PSEB Notes

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History

→ Punjab (meaning): The word Punjab is derived from two Persian words, Pan (Five) and Aab (water or river) meaning five glasses of water or rivers. Thus the Punjab is the region of five glasses of water.

→ The ancient names of Punjab: Punjab was known by different names during different periods of history. The ancient names of Punjab were: Saptsindhu, Panjnad, Lahore Suba, the North-Western Frontier Province, etc.

→ The Geographical Divisions: From the geographical point of view, Punjab can be divided into three divisions:

• The Himalayas and its North-West ranges
• The foothills or Terai region
• The Plains.

→ The Malwa Region: The Malwa region is surrounded by the rivers Satluj and Ghagghar. In ancient times, the ‘Malava’ tribe lived here. The region is named Malwa after the name of that tribe.

→ The effects of the Himalayas on the history of Punjab: Punjab was the “Gateway of India” due to the existence of a number of passes in the North-West ranges of the Himalayas. During the medieval period, all the invaders came through these passes to invade India.

→ The Plains of Punjab: The plains of Punjab are very fertile. The prosperity of Punjab encouraged foreign invaders to attack India.

→ The influence of rivers of Punjab on its history: The rivers of Punjab were a hurdle in the path of the invaders. They also played the role of providing natural boundaries. The Mughal rulers had adopted river boundaries as the administrative divisions like Parganas, Sarkars, and Subas.

→ Terai Region: The Terai region is covered with dense forests. The Sikhs took shelter in these forests during their hard times (the Dark Period of their history). They organized themselves and increased their military strength and effectively faced the oppressive rulers.

→ The different Castes and Tribes of Punjab: The people of different castes and tribes lived in Punjab. The prominent tribes, sects, and castes in Punjab were the Jats, Sikhs, Rajputs, Khatris, Aroras, Gujjars, Arians, etc.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Industrial Development in India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Industrial Development in India

→ Industrial Development: Enhancement of the efficiency of existing industries, increase in production capacity, and establishment of new industries is known as industrial development.

→ Need for Rapid Industrialisation: Rapid industrialization is needed for a balanced economy, increase in employment, increase in national income, lowering the pressure of population on land, for national defence, self-dependence, and for the production of socially useful goods.

→ Present Industrial Structure in India: India’s present industrial structure includes Public Sector, Private Sector, and Joint Sector, Non-Factory Manufacturing units such as Cottage and Small industries, and Factory Manufacturing Units such as FERA companies and MRTP companies.

→ Public Sector: Public Sector undertakings are those which are owned by the government in the welfare of the society.

→ Private Sector: Private Sector undertakings are owned by private persons for-profit motive.

→ Joint Sector: Joint Sector undertakings are jointly owned by the government and private sector.

→ Cottage Industries: These industries are completely or partially run by the members of a family either as a whole-time business or as a part-time business.

→ Small Scale Industries: Small Scale industries are those which have an investment of ₹ 3 crores in fixed capital.

→ Large Scale Industries: Large scale industries are those industries where the amount of fixed capital investment is big.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Agricultural Development in India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Agricultural Development in India

→ Agriculture: It is the art or science of production of crops and livestock on a farm.

→ Importance of Agriculture in India:

• Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy.
• It contributes much to national income, it is the Source of food supply to the masses.
• Its importance is also in employment, industry, source of livelihood, foreign trade, transport, government income, and capital formation.

→ Main problems of Indian Agriculture:
The main problems of Indian agriculture are:

• Human problems constitute pressure of population on land and social atmosphere.
• Institutional problems, such as small size of holdings, land tenure system.
• Technical problems such as inadequate irrigation facilities, old agricultural implements, traditional techniques of production, lack of improved seeds, lack of manure, defective agriculture marketing system, diseases of crops and attacks of pests, lack of credit facilities, and weak cattle.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 2 Infrastructure of the Indian Economy

→ Infrastructure: Infrastructure is that part of the capital stock of the economy which is necessary from the viewpoint of providing various kinds of services.

→ Economic Infrastructure: It refers to that capital stock that offers various types of productive services directly to the producers.

→ Means of Transport: Railways, Road transport, Water transport, and Air transport are the main means of transport.

→ Means of Communication: Post, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, fax, cinema, newspaper and magazines, etc. are the important means of communication in India.

→ Sources of Electric Power: Thermal power, Hydal power, and Nuclear power are the sources of power in India.

→ Sources of Irrigation: Rainfall, wells, tube-wells, ponds, canals are the main sources of irrigation in India.

→ Reserve Bank of India: This is the Apex of the Central Bank of India which was established in 1935.

→ Commercial Banks: Commercial Banks are those banks that generally give short-term loans.

→ Non-Banking Institutions: These are those institutions that raise money from the public and other sources and offer loans of that money. U.T.I and L.I.C. are two examples of these institutions in India.

→ Consumer: When we use any commodity we become consumers.

→ Consumer Exploitation: When a consumer is harassed by the business community due to a lack of information about products, it is known as consumer exploitation.

→ Consumer Protection: It means the protection of the buyers of consumer goods from the exploitation of the unfair trade practices of the producers.

→ Activities of Consumer Exploitation: Adulteration, sub-standard packed goods, use of non-standard weights or misleading and fabricated advertisements, and unfair Monopolistic and Restricted Trade Practices are such activities that exploit the consumers to a large extent.

→ Consumer Protection Act, 1986: This Act is one of the most important legal measures in protecting the rights of consumers.

→ Public Distribution System: The supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies is known as the Public Distribution System.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Basic Concepts will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

→ Basic Concepts: Basic concepts are those words that have special meaning in Economics.

→ National Income: National Income is the earned income by the normal residents of a country during one year.

→ Per Capita Income: It is the average income earned by the people of a country in a definite period of time.

→ Consumption: Consumption is the expenditure made on consumption during one year in an economy.

→ Saving: The difference between income and consumption is called saving.

→ Investment: When production is more than consumption during an accounting year, that is called investment.

→ Capital Formation: An addition to capital stock is called capital formation.

→ Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment is that situation when more people are doing the same work which can be done by a few people.

→ Full Employment: Full employment is that situation in which all the people who are willing to work at existing wage rates and they get work without any difficulty.

→ Structural Unemployment: It rises due to the structural changes in the economy, like due to the exports, etc.

→ Technical Unemployment: It arises due to the changes in the techniques of production.

→ Inflation: Inflation means a constant rise in prices.

→ Money Supply: It means currency and deposits of banks available to the people of the country.

→ Government Budget: Government Budget is the detailed account of its estimated revenue and expenditure.

→ Deficit Financing: It is the method by which government meets the budgetary deficits by taking loans from the Central Bank.

→ Public Finance: Public Finance means the financial sources of the government, i.e. revenue and expenditure.

→ Public Debt: Public debt means all types of loans taken by the Government.

→ Poverty Line: The poverty line is the method of measuring the poverty of any country.

→ Growth Rate: Growth rate implies that in comparison to a particular year with any other year how much percentage change took place in any economic element.

→ Foreign Aid: It means capital investment, loans, and grants in any country by foreign governments, individual banks, and international institutions.

→ Balance of Payments: Balance of Payments is the account of receipts and payments of the govt, of one country from other countries during a period of one year.

→ Monetary Policy: It is related to affecting the level and structure of aggregate demand by controlling the rate of interest and the availability of credit.

→ Fiscal Policy: The policy related to the government’s income and expenditure is called fiscal policy.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 7 Population will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 7 Population

→ Manpower – A human resource.

→ Total Population of India:

• 126 crores
• The second-largest populated country in the world.

→ The average density of population (2011) – 382 persons per sq. km.

→ The State with the highest density of population – Bihar (1102 persons per km2)

→ The State with the lowest density of the population – Arunachal Pradesh (17 persons per km2)

→ The union territory with the highest density of population. – Delhi. (11297 persons per sq. km.)

→ The state has the largest population – U.P. (199581477 persons).

→ Rate of growth of population during 2001-2010 – 17.7%.

→ The State with the highest rate of growth of population – Meghalaya (27.8%).

→ The State with the lowest rate of growth of population – Kerala (4.9%).

→ Percentage of the urban population in India – 31.2%.

→ Total urban population – 37.7 crores.

→ The state with the highest % of urban population – Goa (49.77%)

→ Number of million towns (2011) – 53

→ The total population in million towns – 1500 lakh persons.

→ Average sex ratio in India (2011) – 940 females per 1000 males.

→ Highest sex ratio in India – Kerala (1084 females per 1000 males)

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Minerals and Power Resources will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 6 Minerals and Power Resources

→ Minerals (Types of Minerals) – Natural chemical compounds.

→ Metallic – Ferrous: Iron ore, manganese, chromite, tungsten, nickel, and cobalt.

→ Non-Ferrous: Gold, silver, copper, lead, bauxite, and magnesium.

→ Non-metallic – Limestone, nitrate, dolomite, potash, gypsum.

→ Mineral Fuels – Coal, petroleum, and gas.

→ Iron ore – Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, and Goa are the main producers.

→ Manganese (Second in world reserves):

• Orissa is the major producer of Manganese.
• Karnataka, M.P., Maharashtra, and Goa are other states.

→ Mica – India leads the world with 60% of world production.

→ Bauxite (Source of aluminium) – Jharkhand, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, and M.P. are the main producers.

→ Conservation – Reduction of wastage in mining, Fewer exports, Substitutes, Recycling.

→ Conventional Sources of Energy – Thermal coal, petroleum, and gas 70.6%, Hydro 25.5%, Nuclear 2.6%, Wind 1.3%.

→ Power Generation Capacity – 1400 MW in 1947; 1,02,000 MW in 2011.

→ Coal – Per capita consumption 400 kg in 2011.

→ Petroleum:

• Estimated Reserves: 4000 million tonnes,
• Production: 33 million tonnes (63% Mumbai High, 18% Gujarat, 16% Assam).

→ Natural Gas:

• Consumption: 23 billion cubic metres
• Recoverable Reserves: 700 bIllion cubic metres
• Production: 27,860 million cubic metres per year.

→ Electricity:

• Installed capacity: 1,04,917 MW
• Per capita consumption: 379 KW (lowest in the world).

→ Non-conventional sources – 95000 MW (Solar, wind, biogas)

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Land Utilization and Agriculture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 5 Land Utilization and Agriculture

→ Land under Agriculture – 46.6% of geographical area or 1530 lakh hectares.

→ Per capita cultivated land – 0.16 hectares.

→ Fallow land – 7.1% or 230 lakh hectares.

→ Distribution – Net sown area to geographical area varies from 3.4% in Arunachal Pradesh to 84.2% in Punjab.

→ Landholdings – One-third is small, less than one hectare in size.

→ Types of farming – Subsistence, shifting, plantation, intensive, sedentary, and commercial farming.

→ Contribution of Agriculture – 26% Gross Domestic Product (Down from 52% in the 1950s).

→ Major Crops – Cereals (rice, wheat, millets, maize), pulses (arhar, urad, moong, masur, peas, and gram), oilseeds (groundnut, sesamum, rapeseed, linseed, castor, fibre crops (cotton and jute), Beverage crops (coffee and tea) and cash crops (sugarcane, rubber, tobacco, spices and fruits, animal husbandry and fisheries.

→ Technology – Use of wooden plough, bullock cart, Persian wheel, and now water pump and tractors.

→ Irrigation Revolution – From flooding of the field to the canal, sprinkler, and drip irrigation.

→ Green Revolution – Increase in crop yield with the help of fertilizers, high yield varieties of seeds.

→ White Revolution – Increase in milk yield especially buffalo milk in India.

→ Institutional Reforms – Abolition of zamindari and jagirdari, ceilings on land holdings, consolidation of land holdings, credit reforms.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 4 Natural Vegetation, Wild Life and Soils

→ Flora – Plant Kingdom.

→ Fauna – Animal Kingdom.

→ Ecosystem – Plants, animals, human beings are part of the ecosystem.

→ Species of plants – 45,000 species in the world, 5000 species in India.

→ Species of animals – 75,000 species in India.

→ Great diversity in flora – Due to varied relief, soil and climate.

→ Total area undçr forest – 750 lakh hectares (22% of total area).

→ Tropical rain forests – Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood.

→ Tropical deciduous forests – Teak, Sal.

→ Dry forests – Kikar, Babul, Khair.

→ Tidal forests – Mangrove and Sundri.

→ Coniferous forests – Silver fir, pine, birch, spruce.

→ Species of birds – 2000 species in India.

→ Areas for protecting fauna sanctuaries – National Parks, Zoological gardens, Bio-reserves.

→ National Parks – 86.

→ Wildlife sanctuaries – 480.

→ Zoological gardens – 35.

→ Bio-reserves – 16.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 The Climate will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Geography Chapter 3 The Climate

→ The climate of India – Tropical Monsoon type.

→ Highest Temperature – Barmer (Rajasthan) 50°C.

→ Lowest Temperature – Kargil (Ladakh) – 45°C.

→ Rainiest Place – Mawsynram – 1140 cms annual rainfall.

→ Indian Ocean – Storehouse of moisture for monsoons.

→ The Himalayas – A climatic divide.

→ Jet Stream – A fast-flowing wind at a high altitude.

→ Monsoon – Derived from the Arabic word ‘Mausim’.

→ Seasons in India – Cold, Hot, Rainy, and Retreating Monsoons.

→ Western Disturbances:

• Cyclones from the Mediterranean Sea.
• Give rainfall in N.W. India in winter.

→ Mango Showers – Ike-monsoon winds.

→ Kal Baisakhi – Local thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam.

→ South-West Monsoons:

• 1st June Date of onset in Kerala.
• Arabian Sea Branch and Bay of Bengal Branch.

→ Rain Shadow Areas – Deccan Plateau, N.W. Kashmir, Shillong Plateau.

→ North-East Monsoons:

• Retreating Monsoons (October-November).
• Give rainfall on the East coast.

→ Monsoons:

• Uncertain, irregular, variable in place and time.
• A unifying bond.