PSEB Notes

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 21 Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

As a Man:

• The appearance of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not very attractive.
• His face was suffused with a special type of halo.
• Maharaja was very hard working.
• He was fond of hunting and horse riding.
• He possessed a very keen, intelligent, and prodigious memory.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very popular with the people for his kindness.
• He was a devoted follower of Sikhism.
• He kept his religious di9crimination at an arm’s length.

As a General and Conqueror:

• He is counted among the greatest generals of the world.
• He did not have to face defeat in the battles which he fought during his lifetime.
• He paid full attention to the welfare of his soldiers.
• By virtue of his ability and bravery, he converted his small kingdom into a big empire.
• He annexed to his empire the important areas like Lahore, Amritsar, Kasur, Sialkot, Kangra, Gujarat. Jammu, Attock,
• Multan, Kashmir, and Peshawar.
• His empire had extended its frontiers from Ladakh in the North to Shikarpur in the ‘South, from the river Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West.

As an Administrator:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was not only a great conqueror but also an able administrator.
• With a view to run the administration efficiently, he had dividçd his kingdom into four big provinces.
• The smallest unit of administration was ‘Mauza’ or village.
• The village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat.
• The Maharaja had appointed many able and honest ministers.
• He offered special opportunities to the farmers and the poor.
• The Maharaja paid special attention to the military administration.
• He gave training to his army in the European pattern.
• It was owing to these efforts of Maharaja Ranjit Singh that the Sith army could become strong and efficient.

As a Diplomat:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a shrewd and farsighted diplomat.
• He conquered all the Misis by virtue of his diplomacy.
• He secured the fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan without any fight.
• In 1835 AD., the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan fled the battlefield without fighting because of Maharaja’s diplomacy.
• In 1809 AD., Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave evidence of his political sagacity by establishing a friendship with the British.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 20 Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh

Civil Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:
The main features of the civil administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh are as follows:

Central Administration:

• The Maharaja was the head of the state.
• He framed all internal and external policies of the state.
• For the efficient performance of administrafiontheMaharaja organised a Council of Ministers.
• The ministers were appointed by the Maharaja himself.
• Next to the Maharaja in importance was the place of Prime Minister (Wazir).
• The other ministers included Foreign Minister, Finance Minister, Commander-in-Chief, Deorhiwala, etc.
• For administrative efficiency, he had tested the various departments or drafters.
• There were 12 drafters in total.

Provincial Administration:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom into four provinces
• The names of these provinces were
  • Suba-i- Lahore
  • Suba-i-Multan
  • Suba-i-Kashmir
  • Suba-i-Peshwar
• Nazim was the highest authority of the Suba.
• The Maharaja could change the Nazim whenever he wanted.

Local Administration:

• Each Suba was further divided into many Parganas.
• The chief official of the Pargana was called Kardar.
• The smallest unit of administration was the village.
• It was then called the Mauza.
• The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat.
• The other important officials of the village administration were Chaudhary, Patwari, Muqaddam, and Chowkidar.

Financial Administration:

• Land revenue constituted the most important source of Maharaja’s state.
• The methods of assessment of land revenue were the Batai system, Kankut system, Zabat system, Bigha system, Plough system, Well system, Ijaradari system.
• The land revenue was collected twice a year.
• It varied from place to place according to the fertility of the soil.
• The other main sources of income were custom duties, Nazrana, Zabti, income from the judiciary, etc.

Jagirdari Administration:

• Service Jagirs were the most significant of all the Jagirs which were given during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Sing.
• They could be enlarged, reduced, or confiscated depending upon how their guarantors discharged their assigned responsibilities.
• These were divided into both military and civil jagirs.
• The other jagirs were Inam Jagirs, Subsistence Jagirs, Watan Jagirs, Dharmarth Jagirs.

Judicial Administration:

• The judicial system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was very simple Judicial decisions were made in accordance with the customary conventions and religious beliefs.
• In Maharaja’s Judicial system Panchayat was the smallest and the King’s court was the highest.
• The people were at liberty to knock at the door of any court in the state.
• Criminals were normally fined.
• The death sentence was not awarded to any criminal.

Military Administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• The military system of Ranjit Singh was a happy compromise between the old and the new ideas.
• The military system of Maharaja Ranjit Singh may be termed as Franco-British system in the Indian setting Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his army into two wings Fauj-i-Ain (regular army) and Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid (irregular army).
• The regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was called Fauj-i-Ain and it comprised all three arms infantry, cavalry, and artillery Fauj-i-Khas was the most important and strongest portion Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army.
• It was trained under the command of General Ventura.
• Fauj-i-Be-Qawaid means that army that did not observe any prescribed rules.
• Historians hold that people from different sects were recruited in Maharaja’s army.
• The soldiers in the army ranged between 75,000 and 1,00,000 in number.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 19 Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy

Ranjit Singh’s Relations with Afghanistan:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s relations with Afghanistan were divided into four stages:

First Stage:

• This stage started in 1797 A.D. and ended in 1812 A.D.
• In 1797 A.D. when Ranjit Singh took over the reins of ShukarchakiUMisl, Shah Zaman was the emperor of Afghanistan.
• Ranjit Singh sent his guns that had fallen into the Jhelum river Pleased with him, he acknowledged Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule over Lahore.
• In 1803 A.D., Shah Shuja became the ruler of Afghanistan.
• Taking advantage of his weakness, Maharaja Ranjit Singh established control over the areas of Kasur, Jhang, and Sahiwal, etc.

Second Stage:

• This stage was from 1813 to 1834 A.D.
• According to the treaty signed at Rohtasgarh in 1813 A.D., the combined armed forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Afghan Wazir Fateh Khan attacked Kashmir.
• Fateh Khan duped the emperor.
• On 13th July 1813 A.D., at a place called Hazro, the first battle was fought between the Afghans and Sikhs Fateh Khan was defeated in it.
• Maharaja’s occupation of Peshawar led to the terrible battle of Naushera on 14th March 1823 A.D.
• The Afghans were defeated in the battle also.
• On 6th May 1834 A.D., Peshawar was completely annexed to the Sikh kingdom.

Third Stage:

• This stage was from 1834 to 1837 A.D.
• Dost Muhammad Khan, the ruler of Afghanistan was infuriated because of the Maharaja’s occupation of Peshawar.
  consequently, he declared the Jihad.
• But because of Ranjit Singh’s diplomacy; he had to flee without fighting the battle.
• In 1837 A.D., the Battle of Jamrud was fought between the Sikhs and the Afghans.
• The Sikhs were victorious in the battle but Hari Singh Nalwa was martyred.
• After this, the Afghan soldiers never faced Peshawar.

Fourth Stage:

• This stage was from 1838 to 1839 A.D.
• Seeing the growing influence of Russia, the British planned to make Shah Shuja the new ruler of Afghanistan.
• On 26th June 1838 A.D., the Tripartite Treaty was signed between the British, Shah Shuja, and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• On 27th June 1839 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh expired.
• In this way, the tables always stood in favour of Maharaja Ranjit Singh as far as Sikh.
• Afghan relations were concerned.

North-West Frontier Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• The problem of the North-West frontier always remained a problem for the rulers of Punjab and India.
• It was from here that the foreign invaders attacked India.
• The turbulent tribes of this region were always uncontrollable.
• Between 1831 A.D. and 1836 A.D., Maharaja conquered the regions of Dera Ghazi Khan, Tonk, Bannu, and Peshawar, etc.
• Maharaja never tried to occupy Afghanistan.
• He sent several military expeditions against the turbulent Afghan tribes.
• Several new forts were built on the North-West Frontier.
• The specially trained army was maintained there.
• Military governors were appointed there.
• Special provisions were made for the welfare of these tribes.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s North-West Frontier Policy was successful to quite an extent.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D. will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 18 Anglo-Sikh Relations 1800-1839 A.D.

First Stage:

• The first stage of the Anglo-Sikh relations was from 1800-09 A.D.
• The Britishers sent their emissary Yusuf Ali to the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1800 A.D.
• In 1805 A.D., the Maratha Sardar Jaswant Rao Holkar came to Punjab to seek Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s help against the British but the Maharaja refused to extend any active help.
• Because of this, the Britishers were very happy with him and they signed a treaty with Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Lahore on 1st January 1806 A.D.
• In order to check the growing influence of Ranjit Singh, Charles Metcalfe met Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Amritsar on 10th December 1808 A.D. but this talk also remained inconclusive.
• Both the parties began to make warfare preparations.
• At the last moment, however, Maharaja Ranjit Singh yielded to the British demands.

The Treaty of Amritsar:

• On 25th April 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed the Treaty of Amritsar with the Britishers.
• The British agreed to haVe no concern with the territories and subjects of the Maharaja to the extent of the river Sutlej.
• It shattered Ranjit Singh’s greatest cherished ideals of being the sole ruler of all the Sikhs.
• Ranjit Singh saved his kingdom from ruin by signing this treaty.
• It was a big diplomatic victory for the British.

Second Stage:

• The second stage from 1809-1839 A.D. was a period of distrust and suspicion between the two parties.
• During 1812 A.D. and 1821 A.D., the Britishers and Maharaja Ranjit Singh adopted a neutral policy and did not interfere in each other’s affairs.
• The Britishers succeeded in signing a commercial treaty with Sind in 1832 A.D. which dealt a severe jolt to the morale of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• In 1835 A.D., the Maharaja kept quiet over the question of Shikarpur and Ferozepur.
• Ranjit Singh had to yield to the threats of the English Resident Macnaughten and he signed the Tripartite Treaty on 26th June 1838 A.D.
• Some historians hold the view that Maharaja Ranjit Singh gave proof of his capacity and farsightedness by not fighting with the Britishers but on the other hand, some other historians have strongly criticized the policy of Ranjit Singh towards the British.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 17 Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests

Early Career of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 A.D. in the family of the Sukarchakia Misl chief Mahan Singh.
• The name of Ranjit Singh’s mother was Raj Kaur.
• Ranjit Singh was four years old when he fell a victim to smallpox because of which the light of his left eye was gone forever.
• Ranjit Singh was very brave right from his childhood.
• He was 16 years old when he was married to Mehtab Kaur, the granddaughter of the Kanahia Misl Sardar, Jai Singh, and the daughter of Gurbaksh Singh.
• When Mahan Singh died, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a minor and so the task of state administration passed into the hands of his mother, Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai, and Sada Kaur who together formed the Triune Regency.
• When Ranjit Singh grew to be 17, he took over the charge of administration and put an end to the Triune Regency.

The political condition of Punjab:

• When Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl, the atmosphere of anarchy and lawlessness was prevalent in Punjab.
• In most parts of Punjab, the Sikhs had founded 12 independent Misls.
• All these were very weak and they continued to fight with one another.
• In the North-West regions of Punjab, the Muslims had set up several independent states.
• There was a lack of unity among these states.
• There were few Rajput states in Punjab.
• The Gorkhas of Nepal were greedily looking towards Punjab.
• In the East, the British and the Marathas had locked their horns and so Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not have to worry about them.
• The ruler of Afghanistan, Shah Zaman, had taken possession of Lahore.

Ranjit Singh’s Policy towards the Sikh Misls:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s policy towards the Sikh Misls was similar to the Rajput policy adopted by Akbar.
• There was no room for relation or obligation in it.
• He established matrimonial ties with the powerful Kanahia and Nakkai Misls and established friendly relations with
• Ahluwalia and Ramgarhia Misls.
• With their support, he attacked the weak lists and annexed them to his kingdom.
• At the right opportunity, he backstabbed friendly misls and annexed them to his kingdom.
• In 1805 A.D. Ranjit Singh put an end to the Gurmata and acquired complete freedom of taking political decisions.

Conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:
A brief description of the important victories of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is as follows:

Conquest of Lahore:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Lahore from the Bhangi Sardars on July 7, 1799 A.D.
• This was his first and most important victory.
• Lahore remained the capital of the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Conquest of Amritsar:

• In 1805 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Amritsar from Mai Sukhan.
• This victory led to the spread of fame of Maharaja far and wide because the Sikhs considered Amritsar as their Mecca.

Conquest of Multan:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent 7 expeditions to Multan to conquer it between 1802 and 1817 A.D.
• In the end, Multan was conquered on 2nd June 1818 A.D.
• Its ruler Muzzafar Khan and his five sons were killed in the battle.
• The conqueror of Multan, Misar Diwan Chand was bestowed upon with the title of Zafar Jang.

Conquest of Kashmir:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Kashmir thrice.
• He conquered Kashmir during his third expedition in 1819 A.D.
• At that time Jabbar Khan was the Governor of Kashmir.
• This victory proved to be extremely beneficial for Maharaja in several respects.

Conquest of Peshawar:

• Though Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Peshawar in 1823 A.D. yet he annexed it to his kingdom in 1834 A.D.
• This dealt a severe jolt to the power of the Afghans.

Other Conquests:

• Other important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh that deserve a special mention were Kasur and Jhang (1807), Sialkot (1808), Kangra (1809), Jammu (1809), Attock (1813), and Dera Gazi Khan (1820), etc.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 16 Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their Nature of Organization

Meaning of the word Misl:

• According to Cunningham and Princep “Misl’ is an Arabic word, which means equal.
• David Octerlony says that the word ‘Misl’ means such tribe or community as had established its independent rule over certain regions of Punjab.
• Some historians feel that the word ‘Misl’ means to file.

Origin of the Misls:

• The origin of the Misls did not take place with any pre-conceived plan at some fixed time.
• A new era of atrocities on the Sikhs by the Mughal Governor began.
• Nawab Kapoor Singh organised the different Jathas into two groups.
• Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal.
• On 29th March 1748 A.D., the. Dal Khalsa was found on the Baisakhi day at Amritsar.
• Twelve Jathas were organised under the Dal Khalsa.
• These Jathas began to be called the ‘Misls’.

Growth of Sikh Misls:
A brief description of the growth and history of the Misls are as follows:

Faizalpuria Misl:

• Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of Faizalpuria Misl.
• It included the areas of Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patti, Nurpur, and Behrampur.

Ahluwalia Misl:

• The founder of the Ahluwalia Misl was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
• It included the areas of Sirhind and Kapurthala.

Ramgarhia Misl:

• The founder of Ramgarhia Misl was Khushal Singh.
• It included the areas of Dipalpur, Kalanaur, Batala, Hargobindpur, Quadian, Urmur Tanda, Kartarpur and Haripur.

Shukarchakia Misl:

• The founder of the Shukarchakia Misl was Charat Singh.
• He made Gujranwala his capital.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh also belonged to this Misl.

Other Misls:

• The other Misls were Bhangi Misl, Phulkian Misl, Kanahia, Misl, Dallewalia Misl, Shahid Misl, Nakkai Misl, and Karorsinghia Misl.

Administration of the Misls:

• The Gurmata was the central organisation of the Misls Its decisions were considered by the Sikhs as the dictates of their Guru.
• The leader of each Misl was called Sardar.
• Each Sardar had a number of Misldars under him.
• The Misls were divided into many districts.
• The village was the smallest unit of the Misl administration.
• During the times of the Misls, the chief source of income was land revenue.
• The judicial system of the Sikh Misls was simple.
• According to modern historians, during the Misl period, the total strength of the Sikh army was 1 lakh.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 15 Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal Rule in the Punjab

Causes of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasions:

• Ahmad Shah Abdali wanted to conquer Punjab and other parts of India to expand his empire.
• He wanted to plunder the unlimited wealth of India.
• The unstable political condition of India too was inviting Abdali.
• Shahnawaz Khan, the Governor of Punjab also sent an invitation to Abdali to attack India.

Invasions of Abdali:

• The first invasion of Abdali in 1747-48 A.D.
• Here he had to face defeat at the hands of Muin-ul-Mulk alias Mir Mannu.
• Abdali defeated Muin-ul-Mulk in 1748-49 A.D. during his second invasion.
• It was during his third invasion in 1752 A.D. that he annexed the whole of Punjab to his empire.
• During his fourth invasion in 1756 A.D., Abdali took strict action against the Sikhs in Punjab.
• In 1757 A.D, Baba Deep Singh, Ji attained martyrdom while fighting against the Afghans.
• During his fifth invasion, Abdali terribly defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat.
• This battle was fought on 14th January 1761 A.D.
• It was during the sixth invasion that on 5th February 1762 A.D. that the incident of Wadda Gallughara (Great Holocaust) took place.
• Approximately 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were killed in this battle.
• Abdali undertook two more invasions after this to crush the power of the Sikhs but was unsuccessful.

Causes of Failure of Abdali:

• The Sikhs of Punjab displayed great tenacity.
• The Sikhs used guerilla war tactics.
• The representatives appointed by Abdali in Punjab were incapable.
• The people of Punjab gave the Sikhs every possible support.
• Those leaders who led the Sikhs were highly capable.
• Abdali did not have much interest in Punjab.
• The numerous repeated revolts that took place in Afghanistan also were responsible for his failure.

Effects of Abdali’s invasions on the Punjab:

• The Mughal rule came to an end in Punjab.
• The defeat inflicted on the Marathas by Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat led to the end of the Maratha power in Punjab.
• The Sikhs started emerging as a new power.
• There was chaos and disorder in Punjab everywhere.
• A change came about in the character of the people of Punjab and they became more fearless and extravagant in nature.
• There was a great loss of trade in Punjab.
• It also dealt a severe jolt to Punjabi art and literature.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 14 Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals

Social Condition:

• The society in Punjab was primarily divided into two sections, the Muslims and the Hindus.
• The Muslim society was divided into three classes – upper, middle, and lower.
• The upper class comprised of mansabdars and the elite class.
• The middle class was comprised of peasants and government officials.
• The lower class comprised of servants and labourers etc.
• The Hindu society was divided into several castes and sub-castes not so good.
• The diet of the people of the upper class was quite rich whereas the people of the lower class merely could afford frugal meals.
• The Hindus were mostly vegetarian.
• The people of the upper class wore costly clothes.
• Both men and women were fond of wearing jewellery.
• The people of the upper class entertained themselves by hunting, taking part in chariot races, playing polo, holding pigeon flights, watching elephant and cockfights, and chess.
• Education was not a responsibility of the State.
• It was imparted by temples and mosques.

Economic Condition:

• The main occupation of the people of Punjab was agriculture.
• 80% of the population of Punjab was engaged in this occupation.
• There were bumper crops in Punjab.
• Next to agriculture, the industry was the main occupation of the people of Punjab.
• The cotton industry was the most important industry of Punjab.
• The other important industries were the silk industry, woolen industry, leather industry, etc.
• Several people did the job of animal rearing.
• the domestic and foreign trade was quite prosperous.
• Foreign trade took place with the Arab countries and Asian countries Afghanistan, Iran, Tibet, Bhutan, and China Lahore and Multan were important commercial centres.
• Prices being low, the poor people could easily make both ends meet.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 13 Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting

Causes of the Rise of the Dal Khalsa:

• After the martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Mughal Governors began to persecute the Sikhs vigorously.
• Nawab Kapoor Singh organized Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal in 1734 A.D. in order to consolidate the Sikh power.
• By taking the opportunity of the anarchy in Punjab the Sikhs established 25 Jathas each consisting of 100 Sikhs in 1745 A.D.
• These Jathas formed the basis of the Dal Khalsa.

Establishment of the Dal Khalsa:

• The Dal Khalsa was established on Mar. 29, 1748 A.D. at Amritsar.
• It was established by Nawab Kapoor Singh.
• He organized the Sikhs into 12 Jathas.
• Each Jatha had its own leader and flag Jassa.
• Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Chief Commander of the Dal Khalsa.

Military Features of the Dal Khalsa:

• Cavalry was the main constituent of the Dal Khalsa.
• No Sikh was forced to join the army.
• Any member could leave one squad to join another.
• There was no provision of military training and regular salary.
• The members of the Dal Khalsa adopted guerilla tactics in their raids on the enemy.
• Swords, lances, spears, axes, and arrows were used in fighting.

Significance of the Dal Khalsa:

• The Dal Khalsa unified the scattered powers of the Sikhs.
• It taught the Sikhs to live in the discipline.
• It was due to the creation of the Dal Khalsa that Sikhs were enabled to form independent Misls in Punjab.
• Undoubtedly, the establishment of the Dal Khalsa proved a milestone in the History of the Sikhs.

This PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 12th Class History Notes Chapter 12 Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs

Abdus Samad Khan:

• Abdus Samad Khan was made the Governor of Lahore in 1713 A.D.
• He inflicted grave atrocities on the Sikhs.
• Pleased with him, the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of word of the State’.
• To safeguard themselves against the Mughal atrocities, the Sikhs had organised themselves into Jathas.
• Despite his best efforts, Abdus Samad Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.
• He was deposed in 1726 A.D.

Zakariya Khan:

• Zakariya Khan was appointed the Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D.
• Hundreds of Sikhs began to be martyred every day at Delhi gate in Lahore.
• In 1726 A.D., Bhai Tara Singh Van along with 22 companions inflicted a heavy loss on the Mughal army.
• The Sikh Jathas adopted the guerilla warfare strategy and gave Zakariya Khan sleepless nights.
• In order to placate the Sikhs Zakariya Khan presented a Jagir worth 1 lakh rupees to Sardar Kapoor Singh, the Sikh leader, and bestowed upon him the title of Nawab.
• When the relations got strained again Zakariya Khan established his control over Harmandir Sahib.
• In 1738 A.D., Zakariya Khan got the Head Granthi of Harmandir Sahib i.e. Bhai Mani Singh Ji executed.
• In the same period, the executions of Bhai Bota Singh Ji, Bhai Mehtab Singh Ji, Bhai Sukha Singh Ji, Bal Haqiqat Rai Ji, and Bhai Taru Singh Ji infused a new vigour among the Sikhs.
• Consequently, the Sikhs did not let Zakariya Khan have any respite till his death.
• Zakariya Khan died on July 1, 1745 A.D.

Yahiya Khan:

• Yahiya became the Governor of Lahore in 1746 A.D.
• He took strict steps against the Sikhs.
• In May 1746 A.D., Yahiya Khan and Diwan Lakhpat Rai executed approximately 7,000 Sikhs at a place near Kahnuwan.
• This incident is often referred to as the First Holocaust.
• In 1747 A.D. Yahiya Khan’s younger brother Shah Nawaz Khan imprisoned him.

Mir Mannu:

• Mir Mannu was also known by the name of Muin-ul-Mulk.
• He was the Governor of Punjab from 1748 A.D. to 1753 A.D.
• He proved a worse foe of the Sikhs than his predecessors.
• In 1752, Mir Mannu was appointed the Governor of Punjab by Abdali.
• Despite his untiring efforts, Mir Mannu could not succeed in crushing the power of the Sikhs.
• He died in 1753 A.D.

Causes of failure of Mir Mannu:

• The Sikhs organised the Dal Khalsa.
• The Sikhs had firm determination, unlimited zeal, bravery, and a spirit of sacrifice for their Panth.
• The Sikhs used guerilla war tactics.
• Diwan Kaura Mai who was the adviser of Mir Mannu was compassionate towards his Sikhs.
• During his rule, Mir Mannu was surrounded by several problems pertaining to the state.