PSEB Notes

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 Religious Developments will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 Religious Developments

→ Main Religions of the World: Hinduism, Buddhism Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Islam, and Sikhism.

→ Islam: This religion was founded by Prophet Hazrat Mohammad.

→ The main scripture of Islam is The Quran’, which includes the directions about different aspects of life.

→ Sikhism: This religion was founded by Sri Guru Nanak Devji. After him, nine Gurujis developed the Sikh Panth.

→ The main scripture of this religion is ‘Sri Guru Granth Sahibji’.

→ Sufism: Sufism is the liberal form of the Islamic religion. The followers of this religion were known as ‘Pirs’.

→ They used black coloured blankets, which were called Sufi, so these Pirs were called Sufis.

→ Bhakti Movement: To do away with the religious and social evils, there was a Bhakti movement, in India during the medieval period.

→ The main feature of this movement was that it was not propagated by anyone great man, but by different holy men in different areas.

→ But still, the principles of the Bhakti movement were the same everywhere.

→ Hinduism: The main classification was Shaiv and Vaishnavs.

→ Shaivism was founded by Shankaracharyaji in the 9th century.

→ The main founders of Vaishnavism were Sri Ramanandji and Chaitanya Mahaprabhuji.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Tribes, Nomad and Settled Societies will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 Tribes, Nomad and Settled Societies

→ Tribal Society: Tribal Society is a society that lives very much away from the modern system and exists in forests, valleys, and mountains.

→ They never like to interfere in anyone’s internal matters and never like to be interfered with by anyone.

→ Against caste system: During the medieval period, a number of tribal societies emerged and they did not obey the rules and customs of the caste system.

→ Many occupations: Tribal societies had the main occupation of agriculture but there were few other occupations available for them like hunting, food gathering and pastoralism, etc.

→ Many tribes: During the medieval period, many tribes existed in all parts of the Indian subcontinent.

→ Some of them were the Bhils, Gonds, Ahoms, Kuki’s Koli’s, Kui, Oraon, etc.

→ Life of the Nomadic groups: Nomads, during the medieval period, lived on the rearing of animals.

→ They went far away to graze their animals.

→ They made both ends with animals breeding.

→ They moved from one place to another for selling their goods by loading on the animals.

→ The Aborn Community: They ruled over Assam. They had come from China.

→ The name of their first ruler was ‘Sufaka’. They defeated many local tribes.

→ The Gond Tribe: It is a tribe in the middle part of India.

→ They are based in states like western Orissa, eastern Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.

→ They established many states from the 15th to 18th century. Rani Durgawati was a famous Gond ruler.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 Towns, Traders and Craftsmen

→ Development of Cities: After the development of agriculture, the villages came into existence. The villages expanded and the cities developed.

→ Types of Cities: Cities were of many types such as capitals, temple cities, port cities, trade cities, etc.

→ Traders and Artisans: During the medieval period, the Indian artisans made high-quality and high-standard goods.

→ The traders exported these goods and India became ‘The Golden Sparrow’.

→ Surat: Surat was an important industrial and trading town of the medieval period.

→ Lahore: Lahore is located in modern Pakistan.

→ It remained the capital of Punjab for a long time.

→ Amritsar: It is the biggest and the holiest religious place of the Sikhs.

→ In the medieval period, it was an important trading town.

→ Sri Harmandar Sahib located in Amritsar is world-famous.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 12 Monumental Architecture

Monuments from 800 A.D. to 1200 A.D:

• Many beautiful temples were built from 800 A.D. to 1200 A.D.
• The Tejpal Temple of Mount Abu, Mahadev Temple in Khajuraho, and the Sun Temple of Konark is worth watching.
• The walls, roofs, pillars, and doors of temples were decorated with beautiful statues.

Temples of South India:

• From 800 A.D. to 1200 A.D., the most important temple is Brihdeshwar Temple.
• It was constructed by Chola king, Raja Raja I.
• Another temple Gangaikondcholpuram built by Chola king Rajendra I is also very famous.
• The temples built by the Pallava dynasty are famous for their unique beauty.
• These temples have been cut out of rocks.
• A very famous temple is the Mahabalipuram temple.
• The biggest temple built by Pallava rulers is Kailash Temple.

The architecture of the Sultanate Period:

• The Turks and Afghans brought with themselves a new style of architecture.
• A new art style was born with the remix of their art and the Indian building art.
• In this style, many buildings were built with pillars, domes, and minarets.
• These things were used in Mosques, Palaces, Tombs, and other buildings.

Buildings of Sultans:

• Qutab-ud-din Aibak built many mosques in Delhi and Ajmer.
• Iltutmish completed Qutab Minar.
• It is the highest minaret in India.
• Alauddin Khalji built a mosque in Delhi on the tomb of Nizamuddin Aulia.
• He built ‘Ilahi Darwaja’ near Qutab Minar.
• During the Tughlaq Dynasty, another famous building is the Tomb of Tughlaq Shah.

The Mughal Buildings:

• The Mughals had a real taste for beautiful buildings.
• During the time of Akbar, the Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri are especially famous.
• The Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahan is world-famous for its beauty.
• Besides, he also built Moti Masjid and Jama Masjid in Agra and Delhi as well as the Red Fort in Delhi.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 11 The Creation of an Empire – The Mughal Empire

→ Establishment of the Mughal Empire: In 1526 A.D., in the first battle of Panipat, Babar defeated Ibrahim Ijodhi and founded the Mughal Empire in India.

→ Humayun: The Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah and the state of North India slipped out of his hands. But after the death of Sher Shah, Humayun regained his lost state.

→ Sher Shah Suri: He was a capable army general and administrator. He built many roads and inns for the welfare of the people of his state. He is known as the predecessor of Akbar the Great.

→ Akbar: Akbar was the son of Humayun. After Humayun’s death in 1556 A.D., Bairam Khan made him wear the crown. He started his winning expeditions with the help of Bairam Khan and founded a powerful Mughal Empire.

→ Jahangir: After the death of Akbar, Jahangir ascended the Mughal throne, but the real authority was in the hands of his wife Nur Jahan.

→ Aurangzeb: He was the last great emperor of the Mughal Empire. After his death, this empire almost declined.

→ Taj Mahal: A unique contribution of Shah Jahan was in the field of architecture. This building is world famous even today.

→ Abul Fazl: The author of Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 10 The Delhi Sultanate will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 10 The Delhi Sultanate

→ The Slave Sultans’, because some of them were slaves and some were sons of slaves who became Sultans.

→ Qutab-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish and Balban were the main slave Sultans.

→ Khalji Sultans: After the slave dynasty, there came the period of the Khalji dynasty in 1290 A.D.

→ Alauddin Khalji was the most famous and most ambitious Sultan of this dynasty.

→ Tughlaq Sultans: From 1320 A.D. to 1413 A.D., Delhi was under the control of Tughlaq Sultans.

→ The most famous was Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq.

→ Lodhi Dynasty: The rulers of the Lodhi dynasty ruled from 1451 A.D. to 1526 A.D. over Delhi.

→ In 1526 A.D., in the first battle of Panipat, Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India.

→ Administrative System: The King was the chief of the Sultanate. He was called the Sultan.

→ Wazir and Bakshi were his main helpers.

→ Mukadam, Patwari, Munsif, etc. were other officials who ran the local administration.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200) will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 9 Political Developments in South India (A.D.700-1200)

→ States of South India in Medieval Period: Many Rajput states were there.

→ The three most powerful states were Pallavas, Panday’s, and Cholas. These would be fought to exert their own authority.

→ Pallava Rulers: The main rulers of this dynasty were Mahendra Varman I and Narsimha Varman I.

→ They expanded their kingdoms and made Kanchi their capital.

→ Pallava’s Art and Architecture: They were great patrons of art and architecture.

→ The famous chariot temples of Mahabali Puram have been built by them.

→ These have been built by cutting a single rock.

→ These temples are unique specimens of Pallava art.

→ Pandya Kingdom: This state was established in the southern part of Tamil Nadu.

→ Its capital was known as Madura or Madurai. It was the main centre of education.

→ Chola Dynasty: It was established by Vijayalaya. Other famous rulers were Prantaka I, Raj Raja I, (985 – 1014 A.D.), and Rajendra Chola (1014 – 1044 A.D.)

→ Assemblies of Cholas: Under Cholas, there was organisation of village assembly to run the village administration properly.

→ Village assemblies were of two types:

• Ur. It was the assembly of common people.
• Sabha or Mahasabha. It was the assembly of scholarly Brahmins.

→ Functions of Village Assemblies: The village assemblies got their functions performed through different committees.

→ These committees took care of roads maintenance, justice, education, religious festivals, temple maintenance, irrigation, and land-related functions.

→ Mandalam: The Chola provinces were known as Mandalams.

→ Valanadus: Mandalams were divided into Valanadus. Every Valanadus had many villages.

→ Chola Society: It was an ideal society. Brahmins, traders, and craftsmen had a pride of place in society.

→ All the classes of society worked together to fulfill common objectives.

→ The women folk also had great honour in society.

→ Raja Raja I: He was the most important ruler of the Chola dynasty.

→ He invaded the states of the Pandya and Chera dynasty as well as some parts of Mysore.

→ Rajendra I: He was another most ambitious Chola ruler.

→ He kept up the victory policy of his father Raj Raja I and fought many battles in the southern subcontinent.

→ The decline of Chola State: The inheritors of Rajendra I were incapable and weak, so by the end of the 13th century the Chola kingdom declined.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200) will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 8 New Kings and Kingdoms (A.D. 700-1200)

→ States in the early Medieval Age: In the early medieval period, in north India, there were states of Gurjara- Pratiharas, Palas, Rajputs, and in south India, there were Rashtrakutas, Pallavas, Pandayas, and Cholas.

→ Gurjara Partiharas: These rulers ruled the kingdoms in some areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The main rulers of this dynasty were Nagabhatta-I, Mihirbhoj, Mahendrapal, and Rajyapala.

→ Pala Dynasty: These rulers ruled over modern Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand. This dynasty was established by Gopal (750 A.D.). Other main rulers were Dharmapala and Devpala.

→ Rashtrakut Dynasty: Established by Dantidurg in 742 A.D. The rulers of this dynasty Taught against Palas and Pratiharas to occupy Kanauj. They gave patronage to art and education.

→ Society, Religion, and Economic Condition: In this period, the caste system was very rigid. The main religions were Hinduism (Vaishnav and Shaiv), Jainism, and Buddhism.

→ Chauhan Dynasty: The most famous ruler was Prithvi Raj Chauhan. He ruled from 1179 A.D. to 1192 A.D.

→ Rajput Period: After the death of Harshvardhana, in north India mainly Rajputs ruled over different states. So this period is known as the Rajput Period.

→ Struggle for Kanauj: Kanauj was very important from its location point, of view. So there was a great struggle among Palas, Pratiharas, and Rashtrakutas to occupy Kanauj.

→ Mahmud Ghaznavi: He was the ruler of Ghazni and attacked India 17 times. He took much of the gold, silver from India to his country.

→ Muhammad Ghori: The ruler of the Gaur kingdom defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain (1192 A.D.) and established Turk Empire in India.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 7 The Medieval India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 7 The Medieval India

→ Periods of History: The History of any country can be divided into three periods: Ancient, Medieval and Modern.

→ Medieval Period: The period between the ancient period and the modern period is called the medieval period.

→ In India, the period between the 8th century and 18th century is called the Medieval Period.

→ Importance of the 8th century: 8th century is known as the transformation century because, in this century, many social, political, economic, cultural, and religious changes took place.

→ Name of India in the Medieval Period: The Indian sub-continent was called ‘Hindustan’ or ‘Bharatvarsha’.

→ Countries that were part of the Indian subcontinent in the Medieval period.

→ Six countries were part of the Indian subcontinent, namely Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and India.

→ Sources of the Medieval Indian History: Two sources are available

• Archaeological sources
• Literary sources.

→ Archaeological Sources: These include monuments, temples, inscriptions, coins, utensils, arms, ornaments, pictures, etc.

→ Literary Sources: These include autobiographies, biographies, chronicles, details about kings and dynasties, documents, etc.

→ Reports and accounts by Foreign Travellers: During medieval times, many Muslims and European travellers travelled to India.

→ They wrote about their journeys. These also give a good account of the Medieval Period.

This PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 6 Human Environment – Settlements, Means of Transport and Communication will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 6 Human Environment – Settlements, Means of Transport and Communication

→ Man: Man is a dynamic organ of the environment.

→ Agriculture and Industrial Revolution: It has given man a permanent lifestyle.

→ Human life: It appeared on earth only a few million years ago.

→ Nomadic life: For the major part of his life, the man was a hunter, gatherer and led a nomadic life.

→ Technology: Man invented fire, progressed from stone age tools to building shelters, agriculture, clothing, etc.

→ Civilisation: It represented cultural development and a stage of life of living in cities.

→ Settlements: Development of permanent villages, towns, and cities.

→ Sites for settlements: Preference-based on the availability of water called Wet Point’ settlements.

→ Other influencing factors: topography, availability of transport and communication, commercial activities.

→ Global village: As the distances have become shorter the world has become a global village.

→ Importance of Transport: Roads, Railway, Air, Shipping, Pipelines.

→ Roads: Offer ‘door-to-door’ service, can be constructed in mountainous regions.

→ Railways: Starting with steam engines, today use diesel or electricity – Metro rail (underground) in cities.

→ Shipping: Cheapest means today’s mechanized boats, trawlers, and ships in use.

→ Air transport: Fast but costly.

→ Pipelines: Used for distribution of oil, gas, or electricity.

→ Communication: Radio, telephone, television, newspapers, internet-global access even sitting in any corner of the earth-information and knowledge-based communication today.

→ Mass communication: Radio, T.V., and newspapers are effective means of mass communication.

→ Temporary settlement: A type of settlement that is occupied for a short time is called a temporary settlement.

→ Permanent settlement: A type of settlement in which people build homes to live permanently.

→ Transport: The means by which people and goods are being carried from one place to another.

→ Roadways: The widely used means of transport for short-distance journeys are roads. The roads can be metalled and unmetalled.

→ Railways: The railways are used to transport heavy and bulky goods long-distance.

→ Waterways: The use of rivers, canals, seas, and oceans to carry goods and passengers through ships and vessels are called waterways.