PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

Urban Society:

  • That society where inequality, secondary relations, artificiality, mobility, and non-agricultural occupations prevail.
  • These are large in size and people are progressive in nature.

Urbanization:

  • It is the progress of migration of rural people to urban areas which increases the size of cities.
  • It is the process in which rural areas convert into urban areas.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

Urbanism:

  • Urbanism expresses the urban way of living.
  • It also tells us about the evolution of urban society and the expansion of urban culture.

Poverty:

  • It is a situation in which people are unable to meet their basic needs of food, cloth, and shelter.

Housing:

  • The foremost need of every civilized society is housing because it gives an individual a place to live.

Slums:

  • A slum is a place of living in an urban area where people live in unhygienic conditions in temporary houses.
  • Their size varies according to the size of the city and they lack sanitation, cleanliness, clean drinking water, electricity, and other basic facilities.

→ There is a continuous trend during the last few decades of migration of rural people to urban areas which led to an increase in the urban population. There exist many facilities in urban areas which attract the rural population.

→ According to the Census of 2011, the total Indian population was 121 crore out of which 37.7 crore or 32% population lives in urban areas.

→ According to this survey, all those areas are urban where there is a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area committee.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

→ When rural people start to migrate to urban areas, this process is known as urbanisation. This process has played an important role in the progress of urban society.

→ It is a two-way process in which not only do people migrate to an urban area and their occupations change but changes also come in their ways of living, eating habits, views, ideas, etc.

→ Urbanism is an important element of urban society which differentiates the identity and personality of the urban population from the rural and tribal people. It shows a way of living life.

→ There are many features of urban society such as more population, inequality, secondary means of social control, social mobility, main occupation except agriculture, division of labour, specialisation, individualism, etc.

→ We can find joint families in rural society but urban areas have nuclear families.

→ Due to individualism, people prefer to have nuclear families.

→ The urban economy is based on occupational diversity and mobility.

→ Different occupations depend upon each other and consequently, people depend upon each other.

→ Normally, we can find many problems in urban areas but problems of housing and slums are quite common. These are increasing with the increase in urbanization.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 3 Urban Society

→ Rural people migrate to urban areas in search of occupation and a place of living.

→ They get employment over there but are unable to find any place of living which forces them to live in slums.

→ Due to such slums, urban areas face many problems.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

Rural Society:

  • That society which lives in a rural area with special features such as small in size, less density of population, agriculture-main occupation, similarities among the people, caste-based stratification, joint family, etc.

Endogamy:

  • The type of marriage in which an individual needs to marry within his own group such as caste.

Exogamy:

  • The type of marriage in which one needs to marry out of his group such as clan, family.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

Green Revolution:

  • With the help of high-yielding variety seeds, agriculture production was increased and this is known as the green revolution.

Indebtedness:

  • When a person takes a loan for agriculture or any other purpose, it is known as a loan.
  • When he fails to pay back the loan and it increases with interest, then it is known as indebtedness.

Joint Family:

  • That family in which members of a minimum of three generations live such as grandparents, parents, grandchildren, etc.
  • They live under one roof, eat in a common kitchen, and perform the same economic activity.

→ India is basically a rural society in which around 70% (68.84%) population still lives in villages.

→ Rural people live a very simple life, share a lot with each other, and have many similarities with each other.

→ Mahatma Gandhi is often quoted to have said, “Real India lives in its villages.”

→ There are many features of rural society such as small in size, close relationship, homogeneity, more social control, agriculture main occupation, more impact of religion, the dominance of joint family, less social mobility, etc.

→ Rural society is dominated by the joint family in which a minimum of three generations lives together. Such families are large in size and live under a single roof.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

→ In 1992, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment was made and a three-tier structure of local self-government was established.

→These three levels are Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. Their main objective is to do all-around development of rural areas.

→ During the decade of 1960s, a green revolution came in India to increase agricultural production for farmers.

→ There were many positive consequences of this revolution such as cereal production increased, production of commercial crops increased, changes in the methods of agriculture, etc.

→ But there were a few negative consequences as well such as it helped only the rich farmers, the difference between rich and poor farmers increased, etc.

→ Indian farmers presently are facing a very serious issue and this is the problem of indebtedness.

→ Due to this problem, many farmers have committed suicide. There can be many reasons for indebtedness such as poverty,’ ancestral debt, legal cases, backwardness, extra expenditure, more interest on loans, etc.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 2 Rural Society

→ Present rural society is going through a phase of transition. Now old relations are coming to an end, control of caste panchayats is reducing, crimes are increasing, the jamjar system has come to an end, people are migrating towards urban areas, etc.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society

This PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Simple Division of Labour:

  • Tribal societies are based on a simple division of labor in which age and sex are the most important bases.

Animism:

  • Animism is faith in spirits that there exist spirits even after death. This theory was given by Tylor.

Totemism:

  • When any object, plant, animal, or stone is considered sacred by a tribe, it is known as a totem.
  • Belief in totem is known as totemism. So, the sacred object is not touched or eaten.
  • It is believed that there exists some spiritual power in that object.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society

Subsistence Economy:

  • A subsistence economy is an economy in which people only fulfill their needs.
  • Tribal societies are simple in nature and they fulfill their needs by hunting, collecting, fishing, and collecting other forest products.
  • The barter system also exists in tribal societies.
  • There is no notion of profit among tribal societies.
  • In fact, their economy is based on the fulfillment of their needs.

Shifting Cultivation:

  • This is one of the methods of doing agriculture among tribal people.
  • It is also known as Jhum or Podu agriculture in different tribes.
  • In this method, first of all, the forest is cleared by cutting trees and then cleared land is sown with seeds before the rainy season.
  • After the rain, the crop is ready to cut down. Later on, another piece of land is cleared to do agriculture and the process continues.

→ Indian tribal heritage is quite rich and varied. Here different racial and linguistic tribes live and they are at different levels from an economic and technological point of view.

→ Though many changes are coming among Indian tribes still they are backward and the government is giving special attention to their welfare.

→ Tribals in India are known by different names such as Vanyajati, Vanvasi, Pahari, Adimjati, Adivasi, Janjati, Anusuchit Janjati (Scheduled Tribe) etc.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society

→ Actually, the tribe is an endogamous group that lives in a particular geographical area, which has a specific language and culture. Technically, they live in ancient conditions and their economy is subsistence and based on the barter system.

→ Tribes are divided on different bases. Sir Herbert Risley has given their classification on different bases. They can also be divided on an economic basis and on the basis of their integration into the mainstream of our country.

→ There exist hundreds of tribes in India but seven major tribes are there whose population is one lac or more such as the Gond, the Bhils, the Sanfchals, the Oraons, the Munda, and the Khonds.

→ There exist many types of families, in tribal society, on many bases such as authority, place of living, and descent. In the same way, many types of marriages exist in tribal society.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Notes Chapter 1 Tribal Society

→ Tribal societies face many problems but the most important one is deforestation and displacement. Due to deforestation, tribals are displaced from their areas and are forced to move somewhere else. That’s why they face many problems.

→ Many changes are coming in tribal society such as, they are integrating into the mainstream of the country, they are adopting social ways of living of their nearby society, they are leaving their own occupations and are adopting the new ones and they are migrating to other areas.

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.5

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.5 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Maths Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.5

1. Which is greater decimal number ?

Question (i).
0.9 or 0.4
Answer:
0.9 or 0.4
Here in 0.9 tenth place is greater than tenth place of 0.4.
9 > 4
∴ 0.9 > 0.4

Question (ii).
1.35 or 1.37
Answer:
1.35 or 1.37
Whole number parts of both number are equal
So, we have to compare decimal part
Also digits at tenths place are also equal.
Hundredths part of 1.37 is greater than hundredth the part of 1.35
∴ 1.37 > 1.35

Question (iii).
10.10 or 10.01
Answer:
10.10 or 10.01
Whole number parts of both numbers are equal
So, we have to compare decimal part
Tenths part of 10.10 is greater than tenths part of 10.01
∴ 10.10 > 10.01

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.5

Question (iv).
1735.101 or 1734.101
Answer:
1735.101 or 1734.101
Whole number part of 1735.101 is greater than whole number part of 1734.101
∴ 735.101 > 1734.101

Question (v).
0.8 or 0.88.
Answer:
0.8 or 0.88
Here tenths place in both the number is same and hundredths place in 0.88 is greater than the hundredths place in 0.8.
∴ 0.88 > 0.8

2. Write following decimal number in the expanded form :

Question (i).
40.38
Answer:
40.38 = 40 + 0 + .3+ .08
= 4 × 10 + 0 + 3 × \(\frac {1}{10}\) + 8 × \(\frac {1}{100}\)

Question (ii).
4.038
Answer:
4.038 = 4 + 0.0 + 0.03 + 0.008
4 + 0 × \(\frac {1}{10}\) + 3 × \(\frac {1}{100}\) + 8 × \(\frac {1}{1000}\)

Question (iii).
0.1038
Answer:
0.4038 = 0 + 0.4 + 0.00 + 0.003 + 0.0008
= 0 + 4 × \(\frac {1}{10}\) + 0 × \(\frac {1}{100}\) + 3 × \(\frac {1}{1000}\) + 8 × \(\frac {1}{10000}\)

Question (iv).
4.38.
Answer:
4.38 = 4 + 0.3 + 0.08
= 4 + 3 × \(\frac {1}{10}\) + 8 × \(\frac {1}{100}\)

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.5

3. Write the place value of 5 in the following decimal numbers :

Question (i).
17.56
Answer:
Place value of 5 in 17.56 = 0.5
= \(\frac {5}{10}\)

Question (ii).
1.253
Answer:
Place value of 5 in 1.253 = 0.05
= \(\frac {5}{100}\)

Question (iii).
10.25
Answer:
Place value of 5 in 10.25 = 0.05
= \(\frac {5}{100}\)

Question (iv).
5.62.
Answer:
Place value of 5 in 5.62 = 5

4. Express in rupees using decimals :

Question (i).
55 paise
Answer:
55 paise = ₹ \(\frac {55}{100}\)
= ₹ 0.55

Question (ii).
55 rupees 5 paise
Answer:
55 rupees 5 paise = 55 rupees + 5 paise
= ₹ 55 + ₹ \(\frac {5}{100}\)
= ₹ 55 + ₹ 0.5
= ₹ 55.05

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.5

Question (iii).
347 paise
Answer:
347 paise = ₹ \(\frac {347}{100}\)
= ₹ 3.47

Question (iv).
2 paise.
Answer:
2 paise = ₹ \(\frac {2}{100}\)
= ₹ 0.02.

5. Express in km :

Question (i).
350 m
Answer:
350 m = \(\frac {350}{1000}\) km
= 0.350 km
[Since 1000 m = 1 km,
∴ 1 m =\(\frac {1}{1000}\) km]

Question (ii).
4035 m
Answer:
4035 m = \(\frac {4035}{1000}\) km
= 4.035 km

Question (iii).
2 km 5 m
Answer:
2 km 5 m = 2 km + 5 m
= 2 km + \(\frac {5}{1000}\) km
= 2.05 km

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.5

6. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question (i).
Place value of 2 in 3.02 is :
(a) 2
(b) 20
(c) \(\frac {2}{10}\)
(d) \(\frac {2}{100}\)
Answer:
(d) \(\frac {2}{100}\)

Question (ii).
The correct ascending order of 0.7, 0.07, 7 is :
(a) 7 < 0.07 < 0.7
(b) 0.07 < 0.7 < 7
(c) 0.7 < 0.07 < 7
(d) 0.07 < 7 < 0.7.
Answer:
(b) 0.07 < 0.7 < 7

Question (iii).
Decimal expression of 5 kg 20 gram is :
(a) 5.2 kg
(b) 5.20 kg
(c) 5.02 kg
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) 5.02 kg

Question (iv).
Expanded form of 2.38 is
(a) 2 + \(\frac {38}{10}\)
(b) 2 + 3 + \(\frac {8}{10}\)
(c) \(\frac {238}{100}\)
(d) 2 + \(\frac {3}{10}\) + \(\frac {8}{100}\)
Answer:
(d) 2 + \(\frac {3}{10}\) + \(\frac {8}{100}\)

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Maths Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3

1. Solve the following :

Question (i).
\(\frac {1}{3}\) of
(a) \(\frac {1}{5}\)
(b) \(\frac {2}{7}\)
(c) \(\frac {3}{2}\)
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3 8

Question (ii).
\(\frac {3}{4}\) of
(a) \(\frac {2}{9}\)
(b) \(\frac {4}{7}\)
(c) \(\frac {8}{3}\)
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3 9

2. Multiply the fractions and reduce it to the lowest form (If possible) :

Question (i).
\(\frac{2}{7} \times \frac{7}{9}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{2}{7} \times \frac{7}{9}\)
= \(\frac {2}{9}\)

Question (ii).
\(\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{15}{8}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{15}{8}\)
= \(\frac {5}{8}\)

Question (iii).
\(\frac{12}{27} \times \frac{3}{9}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{12}{27} \times \frac{3}{9}\)
= \(\frac {4}{27}\)

Question (iv).
\(\frac{2}{5} \times \frac{6}{4}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{2}{5} \times \frac{6}{4}\)
= \(\frac {3}{5}\)

Question (v).
\(\frac{81}{100} \times \frac{6}{7}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{81}{100} \times \frac{6}{7}\)
= \(\frac {243}{350}\)

Question (vi).
\(\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{5}{27}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{5}{27}\)
= \(\frac {1}{9}\)

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3

3. Multiply the following fractions :

Question (i).
\(\frac{3}{2} \times 5 \frac{1}{3}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{3}{2} \times 5 \frac{1}{3}\)
= \(\frac{3}{2} \times \frac{16}{3}\)
= 8

Question (ii).
\(\frac{1}{7} \times 5 \frac{2}{3}\)
Answer:
\(\frac{1}{7} \times 5 \frac{2}{3}\)
= \(\frac{1}{7} \times \frac{17}{3}\)
= \(\frac {17}{21}\)

Question (iii).
\(2 \frac{5}{6} \times 4\)
Answer:
\(2 \frac{5}{6} \times 4\)
= \(\frac {17}{6}\) × 4
= \(\frac {34}{3}\)
= 11\(\frac {1}{3}\)

Question (iv).
\(4 \frac{1}{3} \times 9 \frac{1}{4}\)
Answer:
\(4 \frac{1}{3} \times 9 \frac{1}{4}\)
= \(\frac{13}{3} \times \frac{37}{4}\)
= \(\frac {481}{12}\)

Question (v).
\(2 \frac{2}{3} \times 3 \frac{5}{8}\)
Answer:
\(2 \frac{2}{3} \times 3 \frac{5}{8}\)
= \(\frac{8}{3} \times \frac{29}{8}\)
= 9\(\frac {2}{3}\)

Question (vi).
\(3 \frac{1}{5} \times 2 \frac{1}{4}\)
Answer:
\(3 \frac{1}{5} \times 2 \frac{1}{4}\)
= \(\frac{16}{5} \times \frac{9}{4}\)
= \(\frac {36}{5}\)
= 7\(\frac {1}{5}\)

4. Which fraction is greater in the following fractions ?

Question (i).
\(\frac {3}{2}\) of \(\frac {2}{7}\) or \(\frac {5}{2}\) of \(\frac {3}{8}\)
Answer:
\(\frac {3}{2}\) of \(\frac {2}{7}\)
= \(\frac{3}{2} \times \frac{2}{7}\)
= \(\frac {3}{7}\)
or
\(\frac {5}{2}\) of \(\frac {3}{8}\)
= \(\frac{5}{2} \times \frac{3}{8}\)
= \(\frac {15}{16}\)
Since, \(\frac {15}{16}\) > \(\frac {3}{7}\)
So, \(\frac {5}{2}\) of \(\frac {3}{8}\) is greater.

Question (ii).
\(\frac {1}{2}\) of \(\frac {6}{5}\) or \(\frac {1}{3}\) of \(\frac {4}{5}\)
Answer:
\(\frac {1}{2}\) of \(\frac {6}{5}\)
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × \(\frac {6}{5}\)
= \(\frac {3}{5}\)
or
\(\frac {1}{3}\) of \(\frac {4}{5}\)
= \(\frac {1}{3}\) × \(\frac {4}{5}\)
= \(\frac {4}{15}\)
Since, \(\frac {3}{5}\) > \(\frac {4}{15}\)
So, \(\frac {1}{2}\) of \(\frac {6}{5}\) is greater.

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3

5. If the speed of a car is 105 \(\frac {1}{3}\) km/hr, find the distance covered by it m 3\(\frac {2}{3}\) hours.
Answer:
Distance travelled in 1 hour= 105\(\frac {1}{3}\) km
= \(\frac {316}{3}\) km
Distance travelled in 3\(\frac {2}{3}\) hours i.e. in \(\frac {11}{3}\) hours
= \(\frac {11}{3}\) × \(\frac {316}{3}\) km
= \(\frac {3476}{9}\) km
= 386\(\frac {2}{9}\)km

6. The length of a rctangular plot of land is 29\(\frac {3}{7}\) m. If its breadth is 12\(\frac {8}{11}\)m, find its area.
Answer:
Length of rectangular plot (l)
= 29\(\frac {3}{7}\)m = \(\frac {206}{7}\)m
Breadth of rectangular plot (b)
= 12\(\frac {8}{11}\)m = \(\frac {140}{11}\)m
Area of rectangular plot
= l × b = \(\frac{206}{7} \mathrm{~m} \times \frac{140}{11} \mathrm{~m}\)
= \(\frac{4120}{11}\) sq.m
= 374\(\frac{6}{11}\) sq.m

7. If a cloth costs ₹ 120 \(\frac {1}{4}\) per metre, find the cost of 4\(\frac {1}{3}\) metre of this cloth.
Answer:
Per m cost of cloth = ₹ 120\(\frac {1}{4}\)
= ₹ \(\frac {481}{4}\)
Cost of 4\(\frac {1}{3}\) metre of this cloth
= \(\frac {1}{3}\) × ₹ \(\frac {481}{4}\)
= ₹ \(\frac {6253}{12}\)
= ₹ 521\(\frac {1}{12}\)

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3

8. Multiple choice questions :

Question (i).
\(\frac {1}{4}\) of \(\frac {8}{3}\) is :
(a) \(\frac {9}{7}\)
(b) \(\frac {8}{4}\)
(c) \(\frac {2}{3}\)
(d) 1
Answer:
(c) \(\frac {2}{3}\)

Question (ii).
\(\frac {3}{2}\) × \(\frac {2}{3}\) = ?
(a) 1
(b) \(\frac {5}{6}\)
(c) 3
(d) \(\frac {6}{5}\)
Answer:
(a) 1

Question (iii).
The value of the product of two proper fractions is :
(a) greater than both of the proper fractions.
(b) lesser than both of the proper fractions.
(c) lie between the given two fractions.
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) lesser than both of the proper fractions.

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.3

9. Check if the following equations are ‘True’ or ‘False’ :

Question (i).
\(1 \frac{2}{3} \times 4 \frac{5}{7}=4 \frac{10}{21} ?\) (True/False)
Answer:
False

Question (ii).
\(\frac{3}{4} \times \frac{2}{3}=\frac{2}{3} \times \frac{3}{4} ?\) (True/False)
Answer:
True

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Maths Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2

1. Match the following :

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2 1
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2 2
Answer:
(a) (ii),
(b) (iii),
(c) (iv),
(d) (i).

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2

2. Multiply whole number to a fraction and reduce it to the lowest form. Also convert into a mixed fraction :

Question (i).
4 × \(\frac {1}{3}\)
Answer:
4 × \(\frac {1}{3}\) = \(\frac{4 \times 1}{3}\)
= \(\frac {4}{3}\)
= 1\(\frac {1}{3}\)

Question (ii).
11 × \(\frac {4}{7}\)
Answer:
11 × \(\frac {4}{7}\) = \(\frac{11 \times 4}{7}\)
= \(\frac {44}{7}\)
= 6\(\frac {2}{7}\)

Question (iii).
\(\frac {3}{4}\) × 6
Answer:
\(\frac {3}{4}\) × 6 = \(\frac{3 \times 6}{4}\)
= \(\frac {9}{2}\)
= 4\(\frac {1}{2}\)

Question (iv).
\(\frac {9}{7}\) × 5
Answer:
\(\frac {9}{7}\) × 5 = \(\frac {45}{7}\)
= 6\(\frac {3}{7}\)

Question (v).
2\(\frac {5}{6}\) × 4
Answer:
2\(\frac {5}{6}\) × 4 = \(\frac{17}{6} \times 4\)
= \(\frac{17 \times 4}{6}\)
= \(\frac{17 \times 2}{3}\)
= \(\frac {34}{3}\)
= 11\(\frac {1}{3}\)

Question (vi).
10\(\frac {5}{6}\) × 5
Answer:
10\(\frac {5}{6}\) × 5
= \(\frac {65}{6}\) × 5
= \(\frac{65 \times 5}{6}\)
= \(\frac {325}{6}\)
= 54\(\frac {1}{6}\)

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2

Question (vii).
5 × 6\(\frac {3}{4}\)
Answer:
5 × 6\(\frac {3}{4}\) = 5 × \(\frac {27}{4}\)
= \(\frac{5 \times 27}{4}\)
= \(\frac {135}{4}\)
= 33\(\frac {3}{4}\)

Question (viii).
3 \(\frac {2}{5}\) × 8
Answer:
3 \(\frac {2}{5}\) × 8 = \(\frac {17}{5}\) × 8
= \(\frac{17 \times 8}{5}\)
= \(\frac {136}{5}\)
= 27\(\frac {1}{5}\)

3. Solve :

Question (i).
\(\frac {1}{2}\) of 46
Answer:
\(\frac {1}{2}\) of 46
= \(\frac {1}{2}\) × 46
= 23

Question (ii).
\(\frac {2}{3}\) of 27
Answer:
\(\frac {2}{3}\) of 27
= \(\frac {2}{3}\) × 27
= 18

Question (iii).
\(\frac {1}{3}\) of 36
Answer:
\(\frac {1}{3}\) of 36
= \(\frac {1}{3}\) × 36
= 12

Question (iv).
\(\frac {3}{4}\) of 16
Answer:
\(\frac {3}{4}\) of 16
= \(\frac {3}{4}\) × 16
= 12

Question (v).
\(\frac {5}{7}\) of 35
Answer:
\(\frac {5}{7}\) of 35
= \(\frac {5}{7}\) × 35
= 25

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2

4. Shade :

(i) \(\frac {1}{3}\) of the rectangles in box (a)
(ii) \(\frac {2}{3}\) of the circles in box (b)
(iii) \(\frac {1}{2}\) of the triangles in box (c)
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2 11
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2 12

5. Rahul earns ₹ 44,000 per month. He spends \(\frac {3}{4}\) th of his income every month and saves the rest of his earning. Find his monthly savings ?
Answer:
Rahul earns per month = ₹ 44000
He spends = \(\frac {3}{4}\)th of ₹ 44000
= ₹ \(\frac {3}{4}\) × 44000
= ₹ 33000
His savings = ₹ 44,000 – ₹ 33000
= ₹ 11000

6. The cost of a book is ₹ 117\(\frac {1}{2}\). Find the cost of 8 books ?
Answer:
Cost of one book = ₹ 117 \(\frac {1}{2}\)
= ₹ \(\frac {235}{2}\)
Cost of 8 books = 8 × ₹ \(\frac {235}{2}\)
= ₹ 4 × 235
= ₹ 940

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2

7. Multiple choice questions :

Question (i).
\(\frac {1}{2}\) × 8 is equal to
(a) 8
(6) 2
(c) 4
(d) 1
Answer:
(c) 4

Question (ii).
\(\frac {3}{2}\) of 16 is :
(a) 48
(b) 8
(c) 3
(d) 24
Answer:
(d) 24

Question (iii).
What fraction of an hour is 40 minutes ?
(a) \(\frac {2}{3}\)
(b) 40
(c) \(\frac {1}{4}\)
(d) \(\frac {1}{2}\)
Answer:
(a) \(\frac {2}{3}\)

Question (iv).
What fraction does the shaded part of figure represent ?
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals Ex 2.2 13
(a) \(\frac {1}{3}\)
(b) \(\frac {2}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac {3}{4}\)
(d) \(\frac {1}{2}\)
Answer:
(c) \(\frac {3}{4}\)

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Hindi Grammar vilom shabd विलोम शब्द Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Grammar विलोम शब्द

निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विलोम शब्द लिखिए
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 1
उत्तर:
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 2

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द

निम्नलिखित बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें.

प्रश्न 1.
असली का विलोम शब्द है
(क) निष्ठुर
(ख) अनुचित
(ग) नवीन
(घ) नकली।
उत्तर:
(घ) नकली

प्रश्न 2.
चेतन का विलोम शब्द है
(क) सुप्त
(ख) जड़
(ग) जागृत
(घ) निद्रा।
उत्तर:
(ख) जड़

प्रश्न 3.
कोमल का विलोम शब्द है
(क) निष्ठुर
(ख) निकृष्ट
(ग) कर्कश
(घ) अधम।
उत्तर:
(ग) कर्कश

प्रश्न 4.
सार्थक का विलोम शब्द है,
(क) व्यर्थ
(ख) निरर्थक
(ग) निर्गुण
(घ) क्षीण।
उत्तर:
(ख) निरर्थक

प्रश्न 5.
पूर्व का विलोम है, पश्चिम (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 6.
दानव का विलोम है, मानव (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 7.
भय का विलोम है, साहस (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द

प्रश्न 8.
ताप का विलोम है, शीत (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 9.
पतन का विलोम है, गिरावट (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 10.
मिलन का विलोम है, विरह (सही या गलत लिख कर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही।

निम्नलिखित में से किसी एक शब्द का विलोम शब्द लिखिए

वर्ष
1. कंजूस, जिंदाबाद।
उत्तर:
कंजूस = दानी
जिंदाबाद = मुर्दाबाद।

2. हानि, ईमानदार।
उत्तर:
हानि = लाभ
ईमानदार = बेईमान।

3. निंदा, हार।
उत्तर:
निंदा = स्तुति
हार = जीत।

वर्ष
1. करीब, मित्र।
उत्तर:
करीब = दूर
मित्र = शत्रु।

2. आशा, मान
उत्तर:
आशा = निराशा
मान = अपमान।

3. विधवा, स्वस्थ।
उत्तर:
विधवा = सधवा
स्वस्थ = अस्वस्थ।

वर्ष
कंजूस, विस्तार।
उत्तर:
कंजूस = खर्चीला
विस्तार = संक्षेप।

प्रश्न 1.
विलोम शब्द किसे कहते हैं? उदाहरण सहित लिखिए।
उत्तर:
परस्पर विपरीत अर्थ का ज्ञान कराने वाले किसी शब्द को विलोम शब्द कहते हैं। इसे विपरीत या विलोमार्थी शब्द भी कहते हैं। उदाहरण-
(I) रीना सदा न्याय का पक्ष लेती है।
विलोम अर्थ-रीना सदा अन्याय का पक्ष लेती है।

(II) नीरज साधारण परिवार से संबंधित है।
विलोम अर्थ-नीरज असाधारण परिवार से संबंधित है।

(III) गली में एक व्यक्ति था।
विलोम अर्थ-गली में अनेक व्यक्ति थे।

(IV) गीताजंली का व्यवहार उचित था।
विलोम अर्थ-गीतांजली का व्यवहार अनुचित था।

(V) आप की यह हरकत पाक नहीं कहला सकती।
विलोम अर्थ-आप की यह हरकत नापाक नहीं कहला सकती।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द

प्रश्न 2.
विलोम शब्द किस-किस प्रकार बनाए जाते हैं? उदाहरण सहित लिखिए।
उत्तर:
विलोम शब्द प्रायः तीन प्रकार से बनाए जाते हैं-
(क) उपसर्ग के योग से
(ख) उपसर्ग बदलने से
(ग) विलोम शब्द मूल रूप से।
उदाहरण-
(क) उपसर्ग के योग सेइच्छा-अनिच्छा, साधारण-असाधारण, यश-अपयश, गुण-अवगुण, सुगंध-दुर्गंध, पसंद-नापसंद।
(ख) उपसर्ग बदलने से-साक्षर-निरक्षर, ईमानदार-बेईमानदार, स्वदेश-विदेश, संपन्न-विपन्न, अधुनातन-पुरातन, आयात-निर्यात।
(ग) विलोम शब्द मूल से-उदय-अस्त, आधुनिक-प्राचीन, उजड़ा-बसा, झगड़ा-समझौता, निकास-प्रवेश, दिवस-रात।

(क) उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
(i) ‘अ’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 3

(ii) ‘अन्’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 4

(iii) ‘अप’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 5

(iv) ‘अव’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 6

(v) ‘कु’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 7

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द

(vi) ‘दुः/दुर्’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 8

(vii) ‘ना’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 9

(viii) ‘निः/निर्’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 10

(ix) ‘पर’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 11

(x) ‘प्रति’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 12

(xi) ‘वि’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 13

(xii) ‘बे’ उपसर्ग के योग से बने विलोम शब्द
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 14

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द

कुछ विपरीत शब्द मूल रूप में ही प्रयुक्त होते हैं। जैसे-
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 15
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 16
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 17
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran विलोम शब्द 18

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

PSEB 9th Class Science Guide Force and Laws of Motion Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed on the magnitude and direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason.
Answer:
Yes, it is possible for an object to move with non-zero velocity even when net zero unbalanced force is experienced by it. In this situation the magnitude of velocity and direction will be same. As for example, in case of a rain drop falling freely with constant velocity, the weight of the drop is balanced by upthrust so to say the net unbalanced force on drop is zero.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Question 2.
When a carpet is beaten with a stick, the dust comes out of it? Explain.
Answer:
When a carpet is beaten with a stick, the carpet is set into motion while the dust particles due to inertia tend to remain at rest. In this way dust particles get detached from the carpet and come out of it.

Question 3.
Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with rope?
Answer:
When a fast-moving bus suddenly takes a turn round a sharp bend then the luggage placed on the roof of a bus gets displaced. The reason for this is that the luggage tends to remain with linear motion while an unbalanced force is applied by the engine to change the direction of the bus so that the luggage kept at the roof of the bus gets displaced. So it is advised to tie the luggage with a rope on the roof of bus.

Question 4.
A batsman hits a cricket ball when then rolls on a level ground. After covering short distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball comes to a stop because
(a) the batsman did not hit the ball hard enough.
(b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball.
(c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion.
(d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball so that ball would want to come to rest.
Answer:
(c) is correct. There is a force of friction on the ball in direction opposite to that of motion.

Question 5.
A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with constant acceleration. It travels a distance of 400 m in 20 s. Find its acceleration. Find the force on it if its mass is 7 metric tonnes. (1 tonne = 100 kg)
Solution:
Here initial velocity (u) = 0
Time (t) = 20 s
Distance (s) = 400 m
S = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\)at2
400 = 0 × 30 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × a × (20)2
400 = 0 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × a × 20 × 20
400 = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 20 × 20 × a
400 = 200 × a
or a = \(\frac{400}{200}\)
∴ a = 2ms-2
Now mass of the truck(m) = 7 tonne
= 7 × 1000 kg
Acceleration (a) = 2ms-2
But Force, F = m × a
= 7000 kg × 2 ms-2
= 14000 kg – ms-2
= 14000 N

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Question 6.
A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 m s-1 across the frozen surface of a lake and comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction between the stone and the ice?
Solution:
Here, mass of stone (m) = 1 kg
Initial velocity of stone (u) = 20 ms-1
Distance travelled by the stone (S) = 50 m
Final velocity of stone (υ) = 0 (at rest)
Force of friction between the stone and ice (F) = ?
Using υ2 – u2 = 2aS, we have
(0)2 – (20)2 = 2 × (a) × 50
– 20 × 20 = 100 × a
a = \(\frac{-20 \times 20}{100}\)
a = – 4 ms-2
F = ma = 1 × (- 4)
F = – 4 N
Minus sign shows the force of friction is in direction opposite to direction of motion of stone.

Question 7.
A 8,000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2,000 kg along a horizontal track. If the engine exerts a force of 40,000 N and track offers a force of friction of 35,000 N, then calculate the
(a) net accelerating force;
(b) acceleration of the train; and
(c) force of wagon 1 on wagon 2.
Solution:
Mass of the engine = 8000 kg
Mass of 5 wagons = 5 × 2000 kg = 10,000 kg
∴ Total mass of engine and 5 wagons = 8000 kg + 10,000 kg = 18,000 kg
Total force of engine = 40,000 N
Frictional force offered by the track= 5000 N
(a) ∴ Net Accelerating Force (F) = Total force of engine – Frictional force of track
= 40,000 N – 5000 N = 35,000 N

(b) Acceleration of the train (a) = \(\frac{Accelerating force on rail(F)}{Mass of the train(m)}\)
= \(\frac{35000}{18000}\)
= \(\frac{35}{18}\)m-2
= 1.94ms-2

(c) Force exerted by wagon 1 on wagon 2 = Net Accelerating Force – Mass of wagon × Acceleration
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion 1
= 35000 – 2000 × \(\frac{35}{18}\)
= 35000 – 3888.8
= 31111.2 N

Question 8.
An automobile vehicle has mass of 1,500 kg. What must be the force between vehicle and the road if vehicle is to be stopped with negative acceleration of 1.7 ms-2?
Solution:
Here the mass of automobile (m) = 1500 kg
Acceleration of vehicle (a) = -1.7ms-2
Frictional Force between road and vehicle (F) = ?
We know, F = m x a
= 15000 x (- 1.7)
= – 2550 N
∴ Backward frictional force (F) = 2550 N

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Question 9.
What is the momentum of an object of mass m moving with velocity υ?
(a) (mυ)2; (b) mυ2; (c) \(\frac{1}{2}\)mυ2, (d) mυ.
Answer:
(d) is correct. Momentum = mυ.

Question 10.
Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a floor with constant velocity. What is the friction force that will be exerted on the cabinet?
Answer:
When no acceleration is to be produced (i.e. body is to be moved with constant velocity), the net force has to be zero. Force of friction should be equal and opposite to the force applied i.e., force of friction has to be 200 N.

Question 11.
Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same straight line but in the opposite directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 ms-1 before the collision during which they stick together. What will be the velocity of combined object after collision?
Solution:
Given, mass of the lirst object (m1) – 1.5 kg
, and mass of the second object (m2) = m1 = 1.5 kg
Initial velocity of the first object (u1) = 2.5 ms-1
Initial velocity of the second object (u2) = – 2.5 ms-1
(Since both the objects move in the direction opposite to each other therefore velocity of first object will be taken as positive and that of the other as negative.)
Suppose after collision the velocity of the combination of two objects is ‘υ’
∴ According to the law of conservation of momentum,
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1υ + m2υ
1.5 × 2.5 + 1.5 × (-2.5) = (1.5 × υ + 1.5 × υ)
1.5 [2.5 + (-2.5)] = (1.5 + 1.5) × υ
1.5 [2.5 – 2.5] = 3 × υ
1.5 × 0 = 3 × υ
0 = 3 × υ
∴ υ = 0 ms-1
i. e. Both the objects will come to rest after collision.

Question 12.
According to the third law of motion when we push on an object, the object pushes back on us with an equal and opposite force. If the object is a massive truck parked along the road side, it will probably not move. A student justifies by answering that the two forces cancel each other. Comment on the logic and explain why the truck does not move.
Answer:
Student is justified. Friction is equal and opposite to force applied till the force applied crosses the force of limiting friction. When he applies a force slightly more than force of limiting friction, the truck will move. Till the truck moves uniformly, the force applied is exactly equal to force of friction at that instant.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Question 13.
A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 ms-1 is struck by a hockey stick so as to return it along its original path with a velocity at 5 ms-1. Calculate the change in momentum occurred in the motion of hockey ball by the force applied by hockey stick.
Sol. Mass of the ball (m) = 200 g
= \(\frac{200}{1000}\)kg = 0.2 kg
Initial velocity of the ball (u) = 10 ms-1
Final velocity of the ball (v) = – 5ms-1
[∵ the direction of the ball is opposite to the first direction]
Change in momentum of the ball = Final momentum – Initial momentum.
= mυ – mu
= m (υ – u)
= 0.2 (- 5 – 10)
= 0.2 × (- 15)
= – 3.0 kg – ms-1

Question 14.
A bullet of mass 10 kg travelling horizontally with a velocity of 150 ms-1 strikes a stationary wooden block and come to rest in 0.03 s. Calculate the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block. Calculate the magnitude of force exerted by the wood in block in the bullet.
Solution:
Here, mass of the bullet (m) = 10 g = 0.01 kg
Initial velocity of the bullet (u) = 150 ms-1
Final velocity of the bullet (υ) = 0
Time (t) = 0.03 s
We know, acceleration of the bullet (a) = \(\frac{v-u}{t}\)
= \(\frac{0-150}{0.03}\)
= – 5000 ms-2

(a) Net force exerted by the wooden block on the bullet (F) = m × a
= 0.01 × (- 5000)
= 1 × (-50)
= -50N
∴ Magnitude of force = 50 N

(b) Distance covered by the bullet after penetration in the wooden block (S) = ?
using S = ut + \(\frac{1}{2}\)at2
= 15 × 0.03 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) × (- 5000) × (0.03)2
= 4.5 + (- 2.25)
= 4.5 – 2.25
S = 2.25 m

Question 15.
An object of mass 1 kg travelling in straight line with a velocity of 10 ms-1 collides with it and sticks to a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg. Then both move off together in the same straight line. Calculate the total momentum before the impact and just after the impact. Also calculate the velocity of combined object.
Solution:
Mass of the object (m1) = 1 kg
Initial velocity of the object (u1) = 10 ms-1
Mass of the wooden block (m2) = 5 kg
Initial velocity of the wooden block (u2) = 0 [Wooden block at rest]
Suppose ‘υ’ is the velocity of the combination of the object and wooden block after collision
∴ Before collision total momentum of the object and block
= m1u1 + m2u2
= 1 × 10 + 5 × 0
= 10 + 0
= 10kg ms-1 ……………… (i)
After collision. Total momentum of the object and block = m1υ + m2υ
= (m1 + m2) × υ
= (1 + 5) × υ
= 6υ kg m – ms ……… (ii)
According to the law of conservation of momentum,
Total momentum of the combinations before collision = Total momentum of the combination after collision 10 = 6υ
υ = \(\frac{10}{6}\)
∴ υ = \(\frac{5}{3}\) ms-1
= 1.67 ms-1
Substituting the value of υ in (ii) above
∴ Total momentum of the combination (after collision) = 6υ
= 6 × \(\frac{5}{3}\)
= 10kg – ms-1

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Question 16.
An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 5 ms-1 to 8 ms-1 in 6s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of the object. Also find the force exerted on the object.
Solution:
Here, mass of the object (m) = 100kg
Initial velocity of the object (u) = 5ms-1
Final velocity of the object (v) = 8ms-1
Time interval (t) = 6s
Initial momentum of the object (p1) = m × u
= 100 × 5 = 500 kg – ms-1
Final momentum of the object (p2) = m × υ
= 100 × 8 = 800 kg – ms-1
Force acting on the object (F) = \(\frac{p_{2}-p_{1}}{t}\)
= \(\frac{(800-500) \mathrm{kg}-\mathrm{ms}^{-1}}{6 \mathrm{~s}}\)
= 50kg – ms-2 = 50N

Question 17.
Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motor car that was moving with a high velocity on an express-way when an insect hit the windshield and got struck on wind-screen. Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of motor car (because change in the velocity of insect was much more than that of motor car). Akhtar said that since the motor car was moving with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on the insect. As a result, the insect died. Rahul while putting in entirely new explanation said that both the motor car and the insect experienced the same force and same change in their momentum. Comment on these suggestions.
Answer:
I agree with Rahul’s explanation. According to law of conservation of momentum, during collision, the momentum of the system (insect and motor car) remains conserved. Therefore, both insect and motor car experience the same force and hence same change in momentum. The insect having smaller mass would suffer greater change in velocity as a result of this, it will crush the insect while the motor car does not suffer any noticeable change in velocity.

Question 18.
How much momentum will a dumbbell of mass 10 kg transfer to the floor if it falls from a height of 80 cm? Take its downward acceleration to be 10 ms-2.
Solution:
Here, momentum of the dumb-bell (m) = 10 kg
Initial velocity of the bell (u) = 0 (at rest)
Distance covered by the bell (S) = (h) = 80 cm
= 0.80 m
Acceleration of the ball (a) = 10 ms-2 (downward direction)
Let υ be the final velocity of the bell on reaching the ground.
Using υ2 – u2 = 2aS
υ2 – (0)2 = 2 × 10 × 0.80
υ2 = 2 × 10 × 0.80
or υ2 = 16
∴ Final velocity of the bell (υ) = \(\sqrt{16}\) = 4ms
Momentum transferred by the bell to the floor (p) = m × υ
= 10 × 4 = 40 kg – ms-1

Science Guide for Class 9 PSEB Force and Laws of Motion InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following has more inertia:
(a) rubber ball and a stone of the same size?
(b) a bicycle and a train?
(c) a five rupees coin and a one-rupee coin?
Answer:
We know that mass of an object is the measure of its inertia. The more is the mass of an object, the more is its inertia hence.
(a) a stone of the same size has more inertia than a rubber ball.
(b) a train has more inertia than a bicycle.
(c) a ₹ 5 coin has more inertia than ₹ 1 coin because a ₹ 5 coin has more mass than a ₹ 1 coin.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Question 2.
In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the ball changes:
“A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the football towards the goal-keeper. The goal-keeper of opposite team collects the football and kicks it towards a player of his own team”. Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case.
Answer:
To push, to strike or to pull, all these activities act as a force for changing the velocity or for changing the direction of motion of the object. Therefore, in the above given example the velocity of ball changes four times.

  1. First time the football player of first-team kicks the football to another player of his team and thus changes the velocity of the football.
  2. In second time velocity changes when the second player kicks the football towards the goal-keeper of the opposite team and applies force on the ball.
  3. Third time the goal-keeper pushes the ball and reduces its velocity to zero by applying force.
  4. The goal-keeper now applies a force by kicking the football towards player of his team. In this case the force increases the velocity of the football.

Question 3.
Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from the tree if we vigorously shake its branch.
Answer:
Before shaking, the branch of the tree, both the branch and leaves were at rest. When we shake the branch of the tree, branch moves but the leaves remain at rest due to inertia of rest and get detached from the branch.

Question 4.
Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and falls backward when it accelerates from rest?
Answer:
When the bus is moving, whole of our body is moving forward. When brakes are applied, the lower part of our body touching the bus (e.g., feet etc.) comes to rest and upper part of the body not touching the bus continue move forward due to inertia of motion and fall in forward direction.

When the bus suddenly starts and accelerates from rest, the lower part of our body starts moving forward (accelerating) along with the bus while upper part of our body tends to remain at rest due to inertia of rest and we fall backward.

Question 5.
If action is always equal to reaction, explain how a horse can pull a cart?
Answer:
According to Newton’s third law of motion “Action and Reaction are equal and opposite.”
The horse pulls (Action) the cart with some force in the forward direction and the cart applies equal force on the cart in the backward direction (Reaction). These two forces balance each other. When the horse pushes the ground with its feet in the backward direction with force P along OP it gets reaction R due to ground along OR in the upward direction.
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion 2
This force of reaction can be resolved into two rectangular components.
1. Vertical component ‘V’ which balances the weight mg of the horse and cart in the downward direction.
The horizontal component ‘H’ which helps to move the cart in the forward direction. The force of friction between wheels and ground acts in the backward direction but the horizontal component ‘H’ acts in the forward direction is more than the backward force of friction, it succeeds to move the cart forward.

Question 6.
Explain why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large amount of water at a high velocity?
Answer:
Water is ejected from rubber hose in forward direction with a force (action), it exerts an equal reaction on the hose in backward direction. Due to backward reaction, fire man finds it difficult to hold the hose.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion

Question 7.
From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet df> mass 50 g is fired with an initial velocity of 35 m s-1. Calculate the recoil velocity of the rifle.
Solution:
Mass of the bullet (m1) = 50 g = 0.05 kg
Mass of the rifle (m2) = 4 kg
Initial velocity of the bullet (u1) = 0
Initial velocity of the rifle (u2) = 0
Final velocity of the bullet (υ1) = 35 m s-1
Final velocity of the rifle (υ2) = ?
According to the law of conservation of momentum,
Total initial momentum of bullet and rifle = Total final momentum of the bullet and rifle.
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion 3
∴ Negative sign indicates that the rifle moves in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the bullet.

Question 8.
Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same line and direction with velocities of 2 ms-1 and 1ms-1 respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first object moves with a velocity of 1.67 m s-1. Determine the velocity of the second object.
Solution:
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion 4
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion 5
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion 6

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Hindi Grammar anek shabdon ke liye ek shabd अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Grammar अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

निम्नलिखित वाक्यांशों के लिए एक शब्द लिखिए
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द 1
उत्तर:
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द 2

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

निम्नलिखित बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
जो कहा न जा सके के लिए एक शब्द है-
(क) अकथ
(ख) अकहानीय
(ग) अगोचर
(घ) अनंत।
उत्तर:
(क) अकथ

प्रश्न 2.
जो देखा न जा सके के लिए एक शब्द है
(क) अमूर्त
(ख) अदृश्य
(ग) निराकार
(घ) निरंजन।
उत्तर:
(ख) अदृश्य

प्रश्न 3.
जो कभी न मरता हो के लिए एक शब्द है-
(क) अवध्य
(ख) अगम
(ग) अमर
(घ) अधोरी।
उत्तर:
(ग) अमर

प्रश्न 4.
जिसका आकार हो के लिए एक शब्द है,
(क) आर्कारी
(ख) साकार
(ग) सार्कारी
(घ) आर्कारीय।
उत्तर:
(ख) साकार

प्रश्न 5.
जो सब कुछ जानता हो के लिए एक शब्द है, अज्ञानी (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 6.
जो ईश्वर को न मानता हो के लिए एक शब्द है, नास्तिक (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

प्रश्न 7.
जो प्रतिदिन होता हो के लिए एक शब्द है, दैनिक (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 8.
जो आकाश में उड़ते हों के लिए एक शब्द है, नभीय (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 9.
जिसके माता-पिता न हो के लिए एक शब्द है, अनादि (सही या ग़लत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 10.
पीछे-पीछे चलने वाला के लिए एक शब्द है, अनुगामी (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ।

बोर्ड परीक्षा में पूछे गए प्रश्न निम्नलिखित में से किसी एक वाक्यांश (अनेक शब्दों) के लिए एक शब्द लिखिए

वर्ष
डाक बाँटने वाला, आलोचना करने वाला।
उत्तर:
डाक बाँटने वाला = डाकिया
आलोचना करने वाला = आलोचक।

ईश्वर में विश्वास रखने वाला, वर्ष में एक बार होने वाला।
उत्तर:
ईश्वर में विश्वास रखने वाला = आस्तिक
वर्ष में एक बार होने वाला = वार्षिक।

उपकार को मानने वाला, कम खाने वाला।
उत्तर:
उपकार को मानने वाला = कृतज्ञ
कम खाने वाला = अल्पाहारी, मिताहारी।

वर्ष
समाज से संबंधित, देश से द्रोह करने वाला
उत्तर:
समाज से संबंधित = सामाजिक
देश से द्रोह करने वाला = देशद्रोही।

जिसका पार न हो, डाक बाँटने वाला।
उत्तर:
जिसका पार न हो = अपार
डाक बाँटने वाला = डाकिया।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

गाँव में रहने वाला, कृषि कर्म करने वाला।
उत्तर:
गाँव में रहने वाला = ग्रामीण
कृषि कर्म करने वाला = कृषक।

वर्ष
पूर्वजों से प्राप्त हुई सम्पत्ति, जो नीति का ज्ञाता हो।
उत्तर:
पूर्वजों से प्राप्त हुई सम्पत्ति = पैतृक सम्पत्ति,
जो नीति का ज्ञाता हो = नीतिज्ञ।

प्रश्न 1.
वाक्यांश बोधक शब्द किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
जो शब्द अनेक शब्दों के स्थान पर अकेले ही बोलने या लिखने के लिए प्रयोग में लाए जाते हैं उन्हें वाक्यांश बोधक शब्द कहते हैं, जैसे- कृतघ्न, सदाचारी, अवसरवादी, नास्तिक आदि।

प्रश्न 2.
अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक ही शब्द/वाक्यांश का प्रयोग भाषा में क्यों किया जाता है?
उत्तर:
अनेक शब्दों के लिए केवल एक ही शब्द/वाक्यांश का प्रयोग भाषा की सहजता, सुंदरता, संक्षिप्तता और प्रभावात्मकता को बढ़ाने के लिए किया जाता है। इससे कम-से-कम शब्दों में अधिक-से-अधिक भाव अभिव्यक्त किए जा सकते हैं। इसमें एक ही शब्द संपूर्ण वाक्य को अपने भीतर समेटे रहता है। उदाहरण-
जिसका जन्म न हो सके – अजन्मा
जिसके समान कोई दूसरा न हो – अद्वितीय
जिसका कोई शत्रु न हो – अजातशत्रु
बिना वेतन के काम करने वाला – अवैतनिक
विद्या ग्रहण करने वाला – विद्यार्थी’

अनेक शब्द/वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द के उदाहरण-

अनेक शब्द/वाक्यांश – एक शब्द
जहाँ पहुँचा न जा सके – अगम्य
अचानक होने वाली बात या घटना – आकस्मिक
अवसर के अनुसार बदल जाने वाला – अवसरवादी
अपना मतलब निकालने वाले – स्वार्थी, मतलबी
दूसरे के पीछे चलने वाला – ‘अनुयायी, अनुचर, अनुगामी
न करने योग्य – अकरणीय
आँखों के सामने होने वाला – प्रत्यक्ष
बिना वेतन काम करने वाला – अवैतनिक
आँखों के सामने न होने वाला – परोक्ष
कम जानने वाला – अल्पज्ञ
आलोचना करने वाला – आलोचक
तेज बुद्धि वाला – कुशाग्र बुद्धि
आगे या भविष्य की सोचने वाला – दूरदर्शी
बरे मार्ग पर चलने वाला – कुमार्गी
ईश्वर में विश्वास रखने वाला – आस्तिक
हानि को पूरा करना – क्षतिपूर्ति
ईश्वर में विश्वास न रखने वाला – नास्तिक
बड़ी इमारत के टूटे-फूटे भाग – खंडहर
उपकार को न मानने वाला – कृतज्ञ
चारों वेदों को जानने वाला – चतुर्वेदी
उपकार को न मानने वाला – कृतघ्न
बहुत समय तक बना रहने वाला – चिरस्थायी
ऊपर कहा गया – उपर्युक्त

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

जल में रहने वाला – जलचर
कम खाने वाला – अल्पाहारी, मिताहारी
जानने की इच्छा रखने वाला – जिज्ञासु
किसी विषय का विशेष ज्ञान रखने वाला – विशेषज्ञ
छोटा भाई – अनुज
कुछ जानने की इच्छा रखने वाला – जिज्ञासु
दूसरे देश से मँगाया जाना – आयात
जिसका आदि न हो – अनादि
उपजाऊ भूमि – उर्वरा
जिसका आचरण अच्छा हो – सदाचारी
उद्योग से संबंधित – औद्योगिक
किए हुए उपकार को मानने वाला – कृतघ्न
संध्या और रात्रि के बीच का समय – गोधूलि
आकाश को छूने वाला – गगनचुंबी
रोगी का इलाज करने वाला – चिकित्सक
जनता द्वारा चलाया जाने वाला राज – जनतंत्र
तीन मास में एक बार होने वाला – त्रैमासिक
बच्चों के लिए उपयोगी – बालोपयोगी
दूसरे के काम में हाथ डालना – हस्तक्षेप
अपना नाम स्वयं लिखना – हस्ताक्षर
जिसके हाथ में वीणा हो – वीणापति
जिसके पास लाखों रुपये हों – लखपति
जिसका इलाज न हो – लाइलाज
जिसका आचरण अच्छा हो – सदाचारी
जिसका आचरण बुरा हो – दुराचारी
जिसकी आत्मा महान् हो – महात्मा
जिसका कोई अर्थ हो। – सार्थक
जिसका मूल्य न आँका जा सके – अमूल्य
जिसका कोई अर्थ न हो – निरर्थक
जिसके हाथ में चक्र हो – चक्रपाणि
जिसका आकार न हो – निराकार
जिस पर उपकार किया गया हो – उपकृत
जिसका पार न हो – अपार
जिसका कोई स्वामी या नाथ न हो – अनाथ
जिसका भाग्य अच्छा न हो – अभागा, भाग्यहीन
जिसका जन्म न हो सके – अजन्मा
जिसकी परीक्षा ली जा रही हो – परीक्षार्थी
जिसका इलाज न हो सके – असाध्य
जिसकी आयु बड़ी लम्बी हो – दीर्घायु
जिसका विश्वास न किया जा सके – अविश्वसनीय
जिसकी बहुत अधिक चर्चा हो – बहुचर्चित
जिसका मन और ध्यान दूसरी तरफ़ हो – अन्यमनस्क
जिसकी कोई फीस न ली जाए – निःशुल्क
जिसका मूल्य न आँका जा सके – अमूल्य
जिसकी गिनती न की जा सके – अगणनीय
जिसका पति मर गया हो – विधवा
जिसका कोई शत्रु न हो – अजातशत्रु
जिसकी पत्नी मर गई हो – विधुर
जिसका पति जीवित हो – सधवा/सुहागिन
जिसे क्षमा न किया जा सके – अक्षम्य
जिसने ऋण चुका दिया हो – उऋण
जिसने अपनी इन्द्रियों पर विजय पा ली हो – जितेन्द्रिय
जिस पर अभियोग लगाया गया हो – अभियुक्त/प्रतिवादी
जो हाथ से लिखित हो – हस्तलिखित
जो कुछ न करता हो – अकर्मण्य
जो लोगों में प्रिय हो। – लोकप्रिय
जो सबसे आगे रहता हो – अग्रणी, अग्रगामी, अगग्रण्य
जो शरण में आया हो – शरणागत
जो अनुकरण करने योग्य हो – अनुकरणीय
जो सरलता से प्राप्त हो – सुलभ
जो धन का अपव्यय करता है – अपव्ययी
जो स्वयं सेवा करता हो – स्वयंसेवक
जो थोड़ा बोलता हो – अल्पभाषी/मितभाषी
जो वेतन के बिना काम करे – अवैतनिक
जो सदा रहे/जो कभी मरता न हो – अमर
जो देखा न जा सके – अदृश्य
जो कानून के विरुद्ध हो – अवैध

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

जो साथ-साथ पढ़ते हों – सहपाठी
जो सहन न किया जा सके – असह्य
जो थोड़ी देर पहले पैदा हुआ हो – नवजात
जो पहले न पढ़ा हो – अपठित
जो थोड़ा बोलता हो – मितभाषी
जो आँखों के सामने न हो – अप्रत्यक्ष
जो कम व्यय करता हो – मितव्ययी
जो परिचित न हो – अपरिचित
जो नियम के अनुसार न हो – अनियमित
जो केवल कहने और दिखाने के लिए हो – औपचारिक
जो बात कही ना सके – अकथनीय
जो कल्पना से परे हो – कल्पनातीत
जो पहले न पढ़ा हो – अपठित क
जो व्यक्ति अपनी बुराई के लिए प्रसिद्ध हो – ुख्यात
जो परिचित न हो – अपरिचित
जो निरंतर प्रत्यनशील रहे – कर्मठ
जो कभी तृप्त न हो – अतृप्त
जो पढ़ा-लिखा न हो – अनपढ़/निरक्षर
जो बात न कही गई हो – अनकही
जो उच्च कुल में पैदा हुआ हो – कुलीन
जो कार्य कष्ट से साध्य हो – कष्ट साध्य/दुःसाध्य
जो कड़वा बोलता हो – कटुभाषी
जो क्षमा करने योग्य हो। – क्षम्य
जो टुकड़े-टुकड़े हो गया हो – खंडित
जो छिपाने योग्य हो – गोपनीय
जो जन्म से अंधा हो – जन्मांध
जिसकी मीन/मछली जैसी आँखें हों – मीनाक्षी
जिसने यश प्राप्त किया है – यशस्वी
दूसरे लोक से संबंधित – पारलौकिक
मांस खाने वाला – मांसाहारी/समिषभोजी
युद्ध में स्थिर रहने वाला – युधिष्ठर
शक्ति के अनुसार – यथाशक्ति
अत्यंत सुंदर स्त्री – रूपसी
पत्तों से बनी कुटिया – पर्णकुटी
दिन में होने वाला – दैनिक
सप्ताह में एक बार होने वाला – साप्ताहिक
पंद्रह दिन में एक बार होने वाला – पाक्षिक
तीन मास में एक बार होने वाला – त्रैमासिक
वर्ष में एक बार होने वाला – वार्षिक
घूमने फिरने वाला – घुम्मकड़
देश से द्रोह करने वाला – देशद्रोही
छात्रों के रहने का स्थान – छात्रावास
दो कामों में से करने योग्य एक कार्य – वैकल्पिक
चारों वेदों को जानने वाला – चतुर्वेदी
नई चीज़ की खोज करने वाला – आविष्कारक
एक ही जाति के – सजातीय
परदेश में जाकर बस जाने वाला – प्रवासी
हिंसा करने वाला – हिंसक
पश्चिम से सम्बन्ध रखने वाला – पाश्चात्य
शक्ति का उपासक – शाक्त
पूर्वजों से प्राप्त हुई सम्पत्ति – पैतृक
संकट से ग्रस्त – संकटग्रस्त/विपन्न
प्रशंसा करने योग्य – प्रशंसनीय
समान अवस्था का – समवयस्क
बिना विचार किया हुआ विश्वास – अंधविश्वास
युगों से चला आने वाला – सनातन
समाज से संबंधित – सामाजिक
अच्छे चरित्र वाला – सच्चरित्र
सदा रहने वाला – शाश्वत

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द

अपना मतलब निकालने वाला – स्वार्थी
सौ वर्षों का समूह – शताब्दी
साफ़-साफ़ कहने वाला – स्पष्टवादी
हित चाहने वाला – हितैषी, शुभेच्छु
सौतेली माँ – विमाता
जिसमें संदेह हो – संदिग्ध

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Hindi Grammar samroopi bhinnarthak shabd समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Grammar समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द

निम्नलिखित समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द-युग्म का प्रयोग वाक्य में करके अर्थ स्पष्ट कीजिए-
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द 1
उत्तर:
PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द 2

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द

निम्नलिखित बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखिए

प्रश्न 1.
अचल-अचला के अर्थ हैं
(क) असमर्थ-अनुरक्त
(ख) पर्वत-पृथ्वी
(ग) साधन-साध्य
(घ) हिलना-डुलना।
उत्तर:
(ख) पर्वत-पृथ्वी

प्रश्न 2.
अनल-अनिल के अर्थ हैं
(क) आग-पानी
(ख) धूप-छाँव
(ग) आग-हवा
(घ) खट्टा-मीठा।
उत्तर:
(ग) आग-हवा

प्रश्न 3.
कुल-कूल के अर्थ हैं
(क) पूर्ण-अपूर्ण
(ख) वंश-किनारा
(ग) साधन-सहारा
(घ) पूरा-ठंडा।
उत्तर:
(ख) वंश-किनारा

प्रश्न 4.
चिर-चीर के अर्थ हैं
(क) देर-तट
(ख) चीरना-घाव
(ग) देरी-वस्त्र
(घ) चिड़ना-चीखना।
उत्तर:
(ग) देरी-वस्त्र

प्रश्न 5.
क्षिति-क्षति के अर्थ हैं-पृथ्वी-हानि (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 6.
सुत-सूत के अर्थ हैं-पुत्र-सारथी (हाँ या नहीं लिख कर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द

प्रश्न 7.
तुरंग-तरंग के अर्थ हैं-मौज-मस्ती (हाँ या नहीं लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 8.
बलि-बली के अर्थ हैं-भेंट-बलवान (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 9.
कर्म-क्रम के अर्थ हैं-काम-सिलसिला (हाँ या नहीं लिख कर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 10.
अंस-अंश के अर्थ हैं-हिस्सा-कंधा (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत।

निम्नलिखित में से किसी एक समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द-युग्म का प्रयोग वाक्य में इस तरह करें ताकि उनका अर्थ स्पष्ट हो जाए-

वर्ष
1. असमान-आसमान, प्रणाम-प्रमाण।
उत्तर:
असमान = सुरेश उसके असमान है।
आसमान = आसमान में अनेक तारे हैं।
प्रणाम = पुत्र ने पिता को प्रणाम किया।
प्रमाण = प्रमाण के अभाव में आरोपी को आरोप मुक्त कर दिया गया।

2. उधार-उद्धार, प्रहार-परिहार।
उत्तर:
उधार = राम ने सुरेश को सौ रुपये उधार दिए।
उद्धार = सच्चे भक्त का उद्धार परमात्मा करते हैं।
प्रहार = गुंडे ने चाकू से दो प्रहार किए।
परिहार = स्वामी जी मोहमाया का परिहार कर चुके हैं।

3. राज-राज़, माँस-मास।
उत्तर:
राज = राजा अशोक ने भारत पर कई वर्षों तक राज किया।
राज़ = मुझे नरेश से राज़ की बात जाननी है।
माँस = शेर हिरण का माँस खा रहा था।
मास = दीपावली कार्तिक मास में मनाई जाती है।

वर्ष
1. गृह, ग्रह, धरा, धारा
उत्तर;
गृह = आपका गृह तो बड़ा भव्य है।
ग्रह = कुछ लोग शनि ग्रह को कष्टकारी मानते हैं।
धरा = यह धरा ही तो हमें अनाज प्रदान करती है।
धारा = गंगा की धारा देखने योग्य है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द

2. सुत, सूत, मातृ, मात्र
उत्तर:
सुत = मेरा सुत भी अभी घर पहुंचा है।
सूत = आप तो बड़ा बारीक सूत कातते हैं।
मातृ’ = हमें जन्म देने वाली मातृ तो पूजनीय है।
मात्र = मेरी तो आपसे मिलने मात्र की इच्छा थी।

3. सूखी, सुखी, सास, साँस
उत्तर:
सूखी = इस सूखी धरती पर तो फसल नष्ट हो जाएगी।
सुखी = ईश्वर आपको सदा सुखी रखे।
सास = कल मेरी सास यहाँ आएगी।
साँस = रोगी की साँस मंद होती जा रही थी।

प्रश्न 1.
‘समरूपी भिन्नार्थक’ शब्द से क्या तात्पर्य है?
उत्तर:
विश्व-भर की सभी भाषाओं में कुछ ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जो उच्चारण में प्रायः समानता रखते हैं लेकिन उनके अर्थ में भिन्नता होती है। ऐसे शब्दों को समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द कहते हैं। इन्हें श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्द भी कहते हैं। इन शब्दों का प्रयोग अलग-अलग प्रसंगों में किया जाता है। जैसे-
(क) इत्र-सुगंधित पदार्थ
इतर-अन्य, दूसरा

(ख) गृह-घर
ग्रह-नक्षत्र

(ग) कृपण-कंजूस
कृपाण-तलवार

(घ) सुत-बेटा
सूत–सारथी/धागा

(ङ) ओर-तरफ
और-तथा

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द

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PSEB 10th Class Hindi Vyakaran समरूपी भिन्नार्थक शब्द 8
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