Panchayat Samitis. Its functions are given below:

1. It gives its sanction to the budgets of Panchayat Samitis of district.
2. It directs the Panchayat Samiti’s to work with their full strength.
3. It can give advice to the government on any issue if the government asks for it.
4. It organizes developmental plannings made by different panchayat samitis.
5. It relates the related plans made by two or more then two panchayat samitis.
6. Government can ask Zila Parishad to complete any developmental work through notification.
7. Zila Parishad can give advice to the government for the development of district or for local development.
8. It gives advice to panchayat samitis to co-ordinate their different programmes.
9. It can collect some money from Panchayat S&miti with the permission of government.
10. State government can authorize the Zila Parishad to supervise and control the panchayats.

Source of Income:

Some of the sources of income of Zila Parishad are given below:

1. Funds kept by the central or state government for Zila Parishad.
2. Grants given by All India Institutions For The Development Of Large And Small Scale Industries.
3. Share of taxes given by state government from land revenue and other taxes.
4. Income from its own property.
5. Other means of income determined by state government.
6. Grants given by public and panchayat samitiis.
7. Money taken by Zila Parishad from panchayat samitis with the permission of state government.
8. Grants given by state governments related to developmental functions.
9. Some states have given permission to Zila Parishad to collect certain types of taxes.
10. Zila Parishad can take loan from governmental and non-governmental agencies. But the permission of state government is required for this.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the basic unit of society?
(a) Family
(b) Marriage
(c) Kinship
(d) Government
Answer:
(a) Family

2. Society has created an institution to satisfy sexual needs and this is …………….
(a) marriage
(b) family
(c) government
(d) kinship
Answer:
(a) marriage

3. Socialisation of a child starts in ……………..
(a) government
(b) family
(c) neighborhood
(d) playgroup
Answer:
(b) family

4. Who transmits culture from one generation to another?
(a) Neighbourhood
(b) Government
(c) Family
(d) Society
Answer:
(c) Family

5. Sexual needs gave birth to ……………..
(a) family
(b) society
(c) government
(d) marriage
Answer:
(d) marriage

6. Which relative is closer in matrilineal families?
(a) Uncle-niece
(b) Mother-daughter
(c) Father-son
(d) Grandfather-grandson
Answer:
(b) Mother-daughter

7. Blood relatives are relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) primary

8. Primary relatives of our parents are our relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(b) secondary

9. Primary relatives of our secondary relatives are our …………… relatives.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) tertiary

10. That family is known as ……………. family in which husband wife and their unmarried children live.
(a) nuclear
(b) joint
(c) extended
(d) neo-local
Answer:
(a) nuclear

11. Which of these is the function of the family?
(а) Socialization of children
(b) Control over children
(c) Perpetuation of children
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

12. How many types of kinship are there?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer:
(b) Two

13. What is the importance of kinship in the present age?
(а) Helpful in giving status
(b) Determines the right over ancestral property
(c) Helpful in the socialization of children
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. In …………… family, authority is in the hands of the father.
Answer:
Patriarchal

2. In …………… family, authority is in the hands of mother.
Answer:
Matriarchal

3. In …………… marriage, one needs to marry within his own group.
Answer:
Endogamy

4. In …………… family, members of two or more generations live together.
Answer:
Joint

5. Polyandry marriage is of …………… types.
Answer:
two

6. On the basis of size, family is of …………….. types.
Answer:
three

7. On the basis of authority, family is of …………….. types.
Answer:
two

True/False:

1. In a nuclear family, control is in the hands of the father.
Answer:
False

2. Polyandry takes place due to less few of females.
Answer:
True

3. Polygamy is the most famous type of marriage in the world.
Answer:
False

4. There are two types of kinship.
Answer:
True

5. Family acts as the carrier of culture.
Answer:
True

6. In a matriarchal family, daughters do not get property.
Answer:
False

7. Members of a family are blood relatives.
Answer:
True

One Word/line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What is Monogamy?
Answer:
The marriage of one male with one female is known as Monogamy.

Question 2.
How many types of Polygamy are there?
Answer:
There are two types of Polygamy.

Question 3.
How many wives one male can have in Bigamy?
Answer:
One male can have two wives in Bigamy.

Question 4.
How many husbands one female can frave in Polyandry?
Answer:
One female can have many husbands in Polyandry.

Question 5.
Give meaning of Endogamy.
Answer:
Doing marriage in one’s own caste or group is called endogamy.

Question 6.
Give meaning of Exogamy.
Answer:
Marriage out of one’s own gotra or clan but within one’s own caste is known as exogamy.

Question 7.
Whose words are these, “Marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children.”?
Answer:
These words are of Malinowski.

Question 8.
Which type of marriage is most common in the world?
Answer:
Monogamy is the most common form of marriage in the world.

Question 9.
Give meaning of Polygamy.
Answer:
Marriage of one male or female with many females or males is known as Polygamy.

Question 10.
Polyandry.
Answer:
Marriage of one female with many males is known as Polyandry.

Question 11.
What is Affinity?
Answer:
Social, relations based on marriage are called Affinity.

Question 12.
Marriage.
Answer:
Sexual relations are sanctioned by society through one institution which is known as marriage.

Question 12.
What is Hypergamy?
Answer:
It is a type of marriage in which the girl can marry either in the same caste or with the boy of higher caste.

Question 13.
Give meaning of fraternal polyandry.
Answer:
When husbands of a female are brothers of each other then it is known as fraternal polyandry.

Question 14.
Who are Primary relatives?
Answer:
Blood relatives or direct relatives are our primary relatives like father, mother, brother, sister.

Question 15.
Who are Secondary relatives?
Answer:
Primary relatives of our parents are our secondary relatives like uncle, grandfather, grandmother.

Question 16.
Who are Tertiary relatives?
Answer:
Relations made with the help of secondary relatives are tertiary relatives like cousin, wife of mother’s brother etc.

Question 17.
What is Endogamy?
Answer:
In Endogamy, one has to marry within his own caste or group.

Question 18.
What is Hypogamy?
Answer:
Hypogamy is the marriage in which male of lower caste marries with the female of higher caste.

Question 19.
Institution of marriage is a basic institution. How?
Answer:
Institution of marriage is a basic institution because it is sanctioned by the society.

Question 20.
Give one reason of Monogamy.
Answer:
Monogamy was started to maintain social system.

Question 21.
Give one advantage of Monogamy.
Answer:
It is permanent and it leads to higher social status of family.

Question 22.
Give one disadvantage of Monogamy.
Answer:
If wife becomes ill then there is no one to take care of the family.

Question 23.
Give meaning of Polygamy.
Answer:
Marriage of one male with many females is known as Polygamy.

Question 24.
Give one reason of Polygamy.
Answer:
Keeping more than one wife was a symbol of social status.

Question 25.
Give one advantage of Polygamy.
Answer:
Proper care of children is possible in this type of marriage.

Question 26.
Give one disadvantage of Polygamy.
Answer:
There is always conflict between wives which disturbs peace of the family.

Question 27.
Give meaning of Polyandry.
Answer:
Marriage of one female with many males is known as Polyandry.

Question 28.
How many types of Polyandry are there?
Answer:
Two types-Fraternal Polyandry and Non-Fraternal Polyandry.

Question 29.
Give one cause of Polyandry.
Answer:
Less number of females as compared to males.

Question 30.
Give one advantage of Polyandry.
Answer:
Population remains limited with this type of marriage.

Question 31.
Give one disadvantage of Polyandry.
Answer:
Health of female deteriorates due to sexual relations with more males.

Question 32.
Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
When any female is having many husbands and all are brothers of each other then it is called fraternal polyandry.

Question 33.
State any three new trends of marriage.
Answer:

• People are opting for court marriage.
• The number of love marriages is increasing day by day.

Question 34.
How many types of families are there on the basis of members?
Answer:
Three types—Nuclear family, Joint family, and Extended family.

Question 35.
How many types of family are there on the basis of Marriage?
Answer:
Two types—Monogamous family and Polygamous family.

Question 36.
How many types of families are there on the basis of Nomenclature?
Answer:
Four types—Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Bilinear, Non-unilineal.

Question 37.
Nuclear family.
Answer:
That family in which husband, wife and their unmarried children live.

Question 38.
When was Hindu Widow Remarriage Act passed?
Answer:
In 1856.

Question 39.
From which language the word ‘Family9 originated?
Answer:
It originated from Latin Language.

Question 40.
From which Latin word, the word ‘Family’ originated?
Answer:
It originated from the Latin word ‘Famulus’.

Question 41.
Neolocal family.
Answer:
When male and female make their new house after marriage then it is known as Neolocal Family.

Question 42.
What are initial functions of Family?
Answer:
Satisfaction of sexual needs, procurement of children and upbringing of children.

Question 43.
Which type of relations are there among mother-father, brother- sister, mother-son, father-daughter?
Answer:
They have blood relations among them.

Question 44.
Which type of relations are there among Husband-Wife, Son in law- Father-in-law etc?
Answer:
Marital relations.

Question 45.
Initially where Socialization of a child starts?
Answer:
Initially, Socialization of a child starts in the family.

Question 46.
What is Matriarchal Family?
Answer:
That family in which authority remains in the hands of mother.

Question 47.
What is family?
Answer:
Family is a group based on sexual relations which is so small and permanent that it could procure and upbring the children.

Question 48.
Give two functions of family.
Answer:

• Family is formed after marriage.
• Family socializes its children.

Question 49.
What is Joint Family?
Answer:
That family in which people of more than one generation live at one place and eat from the common kitchen.

Question 50.
What is Patriarchal Family?
Answer:
That family in which all the rights are in father’s hands, family runs with father’s name and he controls the whole family.

Question 51.
What is Matriarchal Fatmily?
Answer:
That family in which all the rights are in mother’s hands, family runs with mother’s name and she controls the whole family.

Question 52.
On the basis of Marriage, how many types of Family are there?
Answer:
Two types—Monogamous family and Polygamous family.

Question 53.
Give two characteristics of Family.
Answer:

• family is a universal institution.
• Family is formed only after establishment of relations between husband and wife.

Question 54.
Give any two biological functions of Family.
Answer:

• In family, husband makes relations with his wife.
• Children take birth in family.

Question 55.
Give two Economic functions of Family.
Answer:

• Family arranges food for its members.
• Family acts as a productive unit.

Question 56.
Give meaning of Monogamous Family.
Answer:
That Family in which one male marries with only one female.

Question 57.
Give meaning of Polygamous Family.
Answer:
That Family in which one male has many wives.

Question 58.
What is Polyandrous Family?
Answer:
That Family in which one female has many husbands.

Question 59.
Give any two changes which have come in Family.
Answer:

• Joint Families are disintegrating and Nuclear Families are emerging.
• Powers of father have been reduced.

Question 60.
Which change has come in the structure of the Family?
Answer:
In earlier times, family members were more in number but now it has been reduced to a great extent.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Marriage defines the social status of an individual. How?
Answer:
An individual gets many status due to marriage like husband, father, son- in-law, brother-in-law. All these define social status of an individual. He becomes a responsible member of the society.

Question 2.
What is Nikah?
Answer:
Nikah is a legal contract whose objective is to provide sanction to sexual relations between couple and to their children’s rights and duties. Nikah is a type of marriage that takes place among Muslims.

Question 3.
Restrictions on Marriage.
Answer:
In few societies, there exist certain restrictions that in which group one needs to do marriage or not. Generally marriages between blood relatives and people of same gotra are restricted.

Question 4.
Intercaste marriage.
Answer:
When marriage takes place between members of two different castes then it is known as intercaste marriage. In ancient times this type of marriage was not allowed but today it happens everywhere.

Question 5.
Non-Fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
It is that type of polyandry marriage in which husbands of a female are not brothers and they live at different places. Wife lives with every husband for a particular time period.

Question 6.
Defirfe Monogamy.
Answer:
According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one man may be married to one woman at any time.”

Question 7.
Meaning of Polygymy.
Answer:
Polygymy is a type of marriage in which one male marries more than one female at time. It is of two types—restricted polygymy and unrestricted polygymy. This type of marriage is not allowed in modern society.

Question 8.
Restricted Pqlygymy.
Answer:
This is a type of marriage in which one male was allowed to keep a restricted number of wives. This type of marriage prevails among Muslims and they are allowed to have 4 wives.

Question 9.
Unrestricted Polygymy.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, one male was allowed to keep as many wives as he could. For example, kings in earlier times were allowed to keep many wives. This type of marriage is now legally banned.

Question 10.
Status of woman in Polyandry.
Answer:
Status of woman in Polyandry is quite low as she is forced to marry many males and to keep relations with all. It leads to deterioration of her health. Polyandry is not good for females.

Question 11.
Write a short note on Monogamy.
Answer:
When a female marries a male then this type of marriage is known as monogamy. Until they both are alive or till they both are not divorced, they cannot marry second time because it is a criminal offence.

Question 12.
Write two demerits of Polyandry.
Answer:

• The health of a female deteriorates in such kind of marriage because she is required to satisfy sexual needs of many males.
• In such kind of marriage, there is always some problem between husbands regarding their wife.

Question 13.
Two merits of Monogamy.
Answer:

• Relations between husband and wife are quite strong.
• The better upbringing of children is possible.
• Family problems are quite less in such kind of marriage.
• Balance is always maintained between husband and wife.

Question 14.
Describe the main causes of Polygamy.
Answer:

• More sexual instincts of males led to the advent of such marriages.
• Wish to have a son because many girls also led to such marriages.
• Wish to have a large family led to keep more wives.

Question 15. Socialization of children.
Answer:
Family socializes its children and explains to them the methods to live in society and with this, they become better citizens of society. Socialization of children takes place only in the family.

Question 16.
Matrilineal Family.
Answer:
The family whose name runs with the name of mother and in which mother holds authority in all of its affairs is known as the Matrilineal family. Mother takes all the important decisions in the family.

Question 17.
Describe two functions of a family.
Answer:

• In a family, the property of an individual is transmitted from one generation to another and never goes to any third person.
• It is the duty of the family to bring and protect its children and their better development is possible only in the family.

Question 18.
Any two changes in the functions of the family.
Answer:

• These days, families are becoming more progressive.
• Females move out of the family for jobs and that is why their functions are changing.
• Control of the head’ of the family is decreasing day by day.

Question 19.
Lack of Family Unity.
Answer:
Now family’s control over its members has decreased. Now children care in crutches. One progresses with the help of his ability and he leaves his family. Females are doing jobs and are coming out of their houses. That is why there is a lack of family unity.

Question 20.
“Family is a process.”
Answer:
It is a fact that the family is a process. A child takes birth in the family, lives in the family for the whole of his life, and dies in the family. Family makes a child a civilized person and a social being. Only in family, one come to know how to live in society.

Question 21.
Neolocal Family.
Answer:
In such type of family, husband-wife, after marriage, do not go to their parent’s place to live. Instead, they make their own house to live where they live without any problem. Such families exist in the present age.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Social Institution.
Answer:
The institution is neither the group of people and nor the organization. A social institution is the system of norms to achieve any aim to do any work. The institution is the collection of folkways and mores centered around any specific and important human activity. Institutions are the collected processes through which man does his work.

Question 2.
Two important elements of Institution.
Answer:

• Definite aim. The institution is developed to fulfill the needs of humans were: Without aim, the institution cannot exist. In this way, the institution is made for a definite aim.
• One concept. The concept is also an important element of the institution. One concept comes to fulfill the needs of persons which according to the group is necessary. That’s why to save it the society has developed the institution.

Question 3.
Four characteristics of Institution.
Answer:

• An institution is a unit in the system.
• The institution is generally permanent.
• The institution has clearly defined aims.
• The institution is abstract.
• Every institution has one traditional symbol.

Question 4.
Four functions of Institution.
Answer:

• Institution controls society.
• The institution gives status and role to a man.
• The institution helps in achieving aims.
• The institution is the carrier of culture.
• The institution provides cultural uniformity.

Question 5.
What is Kinship?
Or
Kinship.
Answer:
Kinship. According to Charles Winick, “Kinship System may include socially recognized relationship based on supposed as well as actual genealogical ties.” It means that the system of developed social relations made by actual or blood and made by marriage is known as Kinship.”

Question 6.
In how many parts Kinship can be divided?
Answer:
Kinship can “be divided into three parts

• Affinal Kinship.
• Consanguineous Kinship.
• Formal or Imaginative Kinship.

Question 7.
Consanguineous Kinship.
Answer:
The bond of blood is called consanguineous -kinship. The consanguineous kins are related with blood whereas the affinal kind is related through marriage. . The bond between parents and their children and that between siblings is consanguineous kinship. This type of kinship is of great importance if it is sanctioned by society.

Question 8.
Lineage.
Answer:
Lineage is made by taking blood relatives of either mother or father. All these relatives are tied with the actual descent of either male or female. All these members are the children of one common ancestor, that’s why they never marry in their lineage. In this way, a lineage is a group of blood relatives that are the unilineal children of one common ancestor and they can be seen by one line of descent.

Question 9.
What is Clan?
Answer:
A clan is a detailed form of Lineage which has been made by. unilineal blood ‘ relatives of either mother or father. In this way clan is a group of relatives which are the unilineal children of any common ancestor. Ancestors are generally imaginative because one hardly knows anything about them. They are an exogamous group,

Question 10.
Characteristics of Clan.
Answer:

• It is an exogamous group.
• It has one common ancestor.
• Every clan has one name.
• All the members of the clan never reside in one place.
• Membership of the clan depends upon lineage.

Question 11.
Affinal Kinship.
Or
Affinity.
Answer:
Affinal Kinship is based on the marital relations or sexual relations of husband and wife. Yet they don’t have any blood relations but relations between them are established after marriage. After marriage, a man gets a number of statuses like husband, son-in-law, brother-in-law, etc. In this way, a female also gets a number of statuses like wife, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law, aunt, etc. These types of relations are known as Affinal Kinship.

Question 12.
Descent.
Answer:
Descent is that group whose membership is based on birth and people determine that to which aspect, either mother or father, he belongs.

Question 13.
Incest.
Answer:
The meaning of Incest is to establish sexual relations with any specific member of the family. In all societies, incest is not permittable. In incest disacceptance those rules are given in which sexual relations with specific members of the family are given. According to Levi Strauss, “Meaning of Incest is that different families can marry each other and it cannot marry within the family.”

Question 14.
Give the meaning of Marriage.
Answer:
In every society, the sanction is given to the regularisation of sexual relationships of males and females through marriage for the establishment of a family. In this way, marriage is the socially approved relation of male and female which forms a new family. Marriage not only gives sanction to the relationship of male and female but it also gives approval to many other relations. The meaning of family is not the sex alone. Marriage is the basis of the family. With the help of marriage, a man enters into sexual relations, makes a house, produces children, and upbrings them.

Question 15.
Main aims of Marriage.
Answer:

• The main aim of marriage is to establish sexual relations between males and females.
• Children get legal rights with marriage.
• It develops the person.
• Husband and wife bring their children after their marriage.
• Marriage determines the moral rules for a person.
• Religious values are secured with marriage.
• A person gets social status with marriage.

Question 16.
Monogamy.
Answer:
According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which no man may be married to more than one woman at any time.” So in this type of marriage, one male can marry one female at one time. Relations are more stable, loveable, deep, and are full of sympathy in this. The upbringing of children can be done in a proper way in this type of marriage and children get full love from their parents. Husband and wife have a complete understanding of monogamy and relations are based on equality.

Question 17.
Merits of Monogamy.
Answer:

• Relations of husband and wife are deep in nature.
• The upbringing of children can be done in a proper way.
• Proper understanding is possible in monogamy.
• Family quarrels are less in number.
• The person stays away from the biological and mental tensions.
• Male and females get equal status in this.

Question 18.
Demerits of Monogamy.
Answer:

• Husband cannot establish sexual relations with wife at the time of her illness and her pregnancy because of which husband starts to go out of the house to make sexual relations.
• Extra-marital relations increase immorality in society.
• Many psychological problems increase with this.
• The upbringing of children is not possible in the absence of either one of them, male or female.

Question 19.
Exogamy.
Answer:
The meaning of exogamy is to establish marital relations out of one’s gotra, village, and totem. Males and females of one Gotra, village, and totem are considered as brothers and sisters of each other. According to Westermark, the main aim of exogamy is to restrict the person not to establish sexual relations in close relations. This type of marriage is the symbol of progress and it increases mutual contact in different groups. This type of marriage is considered good from a biological point of view. The major advantage of this type of marriage is that the boy and girl have to face many difficulties in understanding each other’s ideas.

Question 20.
Inter-caste marriage.
Answer:
As it is clear from the name when any male or female marries a female or male with another caste then it is known as inter-caste marriage. This type of marriage was restricted in earlier times because of very little contact between different castes. But today this type of marriage is very famous because of the unavailability of a suitable match in their own caste and due to changes coming in the outlook of the people.

Question 21.
Merits of Exogamy.
Answer:
Marriage is being done out of the group in this type of marriage. It increases contact between different groups and it also increases the exchange of cultures. That is why this is known as progressive and better from a biological point of view. Exogamy and inter-caste marriage increases love, cooperation, and sympathy in different groups and it also encourages national unity.

Question 22.
Demerits of Exogamy.
Answer:

• Selection of the mate is very difficult.
• Quarrels between husband and wife are more because of cultural differences.
• It hampers the family’s peace.
• It also encourages the dowry system and value of the bride.

Question 23.
Endogamy.
Answer:
According to the rules of Endogamy, a man has to marry in his own caste. Castes are divided into sub-castes and a person has to marry in his sub-caste. In the times of the caste system, this rule was strictly applied. If anyone was trying to break this rule then caste was throwing him out of the caste. So every person has to marry in his sub-caste in endogamy. It is so because it maintains the purity of blood, protects the occupation of caste, it fosters the sense of unity within the group.

Question 24.
Bigamy marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage one male marries two females and both the females are the wives of that male. This type of marriage is known as bigamy. In this type of marriage, a person has permission to keep two wives.

Question 25.
Polygyny.
Answer:
It is a type of polygamy. In this type of marriage, one person marries more than one female. According to Kapadia, “Polygamy is that form of union in which one man has more than one wife.” According to Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one man with two or more women is polygamy.” This type of marriage exists in almost all societies. The sexual instincts of males and the wish to have a big family have encouraged this type of marriage.

Question 26.
Hypergamy.
Answer:
An important example of polygamy in Hindu society is Kuhn Polygamy. Everyone wants that his girl should marry the boy of higher caste but the boys of higher castes are less in number. One Kulin brahmin had to marry hundreds of girls. Many problems were there in finding a suitable match because of which the dowry system and immorality were increased in society.

Question 27.
Sororate Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, a person marries the sister of his wife. Sororate marriage is of two types—restricted Sororate marriage and simultaneous Sororate marriage. In restricted Sororate marriage, a man marries his sister-in-law after the death of his wife. In simultaneous Sororate marriage person accepts or considers all the younger sisters of his wife as his wives. The first type of this marriage prevails more as compared to the second type.

Question 28.
Levirate Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, wife marries the younger brother of her husband after the death of her husband. With this type of marriage, property of the family can be secured and family is prevented from breaking. Upbringing of children can be done in an efficient way. Another reason of this type of marriage is that after marriage there is no need to give back the value of the bride.

Question 29.
Anulom marriage.
Answer:
Anulom marriage is a type of Hindu marriage according to which the males of higher castes can marry the girls of lower castes. For example, one brahmin boy can marry the girls of Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra castes. The main reason behind this type of marriage is that the people of lower castes consider it respectful to marry their daughters in the higher castes. It is so because it gives higher position to them in society.

Question 30.
Pratiloma marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage males of lower castes marry the females of higher castes. Manu was strictly opposed to this type of marriage. According to Manu, the children produced from this type of marriage should be considered as untouchables. Manu says that the children produced by brahmin girl and shudra boy are ‘Chandals’. That’s why this type of marriage is seen with the hatredness.

Question 31.
Polyandry Marriage.
Answer:
In this type of marriage one female marries many males and she is the wife of all of them at the same time. It is of two types—Fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands of that female are the brothers of each other and Non-fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands of that female are not the brothers. She has to live with one husband for a definite period and during that period other husbands are not allowed to make relations with her. This custom prevails in tribes and it was started due to poverty, less number of females, sense of insecurity, bride value etc.

Question 32.
Fraternal polyandry.
Answer:
In this type of marriage, all the husbands of a female are brothers among them. This type of marriage prevails in Khas tribe in India. Eldest brother is known as the father of the child and rest of the younger brothers are known as her husbands. They establish sexual relations with their wife without the permission of their elder brother. If even after the marriage any brother of the husbands will be born then he will also become the husband of that wife. If, except elder brother, any other younger brother will marry anywhere else then other brothers are also permitted to make relations with his wife.

Question 33.
Non-fraternal Polyandry.
Answer:
In this type of polyandry, all the husbands of a female are not the brothers. In fact, they live at different places. Time is determined for the female to live with one husband. After that time period she goes to other husband and this process goes on. If at the time of pregnancy any husband will gift her the bow and the arrow then he will be considered as the father of the child. All the husbands are getting a chance for that and it is their right. Other husbands are not allowed to establish relations for that definite period.

Question 34.
Polygamy.
Answer:
According to Balsera, “The form of marriage .in which there is plurality of partners is called polygamy.” So the meaning of polygamy is to marry more than once. It means that any male or female can marry more than once. It is of twp types- polygamy and polyandry. In polygamy, one male can keep many wives and in polyandry one female has many husbands.

Question 35.
Changes in the institution of marriage.
Answer:

• According to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, polygamy has been restricted and monogamy has been given both legal and social sanctions.
• Now male and female both can give divorce.
• Now position of women is better than earlier time.
• Love marriages have been increased.
• Many changes have come in the institution of marriage due to education, industrialization, westernization etc.

Question 36.
Types of Polygyny.
Answer:
This type of marriage is of two types:

• Restricted Polygyn: In this type of marriage, one is restricted to keep less than or a specific number of wives. He cannot exceed the limit of the number of wives which is given to him. This type of marriage prevails among Muslims.
• Unrestricted Polygyny: There is no limit on the number of wives in this type of marriage and one can keep as many wives as he can. This type of marriage prevailed among kings of ancient and medieval India.

Question 37.
Meaning of Family.
Answer:
Family is that institution in Which sexual relations of male and female are socially sanctioned. A family is a group of people that is known by its nomenclature. Family is that institution which has permanent sexual relations in male and female, which has a complete system of the upbringing of children, which has blood relations among its members and whose members are living at one place.

Question 38.
What is Nuclear Family?
Answer:
According to Murdock, “The Nuclear family consists of typically of a married man and woman with their offsprings, although in individual cases one or more additional persons may reside with them.” In this way Nuclear family is that family in which husband-wife and their unmarried children are living. After marriage, children are making their own different nuclear families. These are small in size. This type of family is generally progressive because decisions in this are being taken on the basis of reason. Husband and wife have the equal status in it. We can find Nuclear family in today’s modern age.

Question 39.
Give features of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

• Nuclear family is small and limited in size.
• Relations in nuclear families are limited.
• Authority in this is common. It means everyone has the same and equal authority.
• Every member in it gets enough importance.
• The woman has higher status in it.

Question 40.
Merits of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

• A woman has a higher status in a nuclear family.
• The status of living in it is higher.
• A person gets mental satisfaction in it.
• The personality of a person develops in it.
• Members of the family have the feeling of cooperation among them.

Question 41.
Demerits of Nuclear Family.
Answer:

• If anyone, mother or father would fall sick, then the household works would come to halt.
• It is very difficult for an unemployed person to live in it.
• If the wife is illiterate then the family can come to an end if her husband dies.
• Sometimes the conflict between husband and wife occurs because of economic problems.

Question 42.
Merits of Joint Family.
Answer:

• Joint Family protects culture and society.
• The joint family takes care of and upbrings the children.
• The joint family is the centre of social control and recreation.
• The joint family stops the division of property, increases production, and reduces expenditure.
• Joint family gives protection to elders and sick members.

Question 43.
Demerits of Joint Family.
Answer:

• Proper development of personality of the person is not possible in Joint family.
• Females have lower status in Joint families.
• Some members hardly like to work.
• More children are there due to no tension.
• There are many quarrels and conflicts in the family.
• Lack of privacy for husband and wife in this family.

Question 44.
What is a Patriarchal family?
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, power or authority in this type of family is completely in the hands of the father. All the functions of the family are in the hands of the father. He is also the head of the family. He is being obeyed in every type of minor or major decision. All the members of the family are under the control of the father. In this way the family is being run on the name of the father. Son gets nomenclature of the father and nomenclature of the father is of great importance. We can find this type of family in modern times.

Question 45.
Matrilineal family.
Answer:
As it is clear from the name, authority or power in the family is in the hands of mother. Relatives of the mother have more right on the children as compared to relatives of the father. Female is known as the basic ancestor. Legal heir of the property is not the son but is the brother of the mother or son of mother’s sister. Family is run on the name of the mother. It means that children get the nomenclature of the mother. We can find this type of family in some of the tribes of India like Garo and Khasi.

Question 46.
Give the main functions of the family.
Answer:

• It satisfies sexual instincts.
• It produces children.
• It upbrings the children and provides security to them.
• It takes care of the property and arranges for income.
• It gives education about religion.
• It socializes the children.
• It develops and transmits the culture.
• The family also helps in social control.

Question 47.
Changes in the functions of the family.
Answer:

• Families now are being more progressive.
• Sense of fulfilling religious duties is decreasing.
• Importance of traditional occupation has been decreased.
• Women are going out of the house for job, that’s why their functions are changing.
• Joint families are disintegrating.

Question 48.
Consanguine Family.
Answer:
In this type of family, blood relations are at the highest place and there are no sexual relations in it. Husband and wife are also there in this type of family but they are not the base of this family. Membership of this type of family can be attained only on the basis of birth. This type of family never comes to an end after divorce. It is permanent.

Question 49.
Matrilocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is definitely opposite to Patrilocal family in which girl never leaves her father’s house after marriage but it lives there only. In this, her husband leaves his father’s house and goes to the house of his wife to live. It is known as Matrilocal family. We can find this type of family in Garo and Khasi tribes.

Question 50.
Patrilocal Family.
Answer:
In this type of family, bride leaves her father’s house and goes to the house of her husband to live and establish the family. We can see this type of family very often.

Question 51.
Neolocal Family.
Answer:
This type of family is different from the Patrilocal family and Matrilocal family. In this neither husband nor wife goes to their father’s house to live but they establish their new house at any other place and that’s why it is known as the Neolocal family. We can find this type of family in today’s industrial society.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is Monogamy? What are its causes, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
The type of marriage which exists in the modern age is Monogamy. It means that at one time one male can marry with one female or at one time one female can marry with one male. That’s why it is known as Monogamy. In today’s cultural societies, this type of marriage is of great importance. According to Malinowski, “Monogamy is, has been and will remain the only true type of marriage.”

According to Piddington, “Monogamy is a form of marriage in which no man may be married to more than one woman at any time.” In the Indian society, according to Hindu religion, Monogamy is known as the ideal type of marriage. In ancient times husband was just like a god for the wife. After the death of her husband, wife was preferred to become ‘Sati’ instead of living the life of a widow. According to the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, Polygamy was restricted and sanction was given to Monogamy. In modern age laws become so strict that no one can go for second marriage without taking divorce from first partner or only after the death of first partner. Only in some special conditions second marriage was permitted like in the case of no child or husband or wife is suffering from any chronical disease.

(1) In the modern society, only the custom of monogamy exists. Because of this custom social progress becomes possible. Where there is monogamy there society has progressed a lot. So for social progress monogamy is necessary.

(2) Because of equal population of males and females, monogamy is necessary. Because of equality of ratio of their population, stability has come in society.

(3) Because of the sense of monopoly, the type of monogamy cattie into being. In ancient societies when the institution of marriage was not in regulation, then any male was free to have relations with any female. After sometime a feeling of hatred was started among them because a wish came in the mind of every person that his female should not go to the other male. The persons who were physically strong, started to keep monopoly on the females. Slowly and slowly this sense of monopoly was accepted in society and in modern societies this custom of monogamy came into being.

(4) During ancient times price of females was kept. Persons, who were able to pay that value, were given that female. Except this, because of stability of the family the marriage of one male with one female was there.

(5) Position of females is changed in modern societies due to their education and occupational abilities. Now they are able to take decisions about themselves. That’s why also the custom of monogamy has become popular.

Advantages of Monogamy:

1. Change in the status of woman. In ancient times status of woman was very low. Behaviour towards females was very rude. Even in Ashrama Scheme females were restricted to enter in the Brahmacharya Ashram. Their function was limited only to produce children and household works. Except this if we see the caste system then birth of female child was not acceptable. She had no right to live without her husband and was forced to die with the death of her husband. Slowly and slowly changes came in the field of education and now her status is equal to the status of males. That’s why she came in equal terms with males because of monogamy. The status of women has been changed completely with monogamy.

2. Upbringing Of children. Now, the upbringing of children is done in a better way and that is because of this type of marriage. .In other types of marriage the feeling of hatred exists among the children. Even the love among the members of the family is artificial in nature. With this type of marriage children get complete love of their parents. They take care of their ^Very type of needs. Capabilities of children and their knowledge have been increased and their personality is developed.

3. Stability of the family. With the help of this type of marriage, families become more stable. Males and females get more chance to understand each othet. Family cannot progress without the cooperation of both male and female. In the polygamy conflict is always there. Neither man can give complete love to female and nor female can give complete love to male. Tension always prevails in this type of condition. This situation affects the children which results in non-development of children completely. That’s why because of monogamy, family life got more stability.

4. Division of property. Because of division of property, polygamy becomes a problem for society. Even brothers try to kill each other for property. But the custom of monogamy has solved this problem. After the death of the person his property is equally divided among his children.

5. Higher standard of living. The life of modern human being is quite easy and comfortable as compared to ancient times where one male has to take care of only one female and one female has to take care of only one male. Every person can give good education to his children and can give lot of comforts to them. In polygamy upbringing of more number of children is difficult. Because of monogamy, limited number of persons are there in family. Great care is generally given to good food and way of living. That’s why because of this type of marriage standard of living has become higher.

Disadvantages of Monogamy:

1. In monogamy when a woman is pregnant then she cannot cooperate fully with her husband. Except this, even at the time of illness she can hardly cooperate with him. Because of this males started to go out of the house to fulfill their sexual satisfaction and prostitutes came into being. In some conditions, male and female have to live with each other forcefully, even if they hardly love each other. Then also they move out of the house for their biological satisfaction.

2. Second demerit of this type of marriage is that if husband or wife or any one of them is ill then many problems can come in the house. Children have to face the problem of food and many psychological problems occur in the family.

It is right that very marginal demerits are there in this type of marriages but still monogamy is better than other types of marriages and successful also. Today monogamy is known as the ideal type of marriage. Birth rate of male and female is almost equal and if we start giving preference to polygamy then many males and females have to live without marriage. That’s why monogamy is necessary for our society so that the boys and girls may get equal respect in society. According to Malinowski, “Monogamy is, has been and will remain only true type of marriage.”

Polygamy:

Question 2.
What is Polygamy? What are its types, causes, merits, and demerits?
Answer:
By Polygamy we mean when one male or female will marry more than one male or female then the name of polygamy is given.- It means at one time a male can keep more than one wife and a female can have more than one husband. According to Balsera, “The form of marriage in which there is a plurality of partners is called polygamy.”

Further, there are some types of Polygamy which are given below:

1. Bigamy
2. Polygyny
3. Polyandry

Bigamy:

In this type of marriage, a male can have the sanction to marry only two females. This type of marriage was there only in Punjab.

Polygyny:

In this type of marriage one male marries many females. It means that when a male marries many females and have many wives then it is known as Polygyny. According to K.M. Kapadia, “Polygyny is that form of union in which one man has more than one wife.” According to G.D. Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one man with two or more women is polygyny.” According to Rivers, “It is the commonest form of marriage everywhere. So far as we know, it is not universal but is the privilege of the powerful and rich.”

In ancient times this type of marriage was very famous but today it does not prevail. Even today in some tribes like Hebrids, Babylonian, Tribes of Eskimo, Crow of North America, etc. this type of marriage prevails. In ancient times when members of one group won over the other group then they were accepting the females of the defeated group as their wives. According to Kapadia, to complete religious rituals, religious books of Hindus have given permission to keep four wives. First wife is known as ‘Mahishi’, the second ‘Privriti,’ third “Vakta’, and the fourth wife is known as ‘Plagali’. The status of first wife was higher as compared to the other three. The second was powerful, third was most lovable for husband, fourth was the daughter of lowest officer of the court of the king.

Polygyny can be further divided into two parts.

• Restricted Polygyny marriage
• Unrestricted Polygyny marriage

(a) Restricted Polygyny: In this type of polygamy marriage, the number of wives is limited to a certain number. A person cannot keep wives beyond that limited number. Among Muslims according to this type of marriage, number of wives for a male is the limited maximum up to four.

(b) Unrestricted Polygyny: According to this type of marriage, a man can keep wives as many as he wants. There is no limit to the number of wives. In ancient times, Kings were used to practicing this type of marriage.

Causes of Polygyny:

(1) This type of marriage prevails because of the fact that females become old quite early as compared to males. After the birth of the child health of females also deteriorates. This generally prevails in non-civilized societies.

(2) After some time of marriage, sexual relationships were restricted. For example
at the time of pregnancy sexual relationships are restricted. That’s why more than one marriage is permitted. ‘

(3) More sexual instinct of men is the main reason for this type of marriage. Sometimes men need a change and this is also a reason behind Polygyny.

(4) In ancient societies very big families had good social status in the society. So the wish of a big family also motivated this type of marriage.

(5) In ancient tribal societies Heads of tribes believed in getting prestige in society by marrying more than once because people think that he is from a rich family.

(6) Sometimes economic factor is also a reason for polygamy. In agricultural works, males need more help than females and that’s why they start to marry more than one female.

Merits of Polygyny:

(1) Children’s upbringing is possible in a good and proper manner with polygamy because females can collectively take care of them. If any wife would become sick then others can take care of the children.

(2) Another merit of polygyny is that with this custom there is no need to go to prostitutes to spend money for pleasure. He can get newness only in the family and his sexual instincts can be satisfied. With this practice of polygamy, the family can be saved.

(3) With this custom children become healthy because there is no need for a female to produce many children.

(4) When Kulin Vivaha was started because of this custom then the brotherhood among different castes was increased.

Demerits of Polygyny:

(1) The most important demerit of polygyny is the low status of women in society because women were used as the means of recreation and pleasure for males. Males had no feeling or sense of love towards females. In fact, he was related to her only to satisfy his sexual instincts. Anyone hardly cared about the feelings of females. There was no individual existence of females in society.

(2) When females were left with unsatisfied sexual instincts then they used to establish sexual relations with males except for their husband because a person can satisfy his instincts by marrying many wives but he cannot satisfy all the females.

(3) Because of polygyny the atmosphere of the family becomes uneasy because females are more in number and they are fighting with each other. For example, in Ramayana, queen Kekeyi forced her husband, king Dashrath to send Ram to the forests so that her son Bharata should be the new king. So we want to say that quarrels, fighting, jealousy exist in families with this custom.

(4) Because of Polygyny the head of the family is under a great economic pressure because just one member of the family earns but other members of the family are dependent upon him. So the status of the family becomes very low with this.

(5) Size of the file family becomes too big. That’s why many psychological problems occur in the family.

Polyandry:

Question 3.
What is Polyandry? Explain its causes, merits, and demerits.
Answer:
The custom of polyandry prevails in many societies of the world. The meaning of polyandry is the custom of that marriage in which one female marries many males at a given time and that’s why it is known as polyandry. Generally, in the families of tribes of Tibet, Marcusheim of Polynesia, today’s Malabar, Venzuala, and Malaya this type of custom still prevails. In ‘Mahabharata’, five Pandava brothers had one wife. In the Khas tribe of Dehradun, Toda tribe of Central India, Kot tribe of Kerala this system of Polyandry still prevails. Except this, this custom is also sanctioned in many tribes of hilly areas. Different scholars have given different views about it.

According to K.M. Kapadia, “Polyandry is a form of union in which a woman has more than one husband at a time or in which brothers share a wife or wives in common.” According to G.D. Mitchell, “The practice of marriage of one woman to two or more men, is stated as Polyandry.” In this way, the practice in which one female has more than one husband is known as Polyandry.

There are two forms of polyandrous marriage:

• Fraternal Polyandry
• Non-Fraternal Polyandry

Fraternal Polyandry:

In the custom of fraternal polyandry, all husbands of a female are brothers among them. This type of marriage prevails in the Khas Tribe in India. The eldest brother is known as the father of a child and rest younger brother are her husbands. They establish sexual relations with their wife with the permission of their elder brother. The elder brother is the head of the family and it is his duty to bring the children in a proper way. If even after the marriage any brother of the husbands will be bom then he will also become the husband of that female. If except elder brother, any other younger brother will marry any where else then other brothers also have the permission to have relations with her. If that brother did not permit for this and showed monopoly on her then he was forced to leave his property’s right. This type of marriage also prevails in the tribes of Nilgiri, Laddakh, Sikkim, Assam.

Non-Fraternal Polyandry:

In this type of polyandry, all the husbands of a female are not the brothers. Infact, they live at different places. Time is determined for female that for how much time she has to live with any husband. After the expiry of time period she goes to other husband and this process goes on. If in this type, female will die then all males are forced to live the life of widower. In some tribes, where this system prevails, if at the time of pregnancy any husband gifts her the arrow and the bow then he was accepted as the father of the child. All husbands will get a chance for that and it is their right. In this way according to this custom the rule is that if in a definite period wife lives with any husband then other husbands are not permitted to have sexual relations with the wife.

Causes of Polyandry:

(1) In the ancient times, it was very difficult for a person to take responsibility of the whole family and that’s why some persons were collectively marrying one female. According to Dr. Kapadia, this custom prevails even because of difficult natural conditions. In ancient times when man was moving beyond the range of family in search of food then some persons were engaged in these activities and some persons were living at home to take care of the family.

(2) To control the increasing population, this type of marriage was adopted. It helps in limiting the size of the family because with this the number of produced children will remain less in number.

(3) According to some sociologists less number of females as compared to males was the main reason behind this custom. In Toda tribe this was the main reason behind this type of custom.

(4) In some areas husband has to pay the price of the bride and then only he can make her as his wife. Sometimes this price of the bride was too high that it was beyond the limit of a single man. That’s why some people jointly were able to pay the price of the bride. That’s why they were accepting her jointly as their wife.

(5) Another reason of Polyandry is poverty. Sumner has written about Tibbet that production in Tibbet is very less and because of this it is very difficult for a person to give bread and butter to his family. That’s why collectively they were providing food and other things to the family.

Merits of Polyandry:

(1) With polyandry, the increase of population can be checked because in many areas the main reason of poverty is more population. This custom can reduce the number of children in society.

(2) On one side this custom controls the population and on another side it helps in taking status of living high, because there are less responsibilities on bread earners. The number of bread earners is more and that’s why there is no economic pressure on the family.

(3) With this custom, the custom of joint family also came into being and size of the family remains small. Very less number of quarrels are there because every person of the family works for the collective progress of the family.

(4) With this custom of polyandry, upbringing of children is possible in a proper and permanent way because the responsibility of upbringing of children belongs jointly to all members of the family. Children can get love of both, mother and father, which is necessary for the formation of his character and personality. Very less situation of conflict is there.

(5) With this custom there is no need for division of property of the family because of which the feelings of love, brotherhood and cooperation exist among the members of the society.

Demerits of Polyandry:

(1) The biggest disadvantage of polyandry is the health of the female because one female has to satisfy the sexual needs of many males which results in the deterioration of her health.

(2) This custom helps in reducing birth rate. If this custom will prevail for next few years then in next few years that society will come to an end.

(3) All males cannot be sexually satisfied with this because wife has to live with one husband for a definite period. When she is living with a husband for a definite period then others are restricted to establish sexual relations with her. In this condition man goes out of the house to satisfy his natural instincts. In this way immorality increases in family and the society.

(4) Another demerit of this custom is that when man comes to know that the child is not his, which his wife is producing, then in that condition he started to ignore the child and then the wife has to take the responsibility of that child.

Question 4.
Explain in detail the functions of family.
Answer:
Different sociologists have classified the functions of the family according to their own ways whose description is given below:

1. Biological Functions of Family:

1. Satisfaction of sexual desire. This necessary function of family exists from that time when human society came into being because the satisfaction of sexual desire is the primary function of family. This objective connects the male and female with each other for a long time and it helps also in the formation of the personality. If we will suppress this wish then many types of problems can occur which will result in the breakdown of social relations.

2. Reproduction. For the maintenance and existence of society it is necessary that human race should be perpetuated. According to Hindu religious books, man cannot get salvation until that time when he doesn’t have son. Society never gives sanction to the children which are born out of family. That’s why the reproduction of children is the aim of the family.

3. Provision of shelter. Family provides security to its members. House is provided to the members of the family so that they should live with their family when they will come back to their house from their work. These days man gets rooms to live in clubs, hotels but his house is just like a heaven for him. It is so because of the comfort which he gets in family, he can never get anywhere else.

4. Upbringing of children. The function of the upbringing of children also belongs to family. Actual development of a child is possible only under the control of the parents. It is right that in modern age creaches are taking care of children because females are also employed. But still we can see that the children who grow up under the supervision of their parents have more qualities than the others. In this way we can take care of our children only with the help of family and all-round development of the child is possible.

5. Provision of food and clothing. Humans need food to live and this need is fulfilled by family. Family saves its members from different natural forces. Human child is more dependent upon the family for a very long time. If the new born baby will not wear the clqthes according to the season then he can fall sick. In winter he needs woollen clothes and in summer he needs cotton clothes and the family provides him all these things.

2. Economic Functions of Family:

1. Protection of Property. In family, the property of one generation is given to another generation. In ancient times, in patriarchal families, property was divided only among boys. But in modern times girl can also take the share of her father’s property. If any person dies unmarried then after his death his relatives fight with each other for the property. So property is divided among the members of family according to the wish of the head of family.

2. Provision of Money. We need money to fulfil our needs and the needs of the family. That’s why in ancient societies head of family was providing the money for family. But today husband and wife both are earning to fulfil the needs of the members of family.

Social Functions of Family:

1. Socialization. Child learns ways of living in society only in family and becomes a good citizen. With the help of family child establishes social contacts. Child takes birth in family and first of all he comes in contact with his parents because they fulfil his basic needs. Person gets ascribed status from the family. According to Merrill, “Family is an enduring association of parents and offspring whose primary functions are the socialization of the children and the satisfaction of the members.”

Child’s personality develops only in family. According to Aristotle, “Man is a social animal.” This social quality he gets while living in society. According to Anderson, to control the animal habits of man, to form good habits, to understand responsibilities and to develop self belief are the main functions of family. Qualities like cooperation, love, sacrifice, discipline develop in a person only in the family. If child gets proper education in the family then good citizens will come in society. Person comes to know about every type of behaviour of society only in family.”

2. Protection and transmission of culture. Family protects our culture and this culture is our social heritage and continuity exists in it. Every family understands the responsibilities of giving good habits to next generation, traditions, customs, rituals to the person. Child learns every thing with unconscious mind because he automatically does that thing which he observes in the family. Every family has its own customs on which it is based. Family tells the child to learn something consciously so that the child should move according to the traditions of the family. In this way on the basis of this continuity family protects and transmits the culture to next generation.

3. Social control. Family is an important agency of social control because it is the first agency in which the child is controlled so that the bad habits should not be developed. For example, parents keep control over him to not to tell a lie, not to speak wrong with elders so that the child should follow the rules of the family. Every person wants to do that type of work which helps in increasing the prestige of his family in the society. Family controls every type of behaviour and actions of its members. In this way child becomes disciplined. If child does not behave in a proper way with the members of family then he will definitely misbehave with the other members of the society. For example, child learns the habit of theft only by looking at its elders. If they will not do this then child will also come under control. In this way family controls its members.

4. To provide status. In a family child comes to know about his status and role. In ancient societies child was respected according to family in which he was born. For example, a child born in a rich family, King’s house, Landlord’s house was getting social status automatically. Child born in poor family had low status. Yet in today’s age man gets status according to his ability but still child has to work according to the family in which he is born.

5. Provide occupation. In ancient societies child had to adopt the occupation of family in which he was born. In caste system, child born in Brahmin’s family can adopt the occuption of the brahmins. According to ancient history, division of occupation was based on caste and caste was related with the birth of child. Yet today person can adopt the occupation according to his ability but still in business, person adopts his hereditary occupation.

6. Help in marriage. This function was also done by family in ancient societies. Yet in today’s age man establishes marital relations according to his wish. But still it is necessary that the family members should be present at the time of marriage. Even today it is the duty of the family to get their children married.

Education Functions:

Family is the basic agency for the education of a child because he gets first education only in family. To give good habits and qualities is also related with family. In ancient societies education related to occupation, education related to religion, education related to making a good citizen was given only in family. Yet in present society child’s educational functions have been taken away by other institutions but still many functions related to education are done by family.

Political Functions:

In political area family has an important place. According to Confucius, man firstly is the member of the family then is of state. In primitive societies family’s importance was more than political aspect. Society was divided in different tribes. Eldest members of these tribes were made the head of the tribe. Head of the family was the eldest member of the family and others were working under him. In Indian joint family system head of family is of great importance. This head can be grandfather or great grandfather of the family. Members of family were given different status and roles which everyone had to obey. That’s why stability of family was there. The main reason behind the disorganization of the family in modern society is the lack of political functions of the family. Family helps the person to become a political man so that the man should be able to become a good citizen of the society. Political organization is a powerful organization which regulates the social relations of the person. So organization of the family is responsible for the organization of the society.

Religious Functions:

Child gets knowledge about religious rituals in family only. According to Hindu religious books, religious rituals are incomplete without wife. Family is the centre of religious actions. In Indian society, marriage is known as religious sacrament and it completed by religious actions. Religious rituals are done by the family from the birth till death. Qualities of the person are developed by the family. Religion controls the behaviour of human. It develops many of the good qualities in person like sacrifice, love, cooperation etc. According to Timasheff Cohen, “The structure and status of the family are often reflected in religion, the gods forming families along human lines. In those societies, atleast religious rules serve as instrument of integration, offering common societal values which help to direct the society as. a whole.” Family life depends upon religion. In this way religion tells its ‘members about religious ideals, rules with which social unity is maintained. In modern societies people’s point of view has become scientific but still family maintains its social customs.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 5 Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Chapter 5 Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What caused desperation to the gods ?
Answer:
There was a fight between the demons and the gods. The demons seemed to have an upper hand. It caused desperation to the gods.

असुरों और देवताओं के बीच एक युद्ध हुआ। असुरों का पलड़ा भारी प्रतीत होता था। इससे देवताओं में निराशा पैदा हो गई।

Question 2.
Who did the gods go to in desperation ?
Answer:
The gods went to Lord Vishnu. They wanted to know the way to defeat the demons.

देवता भगवान् विष्णु के पास गए। वे असुरों को पराजित करने का तरीका जानना चाहते थे।

Question 3.
What was Lord Vishnu’s advice to the gods ?
Answer:
Lord Vishnu advised the gods to get a mighty sword prepared from the bones of some great sage.

भगवान् विष्णु ने देवताओं को सलाह दी कि वे एक शक्तिशाली तलवार प्राप्त करें जो किसी महान् सन्त की अस्थियों से बनी हो।

Question 4.
What was the sacrifice of Saint Dadhichi ?
Answer:
He laid down his life so that his bones could be made into an invincible weapon for the gods.

उसने अपने प्राणों का बलिदान कर दिया ताकि उसकी अस्थियों से देवताओं के लिए एक अपराजेय शस्त्र बनाया जा सके।

Question 5.
What is the real spirit behind the yajnas performed in our homes ?
Answer:
It is the spirit of charity, renunciation, sacrifice and detachment.

यह दान, त्याग, बलिदान और वैराग्य की भावना होती है।

Question 6.
What does the tradition of feeding birds and animals prove ?
Answer:
It proves that the people of our country believe in the unity and sanctity of all life.

इससे सिद्ध होता है कि हमारे देश के लोग सम्पूर्ण जीवन की एकता तथा पवित्रता में विश्वास रखते हैं।

Question 7.
Why did some scholars laugh at Ashtavakra ?
Answer:
Ashtavakra had a deformed body. He looked very ugly. Therefore, some scholars laughed at him.

अष्टवक्र का शरीर टेढ़ा-मेढ़ा था। वह बहुत कुरूप लगता था। इसलिए कुछ विद्वान उस पर हंस पड़े।

Question 8.
How did Ashtavakra react when some scholars laughed at him ?
Or
How did Ashtavakra react ?
Answer:
Ashtavakra became very angry. He called them skinners because they measured the worth of a person from his skin.

अष्टवक्र बहुत क्रोधित हो उठा। उसने उन्हें चर्मकार कहा क्योंकि वे किसी व्यक्ति का मूल्य उसकी चमड़ी से आंकते थे।

Question 9.
What did Vivekananda say to the lady who laughed at his ____ simple dress ?
Answer:
He said that it was the tailor who made a man in the lady’s country. But in his own country, it was the real worth and character of a person that mattered.

उसने कहा कि उस औरत के देश में एक दर्जी होता है जो किसी व्यक्ति को बनाता है। किन्तु उसके अपने देश में व्यक्ति का वास्तविक मूल्य और उसका चरित्र होता है जिसका महत्त्व होता है।

Question 10.
What was the status of women in ancient India ?
Answer:
In ancient India, women enjoyed a high status. No auspicious function was considered complete without their participation.

प्राचीन भारत में औरतों का दर्जा ऊंचा था। कोई भी शुभ कार्य उनकी भागीदारी के बिना पूरा नहीं माना जाता था।

Question 11.
Why did Shivaji bow his head before the woman who was brought to him as a gift ?
Answer:
Shivaji had great regard for women. He looked upon them as his mothers. That was why he called that woman mother and bowed his head before her.

शिवाजी औरतों के प्रति बहुत सम्मान रखते थे। वह उन्हें अपनी माताएं मानते थे। इसीलिए उन्होंने उस औरत को मां कहा और उसके सामने अपना सिर झुकाया।

Question 12.
Why, according to you, were the wars fought in the Mahabharata and Ramayana sacred ?
Answer:
These wars were fought to defend and uphold the honour of motherhood. That was why they were considered sacred.

ये युद्ध मातृत्व की रक्षा और उसे बनाए रखने के लिए लड़े गए थे। इसी कारण से वे पवित्र माने जाते थे।

Question 13.
What does Lord Rama’s meeting with a Bheel woman and eating the tasted berries show ?
Answer:
It shows that in ancient India, there was never any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or profession.

इससे पता चलता है कि प्राचीन भारत में कभी भी जाति, नस्ल या व्यवसाय के आधार पर भेद-भाव नहीं होता था।

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why, according to the author, should those people be ashamed of themselves who believe in female foeticide ?
Answer:
The author says that India is a land where women were always held in great regard. No auspicious ceremony was considered complete without their participation. The two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, also uphold the honour of women. In such a country, the evil of female foeticide is indeed a matter to be ashamed of.

लेखक कहता है कि भारत एक ऐसा देश है जहां औरतों का सदा ही बहुत सम्मान किया जाता था। उनके शामिल हुए बिना कोई भी शुभ अनुष्ठान सम्पूर्ण नहीं माना जाता था। रामायण और महाभारत के दो महाकाव्य भी औरतों के सम्मान का समर्थन करते हैं। ऐसे देश में कन्या-भ्रूण हत्या वास्तव में ही एक शर्मिंदा होने की बात है।

Question 2.
How does the author support the idea of the victory of the good over the evil ?
Answer:
The author gives the examples of Dadhichi and Sri Guru Gobind Singh’s sons. These great souls sacrificed their lives for the cause of good. Dadhichi sacrificed his life to give the gods an invincible weapon against the asurs. The young sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh sacrificed their lives for the sake of their faith and the principles of justice.

लेखक दधीचि और गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह के पुत्रों का उदाहरण देता है। इन महान आत्माओं ने अच्छाई की खातिर अपने जीवन बलिदान कर दिए। दधीचि ने असुरों के विरुद्ध देवताओं को एक अजेय शस्त्र प्रदान करने के लिए अपना जीवन बलिदान कर दिया। गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह के छोटे पुत्रों ने अपने धर्म और न्याय के सिद्धान्तों की खातिर अपने जीवन बलिदान कर दिए।

Question 3.
What is the basic difference between the position of women in society in the ancient times and now ?
Answer:
In the ancient times, women enjoyed a very high position. No auspicious ceremony was considered complete without their participation. They were never looked upon as objects of lust. Now women are not given their due regard. The incidents of dowry killings and female foeticide are matters of shame for us.

प्राचीन समय में औरतों को बहुत ऊंचा स्थान प्राप्त था। कोई भी शुभ अनुष्ठान औरतों की उपस्थिति के बिना पूरा नहीं माना जाता था। उन्हें कभी भी वासनापूर्ति की चीज़ नहीं माना जाता था। परन्तु अब औरतों को उचित सम्मान नहीं दिया जाता है। दहेज के कारण होने वाली मौतें और कन्या-भ्रूण की हत्या हमारे लिए लज्जा की बातें हैं।

Question 4.
What does the practice of langar’ stand for ? Explain.
Answer:
Langar is a symbol of love and fellow-feeling. It is a symbol of brotherhood and equality. It tells us that we should eat only after we have shared our meal with others. By sharing our meals with others, we develop a great feeling of love and brotherhood.

लंगर प्यार और सहभावना का प्रतीक है। यह भाईचारे और समानता का प्रतीक है। यह हमें बताता है कि हमें केवल तब खाना चाहिए जब हम दूसरों के साथ अपना भोजन बांट चुके हों। दूसरों के साथ अपना भोजन बांटने से हम प्यार और भाईचारे की महान भावनाओं को विकसित करते हैं।

Question 5.
Give an example to prove that in ancient India, there was no discrimination on the basis of caste.
Answer:
We find a great example of it in the Ramayana. Lord Rama ate the tasted berries from a Bheel woman. The woman was a shudra while Rama was a ksatriya. It shows that in ancient India, there was no discrimination on the basis of caste.

रामायण में हमें इसका एक महान उदाहरण मिलता है। भगवान राम ने एक भील औरत से जूठे बेर खाए थे। वह औरत एक शूद्र थी जब कि राम एक क्षत्रिय थे। इससे पता चलता है कि प्राचीन भारत में जाति के आधार पर कोई भेद-भाव नहीं था।

Vocabulary and Grammar

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Some scholars laughed at Ashtavakra’s ….
(i) joke
(ii) friend
(iii) luck
(iv) deformed body
Answer:
(iv) deformed body

Question 2.
In ancient India, the woman was always considered a goddess. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The gods went to Lord Vishnu in desperation. (True /False)
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Who was losing in the battle between the gods and the demons ?
Answer:
The gods

Question 5.
What did Saint Dadhichi advise the gods to make ?
(i) An arrow
(ii) A sword
(iii) Bones
(iv) None of these.
Answer:
(iv) None of these.

Question 6.
Shivaji bowed his head before the …………….
(i) man
(ii) woman
(iii) teacher
(iv) king
Answer:
(ii) woman

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
In the fight beween the demons and gods, who was winning initially ?
Answer:
The demons.

Question 2.
Who was Dadhichi ?
Answer:
He was a great saint.

Question 3.
What did Dadhichi give to gods ?
Answer:
He gave them all the bones of his body.

Question 4.
Who is the author of this chapter ?
Answer:
Dr. D.V. Jindal.

Question 5.
How did the young sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh sacrifice their life?
Answer:
They chose to be bricked alive for the sake of their faith.

Question 6.
What does ‘Vasudhev Kutumbukam’ stand for?
Answer:
It stands for the entire universe is our family’.

Question 7.
Who was Ashtavakra ?
Answer:
He was a well-known sage.

Question 8.
Why were the gods depressed ?
Answer:
Because the demons seemed to be winning.

Question 9.
Why was Ashtavakra angry ?
Answer:
Because the scholars were laughing at his misshapen body.

Question 10.
What supreme quality of Chatrapati Shivaji has been highlighted in the chapter ?
Answer:
His quality of giving highest respect to women.

Complete the following:

1. The fight took place between gods and ………….
2. Dadhichi readily gave his …………… to gods.
3. The two sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh were ………….
4. The elder ones treat it as their duty to feed ………….
5. The great sage, Ashtavakra, came to the court of ………….. have always been given high respect in India.
Answer:
1. demons
2. bones
3. bricked alive
4. the birds and animals
5. king Janaka
6. Women.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. The demons seemed to be losing the fight.
2. Gods went to Lord Brahma for advice.
3. Feeding birds shows our people’s belief in the unity of all life.
4. Ashtavakra was a very handsome sage.
5. Chhatrapati Shivaji was very respectable to women.
6. In Lord Rama’s time, there was no discrimination on the basis of cast or creed.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following:

Question 1.
A long fight took place
(a) among demons themselve
(b) among gods
(c) between demons and gods
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(c) between demons and gods

Question 2.
What was to be made from Sage Dadhichi’s bones ?
(a) A thunderbolt (Vajrapatt).
(b) A bow.
(c) A chakra.
(d) A spear.
Answer:
(a) A thunderbolt (Vajrapatt).

Question 3.
Indians feel happy to feed ……
(a) birds
(b) beasts
(c) animals
(d) both (a) and (c).
Answer:
(d) both (a) and (c).

Question 4.
In ancient India, women enjoyed ……….
(a) complete freedom
(b) a very high status
(c) all luxuries
(d) quarrels and fights.
Answer:
(b) a very high status

Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices Summary & Translation in English

Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices Introduction:
In this chapter, the author tells about the traditions and practices prevalent in ancient India. He says that our old philosophy teaches us the spirit of detachment. But now corruption, greed and lust for easy money have overshadowed this noble philosophy. Our old philosophy teaches us that the whole universe is one family. But now we have forgotten this philosophy. In ancient India, there was no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or sex. But now such discrimination is quite prevalent. Women are not getting their rightful place in the society. The practice of female foeticide has become very common.

Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices Summary & Translation in English

(Page 72)

In a fight between the demons’ and the gods once, the demons were having an Upper hand. In desperation and anxiety, the gods went to Lord Vishnu to find out as to how they could vanquish the demons. The Lord advised them to get a mighty sword (ah underbolt, Vajarpatt) prepared from he bones of some great sage. Accordingly; he gods approached the sage Dadhichi, great saint. Dadhichi took no time in laying down his life so that his bones could be made into an invincible weapon (amoghastra). This victory of the good over evil is the rarest of the rare examples of great renunciation and sacrifice that this culture teaches.

Who can forget the supreme sacrifice of the young sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh ? They chose to be bricked alive for the sake of their faith and the canons of justice and true liberty. Our philosophy and thought teach us to renounce , to sacrifice, to give away in charity in the real spirit of detachment. ‘Idam naa mam’ (This does not belong to me) is the real spirit behind the yajnas we are called upon to perform frequently in our homes. Should corruption, greed and lust for easy money have any place in a country rich with such noble and lofty traditions ?

(Page 73)

The elder ones of this country, as per tradition coming down from thousands of years to this day, consider it a divine and blessed duty to feed the birds flying in the sky, the animals moving about on. this earth and the insects living in small holes inside the earth. This noble tradition is ocular proof of the fact that the people of this country believe in the unity of life, anywhere and everywhere.

‘Vasudhev Kutumbukam’, the entire Universe is one family, is the basic thought that works here and in the various such ceremonies like the tradition of ‘langar’ in the holy temples and Gurudwaras and the message of the holy Gurus contained in the directive: ‘Eat only after you have shared your meal with others, (Wand chakra).’ This idea of distribution applies not to food only; it extends well up to the entire resources and funds that are available to man. Do we still need to be taught to love the entire mankind as our kith and king and respect the sanctity of life through total non-violence

Once, the story goes, king Janaka of Maithil (present Bihar) called a meeting of the scholars to discuss some ticklish issue based on high philosophic thought. A well-known sage named Ashtavakra (so called – because of his deformed body) was also invited to this meeting. As Ashtavakara entered the portals of the palace hall and walked up the passage, some scholars already present there burst into a derisive laughter. How could such a deformed and misshapen person discuss high philosophy, they felt.

Ashtavakra thundered back to the king, “O King ! I feel ashamed of being invited to this assembly of skinners(persons who deal in animal skins; Charamkars). It is only a skinner who measures intelligence or status of a person from his skin or physical looks or the colour and shape of his skin or body.”

(Page 74)

This put the entire assembly to shame and brought them to their knees to beg pardon of this great saint. Colour of the skin or shape of the body has never been a measure of intelligence or status in this country. Lord Rama’s eating of the tasted berries from a Bheel woman (a Shudra woman who used to sprinkle water on the earth with the help of a leather bag) is a sufficient proof of the fact that there was never any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed or profession of a person in ancient India. One is here also reminded of what the enlightened sage, Swami Vivekananda, said to a lady in America who laughed at his ‘simple’ dress : “Madam, in your country, it is the tailor who makes a man; in my country it is the intrinsic worth and character of a person that make him or her great.”

Isn’t it unwise to support, tacitly or otherwise, any talk of such discrimination on such frivolous bases today ? The history of this great land is full of examples where no auspicious function was considered to be held properly without the participation of women. So much so, that if no woman could somehow make it to the function, a statue of the woman was created to mark her auspicious presence. This only proves that a woman in this great land was never looked upon as an object of lust or sex; she was always considered a devi (goddess), Kanjak (a young, unmarried girl child fit to be worshipped), the mother of mankind, the ardhangini, the inseparable but equal wheel of the rat ha (chariot) of life.

(Page 75)

This fitly explains Chhatrapati Shivaji’s bowing his head before a woman and respectfully restoring her dignity Shivaji’s bowing his head before a woman and respectfully restoringid her dignity as a mother when some misguided soldiers of his victorious army presented her to Shivaji as gift. This too explains that the great wars in both the sacred epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, were fought for defending and upholding the honour of this matrishakti, the powerful motherhood. Does this not put those to shame who think of resorting to female foeticide or denying the female sex their rightful place in the affairs of the world ?

Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices Summary & Translation in Hindi

Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices Introduction:
इस पाठ में लेखक प्राचीन भारत में प्रचलित परम्पराओं और रिवाजों के बारे में बताता है। वह कहता है कि हमारा प्राचीन दर्शन हमें विराग की भावना सिखाता है। परन्तु अब भ्रष्टाचार, लालच और लालसा ने इस उत्तम दर्शन को ढक लिया है। हमारा प्राचीन दर्शन हमें सिखाता है कि पूरा ब्रह्माण्ड एक परिवार है। परन्तु अब हम इस दर्शन को भूल चुके हैं। प्राचीन भारत में जाति, धर्म या लिंग के आधार पर कोई भेदभाव नहीं होता था। परन्तु अब इस प्रकार का भेदभाव बहुत आम है। औरतों को समाज में उनका उचित स्थान नहीं मिल रहा। कन्या-भ्रूण हत्या एक आम बात हो चुकी है।

Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices Summary & Translation in Hindi

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असुरों और देवताओं के मध्य युद्ध के दौरान एक बार असुरों का पलड़ा भारी हो रहा था। निराशा और चिंता से भर कर देवतागण भगवान् विष्णु के पास यह जानने के लिए गए कि वे किस प्रकार असुरों को हरा सकते थे। भगवान् ने उन्हें सलाह दी कि वे किसी महान् सन्त की हड्डियों से तैयार की गई एक शक्तिशाली तलवार (वज्रपात) प्राप्त करें। इसी उद्देश्य से देवतागण सन्त दधीचि के पास पहुँचे जो एक महान् सन्त था। दधीचि ने अपने प्राणों का बलिदान करने में कोई देर न की ताकि उसकी हड्डियों से एक अजेय शस्त्र (अमोघास्त्र)

बनाया जा सके। बुराई के ऊपर अच्छाई की यह विजय महान् त्याग और बलिदान के उन दुर्लभतम् उदाहरणों में से एक है जो यह संस्कति सिखाती है। श्री गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह के छोटे-छोटे पुत्रों के महानतम् बलिदान को कौन भूल सकता है ? उन्होंने स्वेच्छा से अपने धर्म, न्याय के आदर्शों तथा वास्तविक स्वतन्त्रता के लिए स्वयं को ईंटों में चिनवा लिया। हमारा दर्शन और हमारे विचार हमें त्याग करना, बलिदान करना, वैराग्य की सच्ची भावना के साथ अपना सर्वस्व दान में दे देना सिखाते हैं। ‘इदम् न माम’ (यह मेरी नहीं है) ही वह वास्तविक भावना है जो उन यज्ञों में निहित होती है जिन्हें हमें अपने घरों में विभिन्न अवसरों पर प्रायः आयोजित करने को कहा जाता है। क्या भ्रष्टाचार, लालच और किसी भी तरीके से धन कमाने की लालसा का कोई स्थान ऐसे देश में होना चाहिए जो ऐसी श्रेष्ठ तथा उच्च परम्पराओं से समृद्ध हो ?

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इस देश के बुजुर्ग व्यक्ति, हजारों वर्षों से आज तक चली आ रही परम्परा के अनुसार, इसे अपना दैवी और पवित्र कर्त्तव्य मानते हैं कि वे आकाश में उडते हए पक्षियों. इस धरती पर विचरने वाले पशओं तथा धरती के अन्दर अपने छोटे-छोटे. बिलों में रहने वाले कीड़े मकौड़ों के लिए खाने को दें। यह उत्तम परम्परा इस तथ्य का प्रत्यक्ष प्रमाण है कि इस देश के लोग किसी भी जगह और हर जगह जीवन की एकता में विश्वास रखते ‘वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्’ (पूरा विश्व एक परिवार है) वह मूल विचार है जो यहां काम करता है, और उन विभिन्न अनष्ठानों में भी जैसे कि पवित्र मंदिरों और गुरुद्वारों में लंगर की परम्परा, तथा महान् गुरुओं के उस संदेश में जो इस निर्देश में निहित है कि: ‘भोजन तभी’

करो जब तुमने अपना भोजन अन्य व्यक्तियों के साथ बाँट लिया हो (वंड छको)।’ बांटने का यह विचार केवल भोजन पर ही लागू नहीं होता, यह उन सभी स्रोतों तथा निधियों पर भी लागू होता है जो मनुष्य को प्राप्त हैं। क्या अभी भी हमें यह सिखाए जाने की आवश्यकता है कि हम सम्पूर्ण मानवता को अपना सम्बन्धी समझें और सम्पूर्ण अहिंसा के माध्यम से जीवन की पवित्रता का सम्मान करें ?
ऐसी कहानी है कि एक बार मैथिल (आज का बिहार) के राजा जनक ने किसी जटिल समस्या पर, जो उच्च दार्शनिक विचारों पर आधारित थी, विचार-विमर्श करने के लिए एक सभा बुलाई। अष्टवक्र नाम के एक प्रसिद्ध ऋषि को भी उस सभा में निमन्त्रित किया गया था।

(उसका नाम उसके शरीर की अंग-विकृति के कारण ऐसा पड़ गया था।) जैसे ही अष्टवक्र ने महल के सभा-भवन में प्रवेश किया और गलियारे में चल कर आने लगा, वहां पहले से उपस्थित कुछ विद्वान उपहास भरे ठहाके लगाने लगे। ऐसा अंग-विकृत तथा कुरूप व्यक्ति किस प्रकार उच्च दर्शन के विषय में चर्चा कर सकता था. उन्होंने ऐसा सोचा। इस पर अष्टवक्र ने गरजती हुई आवाज़ में राजा से कहा, “हे राजन ! चर्मकारों (पशु-चमड़ी का व्यापार करने वाले लोगों) की इस सभा में निमन्त्रित किए जाने पर मुझे लज्जा आ रही है। यह केवल एक चर्मकार ही होता है जो किसी व्यक्ति की बुद्धिमत्ता अथवा उसके पद का माप उसकी त्वचा तथा उसकी शारीरिक आकृति या उसकी त्वचा अथवा शरीर के रंग और आकृति से करता है।

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इस पर पुरी सभा लज्जित हो गई और वे उस महान् ऋषि से क्षमा मांगने के लिए अपने घुटनों के बल हो गए। त्वचा का रंग या शरीर की आकृति इस देश में कभी भी बुद्धिमत्ता अथवा ऊंचे पद का मापदंड नहीं रहे हैं।

भगवान् राम द्वारा एक भीलनी (एक शूद्र स्त्री जो चर्म मशक द्वारा ज़मीन पर पानी छिड़का करती थी) के जूठे बेरों को खाना इस तथ्य का पर्याप्त प्रमाण है कि प्राचीन भारत में जाति, धर्म अथवा व्यवसाय के आधार पर कभी भी किसी व्यक्ति से कोई भेद-भाव नहीं किया जाता था। यहां उस बात की भी याद आ जाती है जो उस प्रबुद्ध सन्त, स्वामी विवेकानन्द, ने अमरीका की उस स्त्री से कही थी जिसने उसके अत्यन्त सादे वस्त्रों का मज़ाक उड़ाया था, “मैडम, आपके देश में किसी व्यक्ति को एक दर्जी बनाता है; मेरे देश में किसी व्यक्ति के आंतरिक गुण और उसका चरित्र होते हैं जो उसे महान् बनाते हैं।”

क्या यह मूर्खता नहीं होगी कि प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से ऐसे महत्त्वहीन आधारों पर इस तरह के भेद-भाव वाली किसी चर्चा का आजकल अनुमोदन किया जाए? इस महान् देश का इतिहास ऐसे उदाहरणों से भरा पड़ा है जहां स्त्रियों द्वारा भाग लिए बिना कोई भी शुभ कार्य उचित रूप से आयोजित नहीं समझा जाता था। यहां तक कि यदि कोई स्त्री किसी कारण से उस कार्य में सम्मिलित नहीं हो पाती थी तो उसकी शुभ उपस्थिति के प्रतीक के रूप में उस स्त्री की मूर्ति बनवाई जाती थी। इससे केवल यही सिद्ध होता है कि इस महान् देश में स्त्री को वासना या कामेच्छा पूरी करने वाली चीज़ कभी नहीं समझा जाता था; उसे सदा एक देवी, एक कंजक (एक छोटी उम्र की अविवाहित कन्या जिसकी पूजा की जानी चाहिए), मानव-मात्र की मां, अर्धांगिनी, जीवन रथ का अभिन्न किन्तु बराबरी वाला पहिया माना जाता था।

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छत्रपति शिवाजी द्वारा एक स्त्री के सामने सिर झुकाने और एक मां की तरह उसकी प्रतिष्ठा को पुनः स्थापित करने के पीछे यही भावना काम कर रही थी जब उनकी विजयी सेना के कुछ पथभ्रष्ट सैनिकों ने उस स्त्री को शिवाजी के सामने एक उपहार के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया। यह हमें यह भी बताता है कि दोनों पवित्र महाकाव्यों, रामायण और महाभारत, में महायुद्ध इसी मातृशक्ति के सम्मान की रक्षा के लिए और उसे बनाए रखने के लिए लड़े गए थे। क्या यह बात उन लोगों को लज्जा से नहीं भर देती जो कन्या-भ्रूण हत्या की बात सोचते हैं अथवा विश्व के मामलों में स्त्रियों को उनका न्याय-संगत स्थान नहीं देते हैं ?

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 4 A Gift for Christmas Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Chapter 4 A Gift for Christmas

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was Della crying ?
Answer:
Della wanted to buy a Christmas gift for Jim, but she didn’t have money for it. So she was crying.

डैला जिम के लिए एक क्रिसमस उपहार खरीदना चाहती थी, किन्तु उसके पास इसके लिए पैसे नहीं थे। इसलिए वह रो रही थी।

Question 2.
Describe the poverty of Della’s house.
Answer:
Signs of poverty were everywhere in the house. She had only a little couch. It was also very very dirty.

घर में सब जगह निर्धनता के चिन्ह थे। उसके पास केवल एक छोटा-सा सोफा था। यह भी बहुत गन्दा था।

Question 3.
What type of present had Deila planned for Jim ?
Answer:
Della wanted to buy a fine present for Jim. She wanted it to be something rare which Jim could feel proud of.

डैला जिम के लिए कोई सुन्दर उपहार खरीदना चाहती थी। वह कोई ऐसी चीज़ चाहती थी जो दुर्लभ हो और जिस पर जिम गर्व महसूस कर सके।

Question 4.
What were the two prized possessions of Jim and Della ?
Answer:
Jim had a golden watch. Before him, it had been his father’s and grandfather’s. Della had lovely brown hair that reached below her knees.

जिम के पास एक सुनहरी घड़ी थी। उससे पहले यह उसके पिता की और उसके दादा की रही थी। डैला के पास भूरे रंग के सुन्दर बाल थे जो उसके घुटनों के नीचे तक पहुंचते थे।

Question 5.
Describe the present Della bought for Jim.
Answer:
Della bought a platinum watch-chain for Jim. It was simple but well made.

डैला ने जिम के लिए प्लैटिनम की बनी घड़ी की एक चेन खरीदी। यह सादी किन्तु अच्छी बनी हुई लगती थी।

Question 6.
How did Della manage to buy the gift ?
Answer:
Della had beautiful long hair. She sold it for twenty dollars. Thus she was able to buy a Christmas gift for Jim.

डैला के बाल लम्बे और सुन्दर थे। उसने इन्हें बीस डॉलर में बेच दिया। इस प्रकार वह जिम के लिए एक क्रिसमस उपहार खरीदने के योग्य हो गई।

Question 7.
What did Della think when she looked at herself in the mirror ?
Answer:
Della looked at herself in the mirror. She looked like a boy. She became very nervous. She thought Jim would be very angry with her.

डैला ने खुद को आइने में देखा। वह एक लड़के के जैसी लगती थी। वह बहुत घबरा गई। उसने सोचा जिम उससे बहुत नाराज़ होगा।

Question 8.
What was Jim’s reaction on seeing Della’s hair gone ?
Answer:
There was a strange expression in Jim’s eyes. It was not anger or surprise.
It was not disapproval also. He simply stared at her fixedly.

जिम की आँखों में एक विचित्र भाव था। यह न तो गुस्सा था, और न ही हैरानी। यह न पसन्द करने का भाव भी नहीं था। वह केवल उसे एकटक घूरता रहा।

Question 9.
What explanation did Delle give to Jim ?
Answer:
Della said that she wanted to buy a Christmas present for Jim, but she had not the money. So she had to sell her hair to get the money.

डैला ने कहा कि वह जिम के लिए क्रिसमस का कोई उपहार खरीदना चाहती थी किन्तु उसके पास पैसे नहीं थे। इसलिए उसे पैसे प्राप्त करने के लिए अपने बाल बेचने पड़े।

Question 10.
What was in the package that Jim had brought for Della ?
Answer:
The package contained a beautiful set of combs. Della had seen them in a shop window. She had liked them but had never hoped she could get them.

पैकेट में कंघियों का एक सुन्दर जोड़ा था। डैला ने इन्हें एक दुकान की खिड़की में देखा था। उसे ये पसन्द थीं किन्तु उसे कभी आशा नहीं थी कि वह उन्हें प्राप्त कर सकेगी।

Question 11.
How did Jim manage to buy the present for Della ?
Answer:
Jim had a beautiful gold watch. He sold it to buy a present for Della.

जिम के पास एक सुन्दर सुनहरी घड़ी थी। डैला के लिए उपहार खरीद पाने के लिए उसने इसे बेच दिया।

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
‘Expenses had been greater than she had calculated.’ Why ?
Answer:
Jim earned only twenty dollars a week. Out of it, eight dollars went for the house rent. Thus only twelve dollars were left for the family to live on. With all her parsimony, Della could save only 1.87 dollars. Naturally, the expenses had been greater than expected.

जिम सप्ताह में केवल बीस डॉलर कमाता था। इसमें से आठ डालर घर के किराए के लिए निकल जाते थे। इस प्रकार परिवार के निर्वाह के लिए केवल बारह डालर बच पाते थे। अपनी पूरी किफ़ायत के बावजूद डैला केवल 1.87 डालर बचा पाई थी। स्वाभाविक रूप से खर्चे आशा से अधिक रहे थे।

Question 2.
Describe in your own words the incident of Della’s selling her hair.
Answer:
Della wanted to buy a nice Christmas present for Jim, but she had not the money for it. She thought of selling her beautiful brown hair. She went to a shop that dealt in hair goods. There she sold her hair for twenty dollars. She at once took the money and ran to the market to buy a present for Jim.

डैला जिम के लिए क्रिसमस का एक सुन्दर उपहार खरीदना चाहती थी, किन्तु उसके पास इसके लिए पैसे नहीं थे। उसने अपने सुन्दर भूरे बाल बेचने का मन बनाया। वह एक दुकान पर गई जहां बालों की बनी चीजें बेची जाती थीं। वहां उसने अपने बाल बीस डालर में बेच दिए। उसने तुरन्त पैसे लिए और जिम के लिए उपहार खरीदने बाज़ार की तरफ़ दौड़ पड़ी।

Question 3.
Why was Della pleased with her selection of the present for Jim ?
Answer:
Jim had a gold watch of which he was very proud. Della bought a platinum chain for Jim’s watch. She wanted to give it to him as a Christmas present. The platinum chain was simple but well made. Della felt that it had been made for Jim and no one else. She was certain that Jim would be very pleased to have it.

जिम के पास सोने की एक घड़ी थी जिस पर उसे बहुत गर्व था। डैला ने जिम की घड़ी के लिए प्लैटिनम की एक चेन खरीदी। वह उसे यह क्रिसमस उपहार के रूप में देना चाहती थी। प्लैटिनम चैन सादी थी किन्तु बढ़िया बनी हुई थी। डैला को महसूस हुआ कि वह जिम के लिए बनी थी, तथा और किसी के लिए नहीं। उसे विश्वास था कि उसे प्राप्त करके जिम बहुत प्रसन्न होगा।

Question 4.
Why does the story writer call Jim ‘a poor fellow’ ?
Answer:
Jim was only twenty-two and he was burdened with a family. He earned only twenty dollars a week. Out of it, eight dollars went for the house rent. Thus very little was left to run the house. Jim had no overcoat or gloves. He looked very thin and serious. That is why the story writer calls him ‘a poor fellow’.

जिम की आयु केवल बाईस वर्ष की थी और वह एक परिवार के बोझ तले दबा हुआ था। वह सप्ताह में केवल बीस डालर कमाता था। इसमें से आठ डालर मकान के किराए में चले जाते थे। इस प्रकार घर चलाने के लिए बहुत थोड़े पैसे बचते थे। जिम के पास कोई ओवरकोट या दस्ताने नहीं थे। वह बहुत दुबला-पतला और गम्भीर दिखाई देता था। इसी कारण कहानी-लेखक उसे ‘बेचारा आदमी’ कहता है।

Question 5.
What do you think about the expression in Jim’s eyes ? Was it shock, surprise or anger ? Why ?
Answer:
When Jim looked at Della without her hair, a strange expression came in his eyes. It was not anger or surprise. It was not disapproval also. He simply stared at her fixedly. He had brought for her a costly pair of combs, but now he saw that she had no hair to wear them. It was this fact that had turned him blank.

जब जिम ने डैला को उसके बालों के बिना देखा तो उसकी आंखों में एक अजीब-सा भाव आ गया। यह कोई क्रोध या हैरानी का भाव नहीं था। यह पसन्द न आने का भाव भी नहीं था। वह केवल एकटक नज़र से उसे देखता रहा। वह उसके लिए कंघियों का एक कीमती जोड़ा लेकर आया था किन्तु अब उसने देखा कि उन्हें पहनने के लिए उसके कोई बाल नहीं थे। यही बात थी जिसने उसे भावशून्य बना
दिया था।

Question 6.
Both Jim and Della gave each other the gifts of rare love. How ? Explain.
Answer:
Jim and Della had two precious things. One was Della’s lovely long hair and the other was Jim’s gold watch. Della sold her hair to buy a Christmas present for Jim. And Jim sold his gold watch to buy a set of combs for Della’s hair. Thus their gift proved of no use for each other. Still they were the gifts of rare love. They showed how deeply the two loved each other.

जिम और डैला के पास दो कीमती चीजें थीं। एक थी – डैला के सुन्दर लम्बे बाल और दूसरी थी – जिम की सुनहरी घड़ी। डैला ने जिम के लिए एक क्रिस्मस उपहार खरीदने के लिए अपने बाल बेच दिए तथा जिम ने डैला के बालों के लिए कंघियों का एक जोड़ा खरीद पाने के लिए अपनी सोने की घड़ी बेच दी। इस प्रकार उनके उपहार एक-दूसरे के लिए किसी काम के न सिद्ध हुए। फिर भी वे दुर्लभ प्यार के उपहार थे। उनसे पता चलता था कि वे एक-दूसरे से कितना गहरा प्यार करते थे।

Vocabulary and Grammar

Question 1.
Supply suitable gerunds in the blanks :
Answer:
1. becoming
2. sleeping
3. climbing
4. pruning
5. annoying
6. living
7. putting
8. swimming
9. working
10. doing.

Question 2.
(a) Combine the nouns with gerunds in the table to form meaningful compound. nouns :
Answer:
1. fruit-picking
2. lorry-driving
3. birdwatching
4. coal-mining
5. weightlifting
6. fish-farming.

(b) Now combine the gerunds with the nouns to form compound nouns :
Answer:
1. waiting room
2. diving board
3. driving licence
4. dining hall
5. swimming pool
6. housing committee
7. skating rink.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with the suitable word :
Answer:
1. weakness
2. shout
3. sweet
4. timid
5. foal
6. keys
7. bleat
8. shame
9. deer
10. definite.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below :
Answer:
1. look after
2. look ahead
3. look out
4. took up
5. Put on
6. Put out
7. put off
8. put forward.

Question 5.
Correct the following sentences :
Answer:
1. To save the child, he jumped into the well.
2. You have to answer for your misbehaviour.
3. He did not agree to my proposal.
4. We should abide by the decision of the management.
5. He has been accused of theft.
6. You must apologize to the boss for your misbehaviour.
7. The student assured the teacher of his honesty.
8. Della was absorbed in her studies.
9. The nurse is attending on your father.
10. He is addicted to drugs.

Question 6.
Rewrite the following in the Indirect form of Narration
Answer:
1. Speaking with difficulty, Jim asked Della if she had cut off her hair.
Della replied that she had cut it off and sold it. She asked Jim if he didn’t like her just as well, without her hair.
2. Della told Jim that he didn’t have to look for it. She urged Jim to be good to her because she had done it all for him.
3. Della asked Jim if it wasn’t lovely. She added that she had hunted all over the town to find it and Jim would have to look at his watch a hundred times a day then. She asked Jim to give her his watch as she wanted to see how it (the chain) looked on it.

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The signs of richness were everywhere in their house. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 2.
What did Della buy for Jim as a Christmas gift ?
(i) Jeans
(ii) Set of combs
(iii) Watch
(iv) Watch-chain.
Answer:
(iv) Watch-chain.

Question 3.
The proud possession of Jim was …
(i) salary
(ii) Della
(iii) gold watch
(iv) flat.
Answer:
(iii) gold watch

Question 4.
Who did not have enough money to buy a Christmas present ?
(i) Jim
(ii) Della
(iii) Both of them
(iv) None of them.
Answer:
(iii) Both of them

Question 5.
Della sold her hair for ……………. dollars.
Answer:
twenty

Question 6.
What did Jim buy for Della as a Christmas gift?
(i) Jeans
(ii) Set of combs
(iii) Watch
(iv) Watch-chain.
Answer:
(ii) Set of combs

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who is the author of the story, ‘A Gift for Christmas’?
Answer:
O’ Henry.

Question 2.
How much money had Della saved ?
Answer:
One dollar and eighty-seven cents.

Question 3.
Why had Della been saving money ?
Answer:
She wanted to give a Christmas gift to her husband.

Question 4.
Did Della feel happy in her home ?
Answer:
No, she felt unhappy with her modest home.

Question 5.
What was Della’s ambition ?
Answer:
She wanted to live a rich person’s life.

Question 6.
What were the two precious possessions of Della and Jim ?
Answer:
Della’s beautiful hair and Jim’s ancestral gold watch.

Question 7.
How much did Della get in exchange for her hair ?
Answer:
Twenty dollars.

Question 8.
What did Jim need badly?
Answer:
A new overcoat and a pair of gloves.

Question 9.
How did Della look with her cropped hair ?
Answer:
She looked like a schoolboy.

Question 10.
What did Jim buy for Della ?
Answer:
A beautiful set of combs for her hair.

Complete the following :

1. Della wanted to buy a …………………. for Jim.
2. Della got twenty …………………. in exchange for her hair.
3. The two proud possessions in Youngs’ home were and ……………
4. Jim was ………………. to see Della with cropped hair.
5. Jim needed a …………………. and a pair of …………..
6. Jim sold his ………………. to buy a gift for Della.
Answer:
1. Christmas gift
2. dollars
3. Della’s hair, Jim’s gold watch
4. speechless
5. new overcoat, gloves
6. gold watch.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Della’s household showed their poverty.
2. Della was accustomed to dreaming big.
3. Della sold her hair to buy a set of combs.
4. Jim hated Della with her short hair.
5. The gifts proved very useful to both of them.
6. Jim and Della’s love increased on receiving those ‘useless’ gifts.
7. Della bought a platinum watch-chain for Jim.
Answer:
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Della was crying because ………
(a) she had lost her purse
(b) she did not love Jim
(c) she had no money for a gift
(d) she had a terrible headache.
Answer:
(c) she had no money for a gift

Question 2.
The inside of Della’s home showed …………
(a) their poverty
(b) their good taste
(c) cracks in walls
(d) a lot of furniture.
Answer:
(a) their poverty

Question 3.
At the young age of twenty-two, Jim was burdened with ………
(a) a joint family
(b) a big responsibility
(c) heavy debt
(d) a family.
Answer:
(d) a family.

Question 4.
The ‘useless’ gifts of Della and Jim showed their …………
(a) innocence
(b) stupidity
(c) ignorance
(d) deep love for each other.
Answer:
(d) deep love for each other.

A Gift for Christmas Summary & Translation in English

A Gift for Christmas Introduction:
Jim and Della were husband and wife. They had great love for each other. There were two precious possessions in their house. One was Jim’s gold watch. The other was Della’s hair. It was Christmas eve. They wished to give something wonderful as a gift to each other. But they had no money to buy the gifts. Della sold her hair and bought a platinum chain for Jim’s gold watch. On the other hand, Jim sold his gold watch and bought a beautiful set of combs for Della’s hair. But when they came back home, they found that their gifts were of no use to them. Jim was without his watch and Della was without her hair. But their love for each other made the Christmas eve most enjoyable for them.

A Gift for Christmas Summary & Translation in English

(Page 46)

One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all. And sixty cents of it was in pennies. Pennies saved one and two at a time. Three times Della counted it. And the next day would be Christmas. There was clearly nothing that Della could do except to throw herself on the dirty little couch and cry. While Della is crying let us take a look at her home which is a furnished flat at $8 a week. You see signs of poverty

wherever you turn your eyes. What else can you expect1 when Della’s husband, Mr. James Dillingham Young, earns just2 $20 a week ? Della finished crying. She went up to the looking-glass and began to powder her cheeks. Then she stood by the window and looked out dully at a grey cat walking on a grey fence in a grey backyard. Tomorrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this result. Twenty dollars a week doesn’t go far. Expenses had been greater than she had calculated. They always are. Only $1.87 to buy a present for Jim. Her Jim. Oh, the many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him . Something fine and rare, worthy of the honour of being owned by Jim.

Suddenly Della turned away from the window and stood before the glass. Her eyes were shining brilliantly, but her face had lost its colour all of a sudden, Rapidly she pulled down her hair and let it fall to its full length.Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took great pride. One was Jim’s gold watch that had been his father’s and his grandfather’s. The other was Della’s hair. Della let fall her beautiful hair and it looked like a cascade of brown waters.

It reached below her knees. Quickly and nervously she combed it and did it up again. For a minute she faltered. Tears appeared in her eyes.

(Page 47)

That was only for a moment. She put on her old brown jacket, she put on her old brown hat. With her eyes shining brightly she fluttered out of the door and down the stairs to the street. She stopped at a shop with the sign ‘Mme Sofronio. Hair Goods of All Kinds’. The shop was located on the second floor. Della ran up the stairs.
‘Will you buy my hair ?’ asked Della.
‘I buy hair,’ said Madame. ‘Take your hat off and let me have a look at it.’
Down came the brown cascade.

‘Twenty dollars,’ said Madame, lifting the beautiful hair with her experienced hand.
‘Give it to me quickly,’ said Della.
Della spent the next two hours in the stores eagerly looking for Jim’s present. She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. There was no other like it in any of the stores. It was a platinum watch-chain, simple but well made. It was worthy of the watch. As soon as she saw it she decided that it was the right present for Jim. She paid twenty-one dollars for it and hurried home with the 87 cents that remained.

When Della reached home, pleased with the present, she grew nervous as she thought calmly about what she had done. She looked at the reflection in the mirror long, carefully, and critically. She brought out her curling irons and began to curl her hair carefully. The tiny curls made her look like a schoolboy. ‘If Jim doesn’t kill me,’ she said to herself, ‘before he takes a second look at me, he’ll say I look like a boy. But what could I do ? Oh ! What could I do with a dollar and eighty-seven cents ?’

Page -48

At seven o’clock the coffee was made and everything arranged to get dinner ready. Jim was never late. Della sat on the corner of the table near the door with the watch chain in hater hand. Then she heard his step on the stairs. She turned white for just a moment. She prayed, ‘Please God, make him think I am still pretty.’

The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very serious. Poor fellow, he was only twenty- two and he was burdened with a family . He needed a new overcoat and he was without gloves. Jim’s eyes were fixed on Della, and there was an expression in them that she could not read, and it terrified her. It was not anger, nor surprise. He simply stared at her with a strange expression on his face.

Della got off the table and moved towards him. ‘Jim, darling,’ she cried,‘don’t look at me that way. I had my hair cut off and sold it because I had to buy a Christmas present for you. I just had to do it. My hair grows so fast you don’t mind, do you ? Say Merry Christmas ! Jim, and let’s be happy. You don’t know what a nice what a beautiful present I’ve got for you.’

You’ve cut off your hair ?’ asked Jim, speaking with difficulty.‘Cut it off and sold it,’ said Della. ‘Don’t you like me just as well , without my hair ?’ Jim looked about the room curiously . You say, your hair is gone ?’ he said with an air almost of disbelief .You needn’t look for it,’ said Della. ‘It’s sold, I tell you sold and gone. It’s Christmas Eve, Jim. Be good to me, because I did it all for you.’

Jim seemed to wake up at last, and to understand. He kissed Della. He suddenly remembered that he had brought something for Della too. He drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table.

Page – 49

‘Don’t make any mistake, Della,’ he said, ‘about me. Whatever happens I shall always love you just the same. Now open the package and you will understand why I behaved as I did.’ Della’s white fingers quickly opened the package. And then at first a scream of joy followed by a quick feminine change to tears.

For there lay The Combs the set of combs, side and back, that Della had seen in a Broadway window and liked so much. They were beautiful combs, so expensive and they were hers now. But alas, the hair in which she was to wear them was sold and gone ! She took them up lovingly, smiled through her tears and said, ‘My hair grows so fast, Jim !’
And then Della jumped up like a little cat and cried, ‘Oh, oh !’

Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present. She held it out to him eagerly on her open palm.
‘Isn’t it lovely, Jim ? I hunted all over town to find it. You’ll have to look at your watch a hundred times a day now. Give me your watch. I want to see how it looks on it.’

Instead of obeying, Jim sat down on the couch and put his hands under the back of his head and smiled.
‘Dell,’ said he, ‘let’s put our Christmas presents away and keep them awhile. They are too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. And now please get the dinner ready.’

A Gift for Christmas Summary & Translation in Hindi

A Gift for Christmas Introduction:
जिम और डैला पति-पत्नी थे। उनके दिलों में एक-दूसरे के लिए बहुत प्यार था। उनके घर में दो बहुमूल्य वस्तुएं थीं। एक तो जिम की सोने की घड़ी थी। दूसरी डैला के बाल थे। क्रिसमस की पूर्व-संध्या थी। वे एकदूसरे को कोई आश्चर्यजनक उपहार भेंट करना चाहते थे। परन्तु उनके पास उपहार खरीदने के लिए पैसे नहीं थे। डैला ने अपने बाल बेच दिए और जिम की सोने की घड़ी के लिए एक प्लैटिनम की जंजीर खरीद ली। दूसरी ओर, जिम ने अपनी सोने की घड़ी बेच दी और डैला के लम्बे बालों के लिए कंघियों का एक सुन्दर सैट खरीद लिया। परन्तु जब वे घर वापस आए तो उन्होंने पाया कि उनके उपहारों का उनके लिए कोई लाभ नहीं था। जिम के पास घड़ी नहीं थी और डैला के बाल नहीं थे। परन्तु उनके पारस्परिक प्यार के कारण क्रिसमस की संध्या उनके लिए अत्यन्त खुशी भरी हो गई।

A Gift for Christmas Summary & Translation in Hindi

(Page 46)

एक डॉलर और सत्तासी सैंट। केवल इतनी ही रकम थी। और इसमें भी साठ सैंट पेनियों (छोटे सिक्के) थे। वे पेनियां जो एक-एक और दो-दो करके जमा की गई थीं। डैला ने इसे तीन बार गिना। और अगले दिन क्रिसमस होनी थी। स्पष्ट रूप से डैला के पास कुछ अन्य करने को नहीं था, सिवाए इसके कि वह स्वयं को अपने छोटे-से गंदे सोफे पर पटक दे और रोने लगे। जिस दौरान डैला रो रही है, आइए हम उसके घर पर एक नज़र डाल लें जो कि आवश्यक वस्तुओं से सज्जित एक फ़्लैट है जिसका किराया आठ डॉलर प्रति सप्ताह है।

जिधर भी आप नज़र घुमाएं, आपको ग़रीबी के चिन्ह नज़र आएंगे। आप और क्या आशा कर सकते हैं जब डैला का पति, मिस्टर जेम्ज़ डिलिंगम यंग, प्रति $20 सप्ताह मात्र बीस डॉलर कमाता है ? डैला ने रोना बंद कर दिया। वह दर्पण के सामने गई और अपने गालों पर पाउडर लगाने लगी। फिर वह खिड़की की बगल में खड़ी हो गई और नीरस भाव से बाहर को देखा जहां एक धूसर रंग की बिल्ली धूसर रंग के पिछवाड़े में धूसर रंग के अहाते पर चली जा रही थी। अगला दिन क्रिस्मस का होने वाला था और उसके पास जिम के लिए उपहार खरीदने को मात्र 1.87 डॉलर थे। वह कई महीनों से प्रत्येक पैनी बचाती आ रही थी जो वह बचा सकती थी और उसका परिणाम केवल इतना हुआ था।

प्रति सप्ताह बीस डॉलर ज़्यादा नहीं चलते हैं। खर्चे उससे ज़्यादा हो जाते जितना वह अनुमान लगाया करती। वे हमेशा हो जाते हैं। जिम के लिए उपहार $1.87 खरीदने को मात्र 1.87 डॉलर। उसका अपना जिम। ओह, कितने प्रसन्नतापूर्ण घण्टे उसने जिम के लिए किसी बढ़िया चीज़ की योजना बनाते हुए बिताए थे! कोई ऐसी चीज़ जो बढ़िया और दुर्लभ हो, जो जिम द्वारा रखे जाने के सम्मान की पात्र हो।

अचानक डैला खिड़की से हटी और दर्पण के सामने खड़ी हो गई। उसकी आंखें तेज़ चमक लिए हुए थीं किन्तु उसका चेहरा अचानक ही अपनी सारी लालिमा खो बैठा। शीघ्रता से उसने अपने बाल खोल कर नीचे किए और उन्हें उनकी पूरी लंबाई तक गिरने दिया। अब जेम्ज़ डिलिंगम यंग परिवार के पास दो कीमती चीजें थीं जिन पर वह दोनों बहुत गर्व करते थे। एक तो जिम की सुनहरी घड़ी थी जो उससे पहले उसके पिता और उसके दादा के पास रह चुकी थी। दूसरी चीज़ डैला के बाल थे। डैला ने अपने सुंदर बालों को नीचे तक गिरने दिया और ये भूरे पानी के एक झरने के जैसे लग रहे थे। ये उसके घुटनों के नीचे तक पहुंच रहे थे। जल्दी से और घबराहटपूर्वक उसने बालों में कंघी की और उन्हें फिर से बान्ध लिया। एक पल के लिए वह हिचकिचा गई। उसकी आंखों में आंसू भर आए।

(Page 47)

ऐसा केवल एक पल ही रहा। उसने अपनी पुरानी भूरी जैकेट पहनी तथा अपना पुराना भूरे रंग का हैट पहन लिया। अपनी आंखों में एक तेज़ चमक लिए हुए वह तेज़ी से दरवाजे से बाहर निकली और सीढ़ियों से उतर कर गली में आ गई। वह एक दुकान के पास रुकी जहां लिखा था’ ‘मैडम सोफ्रोनियो। बालों से बनी सभी प्रकार की चीजें’। दुकान दूसरी मन्ज़िल पर स्थित थी। डैला भागती हुई सीढ़ियों से ऊपर को गई। “क्या आप मेरे बाल खरीदेंगी ?” डैला ने पूछा। “हां, मैं बाल ही खरीदती हूं,” मैडम ने कहा। “अपना हैट उतारो और मुझे इन्हें एक नज़र देखने दो।” भूरा झरना तुरन्त नीचे को बह आया।

“बीस डॉलर,” मैडम ने उन संदर बालों को अपने अभ्यस्त हाथों से उठाते हुए कहा। “जल्दी से यह मुझे दे दीजिए,” डैला ने कहा। डैला ने अगले दो घंटे जिम के लिए उपहार की उत्सुकतापूर्वक खोज करते हुए दुकानों में बिताए। अंत में उसे यह मिल गया। निश्चय ही यह जिम के लिए बनाया गया था, किसी भी अन्य के लिए नहीं। इसके जैसा कोई अन्य किसी भी दुकान में नहीं था। यह प्लैटिनम की बड़ी एक घड़ी वाली चेन थी, सादी किन्तु अच्छी बनी हुई। यह उस घड़ी के लिए उपयुक्त थी। ज्योंही डैला ने इसे देखा, उसने निश्चय कर लिया कि जिम के लिए यह बिल्कुल उपयुक्त उपहार था। उसने चेन के लिए इक्कीस डॉलर का भुगतान किया और बचे हुए सत्तासी सैंट लिए हुए तेज़ी से घर की तरफ चल दी।

जब डैला अपने उपहार पर प्रसन्न होती हुई घर पहुंची तो वह घबराने लगी जब उसने शांतिपूर्वक विचार किया कि वह क्या कर बैठी थी। दर्पण में अपने प्रतिबिम्ब को वह बड़े ध्यान से, आलोचनात्मक ढंगपूर्वक लंबे समय तक देखती रही। उसने बाल धुंघराले करने वाली अपनी लोहे की कंघियां निकाली और सावधानीपूर्वक अपने बालों को धुंघराले बनाने लगी। उन छोटे-छोटे छल्लों में वह एक स्कूली लड़के जैसी लग रही थी। “कहीं जिम मुझे मार ही न दे,” उसने स्वयं से कहा, “इससे पहले कि वह मुझ पर दूसरी नज़र डाले, वह कहेगा मैं एक लड़के जैसी लगती हूं। किन्तु मैं क्या कर सकती थी? ओह ! मैं एक डॉलर और सत्तासी सैंट से क्या कर सकती थी ?”

(Page 48)

सात बजे उसने काफ़ी बनाई और रात्रि भोज तैयार करने के लिए सभी चीजें तैयार कर लीं। जिम कभी देर से नहीं आता था। घड़ी की चेन अपने हाथ में लिए हुए डैला दरवाजे के पास एक मेज के कोने पर बैठ गई। तब उसे सीढ़ियों से आती जिम के कदमों की आवाज़ सुनाई दी। वह केवल एक पल के लिए सफ़ेद पड़ गई। वह प्रार्थना करने लगी, “हे ईश्वर, कृपा करके उसे यह विचार देना कि मैं अभी भी सुंदर हूँ।” दरवाजा खुला और जिम ने अंदर कदम रखा और इसे बंद कर दिया। वह दुबला और बहुत गंभीर लग रहा था। बेचारा जिम, वह सिर्फ बाईस वर्ष का था और परिवार के बोझ में दबा था! उसे एक नए ओवर कोट की ज़रूरत थी और उसके पास दस्तानें नहीं थे। जिम की नज़र डैला पर टिकी थी और उसकी आँखों में एक ऐसा भाव था जिसे डैला पढ़ न पाई और इससे वह भयभीत हो उठी। उस भाव में न क्रोध था और न ही आश्चर्य । वह अपने चेहरे पर एक विचित्र-सा भाव लिए उसकी तरफ़ टकटकी लगाए देखता रहा। डैला मेज़ से नीचे उतरी और जिम की तरफ बढ़ी। “जिम, मेरे प्रिय,” उसने चिल्लाते हुए कहा, “मुझे इस

तरह न देखो। मैंने अपने बाल कटवा दिए और बेच दिए क्योंकि मुझे तुम्हारे लिए क्रिसमस का उपहार खरीदना था। मुझे ऐसा करना ही था। मेरे बाल बहुत जल्दी बढ़ आते हैं, तुम्हें बुरा तो नहीं लगा है, क्या लगा है ? जिम, ‘शुभ क्रिसमस!’ कहो और आओ हम खुशी मनाएँ। तुम नहीं जानते मैं तुम्हारे लिए कितना बढ़िया,कितना सुंदर उपहार लाई हूं।” “तुमने अपने बाल कटवा दिए ?” जिम ने पूछा,
मुश्किल से बोलते हुए। “हाँ, कटवा दिए और बेच दिए.” डैला ने कहा। “क्या तुम मुझे बालों के बिना भी उतना ही पसंद नहीं ? करते हो ?” जिम ने उत्सुकतापूर्वक कमरे में इधर-उधर देखा।
“तुम कहती हो तुम्हारे बाल नहीं रहे ?” उसने लगभग अविश्वास के भाव से कहा।

“तुम्हें उन्हें ढूँढने की कोई जरूरत नहीं है,” डैला ने कहा। “वे बिक चुके हैं, मैं तुम्हें बता रही हूं बिक चुके हैं और जा चुके हैं। आज क्रिसमस की पूर्व-संध्या है, जिम। मेरे प्रति अच्छे बने रहो क्योंकि मैंने वह सब तुम्हारी खातिर किया था।” अन्त में मानो जिम जाग उठा हो और समझने लगा हो। उसने डैला को. चूमा। अचानक उसे याद आया कि वह डैला के लिए भी एक उपहार लाया था। उसने अपने ओवरकोट की जेब में से एक पैकट बाहर निकाला और इसे मेज़ पर फेंक दिया।

Page – 49

“डैला, मेरे विषय में कोई ग़लत मत सोचो,” उसने कहा, “यद्यपि कुछ भी हो जाए, मैं हमेशा तुम्हें उतना ही प्यार करता रहूंगा। अब पैकेट को खोलो और तुम समझ जाओगी कि मैंने वैसा व्यवहार क्यों किया जो मैं कर रहा था।” डैला की सफ़ेद अंगुलियों ने तेज़ी से पैकेट को खोला। और फिर पहले तो प्रसन्नता-भरी एक चीख़ निकली और इसके बाद औरतों वाले आंसू बहने शुरू हो गए। क्योंकि वहां वे कंघियां पड़ी हुई थीं – कंघियों का एक सैट जिसे डैला ने ब्रॉडवे बाज़ार की एक दुकान पर खिड़की में देखा था और उन्हें बहुत पसंद किया था।

वे सुंदर कंघियां थीं, बहुत कीमती तथा अब वे उसकी थीं। किन्तु अफसोस कि वे बाल जिनमें उसने ये पहननी थीं, बिक चुके थे और जा चुके थे! डैला ने प्यार से उन कंघियों भीतर से मुस्कराई और बोली, “मेरे बाल बहुत जल्दी बढ़ आते हैं, जिम !” और तब डैला एक छोटी बिल्ली की भांति उछली और चिल्लाई, “वाह, वाह !” जिम ने अभी अपना सुंदर उपहार नहीं देखा था। डैला ने इसे उत्सुकतापूर्वक अपनी खुली हथेली पर रखकर उसकी तरफ़ बढ़ाया। “क्या यह सुंदर नहीं है, जिम ? मैंने इसे पाने के लिए पूरा शहर छान मारा। अब तुम्हें दिन में सौ बार अपनी घड़ी की तरफ़ देखना पड़ेगा। लाओ, मुझे अपनी घड़ी दो। मैं देखना चाहती हूं कि यह इस पर कैसी लगती है।”

उसका कहा मानने की बजाए, जिम सोफे पर बैठ गया, और उसने अपने हाथ अपने सिर के पीछे रख लिए और मुस्कराया। “डैल,” उसने कहा, “आओ, हम अपने-अपने क्रिसमस उपहार एक तरफ़ रख दें और थोड़ी देर के लिए इन्हें पड़ा रहने दें। वे इतने अच्छे हैं कि उनका प्रयोग वर्तमान में अभी नहीं किया जा सकता। तुम्हारी कंघियां खरीदने के लिए पैसे प्राप्त करने को मैंने घड़ी बेच दी। और अब कृपया खाना तैयार कर दो।”

 

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Chapter 3 Secret of Happiness Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Chapter 3 Secret of Happiness

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the greatest day in an individual’s life ?
Answer:
It is when the individual begins for the first time to realize himself.

ऐसा तब होता है जब व्यक्ति सर्वप्रथम स्वयं को जानने लगता है।

Question 2.
What enthralled the student in the Psychology class ?
Answer:
The professor in the Psychology class said that an average man fails because he does not learn to control and consolidate his powers. The student was enthralled because he realized that this very thing was the cause of his own failures.

मनोविज्ञान की कक्षा में प्रोफैसर ने बताया कि एक आम आदमी इसलिए असफल होता है क्योंकि वह अपनी शक्तियों को काबू करना और उन्हें संगठित करना नहीं सीखता। इससे विद्यार्थी रोमांचित हो उठा क्योंकि उसे महसूस हो गया कि उसकी अपनी असफलताओं का यही कारण था।

Question 3.
Did the boy change as a result of realization ?
Answer:
Yes, as a result of the self-realization, the boy changed a lot. He became highly successful in his life.

हां, आत्म-ज्ञान की वजह से लड़के में भारी बदलाव आ गया। वह अपने जीवन में अत्यधिक सफल बन गया।

Question 4.
What is there in the personality of every man ?
Answer:
In the personality of every individual, there is a great reservoir of unused power.

प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के व्यक्तित्व में अप्रयुक्त शक्ति का एक भारी भण्डार होता है।

Word-meanings :

• सामना करना
• कष्ट देना, पीड़ित करना
• में विश्वास प्रकट करना।

Question 5.
How can weak personalities become strong ?
Answer:
Every individual has an immense store of unused power. By using this store, weak personalities can become strong.

प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के पास अप्रयुक्त शक्ति का विशाल भण्डार होता है। इस भण्डार का प्रयोग करने से कमज़ोर व्यक्तित्व मज़बूत बन सकते हैं।

Question 6.
What would Chesterton preach if he had just one sermon to deliver ?
Answer:
He would preach against fear and also tell the way to conquer it.

वह भय के विरुद्ध प्रवचन करता और इसे जीत पाने का रास्ता भी बताता।

Question 7.
What are the different types of fear experienced by people ?
Answer:
People experience many types of fear. There are financial fears, fears of ill health and fears about the future. There are also fears about the consequences of past acts.

लोग कई प्रकार के भय अनुभव करते हैं। वहां वित्तीय भय, बुरे स्वास्थ्य के भय और भविष्य के बारे में भय होते हैं। वहां अतीत में की गई क्रियाओं के परिणामों के भय भी होते हैं।

Question 8.
What did the author of ‘Secret of Happiness’ find when he flung the door open ?
Answer:
He found only a little chipmunk there. It ran off into the darkness as the author flung the door open.

वहां उसे केवल एक छोटी-सी गिलहरी दिखाई दी। यह तुरन्त अन्धेरे में भाग गई जब लेखक ने झटके से दरवाजा खोला।

Question 9.
How can one have a real escape from fear ?
Answer:
We must have faith in God. We must have faith that we are not alone. We must have faith that God is always with us and cares for us. Such faith can give us real peace of mind and freedom from all fear.

हमें ईश्वर में अवश्य विश्वास रखना चाहिए। हमें विश्वास रखना चाहिए कि हम अकेले नहीं हैं। हमें विश्वास रखना चाहिए कि ईश्वर सदा हमारे साथ है और हमारी चिन्ता करता है। इस तरह का विश्वास हमें मन की वास्तविक शान्ति और सब तरह के भय से मुक्ति प्रदान कर सकता है।

Question 10.
What was the priceless secret discovered by Mr. Kagawa ?
Answer:
Mr. Kagawa discovered that if a person immerses himself over a long period in the grace of God, he can attain peace that nothing can destroy.

मिस्टर कगावा ने यह बात खोज निकाली कि यदि कोई व्यक्ति एक लम्बे समय तक स्वयं को ईश्वरकृपा में डुबो लेता है तो वह ऐसी गहरी शान्ति प्राप्त कर सकता है जिसे कोई भी चीज़ नष्ट नहीं कर सकती।

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe, in your own words, how the professor changed the total attitude of the student.
Answer:
The student was totally unsuccessful in his studies. His professor told the class that an average man fails because he does not learn to control and consolidate his powers. The professor gave the example of the burning glass. The student realized the cause of his own failures. Thus his attitude towards life changed totally.

वह विद्यार्थी अपनी पढ़ाई में पूरी तरह से असफल रहा था। उसके प्रोफैसर ने कक्षा को बताया कि एक आम आदमी असफल रहता है क्योंकि वह अपनी शक्तियों को काबू और संगठित करना नहीं सीखता। प्रोफैसर ने जलाने वाले शीशे का उदाहरण दिया। विद्यार्थी को अपनी असफलताओं का कारण समझ में आ गया। इस प्रकार जीवन के प्रति उसका दृष्टिकोण पूरी तरह बदल गया।

Question 2.
Write a small paragraph on The Proper Use of Human Energy’.
Answer:
Every human being has an immense source of energy. But sadly, an average man uses only twenty percent of his mental power. The rest of it remains unused. If human beings learn to use their unused powers, they can face and master all circumstances. Thus through the proper use of human energy, complete peace can be attained.

प्रत्येक मनुष्य के पास ऊर्जा का विशाल स्त्रोत होता है। परन्तु दुःख की बात यह है कि साधारण आदमी अपनी मानसिक शक्ति का केवल बीस प्रतिशत ही प्रयोग करता है। इसका शेष भाग अप्रयुक्त ही पड़ा रहता है। यदि मनुष्य अपनी अप्रयुक्त शक्तियों का प्रयोग करना सीख लें, तो वे सभी प्रकार की परिस्थितियों का सामना कर सकते हैं और उन पर विजय प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। इस प्रकार मानव-शक्ति के उपयुक्त प्रयोग के द्वारा संपूर्ण शान्ति प्राप्त की जा सकती है।

Question 3.
Relate the incident of North Woods in your own words. Answer: Once the author was staying in a lonely cabin in the North Woods. The night was very dark. The author heard some noises outside his cabin. He thought there were gangsters with machine guns and pistols. But the author conquered his fear and flung the door open. He found there only a little chipmunk that at once ran off into the darkness.

एक बार लेखक नार्थ वुडज़ में स्थित एक एकान्त केबिन में ठहरा हुआ था। रात बहुत अन्धेरी थी। लेखक को अपने केबिन के बाहर कुछ आवाजें सुनाई दी। उसने समझा वहां मशीनगनों और पिस्तौलों के साथ डाकू आ गए थे। परन्तु लेखक ने अपने भय पर काबू पा लिया और झटके से दरवाज़ा खोल दिया। वहां उसे मात्र एक छोटी-सी गिलहरी दिखाई दी जो तुरन्त अन्धेरे में भाग गई।

Question 4.
Write, in brief, the message given by Mr. Kagawa.
Answer:
Mr. Kagawa said that we must have faith in God. We must have faith that God is always with us and cares for us. Such faith can give us real peace of mind and freedom from fear. Nothing can destroy such peace.

मिस्टर कगावा ने कहा कि हमें अवश्य ईश्वर में विश्वास रखना चाहिए। हमें अवश्य विश्वास रखना चाहिए कि ईश्वर सदा हमारे साथ है और वह हमारी चिन्ता करता है। इस तरह का विश्वास हमें वास्तविक शान्ति और भय से मुक्ति प्रदान कर सकता है। इस तरह की शान्ति को कोई भी चीज़ नष्ट नहीं कर सकती है।

Vocabulary and Grammar

Question 1.
Give the synonyms of :
Answer:
(a) eminent — famous
(b) adversary — enemy
(c) profound — deep
(d) poise — calmness
(e) obstacle — hindrance
(f) illustration — example
(g) futile — pointless
(h) abundant — plentiful
(i) conquer — defeat
(j) total — complete.

Question 2.
Give the antonyms of :
Answer:
(a) destroy — create
(b) opponent — companion
(c) shakable — unshakable
(d) optimism — pessimism
(g) ignorance — knowledge
(e) strength — weakness
(f) ordinary — special
(g) cautious — reckless.
(h) real — imaginary
(i) fact — fiction

Question 3.
Give one word for each of the following expressions :
Answer:
(a) psychology
(b) sermon
(c) optimist
(d) journal
(e) atheist.

Question 4.
Frame sentences to show distinction between the following pairs of words :
Answer:
1. Birth–I have been living here since my birth.
Berth-I was lucky to have a berth on the train.

2. Familiar-There was something vaguely familiar about him.
Familial-A protective familial environment has made him a dull person.

3. Gate-We drove through the palace gate.
Gait-The old man was walking with an unsteady gait.

4. Adept-He is adept at mending clocks.
Adapt-She adapted herself quickly to the new climate.

5. Mental-The experience caused him much mental suffering.
Mantle The clever minister took on the mantle of supreme power.

6. Root-Vines have very long roots.
RouteWe drove home by the shortest route.

7. Peace-After years of fighting, the people longed for peace.
Piece-He lost one of the pieces of his model engine.

Question 5.
Fill in the blanks with suitable articles :
Answer:
1. The dog is a faithful animal.
2. Tanuja is an honest girl.
3. I saw an American and a European at the market.
4. We visited the Golden Temple at Amritsar.
5. The Himalayas have many ranges.
6. I use an umbrella in the rainy season.
7. Chandigarh is the capital of Punjab.

Question 6.
Change the following sentences into passive voice :
Answer:
1. He is known to me very well.
2. My help was sought by them.
3. It is time for goodbye to be said.
4. Milk is contained in this jug.
5. Foul language should not be used.
6. I will be received by my father.
7. She was annoyed at me.

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate comparatives or superlatives of the adjectives given in the brackets :
Answer:
1. Milk is thicker than water.
2. The pen is mightier than the sword.
3. Ludhiana is the largest city of Punjab.
4. It is easier said than done.
5. The condition of the patient is much better now.
6. Better late than never.

Question 8.
Fill in the blanks with a non-finite:
1. He used the illustration of the burning glass.
2. The great success of life lies in putting a key into the lock and releasing that terrific power.
3. If I had only one sermon to preach, I would preach people to shun fear.
4. We allow ourselves to be made miserable by fear.
5. The person who wishes to become adept in the art of living must learn to subdue his fears.
6. I sat rooted to my chair.
7. I wanted to get out of there.
8. I found the door broken.
9. He did not learn the art of controlling his powers.
10. Having faith in God gives a lot of strength: more

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Which illustration was used by the professor of Psychology ?
Question
The familiar illustration of the burning glass.

Question 2.
Who declared to give sermon against fear ?
(i) Professor of Psychology
(ii) Gilbert Chesterton
(iii) Author
(iv) Kagawa.
Answer:
(ii) Gilbert Chesterton

Question 3
values are needed in the world today.
Answer:
(i) Moral

Question 4.
The author found an elephant when he flung open the door. (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question 5.
We should have faith that is always with us.
(i) God
(ii) somebody
(iii) everyman
(iv) nobody.
Answer:
(i) God

Question 6. ……….
in God gives us real peace of mind.
(i) Fear
(ii) Hatred
(iii) Faith
(iv) Anger.
Answer:
(iii) Faith

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who is the author of the essay, ‘Secret of Happinessf ?
Answer.
Norman Vincent Peale.

Question 2.
Which is the greatest day in man’s life ?
Answer.
When he begins to realize himself.

Question 3.
Why does an average man fail ?
Answer.
Because he has not learnt to control and consolidate his powers.

Question 4.
How much of the powers possessed by a man is used by him ?
Answer.
Only a very small part.

Question 5.
What is there in the personality of an individual ?
Answer.
A great store of unused power.

Question 6.
What does the author teach us about fear ?
Answer.
Fear should never overcome us.

Question 7.
How did a student of psychology class change himself ?
Answer.
He changed himself by self-realization.

Question 8.
How can a weak person become strong ?
Answer.
By using his large store of unused power.

Question 9.
How can we overcome fear ?
Answer.
By convincing ourselves that God is always with us.

Question 10.
What was the message given by Mr Kagawa ?
Answer.
He advised us to have faith in God.

Complete the following :

1. Man’s greatest day is when he starts ………… himself.
2. Man fails because he fails to ………… his desires.
3. We can have a real escape from fear when we have faith in …………
4. The ways of destiny are …………
5. Man can succeed if he can bring his unused powers to a …………
6. An average man uses only about ………… per cent of his mental capacity.
Answer:
1. realising
2. control
3. God
4. strange
5. focus
6. twenty.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. A man feels great when he starts realizing himself.
2. The college student mentioned in the essay was no good in the athletic field.
3. We can get over our fears if we have faith in God.
4. An average human uses about 60 percent of his mental powers.
5. Fear is one of the commonest enemies of man.
6. A fear is, in many ways, like a ghost.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Destiny has its own ………………… ways.
(a) strange
(b) predictable
(c) funny
(d) horrible.
Answer:
(a) strange

Question 2.
We can escape fear by ………….
(a) arming ourselves
(b) self-confidence
(c) having faith in God
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(c) having faith in God

Question 3.
The only sermon of Chesterton would be against
(a) war
(b) greed
(c) love
(d) fear
Answer:
(d) fear

Question 4.
In many respects, fear is comparable to a …..
(a) professor
(b) teacher
(c) preacher
(d) ghost.
Answer:
(d) ghost.

Secret of Happiness Summary & Translation in English

Secret of Happiness Introduction:

In this chapter, the author tells us how we can gain success in our life. He says that we should realize our powers. He says that an average man uses only twenty percent of his mental powers. Every man has a big store of unused powers. If he can use this power, he will be able to master all circumstances. Fear is one of the biggest enemies of man. If we wish to become adept in the art of living, we must learn to conquer our fears. We should have faith in ourselves. If we have faith in ourselves, we can be free from every fear. And then we shall have total peace of mind.

Secret of Happiness Summary & Translation in English

Page 31.

Dynamics of Self-Realization

The greatest day in any individual’s life is when he begins for the first time to realize himself. It happened to a college student friend of mine once with dramatic suddenness. He was as unsuccessful in his studies as he was efficient upon the athletic field. Destiny, however, has its own strange ways. One day in a class in Psychology, our student friend suddenly became enthralled as the professor described how the average man fails because he does not learn to control and consolidate his powers. He used the familiar illustration of the burning glass. The rays of the sun, falling upon a piece of paper, have little effect. Let them, however, be drawn by the burning glass to a focus and they create an intense heat which will quickly burn a hole in the paper.

The professor pointed out that the man who succeeds is the one who can draw his dissipated and therefore futile powers to a focus . Our student said that in a flashing illumination he saw the cause of his own failure and oblivious of all in the room and under the spell of a veritable new birth leaped to his feet, crying, “I see it; I see it.” What had happened ? He had met himself, a new self, his real self, which he never before had seen and the revelation changed him from a failure to a potential success, the possibilities of which were later abundantly realized. He was now a grand success in whatever he chose to do.

(Page 32)

You Are Greater than You Think.

In his famous address on ‘The Energies of Men’, William James, a geat psychologist, said, “Men habitually use only a small part of the powers which they possess and which they might use under appropriate circumstances.” A scientist is reported recently to have said that the average man uses but twenty percent of his brain power. When you think of some people, that sounds like optimism. Think of it – you are using, if you are an average person, only one fifth of your mental capacity.

Consider what you could make of life if you increased that by only fifty percent. In the personality of every individual there is a great reservoir of unused power. But in many of us just a miserable little trickle is getting through, and on that we live and do our work. The great secret of life is to put a key into the lock, turn back the sluice gates and let that power, like a terrific stream, flow into your mind and personality. It will transform you into a person of strength and effectiveness,well able to meet and master all circumstances. The important thing to emphasize is that it is a source of inward power by which weak personalities can become strong; divided personalities can become unified; hurt minds can be healed; and the secret of peace and poise attained.

The Escape from Fear
A British publishing house issued, some years ago, a volume of sermons, under the title, If I Could Preach Only Once. One of these sermons was by Gilbert Chesterton, “If I had only one sermon to preach,” Chesterton declared, “it would be sermon against fear.”

(Page 33)

Why should this eminent man of letters 11 single out so ordinary an adversary? First of all, because fear is one of man’s most common enemies. It touches every one of us in some way. Many people, for example, have financial fears. We have fears of ill health, anticipating the direful consequences of being overtaken by some bodily affliction. We allow ourselves to be made miserable by fear of what the future holds or fears of the consequences of past acts and decisions. Fears of one kind and another haunt us and cast a shadow over our happiness.

No person is at his best or in full control of his powers if he is the victim of fear. In many ways fear lays its paralyzing hand upon an individual and becomes a chief obstacle to the full development of personality and to the achievement of success in life. The person who wishes to become adept in the art of living must learn to conquer and subdue his fears.

This is a problem common to us all, and I want to state at the outset the encouraging fact that any and every individual can escape from fear. Remember this, however, only you can conquer your fears. Others may help you but ultimately you must do it yourself. The first step and, for that matter, a large part of the campaign against one’s fears is to get a complete and thorough. going knowledge of them. Bring them out into the light of day and watch them shrivel up.

A fear is not unlike a ghost. It frightens you in the gloom, but there isn’t much to it when you get it into the light. Most of the things one fears never happen; at least they do not amount to anything. As one frog in a pond may sound like a hundred when one is trying to sleep, so one little fact may be enlarged by mental fear and distorted imaging out of all proportion to its real size.

Page – 34

Once in a lonely cabin1 on a dark night, deep in the North Woods, I heard on the porch noises that sent a shiver up my spine. It sounded like the cautious approach of several intruders. I sat transfixed , rooted to my chair, with every hair seemingly standing on end. Newspaper accounts of a recent murder in that section flashed across my mind. This is the end, I thought, but I was far from being prepared to die. I didn’t want to die; I wanted to get out of there.

Finally, unable to stand the suspense longer and desperation lending bravado,leaped to the door and flung it open, expecting to see a whole array of gangsters with machine guns and pistols. Instead, a little chipmunk scurried off into the darkness, leaving me limp and mortified but yet the learner of a great lesson, namely, that it is very salutary to get a good look at your fears, and that when you do, they are much less impressive than you had imagined them to be.

Faith in God

A great Japanese, Kagawa, a preacher and social worker, once visited our country. Everyone noted that he carried about himself a sense of peace and poise, an inner strength and confidence that was truly remarkable. Kagawa had discovered a priceless secret, and he gave us his secret by saying, that if one will do as he did, ‘immerse oneself over a long period in the grace of God’, one will enter into a profound calm that nothing can destroy. Kagawa said that encountering mobs, threatened by soldiers, hurt by opponents, the calm never left him. His eyesight was threatened; disease afflicted him; but he never lost his calm. He testified that he was often amazed by the depth of this peace. This he assured us he had found in God. In that relationship he lost all his fears.

(Page 35)

There is the real escape from fear. Get a deep, unshakable faith in the fact that you are not alone, but that God watches over you and cares for you and will bring you through all difficulties. Then you will have total peace of mind. Confidence, not fear, will be yours forever.

Secret of Happiness Summary & Translation in Hindi

Secret of Happiness Introduction:

इस अध्याय में लेखक हमें यह बताता है कि हम जीवन में सफलता कैसे प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। वह कहता है कि हमें अपनी शक्तियों को समझना चाहिए। वह कहता है कि एक आम आदमी अपनी मानसिक शक्तियों का केवल बीस प्रतिशत प्रयोग करता है। प्रत्येक मनुष्य के पास अप्रयुक्त शक्ति का एक बड़ा भण्डार होता है। वह यदि उस शक्ति का प्रयोग कर पाए तो वह हर प्रकार की परिस्थिति पर काबू पा सकता है। डर मनुष्य के सबसे बड़े शत्रुओं में से एक है। यदि हम जीने की कला में कुशल होना चाहते हैं तो हमें अपने भयों पर काबू पाना सीखना चाहिए। हमें स्वयम् पर विश्वास होना चाहिए। यदि हमें स्वयम् पर विश्वास होगा तो हम हर प्रकार के भय से मुक्त हो सकेंगे। और तब हमारे मन को पूर्ण शान्ति मिलेगी।

Secret of Happiness Summary & Translation in Hindi

आत्मज्ञान का गति-विज्ञान

किसी भी व्यक्ति के जीवन का महानतम् दिन वह होता है जब उसे पहली बार आत्मज्ञान होने लगता है। ऐसा एक बार मेरे एक मित्र के साथ, जो कॉलेज का विद्यार्थी था, नाटकीय ढंग से अचानक हुआ। वह अपनी पढ़ाई में उतना ही असफल था जितना वह खेल-कूद के मैदान में कुशल था। किन्तु भाग्य के अपने ही विचित्र ढंग होते हैं। एक दिन मनोविज्ञान की कक्षा में मेरा वह विद्यार्थी-मित्र रोमांचित हो उठा जब प्रोफैसर ने बताया कि एक औसत व्यक्ति इसलिए असफल रहता है क्योंकि वह अपनी शक्तियों पर नियंत्रण करना और उन्हें मजबूत करना नहीं सीखता।

उसने जलाने वाले शीशे वाले सुपरिचित उदाहरण का प्रयोग किया। कागज़ के एक टुकड़े पर पड़ती हुई सूर्य की किरणों का कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता। किन्तु यदि जलाने वाले शीशे द्वारा उन्हें केंद्रित कर दिया जाए तो उनसे तीव्र ताप पैदा हो जाता है जो उस कागज़ में जल्दी ही जला कर एक छेद बना देगा। प्रोफैसर ने बताया कि एक सफल व्यक्ति वही होता है जो अपनी कमज़ोर हो चुकी, और इस प्रकार बेकार पड़ी, शक्तियों को केंद्रित कर सकता है। हमारे उस विद्यार्थी ने कहा कि एक चौंधिया देने वाले ज्ञान-प्रकाश में उसने अपनी स्वयं की असफलता को पहचान लिया,और कमरे में बैठे सभी व्यक्तियों के प्रति पूरी तरह से अनजान हुआ और अपने उस नए जन्म से सम्मोहित हुआ, वह उछल कर अपने पांवों पर खड़ा हो गया और चिल्लाते हुए बोला, “मैं समझ गया; मैं समझ गया।”

क्या हुआ था? उसका स्वयं से मिलन हो गया था, एक नए व्यक्तित्व से, उसके वास्तविक व्यक्तित्व से, जिसे उसने पहले कभी नहीं देखा था और उस रहस्योद्घाटन ने उसकी असफलता को संभावित सफलता में परिवर्तित कर दिया, और जिसकी संभावनाओं को बाद में पर्याप्त रूप से अर्जित कर लिया गया। अब वह प्रत्येक उस काम में भारी सफलता प्राप्त करता जो भी वह करने का मन बनाता।”

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आप उससे अधिक महान है जितना आप सोचते हैं-‘व्यक्तियों की शक्तियाँ’, इस विषय पर दिए गए अपने प्रसिद्ध भाषण में महान् मनोवैज्ञानिक विलियम जेम्ज़ ने कहा, “लोग आदतन उन शक्तियों का एक छोटा-सा अंश ही इस्तेमाल करते हैं जो उनके पास होती हैं और जिन शक्तियों का इस्तेमाल वे शायद उपयुक्त परिस्थितियों में कर सकते हैं।” किसी वैज्ञानिक ने हाल में ही कहा था कि एक औसत व्यक्ति अपने मस्तिष्क की शक्ति के केवल बीस प्रतिशत का ही इस्तेमाल करता है। जब आप कुछ व्यक्तियों के बारे में विचार करते हैं तो यह बात एक आशावाद के जैसी लगती है। तनिक सोचिए – यदि आप एक औसत व्यक्ति हैं तो आप अपने मानसिक सामर्थ्य का केवल पांचवां भाग ही इस्तेमाल कर रहे हैं।

यह सोचिए कि आप अपने जीवन को कैसा बना सकते यदि आप उस अंश को केवल पचास प्रतिशत बढ़ा लेते। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के व्यक्तित्व के अंदर बिना इस्तेमाल की गई शक्ति. का एक महान् भंडार होता है। किन्तु हम में से अनेकों में उस भंडार की मात्र एक हल्की-सी टपकन ही निकल रही होती है, और उसी पर हम जीवित रहते हैं और अपना काम चलाते रहते हैं। जीवन| का महान् रहस्य यही है कि आप ताले में चाबी डालें, जल-द्वारों को खोलें और उस शक्ति को एक शक्तिशाली| प्रवाह की भांति अपने मस्तिष्क और व्यक्तित्व के अंदर बह कर आने दें। यह आप को एक शक्तिशाली और प्रभावी व्यक्ति में बदल देगी जो सब परिस्थितियों का सामना करने और उन पर स्वामित्व स्थापित करने में पूरी तरह समर्थ होगा। वह महत्त्वपूर्ण बात जिस पर बल देने की ज़रूरत है, यह है कि आंतरिक शक्ति का यह एक स्त्रोत है जिससे कमजोर व्यक्तित्व शक्तिशाली बन सकते हैं, विभक्त व्यक्तित्व एकीकृत हो सकते हैं, चोट खाए मस्तिष्कों को राहत मिल सकती है, और शांति और मानसिक संतुलन के रहस्य का भेद जाना जा सकता है।

भय से छुटकारा

कुछ वर्ष पूर्व एक बर्तानवी प्रकाशन संस्थान ने प्रवचनों की एक पुस्तक जारी की जिसका शीर्षक था- यदि मैं केवल एक बार भी प्रवचन कर पाता। इन प्रवचनों में से एक प्रवचन गिल्बर्ट चेस्टर्टन की रचना थी। “यदि मेरे पास देने को केवल एक प्रवचन होता,” चेस्टर्टन ने ऐसा कहा, “तो यह भय के विरुद्ध एक प्रवचन होता।”

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इस प्रसिद्ध विद्वान ने भय जैसे एक साधारण शत्रु को क्यों चुना? सर्वप्रथम इसलिए क्योंकि भय मनुष्य के सबसे सामान्य शत्रुओं में से एक होता है। यह हममें से प्रत्येक को किसी न किसी रूप में प्रभावित करता है। उदाहरण के रूप में बहुत से लोगों को वित्तीय भय होते हैं। हमें खराब स्वास्थ्य के भय होते हैं, किसी शारीरिक कष्ट से ग्रस्त होने के खतरनाक परिणामों का हम पूर्वानुमान लगाने लगते हैं। हम स्वयं को उस भय से दुःखी बना लेते हैं कि भविष्य में क्या होगा, अथवा उस भय से कि हमारे अतीत के काम और निर्णयों के क्या परिणाम होंगे।

एक या दूसरी किस्म के डर हमें निरन्तर सताते रहते हैं और हमारी प्रसन्नता को ग्रसित करते रहते कोई भी व्यक्ति अपने सर्वोत्तम स्वरूप में नहीं होता अथवा अपनी शक्तियों पर पूरे नियंत्रण की स्थिति में| नहीं होता यदि वह भय का शिकार हो। कई तरह से भय एक व्यक्ति पर अपना अशक्त बना देने वाला हाथ रख देता है और उसके व्यक्तित्व के संपूर्ण विकास में और उसके जीवन में सफलता प्राप्त करने में एक मुख्य बाधा बन जाता है। वह व्यक्ति जो जीने की कला में दक्ष बनने की इच्छा रखता है, उसे अपने भयों पर विजय पाना और उन्हें दबाए रखना सीखना होगा।

यह हम सभी के लिए एक समस्या है और मैं शुरू में ही यह उत्साहवर्द्धक तथ्य बता देना चाहता हूं कि कोई भी और हर कोई भय से छुटकारा पा सकता है। किन्तु यह याद राखए कि केवल आप हा अपन भया पर विजय पा सकते हैं। अन्य व्यक्ति यद्यपि आप की सहायता करें, किन्तु अंत में आप को यह काम स्वयं ही करना होगा। पहला कदम और वास्तव में भी किसी भी व्यक्ति द्वारा अपने भयों के विरुद्ध अभियान का एक मुख्य अंश यह होता है कि वह उन भयों के विषय में सम्पूर्ण और गहरी जानकारी प्राप्त करे।

उनको दिन की रोशनी में लेकर आइए और फिर उन्हें मुरझाता हुआ और कुम्हलाता हुआ देखिए। भय किसी भूत से भिन्न नहीं होता है। यह आप को अंधेरे में डराता है, किन्तु जब आप इसे प्रकाश में ले कर आते हैं तो इसमें अधिक कुछ भी नहीं रहता। अधिकतर चीजें जिनसे व्यक्ति डरता है, वे कभी घटित नहीं होती हैं; कम से कम उनका कोई सार नहीं होता है। जिस तरह किसी तालाब में एक मेढक की टर्राहट सौ मेंढकों जैसी प्रतीत हो सकती है जब कोई व्यक्ति सोने का प्रयत्न कर रहा हो, उसी तरह एक छोटी-सी चीज़ को मानसिक डर तथा विकृत कल्पना के द्वारा उसके वास्तविक आकार से कहीं अधिक बड़ा अनुपात प्रदान किया जा सकता है।

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एक बार नार्थ वुड्स (नामक घने जंगल) के काफी भीतर की तरफ़ एक अंधेरी रात के समय एक एकांत केबिन में बैठे हुए मैंने बरामदे से आती हुई कुछ आवाजें सुनीं जिनसे मेरी रीढ़ की हड्डी में एक कंपकंपी दौड़ गई। ये आवाजें कई घुसपैठियों द्वारा सावधानी पूर्वक पास आने के जैसी लग रही थीं। मैं जड़ हो कर अपनी कुर्सी से जकड़ा हुआ बैठा रहा, मेरा एक-एक रोम खड़ा हुआ प्रतीत हो रहा था। उस क्षेत्र में हाल ही में हुई एक हत्या के विषय में समाचार-पत्रों द्वारा किए गए वर्णन मेरेमन में अचानक आने लगे। मैंने सोचा कि मेरा अंत आ गया था किन्तु मैं मरने के लिए बिल्कुल तैयार नहीं था। मैं मरना नहीं चाहता था; मैं वहां से बच निकलना चाहता था। अंत में उस दुविधा को और अधिक सहने में असमर्थ हो कर, और हताशा वाली वीरता से भर कर मैं दरवाज़े की तरफ झपटा और इसे एक झटके के साथ खोल दिया, यह आशा करते हुए कि वहां डाकुओं की एक पूरी सेना मशीन-गनें और पिस्तौलें लिए हुए होगी। इसकी बजाए वहां एक छोटी-सी गिलहरी दौड़ कर अन्धेरे की तरफ़ भाग गई और मैं वहां निष्क्रिय और लज्जित-सा हुआ खड़ा रह गया, किन्तु फिर भी मैंने एक महान् शिक्षा ग्रहण कर ली कि अपने भयों पर एक भरपूर नज़र डाल लेना बहुत हितकारी होता है, तथा यह कि जब आप ऐसा कर लेते हैं तो वे (भय) उतने डरावनेनहीं रहते जितनी आप ने उनके बारे में कल्पना कर ली थी।

ईश्वर में आस्था.

एक महान् जापानी (उपदेशक तथा समाज-सेवक) कगावा एक बार हमारे देश में आया। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति का ध्यान इस ओर गया कि उसमें शान्ति तथा मानसिक सन्तुलन की भावना, एक आंतरिक शक्ति और आत्म विश्वास था जो सचमुच ही असाधारण था। कगावा ने एक अमूल्य रहस्य का भेद पा लिया था, तथा उसने हमें अपना रहस्य यह कहते हुए बताया कि यदि कोई व्यक्ति वैसा ही करेगा जैसा कि वह स्वयं करता है, “एक लंबे समय तक स्वयं को ईश्वर-कृपा में डुबो ले’, तो वह ऐसी गहरी शांति प्राप्त कर लेगा जिसे कोई भी चीज़ नष्ट नहीं कर सकेगी। कगावा ने कहा कि लोगों की भारी भीड़ का सामना करने, सैनिकों द्वारा धमकाए जाने,विरोधियों द्वारा चोट पहुंचाए जाने के बावजूद भी शान्ति ने उसका साथ कभी नहीं छोड़ा था। उसकी आंखों की रोशनी खतरे में पड़ गई थी, रोग उसे कष्ट दे रहे थे; किन्तु उसने शांति का दामन कभी नहीं छोड़ा। उसने विश्वासपूर्ण ढंग से कहा कि अक्सर इस शान्ति की गहराई से वह चकित रह जाता था। उसने हमें यह विश्वास दिलाया कि यह शान्ति उसे ईश्वर से प्राप्त हुई थी। इस संबंध के कारण उसने सब भयों से मुक्ति पा ली थी।

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भय से छुटकारा पाने का वहां एक वास्तविक तरीका है। इस तथ्य में आप एक गहरी और अटल आस्था रखिए कि आप अकेले नहीं हैं, अपितु ईश्वर आप पर पूरी निगरानी रखता है और आप का पूरा ध्यान रखता है और वह आप को सभी कठिनाइयों से बाहर ले आएगा। तब आप को पूर्ण मानसिक शान्ति प्राप्त हो जाएगी।

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 4 Rights and Duties of a Citizen Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Rights and Duties of a Citizen

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Rights. Discuss the characteristics of Rights.
Or
What are rights? How are rights different from claims?
Answer:
The citizen has to seek ‘the good life’ not only for his own sake but also for the community. If he has to live upto his ideals, he needs certain conditions. He can justly claim them, he has right to them for the fulfilment of the common good. Rights are those conditions and guarantees which the State should provide to every citizen in order that he may attain his best self in society.

Man can develop all his mental; physical and spiritual qualities only if he is given certain rights and privileges by the State. Each State gives certain rights to the citizens which are essential for the development of the personality of the individuals. Laski has pointed out that every State is known by the rights, that it maintains.

What is a Right? Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Rights are given below:

1. According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the exercise of certain activities.”
2. According to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”
3. According to Holland, “Right is one man’s capacity of influencing the acts of another by means not of his own strength but of the opinion or the force of society.”
4. According to Bosanquet, “A Right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by the State.”
5. According to John Austin, “Rights mean one man’s capacity of exacting from another of others acts of forbearances.”
6. According to H. J. Laski, ‘Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best.”
7. According to Dr. Beni Prasad, ‘Rights are the right conditions of life which are essential for the development of the individual. Rights are the essential aspects of social life.”

On the basis of the definitions given before we can say that Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality cannot develop. Rights are useful both for the individual as well as for the State. The rights are recognized by the State.

Difference between Rights And Claims:
Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. But all claims are not to be regarded as rights because rights are only those claims which are recognised as such by society and enforced by the State. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognised by the society. Without such a recognition rights are empty claims. An individual is a part of the society, an individual cannot have any right apart from what the society concedes.

Characteristics of Rights:
On the basis of the definitions of rights given previous we can say that the following are the essential features of rights.
1. Rights are available only in the Society:
Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society. Whenever, an individual lives in society he is to seek the help of others for various purposes. Outside the society every individual is absolutely free and he makes use of force for achieving his end.

2. Right is a claim of the individual:
Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. In other words, right means demand for certain facilities.

3. Right is recognized by Society:
Rights are those claims of the individual which are recognized by the society. The claims of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by society.

4. Right is reasonable and moral:
The society recognizes only that claim of the individual which is reasonable and moral. The society recognizes only that claim which concerns the welfare of the individual. A claim which is harmful to society cannot be accepted.

5. Right can be used for public good:
A right can be used only for social good and not against the interest of the society. Rights can be had in society and are recognized by the society. Therefore, it is but natural that they should be exercised in the best interest of society.

6. Rights are universal:
Rights are given equally to all the people in society. Right is a claim of the individual and is not the claim of a particular individual but it is a claim of all the individuals. A right which is enjoyed by one individual is also enjoyed by other individuals.

7. Rights and duties go together:
Right is always accompanied by duties. Rights and duties go side by side. A’s right is B’s duty and B’s right is A’s duty. Rights cannot be granted without the performance of certain duties.

Another important feature of right is that it is enforced by the State. The rights are also protected by the State. The State grants rights through laws and those who violate the law are punished by the State. The State is the guardian of the rights of the individuals. Rights change with the changed social, economic and political conditions. For example, in the early phase of industrial expansion, the right to unfettered use of one’s property was recognised. But in the mid-twentieth century the right to property has been considerably curtailed in almost every country. Hence no permanent and unchanging catalogue of rights can be compiled.

Question 2.
Discuss the various rights enjoyed by a citizen in modern State.
Or
Describe any three rights of the individual.
Answer:
Modern age is an age of democracy and each State grants its citizens various types of rights so that they may be able to develop their personality. The rights granted by the State are called legal rights and they are of three types:

(a) Civil Rights:
In the modern democratic states the citizens are granted the following civil rights:
1. Right to Life:
Each State grants its citizens the right to life. Aristotle is of the opinion that the State came into existence for the sake of life and continues to exist for the sake of good life. This right is important both for the State and the individual. The individual personality can develop to the fullest degree only if he is granted the right to life. The State protects the life of the individual. The individual is given the right to self-defence. An individual cannot be allowed to commit suicide.

The State can award death sentence to an individual. If the existence of an individual is dangerous to the lives of others or if an individual works against the interests of the State he can be awarded death punishment. The modem view is against awarding death punishment. Most of the people have started thinking on the line that State should not award death punishment upon anyone. Efforts should be made to reform the criminals.

2. Right to Personal liberty:
The citizens are also given the right to personal liberty. The individual is given complete liberty for the development of his personality. The Government cannot arrest anybody arbitrarily. Nobody can be deprived of his life, liberty and property without a breach of law established in an ordinary court of law.

An individual enjoys complete freedom so far as he obeys the laws of the State. A person can be arrested only when he violates the laws of the State and he can be punished only when the charge against him is established in a court of law. The police cannot keep anybody in its custody more than 24 horn’s without the permission of the judge. Beside this the accused is given complete liberty to defend himself of the charge.

3. Right to Family Life:
Every citizen has the right to maintain a privacy of life in the family without any outside interference. The children possess the right of inheritance in their family property and also have got the right to get full support from their parents upto the age of maturity. Parents have the full rights over their children so long as they remain minors. Every person possesses the full right to marriage in any way he likes but the sanctity of marriage must be maintained in the society.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion:
Right to freedom of religion is most essential for the development of the personality of the individual. Every citizen should be free to profess and practise any religious faith he likes. In ancient times the right was not recognized by the State but modern States generally recognise this right. The recognition of this right by the State presupposes complete religious toleration.

5. Right to Education:
Citizenship has been defined as the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to the public good. The citizen has the right to such education as well fit him for the task of citizenship. Every citizen should have that education which would enable him to weigh, judge, choose and decide for himself.

The State grants the right to education to all its citizens. The individuals should have the right of receiving education according to their sweet will. The State should provide all facilities regarding education to its citizens. Now-a-days the State opens schools and colleges for the spread of education. The State now-a-days opens adult education centres, reading rooms, libraries and research centres. It opens colleges and universities. The spread of education is considered an important function of the State now-a-days.

6. Right to Equality:
In the modern civilized State the citizens are also given the right to equality. Equality is the basis of democracy. All the citizens are considered equal in all aspects of life. Equality does not mean that the income of all the individuals should be equal or all of them should have the same status in life. Equality means that all the individuals should enjoy equal opportunities and nobody should be discriminated against on the basis of sex, caste, creed, colour, blood and religion. Everybody should be equal in the eyes of law. Nobody should enjoy special privileges.

7. Right to Freedom of Movement:
A citizen has the right to freedom of movement and settlement in any part of the country. He cannot be restricted by any exercise of power. This way every citizen can settle at a place which he likes and where he can have his business. Nobody can be compelled to leave a certain place.

8. Right to Contract:
The right to contract enables the citizen to enter into contracts freely with others. Though every State gives the individual this, important civil right, it makes the necessary laws to regulate contracts and to prevent the making of contracts which are injurious to the interests of society.

9. Right to Freedom of Thought and Expression:
Freedom of speech is a valuable right. In all free countries citizens have the right to speak out honestly what view they may hold. Freedom of press is included in this right of free expression of opinion and is merely the right to publish in print what a man can lawfully speak.

Citizens can criticise government measures even severely. Hus freedom is no doubt subject to the law of libel and sedition. Men who are prevented from thinking freely will soon cease to think at all. Freedom of speech and of expression helps to create an enlightened public opinion. It is a powerful weapon against official tyranny as it is one of the most powerful means for the redressal of public grievances. A government which strifles criticism prepares for its own destruction.

10. Right to Freedom of Press:
In the modern age the freedom of press is given great importance. People enjoy the right to speech and at the same time they are given the right to expression. They can get their views published. The newspapers are given freedom and they publish news of their own sweet accord. Articles are published in the newspapers. The newspapers provide every sort of knowledge to the people. The newspapers organize and express public opinion.

They appreciate good actions and condemn bad actions of the government. They protect the rights and liberties of the people. The newspapers are now-a-days called the watch dog of the rights and liberties of the people. If the government imposes restrictions on the newspapers and journals, then it results in the death of democracy. If the freedom of press is denied, the country cannot progress and public welfare cannot be promoted.

11. Right to form Associations:
The individuals are given the right to assemble and form associations in order to promote their interests. Man is a social animal and he performs all his functions in co-operation with others. He forms so many associations in society in order to achieve certain ends. The citizens are given the freedom to form social, political, economic and cultural associations.

The State should not interfere in the functioning of these associations. The citizens from various types of professional associations, for example, trade unions and commercial associations. The people should be given the right to assemble peacefully and to discuss their problems. The government should not impose restrictions on public meetings and associations.

12. Right to Freedom in Domestic Affairs:
The citizens should be given freedom in their domestic affairs. The State should not interfere in the personal life of the individuals. The citizens should be free to use dress and food of their own choice. The State cannot prescribe a particular dress for the people. The State cannot lay down the rules for fashion. The individuals should be left free in their domestic affairs.

(b) Economic Rights:
Some people include economic rights in civil rights, beside the citizens of the State, are also given to the aliens. Economic rights are also given equally to all the people of the State. At so many occasions all the economic rights are not extended to the aliens. In many States the foreigners are not allowed to purchase property. The right to economic security is extended to the citizens and not to the foreigners. The citizens of a State get the following economic rights:

1. Right to Work:
In the modem world, no person can live without doing some work by which he earns his livelihood. Therefore, it is the duty of every State to provide work to all citizens. Since every responsible State shoulders the responsibility of making its citizens morally and materially fit for the struggle of life, it has to see that they have work enough to give them a decent living. Those who are out of employment have a right to demand work from their State.

The right to work does not mean the right to any particular work. It means that there should be no unemployment in the country. In communist countries like China, it is the duty of the State to provide work to its citizens. If the State fails to provide work to its citizens, it then gives them unemployment allowance.

2. Right to Adequate Wages:
The citizens must be given such wages as will enable them to maintain, at least, the minimum standard of living. If the workers do not get adequate wages for their work, they cannot improve their standard of living. According to Laski, “A man has not only the right to work, he has also the right to be paid an adequate wage for his labour.” Now-a-days the State fixes minimum wages for minimum hours so that every individual gets all the facilities of life.

3. Right to Property:
The right to property is most essential for the development of individual personality. Locke has called this right as the natural right. According to him the individual enjoyed this right even in the State of Nature. Therefore, it is the most important duty of the State to protect the right to property.

The individual can purchase, manage and sell property. The property is of two types— movable and immovable. The individuals should have the right to possess property of both the types. The property of a citizen cannot be snatched away by force. The State can acquire the property of a person by paying due compensation. Property inspires a man to make progress.

In most of the States the individuals have been given the right to private property. Property helps in making a man sympathetic, kind and generous. Property is quite essential for the development of individual personality.

4. Right to Economic Security:
In the modem States the citizens are granted the right to economic security. The State should hold responsibility for the satisfaction of the economic needs of the citizen. State should help the needy, the disabled and the old persons. Old age pension should be given. The State should take all possible measures for the economic security of its citizens. According to Laski, ‘To be at his best self, a man must work and the absence of work means provision, until employment again offers the opportunity to work.” The individual should be given old age pension. During illness he should be given free medical aid.

5. Right to Leisure:
Everyone should have leisure after doing work. The individual can race up his energy only by getting leisure. It is only during leisure hours that an individual can think about State and society. It is again during leisure hours that an individual can think about his own betterment.

(c) Political Rights:
Political rights are of great importance. It is with the help of these rights that an individual gets the right to participate in the affairs of the State. In the absence of these rights democracy cannot be real. Political rights are given only to the citizens and not to the foreigners. Generally the political rights mentioned below are given to the citizens:

1. Right to Vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country. Criminals, bankrupts, lunatics and aliens are not given the right to vote. In most of the modern States every adult person, man or woman is given the right to vote.

The State does not take into consideration the caste, creed, colour and religion while extending the right to vote to its citizens. In India, U.S.A. and in Russia every citizen of the age of 18 years is given the right to vote. By getting the right to vote the people govern over themselves.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every voter is normally given the right to be elected to the local boards and State or Central legislatures. Certain States sometimes impose certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc., for being elected to the legislative bodies. The poorest citizen is as eligible, for contesting an election as the richest.

This right is given equally to all the citizens of the State. Nobody is deprived of this right on the basis of caste, religion, creed and colour. Some qualifications for contesting the election can, of course, be laid down. In India no citizen who is below 25 years of age cannot contest election to Lok Sabha. The elected representatives of the people enjoy the right to frame laws and to run the administration.

3. Right to hold Public Offices:
All the citizens are eligible to hold public offices. It does not mean that anybody may assume any office. It simply implies that all citizens in the State should be equally eligible for appointment to offices for which they are qualified by virtue of education, judgement, training and experience.

Merit should be the main rather the sole criterion for all public appointments. Every public office executive, legislative and judicial is equally open to all citizens if they are otherwise duly qualified to hold that office. There is no bar on the ground of social status, wealth, colour, caste or any other such cause. This right means equal fitness of capability of being chosen for public office, political position or government service if otherwise qualified.

4. Right to Criticise the Government:
Every citizen has the right to criticise the government and express his views about any action or policy of the government if it goes against the welfare of the people. In democracy, the administration is run by the representatives of the people. If these elected representatives do not work in accordance with the wishes of the people, the people have every right to criticise them. If the right to criticise the government is denied to the people, then the government will behave arbitrarily. Every citizen can express his opinion on the policy of the government. Let this criticism be constructive and with the best of motives.

5. Right to Petition:
Every citizen is given the right to address petitions or complaints to the competent authorities. This right may be exercised by individuals or by several persons together. This right is important in the sense the people can get their grievances redressed by the government by addressing their petitions.

6. Right to form Political Parties:
In democratic countries citizens enjoy the right to form political parties. Political parties are inevitable in a democratic state. For example, in India citizens enjoy the right to form political parties.

Question 3.
What do you mean by duties? Explain the various kinds of duties.
Or
What is ‘Duty’? Explain.
Answer:
Rights in the absence of duties are meaningless:
A citizen enjoys a number of rights and facilities. He must, therefore, perform a number of corresponding duties and obligations. In return for the protection an other blessings and benefits he receives from the State he must feel grateful and perform a number of duties. It is upon the faithful performance of those duties that success and happiness in life depends.

What is Duty? A duty means an obligation. A man is said to have duty in any matter if he under an obligation to do or not to do something. It is such an obligation by virtue of which we are bound to do something or refrain from doing so because another person has a right to expect some action or mission from us.

In fact “Rights” and “Duties” go side by side and are the two facets of the same coin. If we wish to enjoy the civil and political rights, we must perform certain duties towards the State because it is the duties which create the essential qualities of sacrifice, courage and discipline among the citizens. Therefore, the emphasis today is to be laid as much on the duties of a citizen as on his rights.

Kinds of Duties:
Duties are of two types- Moral and Legal.
When a duty is enjoined merely by our moral sense, the duty is moral. But when a duty is prescribed by the laws of the State, it is a legal duty.
The moral opinion of the community demands of us the performance of certain duties i. e. to help the poor, to the sick and to the suffering. To induce us to perform these duties, there is no pressure other them that of the good opinion of the community. These are moral duties. But legal duties are of an entirely different kind. They have to be performed under the compulsion of law. They are enforced by. the State.

Question 4.
Describe the various duties of a citizen in a modern state.
Answer:
The citizens are concerned both with the State and the society. They cannot do anything in the absence of the State and society. Therefore, the individuals are to perform both the legal and moral duties in life. Following are given both the moral as well as legal duties of the citizens.

(A) Moral Duties Of The Citizens:
1. Duties towards One’s Self:
First of all an individual has so many duties towards his own self. Man as a social being is a member of society and in order that a society be strong, it is necessary that individuals who constitute society should be energetic and strong in mind and body. A citizen should develop to the full of his physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual faculties in order to be able to serve the society. His aim should be to achieve all round fitness. A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health.

2. Duties towards Family:
A citizen has duties towards himself as well as towards his family. In case all the members of a family do not honestly perform their duties, the family is bound to suffer. It is the duty of the parents to bring up, educate and support their children and if they fail in their duties, the children will never be able to develop their personality and hence they will never become good citizens.

The children are the citizens of tomorrow. A country’s future depends upon enlightened citizens. The father should be very particular about the needs of the family. The family should live in perfect peace and harmony. All the members should possess a spirit of sacrifice and selfless love and affection for one another.

3. Duties towards Neighbours:
A citizen should extend fullest degree of co¬operation to his neighbours in all walks of life. He should be sympathetic, kind and useful to his neighbours. If you do something for your neighbours during an hour of trial, they will also do a good turn when you are admist difficulties. Love begets love. Love your neighbours and they will love you in turn. If your neighbour is weak, sick, poor and needy, you cannot feel safe. The undesirable character of a neighbour may spoil your children, a poor neighbour may become a thief. It is the first and foremost duty of a citizen to see to the all round progress of his neighbour.

4. Duties towards Society:
Man is a social animal. Nobody can lead an isolated life. Man is a man among men only. The individual gets all the facilities of life in society. Therefore, he must perform all the duties which are essential for the progress of the society. Every individual should have social spirit and he should do nothing which is harmful to society.

5. Duties towards Humanity:
Every individual has certain duties towards the humanity. The modern age is an age of internationalism. Every citizen should live in co-operation and harmony with the people of other countries. Every citizen should help in the establishment of world peace. The citizens should not develop hatred and distrust for the people of other countries. The citizens should strongly oppose imperialism. The citizens should contribute to the maximum towards the welfare of humanity.

(B) Legal Duties Of The Citizens:
The citizens are to perform so many duties towards the State. The duties which are prescribed by law are called legal duties. The citizens are to perform the following legal duties:
1. Allegiance:
Every citizen has allegiance to the State to which he belongs. He must defend the State against all enemies and dangers and he has a duty to assist the State in the suppression of crimes and revolution. The State can call upon him or even require him to take up arms in its defence. It can prescribe a period of compulsory military training for the citizen. The citizen should be prepared, if necessary, even to lay down his life in defending the State and to discharge the duties involved in his allegiance to the State.

2. Obedience:
Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law. Good citizenship consists more in this obedience to law than in any other thing. Laws are enacted for the welfare of the community, so the man who has a regard for law, has the good of the community, at heart. Respect for the laws and the institutions of the State makes one a good citizen.

There may be occasions when public opinion has to be organised to repeal laws which are anti-social in character.
Disobedience of law may, in exceptional circumstances, be morally justified but even in such cases it ought to be carefully considered whether the object underlying such disobedience could not be better attained by other means.
Respect of law, once undermined may shake the very foundations of our social order.

3. Payment of Taxes:
It is the duty of the citizen to pay taxes which are legally imposed on him. The administration of the government cannot be run without public funds. There is no other source for the government except to collect money from the citizens in the form of taxes. All these taxes are utilized for the payment of salaries to the public servants and other State officials who exist for the welfare of the people. Therefore, the State has the right to tax its citizens who should pay all these taxes without any hesitation because the money thus collected will be spent for their welfare.

4. Protection of Public Property: It is the duty of the citizens to protect public property.

5. Co-operation with Government:
Every citizen should extend fullest degree of co-operation to the government. It is his duty to help the government officials in the proper discharge of their duties. He should help the police, the army and other officials in maintaining law and order in the country. The citizen should not give shelter to or defend criminals. He should rather help the government in getting the law-breakers punished.

Question 5.
What is the relationship between rights and duties?
Or
How are Rights and Duties interrelated? Explain fully.
Or
“Rights imply Duties.” Explain with examples.
Answer:
Just as a citizen enjoys certain rights, he also has to discharge certain duties towards society. Very often the words ‘Right’ and ‘Duty’ are used as if they are opposed to each other and would exclude each other. This impression is quite wrong, because rights and duties are closely connected with each other and they always go together.

There are two ways of proving this, whenever a right is given to one citizen, say ‘A’, then it becomes the duty of all other citizens ‘B’, ‘C’ and so on to respect that right to allow citizen ‘A’ to enjoy that right and not to do anything to destroy it. When I am given the right to property, it is the duty of all other citizens not to take away my property, and to allow me to use my property, in any way I would like to use it. But it should be remembered that the same rights are given to all citizens and can be enjoyed only if each allows all others to enjoy the same.

The right to property is given not only to me but to all other citizens and just as it is their duty to allow me the right of enjoying my property, it is my duty to allow others to enjoy the same right to property. This would mean that I can enjoy my right to property only if I accept at the same time my duty to respect it for others. Thus rights and duties are so closely related with each other that one cannot exist without the other and we can say that rights and duties are only different angles from which we look at things.

Rights are the claim or privileges enjoyed by a citizen recognized by the State. It is the duty of the State to protect your rights otherwise rights are meaningless. Your right imposes a twofold duty on you. You have a duty to see that you do not interfere in any way with the enjoyment of similar rights of others. As you have a right so have others.

It is your duty not to take any action likely to interfere with their rights. Secondly, rights cannot be enjoyed for nothing. You are given certain rights so that you can perform certain duties as citizen. These rights are necessary to enable you to exercise your civic duties. The State by guaranteeing these rights, imposes on you the duty to act as a responsible citizen of the community. It will be your duty to develop your abilities and to try your utmost to further the common good of the country.

Rights and duties are related in the following way:
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty on the others to respect his right. His right is therefore, their duty. For instance, an individual’s right to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent or to interfere with his enjoyment of it. In this sense, rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. From the standpoint of man who enjoys, it is a right and from the point of view of others who must allow him to enjoy it is a duty.

But it is necessary that every right should carry a corresponding duty with it. For instance, a landlord has only rights over his tenants and no duties towards them and thjt the tenants have only duties and no rights. In fact, in such a case, no right or duty is involved and it is a case of exploitation, not a right or duty. The landlord really has no rights over the tenants but only a power backed by the wealth and influence. A right can truly be called a right only if it does not hinder the general welfare of other people.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment of other’s rights. For instance, if ‘A’ has the right to express his opinions freely it is also his duty not to deny the same right to ‘B’. Further my right to use public road also implies the duty to admit the fact that others too possess the same right. This right implies one more duty also. If I enjoy liberty to speech, it is my duty not to misuse this right by preaching anything that is against law or that disturbs peace or spreads hatred among different communities.

3. One’s right is one’s duty to use it in a right way:
It is the duty of an individual to make proper use of his rights. The improper use of rights proves harmful for others and society can never tolerate it. If an individual is given the freedom of speech and expression, he should not misuse this right by spreading hatred among different communities. He should not instigate the people against the government.

He should not spread rumours. Misuse of rights by the citizens of a State leads to disorder and anarchy. It leads to setting up wrong precedents. Public welfare is ignored if people do things of their own accord. Every citizen should use his rights in such a way that the interests of the community are promoted to the full.

4. One’s right is one’s duty to use it for social good:
A right is not only the means for furthering self interest but it is also a means for promoting the general interests of society. An individual enjoys right only so long as he contributes his best instructed judgement to the common good of the people. In case an individual misuses his rights, and his activities prove harmful to the welfare of the community, his rights are forfeited and he becomes liable to punishment. For example, if an individual enjoys his right to freedom of speech to spread bitterness between different sections of the community or to preach violence or anarchy, he becomes a hindrance in the way of social development. He should use right to freedom of speech for constructive purposes only.

5. Duties towards the States:
Rights of an individual imply certain duties towards the State. The State gives us rights and they are also safeguarded by the State. State creates such an atmosphere as is necessary for making full use of rights. Rights have no meaning without the State and hence it is the duty of every individual to respect the laws of the State.

He should be ready to sacrifice his all for the State during an hour of crisis. He should pay the State taxes honestly. He should be loyal to the State. State protects the life and property of an individual and it is the duty of the individual to protect the State.
In the end we can say that Rights and Duties go side by side. They are two facets of a coin.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of rights.
Answer:
Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality can’t develop. The rights are recognised by the state. In general speaking rights are those claims which are recognised by society and enforced by the state.

Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Right are given below:

According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the excercise of certain activities.”
Accroding to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”
According to Bosanquet, “A Right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by State.”
According to H. J. Laski, “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best.”

Question 2.
Explain the characteristics of rights.
Answer:
1. Rights are available only in the Society: Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society.

2. Right is a claim of the Individual: Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society.

3. Right is recognized by society:
Rights are those claims of the individual which are recognized by the society. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by society.

4. Right is reasonable and moral;
The society recognizes only that claim of the individual which is reasonable and moral. The society recognizes only that claim which concerns the welfare of the individual. A claim which is harmful to society cannot be accepted.

Question 3.
Explain how rights are different from claims?
Answer:
Rights are those conditions and guarantees which the state should provide to every citizen in order that he may attain his best self in society. Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society. But each and every claim of the individual cannot be termed and accepted as a rights. In order to become right individual’s claims must fulfil certain condition.

A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state. The claim of the individual takes the form of a right only when it is recognized by the society. Any claim which is neither acceptable to society nor enforceable by the state cannot be called a right in a true sense. Without recognition rights are empty claims. An individual is a part of the society. An individual cannot have any rights apart from what the society concede. Every right has a corresponding duty. But a claim may or may not have a corresponding duty. Thus in order to become rights, claims of the individual must be recognized by the society and enforced by the State. .

Question 4.
Describe various types of rights.
Answer:

• Natural Rights: Natural Rights are those rights which have been given to man by nature.
• Moral Rights: Moral Rights are those which are based on the ethical rules prevailing among the people.
• Legal Rights: A legal Right is recognised and enforced by the power of the state.
• Fundamental Rights: Legal Rights mentioned in the constitution are called fundamental Rights.
• Civil Rights: Civil Rights are those, which enable an individual to lead a decent civic life.
• Political Rights: Political Rights are those privileges recognised and guaranteed by the law of the State, which enable the citizen to participate in political affairs and governance of the country.
• Economic Rights: Economic Rights are those, which are essential for the economic development of an individual.

Question 5.
What do you understand by Natural Rights?
Answer:
Natural rights are those rights which have been given to man by Nature. Some people are of the view that nature conferred certain rights on man even before the birth of society. Locke also championed the cause of these rights. Right to life, liberty and property cannothe ended by anyone. Some people interpret the meaning of natural rights in a different way. They say that there are certain things to which man has an inherent right. They are natural because they are essential and inherent in the eminent worth of human personality. .

Question 6.
What do you understand by civil rights? Mention any two such rights.
Answer:
Civil Rights. Those rights which relate to the protection and enjoyment of life and property by the individual are known as civil rights. Civil rights are regarded as essential to civilised existence. These rights relate to the achievement of man’s highest self-development. They are granted, protected and enforced by the state. The two important civil rights are:

Right to Life:
It means that the state must afford protection to the individual against all innimical forces.

Right to Personal Liberty:
It means that an individual must be given the freedom to enjoy his personal life. He must not be interfered with by the laws of the state till he remains within the bounds of law.

Question 7.
Mention any four political rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every citizen is given the right to be elected to the local bodies, state or central legislatures. State sometimes imposes certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc. for being elected to the legislative bodies.

3. Right to hold Public Offices:
Every citizen is given the right to hold public offices. Every public office executive, legislative and judicial is equally open to all citizens if they are otherwise duly qualified to hold that office.

4. Right to form Political Parties. In democratic countries citizens enjoy the right to form Political Parties.

Question 8.
Name any four economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:
The citizens in a Modem State enjoy economic rights for their economic well being. The most important economic rights of citizen are as ahead:
1. Right to Work:
Every citizen enjoys the right to get a job or to take up a profession according to his ability and capacity. It is the duty of the State to provide job to every individual. If the state is unable to provide work to every citizen, it should give monthly allowance.

2. Right to get Proper Wages:
It is not enough to provide work to each individual, rather they should be given proper wages to make both ends meet.

3. Right to Property:
The liberal democratic state recognize the right to property, subject to the limitation that the property may be acquired for public purposes.

4. Right to Economic Security. In the modern welfare state citizens are granted the right to economic security.,

Question 9.
Describe any four safeguards of Rights.
Answer:

• Independent Judiciary: Independent, impartial and honest judiciary is the first and important safeguard of rights.
• Rule of Law: Rights can be enjoyed fully under the shadow of rule of law.
• Eternal vigilance: Prof. Laski has rightly remarked that, “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.”
• Democracy: Only the Democratic form of government can provide all types of rights to the citizens.

Question 10.
State the term Duty.
Answer:
The word Duty has been derived from the word ‘Debt’ which means loan. Literally Duty means a person’s obligation towards the society. A man is said to have duty in matter if he is under an obligation to do or not to do something. It is such an obligation by virtue of which we are bound to do something or refrain from doing so because another person has a right to expect some action or mission from us. Infact, Rights and Duties go side by side and are the two facts of the same coin. Therefore, the emphasis today is to be laid as much on duties of a citizens as on his rights.

Question 11.
Write any four legal duties.
Answer:

• Allegiance. Every citizen has allegiance to the state to which he belongs. He must defend the state against all enemies and dangers. .
• Obedience. Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law.
• Payment of Taxes. It is the duty of the citizen to pay taxes which are legally imposed on him. The state has the right to tax its citizens who should pay all these taxes without any hesitation.
• Protection of Public Property. It is the duty of the citizens to protect public property.

Question 12.
Write any four moral duties of a citizen.
Answer:

• Good Moral character: A citizen must have good moral character.
• Good Health: A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health. A citizen should be energetic and strong in mind and body.
• Obedience towards his Parents: A citizen must obey his parents.
• Duties towards Society: Every individual should have social spirit and he should do nothing which is harmful to society.

Question 13.
Name four duties of a citizen towards his country.
Answer:
A citizen has some duties towards his country

• First duty of a citizen is to be loyal to his country.
• The citizen should obey law of the land.
• The citizen should pay taxes honestly.
• He should protect public property.

Question 14.
What is the relationship between rights and duties?
Or
How are Rights and Duties inter-related? Give two examples.
Answer:
Rights and Duties are two sides of the same coin. Rights and Duties go side by side. They are two aspects of the same thing. Rights and Duties are so closely related with each other that one cannot exist without the other.
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty to the others to respect his right. For instance, an individual’s rights to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent. A right can truly be called a right only if it does not hinder the general welfare of other people.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment to other’s rights.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of rights.
Answer:
Rights are those conditions of social life without which human personality can’t develop. The rights are recognised by the state. In general speaking rights are those claims which are recognised by society and enforced by the state.

Question 2.
Write any two definitions of rights.
Answer:
Different scholars have defined Rights in different ways. Some important definitions of Right are given below:

1. According to Wilde, “A Right is a reasonable claim to freedom in the excercise of certain activities.”
2. Accroding to T.H. Green, “Rights are those powers which are necessary to the fulfilment of man’s vocation as moral being.”

Question 3.
Discuss any two characteristics of rights.
Answer:

1. Rights are available only in the Society. Rights can be possible only in the society. The rights cannot be possible outside the society.
2. Right is a claim of the Individual. Right is a claim of the individual for doing things independently. The individual claims his rights from the society.

Question 4.
Explain any two types of rights.
Answer:

• Natural Rights: Natural Rights are those rights which have been given to man by nature.
• Moral Rights: Moral Rights are those which are based on the ethical rules prevailing among the people.

Question 5.
Define Legal Rights.
Answer:
A legal right is recognized and enforced by the powers of the State. If any individual interferes with such a right of another person, he will be punished by the state.
Legal Rights can further be classified into Fundamental Rights, Civil Rights, Political Rights and Economic Rights.

Question 6.
What do you understand by civil rights?
Answer:
Civil Rights:
Those rights which relate to the protection and enjoyment of life and property by the individual are known as civil rights. Civil rights are regarded as essential to civilised existence. These rights relate to the achievement of man’s highest self-development. They are granted, protected and enforced by the state.

Question 7.
Discuss any two political rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to Vote:
Right to vote is the most important political right. It is through the exercise of this right that citizens in a democracy take part in the government of the country.

2. Right to Contest Elections:
Every citizen is given the right to be elected to the local bodies, state or central legislatures. State sometimes imposes certain restrictions regarding age, education, etc. for being elected to the legislative bodies.

Question 8.
Name any two economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Right to Work:
Every citizen enjoys the right to get a job or to take up a profession according to his ability and capacity. It is the duty of the State to provide job to every individual. If the state is unable to provide work to every citizen, it should give monthly allowance.

2. Right to get Proper Wages:
It is not enough to provide work to each individual, rather they should be given proper wages to make both ends meet.

Question 9.
Describe any two safeguards of Rights.
Answer:

• Independent Judiciary. Independent, impartial and honest judiciary is the first and important safeguard of rights.
• Rule of Law. Rights can be enjoyed fully under the shadow of rule of law.

Question 10.
Discuss the term Duty.
Answer:
The word Duty has been derived from the word ‘Debt’ which means loan. Literally Duty means a person’s obligation towards the society. A man is said to have duty in matter if he is under an obligation to do or not to do something.

Question 11.
Write any two legal duties.
Answer:

• Allegiance. Every citizen has allegiance to the state to which he belongs. He must defend the state against all enemies and dangers.
• Obedience. Every citizen has the supreme duty of obeying the law.

Question 12.
Write any two moral duties of a citizen.
Answer:
1. Good Moral Character. A citizen must have good moral character.
2. Good Health. A citizen can serve the society well if he enjoys quite a good health. A citizen should be energetic and strong in mind and body.

Question 13.
Name two duties of a citizen towards his country.
Answer:
A citizen has some duties towards his country-

• First duty of a citizen is to be loyal to his country.
• The citizen should obey law of the land.

Question 14.
Explain the relationship between rights and duties?
Answer:
1. One’s right is another’s duty:
A right belonging to one person imposes a corresponding duty to the others to respect his right. For instance, an individual’s rights to property implies that it is the duty of others not to take away or steal his property without his consent.

2. One’s right is one’s duty also:
A right is at the same time a duty. If an individual enjoys a right, it must be remembered that the same right belongs to all other individuals. Therefore, it is his duty not to interfere in the enjoyment to other’s rights.

One word to One sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the Rights?
Answer:
A man needs some facilities for his development. These facilities are called the rights.

Question 2.
Write down a definition of rights.
Answer:
According to Bosanquet, “A right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by state.”

Question 3.
Describe an important element of the right.
Answer:
Rights are recognised by society and enforced by state.

Question 4.
Mention any one feature of the rights.
Answer:
A right is a claim of independence of a person to do any work. He gets it in society. The demand for facilities is called a right.

Question 5.
How many kinds are of rights?
Answer:

• Natural Rights
• Moral Rights
• Legal Rights.

Question 6.
What are Natural Rights?
Answer:
Natural Rights are those rights which a man gets from nature and which cannot be abolished by the state.

Question 7.
Enumerate kinds of natural rights.
Answer:

• Right to Life
• Right to Property
• Right to Freedom. .

Question 8.
What is the main feature of moral rights?
Answer:
Moral rights are not legally recognised. These rights cannot be enforced by the state.

Question 9.
What are Legal Rights?
Answer:
Legal Rights are those rights which have the recognition of state. If anyone violates these rights, he is sentenced in accordance with the law.

Question 10.
In how many parts can legal rights be divided? Write their names.
Answer:

• Fundamental Rights
• Social Rights
• Political Rights
• Economic Rights.

Question 11.
Mention any two important social rights.
Answer:

• Right to Life
• Right to Family.

Question 12.
Name any two economic rights of a citizen.
Answer:

• Right to Work
• Right to Property.

Question 13.
Write down any two important political rights of a citizen.
Answer:

• Right to vote
• Right to contest an election.

Question 14.
What is the meaning of Fundamental Right?
Answer:
Any legal right which is mentioned in the constitution is named as Fundamental Right.

Question 15.
From which language has the word ‘Duty’ been derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Duty’ has been derived from the English word ‘Debt’.

Question 16.
Write down the meaning of Duty.
Answer:
Etymologically, duty is a kind of our debt towards society. In lieu of the rights that we get in society, duties are performed to pay back our debt to society.

Question 17.
In how many parts can duties be divided?
Answer:

• Moral Duties
• Legal Duties.

Question 18.
What is the meaning of Moral Duties?
Answer:
Moral Duties are based oh good conduct. They are performed on ethical grounds.

Fill in the Blanks

1. Right to vote is a …………………….. right.
Answer:
Political

2. Indian Constitution has now …………………….. Fundamental Right.
Answer:
Six

3. Rights and …………………….. are the two sides of the same coin.
Answer:
Duties

4. Right to life is a …………………….. right.
Answer:
Civil

5. Right implies …………………….. .
Answer:
Duty.

True or False statement

1. Rights are possible only in society.
Answer:
True

2. Duties are claim of a person.
Answer:
False

3. Rights are limited.
Answer:
True

4. People enjoy those rights which are sanctioned by the society and enforced by the state.
Answer:
True

5. In communist countries, economic rights are the part of legal rights.
Answer:
True

Choose the Correct Answers

Question 1.
Natural Rights are those which are given to us by:
(A) Constitution
(B) Parliament
(C) God or Nature
(D) King.
Answer:
(C) God or Nature

Question 2.
Civil Rights are given to the individual by:
(A) Nature
(B) God
(C) The state
(D) The people.
Answer:
(C) The state

Question 3.
What is the Force behind legal Rights?
(A) Force of Public opinion
(B) Force of Morality
(C) Force of Law
(D) Force of Nature.
Answer:
(C) Force of Law

Question 4.
Which of the following is a moral duty?
(A) Payment of Taxes
(B) obedience of Law
(C) Allegiance to the state
(D) Development of Personality.
Answer:
(D) Development of Personality.

Question 5.
The right to hold public office is a/an:
(A) Economic Right
(B) Civil Right
(C) Political Right
(D) Moral Right.
Answer:
(C) Political Right

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 3 Citizen and Citizenship

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the definition of a citizen? What are the differences between a citizen and an alien?
Or
Give the definition of a citizen.
Answer:
Definition of a Citizen. The word ‘Citizen’ is sometimes loosely used in the sense of a man living in a city and possessing a polished tongue and refined manner. This is not the sense in which the term citizen is used in Civics. A citizen is that member of population of a State who enjoys all the rights civil as well as political under the protection of the State in return for the allegiance he owes to the State.

1. According to Aristotle, “He, who has the power to take part in deliberative of judicial administration of any State does not make a person a citizen of the the State.” Mere residence in the territory of a State does not make a person a citizen of foreign States.

2. Vattal has defined citizen as “the members of a. civil society bound to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Sri Niwas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is a member of a state and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

4. According to A.K.Siu, “A citizen is one who owes allegiance to the State, has access to the Civil and Political right and is inspired with Spirit of Service to the Community.”

5. According to Miller, “Citizens are the member of the Political Community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the State and who in their associate capacity have established or subjected themselves to the domination of governmeiit for the protecfion of the individual and collective rights.”

The state protects the citizens’ life, liberty and property and his political rights. It provides himself opportunities for developing his personality and leading a useful and happy life.’

Citizen and Alien:

An Alien:
As has been noted above that all the people living in a State are not citizens. Citizens are only the members of the State. Besides the citizen so many foreigners live in the State. These foreigners are infact the citizens of other States. These foreigners are of three types:

1. Resident Aliens:
There are so many persons in each State who leave their country and reside in another State. They start their business in that country. Such like residents have no desire to go back to their country. They break off their relations with their country and consider themselves the citizens of the State where they reside. But they will become the citizens of the resident State only when the government will grant them political rights. So, many Indians live in Sri Lanka, South Africa, Canada and Australia and they are not the citizens of these countries.

2. Temporary Residents:
Foreigners who come to another country for a short period and after the completion of their business go back, they are called temporary residents. Such like foreigners come for some particular business or on a pleasure trip. Foreign students also come under this category.

3. Diplomatic Representatives:
They include ambassadors, ministers counsels, agents and the subordinate staff attached to them. Until other aliens, they entitled to special privileges and immunities. These are not amenable to the jurisdiction of the laws of the State where they are appointed.

Distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.:

• A citizen is a member of state whereas an alien is not member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state wheras the alien does not enjoy this right.
• The main difference between a citizen and alien is that a citizen enjoys political rights i.e. the right to vote, the right to be elected, the right to hold public office and the right to be protected abroad and whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own State and not to the country wherein he lives.
• In time of war foreigners can be asked to leave the country but not the citizens.
• In time of war military service can be made compulsory for the citizens but not for the foreigners.
• The status of a citizen is superior to that of an alien.

Question 2.
Define citizen. How Citizenship is acquired?
Or
Discuss the methods of acquiring and losing Citizenship.
Or
What is the meaning of Citizenship? Describe the methods of acquiring Citizenship.
Answer:
Definitions of Citizenship:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is a member. Laski offers more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public goods.” This definition assigns a positive role to the citizen, viz his duty to contribute his mite towards material and moral advancement of his fellow citizens and that humanity as a whole.

According to Gettel, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.”
According to Boyd, “Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.

Kinds of Citizens. There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural Citizen:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a State by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the State.

2. Naturalized Citizen:
A naturalized citizen is an alien who acquires the citizenship of the State after fulfiling certain conditions. In certain States, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some States a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Acquisition Of Citizenship:

A. Natural Citizenship:
Natural citizens are citizens by birth. There are two practices which are observed regarding the acquisition of citizenship by birth-jus- Sanguin is and jus Soli.

1. Jus-Sanguinis (Blood relationship):
The citizenship of a child is determined by the nationality to which his parents belong irrespective of the place of child’s birth. For instance, if Kenya follows this principle and child is born to an Indian couple in this country, he will acquire the Indian citizenship irrespective of the place where he is born. This principle prevails in Switzerland, Sweedon, Germany, France, Rome, Austria, and Italy.

2. Jus-Soli (Place of birth):
A child acquires the citizenship of a State in which he is bom. Citizenship is acquired according to the ‘Soli’ without any consideration of the nationality to which the child belongs. Under this rule if American citizens’ child bom in Great Britain or even in a ship flying the British flag should become a citizen of Great Britain. With the growth of the feudal idea that birth created a relationship between the individual and the land, the rule of Jus-Soli came to be adopted in most countries of Europe.

Double Citizenship:
Different countries follow different practices and there is no uniformity of the system. In Britain and U.S.A. both the systems are followed. In case of the children of the citizens born in the country itself, the principle Jus- Soli is applied. In case of the children of citizens born abroad, the rule of Jus- Sanguinis is applied. Some states slike Argentina follow the principle of Jus-Soli and claim the children of foreigners born in their territories as their own citizens. Some others like Switzerland, Italy and Sweeden follow the rule of
Jus-Sanguinis and claim the childrefi of their own citizens born outside the country as their citizens.

B. Naturalized Citizenship:
Naturalized citizens are citizens by adoption. It is a special device for the acquistion of foreign citizenship. It is process by which the foreigners acquire citizenship of any other State in which they wish to settle permanently. Naturalization takes place through the following ways:

1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is clearly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopts the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Government Service:
In certain States there is a principle that if any foreigner joins government service in that State then he gets the citizenship of that state.

5. Property: In some States as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchaser.

6. Conquests:
During war weak States are conquered by the powerful ones. But the question of citizenship arises when the citizen of a defeated territory surrender all their rights of citizenship to the conquering States. Still it is the general practice States that the members of a defeated territory acquire the citizenship of a conquering State.

7. Legitimation:
An illegitimate child of a citizen father and an alien mother when legitimatised by subsequent marriage, acquires the same citizenship as the father’s.

8. To Scholars: In certain countries certain special facilities are given to scholars for acquiring citizenship.

Loss of Citizenship:

Citizenship may be lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the lawr of many States to exclude one for the fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their States for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many States a woman marrying to a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double citizenship:
Sometimes a person acquires double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Government Service in other State: Some States deprive their citizens of citizenship if they accept government service in some other State.

5. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

6. Adoption: If a child is adopted by a foreigner he loses the citizenship of his country and the child acquires the citizenship of his parents.

7. Self-renunciation of Citizenship: A person may remove the citizenship of his original State and may become citizen of a foreign State by naturalization.

8. Conquest:
If the territory of a country is conquered by another State, then persons living in the conquered territory lose the citizenship of that country.

Question 3.
Explain the qualities essential for ideal citizenship.
Or
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A good citizen is one who makes all the possible efforts for the welfare of the community and State. Good citizenship lies in living for other. No country can progress unless its citizens are good. The progress of a State depends on its citizens. A person becomes a good citizen if he possesses the following qualities:

1. Education:
A good citizen in the modern society should be well educated. Mere literacy is not sufficient but he should have a thorough knowledge of what is happening around him. He should be intelligent enough to sift good from bad. His education enables him to pay his part in the society more successfully and usefully. Education makes him understand the problems of the State.

2. Social Spirit:
A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the interest of the community. He is imbued with the spirit of service and common good. A citizen is firstly an individual and that also a social one. His needs cannot be satisfied and his personality cannot develop without society. Good citizens are never selfish but they always think in the terms of the good of society. They co-operate with others in helping them in achieving the goal. If a man always thinks about his personal interest, he is not an ideal citizen.

3. Dutifulness:
A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to Support others in the discharge of their duties. He should pay his taxes regularly and must be ready to render all possible services to the community. He should be ready to suffer for his country. His activities should be inspired by a spirit of service to the community and by strong devotion to his duties. A citizen should feel that he has to do whatever he can in order to increase the welfare of the community.

There are many civic duties such as voting intelligently and honestly, performance of which cannot be enforced by law but must depend solely on the citizen’s sense of duty. A citizen must carefully discharge his duties to the various social groups like family, locality, city, State and the world. He should be honest, fearless and straightforward in the performance of his duties.

4. Self-control and Gentlemanliness:
It is the sacred duty of a citizen not be indifferent to public affairs. He must not be guided solely by his private self-interest. It is his duty to aviod petty quarrels. He should be constanly on the guard for the protection of his rights and liberties. Self-control lies behind the spirit of obedience without which there can be no good citizenship. A good citizen is sober in temperament and exercises self-control in his public dealings. He possesses a disciplined character: He does not indulge in vicious habits. He is self¬confident without being vain.

5. Good Health:
A healthy citizen can serve the society in a nice way An unhealthy and a sick citizen would be a burden not only on his family but also to his neighbours and society. The foremost duty of the citizen, therefore, is that he should be very careful about his diet and physical exercises so that he should have perfect health and be in a position to help society. A good citizen must be inspired with an urge to maintain a sound body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and body. A good citizen is always careful about the rules of health and observes them scrupulously. A sound mind is contained only in sound body.

6. Proper use of Vote:
In democarcy every adult is given the right to vote. Right to vote is very important right. Members of legislatures are elected by the electorate. Ministers are taken from the members of legislature. A citizen should exercise his right to vote quite intelligently. He should cast his vote in favour of a deserving candidate. In case a voter casts his vote to an undeserving candidate then the administration may pass into wrong hands. A citizen should make proper use of all the rights granted to him by the State.

7. Patriotism:
A good citizen is always a patriot to the backbone. He loves his country deeply and is always ready to sacrifice his lot for the State. He very willingly shows due respect to the laws of the State. He co-operates with administraion and it helps in the maintenance of peace and order.

8. Good Character:
A good character is very important for good citizenship. So many qualities automatically develop in a person who has the strength of character. Good character influences a man to great extent in his efforts for making progress and for making a name. A country cannot progress if its citizens are morally corrupt, dishonest and selfish. Character is given utmost importance in Indian culture.

9. Vigilance:
A good citizen should be always alert and vigilent. A man should not be indifferent to what is happening in his neighbourhood. He should take active interest in public matters. A good citizen should not be a passive being who has only to enjoy the advantages which the State offers. He should play an active part in the affairs of the State. Indolence and carelessness are the enemies of a good citizen.

Question 4.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship? How can these hindrances be removed?
Answer:
Everybody should try to become a good citizen. But it is too difficult to become a good citizen. An individual has to face many difficulties for becoming a good citizen. In a modern democracy, it is necessary that the government should be a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Therefore, the quality and the contribution of the individual is important. If the citizen is illiterate, if he is dishonest and careless, he would cause a setback to the progress of the State. For hindrances to good citizenship are hindrances to the efficient working of the State. Following are the hindrances in the way of a citizen:
1. Illiteracy:
Education is the basis of good life. Without education an individual remains in the darkness. The uneducated citizens generally fail to discharge their duties properly. According to Laski citizenship consists in contribution of ones’ instructed judgement to the public good. An uneducated person is unable to make any such contribution. In the absence of education a citizen cannot have intelligent interest in public affairs.

An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties. He does not extend proper co-operation to administration. Moreover, it is the age of democracy and the uneducated voters may not elect deserving people of the State legislatures. Education of the masses is very essential to make democracy s success. Citizens must be able to form their own opinions on public question.

2. Indolence:
The citizen should not be stupid or ignorant. An ignorant and indolent citizen cannot be a good citizen. He will fail to understand and judge public affairs. It has been said that what is everybody’s business is nobody’s business. There is thus a tendency on the part of the ordinary citizen to become apathetic with regard to public affairs, because he feels that the duty is shared by numerous others. But such a neglect of public duties is most harmful to the community.

So many persons do not take interest in elections and do not care to vote. They do not care to give (any) though to the important public question of the day. Every good citizen should take a lively interest in the affairs of the State.

3. Selfishness:
Citizens are sometime guided by selfish motives. They neglect public interest and strive to promote their own interest even at the cost of public good. In order to further their own interest they may bribe the voters so as to get themselves elected. They forget the interest of the public and absorb themselves in activities that get their own taxes reduced provide jobs for their own relatives, use public money for the promotion of their own trade and commerce-thus seeking to deprive the community of its due share. There are various other ways in which selfishness may be a hindrance to the honest performance of civic duties.

4. Poverty:
Many social evils crop up because of poverty. Those who cannot have enough to spare cannot develop their personalities. They cannot take active part in public affairs because they are always worried about keeping the wolf away from the door. They cannot afford time for usual hobbies and cannot educate their children. They cannot take interest in the social, political and economic problems of the State.
They sell their votes. Good citizenship cannot develop in a country where there aye gross inequalities of wealth. Poverty must be rooted out for building up the character of a nation.

5. Partymanship:
Partymanship is another serious hindrance to good citizenship. A democratic government connot be carried on without parties and party spirit, in so far as it is healthy, is conducive to better political organizations. But rivarly between the parties may not be always healthy. Each party strives to promote its own interests at the cost of the general interest of the country.

Such measures and politics are adopted as are likely to promote the interest of the party even though they may bring great harm to the country. The members of the party think only iin terms of their party interest-Loyalty to the party is; often encouraged at the expense of loyalty to the State.

6. Communalism:
Communalism is a great hindrance in the path of good citizenship. It hampers social and political solidarity of a country. It brings about a discord among the people. Communalism disturbs the peace of the State. For citizens should not create obstacles in the way of propagation of other religions. Communal riots start in a country if the different communities do not show the spirit of toleration and compromise.

7. Capitalism and Imperialism:
Capitalism is a great hindrance to good citizenship. It ignores the many and favours the few. It favours gross inequalities of wealth and is not based on equality and justic and is a source of a good deal of frustration and discontenment in modem times. The rich get the biggest part of income without doing any work. The capitalists make slaves of the citizens and as a result of this they cannot develop their faculties. Capitalism acts as a serious hindrance to good citizenship. Imperialism also hampers the growth of good citizenship. It is imperialism which causes war among different countries of the world. War is never in the interest of any country.

8. Old Customs:
Old customs and traditions are often a great hindrance to good citizenship. It is not bad to follow old customs and traditions but it is not a healthy practice to follow them blindly. Customs must undergo change with the change of times and circumstances. Besides this unhealthy customs should be done away with. Casteism and other unhealthy social customs are a great hindrance to good citizenship.

Remedies For Hindrances:
The State and the people must make full and joint efforts to do with the causes that act as hindrances to good citizenship. Some of the remedies are as follows:
1. Spread of Education:
The State should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. School and colleges should be opened in large numbers and they should be given liberal financial aid by the State. Primary education should be made free and compulsory.

2. Spread of Civic Virtues:
Propagation of civic ideals through press radio and public meetings, too can elevate a nation and so these should also be fully utilized in producing good citizens. Civic ideals can also be preached in religious gatherings and religious places such as churches temples, gurudawara and mosques can be used for the main purpose.

3. Economic Reforms:
The state should take all the the possible measures to remove poverty. It should create ample employment opportunities for the citizens. Measures should be taken for the removal of gross inequalities of wealth. Reasonable wages should be given for reasonable hours to both men and women. All possible comforts should be provided to the citizens so they may feel themseleves at their best.

4. Equal Rights:
All the individuals should be equally given economic, social and political rights. There should be no discrimination against anybody on the basis of caste, creed, color, sex and blood. Nobody should enjoy special privileges and nobody should be above the law of the land.

5. Social Spirit:
Citizens should be told about the importance of social spirit. They should not be guided by selfish motives and should do everything for the welfare of the community and the State. The citizens for this personal interest should sacrifice the interest of the State.

6. Proper Organisation of Political Parties:
Political parties should be formed on political and economic basis. They should never be formed on communal or class lines. The parties should not disrupt the unity and solidarity of the State. They should be above corruption or nepotism. The main interest of the parties should be the general welfare of the masses.

7. Establishment of Health Centres:
Government should establish health centres in large numbers and there the citizens should be told the rules of maintaining a sound health. Ill health is a great weakness in a good citizen. If the citizens are not healthy they connot contribute enough to the welfare of the society.

It is the sacred duty of every citizen to make all possible efforts to remove all the hindrances. It is only in the absence of these hindrances that the citizens of a country become ideal citizens. A country can progress only if its citizens are good.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.” According to Gettell, “Citizenship is that condition of individual due to which he can use national and political right in his ready to fulfil obligation.

Question 2.
Give any three definitions of citizen.
Answer:

1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and triee.to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of a civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

3. According to Aristotle, “He who has the power to take part in delibrative or judicial administration of any state is said by us’ to be a citizen of the state.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.
• A citizen enjoys political rights whereas the alien does not enjoy political rights.
• An alien owes allegiance to his own state and not to the country wherein he lives.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:
1. Natural citizens:
A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth. He enjoys all the civic and political rights and owes allegiance to the state.

2. Naturalized citizens:
A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions. In certain states, however, no distinction is made between natural and naturalized citizens. But in some states, a naturalized citizen does not enjoy a status equal to that of a natural citizen.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.

4. Property: In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship:
Sometime a person acquire double citizenship. But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of heinous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated. Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifullness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.
3. Poverty: Many social evils crop up because of poverty. A person can’t take part in public affairs. He can’t be a good citizen.
4. Communalism: Communalism is a great hinderance in the path of good citizenship. Communalism creates the feelings of hatred among citizens.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.
3. Social Spirit: Citizens should be educated about the importance of social spirit.
4. Equal Rights: All the citizens should be equally given economic, social and political rights.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is a legal relationship which binds an individual to the State of which he is member. Laski offers a more positive conception of citizenship by defining as “contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 2.
Give any two definitions of citizen.
Answer:
1. According to Sri Nivas Shastri, “A citizen is one who is member of a State and tries to fulfil and realise himself fully within it along with an intelligent appreciation of what would conduce to the highest moral welfare of the community.”

2. According to Vattal, “A citizen is the member of ai civil society bond to this society by certain duties, subject to its authority and equal participation in its advantages.”

Question 3.
Discuss the distinctions between the Citizen and an Alien.
Answer:

• A citizen is a member of a state whereas an alien is not a member of a state.
• A citizen has the right of permanent residence in the state whereas the alien does not enjoy this right.

Question 4.
Describe the kinds of citizens.
Answer:
There are two types of citizens:

• Natural citizens: A natural citizen is one who is the citizen of a state by birth.
• Naturalized citizens: A naturalized citizen is an alien, who aquires the citizenship of the state after fulfulling certain conditions.

Question 5.
Write down any four methods of acquiring citizenship.
Answer:
1. Long Residence:
Sometimes aliens are naturalized on account of their residence for a particular period in that State. For instance, it is cleanly stated by the law of England, the U.S.A., that only those foreigners who have resided there for at least five years, can acquire the citizenship of their States.

2. Marriage:
A marriage affects a change in the citizenship of the wife who follows the citizenship of her husband. Thus an English woman marrying a German will become a German citizen.

3. Adoption:
The adoption of a new child also determines the new citizenship. For instance, if any German couple adopt the child of England, he acquires the citizenship of his adopted parents i.e. of Germany.
4. Property:In some states as in Mexico, acquisition of land confers citizenship on the purchase.

Question 6.
Mention four methods of Losing Citizenship.
Answer:
Citizenship may lost under the following conditions:
1. Long Absence:
Long absence from the home country is sufficient under the law in many states to exclude one from fold of citizens. In France and Germany citizens who absent themselves from their states for more than ten years may lose their citizenship.

2. Marriage:
In many states a women marrying a foreigner loses her citizenship in her own country and acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country.

3. Double Citizenship Sometime a person acquire double citizenship:
But on attaining adulthood he is to accept citizenship of only one country and he loses the citizenship of other country.

4. Crime: Citizenship may be lost by a man who is convicted of henous crime.

Question 7.
What are the qualities of a good citizen?
Answer:
A person becomes a good citizen if he possess the following qualities:

1. Education: A good citizen in the modem society should be well educated Education makes him understand the problem of the state.
2. Social Spirit: A good citizen must possess social spirit. He should subordinate his self-interest to the community.
3. Dutifuilness: A citizen should discharge his duties honestly and diligently. He should always be ready to support others in the discharge of their duties.
4. Good Character: A good character is very important for good citizenship. A country can not progress if its citizens are corrupt.

Question 8.
What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship?
Answer:

1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the biggest hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An illiterate citizen does not have proper knowledge of his rights and duties.
2. Indolence: Indolence is another hindrance in the way of good citizenship. An ignorant and indolent citizen can’t be a good citizen.

Question 9.
How the hinderances in the way of good citizenship can be removed?
Answer:

1. Spread of Education: The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education. Schools and colleges should be opened in large number and they should be given liberal financial aid.
2. Economic Reforms: The state should take all possible measures to remove poverty.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an etymological meaning of citisenship.
Answer:
The. etymological meaning of the word citizen is “one who lives in a town.”

Question 2.
Mention the meaning of citizen in the present age.
Answer:
These days citizenship is considered the birth-right of all. A modern citizen is that man who has been granted political and social rights by the state. He also performs his duties towards the state.

Question 3.
Who is a natural citizen?
Answer:
The natural citizens are those citizens who are the citizens of the state since their birth.

Question 4.
Who is Naturalised citizen?
Answer:
Naturalised citizens are those citizens who by birth are the citizens of some other country but they acquire citizenship by fulfilling legal conditions and obligations of some other country.

Question 5.
Define Citizenship.
Answer:
According to Laski, “Citizenship is the contribution of one’s instructed judgement to public good.”

Question 6.
How can citizenship he ended?
Answer:
When an individual remains absent in his country for most of the time and he lives in another country for a long time and acquires its citizenship, then his citizenship of the earlier country is ended.

Question 7.
Distinguish between a citizen and an alien.
Answer:
Citizens are only those individuals who get political, social and other kind of rights. The aliens are given only social rights but they are denied political rights.

Question 8.
Discuss the role of illiteracy as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship
Answer:
An illiterate person is neither familiar with his rights nor with his duties.

Question 9.
Discuss the role of indolence as an obstacle in the way of ideal citizenship.
Answer:
An indolent person neither does anything for his own development nor does he share work with others for the progress of society.

Question 10.
How is communalism a big hindrance in the way of ideal citizenship? Explain.
Answer:
The communal people ignited the communal flame to such an extent that thousands of innocent persons were burnt in it.

Question 11.
Describe the two methods to acquire citizenship.
Answer:

1. Marriage
2. Government Service.

Fill in the blanks

1. The …………………….. projects the citizens’ life.
Answer:
State

2. Foreigners are known as …………………….. residents.
Answer:
Temporary

3. A …………………….. is a member of state, whereas an alien is not a member of state.
Answer:
Citizen

4. Long Residence is a method to acquire …………………….. .
Answer:
State

5. Everybody should try to become a …………………….. citizen.
Answer:
Good.

True or False statement

1. Citizenship is a legel relationship which binds an individual to the state of which he is member.
Answer:
True

2. Citizen enjoy all the rights given by state.
Answer:
True

3. Citizen do not obey their duties.
Answer:
False

4. Poverty is not a hindrance in the way of good citizenship.
Answer:
False

5. The state should make all the possible efforts for the spread of education.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
“He who has the power to take part in deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizen of that state”, who said this-
(A) Aristotle
(B) Plato
(C) Gettell
(D) Boyd.
Answer:
(A) Aristotle

Question 2.
“Citizenship consists in the right ordering of loyalties.” Who said this?
(A) Gettel
(B) Laski
(C) Boyd
(D) Aristotle.
Answer:
(C) Boyd

Question 3.
“Citizenship can be acquired by:
(A) Long Residence
(B) Marriage
(C) Government Service
(D) All the above.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Question 4.
“Which of the following is not a quality of good citizenship?
(A) Educatin
(B) Patriatism
(C) Good health
(D) Ignorance.
Answer:
(D) All the above.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Relations of Political Science with other Social Sciences

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the relationship of Political Science with other Social Sciences i. e. History, Economics, Sociology and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is a social science and it is closely related to all other social sciences. Man is a social animal and his social life has various aspects like the political, religious, economic and moral etc. These various aspects are studied by different social sciences i.e., Political Science, Sociology, Economics, Ethics, Psychology etc.

Political Science is concerned with the study of political aspects of the social life of man. But the economic condition greatly influences the political condition of a man. In other words, various aspects of men’s life are closely related to one another. There all the social sciences cannot be completely separated from one another. Political Science being a social science is related to other social sciences such as History, Economics, Philosophy, Psychology etc.

Question 2.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. According to Prof. Seeley:
“History without Political Science has no fruit,
Political Science without History has no root.”

Freeman also endorses the view-point when he says that, “History is past Politics and Politics is present History”. Explaining the intimate relationship between the two Burgess has remarked, “Separate them and the one becomes a cripple, if not a corpse, the other a will-o’-the-wisp.” According to Lord Acton, “The Science of Politics is one-science that is deposited by the stream of History like the grains of gold in the stands of a river.”

Points Of Mutuality:
1. Contribution of History to Political Science:
From the above-mentioned quotations it is clear that both the subjects are complementary and suplementary to each other. History is a collection of facts that happened in the past and therefore it acts as a laboratoy and library for the students of Political Science. History supplies useful knowledge and material to Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other Political institutions.

For instance, for the formation of an ideal governmental system we must go deep into the past to get the record and facts on the basis of which an ideal system can be formed. If we are interested in knowing the nature of British monarchy today, we have to study the history of England. First, in England there was an absolute monarchy and the powers of the monarch were unlimited.

But during the 17th century struggle continued between the Parliament and the monarchy for supremacy. In 1688 ‘Glorious Revolution’ took place and with this limited monarchy an supremacy of the Parliament was established. Today, in England there is a limited monarchy and sovereignty of the Parliament, but to understand this nature we have to depend upon History.

Moreover, History is the laboratory for Political Science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined, after experimenting on the principles of politics. History provides such facts from which the writers construct the principles of Political Science. If History does not guide us for the future, it becomes a useless record of the past facts and no person likes to read it.

History is a teacher of Political Science: History is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
History provides us with the causes and events of revolutions which occurred in the past and by studying them we can take measures to prevent the occurrence of revolution in the present and in the future. If we compare the rule of Akbar with that of Aurangzeb we conclude that a secular State is more progressive than a theocratic State.

In the end we can say that in the absence of History, the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical. Laski says, “As a priori Politics of any kind is bound to breakdown simply because we never start with a clean state.” Burns called History as the bibliography of ideals. Political Science without history would miss the grandeur and elevation and lose an important dimension. As Willoughby succinctly comments, “History gives us the third dimension to Political Science.” According to Bryce, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its materials from the one, it has to apply them to the other.

2. Contribution of Political Science to History. Political Science has also contributed much to History. The present Politics will become the part of the History of tomorrow. It is correct that History is not only the record of political events but also of social, economic, political, religious and moral conditions of the past, History is also the record of the culture and civilization of the past, But political ideals influence all aspects of human life. Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. Indian History would have been different from as it is- now if Muslim League had not been organized in India in 1906.

The influence of Nationalism, Imperialism and Individualism in 17th century is also felt on the History of Europe. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the French Revolution of 1789 are the result of political ideals and influences of that period. Marxism has influenced the history of the world. The two, World Wars were the result of the political deals of the rulers of Germany of tlje particular period.

If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, ignore the imporance of the Congress party, Non-cooperation Movement, Swaraj Party, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan, WavelTs Plan and Shimla Conference artition of India, Invasion of India by China and other political events the subject would lose all interest and it would jupt be a collection of few dates. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

It is one of the tasks of the historian to comprehend the political implications of historical events. A historian, for instance may Write a history of contemporary Asia. But if he fails to realise the impact of nationalist upsurge on the contemporary Asian history, his record will be incomplete. The political scientist deals with the nature and forces of nationalism and helps the historian to identify the nationalist character of a movement.

Thus it is very clear that History depends on Political Science for understanding historical facts fully and thoroughly. Seeley aptly remarked, “History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of Political Science.” It means that Political Science elucidates the facts of History.

In the end, a writer has explained the dependence of History on Political Science in this way. If History is a philosophy providing guidance on the basis of experience the philosophy which it teaches is to a great extent Political Philosophy.

Points Of Difference:
Notwithstanding the close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference beween them. In the words of Barker, “History and Poiltical Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.” Following are the differences between the two:
1. Scope of History is wider than that of Political Science:
It is difficult to agree with Freeman when he says that all History is past Politics and Politics is present History. In History every event is included. In History, the development of whole life of mankind is included. But Political Science is only the record of political life of the individual.

In History we study all types of social, political, economic, cultural, religious and moral aspects of man’s personality in various ages. But Political Science has nothing to do with all these aspects. For a political scientist that two World Wars are important because these wars were fought to save democracy in the world but for a historian each and every event of two World Wars is important. Thus the scope of History is wider.

2. Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only:
In Political Science we study the past, present and future of the political institutions. What was State, what it is and what it ought to be? Answers to these three questions are available in Political .Science. But History is basically a study of the past and it has nothing to do with the present and the future.

3. History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical:
Method which is adopted in Histoiy is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular State. But the study of Politics is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political scientist uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of History in order to extract the permanent principle of political life. For example, war took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971. Historian’s function is only to narrate the event of the war. He is not concerned with how prisoners of war were treated, whether any international law was violated or not. But political scientist are also concerned with these problems.

Conclusion:
Though there are some differences between History and Political Science, yet they are closely related to each other. In the words of Gamer, “As studies they are mutually contributory and supplementary. According to Seeley, “Politics are vulgar when not liberalised by History and History fades into mere literature when it loses sight of its relation to Politics.”

In the end we can say that the students of Political Science should not depend more on the study of History than it is required. Lord Bryce claims that, “Political Science stands midway between History and Politics, between the past and the present. It has drawn its material from the one, it has to apply them to others.” According to Barker, “History and Political Science march together for all the length of their frontiers but they are separate and independent studies.”

Question 3.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
There is a close relationship between Political Science and Economics. In the beginning, Economics was considered a part of Political Science. The Greek philosophers called Economics as Political Economy and they considered it an art for making money for the state. Chanakya, a famous writer of ancient India, has also made a reference about relationship between Political Science and Economics in his book ‘Arthshashtra’.

Adam Smith, the father of Economics, also makes a reference about intimate, relationship between Political Science and Economics, in his book ‘Wealth of Nations’. According to Senior, upto 18th century, Economics was considered an inseparable part of Political Science. Now-a-days, Economics is not, of course, considered a part of Political Science but it is said that the two subjects are very intimately related to each other.

What is Economics?
Economic is concerned with the economic activities. It studies human activities relating to production, consumption, distribution and exchange etc. According to Marshall, “Economics is a study of man in ordinary business of life, it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on one side a study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.”

1. Contribution of Economics to Political Science:
1. Economics is a science which deals with the economic needs of man and their satisfaction. A man can never feel happy and comfortable unless his economic condition is good. It is only a happy man that can be a gpod citizen. The state makes efforts to rise the standard of living of the people and this cannot be done without the help of Economics.

2. The economic organization of a state profoundly influences its power allocation:
Those who control the economic level are apt to exert pressure on the operation of the government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of the nation is determined by economic factor. In Marx’s words, it is not the consciousness of men which determines the material conditions of life but these are the material conditions of life which determine their consciousness. Human history has, therefore, a material basis.

To Marx, politics, law and all else have their roots in the material conditions of human life. In Sabine’s words. “The most important part of Marx’s social philosophy was the theory that the system of economic production is a foundation on which the institutional and ideological superstrucutre of society is built.” In Marx’s words, the sum total of production relation forms the economic structurer of society, which serves as the foundation, on which legal and political system arises and which Marx character as ‘superstructure’.

According to Engles, “The ultimate causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought not in the minds of men, in their increasing insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the mode of production and exchange. They are to be sought not in the philosophy but in the economics of the period concerned.

3. The economic conditions of a country greatly affect its political conditions:
Whenever there is some remarkable change in the economic organisation of the country, it is bound to affect all other organisations exisiting in the State. The saying ‘Flag follows trade’ is an important proof of close relationship between the economic conditions and political conditions.

4. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions:
Individualism, communism, socialism, colonialism, imperialism etc. are main political ideologies, but they are mainly the product of economic conditions.

5. Systems of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government:
There are basic differences between Chinese and American systems of production and distribution and due to this policies of both the governments are also different. Right to property is a basic right in U.S.A. but in China this right is restricted very much.

6. Economic conditions of the country also influence the foreign policy of a country:
After Second World War many European countries depended upon America for economic help to improve their economic condition. Hence, foreign policies of these European countries were influenced by the politics of U.S.A. and in international sphere these countries became the members of American Bloc. Similarly, many countries of Eastern Europe had to take economic and technical help from Soviet Russia and their foreign policy was influenced by Russian politics. Today, there is a economic imperialism of America and Japan.

Influence of Political Science on Economics. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organizations affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. According to Nicholson, “ Economic history furnishes endless examples of injurious effects of bad government, production and distribution of wealth are affected by the regulation of the State.

An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important questions of present day political are at the same time question which vitally concern Economics: e.g,. questions relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect also. It is why that all the political parties put forth before the public their economic programme. During elections there is instability in the Stock Market.

Points of difference:
Although the two sciences are closely related there are still some fundamantal differences between them.
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas Political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economic studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral and spiritual advancement.

2. Method of study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economics lies in their methods of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science. The conclusions drawn in case of Economics are more accurate and correct. The main reason for this is Economics is mainly concerned with man’s needs and their satisfaction.

3. Economics fixes the prices of commodities while Political Science determines the moral values:
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the price of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economics is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative: Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Conclusion:
Inspite of differences the two subjects are closely related to each other. In the words of Lipson ‘Welfare state and planning have brought about a approachment between economics and political studies to the mutual benefit of both.’ According to William Esslinger. “The integration of Economics and Politics must be taught in the coures and in seminars.”

In 1952 in a conference convened by UNESCO, the scholars laid stress on this point. In the end we can say that, “They co-operate and yet maintain their autonomies.” Prof. Garner has rightly said that the solution of many economic problems must come through political action, while on the other hand some of the fundamental problems of government have their origin in economic conditions.

Question 4.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other. Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In Sociology all aspects of man’s life such as political, religious, economic etc., are studied while Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comte was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Points Of Mutuality:
Contribution of Sociology to Political Science:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science. According to F.H Giddings, “To teach the theory of the State to men who have not learned the first Principle of Sociology is like teaching Astronomy or Thermodynamics to men who have not learned Newton’s Law of Motion.”

The entire basis of Political Science rests on the idea that “Man is a social and political animal’. The state came into existence because of social nature of man. Therefore, in order to understand State and its various other organizations thoroughly well we must understand the social nature of man first of all. The state and all other organisations do not come into existence in isolation but their development is always influenced by the social forces.

Therefore, Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

In Sociology we study customs and traditions of the society and law of the state cannot succeed unless they are according to the customs of the society. If any law is opposed to the customs of the society people won’t obey it. In the words of Gettell, “Many of the changes that have taken place in political ideas in recent years have been along the lines marked out by Sociology, specially in the theory of law.”

According to G.N.Singh, “Sociology investigates into the origin and growth of groups, their forms, laws, customs, institutions, modes of life, thought and action and their contribution to human culutre and civilization, Sociology, therefore, supplies to Political Science (which deals with the most important association, the State) both valuable material and guidance in judging the worth of laws, customs and institutions.”

Contribution of Political Science to Sociology:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influnces of the exisiting political organisation of their time. It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomena, social events and social institutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject matter without the help of Political Science. Modren age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a- days the social life of man fully controlled by the State. State interference in the social life of man is increasing day by day. In the modem age the study of Political Science has become most essential for a sociologist.

Dr. Gamer has rightly pointed out, “Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the State.”
Differences between Political Science and Sociology:
Following are the differences between the two-
1. Different Subject-matter Sociology is the science of society:
Political Science studies man as a social being and as political organisation is a special kind of special organisation: Political Science is a more specialized science than Sociology.

2. The scope of Sociology is wider than that of Political Science:
The scope of Sociology is much wider than that of Political Science. Sociology is concerned with the study of all types of social relationship of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the political relations of man. Political Science studies the State and government only whereas Sociology studies all the social institutions.

3. Sociology is general science, Political Science is a special science:
Political Organisation is a special kind of social organisation and that is why political Science is a special science while Sociology is general science.

4. Sociology is prior to political Science:
Sociology studies man even before the development of political consciousness. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But Political Science beings much later. It is pointed out that 90% of human existence had elapsed before human beings began to lead an organised political life.

5. Sociology is the study of both organized and unorganized communities:
Sociology is concerned with the study of organized as well as unorganized groups of human beings whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organized groups, Organization is not essential for society, whereas organization of people is essential for the formation of the state.

6. Difference regarding conscious and unconscious relations:
Sociology is concerned both with the conscious and unconscious activities of man whereas Political Science is concerned only with the conscious activities of man.

7. Political Science concentrates its attention on the analysis of the phenomena of the State and the mechanism by which the government enforces its control on its subject. Sociology is primarily concerned with tracing the origin and development of customs, manners, behaviour and institutions of mankind as such with a special reference to the remote past.

8. Sociology is concerned with the past, and present while Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future also.

9. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative:
Sociology does not lay down ideals and principles. It is an impersonal study of human institutions as they had been and as they are. It is concerned only with what has happened and not with what ought to happen. Political Science is normative to some extent. It studies the State as it had been as it is, and as of ought to be. Political Science is very much concerned with what the State ought to be.

Conclusion:
On studying the common grounds and the points of difference of both the sciences we can well conclude that there is very intimate relationship between Political Science and Sociology. Both are inter related and inter-dependent. With the development of the idea of welfare State the relationship between the two is on the increase. Dr. Garner is very right when he says: “The political Scientist, therefore, ought to be at some Sociology and vice versa.”

We fully agree with the views expressed by Dr. Garner regarding the relation between the two. According to him, “While their respective fields are largely separate and distinct, Political Science and Sociology are mutually contributory, the one to other. Sociology derives from Political Science knowledge of the facts regarding the organisation and activities of the state, while political science derives in large measure from Sociology its knowledge of the origin of political authority and the laws of social control. The Political scientists, therefore, ought to be at the same time a sociology and vice versa.

Question 5.
Discuss the relation between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Ethics is the science of moral order and Political Science is the science of political system. Ethics is also known as the science of character formation.
The relationship between Political Science and Ethics is as old as the study of the State. Plato has called Political Science as branch of Ethics. According to Plato, the aim of the State is moral development of the citizens. Aristotle does not consider Political Science as the branch of Ethics but he agrees with his master regarding the object of the State. In the modern age all the idealist philosophers and scholars of Political Science maintained the relationship between the two subjects. These scholars are, Rousseau, Kant, Hegal, Green, Bradley and Bosanquet etc. Mahatma Gandhi also considered Ethics as the basis of Political Science.

It will be wrong to conclude on the basis of above mentioned discussion that all the scholars of Political Science are of the opinion that there exists a close relationship between Political Science and Ethics. There is no small a number of scholars who think otherwise.

Machiavelli, a famous Italian scholar, is the first to say that there is no intimate relationship between the two subjects. Besides Machiavelli, so many other political thinkers like Bodin, Grotius, Hobbes and Locke are. also of the opinion , that there is no intimate relationship between Political Science and Ethics.

Now a days there are some scholars who keeping in view another object want to break the relationship between Political Science and Ethics. These scholars aim at making Political Science, a value-free Science. According to these writers the measuring rod aside on morality is an obstacle in bringing scientific objectivity in political analysis.

Some of the famous scholars who support this view-point are Max Weber, Lasswell and Jouvenel. This view- point is generally not accepted. Most of the scholars are of the opinion that “Politics divorced from Ethics rests on a foundation of shifting sand; Ethics divided from Politics is narrow and abstract.”

Common Grounds And Mutual Contribution:
Common grounds and mutual contribution between Political Science and Ethics can be studied in the following ways.
1. Common Object:
The object of both the subjects is man and both the subjects aim at advancing the welfare of man. The State is the central figure of Political Science. It is the State which finds out means for the welfare of the individual. According ro Aristotle, the State came into existence for the sake of life and continues to exist for the sake of good life. Political Science cannot turn a deaf ear to ethics. Fox has very rightly remarked, “If a thing is morally wrong, it can never be politically right.” Iyor Brown says, “Politics is but Ethics writ large.”

2. Common End:
Political Science is concerned not only with the present of the State, it is also ultimately concerned with the future of the State. Political Science is to think that what type of State ought to be. Lord Acton says, “The great question is to discover not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe. Ethics is also ultimately concerned with what ought to be.” This common end brings the two subjects quite closer to each other.

3. Common Development:
The mutual relationship between Political Science and Ethics can be explained on the basis of relationship between laws and morals. The beginning of laws and moral codes in social life took place in the form of customs and traditions. With the development of social life, the two aspects of individual life became separate from each other; these two aspects are:private life and public life. The customs and traditions which regulated social life came to be known as morality of moral codes and the customs and traditions which regulated public life came to be known as laws.

4. Mutual Contribution:
The subject matter of political Science is the State and the language of the State is the law. The subject matter of Ethics is morality and the language of morality are the moral codes. The relationship between the two can be explained in the following manner:

(i) The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle or a moral code is very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

(ii) Moral codes are the tounchstone of good and bad laws.

(iii) International law is also very much based on moral came. This law came into existence in order to save humanity from the courage of war. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

(iv) The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view to strengthening the moral ideas of the people. The actions of the government are to be justified on political ground and every action that violates the principle on morality is to be condemned.

(v) ‘It is in the State and State alone that a man becomes a moral being.” The justification of what the State does is to be sought in the moral values it helps us to realise.

Differences Between The Two:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.
1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.

2. Ethics deals both with the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with the outward actions of man.

3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction. For example, if any person disobeys the law of the state, he can be physically punished by the State. But a person, disobeying the moral laws cannot be punished by the State, though he can be morally condemned by the people.

4. Political Science takes Ethical discussion for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

5. Emphasis on the study of ethics is on the individual whereas the emphasis on the whole life of man.

6. Political Science is a practical science whereas Ethics is theoretical science. According to Catlin, “From ethics statesman may learn those courses (among several) which are desirable and from political science those which are feasible.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the contribution of History, to Political Science
Answer:

• History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
• History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.
• History is a teacher of Political Science because history is a record of achievements and failures of a man.
• In the absence of history, the study of political science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
Political Science and History are closely related to each other. Sir John Seelay has expressed the relation of History with political Science as trader:
History without Political Science has no fruit:
‘Political Science without History, has no root.’-
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.
Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century is also felt on the Hisotry of Europe. If historians, while studying Indian History of the 20th century, igonre the importance of the Congress Party, Non-co-operation Movement, Quit India Movement of 1942, Cripps Plan, Cabinet Mission Plan and other political events the subject would lose all interest. Seeley has compared this type of History with a fruitless tree.

Question 3.
Discuss the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Not withstanding the. close relationship between History and Political Science, both the subjects have points of difference between them. Following are the difference between them:
1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.

2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

3. Thirdly, History is descriptive, while Political Science is analytical. Method which is adopted in History is descriptive. It describes data-wise all types of events whether good or bad, in a particular state. But the study of Political Science is not descriptive, it is analytical. Political Scientists uses historical facts to discover general laws and facts of history is order to extract the permanent principle of political life.

Question 4.
Discuss the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

3. Political ideologies are influenced by economic conditions.

4. System of production and distribution also influence the policies of the government.

Question 5.
Give four points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Approach:
According to Ivor Brown, Economics is concerned with commodities whereas political Science is concerned with human beings. Economics is concerned with the study of prices whereas Political Science is concerned with the study of moral values. Economics studies man in relation to production, distribution and consumption of wealth but Political Science also studies man in relation to his moral spiritual advancement.

2. Method of Study:
The real difference between Political Science and Economic lies in their method of study. Economics can be studied in a more scientific way as compared with Political Science.

3. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values. One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

4. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Describe the contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics:
The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the -economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws.

Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes. Our economic life is conditioned by political institutions and ideas. Some of the important Question s of present day politics are at the same time Question s which vitally concern Economics; e.g., Question s relating to tariff laws, labour legislation, national planning and government ownership. All the political principles have their economic aspect.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Political Science deals mainly with state, government and human beings. According to Gilchrist, “Sociology is that general science which deals with the fundamental fact of social life.” Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

1. The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
2. Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.
3. Sociology is the study of both organised or unorganised communities, whereas Political Science is concerned only with the study of organised groups.
4. Sociology studies all periods of human existence with greater emphasis. But political science begins much later.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology.

Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State. It has also helped a lot in understanding the formation of public opinion and political parties in the State. Political Sociology is coming up as a branch of Political Science, and it is a clear proof of the fact that the study of Sociology is most essential for understanding political facts.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.While living in society, the individual and various other groups of individuals cannot escape the influences of the existing political organisation of their time.

It is most essential to understand the existing political systems in order to study the social phenomenon, social events and social insitutions politically. Sociology will not be able to make a thorough study of its subject-matter without the help of political Science. Modern age of welfare State and in such an age the study of Political Science is of utmost importance. Now-a-days the social life of man is fully controlled by the state.’ State interference in the social life of man is increasing day-by-day.

Question 11.
Explain mutual constributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

3. International law is also very much based on moral codes. Some scholars call international law by the name of international morality.

4. The political ideal cannot be absolutely separated from ethical ideal. Laws should be formulated with a view of strengthening the moral ideas of the people.

5. It is in the state and state alone that a man can become a moral being: The justification of what the state does is to be sought in the moral values helps us to realise.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.
3. Ethics depends upon social sanction, whereas Political Science depends upon political sanction.
4. Political Science takes Ethical discussions for granted whereas the discussion of various virtues forms the backbone of Ethics.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the contribution of History, to Political Science.
Answer:

1. History supplies useful knowledge and material to poltical science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of State and other political institutions.
2. History is the laboratory, for political science where conclusions are drawn and principles are determined after experimenting on the principles of politics.

Question 2.
‘History without Political Science has no fruit. Political Science without History has no root.’ Justify briefly.
Answer:
History supplies useful knowledge and material of Political Science with regard to nature, development, growth and decay of state and other Political Institutions. In the absence of History the study of Political Science will only be imaginative and theoretical.

Political ideals and political events give a new turn to the History. The influence of Nationalism and Individualism in the 17th century, is also felt on the History of Europe.

Question 3.
Explain the difference between History and political Science.
Answer:
Following are the difference between them:

1. Firstly, scope of History is wider than that of Political Science. In History every\event is included. But Political Science is only the record of Political life of the individual.
2. Secondly, Political Science is concerned with the past, present and future, while History is concerned with the past only.

Question 4.
Explain the contribution of Economics to Political Science.
Answer:
1. The economic organisation of a state profoundly influences its power allocation. Those who control the economic forces are apt to exert pressure on the operation of government machinery. Karl Marx is of the view that entire history of nation is determined by economic factor.

2. The economic conditions of country greatly affect its political conditions.

Question 5.
Discuss two points of differences between the Political Science and Economics.
Answer:
1. Economic fixes the prices of commodities, while Political Science determines the moral values.
One writer has said that “An Economist is one who knows the prices of everything but the value of nothing.”

2. Economic is descriptive whereas Political Science is normative. Like Political Science, no ideal is put forward by Economics.

Question 6.
Explain contribution of Political Science to Economics.
Answer:
Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics. The political organization affects greatly the economic condition of the country. If the administration is strong and stable, the economic condition of the people will be quite good. An economic activity is carried on within the State on conditions laid down by the State through laws. Political movements on the other hand, are profoundly influenced by economic causes.

Question 7.
It is true that Sociology is the parent science of all social Sciences?
Answer:
Sociology is considered the very basis of all the social sciences. Sociology is the science which deals with the origin, development, nature and form of the society. In sociology all aspects of man’s life such as Political, religious, economic, etc. are studied. Political Science is a branch of Sociology. August Comet was quite right when he called Sociology the mother of all Social Sciences.

Question 8.
Discuss the difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:

• The scope of Sociology is wider than the Political Science.
• Sociology is a general science. Political Science is a special science.

Question 9.
Explain the contribution of Sociology to Political Science.
Answer:
Sociology serves as a foundation of Political Science and its principles help in understanding the political theories. Without studying Sociology it is very difficult to understand principles of Political Science for its scientific study very much depends on Sociology. Sociology has contributed a lot in understanding the origin and development of the State.

Question 10.
Discuss the contribution of Political Science to Sociology.
Answer:
Just as Political Science is dependent on Sociology, in the same way Sociology is also to depend on Political Science for its conclusions. The special study of political life of the society is indispensable for the complete study of the society as a whole. Sociology studies society from various angles. Sociology is concerned with the individual who is social as well as a political animal.

Question 11.
Explain mutual contributions between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
1. The laws framed on moral principles are willingly obeyed by the citizens. If the laws are not based on moral principles there is possibility of their violation by the people. If a moral principle is a very much prevalent among the people, it is generally codified into a law.

2. Moral codes are the touchstone of good and bad laws.

Question 12.
Discuss the differences between the Ethics and Political Science.
Answer:
Although the two sciences are closely related, there are still some fundamental differences between them.

1. Ethics is concerned with the study of moral life of an individual whereas Political Science is concerned with the whole life of man. Political Science studies all the aspects of social life.
2. Ethics deals both the outward and innermost thoughts whereas Political Science is concerned only with outward action of man.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention relation of Political Science with Sociology,
Answer:
Sociology is like the foundation of Political Science and its principles are quite helpful in comprehending the principles of Political Science. Political Science has also a great impact on Sociology.

Question 2.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Sociology.
Answer:
Political Science is mainly concerned with State and Government whereas Sociology is mainly concerned with Society.

Question 3.
Give any one point of difference between Political Science and History.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with Past, Present and Future whereas History deals with only the past.

Question 4.
Mention any one similarity between Political Science and Ethics,
Answer:
The objective of both the subjects is to make citizens ideal.

Question 5.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Ethics.
Answer:
Political Science is concerned with outer actions of individuals whereas Ethics is concerned with both outer activities and inner motives.

Question 6.
Write down any one difference between Political Science and Law.
Answer:
Scope of Political Science is comprehensive rather than Law.

Question 7.
Who said, “History without Political Science has no fruit, and Political Science without History has no root?”
Answer:
Seeley.

Question 8.
Who said, “History is Past Politics and Politics is Present History?”
Answer:
Freeman.

Question 9.
Who called History as the bibliography of ideals?
Answer:
Bums.

Question 10.
Name the author of ‘Arthshashtra’.
Answer:
Kautxlya.

Fill in the blanks:

1. “History is past politics and ………….. is present History.
Ans.
Politics

2. History is the ………….. for Political Science.
Ans.
Laboratory

3. Scope of History is ………….. than that of Political Science.
Ans.
Wider

4. The Greek philosopers called ………….. as Political Economy.
Ans.
Economics

5. System of ………….. and distribution also influence the Policies of the government.
Ans.
Production.

True Or False Statement:

1. Political Science helps a lot in the study of Economics.
Answer:
True

2. Economics did not fix the prices of commodities.
Answer:
False

3. Political Science and Sociology are closely related to each other.
Answer:
True

4. Man is not a social and political animal.
Answer:
False

5. Sociology is descriptive while Political Science is normative.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is the parent of all social sciences:
(A) Sociology
(B) History
(C) Economics
(D) Political Science
Answer:
(A) Sociology

Question 2.
Political Science is the branch of:
(A) Social Science
(B) Physical Science
(C) Natural Science
(D) Economics.
Answer:
(A) Social Science

Question 3.
Who said “History gives us the third dimension to political science.”?
(A) Bryee
(B) Willoughby
(C) Laski
(D) Freeman.
Answer:
(B) Willoughby

Question 4.
Who called, “Sociology, the mother of all social science”.
(A) Freeman
(B) Gettell
(C) August comte
(D) Laski
Answer:
(C) August comte

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Socialization

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who among the following is more influential in Socialisation?
(a) An individual
(b) Society
(c) Family
(d) Group
Answer:
(c) Family

2. What is a necessary element of socialisation?
(a) To grasp the culture
(b) Language
(c) Ways of living
(d) Society
Answer:
(a) To grasp the culture

3. Socialisation is not possible without ………………
(a) ways of living
(b) language
(c) body
(d) ability
Answer:
(b) language

4. Socialization ends with …………………
(a) marriage
(b) after 50 years
(c) death
(d) retirement
Answer:
(c) death

5. Which of these is a feature of socialisation?
(a) Life long process
(b) Process of learning
(c) Slow process
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. The first relation of child is with ……………..
(a) family
(b) country
(c) society
(d) world
Answer:
(a) family

7. The best means of socialisation is ……………..
(a) family
(b) neighbourhood
(c) society
(d) play group
Answer:
(a) family

8. With which process, a child learns the ways of living in society?
(a) Socialisation
(b) Acculturation
(c) Sanskritisation
(d) Assimilation
Answer:
(a) Socialisation

9. Who gave the social self theory of socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Freud
(c) Merton
(d) Weber
Answer:
(a) Cooley

10. Who used the word Id, Ego and Super Ego in socialisation?
(a) Cooley
(b) Weber
(c) Merton
(d) Freud
Answer:
(d) Freud

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The process of …………… starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
socialisation

2. The process of socialisation ends with the ………………… of an individual.
Answer:
death

3. The meaning of …………….. particular identity of an individual.
Answer:
self

4. School, Law etc. are the ……………….. means of socialisation.
Answer:
formal

5. ……………. is the basic agency of socialisation.
Answer:
Family

6. Young age comes after ……………… age.
Answer:
adolescent

True/False:

1. The process of socialisation starts with the birth of a child.
Answer:
True

2. There are five stages of socialisation.
Answer:
True

3. Main aim of socialisation is to make an individual anti-social.
Answer:
False

4. The process of socialisation is not a learning process.
Answer:
False

5. In school, a child learns the ways of living in society.
Answer:
True

6. In play group, leadership qualities emerge in a child.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What is Socialisation?
Answer:
It is a process of learning in which a child learns ways of living and all the rules of society.

Question 2.
What is the objective of the process of socialisation?
Answer:
The main objective of this process is to make an individual a social individual and a good citizen of society.

Question 3.
When does the process of socialisation start?
Answer:
This process starts with the birth of a child.

Question 4.
When does the process of socialisation end?
Answer:
This process ends with the death of an individual.

Question 5.
What is the most important agency of socialisation?
Answer:
Family is the most important agency of socialisation.

Question 6.
How many stages of socialisation are there?
Answer:
There are five stages of socialisation-infant stage, childhood stage, adolescent stage, adulthood stage and old age.

Question 7.
When does childhood stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with, the age of 1/4 years and goes on till 12-13 years.

Question 8.
When does infant stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts with the birth of a child and goes on till VA years.

Question 9.
When does adolescent stage start and end?
Answer:
It starts in 14-15 years and goes on till 20-21 years.

Question 10.
Name the stage that comes after adolescent stage.
Answer:
The next stage after the adolescent stage is young age.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Socialisation.
Answer:
Each society is having some of its definite cultural objectives and some definite ways to achieve such objectives. An individual needs to learn such ways and this process of learning is known as socialisation.

Question 2.
Definition of socialisation.
Answer:
According to Fitcher, “Socialisation is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation of the patterns of social behaviour.”

Question 3.
One element of Socialisation.
Answer:
Socialisation is very much necessary for an individual, society and group and in this process, he learns and adopts values, norms, traditions, knowledge, ways of behaviour etc. This process of learning goes on for the whole of one’s life.

Question 4.
One base of Socialisation.
Answer:
Human child depends upon others for more time as compared to animals. He is dependent upon others to fulfil all of his needs. This dependency makes relations with others and consequently, society is formed.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Socialization.
Answer:
Every society has some of its definite cultural goals and there are fixed ways to achieve those goals. Man cannot achieve these goals without learning them and neither the personality of the man can be developed. All this he can learn through the process of socialization. According to Bogardus, “Socialization is the process of working together of developing group responsibility of being guided by the welfare needs of others.”

Question 2.
What is Absence of Instinct?
Answer:
This instinct man gets by birth in his heritage which animals also get by birth but humans learn every thing in this world. If we will leave any child alone then he will not be able to learn any thing. With the help of education man adapts himself to the situation. That’s why man’s behaviour is not known as natural but known as social. This instinct is learned.

Question 3.
Name the four stages of process of Socialization.
Answer:
Harry M. Johnson has divided the process of Socialization in four stages and these are:

• Oral stage (from birth to 1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) years)
• Anal stage (1\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) to 4 years)
• Latency stage (4—12 years)
• Adolescence stage (13-21 years).

Question 4.
Main biological bases of Socialization of Individual.
Answer:
There are 4 ftiain biological bases of Socialization of Individual.

• Absence of instinct .
• Childhood dependence of individual
• Physical structure of man
• More learning capacity.

Question 5.
Family-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
There are many means of socialization but family is the best of them. Child takes birth in family and his socialization starts from there. While living with family child learns to live with other members of family. Family tells him to how to live in society, how to behave in society and how to behave with others. In family, child learns a number of things. In family child learns a number of norms, values, rules of the family and society. Family makes a person a socialized person. No other institution can take place of family in the socialization of a person. While living in family, a person learns for the whole life. Family gives him many statuses and roles with which he gets many rights and duties. In this way family plays an important role in socialization of a person.

Question 6.
School-As a means of Socialization.
Answer:
School is also one of the most important means of socialization. School changes an uncivilized child into a civilized person. Child spends most part of his early childhood in the school. In school, he lives with other children from whom he learns a lot. Other children are generally from different cultures and the child learns many things of their cultures from them. In school, he is generally influenced by the characters of many teachers and children as well. He studies many subjects in school with which he comes to know about many things in the world. School makes his personality. He makes other teachers as his ideals with which his personality develops to a great extent. All in all school moulds the child in a proper way and prepares him to live in the complex modem world.

Question 7.
Importance of Socialization.
Answer:
Socialization is of great importance in our society because through this process, one becomes able to live in society. When a child takes birth then he hardly knows anything. He is dependent upon family members to fulfil his basic needs. Family fulfills all of his needs and tells him how to live a better life. He is being told about how to live and behave in society and this process of learning is the process of socialization. In this way socialization plays a very important role in making a child a good citizen.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by Socialization? Explain with definitions.
Answer:
Meaning of Socialization. A child enters in this world in a very small body and he just knows about the fulfilment of his basic physical needs and in fact he does so. But slowly and slowly with the passage of time he grows up and becomes a man who has his own ideas, feelings, wishes, likings, dislikings and he knows about his ideas. A man cannot get all these by birth but he learns all these things while living in society and this process of learning is known as the process of socialization. In this way we can say that socialization is a process with which a child learns some qualities of human personality and becomes a complete person. The process of socialization is the process of learning social rules, norms, qualities etc. In this way process of socialization makes an animal like child a complete man. With this an individual not only learns to behave according to the needs of society but he also learns other things like language, art, techniques, norms, values etc.

Definitions of Socialization:

• According to Fichter, “Socialization is a process of mutual influence between a person and his fellow men, a process that results in an acceptance of, and adaptation to the patterns of social behaviour.”
• According to Kingsley Davis, “Socialization is a process through which human child grasps the culture and enters in the structure of society.”
• According to Horton and Hunt, “Socialization is the process whereby one internalizes the norms of the groups among whom one lives so that a unique self emerges.”
• According to Harry M. Johnson, “Socialization is learning that enables the learner to perform social roles.”

So after looking at the above definitions of Socialization we can say that socialization is that process of learning in which a child learns all the rules, norms, ways of behaviour of the society. With this process, culture is transmitted from one generation to another. Man learns to adjust with the organized and effective ways of life whichever ways, discipline, qualities, wishes, values, ways of living etc. man needs to live his life. All those things he learns with the process of socialization. This process not only affects a new born baby but it also affects the man for his whole life. This process also continuously goes on even inside the man. That’s why child learns to adapt himself with the rules of society even from his childhood and mixes with the society. In short, culture of the society is transmitted from one generation to another with the process of socialization.

Question 2.
What are the elements and bases of Socialization?
Elements of Socialization
Answer:
1. First of all socialization is very necessary for a man, society and the group and man learns and grasps the values, norms, ways, knowledge, way of behaviour of society. This process of learning and grasping starts from the birth of the child and goes on for the whole life and ends at the death of the individual.

2. Because of the process of socialization, elements of the culture become a part of the personality of the individual. They both cannot be separated. Even we cannot see that how many elements of culture have been grasped by man. These elements are different in every individual but when these have been grasped by man then they become rules for the man and man works according to them. All these elements of culture connect with the personality of the man because man hardly knows about the effect of control of society. Unconsciously he bends towards the ways of social control. He loves to work according to these rules, gets satisfaction that whatever he is doing that is-right and is according to the rules of society.

3. The result of the process of socialization is that man accommodates with his social environment, tylan is a part of social environment and is related with his different groups as ohe of the their part. He is aware of the thing that he has some definite position in these groups. That’s why many things are common between him and other persons and he can transmit them to next generation, can share his sorrows and sufferings. Humans are different physically-hut they are mentally connected with each other. As a member of any group they have the sense of commonness because of which they make their identity with their group.

4. With socialization man comes to know about reality. Even exactly after sometime of his birth child starts to realise the reality. There is no difference between himself and others for a new born baby. Slowly and slowly, with interaction with elders he not only comes to know about that difference but he also comes to know about himself and others. This ability is known as self.

Bases of Socialization:

There are some bases of the process of socialization which are as follows:

1. Absence of basic Instincts. From a biological point of view every physical structure is different. Behaviour of man is not related with basic instinct. For example birds build their nest to live, this instinct they get by nature from their birth. They know all this by nature but humans are not getting this thing by nature. He gets education of everything. How to build a house or how to do any work, all this depends upon his education. He moulds himself according to his education.

2. Childhood Dependency. A human child is much more dependent upon other persons and even for a longer time as compared to the infants of animals. He is so helpless that he cannot live without depending upon others. He is dependent upon others to fulfil his every type of need. This dependency forms the relationships in society because the persons who help the child during his dependency period, child comes closer to them and he loves them a lot. This need of dependency of human child for a long time upon others becomes the base of the process of socialization.

3. Physical Structure. Physical structure of humans is such that it is more organised than the animals. Human brain is more complex from the point of view of formation and structure. Many processes done by it are possible for humAnswer: That’s why humans send their ideas to others with the help of language with proper thinking. In this way man uses brain and brain takes him to that place which he has never thought of. Day by day he moves towards progress. That’s how human culture is also developed. In this way physical structure of human motivates him to do many types of actions.

4. Learning Capacity. Humans have more learning capacity as compared to other organism. Yet it is right that the infants of animals also have some ability of learning. We can expect from them to learn something but the capacity which humans have animals don’t have. Infant of animal cannot do any of the actions done by humAnswer: Mental actions of animals are limited. They cannot go beyond a definite limit.

Actually the ability pf a person is related to his linguistic ability. Animal is without any language. Only humans have the capacity to use language. With the medium of language man transmits his social heritage from one generation to another. Ability of language makes him a social man. That’s why socialization of man is easy and with this man establishes contacts with others. People living at far off places are connected with each other just because of language. Man socializes its next generation by giving it knowledge of every thing. Absence of ability language is a great obstacle in the socialization of animals.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Meaning, Scope and Significance of Political Science

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the definition and scope of Political Science.
Or
Define Political Science and discuss its scope.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. For the satisfaction of his needs he depends upon society. While living in society, man is to abide by certain definite rules and regulations because in the absence of these rules there will be no peace and order in the society. Some sort of political organisation or political arrangements are required for making and enforcing these rules.

In the absence of discipline in society there will be anarchy and disorder. There is a great truth in Aristotle’s saying that “Man is a social and political animal.’ That is why it is most essential for man to five in the State. In fact, State is a poilticallv organised society. According to Aristotle, “The State comes into being for the sake of mere life; it continues to exist for the sake of good life.” The State is the pivot or subject-matter for the study of ‘Political Science’. Political Science studies everything concerning the State.

In ancient.times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived form the Greek word ‘Pohs’ which means the City-State, the general form of political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore, meant to an ancient Greek the science of the ‘City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of ‘City-States’ we have big territorial States now-a-days.

Now-a-days Political Science is the science which studies the origin, necessity, development, nature and future of the State; It is also said that ‘Political Science begins and ends with the State’. Some writers are of the opinion that Political Science is not only the study of the State but also of the Government. But the Government is an organ of the State and the study of the State also’includes the study of the Government. Therefore, it is not essential to make use of the word ‘Government’ alongwith the word ‘State’.

Different Definitions of Political Science. The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science which are given as follows:
1. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”

2. According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the State and principles of Government.”

3. According to Bluntschii, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with
the State, which endeavours to understand and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.” ‘

4. According to Sir John’R. Seeley, “Political Science investigates the phenomena of government as Political Economy deals with Wealth, Biology with Life, Algebra with Numbers and Geometry with Space and Magnitude.”

5. According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government only.”

6. According to Gettell, “Political Science may be defined as the Science of the State. It deals with the associations of human beings that form political units, with the orgnisations of their governments, and with the activities of these governments in making and administering law and in carrying on inter-State relations. The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, government and law.”

7. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.”

8. According to Lord Acton, “Political Science is concerned with the State and with the conditions essential for its development.”

9. According to Leacock, “Political Science deals with Government.”

10. According to Demock, “Political Science is concerned with the State and its means and Government.”

Modern Definitions:
But modern scientists have started looking at Political Science from a different point of view. According to Lasswell anti Kaplan, “Political Science is an empirical inquiry in the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men, between men and the State and among States.”

David Easton says, “Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and use of power.”

According to William Robson, “The focus of interest of Political is clear and unambigious. It centres on the struggle to gain or retain power, to exercise power or influence others and to resist that exercised.”

Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the political system as a whole. Political Science is also concerned with human elements. In short major concerns of Polititfhl Science are State, Government, Man, Power and Authority. Penock and Smith have rightly said that “Political Science refers to all that has to do with the forces, institutions and organisational forms in any society, that are recognised as having the most inclusive and final authority existing in that society for the establishment and maintenance of order, the effectuation of other joint purposes of its members and the reconciliation of their differences.”

Scope Of Political Science:
The writers on Political Science differ regarding its scope. Gamer is of the opinion that Political Science is only the study of the State. According to Gettell, Political Science mainly studies the State, the government and the law. Dr. Leacock is of the view-point that it is concerned only with the study of the government. In fact the scope of Political Science is very wide. It studies man in connection with organised political society.

The scope of Political Science can be explained in the following way:
1. Study of the State. State is the pivot round which Political Science revolves. The main object of Political Science and sphere of its activity is the State. It deals with the analytical study of the State i.e., its origin and end. According to Bluntschli, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with the State, which endeavours to undertsand, and comprehend the State in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestations, its development.”

According to Gettell, “Political Science is the historical investigation of what the State has been, an analytical study of what the State is and a politico-ethical discussion of what the Stage ought to be.” This way we can study the present, the past and the future of the State.

(i) The State:What it has been?
The ‘present’ of a thing is the result of certain things happened in the past. Therefore, the present position of the State cannot be understood completely and thoroughly unless we come to know about the past of the State. With the help of the study of history we are to find out, how the .State came into existence, why did it come into existence? At the time of its origin, what the nature of the State was, what rights and duties were enjoyed by it and through what stages it had to pass to reach the present form. We are to see this thing also that with what institutions the State was concerned in the past and with which things they were confronted with in the past.

(ii) The State: What it is?
We study in Political Science, the nature and objects of the State and its relationship with the citizens. What means are adopted by the State for the satisfaction of its needs? The individual seeks the help of various social, political, economic and cultural groups for the development of his personality and the State is considered superior and . powerful to all these groups and associations. The study of the present State also includes its welfare activities.

(iii) The State: What it ought to be?
The present form of the State is not its final form, The State has continuously progressed and even at present its progress is continuous. Political Science also studies what the State ought administration of political affairs and determines the proper province and functions of the State. It aims at improving political institutions and organisations in the light of changing ideas and political theories.

2. Study of Political Thought:
What is State? Why should the people obey the orders of the State? Is there any limit to the powers and the right of State? Under what circumstances and on what grounds have the people the right to disobey and violate the ordeirs of the State? It is a very fundamental and basic question. From time to time the political philosophers have answered these questions. These answers have come to us in the form of ism, like the Idealism, Individualism, Utilitarianism, Socialism, Communism, Anarchism, Facism and Gandhism etc. The study of all the above mentioned theories is an important part of the scope of Political Science.

3. Study of Government:
]The study of government is most essential in Political Science. The government is that agency of the State through which it formulates and expresses its will. The study of the State without the study of the government is incomplete. The government is one of the essential elements of the State.

How the government is formed, what are its various forms, what are the merits and demerits of the various forms of government, what are the various organs of the government and what are their relations to one another? How are the civil and military officials appointed and what are their duties? Political Science also studies all these things. Besides this, it also studies the relationship between the central and the local government. It also studies the methods of distribution of powers between the Centre and the States.

4. Study of Politcal Institution:
The scope of Political Science also includes the study of political institution. This covers a study of constitutions of different countries of the world and national, regional an’d local governments.

5. Study of Political Theory:
Political theory is the most important branch of Political Science. Political Science studies Political theory, Political philosophy and Political ideas of great political thinkers e.g., Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Marx, Gandhi etc.

6. Study of Political Forces:
Political Science does not study the State from the formal point of view but it also studies it from the informal point of view. In the State so many groups and organisations function to influence its policies and its working. There are pressure groups, interest groups and other political economic, social and religious organisations which function in each State and influence its working.

Each group which influences the policies of the government either directly or indirectly has an important place in Political Science. Political Science also studies the electoral system, organisation of public opinion, public relationship and the means of propaganda in the State.

7. Study of International Relations and International Organisations:
Political Science studies State not only as institution but also as a personality of entity in the family of the States. It studies the behaviour of State in relation to other States. Political Science also studies various international organisations like League of Nations, United Nations, I.L.O., U.N.E.S.C.O., W.H.O. etc. It studies aims, functions, organs and role of the United Nations. ‘

8. Study of Man:
Today it is beyond all doubts that State is the only agency for individual happiness and is in-fact its end. It has rightly been said that it is the foremost duty of modem State to be an instrument for happiness of man. Political Science studies the nature of relationship between the individual and the State. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society. The problem is how to reconcile the authority of the State with the liberty of rW- individual. Political

Science studies this problem also. Political Science is concerned not only with the political aspect of the life of the individual but it is also concerned with the social, economic and intellectual aspect of his life. In other words Political Science studies the individual as a whole.
9. Study of Power and Authority:
Today Power and Authority have become very popular elements of political science. These factors play very important role. That is why power and authority are the subjects of political science.

10. Study of Political Parties:
Political Parties especially in a democratic system play a very important role. No democratic system is possible without political parties. We study the ideology, basis, principles, policies and programmes of political parties.

11. Study of Controversies:
Controversies and conflicts among person to person, group to group, party to party and nation to nation etc. are also the subject matter of political science. Wasby says that, “Where there is politics, there is controversy; where there is no controversies there is no politics.” Why controversies and conflicts arise and what is their solution is also the scope of political science.

12. Study of Leadership:
Another important subject of politics is leadership.Leadership means to have capacity to organize human means for achievement of particular goals. Leadership is important in politics and plays an important role in taking decisions.

13. Study of Influence:
According to some political scholars among with power, influence is also a central subject of politics. According to Laswell, “The study of politics is the study of influence and the influential.” Eric Rowe has regarded influence instead of power as the main subject of politics.

14. Study of Legitimacy: We also study in politics the concept of Legitimacy and crisis of Legitimacy.

15. Study of authoritative allocation of values:
Values are also one of the important subject matter of politics. According to David Easton, “Politics is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for society.”

Conclusion:
The above mentioned facts clearly indicate that the scope of Political Science is very vast. Gettell is right when he says that, “The topics in which it is mainly interested are State, Government and law. Political Science is concerned not only with political institution but also with political ideas.” Garner’s saying that “Political Science begins and ends with the State” is absolutely correct. The study of Political Science, in fact, revolves round the State.

Question 2.
What is the significance of studying Political Science?
Or
Discuss the utility of studying Political Science.
Answer:
Some scholars attach no importance to the principles of Political Science in this scientific era, but it is a wrong conception. According to Ivor Brown, “Sensibly handled with a commonsense attitude to the real value of social life, political theory is both a concrete and fruitful study.”

Every individual is a citizen of the State and thereby an inseparable part of the State. So the study of Political Science is essential for every inhabitant. Administration used to be in the hands of kings, wazirs and a few officials in the ancient time, but people themselves are the rulers and the subjects in the modern age. So every citizen is naturally interested in Political Science. Its importance is enhancing every day and following are few benefits of studying Political Science:

1. True Knowledge of the Political Terminology:
The first and foremost advantage of studying Political Science is that .one gets a true knowledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the Terms State, Government, Society, Nation and Nationalism etc. without studying Political Science. The citizens rightly conceive the meaning of freedom and equality through the study of Political Science.

2. Knowledge of State and Government:
The main subject of Political Science is State and Government. Each individual is an inhabitant of the State and he can progress only by remaining in the State. The State, now-a-days, is a welfare State and so influences every aspect of an individual. By studying Political Science, one can understand as to how the State originated. What are the aims of a State? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a Government? etc.

3. It shows relationship between the State and Man:
One understands the true relationship between State and Man by studying Political Science. What is the relation between an individual and State has been a ticklish question since the ancient times. Previously people considered State to be all in all. State could treat the individuals the way it liked to and that is why individuals were cruelly treated in the past. But now, through the study of Political Science, we understand the true relationship between the State and Man.

4. Knowledge of Rights and Duties:
The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowledge is very essential for becoming a good citizen. A citizen can develop his personality fully only if he is having full knowledge about his rights and duties. This knowledge is given by the study of Political Science.

5. Success of Democracy:
With the advent and popularity of modern democracies, the study of Political Science has become almost indispensable. In a democratic State the government is not run by experts but it is manned by ordinary citizens. It is the citizens who choose their legislators and administrators. If the citizens are -hot educated and they are not conscious of their rights and duties, it is impossible to expect from them to elect right type of legislators and administrators.

Bad government is bound to do great harm to the society. If the people do not get political education, they will remain ignorant about their rights and duties. They will not have the knowledge of electoral process and their participation in the government. In the absence of political education the people do not elect right type of representatives.

6. Selection of Political Ideas:
Political Science helps us in selecting good ideas. There are so many political ideals and political philosophies in the world. Different philosophers at different times have advocated different political philosophies. There are various political movements in different countries of the world at different times.

By studying Political Science we can come to know about the merits and demerits of various political ideals. We can judge the effects of a political movement on the political conditions of the country. We can go into the various aspects of political ideals and can select the best one. In a democratic form of government the study of Political Science is of great advantage.

7. Formation of healthy Political Parties:
A democratic government cannot function without the existence of political parties. The study of Political Science helps in understanding the formation, the nature and the working of political parties. Sometimes there exist various groups in a country, some groups are formed on the basis of religion and some are formed with a particular selfish motive. An ordinary citizen cannot properly understand the nature of these groups.

These groups are not political parties in the strict sense of the term. These groups do not in any way promote national interest. The study of Political Science reveals that political parties should be formed on economic or political basis. People having the knowledge of Political Science will form political parties on healthy grounds, and these parties will always function in the best interests of the nation. The parties based on healthy grounds will function in the best interests of nation whether they form the government or sit in the opposition.

8. Knowledge of the governmental systems of other countries:
In the modem age nobody can lead an isolated life. Each country is to maintain relations with other countries of the world. The study of Political Science helps us a lot in undertsanding international relations. We come to know about the forms of government prevailing in other countries and the political ideals which these countries have adopted. We maintain our relations with all these countries on the basis of their political ideologies.

Different countries have adopted different forms of governments. Some countries have adopted monarchy, some dictatorship, some unitary form of government, some federal type of government, some parliamentary and some have adopted presidential form of government. We come to know about the advantages and disadvantages of all these forms of governments by the study of Political Science. We make the maximum use of the experiences of other countries.

9. Solution of Current Problems:
The study of political science helps people to acquire habits of clear thinking, keen observations and fair dealings. The study also gives them a thorough knowledge of the political institutions of the country. In course of time as their knowledge and experience increase they will find themselves able to find out the solution of various current problems.

Political Science is based on sound principles and these principles can be of great use in solving various political problems. If the citizens and the administration understand the problems, they can frame suitable laws to solve them. If the administrators take suitable steps, there is no reason why the country does not make progress.

10. Toleration:
Political Science teaches the lesson of toleration to the people. In the modern age it is most essential that the people should possess the spirit of toleration. No country today can maintain relations with other countries of the world without developing the spirit of peaceful co-existence.

Political Science teaches that all the countries in the world should live in harmony with one another. The sovereignty and territorial integrity of each country should be respected by all other countries. If the different countries of the world do not develop the spirit of toleration, the world is bound to become a battlefield.

The citizens should also develop the spirit of toleration. Most of the countries have adopted the democratic form of government and in democracy every individual gets the freedom of speech and expression. Everybody can have his say. It is just possible that the view-point of a person is not liked by others, but it does not mean that person should not be allowed to express his opinion.

Political Science teaches us that we must listen to the view-point of others very carefully even if we do not agree to that view-point. This always helps in tolerating the view-point of our opponents and in the development of the spirit of co-existence. The spirit of co-existence and toleration develops only by studying the subject of Political Science.

11. Efficiency in Administration. Now-a-days it is an age of democracy and the government of the country is run by the people themselves. The study of Political Science gives the knowledge of nature, forms, functions and various organs of government to the individual. If an individual gets the opportunity of entering into government service he will run the administration very efficiently. If a person gets the chance of serving as an administrator, as a minister or as a legislator the study of Political Science will help him a lot in running the administration smoothly.

The study of Political Science makes an individual a good man, a good citizen, a good administrator and a good legislator. He will make constructive criticism of the government and will contribute his best to the administration of the State. Conclusion; The above-mentioned facts clearly indicate that this subject is of utmost importance for the citizen of a State. Hie study of the subject is most essential for each and every individual.

The study of this subject helps in the development of individual personality and he reaps the fruit of the study of the subject throughout his whole life. An individual having the knowledge of this subject contributes his best to the development and progress of the country. The entire human race is benefited by the study of Political Science. It is more useful for the students because the student of today is the administrator, minister, legislator and government official of tomorrow. Most of the problems of our country can be solved by the study of this subject.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Lea cock, “Political Science deals with government only.” According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the state and government.” Writers like Kaplan, Dahl and Almond and many others regard political science to be a study of the political system as a whole. In short, political Science deals with state, government, Man, Power and Authority.

Question 2.
Describe the origin of the world ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state, the general form of Political organisation obtaining in ancient Greece. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. “Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. Aristotle concentrated his study on these City-States. He drew his practical and therorical conclusion in his study in the famous book ‘Politics’. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.
• Political Science is moral-based while Politics is based on convenience.
• Political Science and Politics have different aims.

Question 4.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to traditional view.
Answer:
Four Traditional definitions are:

• According to Garner, ‘Political Science begins and ends with the state.”
• According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of Social Science which treats the foundations of the state and the principles of Government.”
• According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the State and government.
• According to Willoughby, “Political science has to deal with state, government
  and law.”

Question 5.
How was Political Science viewed by the traditional Political thinkers?
Answer:
Garner, Paul Janet, Bluntschli, Seeley, Leacock, Gettell and Gilchrist are traditional Political scientists.

1. Traditional Political Science thinkers viewed Political Science as a study of the State. According to Gamer, “Political Science begins and ends with the State.”
2. According to traditional political thinkers, Political Science is the government. According to Dr. Leacock, ‘Political Science deals with Government only.”
3. Traditional political thinkers viewed Political Science as the study of both state and government. According to Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of state and government.”
4. According to traditional political thinkers like Willoughby, “Political Science has to deal with state, government and law.”

Question 6.
Give any four definitions of Political Science according to modern view.
Answer:

1. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.”
2. According to Haszar and Stevenson, “Political Science is the field of study concerned primarily with the power relationship among men between men and the State and among States,”
3. David Easton says, ‘Political Science is the study of authoritative allocation of values as it is influenced by the distribution and uses of power,”
4. Robert Dahl says, “Political analysis deals with power, rule or authority.”

Question 7.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.
• Political Science deals with the government. It studies all aspects of government.
• Political Science studies International relations and International organisations like United Nations.

Question 8.
Explain the modern view regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:
Modem Political Science regard Political Science as the study of power. According to Lasswell and Kaplan, ‘Political Science as an empirical inquiry is the study of the shaping and sharing of power.” Political Science studies political system. Dahl, Almond and many others regard Political Science to be a study of the Political System as a whole.
According to Arnold Brecht, Political Science studies-

1. Group,
2. Equibirum,
3. Power, Control and influence,
4. Action,
5. Elite,
6. Decision,
7. Anticipated Action and
8. Functions.

In short the scope of Political Science includes the study of Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Influence, Pressure Groups, Politicals System, etc.

Question 9.
What is the modern view of Political Science?
Answer:
After 2nd World War, many important changes took place in the field of the study of political science. Modem political scientists have launched a ‘Protest Movement’ against the traditional view of political science. Modem view of Political Science is very broad and comprehensive. It covers a wide range of Political, social, economic and culture activities of a ‘political’ man. It studies all kinds of problems, conflicts, stuggle for power, decision-making process leadership, political behaviour, the politics of caste, politics of religion, etc.

Question 10.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give four arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

3. In political science conclusions are based on deep study and deservation.

4. There is scope for predicting things in Political Science.

Question 11.
Political Science is not a science. Give four arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals: The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.

2. Unsystematic:
The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic. Sometimes it is very difficult to co-relate different aspects of the subject-matter. Like other physical science its knowledge is not systematic and results are not uniform or universal.

3. Prediction is difficult:
The claim of Political Science as a science is also ruled out on the ground that prediction is difficult in this subject. It cannot predict the coming events. In all other physical sciences prediction is possible.

4. Impartial and objective investigation or research is not possible.

Question 12.
Write four significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science:-
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

3. By studying Political Science one can understand as to how the state originated? What are the aims of a state? How can these objects be fulfilled? What is a government, etc.?

4. The study of a Political Science help us in understanding the true relationship between state and individual.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the definition of the term “Political Science”.
Answer:
The scholars have given different definitions of Political Science. According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.” According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Describe the meaning of ‘Political Science’.
Answer:
In ancient times the world ‘Politics’ was used for the term ‘Political Science’. The term Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’ which means the City state. In the ancient Greece there were small City-States. ‘Politics’ therefore meant to be in ancient Greece the Science of the City-State’ or pertaining to State and Government. In place of City-State we have big territorial states now-a-days.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Science.
Answer:

• Politics is the practical aspect of Political Science while Political Science is the academic aspect of Politics.
• Political Science originated earlier than Politics.

Question 4.
Explain the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Political Science deals with the analytical study of the state. It studies the past, present and future of the state.
• In Political Science, we study various theories i.e., Individualism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism, Gandhism etc.

Question 5.
Political Science is infact a Science. Give two arguments in support of it.
Answer:
Many writers call political science a Science. Aristotle was the first to call it the Master Science.
1. Political Science is a Science because knowledge of political science is systematic. The facts regarding the life of the State are collected from history and these facts are classified, co-ordinated and systematised.

2. The scholars of Political Science agree on certain fundamental principles and conclusion of Political Science. For examples there is no denying the fact that democratic government is the best form of government. It is more permanent that most other forms of government.

Question 6.
Political Science is not a science. Give two arguments.
Answer:
The writers who do not accepts Science as a science have put forth the following agruments.
1. Lack of Unanimity on Fundmentals. The scholars of Political Science do not hold unanimous opinions regarding the theories, subject matter and conclusions of Political Science.
2. Unsystematic. The knowledge of this subject is not systematic. Its growth is very slow, irregular and unsystematic.

Question 7.
Write two significances of study of Political Science.
Answer:
The significance of Political Science is enhancing every day and following are the benefits of studying political science
1. The first advantage of studying Political Science is that one gets true knoledge of political terminology. None can accurately understand the terms State, Government, Society, Nation, Nationally, etc. without styding Political Science.

2. The study of Political Science gives us the knowledge about our rights and duties. This knowldege is very essential for becoming a good citizen.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down any one traditional definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to Dr. Leacock, “Political Science deals with government only.”

Question 2.
Write down any one modern definition of Political Science.
Answer:
According to David Easton, “Politics is the authoritative allocation of values.”

Question 3.
Political Science is a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
The principle of cause and effect relationship applies in Political Science.

Question 4.
Political Science is not a science. Give any one argument in its favour.
Answer:
There is a lack of uniformity among scholars regarding its principles.

Question 5.
On the basis of traditional view, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

• Study of the past, the present and the future of the State.
• Study of the Government.

Question 6.
On the basic of modern view of politics, mention the names of any two subjects regarding the scope of Political Science.
Answer:

1. Groups
2. Balance.

Question 7.
Which scholar has called Political Science ‘A Universal Science’?
Answer:
Aristotle, the father of Political Science, has referred to Political Science as a universal science.

Question 8.
Who is considered the father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 9.
From which word has the word ‘Politics’ been derived?
Answer:
‘Politics’ word has been derived from ‘Polis’.

Question 10.
From which language has the word ‘Polis’ been derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Polis’ has been derived from Greek language.

Question 11.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Polis’?
Answer:
The meaning of the word ‘Polis’ is city state.

Question 12.
Write down any one significance of Political Science.
Answer:
We get true knowledge of political terminology.

Fill in the blanks:

1. …………… is the writer of book ‘Republic’.
Answer:
Plato

2. …………… do not accept Political Science as a Science.
Answer:
Maitland

3. State and …………… are the pivot round which Political Science revolves.
Answer:
Government

4. The government is that …………… of the state through which it formulates and expresses it will.
Answer:
Agency.

True or False statement:

1. State is the Pivot round which political science revolves.
Answer:
True

2. In ancient times the word ‘Politics’ was used for the term Economics.
Answer:
False

3. The meaning of word ‘Polis’ is city-state.
Answer:
True

4. According to Gamer, Political science only concern to govt.
Answer:
False

5. Political science also studies U.N.O, I.L.O, UNESCO and W.H.O.
Answer:
True

Choose the correct Answer

Question 1.
The term Politics is derived from:
(A) Latin word ‘Polis’
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek
(C) English-word ‘Political’
(D) word city-state.
Answer:
(B) Greek word ‘Polis’ Greek

Question 2.
Political Science deals with:
(A) Society
(B) Government only
(C) State only
(D) State and Government.
Answer:
(D) State and Government.

Question 3.
The term ‘Politics’ for political science had been used first by
(A) Catlin
(B) Hobbes
(C) Morhiavelli
(D) Aristole.
Answer:
(D) Aristole.

Question 4.
Aristole is famous book on political science is the:
(A) Republic
(B) Prince
(C) Politics
(D) Laws.
Answer:
(C) Politics

Question 5.
Who is the father of Political Science.
(A) Plato
(B) Aristotle
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Laski.
Answer:
(B) Aristotle