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PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

October 11, 2024October 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 22 National Movement 1919-1947 A.D.

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
When and from which country Mahatma Gandhiji came back to India?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji came back in 1891 A.D. from England and then again came back to India from South Africa in 1915 A.D.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Satyagraha Movement?
Answer:
Satyagraha was one of the largest weapons of Mahatma Gandhi. According to it, he used to keep fast or to set on protest. Many a time he used to keep hunger strike.

Question 3.
Where and when Jallianwala Bagh tragedy occurred?
Answer:
Massacre of Jallianwala Bagh took place on 13th April 1919 A.D. at Amritsar.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Khilafat Movement?
Answer:
Indian Muslims believed that the Sultan of Turkey was their Khalifa and religious leader. He was not treated well by the British after the First World War. That’s why Muslims started a movement against the British which was known as Khilafat movement.

Question 5.
Write down the names of the persons who left their law practices during the non-cooperation.
Answer:
Moti Lai Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.R. Dass, Sardar Patel, Lala Lajpat Rai, etc.

Question 6.
When and why Simon Commission was appointed?
Answer:
Simon Commission was appointed in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919 A.D.

Question 7.
When and where, by whom was founded the Nau-Jawan Bharat Sabha?
Answer:
Nau-Jawan Bharat Sabha was founded by Sardar Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and Bhagwati Charan Vohra at Lahore in 1926 A.D.

Question 8.
Write down a note on Simon Commission.
Or
What do you know about Simon Commission?
Answer:
The British government appointed Simon Commission and sent it to India in 1928 A.D. to check the Reform Act of 1919. This Commisson had seven members but none of them was an Indian. So this commission was strongly opposed with black flags and slogans like ‘Simon go back’. Police started canning the revolutionaries. As a result Lala Lajpat Rai got hurt in this canning and later on he died because of these wounds.

Question 9.
Write down a note on civil disobedience movement. .
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930-1934 A.D. to attain freedom from the British. He broke the Salt Law at a place named Dandi on the coast of Gujarat. Encouraged by this incident, people of all the coastal areas started violating the Salt Law. A pact was signed between Gandhiji and Lord Irwin in 1931 A.D. All those who had violated the law were freed. Gandhiji went to England to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. But no satisfactory solution to the Indian problems could be found there. ^On his return from England, Gandhiji again started the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji was arrested and sent to jail. Government declared Indian National Congress illegal to suppress this movement and leaders of Congress were sent to jail. Police fired at people at many places. But the British government was unable to suppress this movement.

Question 10.
Write down a note on Quit India Movement.
Answer:
The British fought Second World War against Japan. So Japan decided to attack India because India was under the British rule. Gandhiji thought.that if the British could left India then Japan would not attack India. So Gandhiji started Quit India Movement on 8th August 1942 A.D. Government arrested Gandhiji and other Congress leaders on 9th August 1942 A.D. People got angry with this and they severely damaged police stations, government buildings, post offices and railway stations. Government also used repressive policies but was unable to suppress the revolutionaries.
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Question 11.
Write down a note on Azad Hind Fauj.
Answer:
Indian National Army was founded by Subhash Chandra Bose in Japan. His objective was to free India from the British rule. Those Indian soldiers were included in Indian National Army who were captivated during the Second World War by Japan. Subhash Chandra Bose gave many slogans such as ‘Delhi Chalo’, ‘Give me blood, I will give you freedom’, ‘Jai Hind’ etc. But Japan was defeated in Second World War. So Indian National Army was unsuccessful in getting India free. Subhash Chandra Bose died in an air crash in 1945 A.D. A number of soldiers of Indian National Army were arrested by the British. That’s why Indian people did strikes, protest and demonstrate in whole of the country. So the British made free all the soldiers of Indian National Army.

Question 12.
Explain the Gandhian Era.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi holds the highest place in the history of modern India. He made the maximum contribution to the freedom struggle of India. He faced the British with Non-violence and Satyagraha and forced them to leave India.

A brief description of the life and activities of this great freedom fighter is as under :
Birth and Education: Gandhiji’s name was Mohan Das Karam Chand Gandhi. He was born on 2nd Oct., 1869 A.D. at Porbander in Kathiawar. Gandhiji received his early education in India and went to England for his higher education. He became a barrister and came back to India.

Political Life: After returning from England, he worked as lawyer for some time. But later, he went to South Africa.
When he reached South Africa, he was pained to see that the Indians were not treated well by the whites. Gandhiji could not tolerate it. He started Satyagraha movement there and helped Indians to get their demands accepted by the African Government.

Gandhiji in India: In 1915, Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa. The First World War was going on at that time. The British Government was engaged in this war. It was badly in need of men and money. So, Gandhiji appealed to the people to cooperate with the British. He wanted to win over the British by helping them. He believed that the British would grant freedom to India after winning the war.
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But contrary to his belief, the British passed the Rowlatt Act. Gandhiji was very much pained by these Black Bills and he started satyagraha against them.

Non-Cooperation Movement: Gandhiji started the Non-Cooperation Movement against the British in 1920. Public completely cooperated with Mahatma Gandhi. The government tried to suprress the movement forcefully. But Gandhiji withdrew the movement on account of some incident of violence in 1922.

Civil Disobedience Movement: In 1930, Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement. He violated salt laws by preparing salt from sea water. He broke the salt law on the sea coast at Dandi in Gujarat in March, 1930. The people started defying the salt laws at various places. Consequently, the government was frustrated and Indians were given the right to prepare salt.

Quit India Movement. The main aim of Gandhiji was to free India. He started Quit India Movement in 1942 to achieve his aim. Lakhs of people took part in the movement and suffered heavy losses. Though the movement failed, yet it made clear that the British would have to quit India soon.

Other Works: Gandhiji did a lot to uplift the status of all the Indians. He gave the message of wearing Khadi to remove poverty from India. He gave the message of brotherhood to stop communal riots in the country.

Death: On 30th January, 1948 A.D. Gandhiji was shot dead by Nathu Ram Vinayak Godesey. The whole of the country was plunged into gloom at his death. Indians cannot forget the services of Gandhiji. He is remembered as the ‘Father of the Nation’.

Question 13.
Explain the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation movement against British Government in 1920 A.D.

Following were the main objectives of this movement :

To criticize the atrocities committed on people of Punjab and the policies of British.
To stop injustice committed against Sultan of Turkey (Khalifa)
To establish unity among Hindus and Muslims.
To achieve Swaraj (freedom) from British Government.

Program of Non-Cooperation Movement :

To give up government jobs.
To return government or official titles.
Not to take part in government festivals and meetings.
Not to use foreign-made goods. Instead country-made goods should be used.
To boycot government courts and disputes should be resolved through Panchayats.
To use Khadi cloth made by charkha.

Progress of Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi returned his title of ‘Kesar-e-Hind’ to the government. He appealed the people to take part in his movement. Many Indians gave up their government jobs and titles. Thousands of students left their schools and colleges. They started to study in Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Tilak Vidyapeeth, etc. Hundreds of Lawyers left their legal practice. Moti Lai Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C.R. Dass, Sardar Patel, Lala Lajpat Rai also left their legal practice. People sacrificed foreign made clothes and started tctuse Khadi clothes made by charkha.

Government arrested thousands of people to suppress this movement. Congress session was going on at village Chauri-Chaura of Gorakhpur distt. of Uttar Pradesh in 1922 A.D. Around 3000 farmers were taking part in it. Police fired bullets ut them. Farmers became angry, they attacked the police station and set it on fire. As a,result 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji became furious he took back Non-Cooperation’Movement at Bardauli on 12th February in 1922 A.D.

Importance: Yet the Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi but still it gave an important contribution in spreading National movement.

People of almost all the classes took part in this movement with which national consciousness occurred among them.
Females also took part in it. Their self-confidence increased with this.
Popularity of Congress party increased with this movement.
Some leaders of Congress were furious with Mahatma Gandhi because of calling off the movement. Pandit Moti Lai Nehru and C.R. Dass were some of them. So they founded ‘Swaraj party’ on 1923 A.D. to achieve freedom from the British.

Question 14.
Explain the Revolutionary movement.
Answer:
Revolutionary movement was also started in India for getting freedom from the British rule. Their brief description is given below :
1. Babbar Akali Movement: Some Akali Sikh leaders wanted to run Gurudwara reform movement in a violent way. They were known as Babbar Akalis. Their leader Kishan Singh founded a ‘Chakravarti Jatha’ and raised his voice against repressive policies of British at Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar. He along with his 186 friends was arrested on 20th February 1923. Five out of them were hanged.

2. Young India Society (Naujawan Bharat Sabha): Young India Society was founded at Lahore in 1926 A.D. It’s founder members were Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Bhagwaticharan Vohra, Sukhdev, etc.

Main Objectives: The following were the main objectives of this society :

To deveop feeling of sacrifice.
To develop sense of patriotism among the people.
To spread revolutionary ideas among the masses.

Membership: All the males-females of 18 to 35 years of age were free to become members of this society. Only those persons could become members who believed in their programmes. Many males and females of Punjab gave their cooperation to this society. Durga Devi Vohra, Sushila Mohan, Amar Kaur, Parvati Devi and Lilawati were some of its members.

Activities: Members of this society were fully active at the time of arrival of Simon Commission. Revolutionaries took out strong procession against Simon Commission under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai. The British police caned that procession. Lala Lajpat Rai was severely hurt in this canning. He died on 17th November 1928 A.D. Meantime, all the revolutionaries of India made their central organization called ‘Indian Socialist Republic Association’. Members of Young India Society started to carry on activities with this association.

Assembly Bomb Case: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt surrendered themselves by throwing bombs in legislative assembly on 8th April 1929 A.D. Pobce also arrested two other revolutionaries—Sukhdev and Rajguru.

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on”23rd March 1931 A.D. on the charges of murder of Police officer Mr. Sanderas. But it is one of the hard facts that Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life and set an example which could motivate .the coming generations.

Question 15.
Explain about Gurudwara reforms movement.
Answer:
Gurudwara reform movement was started, during the period of 1920-1925 A.D., to remove occupation of Gurudwaras of Punjab from the clutches of Mahants. This movement is also known as Akali Movement because Akalis made possible to remove Mahants from Gurudwaras.

Akali Dal started many morchas for making Gurudwara reform movement successful. Brief description of some of these morchas is as below :
1. Morcha of Nankana Sahib. Mahant Narayan Dass of Nankana Sahib was a characterless person. One peaceful Jatha reached Nankana Sahib on 20 February 1921 A.D. to remove him from the Gurudwara. This Jatha was badly treated by Mahant. His goons attacked the Jatha. Leader of Jatha Laxman Singh and some of his supporters were burnt alive by the Mahant.

2. Morcha of Keys of Treasury of Harmandar Sahib. Keys of treasury of Harmandar Sahib were with the British. Shiromani Committee demanded those keys but British denied to hand over keys to them. Sikhs protested against British for their denial of handing over the keys. Many sikhs were arrested by the British. Congress and Khilafat Committee supported the British. So finally the British handed over the keys of treasury to the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (S.G.P.C.)

3. Morcha of ‘Guru Ka Bagh’. Gurudwara ‘Guru Ka Bagh’ is situated in Ajnala sub¬division and around 13 miles from Amritsar. This Gurudwara was under possession of Mahant Sunder Dass who was a characterless person. Shiromani Committee sent a Jatha under the leadership of Daan Singh on 23rd August 1921 A.D. to take over the possession of this Gurudwara. Members of this Jatha were arrested by the British. Sikhs got furious with this. They started sending more and more Jathas to Gurudwara. These Jathas were also badly treated. Its members were even canned by the police.

4. Incident of Punja Sahib. The Government decided to send Sikhs arrested in ‘Guru Ka Bagh’ Morcha to Attock through railway. Sikhs of Punja Sahib urged the government to stop train at Hassan Abdal so that arrested Sikhs could be given food. But Government denied that request. Then Bhai Karan Singh and Bhai Pratap Singh jtood in front of train and got martyrdom. Except the martyrdom of these two Sikhs, body parts of many Sikhs were cut down.

5. Jaito Morcha. In 1923 A.D., the British dethroned Ripudaman Singh, the ruler of Nabha, without any reason. Shiromani Akali Dal and other patriot Sikhs decided to hold a big rally at Gurudwara Gangasar (Jaito). On 21st February, 1924 A.D. a Jatha of five hundred Akalis started for Gurudwara Gangasar. They had to face British army when they reached Nabha. The Sikhs were unarmed. Consequently, more than 100 Sikhs achieved martyrdom and about 200 were injured.

6. Sikh Gurudwara Act. In 1925 A.D., the Punjab Government passed the Sikh Gurudwara Act. According to this Act, the management of the Gurudwaras came into the hands of the Sikhs and the government released all the Sikhs from the jails in due course of time.

So, the Sikhs made many sacrifices in the Akali movement. On the one hand, they saved the Gurudwaras from the Mahants who were puppets in the hands of the British and on the other hand, they created a spirit of hatred among the Indians against the British which continued till the achievement of independence.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi started ____________ movement in India against the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Non Cooperation

Question 2.
Mahatma Gandhi ji postponed the Non-Cooperation in ____________________
Answer:
1922 A.D

Question 3.
Nankana Sahib Gurdwara’s Mahant _________________ was characterless person.
Answer:
Narayan Das

Question 4.
There were ____________ members of Simon Commission, which was sent in India in 1928 A.D.
Answer:
Seven

Question 5.
On 26th January 1930 A.D. an ________________ day was celebrated in India.
Answer:
Independence.

III. Write ‘True or False’ in brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi Ji surrendered the title of Kesar-I-Hind to the government.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Swaraj Party was established by Mahatma Gandhi Ji.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Bhagat Singh and his companions founded Naujwan Bharat Sabha in 1926 A.D.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
On 5th April, 1930 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi Ji broke the Salt Law in a village Dandi by making salt from the sea water.
Answer:
True.

IV. Match the words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Non Violence	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh
2. Quit India Movement	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi Ji
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iii) On 8th August, 1942
4. Jaito Morcha	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh

Answer:

A	B
1. Non Violence	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi Ji
2. Quit India Movement	(iii) On 8th August, 1942
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh
4. Jaito Morcha	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide National Movement 1919-1947 A.D. Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
_______ movement started side by side with Non-Cooperation movement.
(a) Swadeshi and boycott
(b) Quit India
(c) Khilafat
(d) Civil Disobedience.
Answer:
(c) Khilafat.

Question 2.
Gandhiji started _______ movement in 1920 AD.
(a) Non Cooperation
(b) Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c) Quit India
(d) Civil Disobedience.
Answer:
(a) Non Cooperation.

Question 3.
Non Cooperation movement was called off due to violence occured at _______ in U.P.
(a) Lucknow
(b) Chauri Chaura
(c) Benaras
(d) Meerut.
Answer:
(b) Chauri Chaura.

Question 4.
_______ founded Naujawan Sahha in 1925-26 AD.
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Chandrashekhar
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(a) Bhagat Singh.

Question 5.
In _______ Session, Congress passed a resolution demanding Purna Swaraj.
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lahore
(d) Kanpur.
Answer:
(c) Lahore.

Question 6.
Indian National Congress, in 1929 Session, decided to celebrate _______ as Independence Day.
(a) 15 August
(b) 26 January
(c) 17 August
(d) 19 March.
Answer:
(b) 26 January.

Question 7.
Gandhiji marched to and broke Salt Law.
(a) Gujarat
(b) Surat
(c) Dandi
(d) Ahmedabad.
Answer:
(c) Dandi.

Question 8.
The first phase of Civil disobedience Movement ended in
(a) 1929 A.D.
(b) 1928 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1930 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1930 A.D.

Question 9.
Second phase of Civil Disobedience Movement Started in
(a) 1932 A.D.
(b) 1933 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1934 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1932 A.D.

Question 10.
Civil Disobedience Movement ended in
(a) 1932 A.D.
(b) 1933 A.D.
(c) 1931 A.D.
(d) 1934 A.D.
Answer:
(d) 1934 A.D.

Question 11.
Quit India Movement started in
(a) 1940 A.D.
(b) 1941 A.D.
(c) 1942 A.D.
(d) 1943 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1942 A.D.

Question 12.
Who started Quit India Movement?
(o) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 13.
When did Muslim League demanded Pakistan?
(a) 1930 A.D.
(b) 1935 A.D.
(c) 1940 A.D.
(d) 1945 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1940 A.D.

Question 14.
When did Gandhiji decide to launch a nation wide Styagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act?
(a) 1919 A.D.
(b) 1920 A.D.
(c) 1921 A.D.
(d) 1922A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1919 A.D.

Question 15.
When Cabinet Mission came to India?
(a) March 1945
(b) March 1946
(c) Sept. 1947
(d) Sept. 1946.
Answer:
(b) March 1946.

Question 16.
Which day was observed by Muslim League as Direct Action Day?
(o) 15 Aug, 1945
(b) 26 Jan, 1946
(c) 16 Aug, 1946
(d) 26 Jan, 1947.
Answer:
(c) 16 Aug, 1946.

Question 17.
The person in the given picture gave great contribution in the Indian Freedom struggle. Name the person.
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(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru
(b) Sardar Patel
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Chancira Shekhar Azad.
Answer:
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi started _______ to oppose Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Rowlatt Satyagraha

Question 2.
Mahatma Gandhi withdraw Non-Cooperation Movement in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1922

Question 3.
Mahant _______ of Gurdwara Nankana-Sahib was a characterless person.
Answer:
Narayan Dass

Question 4.
Simon Commission had _______ members.
Answer:
Seven

Question 5.
26th January 1930 A.D. was celebrated as India’s first _______ day.
Answer:
Independence.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
During Non-Cooperation Movement Mahatma Gandhi surrendered the title of Kesar-e-hind.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Swaraj Party was founded by Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
In 1926 A.D. Bhagat Singh and his companions founded Naujwan Bharat Sabha.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 4.
On 5th April, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi made salt at Dandi and broke salt law.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Ahimsa	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh
2. Quit India Movement	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iii) 8th August, 1942
4. Jaiton Morcha	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh

Answer:

A	B
1. Ahimsa Maharaja	(ii) Mahatma Gandhi
2. Quit India Movement	(iii) 8th August, 1942
3. Revolutionary Movement	(iv) Sardar Bhagat Singh
4. Jaiton Morcha	(i) Maharaja Ripudaman Singh

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was Rowlatt Act? Why was it opposed by the people?
Answer:
Rowlatt Act was passed to suppress the movement of the people. According to it, any person could be arrested only on the basis of doubt. That’s why it was opposed by the people.

Question 2.
When did Simon Commission come to India? Which leader lost his life in the anti-demonstration against this Commission?
Answer:
The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. Lala Lajpat Rai was severely wounded by police lathis while leading a procession against the Simon Commission at Lahore. He died of the injuries a few days later.

Question 3.
Write the names of the associates of Bhagat Singh. In which year were they hanged?
Answer:
Sukhdev and Rajguru. They were hanged on 23rd March, 1931 in the Central Jail at Lahore.

Question 4.
When did the Indian National Congress demand Poorna Swaraj?
Answer:
The Indian National Congress demanded Poorna Swaraj or complete independence in 1929 A.D. at its Lahore Session.

Question 5.
When did the Quit India movement start? What was its impact on the British Government?
Answer:
The Quit India movement was started in August 1942 A.D. The Government tried to suppress this movement with full force.

Question 6.
When was the Indian Independence Act passed?
Answer:
The Indian Independence Act was passed on 16th July’, 1947. But it was finally approved by the Crown two days later.

Question 7.
Whose minister was Cripps and what was the reason of his arrival to India in 1942 A.D.?
Answer:
Cripps was a minister of the British Government. The British Government sent him to India in 1942 A.D to satisfy Indians so that they could help the British in the World War II.

Question 8.
Why Non-Cooperation movement was started?
Answer:
One peaceful crowd in Jallianwala Bagh at Amritsar was fired at by the Police. Gandhiji decided to start Non-Cooperation Movement against the British to protest this incident.

Question 9.
When was the Non-Cooperation movement withdrawn and what was its reason?
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn in 1922 A.D. Its reason was violent incident occurred at Chauri-Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 10.
What was the contribution of Lala Lajpat Rai to the freedom struggle of India?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai was a great patriot. He lodged a strong protest against the partition of Bengal. In 1928, he led a procession at Lahore to protest against the Simon Commission. The police cane-charged the processionists as a result of which he received severe injuries. He died of these injuries a few days later.

Question 11.
What was the contribution of Sardar Bhagat Singh to the struggle for freedom?
Answer:
Sardar Bhagat Singh was a great revolutionary. He threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly Hall at Delhi to convey the feelings of the Indians to the British Government. He was also among those revolutionaries who shot dead Mr. Saunders, the Deputy Superintendent of Police at Lahore.

Question 12.
Why was the Civil Disobedience movement started?
Answer:
After the failure of the Non-Cooperation movement, the government passed the laws which were not in the interests of the public. The rates of taxes were so high that a common man was unable to pay. Civil Disobedience movement was started by Gandhiji to mark protest against such laws.

Question 13.
When and by whom Swaraj Party was founded?
Answer:
Swaraj Party was founded by Pt. Moti Lai Nehru and C.R. Dass in 1923 A.D.

Question 14.
What was the objective of Swaraj Party? Was it successful in achieving its objective?
Answer:
Main objective of Swaraj Party was to take part in elections and to struggle for achievement of independence. Swaraj Party got important success in the elections of central assembly and state assemblies held on 1st November 1923 A.D.

Question 15.
When and between whom Poona Pact was signed?
Answer:
Poona Pact was held between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in September 1932 A.D.

Question 16.
On 13th April, 1919, around 20,000 people gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. What was the main reason of their peaceful arrest?
Answer:
To oppose the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of their popular leaders.

Question 17.
Many movements were started in India to gain independence. Do you know when the Quit India movement was started by Gandhiji?
Answer:
In August, 1942.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the life of Gandhiji till 1915 A.D.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji was born on 2nd Oct. 1869 A.D. in the house of Diwan Karam Chand Gandhi at Porbandar of Kathiawar (Gujarat). His mother was Putli Bai. Gandhiji received his early education in India and went to England for higher education. He became barrister and came back to India in 1891 A.D. He went to South Africa in 1893 A.D. Indian people were badly treated over there by the British. Gandhiji criticized it. He started Satyagraha movement over there and Indians were given their rights. Gandhiji came back to India in 1915 A.D.

Question 2.
When and which Act was passed on the basis of Montegue-Chelmsford report? What was written in it?
Answer:
Indians helped the British in First World War. So the British published Montegue- Chelmsford report to please Indians. Act of 1919 A.D. was passed on the basis of this report.

Following were the main points of this Act :

India will remain a part of the British Empire.
Gradually the responsible rule will be established in India.
Indians will be included in every department of state administration.

Question 3.
What were the clauses of Act of 1919 A.D.? Why it was opposed by Indian National Congress?
Answer:
Following were the main clauses of Act of 1919 A.D. :

Through this Act, subjects were divided between Centre and Provinces.
Dyarchy was established in provinces.
The communal electoral system was spread.
System of two houses of the legislative council was made in the Centre.
Members of state Council were increased to 60, and members of Legislative Assembly were increased to 145.
Powers and rights of secretary of states were reduced. Number of members of its council was also reduced.

Indians were not very much pleased with Act of 1919 A.D. So they started Satyagraha movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, to oppose this Act.

Question 4.
Write a note on Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Indian people started the Satyagraha movement in opposition to Act of 1919 A.D. So the British Government passed Rowlatt Act in 1919 A.D. to control the situation. According to this Act, the British government was free to arrest any person without issuing any warrant and without any trial. Arrested person was not allowed to appeal in court against his arrest. So this Act was strongly opposed by the people. Pt. Moti Lai Nehru criticised this Act by saying, “No Appeal, No Vakil and No Dalil.” Gandhiji started Satyagraha movement in whole of the country to oppose Rowlatt Act.

Question 5.
Write a note on the Non-Cooperation movement.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi against British government in 1920 A.D. Main objectives of this movement was to not to cooperate the British government in any manner. This movement was declared in Nagpur session of Congress. Gandhiji appealed the people not to cooperate government in any manner. One definite programme was also prepared. According to it, people sacrificed their government jobs and titles. Mahatma Gandhiji gave back his title of ‘Kesar-e-Hind’. Students left their government schools. Lawyers left their legal practice. Foreign made goods were also sacrificed and people started to use local goods. But people, at a place of Chauri-Chaura, set police station on fire in which many policemen were killed. When Gandhiji listened the incident of violence, he took back this movement.

Question 6.
Write a note on the increasing tension between the Sikhs and the British about the Gurudwaras.
Answer:
The British government always supported the Mahants, the priests of the Gurudwaras. The Sikhs did not like it. These priests had entered the Gurudwaras as Sewadars but during the British rule, they began to consider themselves as the owners of the Gurudwaras. They considered the property of Gurudwaras as their personal property. Patronage of the British was available to the Mahants or priests. So they thought that their hold on the Gurudwaras was safe. They started living a luxurious life. The Sikhs could not tolerate it.

Question 7.
Describe the event of Guru Ka Bagh Morcha.
Answer:
Guru Ka Bagh is situated 13 miles away from Amritsar in Tehsil Ajnala. This Gurudwara was in the possession of Mahant Sunder Dass, who was a characterless person. Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee sent a Jatha on 23 Aug., 1921 A.D. under the leadership of Dhan Singh to take charge of the Gurudwara. The police arrested the members of this Jatha. The Sikhs got annoyed with this incident and sent many more Jathas, which were very cruelly treated by the police. All political parties of the country condemned this action of the government.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on the Jaito Morcha.
Answer:
In July 1932, the British removed Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of Nabha from the throne without any reason. Shiromani Akali Dal and other patriot Sikhs condemned this action of the government and a Jatha of 500 Akalis marched towards Gurudwara Gangasar (Jaito) on 21st February, 1924. On reaching Nabha, they faced the British Army. Many Sikhs were killed and a large number of them were injured. Finally, the Sikhs succeeded in getting their demands accepted by the government.

Question 9.
Write a brief note on the event of Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.
Answer:
The tragedy of the Jallianwala Bagh occurred in 1919 A.D. on the Baisakhi Day. The people of Amritsar were holding a meeting in Jallianwala Bagh on that day to protest against the arrest of their leaders. General Dyer, without giving any warning, ordered his troops to fire on the peaceful meeting. As a result, a wave of discontent and anger spread all over the country. The struggle for freedom took a new turn. Now, it became a struggle of all the people against the foreign rulers.

Question 10.
How the event of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy gave a new turn to freedom struggle of India?
Answer:
Many people were killed due to the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh (13th April 1919 A.D.). This massacre took a new turn to freedom struggle of India. This struggle was limited to few people before the massacre. Now it became the struggle of the masses. Farmers, labourers, students, etc, started to take part in it. Lot of enthusiasm came in freedom struggle with this massacre and the freedom struggle started with great pace.

Question 11.
Write a note on motion of Poorna Swaraj.
Answer:
Indian National Congress passed a resolution of Poorna Swaraj at its annual session on 31st December 1929 A.D. This session was held at Lahore, on the banks of Ravi river, under the presidentship of Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru. This was also decided in this session that if government did not free India quickly then Independence Day will be celebrated in whole of the country on 26th January 1930 A.D. It was also decided to start Satyagraha movement to achieve independence. 26th January 1930 was celebrated as first Independence day in the whole country.

Question 12.
Where Round Table Conferences were held? Briefly describe them.
Answer:
Round Table Conferences were held at London. First Two Conferences. First Round Table Conference was called by the British Government in 1930 A.D. to discuss the report of Simon Commission. But this Conference remained unsuccessful due to boycot of the Congress.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. Gandhiji accepted to suspend Civil Disobedience Movement and to take part in Second Round Table Conference in this Pact. Second Round Table Conference was held in London in Sept. 1931 and Gandhiji demanded to stop the rule of representing Indians in centre and provinces. But he was unsuccessful in meeting his demands. As a result he again started Civil Disobedience Movement on 3rd January 1932 A.D. In the end Gandhiji and other Congress leaders were arrested.

Third Conference. Third Conference was held in 1932 A.D. Gandhiji didn’t take part in it.

Question 13.
Why Cripps Mission was sent to India? Was it been able to satisfy Congress leaders?
Answer:
Second World War started in Sept. 1939 A.D. The British government did not consult the Congress leaders and declared India’s participation iij the war. The Congress leaders criticised this declaration and resigned from provincial legislative councils. The British government sent Cripps Mission to India on March 1942, under Sir Starford Cripps so that the solution of this problem could be found. It put certain proposals before the Congress leaders which were unable to satisfy the Congress leaders.

Question 14.
Write a note on Pakistan’s demand of Muslim League.
Answer:
Muslim League was pleased with the resignations of Congress leaders from provincial legislative councils in 1939 A.D. That’s why leader of League Mohammad Ali Jinnah decided to celebrate Freedom Day on 22nd Sept., 1939 A.D. On 23rd March 1940 A.D., Muslim League demanded Free Pakistan for Muslims by calling two separate nations for Hindus and Muslims. The Britishers also supported Muslim League because they wanted to weaken National movement.

Question 15.
Briefly describe Cabinet Mission and its suggestions.
Answer:
The British government sent the Cabinet Mission, with three members, to India in March 1946 A.D. Its President was Lord Pathik Lawrence. This mission discussed with Indian leaders about political power to be given to India. It also suggested to establish constitutional committee to frame the constitution and to establish interim Government in the country. So according to this suggestion, Jawaharlal Nehru made an interim government in Sept. 1946. Muslim League also joined interim government on 15th Oct. 1946 A.D.

Question 16.
Briefly describe the events after 1946 which led to freedom or division of India.
Answer:
The British Prime Minister Lord Attlee declared on 20th February, 1947 that the British government will free India by 30th June 1948 A.D. Lord Mountbatten came to India as new Viceroy on 22nd March 1947 A.D. He started discussions with the Congress leaders. He declared that India will be made free but it will be divided into two parts— India and Pakistan. Congress accepted this division because it wanted to stop bloodshed and violence in the country.

The British Parliament passed ‘Indian Independence Act’ on 18th July 1947 A.D. As a result, the British rule in India came to an end on 15 August 1947 A.D. and India became free. But India was divided into two parts i.e. India and Pakistan.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On the basis of which theories Mahatma Gandhi tried to achieve freedom to the country?
Answer:
The British didn’t fulfil their promises done with Indians during first world war. So Indians planned to remove the British rule under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi tried to win over freedom on the basis of following theories :
1. Non-Violence. Mahatma Gandhi adopted the policy of peace and non-violence to win over the hearts of the British. Gandhiji was therfollower of truth and non-violence.

2. Satyagraha Movement. Mahatma Gandhi believed in Satyagraha movement. According to this, he used to keep fast for few days or to demonstrate to meet his demands. Whole of the world was attracted towards him when he used to start this type of moVement.

3. Hindu Muslim Unity. Mahatma Gandhi stressed on thje unity of all the Indians especially Hindus and Muslims. If at any place riots occurred due to one reason or the other, then Gandhiji always tried to pacify the people by going at that place.

4. Non-Cooperation Movement. Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation Movement to oppose injustice being committed with Indian people. For this, he urged the people to boycot Government offices, courts, schools, colleges and foreign made goods.

5. Khadi and Charkha. Gandhiji asked the rural people to use Khadi clothes and to prepare cloth with the help of charkha. He propagated that local goods should be used instead of foreign made goods.

6. Social Reforms. Mahatma Gandhi also tried to eradicate social evils such as untouchability. He also tried for the welfare of the women.

Question 2.
Describe Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Khilafat Movement.
Answer:
1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. In 1919 A.D. and under the orders of Mahatma Gandhi, strikes were called and processions were held in Punjab to oppose Rowlatt Act. Two famous leaders of Amritsar Dr. Kitchloo and Dr. Satpal were arrested on 10th April 1919 A.D. Indians took out a procession to oppose this Act. Government ordered to open fire at this procession. As a result, few people were killed. So Indians became angry and killed 5 British officers. The British Government called the Military in Amritsar city to control the situation.

Around 20,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh of Amritsar on 13th April 1919 to oppose Rowlatt Act. General Dyer ordered to fire bullets at these people. People started to run here and there to save their lives. This garden was closed from three sides and the fourth side was covered by the soldiers. Just within a short span of time whole of the garden was filled with blood and dead bodies. Around 1000 people were killed in this massacre and 3000 persons were wounded. People got furious after knowing about this massacre.

2. Khilafat Movement. Turkey helped Germany against the British in the first world war. Turkish Sultan ‘Abdul Hamid II’ was considered as Khalifa or religious leader of Muslims of Indians. They helped the British in the war so that Khalifa of Turkey will not be treated badly at the hands of the British. But Turkey was divided into many parts by the British at the end of the war and Khalifa was imprisoned by the British.

So Indian Muslims started Khilafat Movement to oppose the British. Shaukat Afi, Muhammad Afi, Abul Kalam Azad and Azmal Khan were its main leaders. Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak also took part in this movement to establish unity among Hindus and Muslims.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire

October 11, 2024October 10, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Why did Daulat Khan Lodhi and Rana Sanga invite Babar to attack on India?
Answer:
The nobles invited Babar to fight the Lodhis because of the following reasons :

The Lodhi kings tried to suppress the power of their nobles who had tried to become independent rulers in different provinces.
Ibrahim Lodhi, the last of the Lodhi kings, was proud, cruel and inefficient.
He also ill-treated Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Goveror of Punjab.
The nobles had thought that after plundering some parts of northern India, Babar, like other invaders, will leave for Kabul and then they would be able to assert their independence.

Question 2.
What do you know about Babar’s conquests?
Answer:
In the first battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D., Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and occupied Delhi and Agra. Rana Sanga became angry with this. As a result, he led a huge army against Babar in the battle of Kanwah. Rana Sanga was defeated in the battle of Kanwah by Babar. With this victory, North India came under complete control of Babar.

Babar also defeated the Rajputs in the battle of Chandri in 1528 A.D. Babar also defeated the Afghans in 1529 A.D. at the battle of Ghaghara. He died in 1530 A.D.

Question 3.
Write about the conquests of Akbar,
Answer:
At the time of Humayun’s death, Akbar was only thirteen years old. He was not a ruler of any part of India. Akbar’s first conflict came with Hemu. He was an ambitious general of one of the Afghan princes. A battle of Panipat was fought between Bairam Khan, the Regent of Akbar and Hemu. Hemu was defeated in the battle of Panipat. Akbar captured Delhi and Agra which the Mughals had lost.

In 1560 A.D., Akbar himself took the reigns of the administration. After that his victories are as under :
1. Victories in North India :

Victories over Rajputs. In 1562 A.D., Akbar attacked the Rajputs. The King of Amber, Raja Bihari Mai accepted the subordination of Akbar and married his daughter to him. Besides, other Rajput rulers also accepted the subordination of Akbar e.g. Kalinjar, Marwar, Jaisalmer, Bikaner etc.
Struggle of Mewar. The ruler of Mewar Rana Pratap never wanted to . accept the subordination of Akbar. In 1569 A.D. Akbar occupied the capital of Mewar, Chittor. Still Maharana Pratap continued his struggle with the Mughals.
Victory over Gujarat. In 1572-73 A.D., Akbar got victory over Gujarat, (in) Victory over Bihar-Bengal. In 1574-76 A.D., Akbar defeated the rulers of Bihar and Bengal and occupied those states.
Other victories. Slowly Akbar got hold of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Balochistan and Kandhar.

2. Victories in South India. After north India, Akbar shifted his attention to south India, then in south India he got the following victories :

Victory in Bijapur and Golkunda. This was achieved in 1591 A.D.
Victory over Khandesh. In 1601 A.D. Sultan Ali Khan of Khandesh accepted the subordination of Akbar. •
Control over Ahmednagar. In 1601 A.D., Akbar’s army defeated Chand Bibi of Ahmednagar and took control of the city.
Control over Berar. Akbar even took control over the Berar area of south India.

Question 4.
What do you mean by the Agrarian system of the Mughals?
Answer:
In Mughal state, the main source of revenue was Land Tax.

Improvement in the tradition of Land Tax.

The crop produce in some parts of the state was more than the other. The kind of crop too was different, so Akbar managed to collect land tax differently.
The total production of the empire and the total revenue collected on it.
One-third of the production was decided to be the land tax. This helped the peasants a lot.
In case of drought or excessive rains, the land revenue was often remitted.
The land was measured in ‘bighas’.

Classification of Land: Akbar classified the land into four parts :

Polaj Land: It was very fertile land. Any crop could be sown on this land at anytime.
Parauti Land: On this land, sowing could be done after one or two years.
Chhachhar Land: The sowing could be done after three-four years.
Barren Land: Sowing could be done after five-six years.

Collection of Land Tax: The land tax collection systems were as follows :

Kankut System: According to this system the govt, would collect land tax by approximating the value of the standing crop.
Batai System: According to this system when the crop was harvested, then 1/3 part was taken by the govt.
Nasak System: According to this system the crop of the whole village was approximated and the land tax was fixed.

The Mughal govt, gave loans to the farmers to make more and more land agriculturable. At the time of drought and flood, the land tax was given exemption.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Tuzuk-i-Babari is the autobiography of ________
Answer:
Babar

Question 2.
The battle of Kanwaha was fought between Babar and ________
Answer:
Rana Sanga

Question 3.
Akbar defeated Hemu in ________
Answer:
1556 A.D, Panipat

Question 4.
Babar wrote ________
Answer:
Tuzuk-i-Babari

Question 5.
Abul Fazl wrote ________
Answer:
Akbarnama.

III. Write True or False for each statement :

Question 1.
The Mughals came to India in 1525 A.D.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Daulat Khan Lodhi and Rana Sanga invited Babar to invade India.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Sher Shah Suri was a Mughal ruler.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
The Rajputs were very well treated during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
The Deccan policy of Aurangzeb strengthened the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
False

IV. Activities:

Question 1.
On the outline map of India, show the extent of Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of Indian Map.

Question 2.
Collect the pictures of Mughal Emperors and paste in your note-book.
Answer:
Do it yourself

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When Akbar came into Power?
(a) 1560
(b) 1558
(c) 1564
(d) 1556
Answer:
(d) 1556.

Question 2.
Who wrote Ain-i-Akbari?
(a) Abul Fazl
(b) Tansen
(c) Raja Man Singh
(d) Todar Mai
Answer:
(a) Abul Fazl.

Question 3.
Mughal tradition of succession was to divide state into ________ of the father.
(a) Sons
(b) Daughters
(c) A & B Both
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Sons.

Question 4.
Mother of Jahangir was the princess of
(a) Raikot
(b) Amber
(c) Ajmer
(d) Jaisalmer.
Answer:
(b) Amber.

Question 5.
Term Mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a
(a) Jagir
(b) Land
(c) Mansab
(d) Suba.
Answer:
(c) Mansab.

Question 6.
The Mansabdars were required to maintain specified number of
(a) Horses
(b) Cavalry men
(c) Soldiers
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Cavalry men.

Question 7.
Revenue Minister of Akbar was
(a) Todar Mai
(b) Tansen
(c) Abul Fazl
(d) Birbal.
Answer:
(a) Todar Mai.

Question 8.
Revenue circle with its own schedule revenue rates for individual crops is known as
(a) Mansab
(b) Zat
(c) Zabt
(d) Jagir.
Answer:
(b) Zat.

Question 9.
Whole of the Mughal Empire was divided into “different
(a) Cities
(b) Towns
(c) Faujdars
(d) Subas.
Answer:
(d) Subas.

Question 10.
Subedar of every Suba was supported by officer like
(a) Bakshi
(c) Sadr
(b) Faujdar
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When and between whom was the first battle of Panipat fought? Who was defeated?
Answer:
It was fought in 1526 A.D., between Babar and Ibrahim Lodhi. Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated in this battle.

Question 2.
Who was Babar? Write in brief about his victories.
Answer:

Babar was a good general and he knew how to use his soldiers to the best advantage.
Babar had brought artillery from central Asia and this was one of the main reasons for his success.
Babar’s cavalry was better trained.
The soldiers of Lodhi King were not faithful to him.
Babar arranged his soldiers in such a way that they could easily move from one part of the battle to another.

Babar’s Victories. Babar was the founder of the Mughal empire in India. He was a great conqueror who within a period of four years (1526-1529) won four battles:

Battle of Panipat
Battle of Kanwaha
Battle of Chaderi and
Battle of Ghagra.

In these battles, he proved himself to be a great military genius. He was also a great writer who patronised great scholars. His autobiography known as ‘Tuzuk-i-Babari’, in Turkish language, is a great piece of literature. He died in 1530 A.D. and was buried at Kabul in a beautiful grave.

Question 3.
Who exiled Humayun from India and when? When did he regain his state?
Answer:
Sheh Shah Suri exiled Humayun in 1540 A.D., but Humayun regained his state after defeating his successor Sikandar Suri in 1555 A.D. In 1556 A.D. Humayun died.

Question 4.
Who was Sher Shah? Why was he successful? Why is it said that he might have become a great Sultan?
Answer:
Sheh Shah Suri was an Afghan king. He defeated Humayun and founded the Suri Dynasty.

Reasons of his success:

Sher Shah was a determined man.
Before becoming the ruler, he administered the jagir of his father, so he had the experience of administration.
He was liberal and well-wisher of his people. Sher Shah Suri died in A.D. 1545.

Sher Shah ruled Delhi only for five years. He administered his state well. His land revenue system was of highest order. He did many works for the welfare of the people. His army was well disciplined. Thus we see that Sher Shah did many important works in a brief tenure of his rule. Had he lived for longer period, he would have been the greatest ruler.

Question 5.
What were the features of the administration of Sher Shah Suri?
Answer:
Sher Shah ruled only for a short span of five years (1540-45 A.D.) but even during such a short period, he had achieved so much that it is said that he might have become a great Sultan.

There are many reasons for his success or greatness :
1. Man of Great Qualities: He was a great military genius and clever statesman. He duped Humayun several times and ultimately defeated him.

2. Administrative Reforms: Sher Shah was successful because he was a great administrator. He appointed efficient and honest officers to administer his state well. He treated all his subjects alike and even appointed Hindus on high posts.

3. Gearing up the Revenue Administration: Sher Shah got the whole land measured. A new assessment was made in order to fix a just tax. Land revenue was fixed at nearly one-third of the produce. Land revenue could be paid both in cash or in kind.

4. Reforming the Military Administration: Sher Shah fully knew that if he wanted to be successful he must organize his army on a strong footing. As such, he organized his army into a strong military force. .

5. Construction of Roads and Highways: Sher Shah built several good roads for promoting trade and commerce for the safe travel of the public.

Question 6.
Who made Altbar sit on the throne and when?
Answer:
It was Bairam Khan in 1556 A.D.

Question 7.
Who was Bairam Khan? When did Akbar depose him from his post?
Answer:
Bairam Khan was patron of Akbar. He was deposed in 1560 A.D. by Akbar.

Question 8.
Name the main features of Akbar’s Rajput policy.
Answer:
Akbar captured the Rajput kingdoms of Gwalior, Ajmer and Malwa. These conquests brought him into the neighbourhood of the Rajput kingdoms. Akbar was very far-sighted. He realised that there could be no permanent Mughal rule in India without the help and loyalty of Rajput princes. So he made friends with them. He entered into marital alliances between his family and various Rajput royal families. He himself married a number of Rajput princesses. They became his sincere friends, trusted advisers and his loyal and gallant comrades on the battlefield. Rhagwan Dass and Man Singh were his famous Rajput generals. But the Rana of Mewar, Rana Partap did not relent to Akbar.

Question 9.
Write about the central administrative system of Akbar/Mughals.
Answer:
The description is as follows :
1. King. King was the chief of administration. He had many assistants to help him, e.g. Wakil, Diwan-i-Ala, Mir-Bakshi, Sadar-i-Sadur, Qazi-ul-Qazat and Khan-i- Saman.

2. Wakil. He was the prime minister of the state. He would give information to the emperor about chief happenings. He would always carry out the orders of the emperor.

3. Diwan-i-Ala was the finance minister. He would take care of income-expenditure account of the state. He would also make laws about the taxes.

4. Mir Bakshi. He would keep records of Mansabdars. He would distribute salary to them. He would also take care of military institutions.

5. Sadar-i-Sadur. He was the chief of department of religious affairs. He would keep an account of religious affairs and educational institutions.

6. Qazi-ul-Qazat. He would give his opinions to emperor on Islamic laws for delivering the justice.

7. Khan-i-Saman. He would take care of the royal family and factories.

Question 10.
Write a brief note on the state administrative system of Akbar/Mughals.
Answer:
Akbar had divided his empire into 15 states for running his administration properly. The main state officials were as follows.

Subedar: He was the highest official of the state. His main function was to keep law and order in the state.
Diwan: He was the chief of finance of the state. The accounts of income-expenditure of state were under his department.
Bakshi: He would take care of military arrangements as well as horses.
Sadar: He would prepare details about saints, seers, peers and fakirs.
Waqiyanavis: He was the chief of detective department.
Kotwal: He was the police official. His main function was to maintain peace and order in the city.

Question 11.
Write a comment on the local administration of the Mughals/Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar had divided his empire into states and states were further sub-divided into districts, parganas and villages :
1. Administration of District :

Faujdar: He was the chief administrator of the district. He would carry out the orders of the Badshah and maintain law and order.
Amil-Guzar: His main function was to collect taxes.
Bitikchi and Khazandar: Both these official were the assistants of Amil Guzar.

2. Administration of Parganas:

Shiqdar: To maintain law and order in the pargana.
Amil: To collect land tax.
Potdar and Qanungo: Both these were assistants of Amil.

3. Administration of Villages: Most villages were administered by Panchayats. These developed the villages and take care of the village conflicts. ‘Chowdhary’, ‘Muqqadam’ and ‘Patwari’ were the assistants of Panchayat.

Question 12.
Write a short note of Mansabdari System.
Answer:
The Mansabdari system was the most important feature of the Mughal administration. The Mansab means rank. Each noble was given a mansab or rank and was called the mansabdar. The mansab or rank was based on the numbers of mounted soldiers at the command of the officers. Each mansabdar was required to perform any civil and military duty as was assigned to him by the emperor. Mansab was not hereditary. Hence it could not be passed on to his descendants. Thus every mansabdar owed his allegiance to the emperor.

Classes of Mansabdars. In the period of Akbar, Mansabdars had 33 classes. The lowest mansabdar had 10 soldiers and the highest mansabdar had 10,000 soldiers in his subordination.

Duties of Mansabdars. Mansabdars were appointed by the emperor at the recommendation of Mir Bakhshi. He could be put to any work. The salary was also given according to his class. He could be promoted as well as denoted in status as well as salary.

Question 13.
What do you know about Nur Jahan? What was her importance in Jahangir’s Court?
Answer:
Nur Jahan was a talented woman. Her original name was Mehr-un-Nisa. Jahangir married her in 1611 A.D. She set the fashion in dress and manners at the court. She had a great consideration in the Mughal court. She had a great influence in the administration. There was hardly any affair of importance in which she was not consulted. Jahangir fell ill for a long period. During this period she became a real ruler of the empire. Her name was associated with Jahangir on coins and privy seals.

Question 14.
“The reign of Aurangzeb (1658-1707) is described as the most disturbed among Mughal emperors.” ‘Why?
Answer:
The reign of Aurangzeb is described as the most disturbed due to the following reasons or facts :
1. Aurangzeb was a Sunni Muslim bigot. He ill-treated the followers of other religions. He ill-treated even the Sufi Saints.

2. Aurangzeb imposed Zazia on all the non-Muslim subjects particularly on the Hindus. He also destroyed their temples.

3. Aurangzeb martyred the ninth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji at Delhi. As a result, the Sikhs became sworn enemies of the Mughals.

4. The Rajput rulers of Mewar and Marwar also rose against the Mughals because they were discontented by the policies of Aurangzeb.

5. To conquer the Deccan states of Bijapur and Golkunda, Aurangzeb remained away from his capital for full 25 years (1682-1707 A.D.) His absence from his capital encouraged disruptive forces and gave rise to discontentment among the people.

Question 15.
How were the Marathas able to build up a strong and independent state? Was Aurangzeb able to control their rebellion?
Answer:
Following were the reasons for the establishment of an independent state of the Marathas.
1. Geographical reasons: Marathas lived in the hilly region of Maharashtra. They got natural forts on the hills. These forts helped them to establish an independent state.

2. Impact of Bhakti Movement: The Marathas were greatly benefited by the conversings of Bhakti movement in Deccan. The mutual differences of Marathas were reduced and a sense of brotherhood originated among them.

3. Political experience: After the decline of Delhi Sultanate, a number of small states were established in Deccan. They had a close look of the political life, which brought an awakening among them.

4. Hard workers: Marathas were the inhabitants of the hilly region. They struggled to earn their living. This habit of hard work made them brave.

5. Leadership of Shivaji: They were fortunate enough to have the leader like Shivaji. He united the scattered Marathas community and established a strong and independent state.

Rebellion of Marathas: The Marathas had become a great power. Aurangzeb wanted to crush them but could not succeed. In 1674 Shivaji declared himself an independent ruler. After Shivaji’s death, his son Shambhaji sat on throne. In 1689, Aurangzeb killed Shambhaji and occupied Maratha areas but Marathas continued their struggle under Raja Ram and afterwards his queen Tarabai. In 1707 A.D. after the death of Aurangzeb, Marathas reoccupied a large area of Mughals.

Question 16.
Describe the Sikh struggle against the Mughals during and after the administration of Aurangzeb. _
Answer:
The struggle of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji: After Sri Guru Har Krishanji, Sri Guru Teg Bahadurji became the 9th Guru. He was against the anti-Hindu policies of Aurangzeb. So Aurangzeb was annoyed with Guruji. Guruji raised his voice against Aurangzeb when he tried to demolish the gurdwaras and he also spoke against Aurangzeb when he tried to expel the citizens who were having soft corners for the Guruji. Guruji was brought to Delhi and was asked to convert to Islam. Guruji declined and then he was severely tortured and he was martyred in Delhi’s Chandni Chowk in 1675 A.D.

Struggle of Guru Gobind Sahib Ji. Sri Guru Gobind Sahibji became the 10th Guru and continued his struggle against Mughal cruelty. In 1699 A.D., he founded the ‘Khalsa Panth’ and after that there was a struggle between the Sikhs and the Mughals. Guruji’s two elder sons Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh became martyrs. Guruji’s younger two sons Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh were buried alive in the wall at Sirhind.

Struggle of the Sikhs after Aurangzeb’s death. In 1707 A.D., Aurangzeb died. His successor Bahadur Shah tried to establish friendly relations with Sikhs but the Faujdar of Sirhind Wajir Khan sent a Pathan who by deception put knife into Guruji’s stomach. Guruji’s soul became one with God in 1708 A.D. After that the struggle continued under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur

Question 17.
Comment on the Deccan policy of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
Aurangzeb spent almost 25 years of his life in south India. He was a Sunni Muslim. So, he wanted to crush the independent Shia states of Bijapur and Golkonda in south India. These states helped Marathas against Mughals, so he wanted to crush the power of Marathas also.

In 1686 A.D., Aurangzeb occupied Bijapur and in 1687 A.D., he occupied Golkunda also. Shivaji died in 1680 A.D. but still Marathas continued their struggle. Aurangzeb failed to crush Marathas. In 1707 A.D., he died.

Question 18.
What were the causes that brought about the break-up of the Mughal empire?
Answer:
Following were the causes that brought about the break-up of the Mughal empire :

The successors of Aurangzeb were weak rulers.
The Mughal empire met with financial troubles.
Mughal administration was no longer as efficient as it used to be under Akbar.
The military administration of the Mughals had also become weaker.
Mughal India showed little awareness to the discoveries which the new science of Europe was revealing to Europeans.

Question 19.
Write about the visits of Europeans during Mughal period in India.
Answer:
During the period of Jahangir many European traders came to India. William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were the main visitors.

William Hawkins stayed in India for three years (1608-1611 A.D.). Based on his reports the British government established a factory in Surat in 1612 A.D.

Sir Thomas Roe was an English man who visited the court of Jahangir as an Ambassador from King James I. He remained at Agra for three years hoping to obtain some sort of permanant agreement with regard to trade which would place the English commerce in East Indian waters upon a sound basis. But he failed in his object. Sir Thomas Roe had left a very interesting account of his travels and experiences in India. He also left a wonderful account of king’s life and about the splendour and magnificence of the imperial court.

Question 20.
Describe the political condition of India during the Babar’s invasion.?
Answer:
The political condition was very pitiable. There was no centralized authority. The states were always fighting with each other.

The magnificence of Delhi Sultanate had declined. It was limited to Delhi and its nearby areas.
In Mewar, Rana Sanga had become quite powerful.
The Governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodhi was thinking of taking revenge from Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi.
The rulers of Bengal and Bihar had also became powerful.
In South India, there were many states. Vijaynagar was the main kingdom. Bahmani Kingdom was also divided into many parts.

Question 21.
Write notes on each of the following :
1. Humayun
Answer:
Humayun: Humayun was the eldest son of Babar. He sat on the throne in 1530 A.D. He was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, in 1540 A.D. in the battles of Chausa and Kanauj. He spent almost 15 years in Persia. He succeeded in getting back his throne in 1555 A.D. but next year he died.

The following were the difficulties that he had to face at the time of accession :

Although Babar had conquered a vast territory in India and founded a Mughal dynasty but he did not live long enough to make it secure against his enemies. So Humayun faced with trouble from the beginning.
Being new to India the Mughals had difficulty in consolidating their position.
The Afghan nobles attacked the newly founded kingdom because they wanted them to leave India.
Bahadur Shah was the ruler of Gujarat and Sher Shah an ambitious Afghan king also threatened Delhi.

2. Jahangir
Answer:
Jahangir: Jahangir was the son of Akbar the Great. After the death of Akbar in 1605 A.D., he sat on the throne. He sent a military expedition against the son of Maharana Pratap-Rana Amar Singh. But afterwards, made peace with him on liberal terms and thus ended the long struggle between the Mughals and Mewar state.

The main events of his ruling period are as follows :

He faced a rebellion from his son Khusro but he crushed this rebellion.
Jahangir subjected Guru Arjan Devji to death penalty in a false case and after torture for five days, Guruji became martyr in 1606 A.D.
Another important event was the marriage to Noor Jahan. He gave Nur Jahan the name of ‘Noor Mahal’ (Light of the Palace).
In the court of Jahangir two diplomats from England, Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe came. They had come to India in order to obtain trading facilities.
Jahangir’s reign was most peaceful because :
(a) There were not too many campaigns in the reign of Jahangir.
(b) The struggle between Akbar and Rana of Mewar too was brought to an end by Jahangir.
(c) In order to create peace in the country Jahangir adopted the policy of matrimonial relations with Rajputs. .
(d) The struggle of the Mughals with Ahmednagar state, which had become a cause of anxiety, also came to an end.

This brought peace in the whole kingdom. Contrary to it, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb had to face many revolts and wars. This was the main cause of disturbance during their reigns.

3. Shah Jahan.
Answer:
Shah Jahan: Shah Jahan was the son of Mughal emperor Jahangir. His real name was Khurram, He sat on the throne in 1628 A.D., after the death of Jahangir. He ruled for almost 29 years.

Some main events of his ruling period are as follows :

The Bundels from hilly areas declared a rebellion. Shah Jahan sent a big army to crush this rebellion and compelled Jhujhar Singh to sign a treaty with Mughals.
In 1628 A.D, Shah Jahan celebrated the occasion of Noroz and organised a big lunch on this occasion.
He was in deep love with his wife Mumtaz Mahal. When she died on 7th June, 1631, Shah Jahan went into deep depression.
Shah Jahan was very fond of building magnificent buildings. He is known as an Engineer King. His reign is called the golden age of Mughal architecture. He is reminded even today for his two things the Taj Mahal and the Peacock Throne. He had built the Taj Mahal in memory of his queen Mumtaz Mahal.

The Peacock Throne was a golden jewel-studded throne which he used. It was later looted by Shah of Iran and taken to his country. Other beautiful buildings built by Shah Jahan were Jama Masjid, Moti Masjid, Red Fort at Delhi and Red Fort at Agra. Shah Jahan built a new city Shah Jahanabad as his capital.

Question 22.
Give an account of the main features of Shah Jahan and Jahangir’s rule.
Answer:
1. Shah Jahan (1628-1657 A.D.): Shah Jahan was the son of Mughal emperor Jahangir. His real name was Khurram. He sat on the throne in 1628, after the death of Jahangir. He ruled for almost 29 years.

Some main events of his ruling period are as given ahead :

The Bundels from hilly areas declared a rebellion. Shah Jahan sent a big army to crush this rebellion and compelled Jhujhar Singh to sign a treaty with Mughals.
In 1628 A.D., Shah Jahan celebrated the occasion of Noroz and organised a big lunch on this occasion.
He was in deep love with his wife Mumtaz Mahal. When she died on 7th June, 1631, Shah Jahan went into deep depression.
Shah Jahan was very fond of building magnificent buildings. He is known as an Engineer King. His reign is called the golden age of Mughal architectures. He is reminded even today for his two things the Taj Mahal and the Peacock Throne. He had built the Taj Mahal in the memory of his queen Mumtaz Mahal.

2. Jahangir (1605-1627 A.D.). Jahangir was the son of Akbar the Great. After the death of Akbar in 1605 A.D., he sat on the throne. He sent a military expedition against the son of Maharana Pratap-Rana Amar Singh. But afterwards; made peace with him on liberal terms and thu3 ended the long struggle between the Mughals and Mewar state.

The main events of his rutirig period are as follows:

He faced a rebellion from his son Khusro but he crushed this rebellion.
Jahangir subjected Guru Arjan Devji to death penalty in a false case and after a torture for five days. Guruji became martyr in 1606 A.D.
Another important event was marriage to Noor Jahan. He gave Nur Jahan the name of ‘Noor Mahal’ (Light of the Palace.).
In the court of Jahangir two diplomats from England, Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe came. They had come to India in order to obtain trading facilities.
Jahangir’s reign was most peaceful because ;
(a) There were not too many campaigns in the reign of Jahangir.
(b) The struggle between Akbar and Rana of Mewar too was brought to an end by Jahangir.
(c) In order to create peace in the country Jahangir adopted the policy of matrimonial relations with Rajputs.
(d) The struggle of the Mughals with Ahmednagar state, which had become a cause of anxiety, also came to an end.

This brought peace in the whole kingdom. Contrary to it, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb had to face many revolts and wars. This was the main cause of disturbance during their reigns.

Question 23.
Illustrate how Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari are used to reconstruct history.
Answer:
These are two famous creations of ‘Abul Fazl’. These books tell us about the court of Akbar, his victories, his administration, his social, economic and religious policy, art and architecture.

Question 24.
What do you mean by Mansabdari System?
Answer:
The Mughal rulers appointed the members of different classes in the administration. These appointees were known as Mansabdars under the Mansabdari system, court used to fix the post, income and the position of a Mansabdar. Mansabdar belonged to the civil and military departments of the country.

There were many categories of Zat and Sawar Mansabdar.

The first category: Mansabdars held equal Zat and Sawar i.e. 5000/5000.
The second category: Their sawar mansab was more than the half of their zat mansab i. e. 5000/3000.
The third category: They held their sawar mansab less than the half of their zat mansab i.e. 5000/2000.

Mansabdars were appointed by the Mughal emperors on their own or on the recommendation of the Mir Bakshi. There were 33 categories of the Mansabdars during the reign of Akbar. Its rank was from 10 to 10,000. These could be appointed in any department. They were given their salaries according to their ranks.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

October 10, 2024October 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 15 The Revolt of 1857

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB The Revolt of 1857 Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Write down any two political causes of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
1. Insult of Bahadur Shah: In 1856 A.D., the Governor-General told the Mughal Emperor that he would be the last emperor of India. After his death, his princes will have to vacate the Red fort. This decision of the British annoyed the Muslims.

2. Unjustified annexation of Avadh: Avadh remained a faithful friend of the British but its unjustified annexation annoyed the people.

Question 2.
Which punishment was given to Bahadur Shah Zafar?
Answer:
He was taken prisoner and sent to Rangoon. After some time, Bahadur Shah Zafar died and the Mughal empire came to an end. His two sons were shot dead.

Question 3.
Write down the immediate cause of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The episode of the greased cartridges was the immediate cause of rising on May 10, 1857. Some Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to use a new type of cartridge which were greased with the fat of the pigs and cows. A portion of the cartridge had to be bitten with one’s teeth before it could be fired. This enraged the Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army. They refused to obey the orders of their British officers to use the cartridges and rose in revolt.

Question 4.
With which other two names the revolt of 1857 A.D. is known?
Answer:
The first war of Independence and Soldier Revolt.

Question 5.
Write down in brief the social causes of revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

The Christian missionaries were propagating Christianity in India. They insulted Hindu and Muslim religions while propagating Christianity. The Government never put any restrictions on their activities. So, the Indians were annoyed with this policy of the British.
In 1856 A.D. Religious Inability Act was passed. According to this Act, if someone changed his religion, he could get the share of his father’s property. Bypassing this law, the government encouraged the people to embrace Christianity.
The British did not treat Indians well. They called Indians ‘Rustics’ and ‘Black Indians’. Indians could not bear this insult. This also become a cause of the revolt of 1857.

Question 6.
Write down the causes of failure of the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The following were the main causes of failure of Indians in the rising of 1857 :

The day of 31st May, 1857 was fixed for the start of revolt. But it started on 29 March. Rebels were not fully prepared for the revolt.
Revolt did not spread in entire India.
Unity was lacked among rebels.
Rebels lacked means to carry on the revolt.
Rebels were not fighting for any common objectives.
Military generals of rebels were not capable objectives.
Some local kingdoms helped the British to crush the revolt.
Means of transport were under control of British.
Intelligence system of the British was very good.
They crushed the revolt with the help of their military.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The cartridges were greased with the fat of cow and ________
Answer:
pig

Question 2.
Many states annexed to the British Empire according to the Doctrine of Lapse of Lord
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 3.
First of all the revolt of 1857 A.D. was started in ________
Answer:
Barrakpur

Question 4.
________ was a famous general of Nana Sahib.
Answer:
Tanya Tope

Question 5.
Indian soldiers declared their emperor.
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False* in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
Indians were appointed on high posts.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Good treatment was given to the Indians by the Britishers.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The British made many social reforms.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Gradually Indian industry and trade declined.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
The Britishers ’adopted the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.
Answer:
True.

IV. Something To Do :

Question 1.
To know about Lakshmi Bai, queen of Jhansi.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 2.
Collect the pictures of prominent freedom fighters and paste them in your scrapbook.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide The Revolt of 1857 Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
When did first war of Independence take place?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1897 AD.
(c) 1947 AD.
(d) 1965 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1857 A.D.

Question 2.
What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi from the British?
(a) To adopt a daughter
(b) To adopt a son
(c) To give her back her kingdom
(d) To give her pension.
Answer:
(b) To adopt a son.

Question 3.
What was the immediate cause of revolt done by Indian Sepoys?
(a) Use of Canons
(b) Use of new machines.
(c) Use of fat coated cartridges
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Use of fat coated cartridges.

Question 4.
Who was the last Mughal Emperor?
(a) Akbar
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Jahangir
(d) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Answer:
(d) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 5.
Where was Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled and died?
(a) New Delhi
(b) Kanpur
(c) Rangoon
(d) Nepal.
Answer:
(c) Rangoon.

Question 6.
When did Bahadur Shah Zafar die?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1862 A.D.
(c) 1860 A.D.
(d) 1865 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1862 A.D.

Question 7.
From where did the Indian revolt of 1857 start?
(a) Delhi
(b) Meerut
(c) Kanpur
(d) Jhansi.
Answer:
(b) Meerut

Question 8.
________ was proclaimed as emperor of India in 1857.
(o) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(b) Tantya Tope
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Aurangzeb.
Answer:
(a) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 9.
________ was the first martyer of the revolt of 1857.
(a) Nana Saheb
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Rani Laxmi Bai
(d) Tantya Tope,
Answer:
(b) Mangal Pandey.

Question 10.
________ led the revolt of Kanpur.
(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Rani Laxmi Bai
(c) Nana Saheb
(d) Kunwar Singh.
Answer:
(c) Nana Saheb.

Question 11.
Rani Lakshmi Bai died at
(a) Kanpur
(b) Gwalior
(c) Nagpur
(d) Satara.
Answer:
(b) Gwalior.

Question 12.
What was the long term result of revolt of 1857?
(a) Rise of Indian Nationalism
(b) Creation of Awareness
(c) End of Company’s rule
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Rise of Indian Nationalism.

Question 13.
When was Awadh annexed into the British Empire?
(a) 1850 A.D.
(b) 1856 A.D.
(c) 1860 A.D.
(d) 1857 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1856 A.D.

Question 14.
Who introduced Policy of Lapse in India?
(a) Lord William Bentinck
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Wellington
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Lord Dalhousie.

Question 15.
Who resented high taxes in countryside?
(a) Peasants
(b) Zamindars
(c) Jotdars
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 16.
Which of these reforms was introduced by the British?
(a) Ban on Sati Pratha
(b) Permission of Widow remarriage
(c) Introduction of Western Education System
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 17.
Identify the event with which the persons given in the picture were associated:

(a) First World War
(b) Revolt of 1857
(c) Peasant Revolt
(d) Indigo Revolt.
Answer:
(b) Revolt of 1857.

Question 18.
The given picture is of Rani Laxmi Bai whose kingdom was annexed by the British under a policy called ________

(a) Subsidiary Alliance
(b) Doctrine of Lapse
(e) Policy of Paramountcy
(d) Through Conquests.
Answer:
(b) Doctrine of Lapse.

Question 19.
The person in the given picture was declared the leader of the 1857 revolt. Name the person.

(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Raja Kanwar Singh
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(d) Nana Saheb.
Answer:
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Question 20.
The person in the given picture is known as the first martyr of the revolt of 1857 AD. Name the person.

(a) Tantya Tope
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Kanwar Singh
(d) Nana Saheb.
Answer:
(b) Mangal Pandey.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The cartridges were filled with the fat of cow and ________
Answer:
pig

Question 2.
According to Doctrine of Lapse of Lord ________, many Indian Kingdoms were captured.
Answer:
Dalhousie

Question 3.
Initially, the revolt started at ________
Answer:
Barrackpur

Question 4.
________ was a famous general of Nana Sahib.
Answer:
Tantya Tope

Question 5.
Indian soldiers declared ________ at their leader.
Answer:
Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
During British times, Indians were appointed at higher posts.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 2.
Indians were behaved quite well.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
The British introduced many social reforms here in India.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 4.
Gradually Indian trade and industries declined.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 5.
The British adopted the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.
Answer:
(✓)

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah	(i) Delhi
2. Nana Sahib	(ii) Avadh
3. Bahadur Shah Zafar	(iii) Kanpur
4. Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal	(iv) Punjab

Answer:

A	B
1. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah	(ii) Avadh
2. Nana Sahib	(iii) Kanpur
3. Bahadur Shah Zafar	(i) Delhi
4. Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal	(iv) Punjab

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write two religious causes of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

The British were converting Indians into Christians by promising them many concessions.
The English passed Religious Inability Act, 1856 to spread Christianity.

Question 2.
Write two political causes of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

There was discontentment among the Indian rulers because of the policy of the subsidiary alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse.
Title of Emperor was taken away from the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. He was, therefore, annoyed with the British.

Question 3.
Write the names of the main leaders of the. Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Names of four important leaders of the revolt were:

Nana Sahib
Tantya Tope
Rani Laxmi Bai and
Kanwar Singh.

Question 4.
Give two reasons of the failure of Revolt of 1857 A.D. in Punjab.
Answer:
Revolt of 1857 A.D. failed in Punjab due to two following reasons :

There was no capable leader of rebels.
Instead of giving help to rebels, the kings of Patiala, Nabha and Jind gave their support to the British.

Question 5.
Which were the four main centres of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.

Question 6.
Who was Tantya Tope?
Answer:
Tantya Tope was the General of Nana Sahib. He was the leader of army of Nana Sahib in the revolt. When the British took control of Kanpur, he helped Rani Laxmi Bai.

Question 7.
Why did the Rani of Jhansi took part in the Rising of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Rani of Jhansi took part in the rising of 1857 because the British did not allow her to adopt a heir to the throne of Jhansi.

Question 8.
Write two political consequences of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

The rule of the East India Company came to an end. India came under the direct rule of the British Crown i.e. the King and the Parliament of Britain.
The British Government abandoned the policy of annexing Indian States.

Question 9.
Write two social effects of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

It created bitterness between the Hindus and the Muslims.
The Indians and the Europeans began to hate each other.

Question 10.
Give any two economic effects of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:

After the Sepoy mutiny of 1857, the British purchased raw material at cheap rates from the Indian markets and sent it to England.
They had a monopoly in the trade of Tea, Coffee, Tobacco, Cotton, etc.

Question 11.
In which cantonments of Punjab revolt occurred in the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
During the revolt of 1857 A.D. revolt occurred in cantonments of Lahore, Firozpur, Peshawar, Ambala, Mianwali etc. of Punjab.

Question 12.
What was the contribution of Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal in the revolt?
Answer:
Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal refused to pay tax to the government and rose in revolt against it. He fopght against the English at some places. Ultimately he died while fighting the British near Pakpattan.

Question 13.
Why Nana Sahib became opponent of the British?
Answer:
Peshwa Baji Rao II died in 1857 A.D. But after his death, Lord Dalhousie stopped the pension of his successer i.e. Nana Sahib. That’«s why he became opponent of the British and revolted against them.

Question 14.
How many soldiers at Merrut refused to use the greased cartridges?
Answer:
Nearly 85 soldiers in Merrut refused to use the greased cartridges.

Question 15.
Who occupied Delhi on 11th September?
Answer:
General Nicklson occupied Delhi on 11th September with the help of the Sikh soldiers.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where and why did the Revolt of 1857 start?
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 started at Barrackpur cantonment, Bengal in March. A soldier named Mangal Pandey shot an English officer. He was hanged for this crime. This incident inspired his fellow soldiers with patriotic feelings and they later joined the revolt against the British on 10th May, 1857.

Question 2.
Why were the soldiers of Avadh against the British?
Answer:
The army of Bengal was the best army of the East India Company. A majority of the soldiers in the army belonged to Avadh. Lord Daihousie annexed Avadh into the British Empire. Avadh soldiers did not like it and turned against the British. The English disbanded the Avadh army as a result of which thousands of soldiers became unemployed. They decided to rise in revolt in protest.

Question 3.
Why did the Indian soldiers take part in the Revolt of 1857 A.D.?
Answer:
Following are the reasons of taking part of Indian soldiers in the Revolt of 1857 A.D. :

In 1856, one law was passed according to which soldiers could be sent beyond the sea in a war. But in Hindu religion, it was considered that going beyond the sea is against religion.
Indian soldiers were badly treated during the Parade. It was unbearable for the Indian soldiers to tolerate this disrespect.
Indian soldiers were given very less salary as compared to the British soldiers. That’s why resentment spread among them.
The British officers disrespected the culture of Indian soldiers in front of them. Indian soldiers wanted to take revenge of this disrespect.

Question 4.
Describe the military consequences of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Following were the military consequences of the revolt :
1. Consolidation of the Army: There were two types of soldiers before the revolt.

The soldiers appointed by the Company and
The soldiers appointed by the British government. After the revolt, the two armies were unified.

2. Increase in the number of European Soldiers: The number of European soldiers was increase^ and the number of Indian soldiers was decreased. But the Sikhs of Punjab and the Gorkhas of Nepal were given preference in the recruitment in the army.

3. Reorganisation of Indian Army: Artillery was put under the charge of the British soldiers. Indian soldiers were given weapons of low quality.

Question 5.
Describe the event of Lucknow at the time of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
Lucknow, the capital of Avadh, was the centre of revolt. The rebels uprooted the British administration in this area. The British Commander-in-Chief Havlock marched on Lucknow with a large force and captured it on 31st March, 1858. After sometime, the large landlords of Avadh also lay down their arms. Thus the revolt was crushed in Avadh.

Question 6.
Discuss the importance of freedom struggle of 1857 A.D. in the history of our country on the basis of four things.
Answer:
The First War of Independence was the most important event in the history of India. Its importance may be studied as under :

It was the first attempt made by the Indians for the achievement of freedom. Indian soldiers and public collectively faced the enemy in this war of independence. Thus this struggle was a symbol of Indian national unity.
People of all castes, creeds and religions made joint efforts to achieve freedom.
The British were alarmed as a result of this revolt and they made several reforms in the administration to please the Indians.
Several Indians sacrificed their lives in this struggle. The sacrifices of these persons always inspired the coming generations of India.

Question 7.
Write down a note about Regional Focus: Avadh.
Answer:
Avadh was a very prosperous state. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Avadh always remained loyal to the Britishers. But Britishers started to interfere in his kingdom. He was forced to keep the British army in his kingdom. After some time whole of his army was relieved and kept British army over there. Whole expenditure of the British army was on Nawab. All the relieved soldiers of army of Nawab became unemployed. In 1856 A.D., Britishers accused Nawab of mis government of Avadh and removed him. Then his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. Soldiers, formers and zamindars got annoyed with this and they took part in the revolt of 1857 in great number.

Question 8.
Write a note on “Doctrine of Lapse”.
Answer:
The Doctrine of Lapse was adopted by Lord Dalhousie. According to this doctrine, succession to protected state depended upon the will of the British. Lord Dalhousie decided that if the ruler of a dependent state had no male child, he could not adopt a son. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass into the hands of the British. On the grounds of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed seven dependent kingdoms into the British Empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaipur and Satara.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down the main causes of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
The main causes of the Revolt of 1857 were as follows :
1. Political Discontentment: There was a great resentment among the Indian masses on account of wrong political policies of the British. Lord Dalhousie annexed several Indian states on the basis of the Doctrine of Lapse. The rulers, the public and employees of these states turned against the British. The British ruined village self-government. They did not promote the Panchayat system. They also gave setback to village cottage industries. So the villagers too had feelings of hatred against the British.

2. Shortcomings in the Administration: Corruption was rampant in the British administration. Justice was very costly. Land tax system was very faulty and harsh. Actually, the main aim of the British was to collect more and more money. The British rule in India was, therefore, most unpopular.

3. Economic Exploitation: To promote industry in England, the British ruined Indian industries. Now, only the British made goods were sold here. Farmers too were greatly exploited by the Company. All high jobs were given to the British who got their salaries from Indian exchequer. So this exploitation of Indians increased the discontentment against the British rule.

4. Interference in the Religious Matters: The British took many steps to convert the Indians into Christianity. They also tried to change religious customs of the Indians. As a result, Indians belonging to all religions turned against the English.

5. Discontentment in the Army: There was discontentment among Indian soldiers. They were given very low salaries. The British soldiers misbehaved with them. In 1856, Indian soldiers were supplied greased cartridges for use. Soldiers were enraged and rose in revolt.

Question 2.
What were the causes of the failure of Rising of 1857?
Answer:
The following were the main causes of the failure of Indians in the Rising of 1857:
1. Beginning of the Revolt before time: The rebellion started before time because of the incidents at Behrampur, Barrakpur and Meerut. Unity among the revolutionaries received a setback and the English got sufficient time to suppress the revolt.

2. No common aim: The leaders participating in the struggle did not have any common goal. Some were fighting for the cause of religion, some for the safety of their states, while some others for the independence of the country. Therefore, the failure of revolution was certain.

3. Revolt Unorganised: The rebels had no able leader who could have kept them united. They were unorganised and indisciplined.

4. Untrained Soldiers: The rebels lacked trained soldiers. They had no modern weapons of war. Most of the people who participated in the rising were disbanded soldiers. They had little experience. The rising was bound to fail.

5. The rising did not spread in the whole country: This struggle remained restricted only to the northern India. People of South India did not take active part in it. Had the whole of India stood united against the British, the first war of Indian Independence would not have failed.

6. Control of the British over the means of transport: All the means of transport and communication like railways, post and telegraph etc. were in the hands of the British. They were in a position to send soldiers and weapons of war from one place to another place easily.

7. Harsh methods of the British to suppress the Revolt: The British dealt with revolutionaries very cruelly. Cities were looted and burnt. Many people were hanged. Public got frightened and did not take part in the rising.”

8. Economic difficulties: The rebels lacked money. They were not in a position to purchase good weapons. As a result, they failed in their mission.

Question 3.
Describe the results of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The rising of 1857 A.D. had some very important results which were as under :
1. Political results:

The rule of the company in India came to an end. India, now, came under the direct control of the British government in England.
The Governer-General of India was given the new title of Viceroy.
Mughal rule in India came to an end.
Indian kings were given permission to adopt son.
After 1857, British discontinued the policy of annexing Indian States into the British Empire.

2. Social results:

On 1st of Nov. 1858, Queen Victoria of England proclaimed a Declaration in which it was said that the British government would not interfere in the religious matters of the Indians. Indians would be given jobs on merit and they would also be given higher posts.
The British adopted the policy of divide and rule. They started favouring one particular religion and people of one class were made to fight with the people of other class so that their interests in India could be protected.

3. Military results:

The number of Indian soldiers in the army was reduced and that of the Europeans increased.
After the rising, artillery and ammunition departments were put under the control of British soldiers.
Now the soldiers of different castes and different religions were kept into separate regiments so that they could not start revolt again against the Britishers.
European soldiers were appointed on higher and important posts. Indian soldiers were given less important positions.
Some type of system was made in which Indian soldiers and officers of every level should remain under the supervision of European army.
Expenses of European army were put on Indian people.

4. Economic results: Many type of trade restrictions were imposed on Indians by British government. As a result, Indian trade suffered huge losses.

Question 4.
Explain the four main events of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Or
Describe the main events of Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The Indians rose against the British on a large scale for the first time in 1857. Plan for the rising was ready. The message of rising was .sent to soldiers and the public by circulation of roses and chapatis. 31st May, 1857 was fixed for the revolt, but the incident of greased cartridges at Meerut led to the beginning of rising on 10th May.

An account of the events of this rising is as under :
1. Barrakpur. Greased cartridges were supplied to the soldiers stationed at Barrakpur, a cantonment in Bengal on 29th March, 1857 A.D. A soldier named Mangal Pandey refused to use them. In a fit of anger, he shot dead an English officer and asked his companions to pounce upon their British Officers. Mangal Pandey was sentenced to death. All the soldiers of Barrakpur Cantonment got enraged by this incident. Mangal Pandey was the first martyr of the revolt of 1857.

2. Meerut. The fire of revolt engulfed Meerut on 10th May, 1857. The Public and soldiers of Meerut came out in an open revolt against the British. The whole city echoed with slogans like “Maro Firangi Ko”. Soldiers broke open the gates of jails and released their companions. From there, they marched to Delhi.

3. Delhi. The English officers tried to check rebels at Delhi, but they failed to do so. The rebels declared Bahadur Shah as their king and Delhi came under their control within four days.

On 14th September, 1857 differences arose among the rebel soldiers at Delhi. British took advantage by this rift and re-established their control over Delhi. Terror was let loose on the citizens. Bahadur Shah was arrested and sent to Rangoon. Both of his sons were killed.

4. Kanpur. Nana Sahib declared himself as Peshw’a at Kanpur. The British commander Havlock defeated Nana Sahib and the control of Kanpur came in the hands of the English. Tantya Tope tried to re-establish his control there but failed. In the mean time Nana Sahib took shelter in Nepal. Tantya Tope fled and went over to Rani of Jhansi.

Mandal Pandey

5. Lucknow. Lucknow was the capital of Avadh. The English commander Havlock invaded Lucknow with a large army and established his control over the city on 31st March, 1858. After some time, “Talukedars” of Avadh also laid down their arms and as such the fire of revolt in Avadh was also extinguished.

6. Jhansi. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi led the rising. The British commander attempted to suppress the revolt and occupy Jhansi but failed. Jhansi was again invaded in April, 1858 A.D. This time a few companions of Rani Lakshmi Bai deserted her and joined the British. They however, faced bravely the aggressors. The fort of Jhansi came under the control of the British. The Rani was killed in a battle with the British near Gwalior. In the Central India, Tantya Tope fought many battles with the English but was defeated. He was captured and hanged on April 18th, 1858.

7. Punjab. Yet many rulers of states of Punjab helped the Britishers in revolt, but still revolt occurred at many places against Britishers. Indian soldiers revolted at Ferozpur, Peshawar, Jalandhar and at some other places. But these revolts were suppressed by Britishers and many soldiers were killed.

In modern Harvana, local leaders of Rewari. Bhiwani, Balabhgarh, Hansi, etc. also revolted in 1857 A.D. but they were also suppressed by Britishers.

Question 5.
Explain the political, economic and military causés of the Revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
In 1857, Indians revolted against the British for the first time. They wanted to drive them away from their country. This revolt is considered as the ‘First War of Independence’. Political, military and economic causes of this revolt were as under :

I. Political Causes:
1. Annexationist Policy of Daihousie. LMrd Daihousie wanted the expansion of the British empire in India. He. therefore, adopted the policy of annexation through the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this policy, a ruler who had no male heir was not allowed to adopt a son who might inherit his kingdom. He annexed Satara, Nagpur. Sambalpur, Jaitpur etc. to the British Empire. By following this policy, the British did not allow the widow queen of Jhansi to adopt a son. She, therefore, became a bitter enemy of the British.

2. Injustice with Nana Sahib. Nana Sahib was the adopted son of the last Maratha Peshwa Bajirao II. After the death of Bajirao, the British refused to pay annual pension to Nana Sahib. So, he turned against the British. On seeing injustice done to Rani of Jhansi and Nana Sahib, the Indians were annoyed and felt insulted. They began to make plans to end the British rule in India.

3. Insult of Bahadur Shah. In 1856 A.D, the Governor-General told the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah that he would be the last Emperor of India. After his death, his princes will have to vacate the Red Fort and stay in a rented house near Qutub Minar. This decision of the British annoyed Bcgam Zeenat Mahal, the queen of Bahadur Shah. She started hatching conspiracies to destroy the British rule in India. The Muslim population of the country could not bear this insult to the heir of Akbar and Aurangzeb.

4. Unjustified annexation of Avadh. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Avadh was a faithful friend of the British. His ancestors had also helped the British several times. Even then, the British levelled the charge of maladministration against the Nawab of Avadh and annexed his kingdom to the British empire. They gave pension to Wajid Ali Shah and sent him to Calcutta (Kolkata). The people of Avadh got annoyed over it. There were 60,000 Avadh soldiers in the army of Bengal. They could not tolerate this injustice done to their king and decided to rise in revolt against the British.

II. Military Causes:

Low Salaries: The salaries of Indian soldiers were very low. They were not given higher salaries even if they were qualified. Chances of their promotion were very less.
Misbehaviour of the Europeans: Indian soldiers were considered to be inferior to European soldiers and English officers used to maltreat the Indian soldiers.
The Enlistment Act of 1856: An Act was passed in 1856 by which, it was made obligatory for the soldiers to go overseas if ordered. As a result of it, dissatisfaction spread among the Indian soldiers.
Annexation of Avadh: The British annexed Avadh on the basis of maladministration. The Nawab was deposed and his army was disbanded.
The issue of Greased Cartridges: In 1856 A.D, Indian soldiers were given greased cartridges which were to be bitten with one’s teeth before they could be fired. This enraged the Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British army. Indian soldiers were angry over it. The first freedom struggle of 1857 A.D. was the result of this discontentment amongst the Indian soldiers.

III. Economic Causes:

The British started sending raw materials from India to factories in England. Finished products of England were sold in India. This policy affected Indian industry very badly and many artisans became jobless.
The British increased the land tax step by step. This tax was collected by very harsh methods. The farmers were dissatisfied due to this reason.
Import duties on Indian raw materials in England were high whereas import duties in India on British-made goods were low. Indian trade was, therefore, suffering from heavy losses.
The British confiscated the Jagirs of many ‘Jagirdars’ and increased taxes on other ‘Jagirs’. As a result, many landlords turned against the British.

Question 6.
Explain the contribution of Punjabis in the revolt of 1857 A.D.
Answer:
The Punjabis had mixed reactions to the revolt of 1857. The Indian soldiers in some cantonments of Punjab faced the British army bravely, but some rulers of Punjab states sided with the British. As a result, The revolt of 1857 in Punjab could not succeed.

A brief description of the role of the Punjabis in the revolt of 1857 is as under:
1. Revolt by Soldiers. The uprising started on 10th May 1857 at Meerut. The news about the revolt reached Lahore on May 12th, 1857. Indian soldiers (called sepoys) at Mian Mir cantonment (near Lahore) were disarmed as there was danger of the spread of revolt in Punjab. After this, the Indian soldiers in the cantonments of Peshawar, Naushehra, Multan, Ambala, Jalandhar, Rawalpindi, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, and Derajat were disarmed. Even then the soldiers in the eastern region revolted. The army created some disturbances at Jalandhar, Phillaur, Jhelum, and Thaneshwar. Hindustani and Punjabi soldiers revolted in other important cantonments also. Some soldiers killed their commanders.

2. Revolt by Common people. In view of the deteriorating condition of the British Government, the common people also revolted at several places. For example, people at Sialkot and Sirsa co-operated with the Indian soldiers. Besides, the Muslim tribals of Montgomery, Multan, Bahawalpur, and Fazilka also joined the revolt. Similarly, Punjabis rose in an open revolt at Karnal, Rohtak, and Rewari. Some jats of Karnal refused to pay the land tax to the British.

3. Revolt by Sardar Ahmed Khan Kharal. Ahmed Khan Kharal was the chief of a tribe. He refused to pay tax to the government and ro#e in revolt against it. Some tribals living on the banks of Ravi sided with him. He fought against the English at some other places also and killed the British soldiers and officers. Ultimately, he died while fighting the British near Pakpattan.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 2 Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Contemporary Society

October 10, 2024October 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 2 Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Contemporary Society Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Contemporary Society

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Contemporary Society Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The class to which the writers belonged in the Muslim society was
(a) Upper Class
(b) Middle Class
(c) Lower Class
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Middle Class.

Question 2.
The worshippers of Goddess Durga were called
(a) Vaishnavas
(b) Shaivas
(c) Sunnis
(d) Shaktas
Answer:
(d) Shaktas.

Question 3.
What was Jaziya?
(a) Religious
(b) Tax
(c) Tradition
(d) Jewel.
Answer:
(b) Tax.

Question 4.
Who were Ulemas?
(a) Labourers
(b) Hindu religious leaders
(c) Muslim religious leaders
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Muslim religious leaders.

Question 5.
The event of Sachcha Sauda happened in ________
(a) Chuharkana
(b) Rai Bhoi
(c) Haridwar
(d) Sayyidpur.
Answer:
(a) Chuharkana.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
The two sects of Islam are Sunni and ________
Answer:
Shia

Question 2.
________ worshipped the God Vishnu.
Answer:
Vaishnavas

Question 3.
The purpose of Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s life was the welfare of ________
Answer:
whole humanity

Question 4.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave a message of ________ at Kartarpur.
Answer:
Naam Japo, Kirat Karo, Vand Chhako (meditate, work and share)

Question 5.
During his stay at Sultanpur, Guru Nanak Dev Ji used to bathe in the ________ river
Answer:
Bein.

III. Match the following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Battle of Panipat	(i) Chuharkana
2. Sachcha Sauda	(ii) 1526 AD.
3. Guru Angad Dev Ji	(iii) Taiwandi
4. Birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji	(iv) Bhai Lehna.

Answer:

A	B
1. Battle of Panipat	(ii) 1526 AD.
2. Sachcha Sauda	(i) Chuharkana
3. Guru Angad Dev Ji	(iv) Bhai Lehna.
4. Birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji	(iii) Taiwandi

IV. Differentiate between the following :

Question 1.
Muslim Nobility and Muslim Middle Class.
Answer:
1. Muslim Nobility. The high ranking nobles, Iqtadars, Ulemas, etc. were counted among the members of this class. A noble held high rank in the Muslim government. He was addressed as ‘Malik’, ‘Khan’, ‘Amir’ etc. Iqtadars were basically big landlords. All the nobles had their personal armies, which they offered to Sultans for military purpose on demand. The life of a member of this class was .spent in luxury and merry-making. The upper class people lived in palaces or mansions. They indulged in drinking and kept numerous women for their different types of amusements. The Ulemas enjoyed great respect in the society. They had indepth knowledge of Quran and Arabic language. As a result, they wielded great influence in the Muslim royal courts.

2. Muslim Middle Class. The farmers, traders, soldiers, middle ranking government officers were included in the middle class. The Muslim scholars and writers were also counted among them. Their standard of living and social status were far better than the social status and economic condition of the Hindus.

Question 2.
Vaishnavas and Shaivas.
Answer:

Vaishnavas: People believing in Vaishnavism worshipped the incarnations of Lord Vishnu i.e. Lord Krishna and Lord Rama. These people were completely vegetarians.
Shaivas: People believing in Shaivism worshipped Lord Shiva. Most of these were hermits. People of Shaivism included Gorakhpanthi, Nathpanthi and Jogis.

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was the last ruler of the Lodhi Dynasty?
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodhi was the last ruler of the Lodhi Dynasty.

Question 2.
Who invited Babur to attack Punjab?
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur to attack Punjab.

Question 3.
Which religious persons were given state patronage during the Lodhi period?
Answer:
The Ulemas and Sufi Sheikhs were given state patronage during the Lodhi period.

Question 4.
What do you understand by Jaziya?
Answer:
Jaziya was a type of tax which Mughal rulers collected from the non-Muslim population. It lieu of it, rulers took the responsibility of their protection.

Question 5.
What do you mean by pilgrimage tax?
Answer:
Pilgrimage tax was collected from non-Muslims. They gave this tax for visiting their pilgrimage places.

Question 6.
When and amongst whom was the Battle of Panipat fought?
Answer:
The first Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526 A.D. between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi.

Question 7.
Name the two sects of Muslim society.
Answer:
Shia and Sunni.

Question 8.
When and where was Guru Nanak Dev Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in 1469 A.D. at Rae Bhoe Ki Talwandi. Now it is known as Nankana Sahib.

Question 9.
Name the parents of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
The name of the mother of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was Mata Tripta and father’s name was Mehta Kalu.

Question 10.
Name any two Banis composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Var Malhar, Var Assa, Japji Sahib, Barah Maha etc.

Question 11.
What are the travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji called?
Answer:
The travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are called Udasis.

V. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on the condition of women in early 16th century.
Answer:
In the early 16th century, the condition of women was not good. They were considered lower than males. Their condition in their home was just like a servant. They had to live under the control of males. Few Rajput tribes considered girls a cause of sorrows and even killed them. Women did not enjoy a good status even in the Muslim society. Female was considered only a means of entertainment. They lived a pitiable life from birth till death.

Question 2.
What do you know about the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
1. God is One. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message that there is one God. He was not different for different people and thus, could not be divided. He gave the message of one Supreme Formless or Supreme Onkar.

2. God is Formless and Self-Created. Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached that Supreme God is Formless, without attributes and absolute. The Supreme God has attributes, which cannot be explained in words. Guru Sahib further said that God is Self-Created and not bound by the laws of time. Hence, He cannot be presented in the form of an idol and worshipped.

3. God is Omnipotent and Omnipresent. Guru Nanak Dev Ji explained that God is Omnipotent and Omnipresent. He existed everywhere. He cannot be confined within the four walls of a temple or mosque.

4. God is Supreme. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is Supreme. He is incomparable. It is impossible to measure the depth of His grace and greatness.

5. God is Compassionate (Kind). Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message that God is compassionate. He attends to his true seekers whenever they need Him.

Question 3.
Write a note on the middle class during the Lodhi period.
Answer:
Middle Class. The low ranking Qazis, soldiers, middle ranking government officials, traders etc. were members of this class. They enjoyed more freedom under the Sultanate rule as compared to other lower sections of the society and also a position of respect in the Muslim Society.

Question 4.
Which social evils did Guru Nanak Dev Ji oppose?
Answer:
Guru Ji believed that there is no place of external rituals in true religious reverence of devotion. That’s why Guru Ji strongly criticised irrational rites and performance of Yajnas and sacrifices in order to achieve God. Guru Nanak Dev Ji also did not accept the methods of Jogis. It had two major reasons-lack of reverence devotion in their behaviour towards God and disagreement towards social responsibilities in their Sanyasi life. Guru Ji did not accept Vaishnav Bhakti and did not give any place to incarnationism in his ideology. Except this, he also criticised the customs of Muslims.

Question 5.
Write a note on the Muslim society during the Lodhi period.
Answer:
1. Upper Class. The high-ranking nobles, Iqtadars, Ulemas, etc. were counted among the members of this class. A noble held high rank in the Muslim government. He was addressed as ‘Malik’, ‘Khan’, ‘Amir’, etc. Iqtadars were basically big landlords. All the nobles had their personal armies, which they offered to Sultans for military purpose on demand. The life of a member of this class was spent in luxury and merry-making.

2. Middle Class. The farmers, traders, soldiers, middle ranking government officers were included in this class. The Muslim scholars and writers were also counted among them. Their standard of living and social status were far better than the social status and economic condition of the Hindus.

3. Lower Class. The artisans, domestic servants, male and female slaves etc. formed the lower class of the Muslim society. The standard of living of this section of Muslim society was very low. They worked hard to earn their livelihood. The artisans like weavers, goldsmiths, ironsmiths, carpenters, cobblers, etc. could hardly earn two square meals by even putting in hardwork throughout the day. The domestic servants and slaves served the high class of the Muslim society.

VI. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe in detail about social and religious condition of society during Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s era.
Answer:
Social Condition. During 16th century, the social condition of Punjab was quite pitiable. There was discrimination in society. As compared to Hindus, Muslims were better positioned. There was no proper arrangement of education. People were forced to study Persian language. The condition of women was quite bad. The birth of a female child was considered a curse on the family. Due to prevailing superstitions and evils, this age was considered a dark age.

Following was the social and religious condition of Punjab during 16th century.
1. Position of Muslims. From 11th to 16th centuries, Punjab remained under the Muslim rulers. Under these rulers, many Muslims permanently started residing over here. They married with many females including prostitutes and slaves. Many of the low caste Hindus, due to the fear of Muslim rulers, and under the influence of Muslims, adopted their religion. During this time, many Mughals and Iranis settled in Punjab.

So, In the beginning of the 16th century, there was a sizeable amount of Muslims in Punjab. Most of them lived in towns. In the society of 16th century, Muslims were in a better position than Hindus. Its reason was the Muslim rule in Punjab. Muslims were appointed at higher official posts. They were always favoured in every espect. Upper-Class Muslims had certain privileges as well.

2. Classes of Muslim Society. The Muslim society of the sixteenth century in Punjab was divided into the following three classes :
1. Upper Class. The Afghan Amirs, Sheikhs, Qazis, Ulemas or religious leaders and powerful feudal lords etc. were included in this class. The ministers of the Sultans and high ranking civil and military officers also belonged to this section of the Muslim society. This section led a life of luxury and merry-making.

2. Middle Class and Lower Class:
Middle class: The low ranking Qazis, soldiers, middle ranking government officials, traders etc. were members of this class. They enjoyed more freedom under the Sultanate rule as compared to other lower sections of the society and also a position of respect in the Muslim society.

Lower class: The slaves, the domestic servants, artisans and eunuchs were included in this class. There were female slaves also. Their life was miserable.

3. Condition of Hindus. The condition of Hindu society in the sixteenth century Punjab was very miserable. Every Hindu was treated with suspicion. They were not appointed on high jobs in the government. The Jaziya and Toll tax (which were imposed only on non-Muslims) were forcibly collected from them. The government had imposed numerous restrictions on Hindu customs, traditions, festivals and dress. They were subjected to torture and humiliation to compel them to embrace Islam.

4. Status of Women. Following was the condition of women during the sixteenth century :
1. Miserable Condition. The condition of women in Punjab was pitiable in the beginning of the sixteenth century. They were rated as feeble, hopeless, weak and inferior to men. They were treated as slaves in their own homes. They were cursed to live in subordination to men. Among some of the Rajput clans, the birth of a girl was considered as an ill-omen and she was killed at the time of birth.

2. Evils. Many evils prevailed in the contemporary society which hindered the overall growth of women. Some of the worst traditions and customs were-Practice of Sati, Female infanticide, Child Marriage, Johar, Purdah System, Polygamy, etc.

3. Purdah System. The Purdah system was prevalent among both the Hindu and Muslim women. The Hindu women covered their faces with their chunnis or saris and Muslim women wore Burkas.

Polygamy. The custom of polygamy was very popular among the Muslims. The Emperor and high-ranking officers kept many women for their amusement and fun. Female education was totally neglected. Only the women of royal family received some education. The rest of women folk remained illiterate. There were other numerous restrictions on women.

Religious Condition : During 16th century, Hinduism was the major religion of Punjab. Their major principles were based on Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharta, Upnishadas, Gita etc. Hinduism was divided into many sects :

Vaishnav Sect: Those who had faith in this sect worshipped Lord Vishnu and his incarnations Lord Rama, Lord Krishna etc. They were completely vegetarians.
Shaiv Sect:. The proponents of Shaivism worshipped Lord Shiva. Most of them were hermits which included Gorakhpanthi, Nathpanthi and Jogis.
Shakti Sect: The believers of Shakti sect worshipped Goddess Kali and Durga as incarnation of Shakti. They also performed animal sacrifice.

Many of them believed in magic. Many people worshipped their ancestors, Gugga Peer, Sheetla Mata etc. Except these in the mountainous regions of Punjab, there lived many people who believed in Buddhism and Jainism. They believed in non-violence.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the first Udasi of Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji went first to the east and then to south on his first journey. He started his journey around 1500 A.D. Guru Sahib took along with him an ardent devotee, Mardana on his first journey. Mardana was a good player of Rabab (a stringed musical instrument).

Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited the various places which are given below :
1. Sayyidpur. Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Sayyidpur from Sultanpur Lodhi. In the beginning of his journey, Guru Sahib converted a carpenter Bhai Lalo. Guru Sahib refused to partake the food provided by Malik Bhago. Guru Sahib refused to take the food because Malik Bhago followed corrupt means and oppressed the poor to earn money.

2. Talumba. Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Talumba in district Multan from Sayyidpur. Sajjan Thug, who pretended to be a religious man, lived there. Sajjan was basically a cunning man. Sajjan planned to play his dirty game with Guru Nanak Dev Ji. However, when Guru Nanak Dev Ji sang his hymns before going to bed, it deeply touched the heart of Sajjan. He fell at the feet of Guru Sahib and pleaded for forgiveness. Guru Nanak Dev Ji pardoned him and accepted him as his follower. After that, Sajjan stopped cheating the people and adopted the path of spreading the message of True Faith. The historian Teja Singh has rightly said, “The criminal’s den became a temple of God worship.”

3. Kurukshetra. Guru Nanak Dev Ji went to Kurukshetra from Talumba. He found thousands of Brahmins, Saints, and Hindus gathered there on the occasion of solar eclipse. Guru Nanak Dev Ji addressed the congregation, where Guru Sahib laid stress upon the purity of soul in place of giving more importance to the outer purity or purity of physical existence. Guru Sahib taught them the path of honesty, love, and truth.

4. Panipat. Guru Sahib went to Panipat from Kurukshetra. Guru Sahib met Sufi Sheikh Ikul Kabir. The Sufi saint was highly impressed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji and became his follower.

5. Haridwar. Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled to Haridwar from Panipat passing through Delhi on his way. At Haridwar, Guru Nanak Dev Ji observed that the people were throwing water upwards facing the sun saying that they were sending water to their ancestors. In order to help the people to see reason, Guru Sahib started throwing water in the opposite direction. When the people inquired about the aim of his such action, Guru Sahib told them that he was watering his fields in the Punjab. The people tried to mock at his reasoning. Then, Guru Nanak Dev Ji sought to reason by questioning that when they could not accept that he could send water a few hundred miles away, then how could they justify their belief that their water offerings were reaching their ancestors millions of miles away? When no one came up with any answer, they became the followers of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

6. Gorakhmatta. Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited Kedarnath, Badrinath, Joshi Math etc. and finally reached Gorakhmatta. Guru Sahib met the followers of Saint Gorakh Nath. Guru Nanak Dev Ji taught that they could not attain moksha by piercing their ears, smearing their bodies with ashes, keeping sticks in their hands and abandoning their social responsibilities. The Yogis of Gorakhmatta were so impressed that they changed the name of the place to Nanakmatta.

7. Benaras. Guru Nanak Dev Ji went to Benaras from Nanakmatta. Guru Sahib met Pandit Chaturdass in Benaras. The teachings and grace of Guru Nanak Dev Ji overwhelmingly impressed Pandit Chaturdass. He submitted before Guru Nanak Dev Ji along with all his followers and all of them became the devotees of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

8. Gaya. Guru Nanak Dev Ji continued his journey from Benaras and reached Gaya, the well-known place of pilgrimage of the Buddhists. Guru Nanak Dev Ji blessed numerous people of Gaya with his teachings and they became his followers.

9. Assam. Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled through Bihar and Bengal and reached Assam. At ‘Dhubri’, Guru Sahib met Shankar Dev. Guru Sahib met a beautiful magician woman named Nooran, whom Guru Sahib taught that the real beauty was of a pure character.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji continued his journey through Guwahati and Shillong and reached Syhlit. Guru Sahib met Sheikh Jalal at Syhlit. Sheikh Jalal was so impressed by his teachings that he became his follower.

10. Dacca, Cuttack and Jaganath Puri. Guru Nanak Dev Ji went to Dacca from Kamrup. Guru Sahib had an exchange of ideas with numerous religious leaders there. From Dacca, Guru Sahib passed through Cuttack and reached Jagannath Puri in present Orissa. Guru Sahib watched the performance of aarti (worship of an Idol with lamps and cinders) of Idol of Lord Jagannath, the incarnation of God Vishnu. Guru Sahib preached to the people the uselessness of Idol worship. He preached that God is Omnipresent.

11. Journey of South India. Guru Nanak Dev Ji continued his journey to South India. Guru Sahib visited Guntur, Kanchipuram, Trincholopoly, Nagapatnam, Rameshvaram, Trivandrum, and Sri Lanka. The king of Sri Lanka, Shivnabh, was highly impressed by the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He became his follower. His Queen and other people accepted him as their Guru. In Sri Lanka, Guru Nanak Dev Ji deputed one of his followers, Jhanda Bedi to continue to spread his message.

The Return Journey. On his return journey from Sri Lanka, Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited numerous small towns. Finally, Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited Kusali, Bycola, Anumadhyam, Pannar and Pakpattan. At Pakpattan, Guru Sahib met Sheikh Ibrahim, the tenth descendant of Sheikh Farid. Sheikh Ibrahim felt highly elated by listening to the divine talks of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. From Pakpattan, Guru Sahib went to Dipalpur and returned to Sultanpur.

Question 3.
What do you learn from the life of Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
The teachings and life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji served as ideals for all. Guru Sahib was strongly against the narrow views like irrational customs and rites, caste system, racialism, etc. Guru Sahib had deep faith in the True Name and existence of Supreme God and gave this message to all those who sought His grace.

The main teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are given below :
1. The Greatness of God. Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s views about God are as follow :

Faith in One Supreme God. Guru Nanak Dev Ji stressed that there is one Supreme God. Guru Sahib did not believe in the incarnation of God. Guru Sahib had called ‘Ram’, ‘Krishna’, ‘Buddha’ etc. as supreme beings but did not accept them as incarnations (Avtars) of God.
God is Formless and Self-Created. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message that God is Formless. According to him, God is Self-Created. Hence, God should not be worshipped in the form of idols made by man.
God is Omnipresent and Omnipotent. Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached that God is Omnipresent and Omnipotent. God is present in every living being. Everything exists only because of him.
God is Compassionate (Kind). Guru Nanak Dev Ji assured humanity that God was compassionate and generous. God comes whenever He is sought. The person, who attributes all his acts to the will of God, God Himself comes to his rescue.

2. The Recitation of True Name (Sat Nam). Guru Nanak Dev Ji stressed on the recitation of the True Name. Guru Sahib explained that as a person needed water for washing his body, he needed the recitation of the true name for the purification of his mind.

3. Importance of Guru. Guru Nanak Dev Ji considered the grace of Guru as most essential for reaching God. The Guru is like a ship which takes the follower across the sea of life. Guru Sahib said one could not realize God without the blessings of the Guru. The Guru is the ladder or a path to reach God.

4. Complete faith in the Principles of Right Conduct (Sat Karma). Guru Nanak Dev Ji told that a person passed through a cycle of births and deaths time and again as a result of the deeds performed by him. A person who did wrong deeds, took birth, again and again, to pay for his evil deeds. On the other hand, a person who performed pious deeds escaped the cycle of births and deaths and achieved moksha.

5. Stress on the life of a Householder. Guru Nanak Dev Ji favoured the life of a true householder. Guru Sahib gave the message that a person should live a right type of life on this earth and try to become pure. Guru Sahib showed by his personal example that a person could attain salvation while leading the life of a householder. Guru Sahib showed that a person could lead a detached and pure life even as a family man.

6. Faith in Love for Humanity. Guru Nan^k Dev Ji did not believe in social differences based on colour and race. To him, all the hujnan beings were the creatures of one and the same God. Hence they were all equal.

7. Criticism of Caste System. Guru Nanak Dev Ji strongly criticised the caste system. For him, no one was a Hindu, Muslim, low or high. According to him, there was fundamental equality and unity among all the castes and religions.

8. Social Service. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the person who did not love and respect all the creations of God, could never achieve God. Guru Sahib asked his followers to serve the society and love humanity selflessly. For him, love for humanity was love for God.

9. Criticism of Idol Worship. Guru Nanak Dev Ji criticised idol worship in very strong terms. According to him, it was useless to worship God in the form of an idol made by a man. For him, the right way to worship God was to recite His Name with full devotion and to realise His presence all around.

10. Criticism of Yajnas, Sacrifices, and Irrational Ceremonies. Guru Nanak Dev Ji strongly criticised irrational rites and performance of yajnas and sacrifices in order to achieve God. According to him, superficial presentations to God had no place in the worship of God.

11. Attainment of Supreme Bliss (Sach Khand). According to the Guru Sahib, the main aim of life of a human being is the attainment of Supreme Bliss or Sach Khand. The Sach Khand is that state of mind under divine grace wherein all the troubles and fears of a person disappear. A devotee becomes fearless and his troubled mind gets peace. In such a state of mind, the person gets a glimpse of the Supreme Being.

12. Emphasis on Life of Virtue. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message to people to |ead a virtuous life. Guru Sahib gave the following principles for an ideal life : (0 Speak the truth, (ii) Do not steal. (Hi) Live a life of piety, (iv) Never hurt the feelings of fellow beings.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Contemporary Society Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Bibi Sulakhni, wife of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, lived in .
(a) Batala
(b) Amritsar
(c) Bhatinda
(d) Kiratpur Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Batala

Question 2.
Who founded the city of Kartarpur?
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(c) Guru Ram Dass Ji
(d) Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Nanak Dev Ji

Question 3.
Sajjan Thag met Guru Nanak Dev Ji at
(a) Patna
(b) Sialkot
(c) Talumba
(d) Kartarpur.
Answer:
(c) Talumba

Question 4.
________ was the mother of Gurvr Nanak Dev Ji.
(a) Sulakhani Ji
(b) Tripta Ji
(c) Nanki Ji
(d) Bibi Amro Ji.
Answer:
(b) Tripta Ji

Question 5.
Babur made Guru Nanak Dev Ji prisoner at :
(a) Sialkot
(b) Kiratpur Sahib
(c) Sayyidpur
(d) Pakpattan.
Answer:
(c) Sayyidpur

Question 6.
Babur defeated ________ in the battle of 1526 A.D.
(a) Daulat Khan Lodhi
(b) Behlol Lodhi
(c) Ibrahim Lodhi
(d) Sikandar Lodhi.
Answer:
(c) Ibrahim Lodhi

Question 7.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his third Udasi from ________
(a) Sialkot
(b) Kiratpur Sahib
(c) Amritsar
(d) Pakpattan.
Answer:
(d) Pakpattan.

Question 8.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in A.D.
(a) 1269
(b) 1469
(c) 1526
(d) 1360.
Answer:
(b) 1469

Question 9.
Who made Tatar Khan the Nizam of Punjab?
(a) Behlol Lodhi
(b) Ibrahim Lodhi
(c) Daulat Khan Lodhi
(d) Sikander Lodhi.
Answer:
(a) Behlol Lodhi

Question 10.
________ is considered the most famous king of the Lodhi dynasty.
(a) Behlol Lodhi
(b) Ibrahim Lodhi
(c) Daulat Khan Lodhi
(d) Sikander Lodhi.
Answer:
(d) Sikander Lodhi.

Question 11.
________ considered themselves the descendants of Bibi Fatima, daughter of Prophet Mohammad.
(a) Shaikh
(b) Ulema
(c) Sayyid
(d) Quazi.
Answer:
(c) Sayyid

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Babur conquered Punjab in ________ A.D.
Answer:
1526

Question 2.
Sayyids considered themselves descendants of ________, daughter of Prophet Mohammad.
Answer:
Bibi Fatima

Question 3.
Ibrahim Lodhi called ________ to Delhi to punish him.
Answer:
Daulat Khan

Question 4.
________ was made the Subedar of Punjab after Tatar Khan Lodhi.
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi

Question 5.
The Muslim Amirs wore elongated headgear called ________
Answer:
Cheera

Question 6.
________ was the son of Daulat Khan Lodhi.
Answer:
Dilawar Khan Lodhi

Question 7.
The incident when Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent? 20 to serve food to the saints is known as ________
Answer:
Sacha Sauda

Question 8.
________ was the wife of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Bibi Sulakhani

Question 9.
________ and were the sons of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Sri Chand and Lakhmi Chand

Question 10.
Var Malhar, Var Assa, ________ and ________ were four Banis composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Japji Sahib, Barah Maha

Question 11.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born at ______________ village near Lahore.
Answer:
Talwandi

Question 12.
Gurudwara Panja Sahib is situated at ________
Answer:
Sialkot.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the controversy regarding the date of birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
According to Janam Sakhi (Biography) by Bhai Bala Ji, Guru Nanak Dev Ji was bom on the day of full moon in the month of Kartik (October-November) in 1469. The modem historians are of the view that he was born in the month of Vaisakh (Baisakhi season—April-May) and support the date April 15, 1469.

Question 2.
Which incident is known as Sacha Sauda?
Answer:
Gum Nanak Dev’s father gave him twenty rupees to start some business. Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent that money in feeding the hungry saints and this incident is famous as ‘Sacha Sauda’.

Question 3.
To which place did Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s wife belong? Write the names of their sons.
Answer:
Mata Sulakhani, wife of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, belonged to Batala (District Gurdaspur). They had two sons named Bhai Sri Chand and Bhai Lakshmi Chand.

Question 4.
What words were spoken by Guru Nanak Dev Ji after attaining Enlightenment? Explain their meaning.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message that ‘No one is a Hindu or Muslim’. These were the first words, which Guru Nanak Dev Ji uttered after attaining enlightenment. The meaning of his message was that all the Hindus and Muslims were equal. It also meant that Hindus and Muslims had forgotten the real message of their respective religions.

Question 5.
What work was done by Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Sultanpur and under whom?
Answer:
At Sultanpur Lodhi, Guru Nanak Dev Ji worked as Bhandari (the store accountant) in a Lodhi Khana (government storehouse) of Subedar Daulat Khan Lodhi.

Question 6.
Name the four Banis composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
The four main ‘Banis’ of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are: War Malhar’, War Assa’, ‘Japji Sahib’ and ‘Barah Maha’.

Question 7.
What did Guru Nanak Dev Ji preach at Kurukshetra?
Answer:
At Kurukshetra, Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message that a person should lay stress more on the purity of his mind and soul than on mere purity of his physical appearance (carnal existence).

Question 8.
Write Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s visit to Benaras.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled to Benaras from Gorakhmatta. At Benaras, Pandit Chaturdass debated with him on idol worship. Pandit Chaturdass lost the debate. He was convinced by Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s views. He surrendered himself to him and became his follower.

Question 9.
What did Guru Ji preach the Sidhas and Yogis at Gorakhmata?
Answer:
The Sidhas and Yogis smeared their bodies with ashes and led strange ways of life. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave them the message that they would not attain salvation by adopting useless customs like smearing their bodies with ashes, holding sticks, shaving heads, giving up social responsibilities, etc.

Question 10.
Explain Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s views on God.
Answer:
According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the Supreme God was Formless, Omnipotent, Omnipresent and Eternal. He had both the forms of being absolute (Nirguna) and of (Saguna). The word Vanis is also used for Banis.

Question 11.
What type of sacred thread did Guru Nanak Dev Ji want?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji wanted a sacred thread of pure deeds. According to him, such a sacred thread never breaks, nor is stained.

Question 12.
What is the meaning of Sacha Sauda?
Answer:
The meaning of Sacha Sauda is pious deal or in other words a true kind of business. Guru Nanak Dev Ji made a pious deal by spending twenty rupees to feed the saints.

Question 13.
Where was Guru Nanak Dev Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born at Talwandi, a village 64 kilometres from Lahore.

Question 14.
Why was Guru Nanak Dev Ji sent to Sultanpur Lodhi?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was sent to his sister Nanki and brother-in-law Jairam to start any business.

Question 15.
Where was a new spirit of Brotherhood promoted by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji started preaching his message at Kartarpur.

Question 16.
Through which two institutions Guru Nanak Dev Ji started a new brotherhood?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji started it through two new institutions of Sangat and Pangat.

Question 17.
What was the meaning of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
The meaning of Udasis is those travels which Guru Nanak Dev Ji undertook.

Question 18.
What was the objective of the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
To remove superstitions and to help humanity to adopt the right religious path.

Question 19.
Where is Gurudwara Panja Sahib situated?
Answer:
At Sialkot.

Question 20.
From where Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his third Udasi? ,
Answer:
From Pakpattan.

Question 21.
At which place Babur imprisoned Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Sayyidpur.

Question 22.
In which of his creation, did Guru Nanak Dev Ji critise the attack of Babur on Sayyidpur?
Answer:
In Babur Vani.

Question 23.
Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji spend last 18 years of his life?
Answer:
At Kartarpur.

Question 24.
Where can we find the views of Guru Nanak Dev Ji about God?
Answer:
In Japji Sahib.

Question 25.
What is meant by Langar System?
Answer:
Having food by sitting at one place by every one without any discrimination.

Question 26.
Who was the first Guru of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 27.
When did Guru Nanak Dev Ji leave this world?
Answer:
On 22nd September 1539.

Question 28.
Describe any one influence of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji on the people of Punjab.
Answer:
The people of Punjab started worshipping one God and the Idol worship declined.

Question 29.
Which invasion of Babur was compared to ‘Marriage party of Sins’ by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
The third invasion of Babur on India.

Question 30.
When and who founded Kartarpur?
Answer:
Kartarpur was founded in 1526 by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 31.
Who gave the land for the establishment of Kartarpur?
Answer:
It was given by a person named Diwan Kirorimal Khatri.

Question 32.
Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji meet Sajjan Thag?
Answer:
At Talumba.

Question 33.
What was the impact of Sajjan Thag’s meeting with Guru Nanak Dev Ji on Sajjan Thag?
Answer:
When he came in contact with Guru Nanak Dev Ji, he left his wrong doings and started propagating the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 34.
How did the name of Gorakhmata change to Nanakmata?
Answer:
At Gorakhmata, Guru Nanak Dev Ji told Nath Yogis about the real objective of life and they accepted the greatness of Guru Ji. Then this place was called as Nanakmata.

Question 35.
Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji spend his last days?
Answer:
At Kartarpur.

Question 36.
Give any one teaching of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
God is one and we must worship Him.

Question 37.
What were Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s views about God?
Answer:
According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is One, Formless, Omnipresent and Omnipotent, and Compassionate.

Question 38.
What was the name of the mother of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Mata Tripta.

Question 39.
To whom was Guru Nanak Dev Ji sent to take education?
Answer:
Pandit Gopal.

Question 40.
What the incident is known as in which Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent ₹ 20 to serve food to a group of Faqirs?
Answer:
Sacha Sauda.

Question 41.
Give the names of the sons of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Srichand and Lakshmichand.

Question 42.
When did Guru Nanak Dev Ji attain true knowledge?
Answer:
In 1499 A.D.

Question 43.
Who accompanied Guru Nanak Dev Ji during his first Udasi?
Answer:
Bhai Mardana.

Question 44.
Name of which place was changed to Nanakmata?
Answer:
Gorakhmata.

Question 45.
Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji go during his second Udasi?
Answer:
In the north of India.

Question 46.
When did Guru Nanak Dev Ji start his third Udasi?
Answer:
In 1517 A.D.

Question 47.
Who did Guru Nanak Dev Ji meet at a place called Dhubri?
Answer:
Sant Shankar Dev.

Question 48.
Who was Behlol Khan Lodhi?
Answer:
Behlol Lodhi was the Sultan of Delhi from 1451 to 1489. He established Lodhi dynasty.

Question 49.
Describe any one quality of Ibrahim Lodhi.
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodhi was a good soldier.

Question 50.
Describe two shortcomings of Ibrahim Lodhi.
Answer:

Ibrahim Lodhi himself was an Afghan (Pathan) but he failed to understand the freedom-loving nature and habits of the Afghans, his own tribesmen.
He abandoned the policy of his father and grandfather and tried to discipline the Afghans. He failed miserably in his policy.

Question 51.
When did Babur conquer Punjab and whom did he defeat in this battle?
Answer:
Babur won a victory in the first battle of Panipat in April 1526. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the Delhi Sultan. ‘

Question 52.
Define the classes into which the Muslim society was divided.
Answer:
The Muslim society was divided into three classes:

Amirs (nobles), high ranking commanders, Ulemas and Sayyids (Muslim clergy)
Middle Class and
the Slaves.

Question 53.
Write the main terms of treaty between Alam Khan and Babur.
Answer:
The terms of the treaty signed between Alam Khan and Babur were as follow :

Babur would provide military help to Alam Khan to acquire the throne of Delhi.
Alam Khan would recognise the supremacy of Babur over whole of the Punjab.

Question 54.
What do you know about the Ulemas?
Answer:
The Ulemas were the leaders of Muslim religious class. They were scholars of Arabic and religious literature.

Question 55.
What was the difference between the food of the Hindu and the Muslim societies?
Answer:
The food of Amirs, high ranking military officers, Sayyids, Sheikhs, Qazis and Muslim priests was rich and non-vegetarian. But the food of the Hindus was simple and mostly vegetarian.

Question 56.
Who were the Sayyids?
Answer:
The Sayyids claimed themselves to be the descendants of Bibi Fatima, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad. This class is highly respected in the Muslim society.

Question 57.
Describe the Muslim Middle Class.
Answer:
The Muslim Middle Class consisted of middle ranking government officials, soldiers, traders and farmers.

Question 58.
Describe the dress of the Muslim women.
Answer:
The Muslim women wore shirts, ghaghras, and tight pajamas, covering their whole body. They covered their whole body with a cloak called Burka.

Question 59.
Describe the sources of entertainment of the Muslims.
Answer:
The main sources of entertainment of Muslim nobles, Amirs and military commanders were polo, horse riding, dance and music. The game of chess was equally popular among the Amirs and the poor sections of Muslim society.

Question 60.
Describe the superstitions observed by the Hindus.
Answer:
Before the times of Guru Nank Dev Ji, the Hindus of Punjab were victims of blind faith and superstitions.

Question 61.
What was the political condition of Punjab under the rule of Ibrahim Lodhi?
Answer:
The Punjab had been reduced to an arena of intrigues under the rule of Ibrahim Lodhi.

Question 62.
Why did Ibrahim Lodhi summon Daplat Khan Lodhi to Delhi?
Answer:
Ibrahim summoned Dault Khan to Delhi to punish him.

Question 63.
Who made Tatar Khan the Nizam of Punjab?
Answer:
Behlol Lodhi.

Question 64.
Who is considered the most famous king of the Lodhi dynasty?
Answer:
Sikander Lodhi.

Question 65.
Who was made Subedar of Punjab after Tatar Khan?
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi.

Question 66.
Name the younger son of Daulat Khan Lodhi.
Answer:
Dilawar Khan Lodhi.

Question 67.
During his Punjab invasion of 1519 A.D., which areas were captured by Babur?
Answer:
Bajaur and Bhera.

Question 68.
When did Babur capture Lahore?
Answer:
1524 A.D.

Question 69.
Between whom the first battle of Panipat was fought?
Answer:
Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi.

Question 70.
Who called themselves descendants of Bibi Fatima, daughter of Prophet Mohammad?
Answer:
Sayyids.

Question 71.
Who did justice related work?
Answer:
Qazi.

Question 72.
Who were at the lowest level in Muslim Society?
Answer:
Slaves.

Question 73.
What were Hindus considered before Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
Jimmy.

Question 74.
Name the religious tax imposed on Hindus.
Answer:
Jaziya.

Question 75.
Among whom the social evil of Sati prevailed?
Answer:
Among Hindus.

Question 76.
What was the name of elongated headgear which the Muslim Amirs wore?
Answer:
Cheera.

Question 77.
Why did Daulat Khan send his son Dilawar Khan to the Sultan of Delhi?
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi had thought that the Sultan of Delhi would punish him severely.

Question 78.
Why did Daulat Khan Lodhi invite Babur to attack India?
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi wanted to establish his own independent rule over Punjab.

Question 79.
Why did Daulat Khan Lodhi turn against Babur?
Answer:
Babur did not appoint him the ruler of the whole of the Punjab after his victory.

Question 80.
Where did Daulat Khan fight Babur?
Answer:
Daulat Khan fought a battle with Babur at Malout but was defeated.

Question 81.
Write down the words in which Guru Nanak Dev Ji described the political condition of the Punjab of early 16th century.
Answer:
The king was like a lion, judicial officers were dogs.

Question 82.
Why did Babur conquer Punjab?
Answer:
He wanted to occupy the throne of Delhi after conquering Punjab.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write in brief the concept of God of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:

God is One. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message that there is one God. He was not different for different people and thus could not be divided. He gave the message of one Supreme Formless or Supreme Onkar.
God is Formless and Self-Created. Guru Nanak Dev Ji preached that Supreme God is Formless, without attributes and absolute. The Supreme God has attributes, which cannot be explained in words. Guru Sahib further teaches that God is Self-Created and not bound by the laws of time. Hence, He cannot be presented in the form of an idol and worshipped.
God is Omnipotent and Omnipresent. Guru Nanak Dev Ji explained that God is Omnipotent and Omnipresent. He existed everywhere. He cannot be confined within the four walls of a temple or mosque.
God is Supreme. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is Supreme. He is incomparable. It is impossible to measure the depth of His grace and greatness.
God is Compassionate (Kind). Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message that God is compassionate. He attends to his true seekers whenever they need Him.

Question 2.
Which places did Guru Nanak Dev Ji visit during his Second Udasi (travel)?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji passed through Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur and finally reached the present Himachal Pradesh. There, Guru Sahib visited Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, JawalaJi, Kangra, Kulu, Spiti, etc. and made many people his followers. Guru Sahib then visited Tibet, Kailash Mountain and Amarnath Cave in Kashmir. After that, Guru Sahib also visited Hassan Abdal and Sialkot. From there, Guru Sahib came back to Sultanpur Lodhi.

Question 3.
Describe the Sacred Thread ceremony of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji had not yet completed his early education when it was decided to perform the sacred thread ceremony for Guru Nanak Dev Ji by his parents. A day was fixed for the ceremony as an auspicious day. All the relatives and Brahmins were invited. Pandit Hardyal recited the hymns (mantras) and asked Guru Nanak Dev Ji to sit before him and wear the sacred thread. Guru Nanak Dev Ji refused to wear the thread. Guru Sahib said that he did not need any such thread for his physical body but a permanent thread for his soul. Guru Sahib further stated that he needed such a thread that was not made of cotton yarn but of the yarn of right virtues.

Question 4.
What professions did Guru Nanak Dev Ji adopt in his early life?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji had started showing disinterest in his education and worldly affairs at a very young age. His father engaged him in cattle grazing to divert his interest to worldly affairs. While on cattle-grazing rounds, he remained engrossed in deep meditation and his cattle strayed into fields of the other people. Troubled by the complaints of neighbouring farmers, his father decided to put him in business. He gave him twenty rupees to start some business but Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent all the money in feeding the saints and wanderers. This incident of his life is popular as ‘Sachha Sauda’ or the Pious Deal.

Question 5.
Write about the places Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited during his first Udasi (travel).
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited the following places during his first Udasi :

Guru Sahib went from Sultanpur Lodhi to Sayyidpur where Guru Sahib made Bhai Lalo his follower.
Then Guru Sahib visited Talumba, Kurukshetra and Panipat. Guru Sahib gave the message of doing right deeds to the people of those areas.
From Panipat, Guru Sahib reached Haridwar via Delhi. Guru Sahib preached against superstitions at those places.
Then Guru Sahib visited Kedarnath, Badrinath, Gorakhmatta, Benaras, Patna, Hajipur, Dhubri, Kamrup (Assam), Shillong, Dacca, Jaganath Puri and a number of places in South India. Finally, Guru Sahib came back from Pakpattan to Sultanpur Lodhi via Dipalpur.

Question 6.
Write about the important places visited by Guru Nanak Dev Ji during the third Udasi (travel).
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his third Udasi from Pakpattan. He visited the following places during this Udasi :

Multan,
Mecca,
Madina,
Baghdad,
Tehran,
Qandhar,
Peshawar,
Hassan Abdal and
Gujarat.

Question 7.
Give details of the time spent by Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Kartarpur.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji laid the foundation of a new city on the banks of river Ravi in 1521. The city was called “Kartarpur” which means ‘a city of God’. Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent the last eighteen years of his life along with his family members at Kartarpur (now in Pakistan.)

Guru Ji’s work at Kartarpur.

During his stay at Kartarpur, Guru Nanak Dev Ji composed *Var Malhar’, War Majha’, War Assa’, ‘Japji Sahib’, ‘Patti’, ‘Onkar’, etc.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji started the practices of Sangat and Pangat at Kartarpur in a systematic manner. During a session of ‘Sangat’, the followers of the Guru (Sikhs) sat together and meditated and recited hymns of the Guru. In the session of a ‘Pangat’ all the followers of the Guru sat together and partook their meals from a common kitchen (langar). This practice is also called Langar system.
When Guru Nanak Dev Ji prepared himself for the final journey of his life, he appointed his most devoted follower, Bhai Lehna as his successor to Guru-gaddi. Bhai Lehna as Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikh religion.

Question 8.
Write on the Udasis (travels) of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji undertook travels to spread his divine message. Those travels are called the Udasis. It is said that Guru Nanak Dev Ji travelled from Kailash mountains in the north to Rameshwaram in the south and from Pakpattan in the west to Assam in the east. Guru Sahib also visited places outside India such as Sri Lanka, Mecca, Medina, and Baghdad. Guru Sahib spent twenty years of his life in Udasis. On his long tours, Guru Nanak Dev Ji came across many people of different religions and faiths. Those people had different rites and customs. Guru Nanak Dev Ji showed them the true religious path.

Question 9.
What is the social significance of the message given by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Answer:
The message of Guru Nanak Dev Ji had great social significance. His message is for all. Every man and woman can easily follow and understand his teachings. There is no place for caste system or discrimination on religious basis. His teachings gave a setback to the caste system and developed the feeling of brotherhood among the people. Guru Sahib always identified himself with the common man. Therefore, Guru Sahib strongly condemned the oppression, injustice, and corruption of contemporary society. Consequently, his teachings removed many evils of the society.

Question 10.
Describe in brief the main teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji taught us :

There is one God. He is omnipresent and omnipotent.
The caste distinctions are meaningless. The rich, poor, Brahmans, Shudras, all are equal.
The right conduct makes a man great.
God should be worshipped with a pure mind.
Guru Sahib gives much importance to True Guru. Guru Nanak Dev Ji regarded the Guru essential for the realisation of God. According to him,‘True Guru acts as a guide in the attainment of the true name of God. Guru is the ladder which enables a man to reach the true goal of his life.”
One should always earn one’s living by right means.
The status of a woman is high. She gives birth to great men. All the women are worthy of highest respect.

Question 11.
Describe the religious policy of Sikandar Lodhi.
Answer:
According to Muslim historians, Sikandar Lodhi was an intelligent ruler, who believed in welfare of his subjects and impartial justice. However, Dr. Indu Bhushan Banerjee strongly opposes this view. According to him, he did justice only to the Muslim section of his subjects. He was a highly oppressive ruler and adopted the policy of intolerance in case of his Hindu subjects. He demolished numerous temples and forcibly converted many Hindus to Muslim faith. Millions of Hindus became victims of his atrocities.

Question 12.
Describe the administration of Sikander Lodhi.
Answer:
Sikander Lodhi was a powerful ruler. He centralized his administration and kept all the nobles and feudal lords under his strict control. He appointed Daulat Khan Lodhi as Nazim of Punjab. The boundaries of Punjab extended from Bhera to Sirhind at that time. Dipalpur was an important Suba of the Punjab province. However, Dipalpur was under nominal control of Lodhi Emperor.

Sikandar Lodhi worked for public welfare and considered it his main duty to solve the problems of his subjects. Unfortunately, he adopted this policy only in case of his Muslim subjects. But he did not treat Hindus well.

Question 13.
Describe the revolts during the rule of Ibrahim Lodhi.
Answer:
The following two major revolts took place against the rule of Ibrahim Lodhi.
1. The Revolt of Afghans (Pathans). Ibrahim Lodhi tried to discipline the freedom loving Afghan tribesmen. The Afghans did not tolerate it. They, therefore, rose in revolt under the leadership of Alam Khan, an uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi. Ibrahim Lodhi failed to crush their revolt.

2. Revolt in Punjab. Daulat Khan Lodhi was the governor of Punjab. He was also an uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi. He was annoyed by the stiff, obstinate and suspicious attitude of the Emperor Ibrahim Lodhi. As a result, Daulat Khan Lodhi decided to free himself from the control of the Emperor and started conspiring against him. He invited Babur, the ruler of Kabul, to invade India to achieve his own aim.

Question 14.
Why did Dilawar Khan Lodhi go to Delhi? How did Ibrahim Lodhi treat him?
Answer:
Dilawar Khan visited Delhi to meet Ibrahim Lodhi and to clarify his position regarding his relations with his father Daulat Khan. Ibrahim Lodhi threatened Dilawar Khan. He told Dilawar Khan that he would severely punish his father Daulat Khan for conspiring against him. Dilawar Khan was shown horrifying scenes of torture, which were inflicted on the rebels and afterwards, even he was imprisoned by the Sultan. Somehow, Dilawar Khan managed to escape from the prison of Ibrahim Lodhi. On reaching Lahore, he told his father Daulat Khan all the facts; the treatment meted out to him and happenings at Delhi. Daulat Khan got the message and also came to know the real intentions of Ibrahim Lodhi and decided to cross swords with him.

Question 15.
Describe the Sayyidpur attack of Babur.
Answer:
Babur marched towards Sayyidpur (Emnabad) after occupying Sialkot. A large army stationed at Sayyidpur offered a stiff resistance to the cavalry of Babur. However, Babur won the battle. The defeated army was mercilessly killed. The people of Sayyidpur were also subjected to cruelties. Many of them were made slaves. Guru Nanak Dev Ji described the cruel deeds of Babur in his ‘Babur Vani’.

Question 16.
Write about Babur’s invasion of India in 1524 A.D.
Answer:
In 1524, Babur attacked India for the fourth time. Alam Khan, the real uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi, appealed to Babur to help him in occupying the throne of Delhi. Even the governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodhi, another relative of Ibrahim Lodhi, had sought the help of Babur against Ibrahim Lodhi. Consequently, Babur, passing through Bhera reached Lahore. On reaching Lahore, Babur learnt that Daulat Khan had been driven out of Lahore by the army of Delhi before his arrival.

Babur immediately took revenge of the defeat of Daulat Khan by the army of Delhi.,In the meantime, misunderstanding developed between Daulat Khan Lodhi and Babur at Dipalpur. Daulat Khan was expecting that Babur would appoint him as the governor of Punjab after his victory. But Babur gave him only the territories of Jalandhar and Sultanpur. The disappointed Daulat Khan was infuriated. He ran away to hilly areas in order to raise an army to take revenge of his insult at the hands of Babur. However, the situation took a new turn when Babur entrusted Dipalpur to Alam Khan Lodhi and left for Kabul to strengthen his army and make more preparations for another invasion of India.

Question 17.
What efforts were made by Alam Khan to conquer Punjab?
Answer:
Babur entrusted the charge of Dipalpur to Alam Khan Lodhi at the end of his fourth expedition before returning to Kabul. Later, Alam Khan Lodhi planned to grab the whole of Punjab. However, his dream was shattered when Daulat Khan defeated him and turned him out of Punjab. Alam Khan Lodhi again went to seek protection of Babur. He signed a treaty with Babur. According to the terms of the treaty, Alam Khan Lodhi promised Babur to help him to occupy the throne of Delhi. Alam Khan assured Babur that after occupying Punjab, he would accept the suzerainty of Babur over Punjab. However, Alam Khan failed in his plans. Ultimately, Alam Khan helped Daulat Khan against Ibrahim Lodhi. This time again he failed to achieve his goal and all his plans to grab Punjab were ruined.

Question 18.
Describe the strategy of war between the army of Ibrahim Lodhi and of Babur at Panipat.
Answer:
The strength of the army of Ibrahim Lodhi on the battleground of Panipat was one lakh soldiers. It was divided into four sections :

Advance Wing
Centre Wing
Left Wing and
Right Wing.

There were 500 elephants also in his army.
Babur had arranged 700 carts before his army. The wheels of those carts were tied to each other with leather, leaving gaps between the pairs of carts. The artillery was arranged behind those carts. Behind the cannons, the front and the central wings, the army was stationed. The Left and Right Talughmas (invading platoons, which adopted guerilla technique of war) flanked the main army. At the back of such a layout stood the cavalry, ready to charge the enemy.

Question 19.
Write a note on the Amirs and Sardars.
Answer:
The Amirs and high-ranking commanders belonged to the upper section of the Muslim society. They were given ranks and titles. The commanders were paid in the form of land grants called ‘Iqtas’ from where they collected land revenue. They were free to spend land revenue as they liked.

The commanders always remained involved in wars. They were engaged in making plans to free themselves from the control of the Delhi ruler in one way or the other. They did not look after the local administration, which was a part of their official duty. They spent their wealth on a life of luxury and debauchery. They lived in big mansions with many wives. They had many male and female slaves.

Question 20.
Write about the religious leaders of the Muslims.
Answer:
There were two sections of Muslim high clergy,

Ulemas: They belonged to religious class of the Muslim society. They were authorities on Arabic and religious literature,
Sayyids: Apart from the Ulemas, there was a class of Sayyids in the Muslim religious society. They claimed themselves to be the descendants of Bibi Fatima, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad.

Both the Sayyids and the Ulemas had a thorough knowledge of the law governing the Muslim society.

Question 21.
Describe the condition of slaves and other low classes in the society.
Answer:

The lowest class in the Muslim society included persons like weavers, potters, labourers, slaves and eunuchs. The prisoners of war were made slaves. They were also exported to other countries.
The eunuch slaves were employed to serve the royal ladies in the harems.
The women slaves were like an object of amusement for satisfying the whims of the Amirs and high ranking commanders. Such women received shelter, food and clothing in return. Their condition of life depended upon the mercy of their owners.

Question 22.
What were the food habits of the Muslims?
Answer:
The food habits of Upper Section of Muslim Society. The upper section of Muslim society included Amirs, high ranking commanders, Sayyids, Sheikhs, priests and Qazis. They enjoyed delicious food, spices and chillies in excess. The ‘Pulao’ and ‘Korrma’ were their most favourite delicacies. Among sweets and desserts, they liked puddings of ground flour (Halwa) and syrups (sharbats). It was a normal habit with the members of the upper class to take drugs.

The Food of Common Muslims. The common Muslims were non-vegetarian. The baked cakes of wheat (chappati) and roasted meat were their staple diet. The cooked food was also available in the bazaars. Most of the Muslim artisans loved to take mashed curd (lassi) along with their meals.

Question 23.
Write about the dress of the Muslims.
Answer:

The Upper Class Muslims wore costly and gaudy dresses. Their clothes were made of silk and fine cotton. The Amirs wore elongated headgear (Paggadi). They called their headgear ‘Cheera’.
The Dress of the Slaves of the Nobles. They wore girdle (special cloth) covering abdomen. They kept a handkerchief and wore red sleepers. They wore ordinary headgears.
The Muslim Clergy. They wore cotton clothes. They wore headgears of seven yards long cloth. The Sufis wore loose gowns.
The Common Muslims. They wore shirts and pyjamas. They also wore shoes and socks.
The Muslim women. A Muslim woman wore shirt, ghaggra and narrow pyjama.

Question 24.
Describe the position of women in the Muslim society.
Answer:
A description of condition of the Muslim women in the sixteenth century is given below :

They did not enjoy a respectable position in the Muslim society.
The women belonging to high class lived in highly protected environment of harems. The slaves and concubines were provided to serve them.
The Pardah system was rigorously observed. However, this system was not strictly observed in the rural areas.
The women of the families of the common people working in the houses of upper class people lived in separate portions of the houses. Their portion was called Janan Khanna. They could come out of their dwelling houses only in Pardah.

Question 25.
Write about the caste system prevalent before Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
The Hindu society was divided into different castes or classes before the times of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. The main castes were: Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra.

Apart from these main castes, there were numerous sub-castes.

Brahmans. The Brahmans had become totally negligent of their duties and responsibilities towards the society and worked for their personal interests. They indulged in flattery of the ruling class to serve their own interests. They also had great influence on the common man. The common people were trapped in numerous superstitions due to the influence of Brahmans.
Kshatriyas and Vaishyas. The condition of the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas was comparatively better.
Shudras. The condition of Shudras was very miserable. They were hated and treated as untouchables. There was no harmony between the upper castes and the lower castes in the Hindu society.

Question 26.
Discuss the political condition of Punjab of early sixteenth century.
Or
Describe the political condition of Punjab before Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
In the early sixteenth century, the condition of the Punjab was very deplorable. It was called Lahore province and was a part of the Delhi Empire in those days. The Sultans of Delhi (Behlol Lodhi to Ibrahim Lodhi 1451 to 1526) were despots. Anarchy spread in Punjab under their rule. The whole atmosphere was poisoned with conspiracies. There was naked dance of lawlessness in the whole of Punjab. The ruling class was busy in merry-making. The government officials were corrupt and openly neglected their duties. There was no hope of getting justice in such a situation. Guru Nanak Dev Ji said that justice had taken wings. Bhai Gurdas had also described the corruption and maladministration of this period.

Question 27.
What was the cause of struggle between Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi and Daulat Khan Lodhi in the beginning of the sixteenth century? What steps did Ibrahim Lodhi take to check Daulat Khan Lodhi?
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi was the governor of Punjab during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi. In name, he was subordinate to Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi but he was virtually acting as an independent ruler of Punjab. He won over Alam Khan Lodhi, the uncle of Ibrahim Lodhi, to his side through secret negotiations, wherein he assured Alam Khan Lodhi his help in acquiring the throne of Delhi. When Ibrahim Lodhi learnt about this secret plot, he summoned Daulat Khan Lodhi to Delhi. Daulat Khan sent his son Dilawar Khan Lodhi in his place to clarify his position. When Dilawar Khan Lodhi arrived in Delhi, Ibrahim Khan Lodhi imprisoned him. Somehow, Dilawar Khan managed to escape from the prison and reached back Lahore to join his father. Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur to invade India in order to take revenge upon Ibrahim Lodhi for his act.

Question 28.
Describe the struggle between Babur and Daulat Khan Lodhi.
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur to invade India. Daulat Khan expected that Babur would appoint him the governor of Punjab after his victory. However, Babur gave him the territory of Jalandhar and Sultanpur only. As a result, he raised the banner of revolt against Babur. It soon led to a battle between them in which Daulat Khan and his son Ghazi Khan were defeated. After that, Babur returned to Kabul after entrusting his Indian possessions to Alam Khan. The moment Babur turned his back, Daulat Khan chased out Alam Khan, who at that time, represented Babur in Punjab, and declared himself the ruler of Punjab instead. Alam Khan visited Babur at Kabul and invited him to invade India. Babur again invaded India for the fifth time in 1525 and imprisoned Daulat Khan. Daulat Khan was later pardoned but he died soon after.

Question 29.
Describe the struggle between Babur, the King of Kabul, and Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan of Delhi.
Or
Describe the first battle of Panipat. What was the significance of this battle in the history of Punjab?
Answer:
Babur marched towards Delhi after defeating Daulat Khan Lodhi. Ibrahim Lodhi also left Delhi with an army of one lakh soldiers to cross swords with Babur. They fought the battle at Panipat on April 21, 1526. Ibrahim Lodhi, the Sultan of Delhi, was defeated and killed in the battle. Babur, the Padshah of Kabul, reached Delhi with his victorious army and unfurled his flag of victory over Delhi. With that Delhi Sultanate came to an end and the rule of the Mughal dynasty began. Hence, the battle of Panipat decided the fate of Punjab and also of whole of India.

Question 30.
Describe the condition of the Hindu society of the sixteenth century Punjab.
Answer:
The condition of Hindu society in the sixteenth century Punjab was very miserable. Every Hindu was treated with suspicion. They were not appointed on high jobs in the government. The Jaziya and Toll tax (which were imposed only on non-Muslims) were forcibly collected from them. The government had imposed numerous restrictions on Hindu customs, traditions, festivals and dress. They were subjected to torture and humiliation to compel them to embrace Islam. Sikander Lodhi killed a Brahmin named ‘Bodhan’ because he had resisted conversion to Islam. It is also a part of local oral history that once Sikander Lodhi had planned to kill all the Hindus who had assembled at Kurukshetra in a religious fair. However, he refrained from executing his plans due to the fear of mass revolt of the Hindus against him.

Question 31.
Describe the various classes of sixteenth-century Muslim society.
Answer:
The Muslim society of the sixteenth century in Punjab was divided into following three classes :
1. Upper class. The Afghan Amirs, Sheikhs, Qazis, Ulemas or religious leaders, and powerful feudal lords, etc. were included in this class. The ministers of the sultans and high ranking civil and military officers also belonged to this section of the Muslim Society. This section led a life of luxury and merry-making.

2. Middle class. The low ranking Qazis, soldiers, middle-ranking government officials, traders etc. were members of this class. They enjoyed more freedom under the Sultanate rule as compared to other lower sections of the society and also a position of respect in the Muslim society.

3. Lower class. The slaves, the domestic servants, artisans and eunuchs were included in this class. There were female slaves also. Their life was miserable.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Throw light on the childhood of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Birth and Parentage. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1469. Mehta Kalu Ram was his father and Mata Tripta, his mother. His father belonged to Bedi caste of the Kshatriyas. Mehta Kalu Ram was a Patwari under Jagirdar Rai Bular of Talwandi. The name of the only sister of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was Bibi Nanaki who was elder to Guru Sahib.

His Childhood and Education. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was kind at heart since his childhood. Guru Sahib was easily moved by the pains and sorrows of the poor and downtrodden. Guru Sahib was sent to the school of Pandit Gopal at the age of seven. Guru Sahib learnt the Devanagri script and arithmetic within two years. Guru Sahib was sent to the school of Pandit Brij Lai to learn Sanskrit. Guru Sahib surprised Pandit Brij Lai with the right explanation of the word ‘OM’. According to the Sikh traditions, Guru Nanak Dev Ji had learnt Persian and Arabic from Maulvi Qutubudin.

The Ceremony of Sacred Thread. During the years of his early education, the parents of Guru Nanak Dev Ji decided to perform his sacred thread ceremony. All the relatives were invited on the occasion. After making preparations for the ceremony, Pandit Hardyal asked Guru Nanak Dev Ji to wear the cotton thread as the sacred thread. Guru Nanak Dev Ji refused to follow his instructions. Guru Sahib asked Pandit Ji to provide him with a thread not of cotton yarn but a thread which was made of right virtues.

Adopted Different Occupations. The father of Guru Nanak Dev Ji persuaded him to graze cattle in >order to divert his attention from spiritual activities to worldly activities. While on his cattle-grazing rounds, Guru Nanak Dev Ji usually lost himself in deep meditation and his unattended cattle used to destroy the fields of the other farmers. Troubled by the complaints of the neighbouring farmers, his father decided to engage him in business. He gave him twenty rtipees to start some business but Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent the entire amount on feeding the hungry saints and wanderers. This incident of his life is popular as ‘Sacha Sauda’.

Marriage. Mehta Kalu Ram became depressed on watching the other worldly nature of his son. He married Guru Sahib to Bibi Sulakhani, daughter of Mulraj of Batala from a Kashtriya clan. At the time of his marriage, Guru Nanak Dev Ji was fourteen years old. Bhai Sri Chand and Bhai Lakshmi Chand were born to them. Mehta Kalu Ram sent Guru Nanak Dev Ji to Sultanpur Lodhi to adopt some regular profession. Guru Nanak Dev Ji got employment in a storehouse of Faujdar Daulat Khan on the recommendation of his brother-in-law, Shri Jai Ram. Guru Sahib started helping the saints open-heartedly at the storehouse. A complaint was lodged with Daulat Khan against him. However, when the records of the store were verified, every account was found in perfect order. It brought him great respect and admiration for his honesty.

Enlightenment. Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited the bank of river Kali Bein every morning to take a bath. Guru Sahib used to meditate every day at the time of bath. One morning, Guru Sahib went to take bath as usual, but disappeared for three days. During those days, Guru Sahib remained engaged in deep meditation and received the divine knowledge. Guru Sahib attained enlightenment and came to understand the mysteries of life. Guru Sahib was thirty years of age at that time.

Soon after, Guru Sahib started spreading the divine knowledge. His teachings were quite simple which attracted numerous people and they became his followers.

Question 2.
Describe the time period spent by Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Sultanpur Lodhi.
Answer:
Sometime between 1486-87, the father of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Mehta Kalu Ram sent Guru Sahib to Sultanpur Lodhi with a hope to divert his attention to worldly affairs. Guru Sahib started staying with Shri Jai Ram, his brother-in-law, and the husband of his sister Bibi Nanaki.

Job with Lodhi Khana. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was well-versed in Persian language and arithmetic. Guru Sahib joined as Bhandari (the store accountant) in Lodhi Khana (storehouse), of a Faujdar under Daulat Khan Lodhi on the recommendation of Shri Jai Ram. Guru Sahib worked very honestly and sincerely. However, a complaint was lodged against him that he was distributing the store-goods among the saints and wanderers without keeping any record. When the records were verified everything was found in perfect order.

The Life of a Householder and Meditation. Guru Nanak Dev Ji also brought his family to Sultanpur Lodhi after sometime. Guru Sahib started living a simple and pure family life. It was his routine that Guru Sahib visited the river Kali Bein on the outskirts of the town to take bath and to meditate on the name of God. He gave a part of his earnings in charity to the needy.

Enlightenment. It is recorded in Janam Sakhis, that one morning, as per his routine, Guru Sahib want to take bath in the river Kali Bein. But Guru Sahib disappeared for the next three days. A rumour spread in the town that he had been drowned in the river. All his relatives and well-wishers started worrying about his well-being. However, Guru Nanak Dev Ji had spent those days in deep meditation and on attainment of enlightenment. Guru Sahib had planned to spread the divine knowledge during those days.

After three days, Guru Nanak Dev Ji again returned to Sultanpur Lodhi and kept a mystic silence for some days. When Guru Sahib was persuaded to speak, he uttered his first divine message, “Na Ko Hindu Na Ko Musalman”. Faujdar Daulat Khan, Qazi, and Brahmins sought the explanation of his message. Guru Nanak Dev Ji taught them that the Hindus as well as the Muslims had forgotten the true tenets of their religions. He said that there was no difference in being a Hindu or Muslim. All were equal before God. Thus, Guru Sahib started preaching his divine teachings with the message of brotherhood and humanity. In order to preach his divine message, Guru Sahib resigned from his worldly job and started his travels.

Question 3.
Describe the Udasis (Travels) of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
After attaining enlightenment, Guru Nanak Dev Ji decided to spread the divine message for the spiritual benefit of humanity. Guru Sahib resigned his job and started his journey dressed as a fakir. Guru Nanak Dev Ji wanted to spread the divine message for which he travelled far and wide. Guru Sahib visited the east, west, north and south of India and blessed the people with his sweet voice and simple teachings. It took him twenty years to complete the whole journey. The historians of the Sikh history call the travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji as the ‘Udasis’ of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Aims of the Udasis. The main aim of Guru Nanak Dev Ji to undertake the Udasis was to show the true divine path to misguided humanity. Apart from that, Guru Sahib also aimed at popularising the mode of meditation on God’s Name in order to realise Him. Guru Sahib also aimed at discouraging the irrational rites, customs and superstitions.

The Udasis (Travels or Tours) of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. A brief account of his travels divided into three journeys may be studied as under :
1. First Udasi. Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited the following places on his first journey.
(а) Guru Nanak Dev Ji went from Sultanpur Lodhi to Sayyidpur where he made Bhai Lalo his follower.
(b) Afterwards, Guru Sahib went to Talumba (where the cunning Sajjan lived), Kurukshetra, .and Panipat. Guru Sahib encouraged the people to do good deeds.
(c) Guru Nanak Dev Ji went to Haridwar from Panipat via Delhi. Guru Sahib criticized superstitions and useless ceremonies.
(d) Next, Guru Nanak Dev Ji visited Kedarnath, Badrinath, Benaras,
Gorakhmatta, Patna, Hajipur, Dhubri, Kamrup, Shillong, Dacca and South India. Finally, he came back to Sultanpur Lodhi from Pakpattan via Dipalpur.

2. Second Udasi. Guru Nanak Dev Ji passed through Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur and finally reached the present Himachal Pradesh. There he visited Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, JawalaJi, Kangra, Kullu, Spiti etc. and made many people his followers. Guru Sahib then visited Tibet, Kailash Mountains and Amarnath cave in Kashmir. After that, Guru Sahib also visited Hassan Abdal and Sialkot. From there, Guru Sahib came back to Sultanpur Lodhi.

3. Third Udasi. Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his third Udasi from Pakpattan finally and reached Sayyidpur. During this journey,

Guru Sahib visited the following places :

Multan
Mecca
Madina
Baghdad
Tehran
Qandhar
Peshawar
Hassan Abdal and
Gujarat.

Question 4.
Explain in detail the concept of God according to Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
The core of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji is the praise of God (Nirankar). A simple description of the views of Guru Nanak Dev Ji on God is as follows :
1. There is One God. Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave the message of “Ek Onkar” which means One Supreme God. It was the core of all his teachings. It was the gist of his teachings or Mool Mantar. The gist of all his divine preaching on the idea of God is represented in his main saying (Mool Mantar). Guru Sahib told that there is one God and He cannot be divided. This message had social and religious importance for the contemporary world. The Muslims prayed to God accepting Prophet Muhammad as His prophet. The Hindus worshipped numerous gods and goddesses by accepting each of them as Supreme form. In his teachings, Guru Sahib strongly denied the concept of the incarnation of Supreme God. On that account, Guru Sahib did not accept Ram, Krishna, Buddha, and Muhammad as the incarnations of Supreme God.

2. God is Formless and Self-Created. Guru Nanak Dev Ji declared that God is Formless. He does not have any shape or form (Nirguna) but there are different attributes of God also (Saguna). Hence, the exact perception of God remains beyond the reach of words. God is Self Created, not by time (Altai Purakh), eternal and timeless (Akal Murat). Hence, it will not help, if Supreme God is worshipped only in the form of an idol created out of the perception of a common man. Guru Sahib rightly claimed that an ignorant man did not have the capacity to perceive the real God and neither had the ability to perceive and represent the Supreme God in the form of an idol or a symbol.

3. God is Omnipresent and Omnipotent. According to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God is omnipresent and omnipotent. Guru Sahib said that He is present everywhere. He cannot be confined within the four walls of a temple or mosque. One of his couplets when translated, elaborates thus, “Why to seek one that was created and dies. Seek the only one, who is eternal.”

The being, which is created, will die. The being, which is created, is bound by time. It has a beginning. The thing, which has a beginning, has an end also. However, the Supreme God is Self-Created, that is, he was not created and thus will not end with time. He is Akal Murat, that is not bound by time (start and end) and thus timeless (permanent).

4. God is Compassionate (Kind). Guru Nanak Dev Ji said that God is very kind. He helps whenever He is sought. He lives in the hearts of his believers. To Guru Nanak Dev Ji, God was personal and merciful. He helped them who had faith in Him in time of trouble and difficulty.

5. God is Supreme and Great. Guru Nanak Dev Ji declared that God is Supreme and Great. It was beyond the capabilities of human beings to understand his Supreme Existence. Only God knows what actually He is. Thus Guru Nanak Dev Ji said, . ‘He, The Great, knows, what can be known on being great.’ ‘A’rtoi sfS1′ tyufHf WJ TF<? W( I’ Many people had tried to explain the greatness of God but none had been successful in revealing His greatness in words.

6. Importance of his edicts (Hukam). The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji were full of praise of “Hukam” (rules ordained by God) of God. According to Guru Sahib , every event in the universe takes place as ordained by God (Hukam). Guru Sahib suggested that humanity should accept the sweet will of God as revealed in His Hukam.

Question 5.
Describe the role of Guru Nanak Dev Ji as a teacher and the founder of the Sikh religion.
Answer:
(A) As a Great Teacher :
1. Preacher of Truth. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was a great teacher of humanity. Guru Sahib attained enlightenment in the thirtieth year of his life. Guru Sahib travelled widely to spread his message. Guru Sahib spread the gospel of Truth in every nook and corner of the Punjab. Everywhere, people were impressed by his personality and message. Guru Nanak Dev Ji taught to abandon the materialistic desires, selfishness, and greediness and enjoined upon his followers to lead a pious life. Guru Sahib taught those principles which he himself practised in his personal life.

2. A Guru for the Whole Humanity. The teachings of Guru Sahib were not meant for any particular community, place, or nation, rather they are for the whole world. Prof. K.S. Narang opines that his message was not just for one period of time. It is eternal. Guru Sahih’s teachings were so rational and complete that even modern rationalists cannot find any shortcomings in them. The main aim of his teachings was the welfare of the whole humanity. It was only with the spirit of the welfare of the whole humanity that Guru Sahib undertook hard journey to Burma, China, Tibet, Arabia, etc.

(B) As the founder of Sikh Religion: Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded the Sikh religion. There are some fundamental principles of Sikh religion which are found only in Sikhism but not in Hinduism or Islam. Fpr example, Guru Nanak Dev Ji started the institutions of Sangat and Pangat which were the important features of the new faith. Secondly, Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not appoint his son as successor to Guru-gaddi but gave it to his devotee Bhai Lehna. By this act, the Guru tradition became very significant and the Sikh religion was founded. The Sikh religion continued to develop during the period of next nine Gurus and the Sikh religion established itself as a full-fledged religion.

Question 6.
Describe the political condition of Punjab before Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
The political condition of the Punjab was very miserable before the times of Guru Nanak Dev Ji (i.e. in the beginning of the 16th century). Punjab was known as the Lahore Province (Suba) in those days and formed part of the Delhi Empire. However, the glory of the Delhi Empire had declined by that time. As a result, the Punjab administration was weak and inefficient.

The brief description of the political condition of Punjab in the beginning of the 16th century was as under :
1. Despotic Rule. In the beginning of 16th century, Punjab was ruled by despotic rulers. All the Delhi Sultans of this period from Behlol Lodhi to Ibrahim Lodhi, were despots. They believed in the doctrine of Divine Right of the King and considered themselves as the representatives of God on the earth. All the powers of the Empire were concentrated in their hands. How can one expect that rights of common man were safe during the rule of such despots?

2. Political Anarchy: The country had been reduced to an arena of intrigues during the reign of the Lodhis. The last years of the reign of Sikandar Lodhi witnessed revolts all over the Empire. During the reign of Ibrahim Lodhi, there were frequent revolts in his kingdom. All his commanders and courtiers were busy in conspiring against him. The provincial governors were either trying to establish their independent kingdoms or joining the camps of contenders to the throne of Delhi. Such a state of anarchy worsened the condition of Punjab. It was a historic fact that no ruler could effectively rule Delhi without his control over the Punjab. Hence, all the Subedars were watching the situation in Punjab keenly. The governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodhi, was making every effort to establish his independent control over Punjab. A spirit of revolt was rising among the people of Punjab due to the selfish policies of the incapable rulers.

3. Lawlessness: In the beginning of the 16th century, there was complete lawlessness in the Punjab. The ruling class was busy in merry-making. The government officers were corrupt. There was no hope for any one to get justice in such a situation. The condition of the period is also reflected in the sayings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib Ji said that justice had taken wings. Guru Sahib Ji further revealed that there was not a single man who would do job without taking bribe. The ruler himself sought gratification to deliver justice. Sikandar Lodhi tried to deliver justice but he adopted this approach only for his Muslim subjects.

4. Wars: The Punjab was reduced to a battleground. Every ambitious noble was making efforts to establish his control over Punjab so that he could occupy the throne of Delhi. The intrigues and ambitions of military conynanders, Subedars, and courtiers led to numerous clashes. During the period, a tussle between Daulat Khan Lodhi and Ibrahim Lodhi continued for a long time. Babur invaded the Punjab five times during 1519-1526 A.D.

Question 7.
Describe Babur’s conquest of Punjab.
Answer:
The victory of Babur over Punjab was the outcome of the first battle of Panipat. It was fought in 1526 A.D. between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi, the Sultan of Delhi. Babur won this battle and occupied Punjab.

Babur’s invasion. Babur left Kabul for India in November 1525, with his twelve thousand soldiers. He defeated Daulat Khan Lodhi at Lahore on his march towards Delhi. The Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodhi proceeded towards north-west along with an army of one lakh soldiers against Babur. His army was divided into four wings, namely, the advance guard, central division, right wing and left wing. There were five hundred elephants in his army. The rival armies stood face to face in the battlefield of Panipat.

Beginning of the Battle. There were no attack from either side for eight days. Ultimately, on April 21, 1526, the army of Ibrahim attacked Babur’s forces. Babur started his attack by continuously firing his cannons. It was a new situation and experience for the Delhi army. Immediately afterwards, the right and left Talugma wings of Babur’s army attacked Delhi army. It was followed by a strong charge of the middle wing of Babur’s army consisting of cavalry on the centre of Delhi army. In this manner, Delhi army was encircled from all sides. They could move neither forward nor retreat. The elephants of Ibrahim’s army were terrified and injured by the gunshots. They trampled their own soldiers of Delhi army under their feet. Within no time, the ground of Panipat was flooded with corpses of the killed soldiers. By the end of the noon, on the same day, the battle was over. The dead body of Ibrahim was found lying among numerous corpses of Rajput soldiers who were bodyguards of the dead Sultan. This battle completed the occupation of Punjab by Babur.

Question 8.
Describe in brief the intrigues of Daulat Khan Lodhi in Punjab.
Answer:
Daulat Khan Lodhi was the son of Tatar Khan. Sikander Lodhi had appointed his reliable and near relative Tatar Khan as the governor of Punjab because of the sensitive situation in Punjab Province. After the death of Tatar Khan, his son Daulat Khan was appointed as governor of Punjab. During the lifetime of Sikander Lodhi, Daulat Khan remained loyal to Delhi Sultan but after the death of the Sultan, he started conspiring against the Delhi Sultanate with an aim to establish his independent control oyer Punjab.

1. Intrigues against Ibrahim Lodhi. Ibrahim Lodhi learnt about the plots of Daulat Khan Lodhi against him. He summoned Daulat Khan Lodhi to Delhi to clarify his position. But the Sultan Daulat Khan was guilty. Hence, he sent Dilawar Khan, his son, in his place to Delhi to represent him. Ibrahim Lodhi threatened Dilawar Khan. He tried to convey him the message that he could severely punish those who dared to conspire against him. Afterwards, he imprisoned Dilawar Khan. Somehow, Dilawar Khan managed to escape from the prison.^On reaching Lahore, he told Dault Khan about all the happenings.

Daulat Khan was quick to realise the danger of facing a real conflict with Ibrahim Lodhi. Therefore, first of all, he immediately declared himself as an independent ruler of Punjab. Further, in order to strengthen his position, he sought the help of Babur, the ruler of Kabul, and sent his son Dilawar Khan to him for negotiations. Dilawar Khan assured Babur of the full support of his father. Babur was desirous of becoming the ruler of India. He had earlier invaded India a couple of times with the same aim. Hence, he found his dream of ruling India becoming true, when he received the offer of Daulat Khan.

He marched towards India with full strength and easily occupied Lahore. However, when he proceeded further, he faced a strong opposition of the Afghan leaders. He ordered his army to indulge in loot and plunder at Lahore. Soon after, Dipalpur and Jalandhar were also looted. After conquering Punjab, Babur made Daulat Khan the Subedar of Jalandhar and entrusted the rest of Punjab to Alam Khan Lodhi, who was also made a representative or Vakil of Babur in India.

2. Daulat Khan’s Revolt against Babur. Daulat Khan had expected that Babur would declare him an independent ruler of Punjab. He was shocked and infuriated when Babur declared him the Subedar of Jalandhar only. He raised the banner of revolt against Babur along with his son Ghazi Khan. Babur easily crushed his revolt. Daulat Khan escaped to the hills of Shivaliks to save his life. When Babur left India, Daulat Khan came down from the Shivalik hills. He occupied a major portion of Punjab after defeating the armies of Alam Khan and Ibrahim Lodhi.

3. Defeat of Daulat Khan and his death. Babur was keeping an eye on the activities of Daulat Khan Lodhi. When he learnt that Daulat Khan had occupied Punjab again, he left Kabul in November 1525 to invade India. On reaching Lahore, he learnt that Daulat Khan Lodhi was camping at Malout near Hoshiarpur. Hence, Babur immediately attacked Malout. Daulat Khan was not able to resist the attack and lost the battle. He was imprisoned and sent to Bhera but he died before reaching there.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Agricultural Development in India

October 10, 2024October 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions Economics Chapter 3 Agricultural Development in India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 3 Agricultural Development in India

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Agricultural Development in India Textbook Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“Agriculture is the main source of employment in India.” Write a short note on it.
Answer:
A big part of our total labour force is engaged in agriculture. According to 2017-18, 46,2 percent of India’s working population is engaged in agriculture. In other countries like in England only 2% and in America, only 2% of the working population is engaged in agriculture. It indicates their economic development.

Question 2.
What are the mainlands reforms of India?
Answer:
Following are the mainland reforms of India:

Abolition of the zamindari system.
Acts have been passed to improve the land tenure system.
Maximum ceiling on landholdings.
Consolidation of holdings.
Co-operative farming.
Bhoodhan Movement.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Green Revolution?
Answer:
The revolution that aims at raising the agricultural produce by adopting the latest and scientific methods of cultivation is called the green revolution. “Green Revolution refers to an extraordinary increase in agricultural production especially in wheat and rice which was made possible due to the adoption of new techniques of H.Y.V. seeds.”

Question 4.
How has Green Revolution helped in solving the Indian food problem?
Answer:
After the year 1965-66, there has takeh place a tremendous rise in the production of foodgrains due to green revolution. In the year 1966-67, the year of green revolution, the production of foodgrains increased to 950 lakh tonnes. In 2017-18, the production of foodgrains was 2775 lakh tonnes. This resulted in increased per capita availability of food. It also helped in the reduction of imports of foodgrains. Thus green revolution helped a lot in solving the food problem in India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the importance of agriculture in Indian economy.
Anwer:
1. Contribution to National Income. Agriculture gives an importänt contribution to national income. During 1950-51, 59% of the total domestic production was produced in agriculture. Agriculture has been the basis of Indian economy. At present agriculture contributes about 15.3% to the national income.

2. Source of Employment. A big part of our total labour power is engaged in agriculture. According to 1991 census, 65.5% of the total working population was engaged in agriculture. In 2017-18, 46.2% people are directly engaged in this sector. In other countries, only 3% in England, 4% in America and 20% people in Russia are engaged in agricultural works. It indicates towards their economic developitient.

3. Helpful for Industrial Development. Agricultural development contributes to industrial development too. Agriculture provides raw material to many other fields. Low agricultural products have adverse effect on industrial development. If the production of cotton, sugarcane, jute etc. is low, the industries depending on them will not work properly.

4. Helpful in Internal and External Trade. Agricultural goods are used in internal and external trade. Cotton, jute, tea, foodgrains, tobacco, jaggery are the major parts of internal trade. Agricultural goods are exported too. Tobacco, tea, coffee, dry fruit etc. are exported. Half of the total foreign currency comes by exporting agriculture goods.

5. Basis of Means of Transport. Means of transport help in carrying agricultural products from one market to another, from market to the consumers or to the industries. Manufactured industrial goods like chemical fertilizers, machine-tools etc. can be carried to the agricultural field with the help of means of transport. Means of transport carry foodgrains from one state to the other. So the development of means of transport depends on agricultural development.

6. Income to the Government. Govt, earns income from different types of taxes such as land revenue, irrigation tax, market fee etc. As the agricultural sector develops, it helps in increasing the govt, income.

7. Source of Food. Food is the basis of life. Most of the people in India are vegetarian because of influence of the religious views. So they get their food from agriculture.

8. Helpful in Capital Formation. The increase in agricultural income leads to an increase in saving and if further helps in capital formation and capital is a necessary condition for economic development.

Question 2.
Describe the main problems of Indian Agriculture.
Answer:
Indian agriculture is quite backward. It has so many problems. These problems can be divided into following three categories:

Human Problems
Institutional Problems
Technical Problems.

1. Human Problems. Heavy pressure of population on agriculture is one of the major
causes of backwardness of Indian agriculture. This pressure has resulted in the problem of subdivision, fragmentation and disguised unemployment.

Social atmosphere has been a great obstacle in the development of agriculture. Indian farmers are illiterate, fatalist, superstitious and conservative. On account of ignorance and casteism, Indian farmers are used to fight on petty issues.

2. Institutional Problems. Small size of holidings, land tenure system are the main institutional problems. Most,of the farms are very small in India. The average size of farms is 2-3 hectares. In Punjab the average holding is of 3.77 hectares.

3. Technical Problems. Inadequate irrigation facilities, old agricultural implements, traditional technique of cultivation, lack of improved seeds, lack of manure, defective agricultural marketing system, diseases of crops and attacks of pests, lack of credit facilities and weak cattle are the main technical problems in the developmental path of Indian agriculture.

Question 3.
Explain the contribution of government in the development of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
The role of the govt, in agricultural development may be summarised as follows :

Land Reforms. Land reforms play an important role in the development of agriculture. After the independence, the following land reforms have been implemented :
(a) Abolition of Zamindari System
(b) Tenancy reforms
(c) Consolidation of land holdings.
(d) Ceiling on land holdings.
(e) Development of Co-operative farming.
Increase in irrigation facilities.
Improvements in the distribution system.
Special emphasis has been laid on agricultural research and development.
Improvement in agricultural marketing.
Increase in credit facilities.
Emphasis on mechanization of agriculture.
Development of high-yielding varieties.
New measures to conserve water and soil.

Moreover, special agricultural programmes are arranged over the radio and television for the benefit of the farmers.

Question 4.
Write the main elements of success of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
There are various factors responsible for Green Revolution in India. The important among them are:
1. Wonder Seeds. Agricultural revolutipn is primarily due to the miracle of new wonder seeds which have raised agricultural yield per acre to incredible heights.

2. Chemical Fertilisers. The increasing use of chemical fertilizers has played a key role in the breakthrough. Fertilizer consumption increased from a mere 2.92 lakh tonnes in 1960-61 to 34.1 lakh tonnes in 2007-08 and more spectacularly to 255.76 lakh tonnes in 2017-18.

3. Multiple Cropping. Thanks to new seeds maturing early, it has become possible to obtain three and even four crops instead of two from the same plot in a year.

4. Modern Equipment and Machinery. Modern machinery and implements like tractors, harvesters, pumping sets, tube-wells, etc. are being increasingly used and are replacing the bullocks wherever possible.

5. Price Incentives. The Government has taken care to offer support prices to the
growers so that minimum reasonable returns for their labor and investment are assured to them. –

6. Extension of Irrigation. The irrigation system of the country is being speedily
extended to assure adequate water supply, especially in areas where new agricultural strategy is being applied. .

7. Processing, Storage and Marketing Facilities. These facilities are being improved and extended so that the increased agricultural production is put to profitable use.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Agricultural Development in India Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in one word or one line :

Question 1.
What is Agriculture?
Answer:
It is the art and science of production of crops.

Question 2.
State any one land reform of India.
Answer:
Tenancy reforms.

Question 3.
State the full form of HYV.
Answer:
High Yeilding Variety.

Question 4.
Which country is the largest producer of pulses?
Answer:
India.

Question 5.
Name the input which is used in commercial farming.
Answer:
Modern technology.

Question 6.
Suggest one measure to develop Indian Agriculture.
Answer:
Increase in irrigation facilities.

Question 7.
Name any one .cause responsible for backwardness of Indian Agriculture.
Answer:
Small size of land holding.

Question 8.
Name the persons responsible for bringing green revolution in India.
Answer:
Dr. Norman Verlog and Dr. M.N. Swaminathgh.

Question 9.
Name any one factor responsible for green revolution in India.
Answer:
Use of modern agricultural tools.

Question 10.
Name any one advantage of green revolution.
Answer:
Increase in the production of foodgrains.

Question 11.
Name any one defect of green revolution.
Answer:
Limited to a few crops only.

Question 12.
When was green revolution started?
Answer:
1966-67.

Question 13.
Write down the main source of irrigation in India.
Answer:
Underground water.

Question 14.
What is the present share of agriculture in national income of India?
Answer:
24 %.

Question 15.
How much share of agriculture was in GDP in 2014-15?
Answer:
17.4%.

Question 16.
What is Green revolution?
Answer:
It is an agricultural strategy used to increase the yield of crops.

Question 17.
How much percentage of population of India depends upon agriculture for livelihood?
Answer:
About 46.2 percent.

Question 18.
What is the place of agriculture in the national economy?
Answer:
Agriculture forms the backbone of the Indian economy.

Question 19.
Highlight the contribution of agriculture in the industrial development.
Answer:
Indian agriculture has been the source of supply of raw materials to our leading industries.

Question 20.
What is meant by excessive pressure of population On land?
Answer:
By excessive pressure of population on land we mean that each year the new labour force unable to get employment elsewhere becomes dependent on agriculture.

Question 21.
Name any two causes responsible for the backwardness of Indian agriculture.
Answer:

Shortage of irrigation facilities.
Shortage of good seeds and chemical fertilizers.

Question 22.
Suggest two measures to develop Indian agriculture.
Answer:

Emphasis on scientific farming.
Land reforms.

Question 23.
Name any two land reforms in India.
Answer:

Abolition of intermediaries.
Consolidation of landholdings.

Question 24.
Name any two factors responsible for green revolution in India.
Answer:

Use of high-yielding variety of seeds.
Use of chemical fertilizers.

Question 25.
Name any two advantages of green revolution.
Answer:

Increase in the production of foodgrains.
Improvement in the living standards of farmers.

Question 26.
Name any two defects of green revolution.
Answer:

Increase in regional imbalances.
Benefits to big farmers only.

Question 27.
What is meant by land reforms?
Answer:
Land reforms means deliberate change introduced into system of land and the farming structure.

Question 28.
What is meant by agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is the art of production of crops and livestock on a farm.

Question 29.
What is green revolution?
Answer:
Green revolution is an agricultural strategy used to increase the yield of crops,

Question 30.
Expand HYV seeds.
Answer:
High yielding variety seeds.

Question 31.
Which country is the largest producer of pulses?
Answer:
India.

Question 32.
Name the inputs in commercial farming.
Answer:
Modem technology, HYV seeds, etc.

Question 33.
Why is the land productivity low in shifting agriculture?
Answer:
Because the manure and fertilizers are not used.

Question 34.
On which two factors, primitive agriculture depends?
Answer:
Monsoon and natural fertility of soil.

Question 35.
How much percentage of population of India depends upon agriculture for livelihood?
Answer:
About 48.9 percent.

Question 36.
Name three activities which besides cultivation are included in agriculture.
Answer:

Animal husbandry
Forestry
Pisciculture.

Question 37.
How many shares of agriculture was in GDP in 2011-2012?
Answer:
13.9 percent.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
_________ is the art and science of production of crops. (Agriculture / Mining)
Answer:
Agriculture

Question 2.
Green Revolution was started in India in _________ year . (1948-49/ 1966-67)
Answer:
1966-67

Question 3.
Agriculture contributed _________ percent of the national income in 1950-51. (48/59)
Answer:
59

Question 4.
___________ is the largest producer of pulses. (Pakistan / India)
Answer:
India

Question 5.
_________ is the main source of irrigation in India. (Underground water/Tubewell)
Answer:
Underground water

Question 6.
_________ is responsible for green revolution in India. (J.L. Nehru/Dr. Norman Verlog)
Answer:
Dr. Norman Verlog

Question 7.
At present agriculture contributes about _________% to the national income. (14.6 / 15.3)
Answer:
15.3.

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
State any one land reform of India.
(a) Tenancy reforms
(b) Abolition of zamindari system
(c) Ceiling of landholding
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 2.
How much share of agriculture Was in GPD in 2067-08?
(a) 14.6%
(b) 15.9%
(c) 17,1%
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) 14.6%

Question 3.
Which country is the largest producer of pulses?
(a) India
(b) Pakistan
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Nepal.
Answer:
(a) India

Question 4.
When was green revolution started?
(a) 1966-67
(b) 1969-70
(c) 1985-86
(d) 1999-2000.
Answer:
(a) 1966-67

Question 5.
What is the present share of agriculture in National Income of India?
(a) 12.6%
(b) 14.8%
(c) 14.2%
(d) 15.3%.
Answer:
(d) 15.3%.

Question 6.
HYV stands for :
(a) Haryana Youth Variety
(b) Huge Yield Variety
(c) High Yielding Variety
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) High Yielding Variety

True / False:

Question 1.
Green revolution in India came into existence in 1947.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Indian economy is agricultural economy.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
The father of Green Revolution in India is Dr. Norman Berlog.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Consolidation of holdings is a type of land reform.
Answer:
True.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
“Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy.” Discuss.
Answer:
Agriculture forms the backbone of the Indian economy and despite concerted industrialisation in the last four decades, agriculture occupies a place of pride. Being the largest industry in the country, agriculture is the source of livelihood for over 46.2 per cent of population in the country. About 15.3 per cent of national income of the country is contributed by agriculture. In 2017-18, 46.2 per cent of India’s working population was engaged in agriculture. Moreover, Indian agriculture has been the source of supply of raw materials to our leading industries. It is blear, therefore, that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy and prosperity of agriculture can also largely stand for the prosperity of the Indian economy.

Question 2.
Name the different factors responsible for low agricultural productivity in India.
Answer:
The different factors responsible for low agricultural productivity in India are :

Heavy dependence on rainfall.
Excessive pressure of population on land.
Lack of improved seeds.
Lack of manures and plant protection.
Out-of-date implements.
Lack of irrigation facilities.
Lack of adequate finance.
Lack of marketing facilities and price incentives.
Poor implementation of land reforms.
Neglect of agricultural research.
Ignorance and illiteracy of farmers etc.

Question 3.
Write a short note on green revolution.
Answer:
Agricultural production during five-year plans has increased tremendously. There are many causes for this rapid increase. India had experienced this increase in production in 1966-67. It is known as green revolution.

Factors responsible for Green Revolution. The different factors responsible for green revolution in India are :

High yielding varieties of seeds.
Chemical fertilizers.
Irrigation.
Multiple cropping.
Agricultural machinery.
Credit facilities.
New techniques.
Research.
Plant protection.
Marketing facilities.
Institutional reforms.
Price-incentives etc.

All these factors contributed in bringing green revolution in India.

Question 4.
Give suggestions to make green revolution successful.
Answer:
Following suggestions can be offered to render Green Revolution successful:
1. Expansion of Green Revolution. Green Revolution should be expanded by bringing under its purview new crops like sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds etc.

2. Development of Means of Irrigation. Means of irrigation should be further developed in Punjab. Thein Dam Project and Ravi-Beas Project should be further expanded. Poor farmers should be given subsidies for installing pumping-sets or tubewells.

3. Help to small farmers. Small and marginal farmers should be brought within the scope of Green Revolution. They should be provided with cheap facilities to enable them to buy HYV seeds, fertilizers, machines etc. They should be enrolled in Cooperative Farming Societies.

4. Growth of Commercial Crops. Green Revolution should include in its ambit such commercial crops as oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, pulses, potatoes etc. Special efforts should be made in this respect.

5. Integrated farm policy. To make green revolution a success integrated farm policy should be adopted. Farmers should get fertilizers, seeds, pesticides and machines at reasonable price and in reasonable quantity.

Question 5.
What is meant by irrigation? Why is it necessary?
Answer:
Providing water to land by human made resources is called irrigation. Irrigation is necessary in order to increase the productivity of agriculture. Irrigational facilities have been extended. Several major and minor irrigation projects were launched in the country. In 1951 hardly 17% of total land was covered by irrigational facilities which has now extended up to 34% of land. Multiple crop system will be possible only through irrigational facilities.

Question 6.
Write down the main sources of irrigation in India.
Answer:
The main sources of irrigation in India are :
1. Water above the land. It includes rain water, rivers, canals, ponds, lakes etc.

2. Underground water. This water is obtained by digging wells and tubewells. These sources of irrigation in India are divided in the following categories :

Big Irrigation Projects. More than 10 thousand hectares of land is irrigated under these projects.
Medium Irrigation Projects. These projects irrigate 2 thousand to 10 thousand hectares of land.
Small Irrigation Projects. These projects irrigate less than 2 thousand hectares of land.

Question 7.
How has green revolution helped in solving the Indian food problem?
Answer:
Following are the main reasons:

Increase in production. As a result of green revolution production of many crops has increased rapidly from 1966-67 onwards.
Reduction in imports of foodgrain. As a result of green revolution, imports of foodgrains have considerably fallen down in India.
Increase in Trade. Because of green revolution, agriculture production has increased. It has increased the market surplus of agro products, which in turn has expanded domestic and foreign trade. Now surplus agriculture products are even exported.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the problems of agriculture in India?
Answer:
Even after seven decades of Independence, the agricultural sector is not completely developed. There are so many problems which are responsible for its backwardness. The problems are as follows:
1. Problem of Marketing. The marketing system of agricultural products is quite poor in India. As a result, farmers are unable to get fair prices of their crops. They sell their products in villages at lower prices and therefore, they remain poor. Urban markets are far away from the villages and transportation facilities are not developed there.

2. Problem of Credit Facilities. Credit is one of the main problems of Indian farmers. Farmers are unable to get easy loans from banks and co-operative societies. This forces them to get loans from local moneylenders at exorbitant rate of interest. Thus they are caught in debt trap.

3. Problem of Rural Indebtedness. Indebtedness is also the main problem of Indian agriculture. Indian farmers always remain in debt. They take loans for cultivation and even for the sale of their produce.
In the words of M.L. Darling, “Indian peasant is born in debt, lives in debt and dies in debt.”

4. Problem of Weak Cattle. Due to the lack of modernisation in the agricultural sector, the problem of weak cattle is responsible for the low productivity. Cattle used in Indian agriculture are not given required fodder and their death rates are also high due to overwork. As a result, farmers have to buy more cattle, which increases their expenditure along with the cost of production.

5. Problem of Illiteracy. Indian famers suffer from illiteracy on a large-scale. They have no knowledge to increase production and yield.

6. Problem of Disguised Unemployment. A larger number of Indian population is engaged in agriculture because the industrial and service sectors do not absorb them. The productivity of disguised unemployed remains low. Farmers are unable to gain surplus yield from their fields due to disguised unemployment.

Question 2.
Explain the need and type of land reforms implemented in the agriculture sector.
Answer:
Land Reforms. Equity in agriculture is called land reforms. Land reforms refer to the change in the ownership of land holdings.
There were three types of land tenure systems prevailing in the country at the time of Independence:

Zamindari System
Mahalwari System
Ryotwari System.

The basic difference between these three was regarding the mode of payment of land revenue. The land revenue was collected from the farmers by the zamindars in Zamindari System. In the Mahalwari System, the land revenue was collected by the village head on behalf of the whole village. While in Ryotwari System, the land revenue was directly paid to the State or Government by the farmers. In all these systems, the land was cultivated by tenants. The Zamindars and Jagirdars thus collected rent from the actual tillers of the soil without contributing to making improvements on the farm. As a result,, the productivity of Indian agriculture was low which forced India to import food from the United States.

In 1948, a year after Independence, steps were taken to abolish Zamindari (Jagirdari), Mahalwari, and Ryotwari System and to make the tenants or tillers the owners of the land.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 12 India: From 600 B.C. – 400 B.C.

October 10, 2024October 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 12 India: From 600 B.C. – 400 B.C. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 12 India: From 600 B.C. – 400 B.C.

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB India: From 600 B.C. – 400 B.C. Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
What do you understand by Mahajanapada?
Answer:
By about 600 B.C., a part of the Ganga plain had been cleared of forests and people had settled down in different tracts. These territories were called Janapadas and named after the ruling clan in each area. The more powerful Janapadas among these were known as Mahajanapadas.

Question 2.
Write about any four important Mahajanapadas.
Answer:
Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa and Avanti were four important Mahajanapadas.

Magadha: Magadha was the most powerful Mahajanapada. It included Gaya and Patna areas of Bihar. Its capital city was Rajagriha.
Kosala: Kosala was another powerful Mahajanapada and its capital city was Ayodhya or Sketa.
Vatsa: The capital city of Vatsa was Kausambi.
Avanti: The capital city of Avanti Mahajanapada was Ujjain.

Question 3.
Write about the rise of Magadha under the Haryanjca dynasty.
Answer:
In the beginning, Magadha has comprised only the areas of Patna and Gaya in Bihar, but later on it saw a great rise under the rule of the Haryanka kings, namely Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.
1. Bimbisara: Bimbisara became the king of Magadha in about 543 B.C. He made his kingdom more powerful in many ways. He occupied the Ganga. He conquered the Artga State in the southeast and occupied the major port of the Gmga, namely Champa. His capital city was Rajagriha near Nalanda.

2. Ajatasatru: Ajatasatru was a son of Bimbisara. He murdered his father in 492 B,C. and became the ruler of Magadha. He invaded his neighbouring states and expanded his kingdom. He defeated Kashi, Kosala and Vaisali and made Magadha the most powerful kingdom of North India. He made Patliputra(Patna) his new capital.

Question 4.
What do you know about caste system during this period?
Answer:
In India of 600 B.C. to 400 B.C., the caste system and four stages of life were two most important features of society.
1. Caste System: The caste system was rigid. Society was mainly divided into four castes. These castes were Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the lower castes. Brahmanas were given great respect in society, whereas low castes’ condition was very bad and they were ill-treated. The caste system was based on birth.

Besides the above four castes, there were several sub-castes based on professions. These sub-castes included carpenters, ironsmiths, goldsmiths, chariot-makers, potters and oil-pressers, etc.

Question 5.
Write a note about the punch-marked coins.
Answer:
In India of 600 B.C. to 400 B.C., copper and silver coins were used for transactions: These coins were mostly irregular pieces of metal in shape but of fixed weight. They were punched with various symbols. Such coins were known as the punch-marked coins.

Question 6.
What do you know about Jainism?
Answer:
Jainism came into existence in 600 B.C. There were twenty-four teachers of this religion, who were known as Tirthankaras. Adriana (Rishabhdeva) was the first and Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara.

Vardhamana Mahavira

Teachings: Teachings of Jainism are as follows :

Ahimsa: Ahimsa is the main teaching of Jainism. Man should not hurt anybody. There is soul in even the smallest particle. So every effort should be made not to kill it.
Truth: Man should speak the truth. Truth purifies the soul. We should not speak ill of anybody.
Non-Stealing: Stealing is a sin. To take a thing or wealth without permission is stealing. It hurts others.
Non-Possession: We should not accumulate property. It causes attachment in life and ties man in worldly affairs.
Chastity: Man should follow chastity.
Hard Penance: Moksha can be achieved by hard penance, that frees the man from the cycle of birth and death.
Three Jewels: Three Jewels (Tri-ratna) is a way of achieving Moksha. These three jewels are Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct.

Sects of Jainism: Shwetambara and Digambara are the two sects of Jainism.

Shwetambara: The followers of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha are called Shwetambaras. Shwetambaras wear white clothes.
Digambara: The followers of the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism are known as Digambaras. These saints wear no clothes.

Question 7.
Which are the main teachings of Buddhism?
Answer:
The main teachings of Buddhism are as follows :
1. Four Noble Truths. The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism are :

The world is full of sorrow.
The cause of sorrow is desire.
We can conquer sorrow by conquering desire.
Desire can be conquered by following the Eight Fold Path.

2. The Eightfold Path, Mahatma Buddha has suggested the Eightfold Path for freeing oneself from sorrow and achieving Nirvana. The eight principles of the Eightfold Path are

Right Belief,
Right Thought,
Right Speech,
Right Action,
Right Means of Livelihood,
Right Effort,
Right Recollection,
Right Meditation.

3. The Middle Path: Mahatma Buddha also taught the Middle Path. It means that one should not torture oneself by severe austerities, nor should one indulge in luxuries of life.

4. Moral Teachings: Moral teachings of Buddhism included non-violence, speaking the truth, non-use of intoxicants, not to accept or keep money, not to eat at odd hours, not coveting others’ property, etc.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Bimbisara ruled from __________ to B.C.
Answer:
543, 492.

Question 2.
Ministers were known as __________
Answer:
Amatyas

Question 3.
Agriculture and cattle rearing were the ____________ occupations.
Answer:
peasants

Question 4.
There have been _____________ Tirthankaras in Jainism.
Answer:
24

Question 5.
Gautama Buddha’s real name was __________
Answer:
Siddhartha

Question 6.
Lord Mahavir Ji spent Grihastha life till __________ years.
Answer:
30.

III. Match the columns :

Question 1.

A	B
(1) Magadha	(a) Republic
(2) Ajatasatru	(b) Mahajanapada
(3) Vajji	(c) Guild
(4) Shreni	(d)King
(5) Parsvanatha	(e) Ashtangika Marg
(6) Buddha	(f) Tirthankara

Answer:
Correct columns :

A	B
(1) Magadha	(b) Mahajanapada
(2) Ajatasatru	(d)King
(3) Vajji	(a) Republic
(4) Shreni	(c) Guild
(5) Parsvanatha	(f) Tirthankara
(6) Buddha	(e) Ashtangika Marg

IV. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in a statement :

Question 1.
Sixteen Mahajanapadas are mentioned in Buddhist literature.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Bimbisara ruled from 543 to 492 AD.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The ministers were known as Chera.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Normal agriculture tax was IA of produce
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Sarthavaha was the leader of merchants.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Gautama Buddha was son of Siddhartha.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
Jains believe that they had 24 Tirthankars.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Gautama Budhha was not the son of Siddhartha.
Answer:
True.

V. Activities (Something To Do):

Question 1.
Locate the rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Indus on the map of India.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
Find books on the lives of the Buddha and Mahavira in your school library and read them. Note down the anecdotes in their lives which interest you.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide India: From 600 B.C. – 400 B.C. Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Thirst or desire to get something is known as
(A) Tanha
(B) Prakrit
(C) Atman
(D) Vihara.
Answer:
(A) Tanha.

Question 2.
__________ are the Hindu religious books which literally means “approaching and sitting near.”
(A) Veda
(B) Upanishad
(C) Manu Smriti
(D) Epics.
Answer:
(B) Upanishad.

Question 3.
Followers of Vardhaman Mahavira are known as
(A) Jaina
(B) Buddha
(C) Mahavira
(D) Bhikkshu.
Answer:
(A) Jaina.

Question 4.
Followers of who beg food for themselves were known as Bhikkshu.
(A) Buddha
(B) Vishnu
(C) Mahavira
(D) Shiva.
Answer:
(A) Buddha.

Question 5.
__________ is a stage of life.
(A) Jati
(B) Varna
(C) Ashrama
(D) Purushartha.
Answer:
(C) Ashrama.

Question 6.
__________ was the founder of Buddhism.
(A) Mahavira
(B) Gautama Buddha
(C) Guru Nanak Dev
(D) Kabir.
Answer:
(B) Gautama Buddha.

Question 7.
Where did the Buddha die?
(A) Pataliputra
(B) Kaushambhi
(C) Magadha
(D) Kusinara.
Answer:
(D) Kusinara.

Question 8.
In __________ language the Buddha taught to the ordinary people?
(A) Hindi
(B) Gurmukhi
(C) Prakrit
(D) Devnagari.
Answer:
(C) Prakrit.

Question 9.
__________ language was used to compose the Vedas.
(A) Vedic Sanskrit
(B) Hindi
(C) Prakrit
(D) Devnagari.
Answer:
(A) Vedic Sanskrit.

Question 10.
Which of these, was a famous woman upanishadic thinker?
(A) Sita
(B) Gargi
(C) Draupadi
(D) Kunti.
Answer:
(B) Gargi.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name two famous republics.
Answer:
The Shakyas and the Lichchhvis were two famous republics.

Question 2.
Mention the names of two of the earliest kings of Magadha.
Answer:
Bimbisara and Ajatasatru were the two earliest kings of Magadha.

Question 3.
Name two dynasties which ruled over Magadha after the Haryanka dynasty.
Answer:
Shishunaga and Nanda dynasties.

Question 4.
Who was Mahapadma Nanda?
Answer:
Mahapadma Nanda was the most important ruler of the Nanda dynasty.

Question 5.
Which new cities came into existence during 600 B.C. to 400 B.C.?
Answer:
Several new cities came into existence during 600 B.C. to 400 B.C. The important amongst these were Varanasi, Rajagriha, Shravasti, Kaushambi, Vaishali, Champa, Ujjaiyini, Taxila, Ayodhya, Mathura, and Patliputra.

Question 6.
Who were known as Amatyas?
Answer:
Ministers were known as Amatyas.

Question 7.
What was the most important source of income of early kingdoms and republics?
Answer:
Taxes.

Question 8.
Who was the founder of Buddhism?
Answer:
Mahatma Buddha.

Question 9.
In which Mahajanapada did Vardhamana Mahavira and Mahatma Buddha preach?
Answer:
Vardhamana Mahavira and Mahatma Buddha preached in Magadha.

Question 10.
What was the position of king in India from 600 B.C. to 400 B.C.?
Answer:
The king held the supreme position. He was regarded as the protector of society and religion.

Question 11.
What message did Vardhamana Mahavira and Mahatma Buddha give to people?
Answer:
Vardhamana Mahavira and Mahatma Buddha taught the people to lead a good life and not to do wrong.

Question 12.
Who were Sarthvahas?
Answer:
Merchants from 600 B.C. to 400 B.C. were known as Sarthvahas.

Question 13.
What is meant by Jina?
Answer:
Jina means conqueror.

Question 14.
Where was Vardhamana Mahavira born?
Answer:
Vardhamana Mahavira was born at Kundagram near Vaishali in Bihar.

Question 15.
What was the real name of Mahatma Buddha? Where was he born?
Answer:
The real name of Mahatma Buddha was Siddhartha. He was born at Lumbini in Nepal.

Question 16.
Who was the last Nanda King?
Answer:
Dhan Nanda was the last Nanda King.

Question 17.
Name some of the officials of kings of Mahajan- apadas.
Answer:
Amatyas or Mantries, Purohita, Senapati, Sangrahatri, Cher a and Gramini were some of. the important officials of kings of Mahajanapadas.

Question 18.
What was Ashrama?
Answer:
Whole of the life span was divided into four stages which were known as Ashramas.

Question 19.
Name all four Ashramas.
Answer:
Brahmacharya Ashrama, Grihastha Ashrama, Vanaprastha Ashrama and Sanyasa Ashrama.

Question 20.
What were punch-marked coins?
Answer:
Coins in this age were punched with different symbols and these were known as punch-marked coins.

Question 21.
Which was the supreme body of monks in Buddhism?
Answer:
Mahatma Buddha founded the supreme body of monks which was known as the Buddhist Samgha.

Question 22.
What are Tripitaka?
Answer:
All the teachings of the Buddha are compiled in three major works which are known as Tripitaka.

Question 23.
What was Mahayana?
Answer:
Mahayana was one part of Buddhism which means the great vehicle and its followers believed in the idol worship of the Buddha as a god.

Question 24.
What was Hinayana?
Answer:
It was another part of Buddhism whose followers followed the original teachings of the Buddha and considered the Buddha as a great teacher.

Question 25.
What do you mean by Janapadas?
Answer:
Republics or monarchical states established in Northern India around 600 B.C.were known as Janapadas.

Question 26.
What were Mahajanapadas?
Answer:
Mahajanapadas were the more powerful Janapadas. They were sixteen in number around 600 B.C.. Vatsa, Magadha, Kosala etc. were some of them.

Question 27.
What is meant by Shreni?
Answer:
Persons with some profession organized themselves into guilds or unions. These guilds or unions were known as Shrenis.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the period between 600 B.C. to 400 B.C. known as the period of the second urbanization?
Answer:
Several big cities came into existence during the period between 600 B.C. and 400 B.C. These cities were called puras, nagaras or mahanagaras. Varanasi, Taxila, Ayodhya, Mathura, Rajagriha, Sravasti, Kaushambi, Vaishali, Champa, Ujjaiyini and Patliputra were some of the big cities. Because of the emergence of big cities, this period is known as the period of the second urbanisation. The first period of urbanisation was that of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Question 2.
How did the position of a king grow in a kingdom? What sort of life did he lead?
Answer:
The Brahmanas made the position of the king very strong. They preached that the king was not an ordinary man. He was like a god among men. The Brahmanas also performed certain ceremonies to endow-the king with god-like virtues and powers. The king lived a splendid life. He lived in a big palace, married many wives and spent his days in comfort and luxury.

Question 3.
Write a note on the administration between 600 B.C. and 400 B.C.
Answer:
The king was very powerful. He ruled the state with the help of Purohita, Amatyas (ministers), Senapati, Sangrahatri, Chera and Gramini. He had many other officers to carry out the works of the state. To carry out the expenses of the state, the king collected taxes. Some amount was spent on the welfare of the people and some amount was given to the Brahmanas to look after the temples. With this income, the king could pay his soldiers and other state officers.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of the life of Vardhamana Mahavira.
Answer:
Vardhamana Mahavira was born at Kundanpur near Vaishali in Bihar in 600 B.C. He was the son of a chief called Siddhartha and his mother was Trishala Rani. He was the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism. He left his home and wandered about for many years, trying to find the answers to the questions of life which troubled him. After twelve years six months and fifteen days, he attained the truth. He spent the rest of his life in spreading Jainism. He told his followers that their deeds should be based on Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Action. He died at the age of 72.

Question 5.
Throw some light on the life of Mahatma Buddha.
Answer:
Mahatma Buddha was bom at Lumbini in Nepalese Tarai. His father’s name was Shuddodhana and his mother was Mayadevi. His real name was Siddhartha and he belonged to a royal family. He was married to Princess Yasodhara and had a son, Rahul. He left home after he had seen a sick man, an old man, and a dead man. He thought that this world is full of sorrow and misery. He wandered in search of salvation and finally found enlightenment under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. He founded Buddhism and preached his religion for forty years. He died at the age of 80.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Describe the economic life of India between 600 B.C. and 400 B.C.
Answer:
Between 600 B.C. and 400 B.C. in India, the main occupations of people were agriculture and cattle-rearing. Peasants were normally the owners of the land. But there were also landless labourers who worked on others’ land for a living. Several types of crops such as wheat, rice, maize, barley, sugarcane, sesame, mustard, pulses, vegetables, and fruits were grown.

Other professions included industrial crafts and trade. Woodwork, pottery, leather tanning, shipbuilding, weaving, garland-making, iron-smithery, jewellery, ivory-work, and several other professions were adopted by people. Some people earned their livelihood by fishing, hunting, dancing, acting, snake-charming, etc. Persons following the same profession organized themselves into unions or guilds, called Shrines. Each guild had its own president or head.

Trade was carried on both within the country and with foreign lands. There were roads across the country, some of which connected with foreign lands or seaports. Goods were also carried through ships and boats in oceans and rivers. Merchants known as Sarthavaha carried goods from one place to the other and moved in caravans. Indian goods were in great demand in foreign countries. Copper and silver coins were used for transactions.

People had to pay taxes to the king. Normally 1/6th of agricultural produce was charged as tax from peasants. Taxes on industrial goods and trade were charged according to the value of the goods.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Delhi Sultanate

October 10, 2024October 9, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 10 The Delhi Sultanate Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Delhi Sultanate

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB The Delhi Sultanate Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer these questions :

Question 1.
What role was played by the historical buildings in constructing the history of the Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
Historical Monuments. The historical structures during the period of the Delhi Sultanate e.g. Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Alahi Darwaja, Tughlakabad, Hauz Khas, Lodhi Tomb, Firozshah Kotla, etc. These buildings and monuments give us knowledge and information about the artistic hobbies of Delhi Sultans.

Question 2.
How did Balban consolidate the Sultanate?
Answer:Balban became the Sultan of Delhi in 1266 A.D. He was the greatest of the slave kings of Delhi. He was a strong and iron willed ruler who believed that the power of the Sultan was absolute. He commanded absolute obedience from his amirs who had to bow in sajdah in his presence.

Problems faced by Balban. Balban had to face the following problems in order to consolidate the Sultanate :

He had to defend his Sultanate from the Mongol invasions on his northern frontiers.
He had to fight against the local rulers like the Rajputs who troubled him both within the Sultanate and on its borders.
His major problem was to deal with the powerful Turkish nobles who threatened his position as Sultan.
He crushed the rebellion of Mawatis near Delhi and the pirates of Doaba region.
He crushed the rebellion of Tugril Khan of Bengal.
His strong policy towards Mongols is known as “Blood and Iron policy”. In 1286 A.D. Balban died.

Question 3.
Why did Muhainmad-bin-Tughlaq shift the capital from Delhi to Devagiri?
Answer:
Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq had a large empire to rule. He wanted to build his captial at a place which was in the centre of his ruled area. So, in 1327, A.D., he decided to change his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad).

There were two reasons for it :

He believed that by doing so he could defend himself against the invasions of the Mongols.
He thought that the administrative system will be better administer from Devagiri as compared to Delhi.

Question 4.
Describe the results of schemes of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351 A.D.) had high political ambitions. He made many political plans but all these plans were unsuccessful. The description about these plans and their results are as follows :
1. Taxation in Doab. He wanted to extend his empire. For this purpose, he needed money. So he increased the revenue of the land in Doab. But unluckily, the rains failed and the peasants found it hard to pay the increased revenue.

2. Transfer of the Capital. The Sultan transferred his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad because he wanted to have a better control over his Deccan territories. But it was not possible to control north Indian territories from Daulatabad.

3. Token Currency. He issued token coins of brass and copper which had made the same legal value as the coins of gold and silver. The people started minting copper and brass coins at their home which they would exchange with gold and silver from the royal treasury.

4. Plan to win Khurasan. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq wanted to be a great administrator. So, he decided to win Khurasan (Iran). So, he collected a big army. The soldiers were given the salary for one full year. Lot of money was spent on their training and weapons but after one year, he shed the idea of invading Khurasan and the army was disbanded. The unemployed soldiers; became rebels. The Sultan lost his confidence among the public. Many states declared freedom and Sultan lost control over his empire. In 1351 A.D. he died.

Causes of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s failure.

As given above, all his projects were visionary and beyond the people’s comprehension.
He lacked patience and people suffered because of his hasty actions.
He emptied his treasury as a result of his extravagant schemes and boundless generosity.
His empire was too vast to be controlled by one man.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
The Qutub-ud-din Aibak was the founder of the _______ Dynasty.
Answer:
Slave

Question 2.
Razia Sultana was a daughter of _______
Answer:
Iltutmish

Question 3.
Iltutmish became the ruler in _______
Answer:
1211 A.D

Question 4.
Iltutmish nominated _______ as his successor.
Answer:
Razia Sultana

Question 5.
Malik Kafur was the General of _______ Khalji.
Answer:
Alauddin Khalji

Question 6.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq decided to shift his capital from _______ to Devagiri.
Answer:
Delhi

Question 7.
Timur invaded India during the reign of the rulers of the _______ Dynasty.
Answer:
Tughlaq.

III. Write True or False for each statement :

Question 1.
Iltutmish was a slave of Qutab-ud-din Aibak.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Balban was the first ruler of the slave dynasty.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Ala-ud-din Khalji introduced the market control policy.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
The Lodhis were overthrown by the Sayyids.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Sikandar Lodhi and Babar clashed at the first battle of Panipat.
Answer:
False

IV. Activities:

Question 1.
On an outline map of India, mark the important extent of Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of Indian Map.

Question 2.
Collect pictures of monuments of the Sultanate period and paste them in your note-book.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide The Delhi Sultanate Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When slave dynasty ruled Delhi?
(a) 1206-1290
(b) 1210-1320
(c) 1220-1315
(d) 1224-1296.
Answer:
(a) 1206-1290.

Question 2.
When Raziyya Sultan became queen of Delhi?
(a) 1246
(b) 1256
(c) 1236
(d) 1226.
Answer:
(c) 1236.

Question 3.
Which of these was not the Sultan of Delhi?
(a) Balban
(b) Allauddin Khalji
(c) Akbar
(d) Muhammad Tughlaq.
Answer:
(c) Akbar.

Question 4.
Which of these Sultans implemented to keep control on prices?
(a) Muhammad Tughlaq
(b) Allauddin Khalji
(c) Balban
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(b) Allauddin Khalji.

Question 5.
Which of these dynasties was the last dynasty of Delhi Sultanate?
(a) Lodi dynasty
(b) Tughlaq dynasty
(c) Khalji dynasty
(d) Mughal dynasty.
Answer:
(a) Lodi dynasty.

Question 6.
Who defeated Mughal emperor Humayun?
(a) Balban
(b) Ibrahim Lodhi
(c) Akbar
(d) Sher Shah Suri.
Answer:
(d) Sher Shah Suri.

Question 7.
In which century Delhi became an important city?
(a) 12th century
(b) 15th century
(c) 16th century
(d) 17th century.
Answer:
(a) 12th century.

Question 8.
Which of the Delhi ruler is also known for its economic and military reforms?
(a) Balban
(b) Allauddin Khalji
(c) Babar
(d) Ibrahim Lodhi.
Answer:
(b) Allauddin Khalji.

Question 9.
Chief Minister and adviser to Sultan was known as
(a) Patwari
(b) Ulama
(c) Wazir
(d) Iqtadar.
Answer:
(c) Wazir.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the time span of Sultanate period in India.
Answer:
It was from 1206 A.D. to 1526 A.D.

Question 2.
Which Kingdoms ruled over Delhi during the Sultanate period?
Answer:
They were Slave dynasty, the Khalji dynasty, Tughlaq dynasty, Sayyids and Lodhis.

Question 3.
Name some great Sultans of Sultanate period.
Answer:
Iltutmish, Balban, Alauddin Khalji, Mohammad Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

Question 4.
How and when did Qutubudin Aibak die?
Answer:
In 1210 A.D., he died by falling from a horse.

Question 5.
Who was Aram Shah?
Answer:
He was a son of Qutub-ud-din Aibak who became the Sultan afterward. He was an incapable ruler, so he was made a prisoner by Iltutmish and later on killed.

Question 6.
What was Chalisa?
Answer:
Iltutmish appointed 40 Amirs to run administrative system. They were called Chalisa.

Question 7.
Wlho was Razia Sultana?
Answer:
She was the daughter of Iltutmish and who succeeded him after his death. She ruled from 1236 A.D. to 1240 A.D. She crushed the rebellion of state governors, but Amirs and army generals did not obey her. She was killed in 1240 A.D.

Question 8.
Describe in brief the ruling period of Qutubdin Aibak.
Answer:
He was the real founder of Turk state. He was the first ruler of Delhi Sultanate. At the time of ascending the throne, he had to face many difficulties. He occupied Punjab to stop the invasion of Yaldoz, who was the ruler of Ghazni. He made Lahore his capital. He was a great art lover. Many mosques in Delhi and Ajmer have been built by him. He started the construction of Qutub Minar, but in 1210 A.D. he fell from a horse and died.

Question 9.
Describe in brief the successes of Iltutmish.
Answer:
Iltutmish was one of the greatest rulers of the Slave dynasty. He ruled from 1211 to 1236 A.D.

Some of his achievements are the following :

He shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi which remained the capital of all the Sultan-rulers.
For the first ten years, he remained busy in crushing his different rivals who were also claimants to the throne.
He organized the ruling elite or the nobles into a strong group of faithful nobles of forty known as ‘Chalisa’.
For the promotion of trade and commerce, many new coins like those of ‘Tanka’ and ‘JitaV were introduced.
He divided his empire into many big or small pieces of land, known as ‘Iqtas’ and handed them over to his nobles and officers in lieu of salary.
In 1221, he defended India against the Mongol invasion under Changez Khan.
He occupied the Rajputana castles of Ranthambhor, Gwalior and Ujjain.

Question 10.
Write a brief comment on Jallaludin Khalji.
Answer:
Jallaludin Khalji was the founder of Khalji Dynasty. He ruled from 1290 to 1296 A.D. During his ruling period the Delhi Darbar became a centre of scandals. In 1296, his nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khalji killed him and ascended the throne.

Question 11.
Write about the victories and reforms of Alauddin Khalji.
Answer:
Alauddin Khalji was the most famous ruler of Khalji Dynasty. He ruled from 1296 A.D. to.1316 A.D. He was an optimist ruler. He wanted to established an empire in India.

Victories:

In 1299, he won Gujarat.
In 1301 A.D. he accupied Ranthambhor.
In 1303 A.D. Chittor was under his control.
He sent his General Malik Kafur to South India, where his army won the areas of Devagiri, Warangal, Dwar Samudra and Madurai, but Alauddin Khalji did not annex these areas into Delhi Sultanate.

Reforms of Alauddin Khalji:

Economic reforms: He reduced the price of essential commodities. To control the
prices, he appointed market officers. Anybody who went against his orders and rules was severely punished. .
Military reforms: He started the custom of writing the physical measurements of the soldiers. He started paying cash salary to soldiers. He also appointed spies to control his empire.

Question 12.
Write about the administrative period of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
Answer:

Feroz Shah considered the support of the nobles and the Ulema necessary for success.
He made peace with them and kept them content by giving them grants of revenue.
He was lenient in his dealings with the nobles.
He allowed the orthodox ulema to influence state policy in certain matters.
He improved his relations with the powerful groups at the court but at the same time, the power of the Sultan decreased.
The governors of certain provinces like Bihar and Bengal had rebelled against the Sultanate.
He tried to bring them under his control but he was not very successful.
He established a department called ‘Diwan-i-Khairat’ to help the poor.

Question 13.
Write about the period of Ibrahim Lodhi.
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodhi was the last ruler of Lodhi dynasty. He ruled from 1517 A.D. to 1526 A.D. He wanted to make his central administration very powerful. But he was not liked by Afghan Chiefs and they created many difficulties for him. Infact, Ibrahim Lodhi was not a farsighted Sultan. He could make friendly relations with his Amirs, but he made them his enemies because of his egoistic behavior. As a result, they started revolts against Delhi Sultanate. In 1526 A.D., Ibrahim Lodhi was killed while fighting against Babar in the first battle of Panipat.

Question 14.
Describe in brief the Timur’s raid on India.
Answer:
Timur was a Turkish chief. He was brave, powerful and ambitious ruler of Central Asia.

Effects of Timur’s raid on India.

Timur’s raid on India gave a death blow to the Tughlaq dynasty and it ended in 1413 A.D.
Delhi Sultanate met with financial crisis.
A local governor occupied Delhi and founded the Sayyid dynasty.
Timur’s raid encouraged the Mughals to establish their empire in India.

Question 15.
Briefly comment on Sayyid Dynasty (1414 A.D. to 1451 A.D.).
Answer:
When Timur left Delhi he appointed Khizar Khan as the governor of Multan, Lahore and Depalpur. In 1414 A.D. Khizar Khan won Delhi and established Sayyid dynasty. This dynasty ruled from 1414 A.D. to 1451 A.D. The last ruler Ala-ud-din Alam Shah was defeated by the Governor of Lahore, Bahlol Lodhi.

Question 16.
Briefly introduce Behlol Lodhi and Sikandar Lodhi.
Answer:
Bahlol Lodhi. He was the founder of Lodhi dynasty and was its first ruler. He tried to restore the pride of Delhi Sultanate. He established law and order in the country. In 1488 A.D. he died. His son Sikandar Lodhi became his successor.

Sikandar Lodhi. He was (1488 A.D. – 1517 A.D.) the most powerful ruler of Lodhi dynasty. He was a good administrator. He performed many functions for the welfare of public. He brought reforms in agriculture and reduced the prices of essential commodities. In 1503 A.D., he established Agra city and made it his capital. He died in 1517 A.D.

Question 17.
Give a brief account of the Deccan campaigns of Ala-ud-din Khalji.
Answer:
Ala-ud-din Khalji sent a very big army under his army General Malik Kafur. Malik Kafur won the areas of Devagiri, Warangal, Dwar Samudra and Madurai but Ala- ud-din didn’t annex these areas to his ruling state.

Question 18.
Describe the development of political institutions during the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The description in brief is as follows :
1. Central Government. Sultan was an autocratic ruler who had unlimited powers. He ran his government with the help of ministers. All the departments were run by the concerned ministers according to the orders of the Sultan. The administrative system of Delhi Sultanate was mainly based on Islamic laws.

The following were the main ministers in-charge of different departments :

Wajir: He was the most important minister of the state. He was the chief of finance and land revenue. Many officials were employed for his assistance. Mushrif Mamalik (Accountant General) and ‘Mustafi-i-Mamalik’ (Auditor-General) were the main assistants.
Ariz-i-Mamalik: Minister of army.
Diwan-i-Insha: Minister of Spy Department.
Diwan-i-Risalat: Minister of External Affairs.
Sadar-i-Sadur: Minister of Religion & Education Affairs.

2. Provincial Administration. The empire was divided into many states and governors were appointed for these states. They were called Subedars, Muqtis or Walis. The states were further divided into parganas. A combination of. many villages created one Pargana. The chief official of Pargana was named ‘Amil’. The chief of a village was called ‘Muqadam’.

3. Military Arrangement. The army consisted of horses, elephants and soldiers. The military officers were usually granted jagirs but sometimes they were paid their salaries cash. The military power was must for crushing rebels. They could never think of their existence without a powerful army. So the Delhi Sultans used all the means of military arrangements.

Question 19.
Write short notes on the following :
1. The Court
Answer:
The Court: Delhi Sultans established their own Courts. The front seats were given to Princes. Ministers, Department’s Chiefs, other officials and foreign diplomats were given the permanent places. The Departmental Chiefs were always present in the Court to answer the questions posed by the Sultan.

2. The Nobility
Answer:
The Nobility: The Delhi Sultans were complete Autocrates. They ruled with the help of noble class. Most of them were related to Turk or Afghan families. But after the period of Allaudin Khalji, Muslims and Hindus were also employed as high officials. Thus a noble class was also developed among these religions. The central ministers, state governors and army chiefs, all belonged to noble class.

3. Land Control
Answer:
Land Control: Revenue -was the chief source of the income of the state. There were three systems prevalent at that time. These were Batai, Kankut and measurement of land. Revenue was collected either in cash or in some other form. Alauddin Khalji paid special attention towards land reforms. He got the measurement done and to look after the agriculture, he created a department called ‘Diwan-i-Must-Kharaz’. At that time the rate of land revenue was very high. Firoz Shah Tughlaq also developed agriculture. He got canals built for irrigation. The rate of land revenue was lowered and loans were remitted.

4. Resource Mobilization.
Answer:
Resource Mobilization: There were many temporary sources of revenue also namely—Kharaz, Khamas, Jakat and Zazia. Kharaz was taken from non-Muslims. It was 10% to 50% of the total produce. Khamas was the 1/5 part of plundered stock from battles. The Sultan had the right over this portion. The rest 4/5 part was distributed among the army. Jakat was a religious tax, which was charged from Muslims. It was 2.5% of their property. Zazia tax was again charged from non-Muslims. It is said that women, children and poor people were exempted from this tax. This tax was charged from 10 to 40 Takas on the basis of income.

Question 20.
Write the names of the main historical sources of the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The main sources are as follows:
1. Accounts of Foreign Travellers: Iban-batuta and Marco Polo travelled to India during the Sultanate period and wrote accounts about the personality of Sultans and knowledge about different sectors.

2. Royal Description: Tughlaq Nama, Tarikh-i-Alahi, Tarikh-i-Firozshahi, Futuhat-i-Firozshahi, Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi, and Makhzari-i-Afghan, etc. were the royal descriptions, where we get knowledge about Delhi Sultans and main events.

3. Historical Monuments: The historical structures during the period of the Delhi Sultanate include Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Alahi Darwaja, Tughlakabad, Hauz Khas, Lodhi Tomb, Firozshah Kotla, etc. These buildings and monuments give us knowledge and information about the artistic hobbies of Delhi Sultans.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

October 8, 2024October 7, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 21 National Movement 1885-1919

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB National Movement 1885-1919 Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Where the first session of the Indian National Congress was held and under whose presidentship and how many delegates participated in it?
Answer:
The First Session of the Indian National Congress was held from 28 December till 30 December 1885 under the Presidentship of Bomesh Chandra Banerjee, 72 representatives took part in it.

Question 2.
When and under whose Governor-generalship Bengal was partitioned?
Answer:
Partition of Bengal took place in 1905 A.D. under the tenure of Lord Curzon.

Question 3.
When and by whom the Muslim League was founded?
Answer:
Muslim League was founded by Muslim leaders on 30th December 1906 A.D. Its main leaders were Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan, Salim-Ulah Khan and Nawab Mohsin.

Question 4.
When, where and who founded Gadar Party?
Or
By whom and where was the Gadar Party founded? ‘ (P.S.E.H. 2020)
Answer:
Gadar Party was founded in 1913 A.D. by the Indians living in America and Canada. It was founded at San Fransisco.

Question 5.
Write down a note on Swadeshi and Boycott.
Answer:
Swadeshi and Boycott Movement was started in 1905 A.D. in Bengal after the partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon. But very rapidly it spread to other parts of the country. Important leaders of this movement were Surendra Nath Banerjee, Vipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Public meetings were held at different parts of the country. People took oath, in these public meetings, to use local made goods and to boycott foreign made goods. Shopkeepers were forced not to sell foreign made goods and people were also told to not to use foreign made goods. Foreign clothes were burnt at different places of the country. Nationalist newspapers also propagated to boycott foreign made goods. Swadeshi and boycot movement had greatly affected the social, economic and political life of the people. Nationalist feelings of the people were arosed by this movement.

Question 6.
Write a note on revolutionary movement.
Answer:
Revolutionary movement in India originated due to the failure of the moderates and repressive policy of government towards assertive leaders. Main objective of revolutionary leaders was to eliminate the British rule from India. That’s why they founded many secret associations in the country. Revolutionaries in these associations were given the training to fire arms. It’s main centres were in Maharashtra, Bengal, Punjab, etc.

Main leaders of revolutionary movement in Punjab were Sardar Ajit Singh, Pindi Das, Sufi Amba Prasad and Lai Chand Falak. Under their leadership many violent activities took place in cities. Except India, revolutionary movements were started in foreign countries like England, America and Canada. Shyamji Krishna Verma founded Indian Home Rule society in England. This society became the centre of revolutionary activities. Lala Hardyal founded Gadar Party in America.

Question 7.
Write down the main aims of the Indian National Congress.
Answer:
The following were the main objectives of moderates :

To establish friendly relations among those who were working in the interest of the country.
To end communalism, provincialism and the feeling of religious differences and to sow the seed of Nationalism.
To ask the government to make administrative and social reforms.
To make a programme to serve the country.
To make a programme of next 12 months for nationalists of doing activities of national interest.

Question 8.
Write down the causes of the rise of national awakening among Indians.
Answer:
National consciousness aroused among Indian people in the second half of 19th century. Meaning of National consciousness is that sense, prevailing among citizens of any nation, with which they start to feel that all of them belong to one nation.

There were many causes of the rise of national consciousness among Indian people and causes of this sense are given below :
1. Impact of Great Revolt of 1857 A.D. Indian people revolted against the British rule in 1857 A.D. to remove foreign rule from the country. This revolt was crushed by the British. After this, they started committing atrocities on Indian people. That’S why a sense of national awakening rose among Indian people to throw away foreign rule.

2. Administrative Unity. The British government started the same legal and administrative system in the country. As a result people living in different parts of the country started to consider themselves as citizens of one nation with which national consciousness rose among the people.

3. Socio-Religious Reform Movements. Many socio-religious reform movements started in 19th century and 20th century in different parts of the country. All the social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Brahmo Samaj), Swami Dayanand (Arya Samaj) Sri Satguru Ram Singh ji (Namdhari Movement), etc. criticised the prevailing evils of society. Socio-religious consciousness was arosed by them, among the people, to remove these evils and this lead to the birth of nationalism among the people.

4. Western Education and Literature. Indian people read books of foreign writers like Hilton, Mill, Burn etc. and came to know about their political rights. Feelings of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and National Consciousness rose among the people with the views of many scholars like Rousseau, Voltaire, Macaulay, etc.

5. Economic Exploitation of Indians. The British traders used to buy raw materials at less rates, from Indian people and used to send it to England. Then they used to sell goods, made in the factories of England, to Indian people at higher rates. It led to less sale of Indian made goods. Small Scale Industries were destroyed due to unavailability of raw material. As a result, Indian artisans became unemployed. Farmers were forced to pay higher land revenue because of which they were forced to sell their land. In this way, they also became unemployed.

6. Non-appointment of Indians on Higher Posts. The British Government never appointed Indians on higher posts even if they had the ability to do so. So resentment came in them against the British. Except this, Indian employees were given less wages and facilities as compared to the English employees even for same work. So Indian employees were very much annoyed with this. This thing also helped in the awakening of national consciousness.

7. Indian Newspapers and Literature. Knowledge of people was increased ‘/ben newspapers in India started to publish in the English and local languages. People came to know about local and international events from newspapers like Bombay Samachar, Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Tribune, Kesari etc. and national consciousness rose among them. Except this patriotic writings of great writers like ‘Anand Math’ of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and his song ‘Vande Matram’ became very popular. Poetry and Essays of Ravindra Nath Tagore, Hemchandra Banerjee and Kashavchandra Sen also helped in awakening of national consciousness among the people.

8. Means of Transport and Communication. It became very easy for the people to move from one place to another place with the development of means of transport and communication like Railway, Post and Telegraph office, etc. People started to exchange their ideas. They started to think jointly about solution of their problems.

9. Opposition of Illbert Bill. Governor-General Lord Rippen was the first British
officer who kept soft corner for the Indians. He wanted to give equal rights to Indian judges as compared to European judges. That’s why he introduced a bill called Illbert Bill. But this Bill was opposed by the British. That’s %hy Indian people started opposing the British as well. ”

10. Study of Ancient Literature. Many European Scholars, William Jones, Max Mular, Jacobi etc. studied ancient Indian literature. They proved that the Indian’culture is great. So Indian people started to feel proud of their country and culture. It also led to awakening of national consciousness among the Indian people.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Mr A.O. Hume established Indian National Congress in Bombay in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1885

Question 2.
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1905

Question 3.
_______ said ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.’
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 4.
The session of Indian National Congress was held in _______ A.D. in Surat.
Answer:
1907.

III. Match the words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Home Rule Movement	(i) 1914 A.D.
2. Muslim League	(ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
3. Minto Morlay Reforms	(iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
4. Ghadar Party	(iv) Lord Curzon
5. First World War	(v) 1916 A.D.

Answer:

A	B
1. Home Rule Movement	(v) 1916 A.D.
2. Muslim League	(iv) Lord Curzon
3. Minto Morlay Reforms	(iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
4. Ghadar Party	(ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
5. First World War	(i) 1914 A.D.

IV. Things To Do :

Question 1.
Paste the pictures of leaders related with this lesson in scrapbook and write about the activities performed by them.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
If you would be a leader during that period what role would be played by you in the Swadeshi and Boycott movements?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide National Movement 1885-1919 Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
After _______ AD, Nationalism in India started to emerge.
(a) 1857
(b) 1870
(c) 1885
(d) 1905.
Answer:
(a) 1857.

Question 2.
Indian National Congress was formed in _______
(a) 1857
(b) 1885
(c) 1887
(d) 1890.
Answer:
(b) 1885.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of Indian National Congress?
(a) Lord Curzon
(b) A.O. Home
(c) Dada Bhai Naoroji
(d) Surendra Nath Banerjee.
Answer:
(b) A.O. Hume.

Question 4.
In_______ Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon.
(a) 1911 A.D.
(b) 1907 A.D.
(c) 1905 A.D.
(d) 1902 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1905 A.D.

Question 5.
_______ was the movement which was started due to partition of Bengal.
(a) Non Cooperation
(b) Civil Disobedience
(c) Quit India
(d) Swadeshi and Boycott.
Answer:
(d) Swadeshi and Boycott.

Question 6.
In _______, Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa.
(a) 1905 A.D.
(b) 1910 A.D.
(c) 1915 A.D.
(d) 1918 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1915 A.D.

Question 7.
Rowlatt Act was passed in
(a) 1915 A.D.
(b) 1919 A.D.
(c) 1917 A.D.
(d) 1921 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1919 A.D.

Question 8.
When was Arms Act passed?
(a) 1880 A.D.
(b) 1878 A.D.
(c) 1875 A.D.
(d) 1882 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1878 A.D.

Question 9.
Which act was passed to silence the critics of the British government?
(a) Vernacular Press Act
(b) Arms Act
(c) Rawlat Act.
(d) Govt, of India Act, 1935.
Answer:
(a) Vernacular Press Act.

Question 10.
Who introduced Ilbert Bill to give equal status to Indian Judges as compared to European Judges?
(a) Lord Rippen
(b) Lord Ilbert
(c) Lord Mountbetten
(d) Lord Curzon.
Answer:
(a) Lord Rippen.

Question 11.
Who was the first President of Indian National Congress?
(a) A.O. Hume
(b) Bomesh Chandra Banerjee
(c) Dada Bhai Naoroji
(d) Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
(b) Bomesh Chandra Banerjee.

Question 12.
Who gave the slogan that “Freedom is my birth right and I shall have it.”
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai.
Answer:
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Question 13.
Which age of national movement is known as the Moderate age?
(a) 1885-1905
(b) 1905-1925
(c) 1890-1915
(d) 1900-1920.
Answer:
(a) 1885-1905.

Question 14.
When was All India Muslim League founded?
(a) 1907 A.D.
(b) 1906 A.D.
(c) 1908 A.D.
(d) 1909 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1906 A.D.

Question 15.
When was Lucknow Pact signed?
(a) 1917 A.D. {b) 1915 AD.
(c) 1916 A.D. (d) 1914 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1916 A.D.

Question 16.
Gandhiji went to in 1916 to inspire the peasants to struggle the oppressive plantation system.
(a) Kheda
(b) Kanpur
(c) Ahmedabad
(d) Champaran.
Answer:
(d) Champaran.

Question 17.
Who among the following was the leader of Radicals?

(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Bipin Chandra Pal
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Congress was founded by A.O. Hume in _______A.D.
Answer:
1885

Question 2.
Lord Curzon divided Bengal in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1905

Question 3.
_______ said that “Swaraj is my birht right and I shall have it.”
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 4.
Surat session of Congress was held in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1907.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer:

Question 1.
After Surat divsion of Congress -in 1907, a pact was signed between both factions in 1916.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Annie Besant and Tilak were moderate leaders of Congress.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
First President of Congress was Womesh Chandra Banerjee.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Home Rule League	(i) 1914 A.D.
2. Muslim League	(ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
3. Minto Morley Reforms	(iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan
4. Gadar Party	(iv) 1909 A.D.
5. First World War	(v) 1916 A.D.

Answer:

A	B
1. Home Rule League	(v) 1916 A.D.
2. Muslim League	(iii) Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan
3. Minto Morley Reforms	(iv) 1909 A.D.
4. Gadar Party	(ii) Sohan Singh Bhakna
5. First World War	(i) 1914 A.D.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name any four political associations founded before the foundation of Indian National Congress. What was their objective?
Answer:
Associations:

Bengal British Indian Society
British Indian Association
Indian Association
Bombay Presidency Association.

Objective: Main objective of these associations was to demand reforms in Indian administrative system by the government and to get political rights for Indian people.

Question 2.
What is meant by National Consciousness?
Answer:
Meaning of National Consciousness is to arise one sense in the minds of the people that all of them belong to one nation.

Question 3.
Name any four newspapers which awakened national consciousness among Indians.
Answer:
Bombay Samachar, Amrit Bazaar Patrika, The Tribune and Kesari.

Question 4.
Who introduced Illbert Bill and why?
Answer:
Illbert Bill was introduced by Lord Rippen because he wanted to give equal status to Indian Judges as compared to the British Judges.

Question 5.
Name three foreign scholars which told that Indian culture was great.
Answer:
William Jones, Max Muller and Jacobi.

Question 6.
Why Nationalist movement from 1885 A.D. till 1905 A.D. is known as Moderate age?
Answer:
Nationalist movement from 1885 A.D. till 1905 A.D. is known as Moderate age because all the Congress leaders of this age were moderate in nature.

Question 7.
Name some moderate Leaders.
Answer:
Ferozshah Mehta, Dada Bhai Naoroji, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhle and Madan Mohan Malvia.

Question 8.
Why did Lord Curzon divide Bengal? WTiat was his objective?
Answer:
Lord Curzon said that the partition was necessary for the administrative purposes. But his actual objective was to weaken the national movement by dividing Indians.

Question 9.
When and in which parts Congress was divided?
Answer:
Congress was divided among Moderates and Extremists. This division took place at Surat Session in 1907 A.D.

Question 10.
Who was the President of Gadar Movement? Wfhat was the objective of this movement?
Answer:
The President of Gadar movement was Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna. Main objective of this movement was to remove the British rule from India through revolutionary activities.

Question 11.
Name three main extremist leaders.
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Vipin Chandra Pal.

Question 12.
Write names of main leaders of Revolutionary movement in Punjab.
Answer:
Sardar Ajit Singh, Pindi Das, Sufi Amba Prasad and Lai Chand Falak.

Question 13.
When were Minto-Morley reforms passed? WTiat was government’s motive behind this?
Answer:
Minto-Morley reforms were passed in 1909 A.D. Government’s main motive behind this was to please extremist leaders and to separate Muslims from Hindus by giving them special rights.

Question 14.
What was the name of newspaper of Gadar Party? Wfhere Gadar Party was founded by Lala Hardyal?
Answer:
Name of the newspaper of Gadar party was ‘Gadar’. Lala Hardyal founded Gadar Party in America.

Question 15.
Name two main leaders of Home Rule movement.
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mrs. Annie Besant.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the impact of English language on development of Nationalism?
Answer:
The Indians studied English as it had become the official language. Now Punjabis, Madrasis, Bengalis, Gujaratis and Haryanavis were able to talk to one another through the medium of English. English language thus helped in bringing together the people of different provinces. Indians studied Western literature through English language. Thus they received knowledge about freedom, equality, democracy, etc. They started thinking about starting struggle to achieve freedom for their own country.

Question 2.
What was the effect on the Indian languages and newspapers of discrimination against Indians by the British?
Answer:
The British always treated Indians unequally. The Indians were only appointed clerks on very low salaries. No responsible post was given to them. They were discriminated on the basis of religion, caste and creed. The newspapers which were published in Indian languages could not tolerate it. So they started writing articles which highlighted the problems of the common people. The Government took harsh measures to suppress the press. As a result, Indian public was awakened and the spirit of nationalism gained strength.

Question 3.
What were the achievements of Moderates?
Answer:

Congress sessions started to held every year just because of efforts of moderate leaders. Indian demands were kept in front of Government through these sessions.
Sense of nationalism was awakened by essays, speeches and columns of newspapers given by moderate leaders.
Moderate leaders like Dada Bhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhle etc. went over to England to propagate their demands.
Parliament of England passed Indian Council’s Act in 1892, just because of moderate efforts, according to which Indians were given representation in Lawmaking councils.
The British Government arranged to take I.C.S. Exams in India because of their efforts.

Question 4.
When and why partition of Bengal took place? What was its impact on Indian Freedom Movement?
Answer:
Partition of Bengal was ordered by Lord Curzon in 1905 A.D. His actual motive behind this partition was to weaken national movement by dividing Hindus and Muslims. People got angry with the partition of Bengal and they did strikes, took out processions at different places of the country. Swadeshi movement was also started in opposition to the partition of Bengal.

Impacts: This partition had a great impact on the Indian Freedom Movement:

National consciousness rose among the people due to partition of Bengal.
Congress was divided into two powerful parts, i.e. moderates and extremists, due to partition of Bengal.
National movement spread due to partition of Bengal.

Question 5.
What were the main provisions of Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 A.D.?
Answer:
The following were the main features of the Morley-Minto reforms :

One Indian member, S.P. Sinha was appointed as the member of the Executive Council of Governor-General.
Member of Central Legislative Council were increased from 16 to 60.
Members of Provincial legislative council were increased from 30 to 50.
Indirect electoral system was arranged to elect members of legislative council. According to this electoral system, first of all, members of Municipal Committees or District Boards were elected by the people. These elected members further elect the members of legislative council.
Separate electoral system was arranged for Muslims. 6 seats were kept reserved for them in central legislative council. Only Muslim voters were allowed to vote in these six seats.

Question 6.
What were the differences between policies of Moderates and Extremists?
Answer:
The following were the differences between the policies of moderates and extremists :

The Moderates wanted self-government (within the British Empire) and Extremists wanted Swarajya or complete Independence.
The Moderates were in favour of making appeals and sending petitions to the government but hard-liners wanted to resort to the path of agitations.
The Moderates wanted to invite the attention of the government by passing resolutions only whereas the Extremists wanted to get their demands accepted by agitations, protest meetings and demonstrations.
The Moderates believed in the British sense of Justice whereas the Extremists believed that the British would do nothing for the welfare of the Indians.

Question 7.
How Indian National Congress was divided in 1907 A.D.?
Answer:
Session of Indians National Congress was held at Surat in 1907 A.D. Moderate leaders criticised the Swadeshi and Boycot motions introduced by extremists in this session. Except this, dispute occurred between Moderates and Extremists on the issue of Presidentship of Indian National Congress. Moderates wanted to make Ras Bihari Bose as its President but Extremists were in favour of Lala Lajpat Rai. Extremists were totally against the moderate policies and their constitutional methods. So they started to do their work by separating themselves from Indian National Congress. In this way Congress „ was divided.

Question 8.
When was Muslim League founded? What were the reasons of its origin?
Answer:
Muslim leaders founded their separate political organization on the 30th of December, 1906 A.D. with the name of Muslim League. Its main leaders were Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan, Salim-Ullah Khan, Nawab Mohsin and others.

Reasons: The following were the main reasons of its origin :

Muslims wanted to make one separate association to protect their interests.
Muslim League was founded by the British Policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ in India.
Wahabi Movement started in Arabic countries with which sense of communalism occurred in India.
Principal of Mohammadan Anglo Oriented College, Mr. Beck wrote essays to encourage sense of communalism and Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan also propagated in its favour.

Question 9.
Write a note on Gadar Party.
Answer:
Many Indians lived in America and Canada. But they were badly treated by the British. So they felt that they cannot get respect in foreign countries until their country would remain under the clutches of slavery. So they made a plan to get freedom for the country. They gathered at San Fransisco (America) in 1913 A.D. and founded Gadar Party. Sohan Singh Bhakna was made President of Gadar Party. Lala Hardyal was appointed as its secretary.

Main objective of Gadar Party to get freedom for the country through revolutionary activities. Party started to publish one newspaper called ‘Gadar’ to propagate its ideas. Material related to the killing of the British supporters, Looting government treasury, making bombs, destroying Railway lines, cutting telephone wires, to encourage soldiers to do revolt etc. used to publish in this newspaper.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were demands, programmes of Indian National Congress (1885-1905 A.D.) and describe Government’s behaviour towards the Congress.
Answer:
Main demands of Indian National Congress. The following were the demands of Indian National Congress :

indian people should be given the right to elect their representatives for central and provincial legislative councils.
Indians should be appointed on higher posts according to their abilities.
Education should be spread in the country.
Unnecessary restrictions on press should be lifted.
Executive and Legislative should he separated from each other.
Local institutions should be developed and they should be given more powers.
Like England, I.C.S. The exam should also be arranged in India.
Expenditure on army should be reduced.
Land Revenue collected from the farnwrs should be reduced.
Proper system of irrigation should be made.

Programme of Indian National Congress. All the Moderate leaders of Congress (1885-1905 A.D.) were not in fiwour of using revolutionary activities or violent activities to meet their demands from the Government. They used to put their demands in front of government through speeches. motions and applications. They used to pass motion in every session of Congress and used to send it to the government. They believed that Government will definitely accept their demands.

Government’s behaviour towards Indian National Congress. The government wanted that Congress should remain under its control but when it was unable to do then it moved against the Congress. The government restricted government officials to take part in sessions of the Congress. The Government also tried to separate Muslims from the Congress. In this way Government adopted the policy of neglecting towards Congress.

Question 2.
Explain the founding of Indian National Congress.
Answer:
Many Indians had been planning to form a political organization of all India character. In 1885 A.D.. A.O. Hume, a retired English Civil Servant, appealed to the young graduates of the Calcutta University to form an association for the social, moral and political uplift of the Indians. He got in touch with the prominent Indian leaders like Dada Bhai Naoroji, Feroz Shah Mehta. Bedur-ud-Din Toyabji and founded with their help the Indian National Congress. It held its first session in December, 1885. It was presided over by W.C. Bannerji. After the establishment of Congress, a number of other associations joined it.

Soon the Congress became the most influential political organization in the country.

Main objectives of the Congress :

To develop friendship among the Indians who were working for national cause in various parts of the country.
To develop sentiments of national unity by removing prejudices of race, creed, region and religion.
To develop a mature public opinion on the social problems of the day.
Presentation of popular demands before the Government.

Question 3.
Write down in brief the rise of extremists.
Answer:
National Movement from 1905 till 1919 A.D. remained in the hands of extremist leaders. There were many reasons of origin of extremists whose brief description is given below :
1. Failure of the Moderates. Moderate leaders failed in fulfilling their demands by Government. That’s why youngsters demanded to do powerful political activities.

2. Unemployment. Many Indians got higher education but they remained unemployed. They got annoyed with the British Government and started to think about taking hard steps.

3. Economic Policy of the British. Economic policy started by the British was very helpful in encouraging extremist nationalism.

4. Femine and Plague. Femine occurred in different parts of the country in 1896-97 A.D., Plague also broke out at nearby area of Pune in 1897 A.D. Hundreds or thousands of people died in it. The British Government hardly gave any help in this type of situation. So Indians supported the extremist based movement.

5. Motivation from Foreign Revolutions. Indians got nationalism to free their country from the world events like French Revolution, American struggle for freedom. Unification of Italy, etc. That’s why they adopted the path of extremist nationalism.

6. Misbehaviour with Indians in Foreign Countries. Indians living in England and South Africa were not properly behaved by the British. So Indian nationalists started a powerful movement to get freedom from the British rule.

7. Russian Defeat From Japan. A war broke out in 1904-05 A.D. between J.apan and Russia. A big country like Russia was defeated by small country like Japan. This Japanese win over Russia awakened the sense of getting freedom in the minds of Indians. It also encouraged extremist nationalism.

8. Speeches of Extremist Leaders. Extremist movement was started by the leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Vipin Chandra Pal. They took out processions and gave speeches at different places of the country. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that, “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.’’ This type of views were also expressed by Lala Lajpat Rai and Vipin Chandra Pal. gaj Gangadhar Tilak Extremist nationalism was motivated by these type of views.

Question 4.
Explain Home Rule Movement and Lucknow Pact.
Answer:
Home Rule Movement. Home Rule League was founded by Mrs. Annie Besant at Madras and by Bal Gangadhar Tilak at Pune in 1916 A.D. Its main objective was to establish a home rule or Swaraj in India and to arose consciousness about Swaraj among the Indians. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was of the view that “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.” As a result, the Indian minister of Britain declared on Aug. 1917 that British Government would establish institutions of self-rule in India, and slowly and slowly self-rule will be established in the country. Just after this declaration, Home Rule League came to an end gradually.

Lucknow Pact. First World War started in Europe in 1914 A.D. British fought against Muslim country, Turkey in this war. The Sultan of Turkey was the religious leader of all the Muslims of the world. That’s why leaders of the Muslim League got annoyed with this and joined hands with Indian National Congress. In 1916 A.D., one pact took place between both the parties at Lucknow according to which separate representation for Muslims was accepted by Indian National Congress. So both these parties started to take part in the national movements in association with each other. It gave new strength to a national movement.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Economics Source Based Questions and Answers

October 8, 2024October 7, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Economics Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 1.
We require a number of goods and services in our daily life. For example, we need food to satisfy our hunger, clothes to cover our body, houses for shelter, vehicles for transportation, television or radio for our entertainment, services of a doctor for treatment etc. These goods and services are called ‘means’ to satisfy our wants. When one of our wants is satisfied, there are other new wants that need to be satisfied. So our wants are unlimited and the means to satisfy these unlimited wants are limited and scarce. Man has to decide how to satisfy his maximum wants with available limited and scarce resources.
(а) What do you mean by Economics?
Answer:
Economics is a science concerned with the allocation of scarce means of resources in such a manner that consumers can maximize their satisfaction, producers can maximize their profits and society can maximize its social welfare.

(b) State the basic concepts of Economics.
Answer:
Following are the basic concepts of economics :

Goods. Goods are those visible things that satisfy human wants. Otherwise speaking, anything capable of satisfying a want is called a good. For example, radio, fan, mobile phone etc. are goods.
Services. In economics, besides goods, services such as teaching by teacher, treatment given by a doctor etc. also satisfy human wants. They don’t have physical existence.
Utility. Wants satisfying power of a good is called utility. In other words, utility is the ability of a good to satisfy a want.
Price. Price can be defined as the value of goods and services which can be expressed in terms of money.
Wealth. All those goods and services for which we have to pay a price for their consumption are called wealth.

Question 2.
In ordinary sense ‘Labour’ means any type of physical or mental work done for any purpose. But in economics ‘Labour’ means all human efforts, physical as well as mental, done for the sake of monetary gain. If a student plays a game for pleasure or a mother looks after her child out of affection, then these activities are not considered as labour because they have not done the work with the objective of earning money. But when a cricketer coach or a football coach gives coaching to players or a nurse attends to a child in hospital, such efforts are called ‘labour’ because these have been done to gain monetary remuneration.
(а) What is labour? State its features.
Answer:
Labour means all humans efforts, physical as well as mental, done for the sake of monetary gain.

Features:

It is the only active factor of production.
Supply of labour can be increased or decreased.
In India, labour is available in abundance.
Labour can be bought or sold.
Labour is mobile.

(b) Who will provide labour for farming?
Answer:
In the village, some families are small. Farmers, along with their families, use to cultivate their own fields. Thus, they themselves provide the labour required for farming. Besides this, some landless families work as labourers in the fields of big landlords to earn their living. Some farmers with very small landholdings have to give up their land to big landlords for the repayment of their loans taken from the big landlords. These farmers become landless and have to work in the fields of big farmers. In this way, big landlords and farmers with average landholdings engage labour for the work in the field.

Question 3.
Capital means all those man-made goods which are used in further production of goods. It is the produced means of production or in other words, it is used as an input in producing other goods. A building is not capital if it is used for private housing. But it is called capital if it is used for productive purpose. For example, a factory building, which is used for producing various goo^p is a capital. Money kept in the bank as deposits is capital because the bank lends the .money to producers who use it as capital although the depositor also gets interest on it. A T.V. set used in the reception of a company is capital but when used in a residential house is not capital.
(a) What is Capital? State its features.
Answer:
Capital means all those man-made goods which are used in further production of goods.

Features :

It is a man-made factor.
It is a secondary factor of production.
It is transferrable.
Capital involves depreciation.

(b) State need of capital in farming.
Answer:
Much money is needed to implement the modern farming methods, for instance: to buy seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, machine equipment etc. for agriculture.

Large and medium scale farmers earn more as compared to the small scale farmers. So these farmers, out of their own savings from farming, arrange for the capital needed in farming. Small scale farmers have to take loans on high rates of interest from the large scale farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders. Sometimes, they have to mortgage their houses or small landholdings to repay the loans. If they are unable to repay the loans, their property is seized. Government has opened special institutions such as RRBs, Cooperative Societies, Lands Development Bank and NABARD to provide capital to the farmers. To fulfil the need of capital, farmers have to take loans from these institutions.

Question 4.
Efforts made by a nation, an organization or any individual to raise their incomes are known as resources. Some resources like air, minerals, soil, water etc. are natural. These are used to satisfy human needs and are called ‘natural resources. The size of the population of a country along with its efficiency, educational qualities, productivity etc. is known as ‘human resources. Human resources is the most important resource because it makes the natural resources more useful. A country with highly educated and trained people can efficiently increase its productivity. Most of the developing and backward countries of the world are economically backward not because they lack natural resources but due to lack of quality in human resources.
(a) What is human capital formation?
Answer:
A country’s working population, with their existing productive skills and ability, contribute to the creation of the Gross National Product. This is referred to as human resources. So when investment in the form of education, training and medical care is made in human resources, human capital is formed which adds to the country’s Gross National Product which leads to the economic development of a country. Investment in human capital in the form of education and training yields higher incomes earned because of higher productivity by the more educated and better-trained people.

(b) Why is investment in human resources essential?
Answer:
Human Capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital which are not useful at their own. Human resources can make use of land and capital. So, a large population is not a liability. It can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital. For example, by spending on education and health for all, training of industrial and agriculture workers in the use of modern technology etc. development of a country can be increased.

Question 4.
Unemployment refers to a situation in which people are willing to work at the current wages but cannot find work. The workforce population includes people from 15 years to 59 years. So, whenever a country’s unemployment is determined, persons who are not able to work, for example, patient, old people, small children, students etc. are not included. According to Statistics and Programme Implementation Department of Government of India’s National Sample Survey Report, the state of Kerala has the highest rate of unemployment and the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat have the lowest rate of unemployment.
(а) State the types of unemployment.
Answer:
There are many types of unemployment. We have unemployment in rural and urban areas, though the nature of unemployment differs in both areas. In case of rural areas there is seasonal and disguised unemployment. Urban areas have educated unemployment.

Seasonal unemployment means when people find jobs during some months and during remaining months they are unemployed. In the agriculture sector people remain employed during the sowing and harvesting season but after this for nearly 5 to 7 months they remain unemployed.

Disguised unemployment means more people are engaged in a particular work than required. Even if some men are relieved from work the total productivity will not decline.

In case of urban areas the rapidly increasing number of schools and colleges lead to educated unemployment as the job opportunities have not increased at the same rate.

(b) State the effects of unemployment.
Answer:
Unemployment leads to the wastage of manpower resources. Unemployed people become a liability for society rather than an asset. Unemployment increases poverty. There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth as they are unable to financially support their family. The dependency of the unemployed on the working population adversely affects the quality of life of a society. There is a general decline in its health status and rising withdrawal from the school system. An increase in unemployment is an indicator of a weak economy. So unemployment is a serious problem because unemployed people have become a liability on society.

Question 6.
Poverty is a situation in which a person is unable to get minimum basic necessities of life, like food, clothing, shelter, education and health facilities. Man struggles to fulfil these minimum basic needs. If the minimum basic needs are not fulfilled then there is loss of health and efficiency among those living in poverty in the country.
(a) State the measures of poverty.
Answer:
Poverty has two measurements

Relative Poverty. The economic conditions of different regions of countries is compared under relative poverty. Per capita income and national income are the two indicators of relative poverty.
Absolute Poverty. It refers to income and consumption levels in a country. If the daily intake of calories by a person is less than the required calories (2000-2500) per day then the person is absolutely poor.

(b) State the meaning of the poverty line.
Answer:
Poverty line is the method to measure the minimum income required to satisfy the basic needs of life. It represents the capacity to satisfy the minimum level of human needs. People living below the poverty fine are considered poor.

Question 7.
The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas, though the calorie needs vary depending on age, sex and the type of work that a person does. Due to the hard work done by the people living in rural areas, they require more calories than the urban people.
(a) What are the indicators of poverty?
Answer:
Keeping in view the different aspects of poverty, social scientists are trying to use a variety of indicators to measure poverty. Usually, the indicators used to measure poverty are related to the levels of income and consumption. But social scientists have also included social indicators like illiteracy level, malnutrition, lack of access to health care, lack of job opportunities, and lack of safe drinking water. Social exclusion can be a cause as well as consequences of poverty. Sometimes people under social exclusion are deprived of equal opportunities.

(b) What are the income levels of measuring poverty line in India?
Answer:
(a) Lack of feeling of security in the backward classes is yet another indicator on which the analysis of poverty is based.
(b) On the basis of 2011-12 data, people below the consumption expenditure of? 816 per person per month in rural areas and? 1000 in urban areas are called poor.

Question 8.
Poor segment of the society needs food security at all times as the low purchasing power of the poor people does not allow them to buy food as per their requirements. There is a need for food security due to continuous and rapid growth in population. Besides this, during natural calamities like drought etc. production of food grain decreases because Indian agriculture mostly depends upon the monsoon. It creates a shortage of food in the affected areas due to which prices go up. Many people are unable to buy food at high prices. If this situation continues for a long period, it may cause a situation of stravation.
(а) What is food security? What are its dimensions.
Answer:
Simply speaking food security means accessibility and affordability of food to all the people at all times.

Following are the main dimensions :

Availability of food means there should be food production within the country.
Accessibility of food means that sufficient quantity of food should be within the reach of people.
Affordability of food means that a person has enough money to buy sufficient food. Sufficient stocks of food should be maintained by the government to meet the shortage of food during natural calamities like drought, floods etc.

(b) Who are food insecure?
Answer:
There is a large segment of people who suffer from food and nutritional insecurity in India but the following people are more food insecure than others :

The landless people who depend on others for their food supplies.
Traditional artisans who provide traditional services.
Petty self-employed workers and destitutes including beggars.
In urban areas, the food insecure persons are those who are employed in all paid occupation and casual labour market. These workers are largely engaged in seasonal activities and are paid very low wages that just ensure their bare survival.
After a natural calamity people migrating from the affected areas are the most food-insecure people.
Malnutrition prevails more among women and children and they constitute a significant segment of the population affected by food insecurity.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

October 8, 2024October 7, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 14 Handicraft and Industry

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Handicraft and Industry Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Question 1.
Write down the two reasons for the decline of small-scale industries in India.
Answer:

The main protectors of these industries were local rulers, their family members, and officials.
When the British started conquering local kingdoms, then cottage industries were bound to decline.
People of new classes didn’t like the goods made in cottage industries of India.
They were under the impact of the British. That’s why they liked the goods made in Europe instead of goods made in India.

Question 2.
Why the goods made by small-scale industries were expensive in India?
Answer:
Goods made by cottage industries of India were more expensive because more labour was required to manufacture these goods.

Question 3.
Where and when the first cotton industry was set up in India?
Answer:
First industry (factory) of cotton textile in India was set up in 1853 A.D. at Bombay.

Question 4.
Where and when the first jute industry was set up in India?
Answer:
First Jute industry in India was established in 1854 A.D. at Sarampur (Bengal).

Question 5.
Where and when the first coffee garden was set up?
Answer:
First coffee garden in India was started in 1840 A.D. in South India.

Question 6.
Where afiid when the first tea garden was set up?
Answer:
First tea-garden in India was established in 1852 A.D. at Assam.

Question 7.
Write down the reasons of decline of small scale industries in India in the 19th century.
Answer:
Indian villages were self-dependent before the establishment of the British rule in India. People of villages such as blacksmiths, farmers, carpenters, cobblers, potters, etc. collectively made things to fulfil needs of the village. Their cottage industry or their art was their means of income. But after the advent of the British rule in the country, rural people also started using goods made in the British factories because they were cheap as well as of good quality. So the small scale industries of villages and Indian cities started to decline and people became unemployed.

Question 8.
Write down the importance of modern Indian industries.
Answer:
Economic and Social life of India was greatly affected by the development of modern industries in India. It led to the emergence of two classes i.e. capitalists and labourers. Capitalists started to exploit the labourers. They gave less wages by taking more work from the labourers. So government passed the Factory Acts to improve condition of labourers. Many new cities came into being with industrial development. These cities became centres of modern life and culture.

Question 9.
Write a note on Indigo industry.
Answer:
Indigo was required by the British for textile industry in England. That’s why they encouraged the cultivation of indigo in India. It was started in Bihar and Bengal in laterpart of 18th century. Europeans established large gardens of Indigo where Indian were employed. 35 Lakh hectare land was there in 1825 under the cultivation of indigo. But this cultivation of indigo started declining in 1879 A.D. when manufacture of artificial indigo started. As a result only 3-4 Lakh hectare remained under the cultivation of indigo in 1915 A.D.

Question 10.
Write down a note on Coal Mines.
Answer:
All the new factories, established by the British in India, were run by coal. Coal was also required to run the railway. That’s why special care was given to take out coal from mines. In 1854 A.D. only two coal mines were there in Raniganj district of Bengal. But this number increased to 56 in 1880 and to 123 in 1885 A.D.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The kings of princely states used to use the things made by industries.
Answer:
small scale

Question 2.
New generation did not the goods prepared by small scale industries.
Answer:
like

Question 3.
All new factories were run by
Answer:
power.

III. Write True or False in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
All workers became unemployed due to the decline of small scale industries in towns and villages.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Industrial revolution occurred in England in the 19th century.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
The rates of the small scale commodities were high.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Indian raw material began export to England in the 18th century.
Answer:
True

IV. Match the words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Assam	(i) Sarampur (Bengal)
2. Jute Industry	(ii) Raniganj
3. Coal Mining Industry	(iii) Tea Company

A	B
1. Assam	(iii) Tea Company
2. Jute Industry	(i) Sarampur (Bengal)
3. Coal Mining Industry	(ii) Raniganj

Answer:

V. Things To Do :

Question 1.
Dear student! a potter will be making the utensils of clay. You go to him and know how he is doing his professions?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 2.
If any weaver is weaving the cloth in any village or near the village then you go to him and know how cloth is prepared by him?
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Handicraft and Industry Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which of these was a cause of decline of small scale industries in India?
(а) Abolition of native princely states
(b) High rates of small scale commodities
(c) Better finishing of machine-made goods
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 2.
When was the first Cotton factory established in India?
(a) 1853 A.D.
(b) 1854 AD.
(c) 1855 A.D.
(d) 1856 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1853 A.D.

Question 3.
Where was the first Jute industry set up in 1854 A.D.?
(a) Calcutta
(b) Sarampur
(c) Bokaro
(d) Jharia.
Answer:
(b) Sarampur.

Question 4.
What is Hectare?
(a) A measurement of height
(b) A measurement of Weight
(c) A measurement of land
(d) A measurement of air
Answer:
(c) A measurement of land.

Question 5.
When was Assam Tea company established?
(a) 1844 A.D.
(b) 1834 A.D.
(c) 1854 A.D.
(d) 1864 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1834 A.D.

Question 6.
Where was first tea garden developed in 1852 A.D?
(a) Assam
(b) West Bengal
(c) Karnataka
(d) Meghalaya.
Answer:
(a) Assam.

Question 7.
When was first coffee garden established in India?
(a) 1820 A.D.
(b) 1830 A.D.
(c) 1840 A.D.
(d) 1850 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1840 A.D.

Question 8.
Mahatma Gandhi believed that all Indians must make their cloth by knitting the yarn. In the given picture Mahatma Gandhi is knitting the yarn to make ________ cloth.

(a) Silk
(b) Khadi.
(c) Jute
(d) Polyster
Answer:
(b) Khadi.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Kings of local kingdoms used products made by ________ industry.
Answer:
cottage

Question 2.
New generation never ________ the products of cottage industry.
Answer:
like

Question 3.
All new industries are run on ________
Answer:
coal.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Decline of Indian cottage industry led to the unemployment of artisons.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Industrial revolution in England started in 19th century.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
Machine made goods are costly.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 4.
In 18th century, raw material from India was exported to England.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Assam	(i) Sarampur (Bengal)
2. Jute Industry	(ii) Raniganj
3. Coal Mines	(iii) Tea Company

Answer:

A	B
1. Assam	(iii) Tea Company
2. Jute Industry	(i) Sarampur (Bengal)
3. Coal Mines	(ii) Raniganj

Question 1.Very Short Answer Type Questions

What was the economic condition of villages before the establishment of the British rule?
Answer:
Villages were self-dependent from economic point of view before the establishment of the British rule.

Question 2.
Why goods made by Indian artisans were unable to compete with goods made by machines?
Answer:
Goods made by Indian artisans were unable to compete with machine made goods because machine made goods were not only cheap but they were of good quality as well.

Question 3.
Why goods by cottage industries of India were not liked by people of new classes?
Answer:
Because they were under the impact of western culture.

Question 4.
Which things are made in Jute industry?
Answer:
Mats and sacks of jute.

Question 5.
Why coffee industry suffered huge loss?
Answer:
Indian coffee was in competition with the coffee of Brazil which was much better in quality as compared to the Indian coffee. That’s why coffee industry of India suffered huge loss.

Question 6.
Name six modern industries developed during the British rule in India.
Answer:

Cotton Textile industry
Jute industry
Coal industry
Indigo industry
Tea
Coffee.

Question 7.
Why were the Factory Acts passed?
Answer:
The Factory Acts were passed to improve the condition of labourers.

Question 8.
Clothes made of which thing were used by early man to keep himself warm?
Answer:
Clothes made by skin of animals.

Question 9.
Where were maximum jute factories opened and who opened them?
Answer:
Maximum Jute factories were opened in Bengal and they were opened by the Europeans.

Question 10.
Why was the cultivation of indigo reduced?
Answer:
The cultivation of indigo was reduced because of the introduction of synthetic indigo in 1879 A.D.

Question 11.
Why did the Coffee plantation industry suffer a lot?
Answer:
The coffee plantation industry suffered a lot because of the competition with Brazilian coffee.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was the process of making of cloth developed in India? Which evidences have been found about making of cloth through excavation?
Answer:
Early man wore clothes made by skin of animals to keep himself warm. The process of making of cloth was invented quite late. It has been believed that grass was used to make clothes inTndia. Later on they came to know about use of thread on ‘Khaddi or Kargha’ or to make samples. With the passage of time, the technique of making clothes on charkha or kargha was improved.

Evidence: Archaeologists, who study ancient goods, have found evidences of coloured cotton cloth and making of thread from the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Except this, they have found charkhas, mats etc. from excavations of certain places of Kashmir. It tells us that people used to make clothes even 4,000 years ago.

Question 2.
Why did the textile industry decline in India? How it got new life or how was it revived?
Answer:
Indian clothes were famous all around the world. European traders came to India to do trade of cloth and pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon. They established factories of cotton clothes in India. Production in these factories was being done with machines instead of ‘Khaddis’. But textile industry in India started declining after the advent of industrial revolution in England. But in the 20th century, Mahatma Gandhi encouraged the production of Khadi cloth through ancient means of producing clothes i.e. through ‘Charkha’. With this Indian cloth industry was revived.

Government made new economic policy with which cloth industry did enormous progress. Government has also given many facilities for the export and import of the cloth.

Question 3.
Write a note on Jute industry in India during the British rule.
Answer:
Jute industry makes sacks and mats of jute. This industry was mainly under control of European people. First jute industry in India was established at Serumpur (Bengal) in 1854 A.D. After this, most jute factories were established in the province of Bengal. This number of industries was increased up to 36 in the start of 20th century.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down in detail the causes of decline of small scale industries.
Answer:
The main reasons of decline of cottage industries in India are given below :
1. End of Local Kingdoms of India: A number of Indian kingdoms were annexed by the British. That’s why cottage industries suffered a great loss because the things made by cottage industries were used by family members and kings of local kingdoms.

2. Expensive goods of Indian cottage industries: Goods made by the Indian cottage industries were more expensive because more labour was required to manufacture those products. On the other hand, goods made by machines were very cheap. That’s why the sale of goods made by cottage industries was declined. It lead to decline of Indian cottage industries.

3. Quality of machine-made goods. The quality of machine-made goods of the British ‘ industries was much better than the goods made by local cottage industries. That’s why the machine-made goods were liked by most of the Indians. This thing also led to decline of Indian cottage industries.

4. Interests of people of new classes. People of new classes were under the impact of western culture. With this, the things made by machines were of much better quality as compared to the local goods. That’s why the local goods were not ljked by the people of new generation.

5. Sending Indian raw material to England. Industrial Revolution came in Europe in 18th century. That’s why large industries were established over there. Lot of raw material was required to make goods in such industries. But England itself was unable to fulfill needs of its industries. That’s why the British rulers in India started to send raw material from India to England. It led to the shortage of raw material for the Indian manufacturers. So Indian industries started declining.

Question 2.
Write down in detail about modern Indian industries.
Answer:
Many new industries were established in India during the British rule but of which main industries are given below :
1. Cotton Textile Industries. First cotton textile industry in India was established at 1853 A.D. in Bombay. After this, many textile mills were established in 1877 A.D. in cotton-producing areas of Ahmedabad, Nagpur, etc. Till 1879 A.D. around 59 cotton textile mills were established in India in which around 43,000 people were employed. This number of textile mills was increased to 206 in 1905 A.D. Around 1,96,000 labourers were employed in these industries.

2. Jute Industry. Jute industry makes mats and sacks of jute. This industry was mainly under the European people. First jute industry in India was established at Sarampur (Bengal) in 1854 A.D. After this most jute factories were established in the province of Bengal. This number of industries was increased up to 36 in the beginning of 20th century.

3. Coal Mining. All the industries established by the British in India were running with coal. Coal was also required for railway. That’s why special care was given to take out coal from mines. In 1854 A.D. only two coal mines were there in Raniganj district of Bengal. But this number increased to 56 in 1880 and to 123 in 1885 A.D.

4. Indigo Industry. Indigo was required by the British for textile industry in England. That’s why they encourage cultivation of indigo in India. It was started in Bihar and Bengal in later part of 18th century. Europeans established large gardens of indigo where thousands of Indians were employed. 35 Lakh hectare land was there under the cultivation of Indigo. But this cultivation of indigo started to decline in 1879 A.D. when manufacture of artificial indigo started. As a result, only 3-4 Lakh hectare remained under the cultivation of indigo in 1915 A.D.

5. Tea. One company was established in Assam in 1834 A.D. the British planted the first Tea garden in Assam in 1852 A.D. Till 1920 A.D., around 7 Lakh hectare land was there under the cultivation of tea. Tea of around 34 crore Pounds was exported to foreign countries at that time. Later on, tea gardens were also planted in the mountains of Kangra and Nilgiri.

6. Coffee. The first coffee garden was planted in South India in 1840 A.D. Later on, the coffee gardens were planted in the regions of Mysore, Coorg, Nilgiri, and Malabar. This industry suffered a huge loss due to its competition with the coffee of Brazil.

7. Other Industries. Many new industries were established in India during the later part of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century. Out of these industries steel, sugar, paper, matchstick, leather industries were more important.