Class 10

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 9 दो कलाकार Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 9 दो कलाकार

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB दो कलाकार Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
छात्रावास में रहने वाली दो सहेलियों के नाम क्या थे?
उत्तर:
छात्रावास में रहने वाली दो सहेलियों के नाम अरुणा और चित्रा थे।

प्रश्न 2.
चित्रा कहानी के आरंभ में अरुणा को क्यों जगाती है?
उत्तर:
चित्रा कहानी के आरंभ में अरुणां को अपने द्वारा बनाया हुआ चित्र दिखाने के लिए जगाती है।

प्रश्न 3.
अरुणा चित्रा के चित्रों के बारे में क्या कहती है?
उत्तर:
अरुणा चित्रा के चित्रों को देखकर कहती है कि “कागज़ पर इन बेज़ान चित्रों को बनाने की बजाय दोचार की ज़िंदगी क्यों नहीं बना देती।”

प्रश्न 4.
अरुणा छात्रावास में रात को देर से लौटती है तो शीला उसके बारे में क्या कहती है?
उत्तर:
शीला अरुणा के बारे में कहती है कि वह बहुत गुणी है। वह दूसरों के बारे में सोचने वाली समाज सेविका है।

प्रश्न 5.
चित्रा के पिता जी ने पत्र में क्या लिखा था?
उत्तर:
चित्रा के पिता जी ने जो पत्र भेजा उसमें लिखा था कि जैसे ही उसकी पढ़ाई खत्म हो जाएगी, वह विदेश जा सकती है।

प्रश्न 6.
अरुणा बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सहायता करके स्वयंसेवकों के दल के साथ कितने दिनों बाद लौटी?
उत्तर:
अरुणा बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सेवा के लिए स्वयंसेवकों के दल के साथ सहायता पंद्रह दिन बाद लौटी।

प्रश्न 7.
विदेश में चित्रा के किस चित्र ने धूम मचायी थी?
उत्तर:
विदेश में भिखमंगी और दो अनाथ बच्चों के चित्र ने खूब धूम मचायी।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
अरुणा के समाज सेवा के कार्यों के बारे में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अरुणा अपने विद्यार्थी जीवन से ही समाज सेवा के कार्यों से जुड़ी हुई थी। वह बेसहारा लोगों को सहारा देने का काम करती हैं। वह अपनी सेवा के खूबसूरत रंगों से लोगों की बेरंगी जिंदगी में रंग भरने का काम करती है। वह दाइयों, चपरासियों आदि के बच्चों को पढ़ाती है। फुलिया के बच्चे की मृत्यु उसे अत्यधिक आहत करती है। भिखारिन के मरने के बाद वह उसके दोनों बच्चों का पालन-पोषण करती है।

प्रश्न 2.
मरी हुई भिखारिन और उसके दोनों बच्चों को उसके सूखे शरीर से चिपक कर रोते देख चित्रा ने क्या किया?
उत्तर:
मरी हुई भिखारिन और उसके दोनों बच्चों को उसके सूखे शरीर से चिपक कर रोते देख चित्रा का हृदय करुणा से भर गया। वह चाह कर भी स्वयं को वहां से दूर नहीं कर पाई। वह वहीं रुकी और उस दृश्य को देखकर उसने उनका चित्र कागज़ पर उतारा। यह उसके अंदर का कलाकार था जो चित्र के रूप में उभर कर हमारे सामने आया।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा की हॉस्टल से विदाई के समय अरुणा क्यों नहीं पहुँच सकी?
उत्तर:
जब चित्रा की हॉस्टल से विदाई हो रही थी तब अरुणा वहाँ नहीं पहुँच सकी थी। चित्रा बार-बार हॉस्टल के फाटक पर खड़ी हो उसे इधर-उधर ढूँढ़ रही थी लेकिन वह वहाँ कहीं नहीं थी। अरुणा उस समय उन दो अनाथ बच्चों के पास पहुँच गई थी जिनकी तस्वीर चित्रा ने तब बनाई थी जब उनकी माँ पेड़ के नीचे मरी पड़ी थी। वह उन अनाथ बच्चों को संभालने के कारण समय पर नहीं पहुँच सकी थी।

प्रश्न 4.
प्रदर्शनी में अरुणा के साथ कौन-से बच्चे थे?
उत्तर:
प्रदर्शनी में अरुणा के साथ वे दो बच्चे थे जो भिखारिन के मरने के बाद बेसहारा रह गए थे। अरुणा ने उन्हें पाला-पोसा था। अब वह माँ की तरह उन दोनों की देखभाल करती थी।

III. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छह या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
दो कलाकार कहानी का उद्देश्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मन्नू भंडारी रचित ‘दो कलाकार’ एक उद्देश्यपूर्ण कहानी है जिसमें यह दर्शाया गया है कि कला विशेष के अनन्य साधक या साधिका को कलाकार मानना परंपरागत रूप में यथार्थ है किंतु कलाकार वह भी है जिसमें मानवोचित गुणों का समुचित विकास हो भले ही वह किसी कला का अभ्यासी न हो। सच तो यह है कि मानव मूल्यों का संपोषक उस कलाकार से बड़ा है जो मनुष्य समाज के प्रति अपने दायित्व से विरक्त होकर केवल कला की साधना में ही लीन रहता है। लेखिका ने चित्रा को आत्म-सुख, अपनी उन्नति, अपनी चित्रकला में लीन दिखा कर तथा अरुणा को समाज के लिए दया, करुणा, सहानुभूति आदि बांटते हुए दिखाकर यही सिद्ध किया है कि अरुणा चित्रा से महान् कलाकार है क्योंकि उसमें उच्च मानवीय गुण विद्यमान हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
दो कलाकार के आधार पर अरुणा का चरित्र-चित्रण करें।
उत्तर:
मन्नु भंडारी द्वारा रचित कहानी ‘दो कलाकार’ में अरुणा को एक समर्पित समाज-सेविका के रूप में चित्रित किया गया है। वह निर्जीव चित्र बनाने की अपेक्षा किसी का जीवन संवार देना अधिक उचित मानती है। चित्रा के प्रति उसके मन में मित्रता का भाव है। वह अध्ययन से भी अधिक दीन-दुखियों की सेवा को महत्त्व देती है। पर दुःख कातरता के कारण ही वह मृत भिखारिन के बच्चों का पालन-पोषण करती है। फुलिया दाई के बीमार बच्चे की सेवा करती है। वह अत्यंत भावुक भी है। इसी कारण दाई के बच्चे के मर जाने पर वह खाना भी नहीं खाती है। वह अपने कर्तव्य पालन में इतनी लीन रहती है कि वह चित्रा को विदा करने भी नहीं आ पाती। वह अपनी जैसी विचारधारा वाले मनोज को पति के रूप में पाना चाहती है क्योंकि वह मानती है कि जो व्यक्ति समाज के प्रति अपने उत्तरदायित्व को जानता हो वही उसका पति बन सकता है। इस प्रकार अरुणा एक ऐसी आदर्शवादी युवती है जिसने अपना समस्त जीवन-सेवा में अर्पित कर दिया है।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा एक मंझी हुई चित्रकार है। आप इससे कहाँ तक सहमत हैं?
उत्तर:
हाँ, चित्रा एक मंझी हुई चित्रकार है। उसे चित्रकला का बहुत शौक है। वह चित्र बनाने के लिए सदैव नवीन प्रेरणाओं की तलाश करती है। उसकी मेहनत उसे विश्व प्रसिद्ध चित्रकार बना देती है। वह आधुनिक चित्रकला के नियमों के अनुसार अपने चित्रों को बनाती है। उसकी कला जीवन के सुख-दुःख से जुड़ी हुई थी। उसके द्वारा बनाया गया भिखमंगी तथा उसके दोनों बच्चों का चित्र उसकी मंझी कलाकार होने का सबूत हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
‘दो हाथ’/’दो कलाकार’ कहानी के शीर्षक की सार्थकता को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘दो हाथ’/ दो कलाकार’ कहानी का शीर्षक एक उचित शीर्षक है क्योंकि इसमें एक कलाकार, एक चित्रकार तथा दूसरी कलाकार एक समाज सेवी महिला है। दोनों की कलाओं की तुलना करते हुए लेखिका ने दोनों को समान रूप से सच्ची संवेदना प्रदान की है। दूसरों की पीड़ा से अनुप्रेरित होने के कारण समाज सेवा सौंदर्यपरक चित्रकला की भाँति है। अतः इस कहानी का शीर्षक ‘दो कलाकार’ बिल्कुल उचित है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझ कर इनका अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए

मुहावरा = अर्थ = वाक्य
राह देखना = बेसब्री से इंतज़ार करना रोब खाना = ————–
रोब खाना = प्रभाव या हस्ती मानना = ————
आँखें छलछला आना = आँसू निकल आने = ———–
पीठ थपथपाना = हौसला शाबाशी देना = ————–
धूम मचना = प्रसिद्धि होना = ————–
उत्तर:
राह देखना = बेसब्री से इंतज़ार करना
वाक्य = बूढ़े माता-पिता अपने इकलौते पुत्र की कई घंटों से राह देख रहे थे।
रोब खाना = प्रभाव या हस्ती मानना
वाक्य = सिकंदर की वीरता का रोब शीघ्र ही सारे संसार में फैल गया था।
आँखें छलछला आना = आँसू निकल आने
वाक्य = बालक की मृत्यु का समाचार सुनाते-सुनाते अरुणा की आँखें छलछला आईं।
पीठ थपथपाना = हौसला, शाबाशी देना
वाक्य = विद्यार्थी द्वारा अच्छे अंक लाने पर अध्यापक ने विद्यार्थी की पीठ थपथपाई।
धूम मचना = प्रसिद्धि होना
वाक्य = आजकल सारे देश में क्रिकेट की धूम मची हई है।

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विपरीत शब्द लिखें

बेवकूफी
गुण
निरक्षरता
आदर्श
जिंदगी
बंधन
शोहरत
बीमार
धनी
विदेश
उत्तर:
शब्द = विपरीत शब्द
बेवकूफी = समझदारी
गुण = अवगुण
निरक्षरता = साक्षरता
आदर्श = अनादर्श
जिंदगी = मौत
बंधन = मुक्त
शोहरत = बदनामी
बीमार = स्वस्थ
धनी = निर्धन
विदेश = स्वदेश।

III. निम्नलिखित का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘भेटे से गठ, ठेठ विमरे। प्टिर उडी रिउता भगमी चै, लभमडे व भायटी भगमी ” मठा ठे भारत (वन) ठिा।
उत्तर:
“मेरे बच्चे हैं, और किसके। यह तुम्हारी चित्रा मासी है, नमस्ते करो अपनी मासी को” अरुणा ने आदेश (हुक्म) दिया।

प्रश्न 2.
ਸੱਚ ? ਹੈਰਾਨੀ ਨਾਲ ਬੱਚੀ ਬੋਲ ਪਈ । ਫਿਰ ਤਾਂ ਮਾਸੀ, ਤੁਸੀਂ ਜ਼ਰੂਰ ਚਿੱਤਰਕਲਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਨੰਬਰ ਲਿਆਉਂਦੀ हेगी। मैं ही पग्लिा ठप्पत प्लिभारिटी गां।
उत्तर:
सच? हैरानी से बच्ची बोल पड़ी। फिर तो मासी, आप अवश्य चित्रकला में प्रथम स्थान लाती होंगी। मैं भी प्रथम स्थान लाती हूँ,

प्रश्न 3.
उिता हुँ ठगी, निउता? हेवट माप्टी मी। ई उ प्टिवर उप्ल ती ताप्टी।
उत्तर:
चित्रों को नहीं, चित्रा को देखने आई थी। तुम तो एकदम भूल ही गई।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप ने भी अरुणा की तरह किसी ज़रूरतमंद या बेसहारा की मदद की है-अगर की है तो उस प्रसंग को लिख कर अपने अध्यापक को दिखाएं या कक्षा में सुनाएं।
उत्तर:
पिछले रविवार की बात है मैं अपने मित्र के साथ सुबह-सुबह सैर करने माल रोड पर गया। वहाँ बहुत से स्त्री-पुरुष और बच्चे भी सैर करने आये हुए थे। जब से दूरदर्शन पर स्वास्थ्य संबंधी कार्यक्रम आने लगे हैं। अधिकसे-अधिक लोग प्रातः भ्रमण के लिए इन जगहों पर आने लगे हैं। रविवार होने के कारण उस दिन भीड़ कुछ अधिक थी। तभी मैंने वहाँ एक युवा दंपत्ति को अपने छोटे बच्चे को बच्चा गाड़ी में बिठा कर सैर करते देखा। अचानक लड़कियों के स्कूल की ओर एक तांगा आता हुआ दिखाई पड़ा। उसमें चार पाँच सवारियाँ भी बैठी थीं। बच्चा गाड़ी वाले दंपत्ति ने तांगे से बचने के लिए सड़क पार करनी चाही। जब वे सड़क पार कर रहे थे तो दूसरी तरफ से बड़ी तेज़ गति से आ रही एक कार उस तांगे से टकरा गई।

तांगा चलाने वाला और दो सवारियाँ बुरी तरह से घायल हो गये थे। बच्चा गाड़ी वाली स्त्री के हाथ से बच्चा गाड़ी छूट गयी किंतु इससे पूर्व कि वह बच्चे समेत तांगे और कार की टक्कर वाली जगह पर पहुँच कर उनसे टकरा जाती मैंने और मेरे साथी ने भागकर उस बच्चा गाड़ी को संभाल लिया। कार चलाने समय फ़ोन करके मैंने एंबुलैंस को बुलवाया। हम सबने घायलों को उठा कर एंबुलैंस में लिटाया। कार चालक को पुलिस ने पकड़ लिया था। दूसरी तरफ बच्चे को बचाने के लिए मेरे मित्र तथा मेरे द्वारा चुस्ती-फुर्ती की लोग खूब प्रशंसा कर रहे थे।

प्रश्न 2.
स्कूल में हुई किसी चित्र प्रदर्शनी या प्रतियोगिता का अपने शब्दों में वर्णन करें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी अपने अनुभव के आधार पर स्वयं लिखें।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

(1) सभी विद्यार्थी मिलकर अपनी चित्रकला की प्रदर्शनी का आयोजन करें। यह आयोजन दीवाली आदि त्योहार पर किया जा सकता है।
(2) अपने विद्यालय या शहर में आयोजित होने वाली चित्रकला को देखने जायें और चित्रकला से संबंधित ज्ञान प्राप्त करें।
(3) समाज भलाई का काम करने वाले प्रसिद्ध चरित्र मदर टेरेसा, फलोरेंस नाइटगेल, स्वामी दयानंद आदि के जीवन के बारे में पढ़ें तथा इंटरनेट पर सहायतार्थ कार्य करने वालों के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

चित्रकला के क्षेत्र में विश्व भर में प्रसिद्ध अमृता शेरगिल का जन्म हंगरी के बुडापेस्ट नगर में 30 जनवरी, सन् 1913 ई० को हुआ था। इनके पिता उमराव सिंह, संस्कृत-फ़ारसी के विद्वान् थे। इनकी माता मेरी एंटोनी गोट्समन हंगरी की यहूदी तथा ओपेरा गायिका थीं। इनके पति का नाम डॉ० विक्टर इगान था। इन्हें भारतीय पुरातात्विक सर्वेक्षण ने सन् 1976 और 1979 में भारत के नौ सर्वश्रेष्ठ कलाकारों में सम्मलित किया था। दिल्ली की नेशनल आर्ट गैलरी में इनके चित्र सुरक्षित हैं। सबसे कम आयु की एशियाई चित्रकार के रूप में इन्हें पेरिस की एसोसिएशन ऑफ़ दी ग्रैंड सैलून में अपनी कलाकृति ‘यंग गर्ल्स’ के माध्यम से पहुँचने का अवसर मिला था। इनका 5 दिसंबर, सन् 1941 ई० को लाहौर में निधन हो गया था।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide दो कलाकार Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी किसके द्वारा लिखी गई है?
उत्तर:
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी लेखिका मन्नू भंडारी द्वारा लिखी गई है।

प्रश्न 2.
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी में लेखिका ने किस चीज़ का विश्लेषण करने का प्रयास किया है?
उत्तर:
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी में लेखिका ने एक महिला चित्रकार तथा एक महिला समाज सेविका की सोच का विश्लेषण किया है।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा विदेश क्यों जाना चाहती थी?
उत्तर:
चित्रा पढ़ाई समाप्त कर कला के विशेष अध्ययन के लिए विदेश जाना चाहती थी।

प्रश्न 4.
अरुणा और चित्रा में कैसा संबंध था?
उत्तर:
अरुणा और चित्रा दोनों सहेलियां थीं। दोनों छात्रावास के एक ही कमरे में रहती थी। दोनों का आपस में गहरा प्रेम था।

प्रश्न 5.
अरुणा को कौन-सा काम सबसे अधिक पसंद आता था?
उत्तर:
अरुणा को चपरासियों के बच्चों को पढ़ाने, किसी बीमार की सेवा करने आदि में बहुत आनंद आता था।

प्रश्न 6.
किस दुर्घटना ने अरुणा को विचलित कर दिया था?
उत्तर:
अरुणा फुलिया दाई के बीमार बच्चे की सेवा कर रही थी, किंतु अथाह प्रयास के बाद भी वह उस बच्चे को बचा न सकी। इस घटना ने उसे विचलित कर दिया था।

प्रश्न 7.
बच्चे की मृत्यु के बाद अरुणा की क्या दशा थी?
उत्तर:
बच्चे की मृत्यु के बाद अरुणा बहुत उदास थी। उसकी मृत्यु के दिन अरुणा ने खाना भी नहीं खाया। वह दो-तीन दिन तक उदास और गुमसुम रही।

प्रश्न 8.
चित्रा किससे मिलने गई थी और कब लौट कर आई?
उत्तर:
चित्रा विदेश जाने से पहले गुरु जी से मिलने गई थी और उनसे मिलकर वह साढ़े चार बजे हॉस्टल के फाटक पर आई।

प्रश्न 9.
चित्रा की आँखें किसे ढूँढ़ रही थीं?
उत्तर:
चित्रा की आँखें अरुणा को ढूँढ़ रही थीं। वह रह-रहकर भीड़ में अरुणा को ही खोज़ रही थी।

प्रश्न 10.
लेखक ने चित्रकला की अपेक्षा किसे अच्छा और सार्थक काम बताया है?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने चित्रकला की अपेक्षा अशिक्षितों को पढ़ाना अधिक अच्छा और सार्थक काम बताया है।

प्रश्न 11.
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी की मूल संवेदना क्या है?
(क) कला केवल कला के लिए होती है।
(ख) कला का अंतिम प्रयोजन यश प्राप्त करना है।
(ग) जीवन के सुःख-दुःख से सीधे जुड़ कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है।
(घ) सच्ची कला धन-संपदा प्रदान करती है।
उत्तर:
(ग) जीवन के सुःख-दुःख से सीधे जुड़ कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है।

प्रश्न 12.
‘रहने दे चित्रा मैं खाऊंगी नहीं, मुझे ज़रा भी भूख नहीं है’-अरुणा द्वारा भोजन करने से इन्कार करने का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
फुलिया दाई का बच्चा बड़ा बीमार था। अरुणा दोपहर से ही उसकी देख-भाल में लगी हुई थी। अनेक प्रयत्न करने पर भी उसे बचाया न जा सका और उसकी मृत्यु हो गई। बच्चे की मृत्यु से दुःखी होने के कारण ही अरुणा ने भोजन करने से इन्कार कर दिया था।

प्रश्न 13.
‘किस काम की ऐसी कला जो आदमी को आदमी न रहने दे’-इस कथन का तात्पर्य क्या हैं?
उत्तर:
जो कला मनुष्य को मानवीय गुणों से वंचित कर उसे स्वार्थी चित्रकार ही बना दे वह कला निरर्थक है। मनुष्य की कला को तो मानव जीवन के सुख-दुःख से जुड़ा होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 14.
अरुणा के इस कथन में कि ‘तू हर घड़ी हर जगह और हर चीज़ में से अपने चित्रों के लिए मॉडल खोजती रहती है।’ चित्रा की किस मनोवृत्ति पर व्यंग्य किया गया है?
उत्तर:
अरुणा के इस कथन से स्पष्ट है कि चित्रा को अपनी चित्रकला के अतिरिक्त मानव जीवन के सुख-दुःखों से कोई संबंध नहीं है। वह कला को केवल-कला मानती है तथा चित्रकला के प्रति उसका स्वार्थी मनोवृत्ति का भी इस कथन से ज्ञात होता है।

प्रश्न 15.
‘दोनों कलाकारों की कलाओं में अंतर है एक में मात्र कला है तो दूसरे में जीवन’-आपकी दृष्टि से दोनों में कौन श्रेष्ठ है और क्यों?
उत्तर:
मेरी दृष्टि में वह कला श्रेष्ठ है जो जीवन से जुड़ी हुई होती है। जिस कला में जीवन न हो वह मानव मन में किसी प्रकार की भावनाएँ नहीं उत्पन्न कर सकतीं। जिस कलाकृति को देखकर दर्शक का मन उसमें रम जाए वही कलाकृति श्रेष्ठ कही जा सकती है। अतः जीवन के सुख-दुःख से सीझे जुड़ कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है। इस दृष्टि में समाज-सेविका की कला श्रेष्ठ है।

प्रश्न 16.
‘जब तक समाज का सारा ढांचा नहीं बदलता तब तक कुछ होने का नहीं।’ लेखिका के इस कथन से आप कहाँ तक सहमत हैं? तर्क सहित उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
लेखिका के इस कथन से हम पूरी तरह सहमत नहीं हैं क्योंकि जब तक समाज की रूढ़ियों से ग्रस्त परंपराओं को धीरे-धीरे बदला नहीं जाएगा तब तक समाज का सुधार भी नहीं हो सकता। यह परिवर्तन एकदम तथा अपने आप नहीं हो सकता। इसके लिए हममें से कुछ लोगों को पहल करनी होगी तथा हमारे नये कदमों की आलोचना करने वालों की चिंता न करते हुए हमें समाज में परिवर्तन लाने का प्रयास करना होगा। जैसे बूंद-बूंद से घड़ा भर जाता है उसी प्रकार से हम में से एक-एक व्यक्ति के द्वारा किया गया समाज सुधार का प्रयास समस्त समाज को भी बदल सकता है। जैसे इस कहानी में अरुणा ने चपरासियों के अनपढ़ बच्चों को पढ़ा कर साक्षर बनाया गया तथा दो अनाथ बच्चों को अपनी सन्तान के समान पाल-पोस कर बड़ा किया। अतः समाज को बदलने के लिए धीरे-धीरे किए गए प्रयास भी महत्त्वपूर्ण होते हैं।

प्रश्न 17.
अपने चित्र के जीवित मॉडल देख कर चित्रा हतप्रभ क्यों हो गई?
उत्तर:
चित्रा हतप्रभ रह गई थी क्योंकि उसे यह आशा नहीं थी कि मृत भिखारिन के बच्चों को अरुणा अपने बच्चों के समान पाल-पोस कर बड़ा करेगी। वह तो यह सोचती थी कि भिखारिन के बच्चे मर गए होंगे अथवा कहीं भिखारी के रूप में अपना जीवन व्यतीत कर रहे होंगे।

प्रश्न 18.
दोनों बच्चों की जानकारी हो जाने के बाद चित्रा की दोनों बच्चों और अरुणा के प्रति क्या प्रतिक्रिया हुई होगी? अपनी कल्पना से बताइए।
उत्तर:
चित्रा को जब यह ज्ञात हुआ कि अरुणा ने मृत भिखारिन के अनाथ बच्चों को अपने बच्चों के समान पालापोसा है तो वह विस्मित रह गई। वह सोचने लगी कि वह कितनी स्वार्थी है जो उस समय वह मृत भिखारिन और उसके दोनों बच्चों का स्केच ही बनाती रही तथा उन बच्चों के प्रति उसके मन में कोई भी विचार क्यों न आया। अपनी इस स्वार्थी मनोवृत्ति पर उसे बहुत ग्लानि हुई होगी। दूसरी ओर वह अरुणा की मन ही मन प्रशंसा कर रही होगी कि अरुणा ने दुनिया की चिंता न करके इन अनाथ बच्चों का अपने बच्चों के समान पालन-पोषण किया तथा इन्हें जीवन दान दिया। वह अरुणा को बहुत ही महान् त्यागी, दयावान् तथा करुणाशील महिला मान रही थी।

प्रश्न 19.
दो कलाकार कहानी के आधार पर ‘चित्रा’ का संक्षिप्त चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चित्रा मन्नू भंडारी द्वारा रचित कहानी ‘दो कलाकार’ की एक प्रमुख पात्रा है। वह अभिजात्य वर्ग में उत्पन्न एक संपन्न युवती है। उसके पिता अत्यंत धनी व्यक्ति हैं। उसे चित्रकला का बहुत शौक है। वह चित्रकला में निपुण बन कर विश्व प्रसिद्ध चित्रकार बनना चाहती है। वह चित्र बनाने के लिए सदा नवीन प्रेरणाओं को तलाश करती रहती है। अरुणा के प्रति उसके मन में सद्भाव है तथा उसे वह अपनी सच्ची सखी मानती है। विचारशील होने के कारण वह अपने भावी जीवन के संबंध में स्वयं ही निर्णय लेती है। अपनी मेहनत से ही वह विश्व प्रसिद्ध कलाकार बन जाती है। वह परिस्थितियों के साथ समझौता भी कर लेती है। कहानी के अंत में अपने चित्र के अनाथ बच्चों को अरुणा द्वारा पाला-पोसा जान कर वह जीवन और कला में सामंजस्य को स्वीकार कर लेती है। अत: हम कह सकते हैं कि चित्रा विचारशील, महत्त्वाकांक्षिणी कला अनुरागिणी एवं सत्यनिष्ठ सखी भाव से युक्त युवती है।

प्रश्न 20.
चित्रा एवं अरुणा की संवेदना में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चित्रा को दूसरों से कोई मतलब नहीं, बस चौबीस घंटे अपने रंग और तालिका में डूबी रहती है। दुनिया में बड़ी-से-बड़ी घटना हो जाए पर यदि उसमें चित्र के लिए कोई ‘आइडिया’ नहीं, तो उसके लिए वह घटना कोई महत्त्व नहीं रखती। वह बाढ़ पीड़ितों तथा अनाथ बच्चों के प्रति संवेदना शून्य, जड़ बनी रहती है। हां, उनके चित्र अवश्य बना डालती है। अरुणा की दीन-दुःखियों के प्रति संवेदना-सहानुभूति बड़ी गहरी है। वह बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सहायता के लिए अपना अध्ययन भी स्थगित कर देती है तथा अनाथों का जिक्र सुनते ही उनकी सहायता के लिए चल पड़ती है। चित्रा की संवेदना मात्र मौखिक है किंतु अरुणा की हार्दिक एवं मर्मस्पर्शिणी है। इसी कारण वह मृत भिखारिन के बच्चों का पालन-पोषण करती है।

प्रश्न 21.
आधुनिक चित्रकला के संबंध में अरुणा के क्या विचार हैं?
उत्तर:
जब चित्रा अरुणा को नींद से उठाकर अपना नवीन चित्र दिखाती है तो उसने आधुनिक चित्रकला के नियमों के अनुसार बनाया था। अरुणा को चित्रा की यह कलाकृति बिल्कुल भी समझ में नहीं आती इसलिए वह उसे कहती है कि तेरा यह चित्र मेरी समझ में बिल्कुल नहीं आ रहा क्योंकि इससे यह पता ही नहीं चलता कि चौरासी लाख योनियों में से तुमने यह किस जीव का चित्र बनाया है।

प्रश्न 22.
चित्रा और अरुणा के जीवन में क्या अंतर था?
उत्तर:
लेखिका के अनुसार चित्रा और अरुणा दोनों के रहन-सहन, सोचने-विचारने, आचरण तथा रुचियों में बहुत अंतर था। चित्रा चित्रकला के कल्पना लोक में विचरण करती थी जबकि अरुणा यथार्थ जीवन के सुख-दुःखों को महत्त्व देते हुए दीन-दुःखियों की सेवा करना अपना मुख्य लक्ष्य मानती थी। इस प्रकार से दोनों की रुचियों में मूल रूप में अंतर होते हुए भी दोनों में बहुत अधिक प्रेम है।

प्रश्न 23.
कौन-सी कला निरर्थक होती है?
उत्तर:
अरुणा चित्रा को निरंतर चित्रकला में लीन देख कर कहती है कि वह कला निरर्थक है जो मनुष्य को मनुष्य ही न रहने दे। जो व्यक्ति दुनिया के सुख-दुःख से दूर केवल अपने रंगों और बुशों में ही डूबा रहे वह मानव कहलाने के योग्य नहीं है क्योंकि कला जीवन के सुख-दुःख से जुड़कर ही उत्कृष्ट बनती है। जो कला मानवता के विरुद्ध आचरण करना सिखाए वह कला कहलाने योग्य नहीं है।

प्रश्न 24.
चित्रा क्या देखकर विस्मित रह जाती है?
उत्तर:
विदेश जाकर चित्रा अपनी कला की साधना में लीन हो गई। भिखमंगी तथा दो अनाथ बच्चों का उसका चित्र बहुत प्रशंसित हुआ। कुछ दिन उसका अरुणा से पत्र-व्यवहार होता रहा फिर वह भी बंद हो गया। तीन वर्ष बाद वह भारत आई तो उसका बहुत स्वागत हुआ। दिल्ली में उसके चित्रों की प्रदर्शनी लगी तो अरुणा उससे मिलने आई। उसके साथ आठ और दस साल के दो बच्चे भी थे। चित्रा के पूछने पर उसने उन बच्चों को अपने बच्चे बताया तथा स्वयं चित्रा के साथ बातचीत करती है। चित्रा उससे फिर उन बच्चों के विषय में पूछती है तो अरुणा उसे बताती है कि ये बच्चे चित्र में मरी हुई भिखारिन के अनाथ बच्चे हैं तो चित्रा विस्मित रह जाती है।

प्रश्न 25.
‘चित्रा’ और ‘अरुणा’ में से आपको किसने अधिक प्रभावित किया और क्यों?
उत्तर:
‘चित्रा’ और ‘अरुणा’ में से मुझे अरुणा ने अधिक प्रभावित किया है। अरुणा और चित्रा दोनों अभिन्न सखियाँ हैं। अरुणा समाज सेवा को प्रमुखता देती है तथा चित्रा सदा चित्रकला में ही डूबी रहती है। चित्रा अरुणा को अपना एक आधुनिक कला पर आधारित चित्र दिखा कर उसकी व्याख्या कर रही है कि तभी अरुणा से पढ़ने आये बच्चों ने आकर उसे बताया कि पढ़ने वाले सभी बच्चे आ गए हैं तो अरुणा उन्हें जैसे ही पढ़ाने के लिए जाने लगती है कि चित्रा उसके समाज सेविका होने पर व्यंग्य करती है जो निरंतर निम्न वर्ग की सेवा में लगी रहती है तथा अपनी कोई चिंता नहीं करती। वह उस पर आक्षेप करती है कि वह उसकी तरह बेकार में लकीरें खींचकर समय तो व्यर्थ नहीं गंवाती। अत: स्पष्ट है कि चित्रा की अपेक्षा अरुणा का कार्य और सोच अत्यधिक प्रभावित करने वाली है।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
रूनी किसका नाम है?
उत्तर:
प्नी अरुणा का नाम है।

प्रश्न 2.
अरुणा किसके बीमार बच्चे के लिए परेशान थी?
उत्तर:
अरुणा फुलिया दाई के बीमार बच्चे के लिए परेशान थी।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा को किस चित्र पर अनेक प्रतियोगिताओं में पहला ईनाम मिला था?
उत्तर:
चित्रा को ‘अनाथ’ शीर्षक चित्र पर अनेक प्रतियोगिताओं में पहला ईनाम मिला था।

प्रश्न 4.
“तेरी बेवकूफी का/आयी है बड़ी प्रतीक वाली”-ये कथन किसने किसे कहा है?
उत्तर:
यह कथन अरुणा ने चित्रा को कहा है।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
“तेरे मनोज की चिट्ठी आई है” यह कथन किसका है?
(क) शीला का
(ख) चित्रा का
(ग) अरुणा का
(घ) सविता का।
उत्तर:
(ख) चित्रा का

प्रश्न 2.
चित्रा कितने वर्षों बाद भारत लौटी
(क) दो
(ख) चार
(ग) तीन
(घ) पाँच।
उत्तर:
(ग) तीन

प्रश्न 3.
अरुणा के साथ आए लड़के की क्या उम्र थी?
(क) आठ
(ख) दस
(ग) बारह
(घ) पाँदहु
उत्तर:
(ख) दस

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारत के किस शहर में चित्रा के चित्रों की शानदार प्रदर्शनी हुई? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
दिल्ली

प्रश्न 2.
विदेश जाने से पहले स्टेशन पर चित्रा को विदा करने अरुणा भी आई। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 3.
अरुणा चित्र बनाती थी तथा चित्रा समाज सेवा करती थी। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 4.
चित्रा धनी पिता की इकलौती बेटी थी। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 5.
चित्रा की मनोज से शादी होने वाली थी। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 6.
हॉस्टल में उसे बड़ी ………. विदाई मिली थी।
उत्तर:
शानदार

प्रश्न 7.
चित्रा ने माचिस लेकर ……… जलाया।
उत्तर:
लालटेन

प्रश्न 8.
तू लिखा करना …………… चिट्ठियाँ।
उत्तर:
रसभरी।

दो कलाकार कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

उल्लास = हर्ष, खुशी। तनिक = थोड़ी। फरमाइश = इच्छा। प्रेरणा = प्रोत्साहन। अनुमति = आज्ञा। दिनचर्या = दैनिक कार्य। मेस = होस्टल का भोजन कक्ष। कमबख्त = बदकिस्मत। निरर्थक = व्यर्थ। तमन्ना = इच्छा, कामना। विराट् = भव्य, बहुत अधिक। आश्चर्य = हैरानी। छात्रावास = होस्टल। प्रतियोगिता = मुकाबला। घनचक्कर = जंजाल। खिझलाहट = खीझ से भरी हुई। हुनर = कला। बड़-बड़ = प्रलाप। प्रतीक = चित्र, प्रतिरूप। कन्फ्यूज़न = भ्रम। सृजन = रचना, निर्माण। असहन = न सहने योग्य। शोहरत = प्रसिद्धि। ठाट = मज़े, आनन्द। पंडिता = विदुषी।

दो कलाकार Summary

दो कलाकार लेखिका परिचय

सुप्रसिद्ध कथा लेखिका श्रीमती मन्नू भंडारी का जन्म 3 अप्रैल, सन् 1931 ई० को मध्य प्रदेश के भानपुरा नामक स्थान में हुआ था। सन् 1949 में कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय से स्नातक स्तर की परीक्षा पास करने के बाद एम० ए० हिंदी में शिक्षा प्राप्त कर वे कलकत्ता तथा दिल्ली में अध्यापन कार्य करती रही हैं। इन्होंने उपन्यास तथा कहानियाँ लिखी हैं। इनकी रचनाओं में सामाजिक जीवन का यथार्थ चित्रण प्राप्त होता है। पारिवारिक एवं नारी जीवन की विसंगतियों को इन्होंने मार्मिक रूप से प्रस्तुत किया है। अपने पात्रों के मनोवैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण में ये अधिक सफल रही हैं। इनका विवाह हिंदी के प्रसिद्ध कथाकार श्री राजेंद्र यादव के साथ हुआ था। मन्नू भंडारी ने अपने पति के साथ मिलकर ‘एक इंच मुस्कान’ की रचना की थी। इनकी कहानियाँ मानव-मन को बहुत गहरे से छू लेती हैं। लेखिका को सन् 2008 में व्यास सम्मान प्रदान किया गया था।

रचनाएँ-कहानी संग्रह-मैं हार गई, एक प्लेट सैलाब, यही सच है, तीन निगाहों की तस्वीर।
उपन्यास-आपका बंटी, स्वामी, महाभोज।

श्रीमती मन्नू भंडारी छठे दशक की प्रतिष्ठित कथाकार हैं। इस दशक में हिंदी कहानी में जो मोड़ आया, मन्नू भंडारी जी का उसमें योगदान उल्लेखनीय रहा है। उनकी कहानियों में घटनाओं का विस्तार कम तथा पात्रों का मानसिक विश्लेषण अधिक मिलता है। इनकी कहानियाँ अनेक प्रकार की हैं, कुछ कहानियों में जीवन की विसंगतियों को उभारा गया है, किन्हीं कहानियों में नारी जीवन का वर्णन है जो किन्हीं अन्य कहानियों में पारिवारिक जीवन को अभिव्यक्ति मिली है। इनके उपन्यास ‘यही सच है’ पर आधारित ‘रजनी गंधा’ फ़िल्म बनी थी जिसे फ़िल्मफेयर अवार्ड में सर्वश्रेष्ठ फ़िल्म घोषित किया गया था। इन्होंने ‘स्वामी’ फ़िल्म के संवाद भी लिखे थे जो बासु चैटर्जी के द्वारा निर्देशित की गई थी।

दो कलाकार कहानी का सार

‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी लेखिका के “मैं हार गई” कहानी संग्रह से इस संकलन में संकलित किया गया है। इस कहानी में लेखिका ने एक महिला चित्रकार तथा एक महिला समाज सेविका की सोच का विश्लेषण करते हुए यह बताने का प्रयास किया है कि जीवन के सुख-दुःख सीधे जुड़कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है। चित्रा और अरुणा दो सहेलियाँ थीं तथा छात्रावास के एक ही कमरे में रहती थीं। चित्रा को चित्रकला का बहुत शौक था तथा अरुणा की समाज-सेवा में रुचि थी। चित्रा जब भी अपना कोई चित्र बनाती तो सबसे पहले अरुणा को दिखाती थी। अरुणा को चपरासियों के बच्चों को पढ़ाने, किसी बीमार की सेवा करने आदि में ही अधिक आनन्द आता था। एक बार फुलिया दाई का बच्चा बीमार हुआ तो अरुणा उसकी देखभाल में लगी रही और जब उस बच्चे की मृत्यु हो गई तो उसकी मृत्यु के दिन अरुणा ने खाना भी न खाया और दो-तीन दिन तक बहुत उदास भी रही थी।

चित्रा पढ़ाई समाप्त कर कला के विशेष अध्ययन के लिए विदेश जाना चाहती थी जबकि अरुणा यहीं रहना चाहती थी। वह कागज़ पर निर्जीव चित्र बनाने के स्थान पर समाज सेवा द्वारा कुछ लोगों के जीवन को सुधारना श्रेष्ठ मानती थी। अरुणा परीक्षा के दिनों में भी बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सहायता के लिए भटकती रहती थी। दोनों के आचार-विचार, रहनसहन, रुचियों आदि में पर्याप्त भिन्नता होते हुए भी जो स्नेह था उससे समस्त छात्रावास की छात्राओं को ईर्ष्या थी। अन्त में चित्रा का विदेश जाने का दिन भी आ गया। छात्रावास में उसे शानदार विदाई पार्टी मिली।

अरुणा ने सुबह से ही उसका सामान ठीक कर दिया था। चित्रा गुरु जी से मिलने गई तो तीन बजे तक न लौटी। पांच बजे की गाड़ी से उसे जाना था। अरुणा उसे खुद जाकर देखने का विचार बना ही रही थी कि तभी हड़बड़ाती-सी चित्रा आ गई और अपनी देरी का कारण बताते हुए कहने लगी की गर्ग स्टोर के सामने पेड़ के नीचे जो भिखारिन बैठती थी वह मर गई थी तथा उसके दोनों बच्चे उसके सूखे शरीर से चिपक कर बुरी तरह रो रहे थे–वह उसी दृश्य का स्कैच बनाने के लिए वहाँ रुक गई थी। चित्रा का यह कथन सुनते ही अरुणा वहाँ से चुपके से खिसक गई थी और फिर वह चित्रा को विदा करने न आ सकी थी।

विदेश जाकर चित्रा अपनी कला की साधना में लीन हो गई। भिखमंगी तथा दो अनाथ बच्चों का उसका चित्र बहुत प्रशंसित हुआ। कुछ दिन उसका अरुणा से पत्र-व्यवहार होता रहा फिर वह भी बंद हो गया। तीन वर्ष बाद वह भारत आई तो उसका बहुत स्वागत हुआ। दिल्ली में उसके चित्रों की प्रदर्शनी लगी तो अरुणा उससे मिलने आई। उसके साथ आठ और दस साल के दो बच्चे भी थे। चित्रा के पूछने पर उसने उन बच्चों को अपने बच्चे बताया। चित्रा ने बच्चों को प्रदर्शनी दिखाई और अंत में वे उसी चित्र के पास पहुँचे जिसमें भिखारिन और दो बच्चे थे। चित्रा ने अरुणा को बताया कि इसी चित्र ने उसे इतनी प्रसिद्धि दिलाई थी। बच्चे इस चित्र में मृत भिखारिन को देखकर उसके बच्चों के बारे में सोचने लगे थे। अरुणा ने बच्चों को अपने पति के साथ प्रदर्शनी देखने के लिए भेज दिया तथा स्वयं चित्रा के साथ बातचीत करने लगी। चित्रा ने उससे फिर उन बच्चों के विषय में जब पूछा तो अरुणा ने उसे बताया कि वे बच्चे चित्र में मरी हुई भिखारिन के अनाथ बच्चे थे तो चित्रां आश्चर्यचकित रह गई।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Sources of Energy

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw a labelled diagram of a Box Type Solar Cooker. Also give its working and advantages.
Answer:
Construction: Box type solar cooker consists of an insulated box (wooden or plastic) which is painted black from inside. A plane mirror reflector is attached to the box (figure). The food to be cooked is placed in containers which are also painted black from outside.

A Box Type Solar Cooker

Working: The containers with food to be cooked are placed in the box and the box is covered with thick glass sheet. The cooker is kept in the sunlight and the position of the reflector is adjusted such that a strong beam of sunlight
falls over the glass sheet. These rays pass through the transparent glass sheet cover and are absorbed by the cooker box and the containers and also heat radiations are not allowed to escape. The use of black surface of the box and containers is due to the fact that a black surface absorbs more heat than any other colour. Therefore, the box and the containers absorb maximum amount of infra-red radiations from the sunlight falling on it. As a result, the temperature inside the box rises to about 100°-140°C in two to three hours and this heat cooks the food.

Limitation of Solar Cooker: This type of solar cooker can be used to prepare only food items which require slow heating and cannot be used for baking and frying purposes.

Advantages of a Solar Cooker: The important advantages of a solar cooker are given ahead :

• The use of solar cooker for cooking food materials saves fuel.
• It is an economical method of cooking food since no fuel is used.
• It does not cause any pollution because this does not give out any smoke.
• In this method, food is cooked at comparatively lower temperature therefore, the nutrients of food do not get destroyed during cooking.

Question 2.
With the help of a labelled diagram, describe how electricity is generated in a nuclear power plant?
Answer:
Nuclear Power Plant. It consists the following parts :
1. Nuclear Reactor ‘R’: It is a device in which energy is produced by a controlled nuclear fission of U-235. The reactor R is enclosed in a concrete chamber ‘AT having thick whlls to protect the outside world from nuclear radiations.
The nuclear reaction consists of steel vessel ‘Y having graphite blocks which act as a moderator. The graphite core has number of enriched U-235 rods which act as a fuel. These are marked as ‘A’. In between the uranium rods are inserted cadmium or boron rods and which can be lowered or raised from outside. These rods will keep the fission under control.

2. Heat Exchanger ‘H’: The reactor ‘R’ is connected to a heat exchanger ‘H’ by pipes. The heat exchanger is a sort of bioler which contains water. The heat produced in the reactor is carried to water through coiled pipes.

3. Steam Turbine ‘T’: The heat exchanger is connected to a steam turbine T and its shaft is connected to an electric generator ‘G’. The electricity produced by the generator is sent for transmission.

Working. After the uranium enriched rods are placed in position, the reactor is sealed. The cadmium or boron rods in the beginning are put inside so that they may absorb all neutrons emitted by U-235 and prevent fission all at once. The controlling rods of cadium

Nuclear Power Plant

or boron are withdrawn till they emit desirable number of neutrons. At this stage a controlled reaction takes place. The heat produced is withdrawn by circulating sodium. When sodium passes through the coil in the exchange it transfers heat to water. Now the water changes into steam which is passed into turbine chamber ‘T’. The turbine rotates the coil of the generator ‘G’ when electricity is generated.

Question 3.
Draw diagram of Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant and describe how biogas can be produced with this plant?
Answer:
Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant. The plant consists of underground tank made of bricks called digester. The roof of the digester is dome-shaped made of cement and bricks. It acts as a storage tank for biogas. In the mixing tank, cattle dung is mixed with water to prepare slurry. This slurry is then fed into the inlet chamber for onward supply to digester through inlet T. At the bottom of digester and just opposite to the inlet there is outlet ‘O’ taking spent us slurry to the outlet chamber. There is a gas outlet ‘S’ at the top of dome for the supply of bio-gas.

Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant

Working of Plant: Animal waste and water are mixed in equal proportions in the mixing tank to form a slurry. The slurry is fed into the digester tank through the inlet chamber. The tank is closed for about two months. During this period, the animal waste undergoes fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. As a result of fermentation, biogas is formed and collected in the dome. As more and more biogas gets collected in the dome, it exerts pressure on the slurry in the digestion tank and forces it to go into the over flow tank through the outlet chamber.

The spent slurry being rich in nitrogen and phosphorus can be used as a manure. Whenever required the biogas collected in the dome can be taken out through a pipe ‘S’ Once the biogas plant starts functioning, more and more slurry may be fed into the digester to get a continuous supply of the biogas.

Question 4.
Explain the working of Floating Gas Holder Type Biogas Plant with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
Construction of Floating Gas Holder Type Biogas Plant. The plant consists an underground well shaped tank made of bricks. It is called digester. A drum shaped gasholder made of steal meant for collecting gas is kept in the inverted position floating over cattle dung slurry on the digester tank. The up and down movement of gasholder is controlled by a pipe. At the top of the gasholder there is an outlet for gas. The digester tank is divided into two parts with a partition wall. On the left side of the digester tank there is an inlet pipe. The inlet pipe is connected to the mixing tank through which slurry is allowed to get into the digester. On the right side of the digester tank there is an outlet pipe which is connected to the overflow tank.

Floating Gas Holder type Bio-gas Plant

Working: Cattle dung and water are mixed in equal proportions in the mixing tank to make slurry. The slurry is then introduced into the digester tank through the inlet pipe. It is left for about 2 months during which dung undergoes anaerobic fermentation producing biogas. The biogas so produced starts collecting in the gas holder when more and more gas is produced, the gas holder starts rising. The spent up slurry left over is used as manure.

Question 5.
Describe a wind mill and give its functions?
Answer:
Wind mill. A wind-mill is a machine which works with the energy of wind and converts kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy or electricity. It consists of large fan like blades to catch the wind. When the wind strikes against these blades, the blades start rotating. This motion is then passed onto connected crankshaft and is used to draw water from wells and to run flour mills for grinding grains. The pictures of wind-mill drawing water from tube wells. [Figure] and wind will grinding grains (Figure) are shown ahead.

A wind-mill drawing water from the under ground.

Wind mill used to grind grains.

Functions of Wind Mill.

• Wind mill is used for drawing water from tube wells.
• Wind mill for grinding grains. Windmill is being used to grind grains by suitable arrangement of toothed wheel and shaft.

Question 6.
What is a Solar Cell? What is its working principle? Write short note on the making of solar cells and also give its uses.
Answer:
Solar Cell. It is a device which converts solar energy directly into electricity.

Working Principle. Semi conductors (substances whose conductivity lies between metal and insulator) possess very low electrical conductivity. Silicon (Si), Gallium (Ga) and Germanium (Ge) are some examples of semi-conductors. In fact, semi-conductors are neither conductor nor insulator. However, it has been found that their conductivity increases when they are mixed with phosphorus or arsenic. Since the efficiency of such solar cells made of silicon and gallium was very low (10% to 15%) whereas the efficiency of modern cells is as high as 25%.

Making of Solar Cells. To make a solar cell thin wafers of semi-conducting materials containing impurities are arranged in such a way that when solar light falls on them, a potential difference develops between two areas of the semi-conductor. This potential difference results in producing current. A single solar cell produces an elective current of 60 mA (milli-amperes).

Uses of Solar Cells: The important uses of solar cells are given below :

• It is used for generating electricity for operating on board artificial sattelites and spaceprobes.
• Solar cells are used to provide electricity to “light houses” situated in the sea and off-shore oil drilling platform.
• Solar cells are used for operating electronic watches and calculators.
• Solar cells are used for street lighting, for operating water pumps and working of television in remote areas where electricity is not available.

Question 7.
What is solar cell panel? Describe with the help of a suitable diagram.
Or
How is solar panel prepared? Explain with diagram.
Answer:
Solar Cell Panel: A single solar cell consisting of thin wafer of silicon-arsenic or silicon-boron produces a very weak current. In order to get sufficiently high current so as to be capable of lifting water from deep well or to light a house, a large number of solar cells are joined together in a definite pattern to get solar cell panel.

Solar cell Panel being used for operating a water pump

The above figure depicts a simple arrangement of a solar cell panel. In this solar cell panel hundreds of solar cells are joined together. The electric power produced by this solar cell panel is stored in battery B. This battery runs an electric motor M which drives water pump P to take out water from underground.

Question 8.
What is Nuclear Fission? Explain this phenomenon with the help of an example.
Answer:
Nuclear Fission: The process in which an unstable nucleus of a heavy radioactive atom (like Uranium-235) splits up into two or more fragments of medium weight nuclei when bombarded by slow moving neutrons (possessing low energy) with the release of enormous amount of energy is called Nuclear fission.

In this process there is always a small loss of mass which appears as energy.
Example of Nuclear Fission. When uranium-235 (U-235) atoms are bombarded with slow moving neutrons, the heavy uranium atom breakes up producing two medium weight atoms Barium (Ba) and krypton-94 with the emission of three neutrons and release of a great amount of energy.

The fission reaction can be represented in the form of following nuclear reaction :

In the fission of uranium some mass of uranium is lost which results in the production of large amount of energy. The energy can be made use of for generating electricity.

Question 9.
What is Nuclear Fusion? Explain this phenomenon with the help of an example.
Or
Describe the process by which energy is released by the Sun.
Answer:
Nuclear Fusion: The process in which two nuclei of light atoms (hydrogen atom) combine to form a heavy and more stable atom (helium atom) with the liberation of a large amount of energy is called Nuclear Fusion.

This process is carried out by heating the light atoms to a very high temperature when some loss of mass occurs. This produces a large amount of energy. The energy produced in fusion reaction is much more than in a fission reaction.

Example of Nuclear Fusion. When Deuterium atoms (isotopes of heavy hydrogen atoms of mass number 2) are heated to an extremely high temperature, then two deuterium nuclei combine together to form a heavy nucleus of Helium and enormous energy is released. This nuclear reaction can be represented by the following equation :

• Energy from salinity gradient in seas: The concentration of salts in the waters of different seas is different. The difference in salt concentrations in the water of two different seas is called salinity gradien t. This difference in concentration of salt, where waters from two different seas meet, can be used to obtain energy in usable form.
• Energy from sea vegetation or bio-mass: Sea vegetation or biomass is also an indirect source of energy. For example, the vast sea weed plantation may provide an endless supply of methane fuel in future.
• Energy from the nuclear fusion of deuterium present in oceans: The oceans are also a source of deuterium (heavy hydrogen). Attempts are being made to produce energy by carrying out the controlled nuclear fusion of deuterium.

Question 10.
Write three points to distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Answer:
Differences between Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion.

Nuclear Fission	Nuclear Fusion
1. In a fission reaction, a heavy nucleus breaks up to form two lighter nuclei.	1. In a fusion reaction two light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus.
2. Nuclear fission is a chain reaction.	2. Nuclear fusion is not a chain reaction.
3. Fission reactions are carried out by bombarding the heavy nuclei with neutrons.	3. Fusion reactions are carried out by heating the light atoms to an extremely high temperature.
4. Nuclear fission reactions can be controlled to generate electricity.	4. Nuclear fusion reactions have not been controlled so far.
5. Nuclear fission produces a large amount of energy.	5. The energy produced in a nuclear fusion reaction is much more than that produced during fission.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are fossils?
Answer:
Fossils: The hard parts of animals and plants or their ancient imprints on rocks which are found during excavation of rocks, are called fossils. As for example bones of animals, their skeletons, their foot prints are all fossils. This helps in the study of evolution and growth of organisms.

Question 2.
What are fossil fuels? What will happen if fossil fuels are used up at a fast rate? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Fossil Fuels. These are the energy-rich compounds of carbon which were originally made by the plants with the help of solar energy. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are formed under the earth over a long period of millions of years. So, if we continue to consume fossil fuels at this rapid rate, then all the fossil fuels will be exhausted one day. But the earth will not recreate fossil fuels so rapidly.

Question 3.
Why is L.P.G. considered an ideal fuel?
Answer:
L.P.G. an Ideal Fuel. Because of the following qualities, L.P.G. is considered as an ideal fuel :

• L.P.G. has high calorific value.
• L.P.G. has low ignition temperature.
• L.P.G. on combustion does not produce toxic gases and as such does not cause pollution.
• L.P.G. has balanced rate of combustion.
• L.P.G. contains much less incombustible substance.
• The combustion of L.P.G. is complete. Therefore, it does not leave behind any residue.

Question 4.
State the advantages of the nuclear fusion reactions over nuclear fission reactions. Also state one disadvantage.
Answer:
Advantages of Nuclear Fusion over Nuclear Fission.

• The amount of energy liberated in a fusion reaction is much more than that in a fission reaction.
• The products of a fusion reaction are not radioactive. They are harmless and hence can be disposed off easily.
• On the other hand, the products and by-products of fission reactions are radioactive and hence harmful. So the problem of their disposal arises.

Disadvantage. It has not been possible to have a controlled fusion reaction so far.

Question 5.
How is hydroelectricity generated at hydroelectric power plant? Give its advantages and disadvantages.
Answer:
The basic principle of hydroelectric power is that the potential energy of the water stored in the dams is converted into kinetic energy by allowing the water to fall

Outline of a hydroelectric power station.

from a height on turbines placed at the bottom of dam. The falling water makes the blades of turbines to rotate which in turn rotates the coil of generator placed in a magnetic field. This results in the production of electricity.

Limitations of Water Energy: The flowing water is not available in plenty everywhere to turn the turbines to produce electricity. Therefore, useful work can be obtained from water energy only at limited places where the flow of water is more.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Generating Hydroelectricity
Advantages:

• The use of water energy does not cause any pollution.
• It is an economical and renewable source of energy which will never get exhausted.

Disadvantages:
It causes a number of environmental problems. These are given below :

• The construction of dams on rivers results into a variety of ecological changes in the downstream area of the river. As a result a vast variety of flora and fauna (plants and animals) are destroyed and many people become homeless.
• The soil in the downstream area may become barren because there were no annual floods to deposit nutrient rich silt on the banks of the river. Therefore, there may be ecological imbalance.
  Therefore, while constructing the high-rise dams to generate hydroelectricity, special care should be taken to study its impact on the environment and social life.

Question 6.
What is biogas? Give any four uses.
Answer:
Biogas: The mixture of Methane (CH₄), Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Hydrogen (H₂), Nitrogen (N₂) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) obtained by degradation of plants and animals wastes in the presence of water due to anaerobic fermentation is called biogas. Its main constituent is Methane (50% – 70%).

Composition of Biogas

Methane	50% – 70%
Carbon dioxide	30% – 40%
Hydrogen	5% – 10%
Nitrogen	1% – 2%
Hydrogen sulphide	very small quantity

Uses of Biogas:

• It is used as fuel for cooking food.
• It is used as a fuel to run engines.
• It is used for street-lighting.

Question 7.
Biogas is considered to be a boon to the farmers. Give reasons.
Answer:
Biogas is considered as a boon to the farmers because :

• They can produce clean fuel from wastes.
• They use spent up slurry as manure.
• They can generate electricity from biogas.

Question 8.
Give two reasons for using gobar (cow dung) in Biogas plant.
Answer:
Use of Gobar in Biogas Plant. The use of cow dung in biogas plants to prepare biogas is preferred because of the following reasons :

• When cow dung is used in biogas plant, the residue left after taking gas from the plant is still rich in nutrients and is used as manure.
• Biogas burns without producing any smoke, so it is a clean fuel and does not cause pollution.

Question 9.
Write the general principle involved in generating nuclear energy. Name one fuel used in a nuclear reactor.
Answer:

• Nuclear energy is generated by a process called nuclear fission.
• In this process nucleus of a heavy atom is bombarded with slow moving neutrons to split it and release a large amount of energy.
• Nuclear Fuel: Uranium, plutonium, thorium are used as nuclear fuels.

Question 10.
What is natural gas? What are its advantages over other fuels?
Answer:
Natural gas: It is a fossil fuel. It consists mainly of methane and small quantities of ethane and propane. Thus, methane is the principal constituent of natural gas (upto 97%). It occurs deep under the earth either alone or along with oil above of the petroleum deposits.

Question 11.
Which way of using cow-dung as fuel for domestic use is better : use of cow-dung cakes or use of cow-dung in a bio-gas plant? Give three reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
When cow-dung cakes burn, they produces a lot of smoke, which causes air pollution. However, the use of cow-dung in biogas plant is better because of the following reasons :

• bio-gas burns without smoke.
• bio-gas produces a large amount of heat.
• the residue (slurry) left in the plant is rich in nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds and can be used as a useful manure.

Question 12.
Why burning firewood in traditional chulhas is not considered advantageous?
Answer:
Air pollution produced in atmosphere due to smoke in the absence of chimneys and so this is wastage of fuel as efficiency is low and calorific value is not so good. Carbon mono oxide produced due to partial burning of fuel is very much poisonous.

Question 13.
Expand LPG. What are its uses?
Answer:
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). The petroleum gas liquefied under pressure is called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It consists of mainly butane and small amounts of propane and ethane. This is a domestic gas which we ordinarily use.

Uses of LPG:

• It has a high calorific value.
• It does not produce any poisonous gases on burning.
• It is easy to handle and convenient to use.
• It does not cause pollution.

Question 14.
Explain why :
(a) Solar cookers are covered with glass plate.
Answer:
To attain the high temperature the solar cookers are covered with glass plate. This plate focuses the sun rays to a point and temperature inside the box is increased.

(b) The solar cooker is painted black from inside.
Answer:
The black surface of the solar cooker absorbs more heat as compared to white surface.

Question 15.
Write any two limitations of solar heating devices.
Answer:
Limitations of Solar Heating Devices:

• It saves fuel.
• The nutrients of food do not get destroyed during cooking.
• If does not produce pollution.
• Its maintenance cost is low.
• It is easy to handle and there is no danger of any mishap.

Question 16.
Why is it not possible to make use of solar cells to meet all our energy needs? State at least three reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
Solar cells do not meet all our energy needs due to :

• High cost of installation.
• Limited availability of special grade silicon to make solar cells.
• Unavailability of efficient system to store electrical energy generated by solar panels.

Question 17.
Write four areas where solar cell is used as source of energy?
Answer:
Uses of Solar Cells:

• It is used for generating electricity for operating on board artificial sattelites and spaceprobes.
• Solar cells are used to provide electricity to “light houses” situated in the sea and off shore oil drilling platform.
• Solar cells are used for operating electronic watches and calculators.
• Solar cells are used for street lighting, for operating water pumps and working of television in remote areas where electricity is not available.

Question 18.
Hydrogen gas has high calorific value but it is not used as a domestic fuel. Why?
Answer:
Though hydrogen has very high calorific value, yet it is not used as a domestic fuel because of the following reasons :

• It is highly combustible gas and its combustion cannot be controlled.
• Its transportation is difficult.
• Its cost of production is high.

Question 19.
What is sind mill? Write its two advantages.
Answer:
Windmill: A wind-mill is a machine which works with the energy of wind and converts kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy or electricity. It consists of large fan like blades to catch the wind. When the wind strikes against these blades, the blades start rotating. This motion can then be passed on to connected crankshaft and is used to draw water from wells and to run flour mills for grinding grains.

Advantages of Wind Mill.

• Wind mill is used for drawing water from tube wells.
• Wind Mill for Grinding Grains. Wind mill is used to grind grains by suitable arrangement of toothed wheel and shaft.

Question 20.
On what basis would you classify energy sources as :
(а) renewable and non-renewable?
(b) exhaustible and inexhaustible?
Are the options given in (a) and (6) same?
Answer:

• Sources of energy that will get depleted some day are said to be exhaustible sources or non-renewable sources of energy.
• Sources from which we can be assured of constant supply of energy at a particular rate i.e., the sources which can be regenerated are called renewable sources of energy.
• Inexhaustive or renewable energy is one for which the depletion of the reservoir because of extraction of useable energy is practically negligible.
• We are getting energy from sun for last five billion years and we go on getting it for another five billion years, therefore we can say solar enegy is inexhaustible or renewable.
• Coal reserve with us are for about 200 years whereas it will take millions year for it to form again, hence coal may be said to be exhaustible or non-renewable source of energy.
• Thus inexhaustible is renewable and exhaustible is non-renewable.

Question 21.
What are fossil fuels? How are they formed? Why are they non¬renewable sources of energy?
Answer:
Fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the energy rich compounds of carbon which are formed in many-many years from the remains of dead plants and animals in the absence of oxygen under the combined effect of pressure, temperature and bacteria.

Examples. Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Formation of Fossil fuels. The plants and animals which died millions of years ago got buried deep under the earth away from reach of oxygen. The cover of sediments prevented their oxidation and they got squeezed due to the weight of sediments and got converted into water and volatile materials. Thus in the absence of oxygen and under the combined effect of high pressure, high temperature and bacteria. The remains of plants and animals were converted into fossil fuels. The fossils of smaller plants and animals got converted into oil and gas while the fossils of large plants got converted into coal.

Fossil fuel is non-renewable source of energy since it takes millions of years to form these fuels. It should be used only when it is needed.

Question 22.
What is greenhouse effect? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Greenhouse Effect. Carbon dioxide content of the air is increasing due to deforestation and combustion in industries, automobiles and planes, and is likely to become double by 2020. This increase is affecting the atmospheric composition and balance of gases, which are among the factors that control earth’s climate. Increase of carbon dioxide causes rise in atmospheric temperature, producing what is called the Greenhouse Effect. A rise of global temperature by more than 2 or 3 degrees may melt glaciers and polar ice. This will cause rise in ocean level and consequent flooding of coastal towns and submersible of islands. Rainfall pattern may also change, affecting agricultural output.

Question 23.
Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Non-renewable sources of energy. Wood, fossil fuels like coal petroleum, natural gas, alcohol etc; Also called conventional sources of energy. Fossil fuels if consumed at the present speed are not going to last beyond 2050 AD. It takes millions of years to form fossil fuel. Such sources which cannot be formed again are called non-renewable sources of energy. Consumption of non-renewable sources cause high concentration of harmful gases. This has also led to depletion of ozone layer and global warming. Pollution caused by vehicles cause huge health hazards.

Renewable sources of energy. These sources are called non-conventional or renewable sources of energy. The sun, hydel (water) and wind energies can never get exhausted. All the renewable sources of energy are non-polluting and absolutely safe.

Geothermal energy derived from hot rocks, magma and hot water natural geyser, ocean thermal energy derived from waves and tidal waves are absolutely safe. Fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. Nuclear energy is the other source of non-conventional energy but it is very hazardous to harness.

Question 24.
“Oceans are vast store of energy”. Justify this statement.
Or
What is ocean thermal energy (OTE)?
Answer:
Oceans and seas are sources of large amount of energy. The following are factors responsible for energy production.

• Kinetic energy of sea waves can produce electricity.
• Tides and ebbs caused by moon and sun attraction can rotate turbines to produce electricity.
• Sea vegetation can be used as fuel.

Question 25.
What are solar reflectors and solar concentrators?
Answer:
Solar Reflectors. Those devices in which the sun rays are reflected by plane mirrors and let rays fall on containers which are black in colour. These containers absorb rays due to their black surface and get heated up, are called solar reflectors.

Solar Concentrators. When high temperature is needed, the sun rays are concentrated by parabolic mirror or converging lens at a point.

Main Components of a Solar cooker

• Blackened surface.
• Ordinary glass sheet.
• Suitable arrangement of mirrors.
• Insulated box.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are constituents of coal gas?
Answer:
It is a mixture of 55% hydrogen, 30% of methane, 10% of carbon monoxide and 5% of ethylene.

Question 2.
Write two examples of fossil fuels.
Answer:
Fossil fuels are those which are present inside earth’s crust as remains of animals and plants. Coal, petroleum, natural gas etc., form fossil fuels.

Question 3.
What is the range of temperature which can be attained in a box type solar cooker in two to three hours exposure to sun?
Answer:
100°C to 140°C.

Question 4.
Name the device which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy.
Answer:
Solar cell.

Question 5.
What is biogas?
Answer:
Biogas. It is a mixture of gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide produced by the decay of biomass in the absence of air.

Question 6.
Name the main constituent of biogas.
Answer:
The main constituent of biogas is methane.

Question 7.
Name two main components of biogas.
Answer:
Methane (CH₄) and hydrogen.

Question 8.
List two nutrients in which the slurry left behind in the digester is rich?
Answer:
It is rich in nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds.

Question 9.
What type of energy is possessed by huge waves near the seashore?
Answer:
Kinetic energy.

Question 10.
What is tidal energy?
Answer:
The energy possessed by the rising and falling water in tides.

Question 11.
Define energy.
Answer:
Energy. The ability to do work is energy.

Question 12.
Define kinetic energy.
Answer:
Kinetic energy. The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy.

Question 13.
Name three fossil fuels.
Answer:
Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas.

Question 14.
Define Solar Energy.
Answer:
Solar Energy. The energy produced by sun is called solar energy.

Question 15.
What is calorific value of a fuel?
Answer:
Calorific value. The heat produced by full burning of unit mass of fuel is called calorific value of the fuel.

Question 16.
From which substances is biogas obtained?
Answer:
It is obtained from plants and animals waste, cattle dung, domestic waste, wastes from poultry.

Question 17.
Name the constituents of Biogas.
Answer:
CH₄, CO₂ and H₂S. The percentage of methane is 65%.

Question 18.
Name any two materials used for making of solar cells.
Answer:
Selenium, gallium, silicon etc.

Question 19.
Define wind energy.
Answer:
Wind energy. The energy possessed by moving air (wind) is called wind energy. Wind possesses kinetic energy due to its motion.

Question 20.
What is biomass? Write its uses.
Answer:
Biomass is the decomposed mass of animals and plants. It is the total matter present in the bodies of plants and animals.

Uses:

• It is used as a biofuel.
• These give energy by burning.

Question 21.
Which type of mirror is most suitable in the device shown in figure below?

Answer:
Plane Mirror.

Question 22.
Name the device shown in the given diagram. What is being prepared in it?

Answer:
The device shown in the figure is Fixed Dome type Biogas Plant. In this plant Biogas is being Prepared.

Question 23.
Label 1 and 2 in the given figure.

Answer:
1 – Plane mirror
2 – Wooden Box

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Non-renewable source ________
(A) Solar energy
(B) Wind energy
(C) Natural gas
(D) Water.
Answer:
(C) Natural gas

Question 2.
________ is used in Hydro-electric power station.
(A) Wind energy
(B) Energy of running water
(C) Energy produced from burning coal
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(B) Energy of running water

Question 3.
________ is used in thermal power station.
(A) Wind energy
(B) Energy of flowing water
(C) Energy produced from burning fossil fuel
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(C) Energy produced from burning fossil fuel

Question 4.
The temperature range of Box Type solar cooker kept in the sun for 2-3 hours will be ________
(A) 60° C – 80° C
(B) 80° C – 100° C
(C) 100° C – 140° C
(D) 140° – 180° C.
Answer:
(C) 100° C – 140° C

Question 5.
________ converts solar energy into electric energy
(A) Solar water heater
(B) Solar cell panel
(C) Solar furnace
(D) Solar cooker.
Answer:
(B) Solar cell panel

Question 6.
________ is used in making solar cell
(A) Carbon
(B) Silicon
(C) Sodium
(D) Cobalt.
Answer:
(B) Silicon

Question 7.
The device that converting energy into mechanical energy is called ________
(A) Solar cooker
(B) Solar cell
(C) Engine
(D) All the above.
Answer:
(C) Engine

Question 8.
Which of the following is not a source of Bio-mass energy?
(A) Wood
(B) Gobar gas
(C) Coal
(D) Nuclear energy.
Answer:
(D) Nuclear energy.

Question 9.
Which one of the following is not a solid fuel?
(A) Coal
(B) Wood
(C) Coke
(D) Kerosene.
Answer:
(D) Kerosene

Question 10.
Which one is a non-renewable / source of energy?
(A) Wind
(B) Sun
(C) Fossil fuel
(D) Water.
Answer:
(C) Fossil fuel

Question 11.
The main source of energy is ________
(A) Sun
(B) Water
(C) Uranium
(D) Fossil fuel.
Answer:
(A) Sun

Question 12.
Slurry obtained from Biogas Plant contains maximum quantity of ________
(A) Sulphur, Phosphorus
(B) Carbon, Sodium
(C) Nitrogen, Oxygen
(D) Phosphorus, Nitrogen.
Answer:
(D) Phosphorus, Nitrogen

Question 13.
Which country is called the country of Winds?
(A) India
(B) Italy
(C) France
(D) Denmark.
Answer:
(D) Denmark

Question 14.
The combination of solar cells is called ________
(A) Solar Panel
(B) Solar Band
(C) Solar Circle
(D) Solar Plate.
Answer:
(A) Solar Panel

Question 15.
The element used in manu¬facturing solar cells is ________
(A) Copper
(B) Tungsten
(C) Sulphur
(D) Silicon.
Answer:
(D) Silicon

Question 16.
The vast source of energy on the earth is ________
(A) Wood
(B) Coal
(C) Sun
(D) Moon.
Answer:
(C) Sun

Question 17.
Natural gas is mostly :
(A) Methane
(B) Ethane
(C) Propane
(D) Pentane.
Answer:
(D) Pentane.

Question 18.
Solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on :
(A) Sunny day
(B) Cloudy day
(C) Hot day
(D) Windy day.
Answer:
(A) Sunny day.

Question 19.
Which one of the following energies are freely available?
(A) Bio gas
(B) Sunlight
(C) Water gas
(D) Hydrogen.
Answer:
(B) Sunlight.

Question 20.
Which of the following is needed for formation of biogas from cow dung?
(A) Water
(B) Oxygen
(C) Carbon dioxide
(D) Hydrogen.
Answer:
(B) Oxygen

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Non-renewable sources of energy must be used ________ as possible.
Answer:
rarely.

Question 2.
Sun produces huge amount of energy due to nuclear ________
Answer:
fusion.

Question 3.
The slurry left behind in a biogas plant is a good ________
Answer:
manure.

Question 4.
The fuels obtained from under the earth are called ________ fuels.
Answer:
fossil.

Question 5.
A black surface absorbs ________ heat as compared to white surface.
Answer:
more.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14 Sources of Energy

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Sources of Energy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on a :
(a) sunny day
(b) cloudy day
(c) hot day
(d) windy day.
Answer:
(b) cloudy day.

Question 2.
Which of the following is not an example of a bio-mass energy source?
(a) wood
(b) gobar gas
(c) atomic energy
(d) coal.
Answer:
(c) atomic energy.

Question 3.
Most of the sources of energy we use represent stored solar energy. Which of the following is not ultimately derived from the Sun’s energy?
(a) geothermal energy
(b) wind energy
(c) nuclear energy
(d) bio-mass.
Answer:
(c) nuclear energy.

Question 4.
Compare and contrast fossil fuels and the sun as sources of energy.
Answer:
Similarities.

• Both are natural sources of energy.
• Both are widely used sources of energy.
• No technology is required to get energy by any of these sources.

Dissimilarities/Contrast.

• Sun’s energy can be used only during day time but fossil fuel can be used to get energy at any time during day or during night.
• Solar energy is almost free whereas fossil energy costs much.
• Infinite amount of solar energy is available almost free of cost whereas there is a limited reserve of fossil fuel.
• Solar energy is a renewable source of energy whereas it takes millions of year to produce fossil fuel.
• Solar energy is totally pollution free whereas fossil fuel causes a lot of pollution on burning.

Question 5.
Compare and contrast bio-mass and hydroeiectricity as a source of energy.
Answer:
Similarities.

• Both bio-mass and hvdro-electricity are natural sources of energy.
• Working cost of both the sources of energy as low. However, initial installation cost of hydro-electricity sources is higher than bio-mass source.
• Both are widely used sources of energy.
• Hydroelectric plants can be erected only at specific points while biomass plant can be installed anywhere.
• The energy produced by hydro-electric plant is much more than produced by biomass plant.

Dissimilarities.

Biomass	Hydroelectricity
1. Biomass is a renewable and conventional source of energy.	1. Hydroelectricity is also a renewable and conventional source of energy.
2. itse of biomass energy causes pollution of air.	2. Hydroelectricity does not cause any pollution of air.
3. Biomass possesses chemical energy.	3. Hydroelectricity possesses kinetic energy.
4. It does not cause ecological imbalance.	4. Construction of hydroelectric plant causes ecological imbalance.
5. It is economical source of energy.	5. It is relatively costly source of energy.

Question 6.
What are the limitations of extracting energy from :
(a) the wind
Answer:
Limitations of Wind Energy.

• It is not available at all times and at all places since it depends upon the availability of wind.
• The minimum wind speed required to run windmills should be 15 km h_1.
• The initial cost of construction of windmill farm is very high.

(b) waves
Answer:
Limitations of wave energy.

• The wave is not available at all times for generating electricity.
• The power from wave energy is expensive because the plant required to be set up for trapping energy from waves is very costly.
• The output power obtained from waves is not constant.

(c) tides
Answer:
Limitations of tidal energy.

• There are a few locations for constructing dams for harnessing tidal energy.
• The power generation by harnessing tidal waves is very high because the cost of construction of dams for this purpose is very costly.

Question 7.
On what basis would you classify energy sources as :
(a) renewable and non-renewable.
(b) exhaustible and inexhaustible.
Are the options in (a) and (b) same?
Answer:
(a) Renewable Sources of Energy. Those sources of energy which after depletion (used up) can be replenished (brought back to its original form) are called renewable sources of energy, e.g., water, wind, tides and ocean.
Those sources of energy which can not be replenished (regenerated) after when these are used up are called non-renewable sources of energy, e.g., fossil fuels, coal and petroleum.

(b) Exhaustible Sources of Energy. Those sources of energy which will get depleted some day are called exhaustible sources of energy. Exhaustible sources are non-renewable sources of energy.

Inexhaustible Sources of Energy. Those sources of energy which get replenished even after extraction of usable energy and are never depleted are called inexhaustible sources of energy. Inexhaustible sources of energy are renewable sources of energy.

Question 8.
What are characteristics of an ideal source of energy?
Answer:
Characteristics of an ideal source of energy. An ideal source of energy should have the following qualities :

• It should give adequate amount of energy at steady rate.
• It should be safe and convenient to use.
• It should do large amount of work per unit volume or mass.
• It should be economical.
• It should be easy to store and transport.

Question 9.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker? Are there places where solar cookers have limited utility?
Answer:
Advantages of using Solar Cooker.

• It saves fuel.
• The nutrients of food do not get destroyed during cooking.
• If does not produce pollution.
• Its maintenance cost is low.
• It is easy to handle and there is no danger of any mishap.

Disadvantages of using Solar Cooker

• Solar energy is not available in ample amount and uniformly all the time and at all places. It cannot be used at night and on cloudy days.
• Direction of reflector of solar cooker has to be changed continuously towards the direction of sun rays.
• It can not be used for cooking chapatis or for frying purpose.
• It takes more time to cook food.

Yes, there are places where solar cookers have limited utility. At poles solar cooker has limited utility because here sun remains absent for six months. In hilly areas also the sun has limited utility because the sun shines for limited time and where inclined sun rays reach, the use of solar cooker becomes difficult.

Question 10.
What are environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What steps would you suggest to reduce energy consumption?
Answer:
The demand of energy is increasing day by day. Exploiting any source of energy may disturb the environment in one way or the other. For example, getting energy from fossil fuel may cause air pollution and getting energy by nuclear fission may create problem of disposal of nuclear waste.

Steps for reducing energy consumption should be such that we get maximum energy from least fuel.
For this :

• Under the given situation the best possible technology should be utilised. For example, smokeless chullahs should be preferred to traditional chullahs.
• Energy should he extracted by most economic method under the given situation. Whereas energy extraction by solar cell may be useless in big towns due to cost factor, it may be indispensable for artificial satellites.
• Energy saved is energy produced. Therefore, wastage of energy should be strictly avoided.
• Sources of energy should be such that it causes least damage to environment.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Sources of Energy InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a good source of energy?
Or
Write characteristics of an ideal source of energy.
Answer:
Characteristics of a good source of energy are :

• It should be sustainable and renewable source of energy.
• It should provide great amount of energy per unit mass or volume.
• It should be easily accessible and provide energy for a longer period of time.
• It should not cause pollution.
• It should be economic to use.
• It should be safe for the surrounding individuals.

Question 2.
What is a good fuel?
Or
What are the characteristics of an Ideal fuel?
Or
Give three characterisitcs of a good fuel.
Or
Give the properties of an ideal fuel.
Answer:
Characteristics of a Good Fuel. A good fuel is that which :

• Has high calorific value when burnt it should produce large amount of heat per unit mass.
• Should produce less smoke or preferably no smoke and should not leave any residue (ash).
• Should be economical (low cost).
• Should produce no pollution.
• Should have steady rate of combustion.
• Should be easy to store and produce no hazard to transport and easy to handle.

Question 3.
If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and why?
Answer:
For heating my food I would use fuel which fulfills the most of the characteristics of a good fuel such as

• high calorific value
• pollution free
• easily available
• cheap.

For this I would use L.P.G. if living in a city and wood/gobar gas if living in a remote village.

Question 4.
What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Answer:
Disadvantages of fossil fuels (Non-renewable fuels) :

• Burning of fossil fuels such like petrol, diesel, coal, natural gas etc. causes air pollution.
• Burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide (CO2), a green house gas which causes global warming.
• On burning fossil fuels, oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur are released. This leads to acid rain which affects our soil and water resources.
• There are limited resources of fossil fuels since these were formed over millions of years and their continuous use would exhaust them and make them unavailable after some time.

Question 5.
Why are we looking at alternative sources of energy?
Answer:
With the development of technology and swelled up population, the demand for energy has increased manifold which cannot be met with traditional non-renewable sources. We are, therefore, looking for alternative sources of energy because :

• Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum which are traditional sources of energy are non-renewable and are not going to last long.
• The traditional sources of energy are costly and cause pollution whereas alternative sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy and water energy do not cause pollution and are almost free of cost except for their installation cost.

Question 6.
How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience?
Answer:
Traditional use of wind energy was made to lift water from the well and run grinding machine to grind grams. The traditional use of wind energy has now been modified to generate electicity where turbines are made to rotate by the use of wind energy.

Likewise, the traditional use of water energy has been modified to generate electricity in hydropower plants. Water is collected in dams. It is then made to fall on turbines where potential energy of collected water is transformed into kinetic energy of running water which is made use of in running turbines and thus converting into electricity.

Question 7.
What kind of mirror-concave, convex or plane would be best suited for use in a solar cooker? Why?
Answer:
A concave mirror is the best for use in solar cooker for it focuses sun rays from large areas to a specific point. These concentrated heat rays produce large amount of heat at that point.

Question 8.
What are the limitations of the energy that can be obtained from the oceans?
Answer:
The energy obtained from oceans can be of the following kinds :
1. Tidal Energy. Due to attraction of the moon, there are high and low tides in the sea. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing dam across a narrow opening in the sea and a turbine fixed at this opening converts tidal energy of waves into electricity.

The limitation of this kind of energy is there are only a few such locations available where dams can be constructed for production of energy. Therefore, this kind of energy will not be enough for commercial use.

2. Ocean Thermal Energy (O.T.E.) Due to sunlight, water at the surface of the ocean gets heated up while water in the deeper regions is relatively cold. This difference in temperature is exploited to get electric energy which is called ocean thermal energy. But the limitation of conversion efficiency is very low. These plants for generating electricity is that these plants work only when the temperature difference of water at the surface and at the depth upto 2 km is 20° C or more. Secondly, its operational cost is high and the efficiency is very low.

Question 9.
What is Geothermal energy?
Answer:
Geothermal energy. Due to changes taking place within earth, molten rocks formed in the deeper hot regions of earth are pushed upward in the regions called ‘hot spots’. Steam is generated when underground water comes in contact with hot spots. The energy which is directly obtained from the heat inside the earth is called geothermal energy. Steam trapped in is passed through a pipe to the turbine can generate electricity.

Question 10.
What are the advantages of nuclear energy?
Answer:
Advantages of Nuclear Energy.

• A smaller space is required to get nuclear energy.
• Nuclear energy is a non-conventional source of energy and produces large quantity of usable form of energy.
• It costs less.
• It is almost pollution free energy.

Question 11.
Can any source of energy be pollution free? Why or why not?
Or
Name two energy sources that you consider pollution free. Give reasons.
Answer:
No source of energy can be perfectly pollution free e.g., bio-mass energy, hydro energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, solar energy is almost pollution free but the process involved in making these plants might have damaged the environment in some way.

Question 12.
Hydrogen has been used as a rocket fuel. Would you consider it a cleaner fuel than C.N.G.? Why or why not?
Answer:
Hydrogen is a cleaner fuel than C.N.G. because the burning of hydrogen produes water which does not pollute the atmosphere. On the other hand, C.N.G. when burnt produces carbon dioxide and water. This carbon dioxide does produce greenhouse effect which ultimately leads to heating of environment. Hence, hydrogen is positively a cleaner fuel than C.N.G.

Question 13.
Name two energy sources that you would consider to be renewable. Give reasons for your choice.
Answer:
Two renewable sources of energy are :
1. Hydro energy. It is the energy generated by using kinetic energy of running water to run dynamo. Hydro power is the main source of electricity now a days. Down from high altitude is utilized to trap energy for generating electricity and the unused water utlimately goes to oceans.

Due to cyclic process (water → water vapour → clouds → rain→snow→running water at dams) again we get water. Water stored in reservoirs at dams is used for generating electricity. So hydro energy is a renewable source of energy.

2. Wind Energy: Wind energy is the kinetic energy due to motion of large mass of air. Wind energy can be used to sail boats, run windmills to produce electric power. Sun rays near the equator are stronger than in the polar region. As a result, air in the equitorial region becomes hot and rises up while cooler air in the polar region moves towards the equator. This causes the flow of air (wind). This process goes on in nature due to temperature differences, so wind energy is a renewable form of energy.

Question 14.
Give the names of two energy sources that you would consider to be exhaustible. Give reasons for your choice.
Answer:
Coal and petroleum are two energy sources which are exhaustible. It takes millions of years for the formation of petrol and coal inside the earth. Its reserves are limited. Coal if used at the present rate will not last beyond two hundred years whereas petroleum products which are being used extensively are expected not to last more than 50 years. Therefore, these energy sources are exhaustible in nature.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Modals Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Modals

Fill in the blanks with suitable Modals :

Question 1.
1. ……. I see my wife now, doctor ? (Can/Could) (not very sure)
2. ………….. I smoke here? (May/Might)
3. He ………….. help you if you ask him. (will/shall)
4. Rahul …………… drive a car even at the age of twelve. (can/could)
5. This …………… be a Satyajit Ray film. (may/might) (not very sure)
6. He ……………. be hiding. (can/may) (doubt but rather sure)
7. Ram …………… come today. (can/might/may) (very uncertain).
8. …………… I take leave of you ? (Can/May) (asking permission)
9. It ……………. rain today. (can/may) (greater possibility)
10. As he tried his best, he ………….. easily win the game. (can/could)
Answer:
1 Could
2. May
3. will
4. Could
5. might
6. can
7. might
8. May
9. can
10. Could

Question 2.
1. You ………….. complete your homework now. (should/must) (compulsion)
2. You ………… be home by 11 o’clock. (should/must) (order)
3. Rita ………….. speak English fluently. (can/would) (showing ability)
4. He told me that he ……………. return to his native land soon. (will/would)
5. Mohan ………….. still be lying in bed. (will/must) (habitual prediction)
6. That ………….. be the postman. (will/must) (prediction)
7. I ………….. smell a fire burning. (can/will) (showing ability)
8. Diana …………… have suffered badly after the car crash. (must/shall) (supposition)
9. I …………. like to have a cup of coffee. (will/would) (wish)
10. ……………. that I were rich ! (Will/Would) (a wish)
Answer:
1. must
2. must
3. can
4. would
5. must
6. must
7. can
8. must
9. would
10. would

Question 3.
1. Duty …………… be done. (should/must) (greater determination)
2. I wish he ……………. stand first. (will/would) (to express a wish)
3. We ………….. respect our elders. (should/must) (to express duty in a more determined sense)
4. How ………….. you talk to me like this ? (need/dare)
5. How ……………. you do it ! (dare/need) (challenge)
6. Your headache ………….. also be due to some other problem. (can/could) (not very sure)
7. I am sure it ………… be cured. (can/may) (very sure)
8. It ……………. be Jaya. (can/may) (not very sure)
9. I ……………. go to the bazaar today. (may/can) (not very sure)
10. Ram …………… take exercise daily. (must/should) (less determination)
Answer:
1. must
2. would
3. must
4. dare
5. dare
6. could
7. can
8. may
9. may
10. should

Question 4.
1. We …………. serve our country. (ought to/ should) (not so forceful)
2. You ………….. not waste your time. (should/must) (more forceful)
3. If wishes were horses, beggars …………….. ride. (will/would)
4. …………… I take her out, mother? (Can/Could) (more polite)
5. ……………. I come in, sir ? (May/Can) (more formal)
6. It …………. rain today. (may/might) (less uncertain)
7. The sun …………. rise in the east. (will/shall) (to express general facts)
8. Had you worked hard, you …………… have passed. (would/should)
9. I …………. rather die than beg. (will/would) (to express a preference)
10. Walk fast lest you …………… miss the train. (shall/should)
Answer:
1. ought to
2. must
3. would
4. Could
5. May
6. May
7. will
8. would
9. would
10. should

Question 5.
1. I told him that he …………… take the test. (can/could)
2. You ………….. leave now. (may/might) (permission in a less formal manner)
3. The teacher ………….. be busy at this time. (can/must) (to express a greater possibility)
4. She told me that he ………….. go. (will/would)
5. I …………… teach him a lesson. (will/would) (to express a threat)
6. She …………… marry Sham. (will/must) (insistence)
7. You …………… attend the evening class. (must/will) (greater compulsion)
8. …………… you give me a glass of water, please ? (Can/Could) (request in a more formal manner)
9. You …………. reach there in time. (must/should) (order in a more determined sense)
10. ………… I answer your question ? (Should/Need) (requirement)
Answer:
1. could
2. may
3. must
4. would
5. will
6. must
7. must
8. should
9. must
10. Need

Question 6.
1. It ………….. be true. (may/might) (very unsure)
2. I wish I ……………. help you, but I have my own problems. (can/could)
3. ….. that I were a king ! (Will/Would)
4. If I were the Prime Minister, I ………….. fight corruption. (will/would)
5. Had I reached the station in time, I ……………. have caught the train. (will/would)
6. This is a film you …………… not avoid. (must/can) (insistence)
7. I ………….. dance Bharatanatyam. (can/may) (ability)
8. You …………. not leave without my permission. (will/shall) (threat)
9. He was so weak that he ………….. not walk. (could/would)
10. I told him that he ………….. leave. (can/could)
Answer:
1. might
2. Could
3. Would
4. Would
5. Would
6. must
7. can
8. shall
9. could
10. could

Question 7.
1. He …………. like to spend an evening with you. (will/would)
2. The headmaster …………… check all these accounts. (should/dare)
3. ……………. you like to take coffee ? (Can/Would)
4. If you meet him, you ………….. tell him about it. (might/must)
5. He …………… be rich, but he is very cruel. (will/may)
6. We ……………. show respect to our elders. (ought to/can)
7. The doctor told me that I …………… not smoke any more. (must/will)
8. …………… you possibly lend me a thousand rupees ? (Could/Will)
9. You …………… not enter my class, I forbid it. (must/will)
10. We ………….. keep our neighbours as happy as we can. (may/should)
Answer:
1. Would
2. should
3. Would
4. must
5. may
6. ought to
7. must
8. could
9. must
10. should

Question 8.
1. I …………… help him with money before I leave for London. (will/would)
2. The children asked if they ………….. have ice cream. (can/could)
3. We ………….. do as we are told. (can/should)
4. Work hard lest you …………… fail. (may/should)
5. You …………. respect your elders. (ought to/can)
6. ……………. I come in ? I am sorry to be late. (May/Shall)
7. He has been absent for a fortnight, he …………. be ill. (must/will)
8. You …………. not see him, just write a letter. (need/dare)
9. We ………….. go to the station by taxi, it is getting late. (may/should)
10. I ……………. not come yesterday since I was too busy. (would/could)
Answer:
1. will
2. could
3. should
4. should
5. ought
6. May
7. must
8. need
9. should
10. could

Question 9.
1. You …………… clean your teeth every morning. (shall/should)
2. It ………….. rain today. (may/might) (very little possibility)
3. This box is very heavy; I ……………. lift it. (can’t/may not)
4. You ………….. take a taxi or you will miss the train. (shall/should)
5. …………… you like to read this book ? (Will/Would)
6. ………. you lift this elephant ? (Can/Will)
7. It is getting late; we …………… go home. (should/can)
8. I ………….. run five miles in an hour.(can/shall)
9. You ………….. go out for a walk every day. (must/may)
10. Why didn’t you inform me ? I ……………. have lent you the money. (can/could)
Answer:
1. should
2. might
3. can’t
4. should
5. Would
6. Can
7. should
8. can
9. must
10. could

Question 10.
1. …………… you finish your work in two hours ? (Can/May)
2. …………… his soul rest in peace ! (May/Might)
3. The doctor says that I ……………. eat anything I like. (can/may)
4. Walk carefully lest you ……………. sprain your foot. (may/should)
5. You ………….. not take this trouble. I’ll do that. (need/may)
6. The door of his room is not locked, he …………… be in. (may/shall)
7. Forty years ago, only the rich …………… think of owning – a radio set. (can/could)
8. ………… you like to get rid of that troublesome fellow ? (Would/Can)
9. You …………… not hurry; there is plenty of time. (need/may)
10. You …………. have returned these books last week. (should/shall)
Answer:
1. Can
2. May
3. can
4. should
5. need
6. may
7. could
8. Would
9. need
10. should

Auxiliary Verb

(सहायक क्रिया)-जिस Verb का अपना कोई महत्त्व न हो, किन्तु वह मुख्य Verb के साथ मिल कर Tense के बनाने में सहायता करे, उसे Auxiliary Verb अथवा Helping Verb कहा जाता है; जैसे

1. She is going home.
2. I have finished my work.
3. You will win a prize.
4. I can solve this question.
5. He was playing cricket.

Types Of Auxiliaries

सहायक क्रियाएं दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं
1. Primary Auxiliaries : Be : am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has,had.
2. Modal Auxiliaries : Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must (am to, is to, are to, have to, etc.) ought to, used to, need, dare.

The Use Of Some Modals

Will and Shall का प्रयोग Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए
In Assertive Sentences

(1) यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन करना हो, तो
First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
1. I shall finish my work quickly.
2. He will finish his work quickly.
3. We shall not be able to come.
4. They will not be able to come.

(2) यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination),
धमकी (threat), आदि का वर्णन हो तो
First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
1. I will return your money without fail.
2. We will not withdraw from the contest.
3. You shall be punished for your misconduct.
4. You shall not live in my house any longer.

Would तथा Should का प्रयोग

(1) Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. Will का Past.
1. I told him that I would come.
2. The doctor knew that the patient would die.

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Would you close the window ?
2. Would you tell me the time ?

3. शर्त वाचक
1. He would pass if he worked hard.
2. He would have passed if he had worked hard.

(2) Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-

1. उपदेश वाचक — You should give up smoking.
2. सम्भावना वाचक — They should be here by now.
3. नैतिक फर्ज — You should do your duty.
4. Shall at Past — He told me that I should / would pass.

Can तथा Could का प्रयोग

(1) Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. योग्यता सूचक — She can dance very well.
2. इजाज़त सूचक — You can go home now.
3. सम्भावना सूचक — It can happen to anyone.
4. Pr. Cont. की जगह — I can hear people talking.

(2) Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जात है

1. शर्त वाचक
1. I could lift this box (if I tried).
2. I could buy a shirt (if I had money)

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Could (Would) you tell me the time?
2. Could (Would) you bring me a glass of water ?

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. One of the prisoners escaped yesterday. He could be anywhere now.
2. I could be in the USA by next year.

4. Can का Past
1. He said that I could go.
2. He could come to me any time he liked.

May तथा Might का प्रयोग 

(1) May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. अनुमति / इजाज़त सूचक
1. You may go now.
2. May I come in, sir ?

2. सम्भावना सूचक
1. His statement may (can / could) be true.
2. His plan may (can / could) succeed.

3. इच्छा / प्रार्थना सूचक
1. May you live long !
2. May our country prosper !

(2) Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. May or Past
1. He said that I might go.
2. I thought that he might help her.

2. भावी सम्भावना
1. He might (may) pass this year.
2. He might (may) reach here by evening.

3. इजाज़त होना
1. Might I have your pen ?
2. You might do me a favour.
(May की अपेक्षा might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है।)

Must का प्रयोग

Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है1. उपदेश सूचक
1. You must consult some good doctor.
2. You must work hard this year.

2. आवश्यकता सूचक
1. You must be back by evening.
2. The students must bring their books daily.

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. The child must be hungry.
2. He must have made some big mistakes

4. बन्धन / मजबूरी सूचक …
1. You must do as you are told…
2. He must clear his accounts before leaving.

Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग

(1) Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(Ought to = Should)
Ought to का प्रयोग (should की भान्ति) निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. नैतिक फर्ज़
1. You ought to respect your elders.
2. You ought to have helped the poor.

2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना
1. Mohan ought to win the race this time.
2. You have worked hard. You ought to get good marks.

3. इच्छा-योग्य जरूरत
1. He ought to build a new house now.
2. There ought to be some more buses.
(इस तालिका में दिए गए सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

(2) Ought की भान्ति used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना ज़रूरी होता है।
1. He used to live here.
2. He never used to live here.
3. Used he to live here ?

Need का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना
चाहिए। इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह (doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को ज़ोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
1. Need I go there ? No, you needn’t.
2. Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needn’t.

(2) Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, न कि needs।
1. Need Mohan go there now ?
2. He need not worry any more.

(3) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।
Need you go there?
No, I needn’t.

(4) Interrogative और Negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Need he do any work?
No, he needn’t do any work.

Dare का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में dare का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है
1. Negative वाक्यों में।
2. Interrogative वाक्यों में।
3. सन्देह (doubt) व्यक्त करने वाले वाक्यों में।
4. ऐसे वाक्यों में जिन में hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

(2) जब dare का प्रयोग auxiliary के रूप में किया गया हो, तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया | जाता है।
(3) Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है, न कि dares
Examples:
1. He dare not fight with me. (Negative)
2. Nobody dared ask him about his intentions. (Negative)
3. Dare he come to my house? (Interrogative)
4. I wonder whether he dare try. (Doubt)

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give magnetic field due to solenoid. On what factors the strength of the field depends?
Or
What is solenoid? How does a solenoid behave like a bar magnet?
Answer:
Solenoid. A solenoid is a long circular coil containing a large number of close turns of insulated copper wire.
Magnetic field due to solenoid. When an electric current is passed through the solenoid, it produces magnetic field around it as shown in Figure. Magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. The magnetic lines enter from one end of the solenoid and leave at the other end. If we look from left end, the current appears to be passing in the solenoid in clockwise direction and hence it acts as a south pole according to clock rule. If the solenoid is viewed from right side, the current appears to be in anticlockwise direction. Hence, right hand side face of the solenoid behaves as if this were a north pole.

Magnetic field due to current carrying solenoid is similar to bar magner.

Since the current flows in the various turns of the solenoid in the same direction, the magnetic field produced by each turn of the solenoid adds up, giving a very strong resultant field inside the solenoid.
Hence, a solenoid may be used in making electromagnets.

The strength of the magnetic field produced depends upon the following three factors :

1. Number of turns. The more the number of turns, the stronger will be the magnetic field produced.
2. Strength of the current in the solenoid. Larger the current, stronger will be the magnetic field produced.
3. Nature of core of solenoid. The strength of the field depends upon the core on which the coil is wound. For air core, field is very weak whereas for soft iron-core, the field is very strong. .

Question 2.
What is an electromagnet? Upon what factors its strength depends?
Answer:
Electromagnet: The combination of soft iron core and a current carrying insulated copper wire wound over it is called an electromagnet.
Very strong electromagnets can be produced by winding an insulated copper wire on a soft iron core.
When current is passed through a solenoid, a magnetic field is produced. Now if a soft iron core is placed inside the solenoid, the strength of the magnetic field becomes very large. The reason for increase in magnetic field is due to the fact that iron gets magnetised by induction.

Electromagnet

A simple electromagnet is as shown in Figure. To make an electromagnet, a soft iron core is placed inside a solenoid having large turns of insulated copper wire. The two ends of the solenoid are connected to a battery and a key.

Electromagnet lifting a car.

Strength of electromagnet depends upon

• Number of turns. Strength of electromagnets is directly proportional to the number of turns.
• Current flowing. More the current flowing through the wire, stronger is the electromagnet.
• Length of the air gap. Lesser the length of air gap between poles, stronger is the electromagnet.
• Air gap between the poles of a U-shaped electromagnet is small, hence it is very strong

Question 3.
Explain principal, construction and working of D.C. generator.
Answer:
Electric Generator. It is a device that converts mechanical energy into electric energy. It only converts the form of energy into another form. In generator, mechanical energy is the input while electric energy is obtained as output.

Principle: Generator is based on the principal that “when a conductor cuts magnetic lines of force, then according to the Faraday’s, electromagnetic law, electromagnetic force (emf) is induced in it which makes induced current to flow in the circuit when the circuit is closed”.

Construction: A D.C generator has the following main parts :

• Armature: It consists of a coil ABCD in which an insulated copper wire is wound into number of turns around a soft iron core, called armature. It is fixed on an axis and is capable to rotate with steam or running water.
• Field Magnet: There are two strong pole pieces (electro magnet)-in which the coil is placed forms a field magnet. In small generators, permanent magnets while in big generators electromagnets are used.
• Slip Rings: At the ends of the coil two slip rings R₁, and R₂ are attached. These two work as commutators.
• Carbon Brush Split: Rings R₁ and R₂ soft touch against the carbon brushes B₁ and B₂. When the coil rotates the slip rings R₁ and R₂ in turn touch B₁ and B₂.
• From carbon brushes B₁ and B₂ electric current is taken to the load (output). In the diagram galvanometer is shown in place of load.

Working. When the coil rotated about its axis, then emf is induced in arms AB and CD of the coil. The direction of induced electromagnetic force can be determined by Fleming’s right hand rule.

Suppose in the beginning the coil is in vertical position with its arm AB in the lower position and CD in the upper position. When the coil is rotated about its axis then during the first half rotations the arm AB moves in the upward direction and CD in the downward direction. According to Fleming’s right hand rule the direction of induced current in arm AB will be from A to B and in CD it is from C to D.

The arm AB on reaching the upper most position begins to move downward while the arm CD would begin to move in the upward direction. Therefore, the direction of induced current in the arms AB and CD gets reversed but to keep the direction of current in the load (output) same, the split rings are used. In the second half of the rotation the end of the coil comes in contact with the split ring R2 and the end D touches the split ring Rx so that the direction of current remain same in the load.

Question 4.
Arrange an activity to show that current is produced due to change in magnetic field.
Answer:
Make a coil XY having large number of terms of insulated copper wire wound area as shown in the figure. Connect the ends of the coil to a sensitive galvanometer.

Now quickly bring N-pole of a bar magnet but see that it does not touch the coil. You will see deflection in the galvanometer which proves that current is flowing in the galvanometer. Note the direction of deflection in the galvanometer.

Now take away the magnet as shown in fig 13.20. Again you will notice deflection in the galvanometer but diis time the direction of deflection is opposite to the first. If we do not move the magnet and keep it stationary near the coil then there is no deflection in galvanometer. This experiment shows that when there is a relative motion between the coil and the magnet then current is induced in the circuit.

Question 5.
What are essential precautions to be used while using electricity?
Answer:
The following precautions should be observed while using electricity :

• Turn off all switches including main switch whenever sparking or fire is noticed.
• All connections must be tight. Wires must be covered with proper insulation of proper thickness. All joints must be covered with insulating tape of a good quality. Defective / switches should be immediately replaced.
• Fuses should always be connected to live wire. The earth wire must be connected to the body of electric appliance.
• Fuse must be of proper rating and should always be connected to live wire.
• Whenever repairs are needed, switch off main switch. If however , repairs need a direct handling of live wire, rubber gloves, rubber shoes and a plier with insulated handle should be used.
• If inspite of all the precautions, a person gets a shock due to accidental touching a live wire, one should try to provide such a person with support of some non-conducting material like wood, plastic or rubber. Never try to pull away person by your hand.
• Always put on dry rubber shoes while repairing the circuit.

Question 6.
What are magnetic field lines? How can the magnetic lines of force due to a bar magnetic be shown?
Answer:
Magnetic Field. The area of field around the magnet in which the force of attraction or repulsion due to magnet is experienced, is called Magnetic field.

Magnetic field lines: It is the path in the magnetic field, along which the unit N-pole would move when it is free to move.
magnet can be shown by the following two methods :
1. Place a magnet on a cardboard sheet. Now spread iron filings on the Cardboard and tap it gently will when the iron filings will arranged itself in the pattern of magnetic lines of force.

2. Drawing magnetic lines of a bar magnet Activity. Place a bar magnet on a white sheet and mark its boundary with pencil. Place a magnetic compass needle near the North-pole of the magnet. Now mark the position of poles of the magnetic needle with a sharp pencil. Now move the magnetic compass needle in such a position so that its S-pole is in the position of previous position of North-pole, Again mark position of N-pole with pencil. Repeat this process so that you reach south- pole of the bar magnet. Now join these marked points making a free hand curve.

This curve represents a magnetic line of force. In the same way by taking another point near the north pole of the bar magnet get different line of force. By taking various points and drawing different curve for each of the points you will get a pattern of magnetic lines of force due to a bar magnet.

Magnetic lines o force around a bar magnet.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How will you prove that current flowing through a copper wire produces magnetic effect?
Answer:

• On passing current through a thick copper wire with a magnetic needle placed in its neighbourhood will be deflected.
• This shows that current flowing through a copper wire produces magnetic field all round it.

Question 2.
What do you understand by magnetic effect of current? To understand this effect give Oersted experiment.
Answer:
Magnetic Effect of Electric Current. When electric current flows through a conducting wire, then magnetic field is produced all round it. This effect of electric current is known as magnetic effect.

Oersted Experiment. Oersted took a conducting wire XY and placed a magnetic needle under this wire, then pressed the key and passed current through the wire in the direction from X to Y as shown in figure (a). He observed that the N-pole of the magnetic needle gets displaced towards west. Similarly, he repeated the experiment by reversing the direction of flow of current in the wire by changing the terminals of battery connected to the ends of the wire. This time the direction of deflection of the needle was opposite i.e. from Y to X as shown in figure (b).

The direction of deflection of magnetic needle can be remembered by ‘SNOW’ rule. This rule states that “If current in the wire XY flows from south pole to north pole when the current carrying conductor is placed above the conductor then the N-pole of the conductor gets displaced towards the west direction.”

Question 3.
Define magnetic field and write important properties of magnetic lines of force.
Answer:
Magnetic Field. It is the field or region around a magnetic in which the effect of magnet (force of attraction or repulsion) can be experienced.
Magnetic Lines of Force. The path on which a unit N-pole moves when it is free to move, is called magnetic line of force.

Important properties of magnetic lines of Force.

• Outside the magnet, magnetic lines of force start from north pole (N-pole) of the magnet and end at its south pole (S-pole).
• No two magnetic lines of force intersect each other and if they do so then it would mean that the point of intersection there are two directions of magnetic lines of force which is impossible.
• At any point or the magnetic field the direction of the field lines is along the tangent at that point.

Question 4.
How will you represent diagrammatically uniform and non-uniform magnetic field?
Answer:
The uniform magnetic field represented by equally spaced parallel lines while non-uniform magnetic field is represented either by non-parallel lines or by unequally spaced lines. These are shown in the diagrams below :

(i) Uniform magnetic field, (ii) and (iii) Non-uniform magnetic field.

Question 5.
In the given figure what are the lines shown around the magnet called? Also give any two properties of these lines.

Answer:
In the figure the lines shown around the magnet are called magnetic field lines.

Properties of magnetic field lines,

• Outside magnetic: the magnetic field lines start from the N-pole of the magnet and end at the S-Pole while inside the magnet the direction of magnetic lines are from S-Pole to the N-Pole.
• The direction of magnetic field at any point of the magnetic line of force is represented by the tangent drawn to the curve at that point.

Question 6.
What is Maxwell’s Right hand thumb Rule? For what purpose this rule is used?
Answer:
Maxwell’s Right Hand Thumb Rule According to this rule “To find the direction of magnetic field around a straight carrying conductor if the straight conductor is held in right hand in such a way that your thumb points in the direction of current then the curling fingers would determine. The direction of magnetic field lines.”

The rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic field lines produced around a straight conductor carrying current.

Question 7.
Which rule is shown in the figure? Define the rule. In which device this rule is used?

Answer:
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is shown in the figure.

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. According to this rule, stretch your left hand in such a way that the thumb, forefinger and central finger are mutually at right angle to each other. If the fore finger points in the direction of the magnetic and the central finger points in the direction of current, the thumb gives the direction of the force acting on the conductor.

This rule is used in the working of an electric motor.

Question 8.
Fleming’s left hand rule, Label the diagram.

Answer:
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. According to this rule, stretch your left hand in such a way that the thumb, forefinger and central finger are mutually at right angle to each other. If the fore finger points in the direction of the magnetic and the central finger points in the direction of current, the thumb gives the direction of the force acting on the conductor.

This rule is used in the working of an electric motor.

1. Force acting on the conductor OR direction of motion
2. Direction of magnetic field
3. Direction of current

Question 9.
Name the law shown in the figure. Label 1 and 2 law.

Answer:
The figure represents Fleming’s Right Hand Thumb Rule

1. Magnetic Field
2. Current induced in the conductor.

Question 10.
In the alongside figure a straight conductor B is carrying current in the vertical downward direction.
(a) What will be the direction of magnetic field lines around the conductor?
(b) Name the law which you have used for your answer.

Answer:
(a) Clockwise.
(b) Maxwell’s Righthand Thumb Rule.

Question 11.
What is Electro-magnetic Induction?
Answer:
Electro-magnetic Induction. The process of producing e.m.f by changing the magnetic lines of force linked with the circuit, is called electromagnetic induction. The electromagnetic force (e.m.f) so produced is called induced electromotive force.

Question 12.
List some such electric appliances in which electric motor is used.
Answer:
With the help of electric motor all such appliance work in which it is required to produce rotatory in motion e.g. Electric fan, tape recorder, mixer etc.

Question 13.
What is Electric Fuse? What is its importance?
Answer:
Electric Fuse. It is a device used in electric circuits which prevents the other electric appliances connected in the circuit from being damaged by high current. It has low meeting point.

Importance (use) of Electric Fuse. If for some reason heavy current begins to flow in the circuit then fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit and accident is prevented.

Question 14.
Why the fuse wire should have high resistance and low melting point?
Answer:
The fuse wire should have high resistance and low melting point because when it is connected in series then heavy current will not flow through fuse wire due to its high resistance and the heat produced will melt it due to its low melting point. Thus the electric appliances connected in the circuit would be saved from damage.

Question 15.
What is meant by over-loading?
Answer:
Over-loading. Overloading means to draw large current from the mains. This happens when many appliances are connected with single socket simultaneously. The supply wires as well the wires used in household wiring has a specific rating. The rating of 15 A means that if a current upto 15A is passed through the circuit, there is no likely damage feared to the circuit. But if a current more than maximum allowed limit is passed, there may be excessive heating of the wires and it may damage the wiring.

Question 16.
When does an electric short-circuit occur?
Answer:
Short-circuiting. An electric circuit is said to be short-circuited if a live wire touches neutral wire or earth wire, a large current flows through the circuit due to almost zero resistance of the circuit. This results in increase of temperature and hence heating of wires which may cause fire or damaging the appliance.

To save the circuit from damage due to over-loading or short-circuiting, a fuse of proper rating is put in each circuit.

Question 17.
What are hazards of electricity?
Answer:
Hazards of Electricity. Electricity is the most important source of energy. A proper use of electricity is a boon while improper use is very dangerous and may prove to be fatal. There are number of hazards.

• If by accident a person touches a live wire, he gets a very severe shock which may prove fatal.
• Loose connections, defective switches and sockets can cause sparking which may lead to fire.
• Short circuiting due to damaged wires or overloading of circuits can cause fires.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a dynamo?
Answer:
Dynamo. It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electric energy.

Question 2.
On what principle is an a.c. motor based?
Answer:
It is based upon Fleming’s left hand rule.

Question 3.
What is an electric motor?
Answer:
Electric motor. It is a device which converts electric energy into mechanical energy.

Question 4.
List three sources of magnetic field?
Answer:
Electromagnet, load stone, solenoid, bar magnet.

Question 5.
Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is weber/m2.
Answer:
Magnetic field.

Question 6.
In which part of a bar magnet, the magnetic field lines are more denser?
Answer:
At the poles of a magnet.

Question 7.
How does the strength of the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of a wire depend on : (a) radius of the coil (b) number of turns of the coil.
Answer:
(a) Strength of magnetic field (B) ∝ \(\frac{1}{\text { radius of the coil }(r)}\)
(b) Strength of magnetic field (B) ∝ Number of turns of the coil (N).

Question 8.
Name any two devices which uses electric motor as an essential component in their working.
Answer:

1. Water pump
2. Electric fan.

Question 9.
Define an electromagnet.
Answer:
Electromagnet. The combination of an soft iron core and current carrying insulated wire wound over it, is called an elctromagnet.

Question 10.
Define magnetic pole.
Answer:
Magnetic poles are points near the ends of a magnet where magnetic field is maximum,

Question 11.
Give a property of a Magnet.
Answer:
Directive Property (stays always in N-S directions, when suspended freely).

Question 12.
Name two electric devices which act on magnetic effect of electric current.
Answer:

1. Electric bell
2. Loud-speaker.

Question 13.
What is electric fuse?
Answer:
Fuse is a safety device which saves electric circuit from damage due to over loading a short circuit.

Question 14.
Which electrical phenomenon is responsible for deflection of galvanometer needle in the given figure?

Answer:
Electric Induction.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
The direction of magnetic field produced on passing electric current in a conductor is determined by
(A) MaxweI1s Left hand rule
(B) Fleming’s right hand rult
(C) Fleming’s left hand rule
(D) Faraday’s law.
Answer:
(A) MaxweJi Left hand rule

Question 2.
The direction of the force produced in a current carrying coil placed in a strong magnetic field is determined by
(A) Maxwell’s right hand rule
(B) Fleming’s right hand rule
(C) Fleming’s left hand rule
(D) Faraday’s law.
Answer:
(C) Fleming’s left hand rule

Question 3.
What is the colour of neutral wire in a domestic electric circuit?
(A) Black
(B) Red
(C) Green
(D) No specific colour.
Answer:
(A) Black

Question 4.
When a current carrying wire and neutral wire come in contact so that heavy current begins to flow, this arrangement is called:
(A) Overloading
(B) Short circuit
(C) Earthing
(D) All the above.
Answer:
(B) Short circuit

Question 5.
Connecting metallic frame of high power electrical appliances with the earth wire of domestic circuit is called
(A) Overloading
(B) Short circuit
(C) Earthing
(D) Ail of these
Answer:
(C) Earthing

Question 6.
Which of the following is source of direct current?
(A) Dry cell
(B) Button cell
(C) Lead battery
(D) All these.
Answer:
(D) All these.

Question 7.
The device used for producing electric current is called a :
(A) Generator
(B) Galvanorneter
(C) Ammeter
(D) Motor.
Answer:
(A) Generator

Question 8.
Similar magnetic poles
(A) Attract
(B) Repel
(C) Both attract and repel
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(B) Repel.

Question 9.
Magnetic field lines are.
(A) Straight lines
(B) Curved
(C) Closed curves
(D) Triangular.
Answer:
(C) Closed curves

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long wire? The field consists of :
(a) straight lines perpendicular to the wire.
(b) straight lines parallel to the wire.
(c) radial lines originating from the wire.
(d) concentric circle centred on the ware.

Answer:
(d) concentric circles centred on the wire (Figure)

Question 2.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is :
(а) the process of charging a body.
(b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil.
(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil.
(d) the process of rotating the coil of an electric motor.
Answer:
(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and the coil.

Question 3.
The device used for producing electric current is called :
(a) generator
(b) galvanometer
(c) ammeter
(d) motor.
Answer:
(a) generator.

Question 4.
The essential difference between an AC generator and a DC generator is that:
(а) AC generator has an electromagnet while a DC generator has a permanent magnet.
(б) DC generator will generate higher voltage.
(c) AC generator will generate higher voltage.
(d) AC generator has slip rings while the DC generator has a commutator.
Answer:
(d) AC generator has slip rings while DC generator has a commutator.

Question 5.
At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit.
(a) reduces substantially
(b) does not change
(c) increases heavily
(d) vary continuously.
Answer:
(c) increases heavily.

Question 6.
State whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electric energy.
(b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
(c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines.
(d) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire.
Answer:
(a) is false. It converts electric energy to mechanical energy.
(b) is true.
(c) is true.
(d) is false. Green is usually earth wire.

Question 7.
List three sources of magnetic field.
Answer:
Sources of Magnetic field are :

• Magnet.
• Current carrying conductor
• Current carrying solenoid.

Question 8.
How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine north and south poles of current carrying solenoid with the help of bar magnet? Explain.
Answer:
Solenoid: It consists of a coil of a number of turns of insulated copper wire closely wound in the shape of a cylinder. Magnetic field around a current carrying solenoid is shown in Figure.

Field lines of the magnetic field inside and around a current carrying solenoid.

These magnetic lines due to current carrying solenoid appear to be similar to that of a bar magnet shown in Figure.

One end [right end] of solenoid behaves like north pole and the other end [left end] behaves like south pole. Magnetic field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. This means that the field is the same at all points inside the solenoid.

Field lines around a bar magnet.

A soft iron rod when placed inside the solenoid behaves, like an electromagnet.

Question 9.
When is, the force experienced in a magnetic field, the largest?
Answer:
When the field is perpendicular to current carrying conductor, the force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is largest.

Question 10.
Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam moving horizontally with back towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of the magnetic field?
Answer:
The magnetic field will be acting in vertically downward direction in accordance with Fleming’s left hand rule. [Direction of the current should be considered in a direction opposite to the direction in which the electrons move].

Question 11.
Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working. What is the function of a split ring in electric motor?
Answer:
Electric motor: It is a device which is used to convert electric energy into mechanical energy.
Principle, “When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque which rotates the coil.”

I indicates direction of current; F the direction field and M the direction of motion

Working: A direct current from a battery is passed through armature. The current flows in the coil along ABCD as shown in Figure (a). The limb AB of the coil experience downward and CD of the coil experience upward force in accordance with Fleming’s left hand rule. These two equal and opposite forces constitute a couple tending to rotate the coil in clockwise direction. After half the rotation, brush B₁ has contact with S₂ and brush B₂ with S₁. The direction of the current gets reversed. The current now flows along DCBA instead of along ABCD. Limb DC experiences downward and BA experiences an upward force in accordance with Fleming’s left-hand rule.

The process repeats itself and motion of armature becomes continuous after some time.
Functions of Split rings. They help in reversing the direction of current in the coil after every half rotation.

Question 12.
Name some devices in which electric motors are used.
Answer:
Electric motor are used in battery operated toys, in tape recorder, in car fans, mixers, grinders, computers and variety of other electric appliances.

Question 13.
A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if a bar magnet is (i) pushed into the coil; (ii) withdrawn from inside the coil; (iii) held stationary in the coil?
Answer:

• When the bar is pushed into the coil, there will be momentary deflection of galvanometer in one direction. This is so because when magnet is brought near the coil, magnetic lines linked with the coil increases, so that induced emf is produced which induces current in the coil.
• Faster, we push the magnet, more will be the deflection.
• When the bar magnet is withdrawn, there will again be momentary galvanometer deflection but in a direction opposite to that when magnet was pushed in. This time also current is induced in the coil.
• When the magnet is held stationary inside the coil, there will be no deflection in galvanometer. It is because no emf is induced and hence no current is induced in the coil.

Question 14.
Two circular coils A and B placed closed to each other. If the current in the coil A is changed, will some current be induced in coil B? Give reason.
Answer:
If the current in the coil is changed (switched on or switched off), then an electric current is induced in coil B. ‘

It is because when, plug in the key is introduced, current flows through the coil ‘A’ so that magnetic field is produced all round it. These magnetic lines produced in the coil ‘A’ will pass through the coil ‘B’ with the result induced emf and hence induced current is produced in the coil ‘B’ which is indicated by deflection of the galvanometer. Now when plug is removed from the key (switched off) the magnetic lines of force Jinked with the coil ‘B’ again change (decreases). This time again current is induced in the coil ‘B’.

Question 15.
When does an electric short circuit occur?
Answer:
Electric short-circuit occurs when :

• live wire incidently touches neutral or earth-wire.
• insulation around the current carrying wires is weak.
• insulation gets hardened by the excessive use.
• current passed through wire is more than its rating.

Question 16.
What is the function of earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances?
Answer:
Earth wire. It is used as a safety measure especially for electric appliance having metallic body. The metallic body of appliances like electric press, fans, toasters, refrigerators etc. are connected to earth wire which provides an easy path for current to go to the earth in case live wire touches the body of appliance incidently. The user will not suffer a severe electric shock in the event of touching a defective appliance.

Question 17.
State two properties of magnetic field lines.
Answer:

1. Magnetic field start from north and end at south.
2. They never intersect each other.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Magnetic Effects of Electric Current InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?
Answer:
A compass needle is a small bar magnet with one end as north and the other end as south pole. It is a well known fact that similar poles repel each other and dissimilar poles attract each other. When N-pole of a bar magnet is brought near the compass, the north pole of compass gets repelled while its S-pole is attracted so that compass needle gets deflected.

Question 2.
Draw magnetic lines around a bar magnet.
Answer:
Place a bar magnet in the middle of a sheet of paper fixed on drawing board by using adhesive tape. Mark the boundary of the magnet with pencil. Place compass near north pole of the magnet when south pole of the compass will point towards north pole of the magnet. Mark the two points a, b at the two ends of the needle. Move the needle to a new position such that S-pole of compass needle is at b [position previously held by N-pole].

Repeat this till you reach south pole of the magnet (Figure).

Drawing magnetic field lines by compass needle.

Now Join the marked points on a paper by a smooth line which gives one magnetic line of force as shown in Figure. Repeat this procedure taking Figure Magnetic field around a bar different starting points.

Magnetic field around a bar magnet.

Question 3.
List the properties of magnetic lines of force.
Or
Write characteristics of magnetic field lines.
Answer:
Properties (characteristics) of magnetic lines of force are :

• These are the closed curves passing through the magnet. Outside the magnet lines of force start from north pole of the magnet and end at the south pole and inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic lines are from south pole to north pole.
• The two magnetic lines of force never intersect each other.
• They have a tendency to contract lengthwise which explains the attraction between opposite poles.
• The tangent at any point of the magnetic lines of force gives the direction of the field at that point.
• They exert lateral pressure upon each other, which explains repulsion between like poles.

Question 4.
Why two magnetic lines of forces never intersect each other?
Answer:
No two magnetic lines of force cross each other because, if they did so, then at the point of intersection; the compass needle would point towards two directions at the same time, which is not possible. Hence two magnetic lines never intersect each other.

Question 5.
Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply right hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.
Answer:
The direction of the magnetic field inside and outside loop is as shown in Figure. By applying right hand rule we find that the direction of magnetic field inside the loop is downward normally and outside the loop it is normal to the plane of paper.

Question 6.
The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.
Answer:
Uniform magnetic field is shown by equidistant and parallel lines as shown in Figure If the parallel lines are close to each other, the field is strong. The stronger the field, the closer are the lines.

Question 7.
Choose the correct option.
The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid carrying current (a) is zero ;
(b) decreases as we move towards end ;
(c) increases as we move towards end;
(d) is same at all the points.
Answer:
(d) is correct. The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid is same at all the points.

Question 8.
Which of the following property of proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field? [There may be more than one correct answer].

(a) mass
(b) speed
(c) velocity
(d) momentum.
Answer:
(c) Velocity and (d) Momentum.

Question 9.
In activity shown, how do you think the displacement of rod AB will be affected :
(i) if the current in rod AB is increased;
Answer:
Since force acting on the rod is directly proportional to the current passing through it. Therefore, the displacement will be increased when current is increased.

(ii) a stronger horse shoe magnet is used;
Answer:
Stronger the magnet, more will be the force and hence the displacement.

(iii) length of the rod AB is increased.
Answer:
Force is also directly proportional to the length of the rod. Hence rod will be displaced more if the length is increased.

Question 10.
A positively charged particle emitted from a nucleus alpha particle projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic field is :
(a) towards south
(b) towards east
(c) downward
(d) upward.
Answer:
(d) upward [In accordance with Fleming’s left hand rule]

Question 11.
State Fleming’s left hand rule.
Answer:
Fleming’s left hand rule. It states, “Stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the first finger points in the direction of magnetic field and central (second) finger points towards the direction of current then thumb points towards the direction of motion as shown in Figure.

Flemmgs left hand rule for direction of force on current carrying conductor

Question 12.
What is the principle of an electric motor?
Answer:
Principle of Electric motor. Electric motor is based upon the principle that when a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences torque which rotates the coil.

Question 13.
What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor?
Answer:
The split rings act as a commutator in D.C. motor i.e., it reverses the direction of current through the circuit after every half cycle.

Question 14.
Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.
Answer:
There are mainly two methods to induce current in a coil.

Induced current due to relative motion between coil and magnet.

When the magnet is stationary [at rest as in Figure (a)], no induced current is produced.
1. When magnet is moving with its N-pole towards the coil, deflection in galvanometer is as shown in Figure (b). Direction of the current gets reversed when N-pole is withdrawn from inside the coil (going away from coil) as shown in Figure (c). Faster the magnet moves, more is the deflection and hence current in galvanometer.

Deflection produced in the galvanometer needle by the current is same when N-pole was moving down [Figure (6)] or when south pole is out of the coil [Figure (e)].

Current and hence deflection in the galvanometer needle will be again produced if magnet is kept at rest and coil is moved.

2. By changing current in the neighbouring circuit. Take a non¬conducting cylindrical tube (say of card board). Wind two set of coils I and. II on it as shown. Connect a battery and a key to the ends of coil I and a galvanometer to the ends of coil II. When plug is inserted in key K, there will be an instantaneous deflection m galvanometer even though there is no cell in this circuit. Now take out the plug from key K. An instantaneous large deflection in opposite direction to previous deflection will be produced in galvanometer. Thus current has been induced in coil II due to increase or decrease of current in coil I.

Induced Current by changing current m the neighbouring circuit.

Question 15.
State the principle of electric generator.
Answer:
Principle of Electric Gen¬erator. Electric generator is based upon Fleming’s right hand rule.

Right hand rule

Fleming’s right hand rule. Stretch the thumb, fore-finger, control (middle) finger of right hand so that they are perpendicular to each other. If fore-finger indicates the direction of magnetic field, the thumb shows the direction of motion of the conductor, the central (middle) finger will show the direction of induced current.

Question 16.
Name some sources of direct current.
Answer:
Sources of direct current are

• Cell
• Battery
• D.C. generator.

Question 17.
Which sources produce alternating current?
Answer:
Alternating current is produced by A.C. generators. There are hydro-generator and thermal generators.

Question 18.
Choose the correct option :
A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in magnetic field. The direction of induced current changes once in each:
(a) two revolutions
(b) one revolution
(c) half revolution
(d) one-fourth revolution.
Answer:
(c) half rotation.

Question 19.
Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.
Or
Write the two safety measures commonly used in electric circuit appliances.
Answer:
Common Safety Measures used in Electric Circuits. Two most common safety measures used, are :

• A safety fuse of proper rating connected in a circuit prevents damage to the electric appliances and also the circuit due to overloading or short circuiting.
• Earth wire prevents possible electric shock when live wire incidently touches the body of appliance.

Question 20.
An electric oven of 2kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.
Answer:
Given : Power of oven (P) = 2 kW
= 2,000 W
Voltage (V) =220 volts
Current (I) =?

We know that, P = V x I
or I = \(\frac{\mathrm{P}}{\mathrm{V}}\)
Current (I) = \(\frac{2,000}{200}\)
= \(\frac{100}{11}\)
= 9.09 A

A current of 9.09 A will flow in the circuit. Since the current rating of circuit is 5 A, the fuse (of 5 A) rating if inserted in the circuit will burn up. If no fuse is placed in the circuit, there may be a fire.

Question 21.
What precautions should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?
Answer:
Precautions to avoid overloading.

• Wires used for carrying current should be of proper current rating. Whereas wire of low current rating may be used for lighting electric bulbs, tubes, T.V. etc., and wires of higher current rating should be used for A.C., heating appliances etc.
• There should be a separate circuit for heating appliance.
• PVC of good quality should be used for insulating wires.
• Each circuit should have a fuse of proper rating.
• After every 3-4 years wires should be replaced by new wires of proper rating.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Poem 4 Razia, the Tigress Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Poem 4 Razia, the Tigress

Question 1.
Write a summary of the poem, ‘Razia, the Tigress’.
Answer:
Razia is a young tigress. She has two little cubs. Her male companion, Sheru, has left her. Now Razia is worried about her two cubs. She can’t leave them alone and go hunting for food. Hyenas can come and kill the little cubs. She is afraid of the poachers also.

रज़िया एक युवा बाघिन है। उसके दो छोटे बच्चे हैं। उसका नर साथी, शेरू, उसे छोड़कर चला गया है। अब रज़िया अपने दो बच्चों के बारे में चिन्तित है। वह उन्हें अकेला छोड़ कर भोजन के लिए शिकार करने नहीं जा सकती है। लकड़बग्घे आकर उन्हें मार सकते हैं। वह शिकार-चोरों से भी डरती है।

Question 2.
What is the theme (central idea) of the poem, ‘Razia, the Tigress’ ?
Answer:
This poem underlines the grave danger to wildlife resulting from the destruction of forests. Man has usurped the land belonging to wild animals. Now the poor animals have nowhere to live. They live in the danger of poachers.

यह कविता जंगलों के विनाश-स्वरूप वण्य जीवों को होने वाले भयानक ख़तरों को रेखांकित करती है। मनुष्य ने जंगली जानवरों की जमीन पर अनुचित अधिकार जमा लिया है। अब बेचारे जानवरों के
पास रहने की कोई जगह नहीं है। वे शिकार-चोरों के भय में रहते हैं।

Question 3.
Why does Razia, the tigress, live alone ?
Answer:
Razia, the tigress, used to live with her mate, Sheru. But soon after the birth of two cubs, Sheru left her. He has not come back. That is why Razia is living alone with her cubs.

बाघिन रज़िया अपने साथी शेरू के साथ रहा करती थी। किन्तु उसके दो बच्चों के जन्म के शीघ्र ही बाद शेरू उसे छोड़ कर चला गया। वह वापस नहीं आया है। इसी कारण से रज़िया अपने बच्चों के
साथ अकेली रह रही है।

Question 4.
What was Sheru’s expertise ?
Answer:
Sheru was very good at hunting. He had a good knowledge of the winds and their directions. He knew that he should keep himself on the upside of the wind. Thus his scent would not reach the deer and he could get at them easily.

शेरू शिकार करने में बहुत कुशल था। उसे पवनों तथा उनकी दिशाओं का अच्छा ज्ञान था। वह जानता था कि उसे स्वयं को पवन की ऊपर वाली दिशा में रखना चाहिए। इस प्रकार उसकी गन्ध मृगों तक
नहीं पहुंचेगी और वह आसानी से उन का शिकार कर सकेगा।

Question 5.
What happened to Sheru ?
Answer:
Forests had been destroyed. There was not enough game for Sheru. It became difficult for him to find food. There was the danger of poachers also. So he left the forest and went somewhere else.

जंगल नष्ट कर दिए गए थे। शेरू के लिए शिकार करने को ज्यादा जानवर नहीं बचे थे। उसके लिए भोजन ढूंढना मुश्किल हो गया। वहां शिकार-चोरों का ख़तरा भी था। इसलिए उसने जंगल छोड़ दिया तथा कहीं और चला गया।

Question 6.
What are Razia’s fears ?
Answer:
Razia has two little cubs. She can’t leave them alone and go hunting. Hyenas can come and kill them. Then there is the fear of poachers also. They can come with their guns and kill all of them.

रज़िया के दो छोटे बच्चे हैं। वह उन्हें अकेला छोड़ कर शिकार करने नहीं जा सकती है। लकड़बग्घे आकर उन्हें मार सकते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त वहां शिकार-चोरों का भय भी है। वे अपनी बन्दूकें लिए आ सकते हैं और उन सभी को मार सकते हैं।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Razia, the Tigress has …………. cubs.
(i) two
(ii) three
(iii) four
(iv) five.
Answer:
(i) two

Question 2.
Sheru was an expert on ….
(i) hunting
(ii) winds
(iii) racing
(iv) aiming at birds.
Answer:
(ii) winds

Question 3.
Razia was not afraid of poachers. (True False)
Answer:
False.

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the poem, ‘Razia, the Tigress’ ?
Answer:
Keki N Daruwalla.

Question 2.
Who was Sheru ?
Answer:
A tiger.

Question 3.
Who left Razia after she had given birth to two cubs ?
Answer:
Sheru, her male companion.

Question 4.
What do we call the people who illegally hunt birds and animals ?
Answer:
Poachers.

Question 5.
What does the poet say about the tiger’s claw ?.
Answer:
He calls it a giant club.

Complete the following :

1. Sheru had left Razia shortly after ………….
2. Sheru had a good knowledge of …………….
3. Man has usurped the land belonging to ….
Answer:
1. the birth of two cubs
2. winds and their directions
3. wild animals.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Sheru was very good at hunting.
2. Poachers are the people who legally hunt animals.
3. Razia’s male companion has left her.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Razia is worried about her ………
(a) male companion
(b) the poachers
(c) two cubs
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(b) the poachers

Question 2.
Sheru was expert in the knowledge of ………….
(a) poachers
(b) his prey
(c) winds
(d) hunting
Answer:
(c) winds

Reading Comprehension

Razia, the Tigress Poem Summary in English

Razia, the Tigress Introduction:
A tigress named Razia lived in a forest. She lived with her male companion and her two cubs. The cubs were yet too little and had not been given any name. The male, named Sheru, left Razia and the two cubs alone. (Perhaps he had been killed by poachers). He went away because men had cut down the forest and there was no deer, antelope or any other game to hunt for food. Now Razia was worried about herself and her two little cubs. She feared that one day some poacher would come and hunt her down and also her little cubs. Thus the poet tries to show how by cutting down our forests, we have harmed our flora and fauna.

Razia, the Tigress Summary in English:

The tigress named Razia is now living alone. She has two little cubs. The cubs have not been given any name yet. Their father, Sheru, merely played with them a couple of days and is now gone. What a shame that he has left his mate and the two little cubs to suffer alone. (Perhaps Sheru has been killed by poachers.)

Sheru was an expert at hunting. He had a good knowledge of the winds and their directions of blowing. He knew how they flew over the hills and valleys. He knew the places where no wind blew during the night and not even a leaf moved there. The place was all still where he could lie hiding and waiting for his victim.

He knew what winds blew at what time of the year and what way they went. He also knew that the herd of deer would smell him out if they were on the down side of the wind and he was on the upper side. So he would keep lying on his belly in a crouching position.

Sheru wanted to avoid being smelt out by the deer. He would keep crouching and would take a long circular route. He would keep himself hidden behind bushes and other small plants. When he became certain that the wind won’t carry his scent to the deer, he would spring up in a flash and pounce on his victim.

Clearly the deer had not been able to sniff the thick and mouldy smell of the tiger. Among people, this smell is known as tiger-scent. From among the herd, the tiger chose a stag as its victim. Using his claws as a giant club, he fell upon the stag and caught it.

The tiger caught hold of the antler’s neck with his giant claws. The antler fell dead at once. But now sadly the male tiger Sheru is gone. Now the people living around are no longer afraid of the dreadful tiger-scent. Now no pug-marks are ever seen on the floor of the forest.

In the absence of Sheru, Razia’s heart is filled with grief and fear. She fears that with Sheru gone, the wild hyenas (lakarbaggas) could chase her cubs like hounds and kill them. Thus how could she now leave her little ones alone and go hunting for their food ?

Thus the tigress Razia now lives in fear. She can’t leave her kids alone for fear of their being killed by the wild hyenas. She can’t go to hunt for flesh and bone as food for her little ones. But she has a still greater fear. The poachers can come again any time with their guns and kill the mother as well as her cubs.

Razia, the Tigress Poem Summary in Hindi

Razia, the Tigress Introduction:
रज़िया नाम की एक मादा-बाघ किसी जंगल में रहा करती थी। वह अपने नर साथी और अपने दो नन्हें बच्चों के साथ रहा करती थी। बच्चे अभी बहुत छोटे थे और उन्हें कोई नाम नहीं दिया गया था। शेरू, जो कि उसका नर साथी था, रज़िया और दोनों बच्चों को अकेला छोड़ कर भाग गया (वह शायद शिकारियों द्वारा मार दिया गया था)। वह इसलिए चला गया क्योंकि मनुष्यों ने जंगल को काट दिया था और भोजन के लिए शिकार करने को वहां कोई मृग, बारहसिंघा या कोई अन्य जानवर नहीं बचा था। अब रज़िया अपने बारे में और अपने दो छोटेछोटे बच्चों के बारे में चिन्तित थी। वह डरती थी कि किसी दिन कोई शिकार-चोर आएगा और उसे तथा उसके दो छोटे-छोटे बच्चों को भी मार गिराएगा। इस प्रकार कवि यह दिखाने की कोशिश करता है कि अपने जंगलों को काट कर हम ने किस तरह अपने पेड़-पौधों तथा वन्य प्राणियों को. हानि पहुंचाई है।

Razia, the Tigress Summary in Hindi:

कविता का विस्तृत सार रज़िया नाम की मादा-बाघ अब अकेली रह रही है। उसके दो छोटे-छोटे बच्चे (शावक) हैं। बच्चों का अभी कोई नाम नहीं रखा गया है। उनका पिता शेरू उनके साथ मात्र कुछ-एक दिन खेला और अब वह उन्हें छोड़कर चला गया है। कितनी लज्जा की बात है कि वह अपनी साथिन और दो छोटे-छोटे बच्चों को अकेले ही कष्ट झेलने के लिए छोड़ गया है। (या शायद शेरू शिकारियों द्वारा मार दिया गया है।)

शेरू शिकार करने में बड़ा माहिर था। उसे पवनों और उनके चलने की दिशाओं का बहुत अच्छा ज्ञान था। वह जानता था कि वे पहाड़ियों और घाटियों के ऊपर से होकर किस प्रकार चलती हैं। वह उन जगहों के बारे में भी जानता था जहां रात के दौरान कोई हवा नहीं चलती थी और एक भी पत्ता हिला नहीं करता था। वह जगह बिल्कुल शांत हुआ करती थी जहां वह छिपकर बैठे हुए अपने शिकार की प्रतीक्षा कर सकता था।

शेरू जानता था कि वर्ष के किस समय के दौरान कौन सी हवाएं चलती हैं और वे किस रास्ते से होकर गुज़रती हैं। वह इस बात को भी जानता था कि मृगों का झुण्ड उसके बारे में सूंघ कर जान सकता था यदि वे हवा के नीचे वाली दिशा में होंगे तथा वह ऊपर वाली दिशा में होगा। इसलिए वह अपने पेट के बल झुक कर रेंगने वाली स्थिति बनाए हुए पड़ा रहता।।

शेरु मृगों के द्वारा सूंघ कर पता चलने से बचना चाहता था। वह झुक कर पड़ा रहता और रेंगते हुए एक गोलाई वाला रास्ता धारण कर लेता। वह स्वयं को छोटी-छोटी झाड़ियों तथा अन्य छोटे-छोटे पौधों के पीछे छिपाए रखता। जब उसे इस बात का निश्चय हो जाता कि हवा उसकी गंध को मृगों तक नहीं ले जाएगी तो वह बिजली की सी चमक के साथ उछलता और अपने शिकार के ऊपर झपट पड़ता।

स्पष्ट रूप से मृग, बाघ की घनी और बासी गंध को संघ पाने में असमर्थ रहते थे। इस गंध को लोगों में बाघ की गंध के नाम से जाना जाता है। झुण्ड के मध्य में से बाघ अपने शिकार के रूप में एक हिरण को चुन लेता। अपने पंजों को एक भारी गदा के रूप में इस्तेमाल करते हुए वह हिरण के ऊपर झपटता और इसे पकड़ लेता।

बाघ हिरण की गर्दन को अपने बड़े-बड़े पंजों से पकड़ लेता। वह हिरण तुरन्त ढेर हो जाता। किन्तु अब दुर्भाग्यवश वह नर-बाघ शेरू चला गया है। अब वहां इर्द-गिर्द रहने वाले लोग उस भयानक गंध का कोई भय नहीं रखते हैं। अब जंगल की धरती पर बाघ के पैरों के कोई चिन्ह दिखाई नहीं देते हैं।

शेरू की अनुपस्थिति में रज़िया का दिल भय और दुःख से भरा रहता है। वह डरती है कि शेरू के चले जाने पर जंगली लकड़बग्घे उसके बच्चों को शिकारी कुत्तों की भान्ति दबोच लेंगे और मार डालेंगे। इस प्रकार अब वह किस तरह अपने छोटे बच्चों को अकेले छोड़ सकती थी और उनके भोजन के लिए शिकार पर निकल सकती थी?

इस प्रकार मादा-बाघ रज़िया अब अपने दिन भय में काटती है। वह जंगली लकड़बग्घों के द्वारा अपने बच्चों के मारे जाने के भय से उन्हें अकेले नहीं छोड़ सकती। वह अपने बच्चों के लिए भोजन के रूप में कोई मांस या हड्डी की खोज करने के लिए नहीं जा सकती। किन्तु उसे इससे भी बड़ा एक भय है। शिकारी-चोर अपनी बंदूकें लिए हुए किसी भी समय दोबारा आ सकते हैं तथा मां और उसके बच्चों को मार सकते हैं।

Razia, the Tigress Poem Translation in Hindi

(1) (Lines 1-2)
The tigress Razia lives alone.
Her two cubs haven’t yet been named.
Sheru barely played with them
And now he’s gone, O what a shame !
Sheru was an expert on winds,
Knew how they traversed dale and hill,
And where they put up for the night.
When no leaf stirred and all was still.

Word-meanings : 1. cubs-बच्चे (शावक); 2. barely-मुश्किल से ही; 3. shame-लज्जा की बात; 4. traversed-घूमती थीं; 5. dale-घाटी; 6. put up-निवास करना; 7. stirred-गति करता था; 8. still-शांत।

अनुवाद-मादा-बाघ रज़िया अकेली ही रह रही है। उसके दो बच्चों का अभी नामकरण नहीं हुआ है। शेरू (उनका पिता) मुश्किल से ही उनके साथ खेला होगा और अब वह चला गया है। अरे कितनी लज्जा की बात है! पवनों के सम्बन्ध में शेरू बहुत माहिर था। वह जानता था कि पवनें घाटी और पहाड़ी के ऊपर किस तरह घूमती-फिरती हैं और रात को वह किस जगह विश्राम करती हैं, जहां कोई भी पत्ता हिल नहीं रहा होता और सब कुछ बिल्कुल शांत होता है।

(2) (Lines 3-4)
He knew his winds, their traffic lanes !
He knew the deer would smell him out,
If they were down-wind.
So he would belly-crawl and crouch
And take a long circular route,
Hiding behind bush and shrub
Once he knew his scent won’t carry,
In a flash he would erupt.

Word-meanings : 1. traffic lanes—आने-जाने के रास्ते; 2. the deer-मृगों के झुण्ड; 3. smell him out-सूंघकर उसका पता लगाना; 4. down-wind-हवा बहने की दिशा में; 5. belly-crawl—पेट के बल रेंगना; 6. crouch-दुबक कर बैठना; 7. circular route-घुमावदार रास्ता; 8. bush and shrub- झाड़-पात; 9. in a flash-पल भर में; 10. erupt-उछल पड़ना।

अनुवाद-वह अपने क्षेत्र की पवनों को और उनके बहने के रास्ते को जानता था। वह जानता था कि मृगों के झुण्ड सूंघकर उसके बारे में जान लेंगे यदि वे पवन के बहने की दिशा में किसी जगह पर हुए। इसलिए वह पेट के बल रेंगते हुए और दुबकते हुए एक लम्बा घुमावदार रास्ता ले लेता। वह झाड़-पात के पीछे स्वयं को छिपाए रखता। जब उसको इस बात का निश्चय हो जाता कि उसकी गंध उन तक नहीं पहुंचेगी तब वह पल भर में उछल पड़ता।

(3) (5–6)
(Deer hadn’t sniffed that thick and musty
Smell of his which people dubbed As tiger-scent.)
He got the stag, His claw fell like a giant club
On neck and antler – both were crushed.
Now Sheru’s gone. Not any more
Do people fear his dreaded spoor,
Pug-marked on the forest floor.

Word-meanings : 1. sniffed—नाक से सूंघा ; 2. musty-सीली और बासी ; 3. dubbedनाम देते थे ; 4. stag-हिरण, मृग, बारासिंघा ; 5. giant club–भारी गदा (पंजा); 6. antler-बारासिंघे का सींग; 7. crushed-कुचले जाना ; 8. dreaded spoor – भयभीत कर देने वाली जानवर की गंध ; 9. pug-marked-पंजों के निशान।।

अनुवाद-मृगों के झुण्ड उस घनी और सीली बासी गंध को सूंघ नहीं पाए थे जिसे लोग बाघ-गंध का नाम देते हैं। वह हिरण के ऊपर झपट पड़ा। उसका पंजा एक भारी गदा की भान्ति हिरण की गर्दन और सींगों पर एक साथ जा पड़ा और उन्हें वहीं कुचल दिया। अब वह शेरू चला गया है। अब लोग उसकी भयानक गंध से डरते नहीं हैं और न ही जंगल की धरती पर उसके पैरों के कोई निशान देखने को मिलते हैं।

(4) (Lines 7-8)
Grief and fear start competing
In Razia’s heart. With Sheru gone,
Will the hyenas hound her cubs ?
Can she leave the little ones alone,
When she goes hunting flesh and bone ?
The tigress Razia lives in fear.
A greater dread, when will again
The poachers with their guns appear ?

Word-meanings : 1. grief-दुःख ; 2. hyenas-लकड़बग्घे ; 3. hound-शिकार करना ; 4. flesh and bone-मांस-हड्डी का भोजन ; 5. dread-भय ; 6. poachers-चोर-शिकारी।

अनुवाद-रज़िया के दिल में दुःख और भय का अन्तर्द्वद होने लगता है। अब जब कि शेरू चला गया है तो क्या लकड़बग्घे उसके बच्चों को शिकारी कुत्तों की भान्ति नोच नहीं डालेंगे? क्या वह अपने छोटे-छोटे बच्चों को अकेले छोड़ जाए जब वह उनके लिए मांस-हड्डी का भोजन ढूंढने को जाए? इसलिए मादा-बाघ रज़िया भय में रह रही है। उससे भी बड़ा एक अन्य भय यह है कि पता नहीं कब चोर-शिकारी लोग अपनी बंदूकें लेकर एक बार फिर वहां आ जाएं!

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 5 गाता खग Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 5 गाता खग

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB गाता खग Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
पक्षी प्रातः उठकर क्या गाता है?
उत्तर:
पक्षी प्रात: उठकर संसार के प्राणियों के सुखी तथा समृद्ध जीवन के गीत गाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
तारों की पंक्तियों की आँखों का अनुभव क्या है?
उत्तर:
तारों की पंक्तियों की आँखों को देखकर यह प्रतीत होता है, जैसे वे कह रही हों कि सारा जीवन करुणा और दुःख से भरा हुआ है।

प्रश्न 3.
फूल हमें क्या संदेश देते हैं?
उत्तर:
खिले हुए फूल मनुष्य को सदा मुस्कराते रहने का संदेश देते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
लहरें किस उमंग में आगे बढ़ती जाती हैं?
उत्तर:
लहरें इस उमंग में आगे बढ़ती जाती हैं कि कभी न कभी तो उन्हें अपनी मंजिल मिल ही जाएगी।

प्रश्न 5.
बुलबुला विलीन होकर क्या पा जाता है?
उत्तर:
बुलबुला विलीन होकर अपने जीवन का अंतिम लक्ष्य पा लेता है।

II. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए

(1) हँसमुख प्रसून सिखलाते
पल भर है, जो हँस पाओ,
अपने उर की सौरभ से
जग का आँगन भर जाओ।
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि प्रभातकाल में खिले हुए पुष्प अपनी कोमलता, मनोहरता और सौरभ से वातावरण को पूरी तरह भरते हुए मानव को यह प्रेरणा देते हैं कि इस नाशवान और छोटे-से जीवन को अनेक प्रकार की विषमताओं और समस्याओं ने नीरस और उदास बना रखा है। यदि हो सके तो संसार में अपना छोटा-सा जीवन प्रसन्नता और आनंद है।

(2) उठ-उठ लहरें कहतीं यह
हम कूल विलोक न पाएँ,
पर इस उमंग में बह-बह
नित आगे बढ़ती जाएँ।
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि अनंत आकाश में छाए हुए अंधकार में निरंतर चमकने वाली ताराओं की पंक्तियाँ देखकर प्रतीत हो रहा है जैसे वह कह रही हों कि संपूर्ण जीवन करुणा तथा दुःख से भरा हुआ है। जिस प्रकार निरंतर दुःख सहते हुए किसी की आँखों में से आँसू बह जाते हैं और आँसुओं से भरी आँखों को देखकर दूसरे में सहानुभूति के कारण करुणा का संचार हो जाता है, उसी प्रकार विश्वव्यापी दुःख, अवसाद, विपन्नता और विषमता को देखकर अपलक ताराओं की करुणा से भरी आँखों से आँसू छलक पड़ते हैं। आँखों की भाषा नीरव और मौन होती है। केवल आँसुओं के माध्यम से ही प्रकट होती है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के दो-दो पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखें

खग = ————
प्रसून = ————
उर = ————
किनारा। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – पर्यायवाची
खग- पक्षी, नभचर, विहग, पतंग।
प्रसून – कुसुम, सुमन, पुष्प, फूल।
उर – हृदय, छाती, वक्षस्थल, चित्त।
किनारा – तट, तीर, कूल, पुलिन।

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों की भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाएं

सुंदर = ————
अपना = ————
हँसना = ————
नीरव। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – भाववाचक संज्ञा
सुंदर = सुंदरता
अपना = अपनापन
हँसना = हँसी
नीरव = नीरवता।

(ग) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

1. कविता कंठस्थ करके सस्वर वाचन करें।
2. सुमित्रानंदन पंत ने प्रकृति के विभिन्न चित्र अपनी कविताओं के माध्यम से प्रस्तुत किए हैं। इस कविता में कवि ने लहरों, फूल, पक्षी, चमकते सितारों की पंक्तियाँ, नदी का किनारा आदि का वर्णन किया है। आप सुमित्रानंदन पंत की प्रकृति चित्रण से संबंधित कोई अन्य कविता याद कीजिए और कक्षा में सुनाइए।
उत्तर:
सुमित्रानंदन पंत की एक कविता “वर्षा गीत” यहां दी जा रही है:
नीलांजन नयना
उन्मद सिंधु सुता वर्षा यह
चातक प्रिय बयना!
नभ में श्यामल कुंतल छहरा
क्षिति में चल हरितांचल फहरा,
लेटी क्षितिज तले, अर्थोत्थित
शैल माल जघना!
इच्छाएँ करती उर मंथन
चिर अतृप्ति भरता गुरु गर्जन,
मुक्त विहँसती मत्त यौवना
स्फुरित तड़ित दशना !
रजत बिंदु चल नूपुर झंकृत
मंद भुरज रव नव धन घोषित
मुग्ध नृत्य करत बहँस्मित
कल बलाक रसना !
बकुल मुकुल से कबरी गुंफित
श्वास केतकी रज से सुरभित,
भू नभ को बाँहों में बांधे
इंद्रधनुष वसना!

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

सुमित्रानंदन पंत की प्रकृति चित्रण से संबंधित कविताएँ निश्चित रूप से हिंदी साहित्य की अनमोल रचनाएँ हैं। उन्हीं के समान छायावाद के जयशंकर प्रसाद, महादेवी वर्मा, सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’, राम कुमार वर्मा आदि ने भी प्रकृतिचित्रण से संबंधित अमर रचनाओं का प्रणयन किया है; जैसे-
‘मैं नीर भरी दुःख की बदली-
“रूपसि तेरा घन केश पास
नभ गंगा की रजत धार में धो लाई क्या इन्हें रात!”

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide गाता खग Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
संध्या के समय पक्षी क्या गाता है?
उत्तर:
संध्या के समय पक्षी मानव जीवन के कल्याण और मधुर जीवन के गीत गाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
तारों की पंक्तियाँ मानव के दुःख से दुःखी होकर कैसे आँसू बहाती हैं?
उत्तर:
तारों की पंक्तियाँ मानव के दुःख को देखकर ओस के रूप में आँसू बहाती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
मानव जीवन में आशा और विश्वास का संदेश कौन भरते हैं?
उत्तर:
मानव जीवन में आशा और विश्वास का संदेश खिले हुए फूल भरते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
मनुष्य को निरंतर आगे बढ़ते रहने का संदेश किन से मिलता है?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य को निरंतर आगे बढ़ते रहने का संदेश लहरों से मिलता है।

प्रश्न 5.
बुलबुले को अपना मकसद कब मिल जाता है ?
उत्तर:
जब बुलबुला पानी में समा जाता है तब उसे अपना मकसद मिल जाता है क्योंकि वह पहले पानी से अलग था परंतु पानी से मिलकर वह अपना स्थान प्राप्त कर लेता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि ने प्रकृति के माध्यम से क्या कामना की है ?
उत्तर:
कवि ने प्रकृति के माध्यम से मानवतावाद की स्थापना की कामना की है। उसने संसार के सभी लोगों के समृद्ध जीवन की इच्छा व्यक्त की है। वह चाहता है कि मानव सदा प्रसन्नता से भरा हुआ गाता रहे। मानव जीवन छोटा है इसीलिए वह संसार को सब प्रकार की खुशियाँ बाँट कर संसार के आंगन को खुशियों से भर दे।

प्रश्न 7.
‘गाता खग’ कविता की अंतिम पंक्तियों में कवि की क्या विशिष्टता दिखाई देती है ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘गाता खग’ कविता की अंतिम पंक्तियों में रहस्यवाद की झलक दिखाई देती है। जिस प्रकार नदी या समुद्र की लहरों से हवा टकरा कर बुलबुले को जन्म देती है पर वह बुलबुला कोशिश करके भी कभी किनारे को प्राप्त नहीं कर पाता। वह लहरों में ही कहीं इधर-उधर भटक कर बिखर जाता है और उसी जल में समा जाता है। जीव भी उसी प्रकार जीवन भर भटकने के पश्चात् मृत्यु प्राप्त करके परमात्मा में ही विलीन हो जाता है।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
संध्या के समय पक्षियों का चहचहाना क्या व्यक्त करता है?
उत्तर:
संध्या के समय पक्षियों का चहचहाना संसार के जीवन के मंगलमय रूप माधुर्य को व्यक्त करता है।

प्रश्न 2.
तारों की पंक्तियाँ टिमटिमा कर क्या कहती हैं?
उत्तर:
तारों की पंक्तियाँ टिमटिमा कर मानव जीवन में व्याप्त अवसाद पर दुःख व्यक्त करती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
मनुष्य को जीवन में सदा खुशियाँ बिखेरने का संदेश कौन देते हैं ?
उत्तर:
खिले हुए पुष्प मनुष्य को जीवन में खुशियाँ बिखेरने का संदेश देते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
लहरें मनुष्य को क्या संदेश दे रही हैं ?
उत्तर:
लहरें मनुष्य को निरंतर गतिमान रहने का संदेश दे रही हैं।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
सारा आशय कौन ‘विलीन’ होकर पा जाता है
(क) नदी
(ख) लहर
(ग) बुद् बुद्
(घ) कूल।
उत्तर:
(ग) बुद् बुद्

प्रश्न 2.
किनारे को कौन नहीं देख पाता
(क) नदी
(ख) लहर
(ग) बुद् बुद्
(घ) पक्षी।
उत्तर:
(ख) लहर

प्रश्न 3.
अपलक तारावलि किसका अनुभव कहती है
(क) आँख
(ख) कान
(ग) नाक
(घ) मुँह।
उत्तर:
(क) आँख

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सुंदर सुखमय जीवन के गीत प्रातः उठकर कौन गाता है? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
खग

प्रश्न 2.
फूल खिल कर संसार को रोना सिखाते हैं। (सही या गलत लिख कर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 3.
तारावलि अपलक निहारती है। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 4.
किनारा न देखकर भी लहरें आगे बढ़ती जाती हैं। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 5.
मनुष्य को अपने सद्गुणों से संसार को सुखद नहीं बनाना चाहिए। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 6.
गाता खग संध्या ………. पर मंगल, ………… जग जीवन।
उत्तर:
तट, मधुमय

प्रश्न 7.
अपने उर की ……….. से जग का ………. भर जाओ।
उत्तर:
सौरभ, आँगन

प्रश्न 8.
पर इस …………. में बह बह नित आगे ………… जाएँ।
उत्तर:
उमंग, बढ़ती।

गाता खग पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. गाता खग प्रातः उठकर
सुंदर, सुखमय जग-जीवन !
गाता खग संध्या – तट पर
मंगल, मधुमय जग-जीवन।

शब्दार्थ:
खग = पक्षी। तट = किनारा। मंगल = कल्याण। मधुमय = आनंदपूर्ण।

प्रसंग:
यह काव्यांश ‘सुमित्रानंदन पंत’ द्वारा रचित ‘गाता खग’ से लिया गया है। इसमें कवि पक्षियों के माध्यम से मानव के सुखद, सुंदर तथा मंगलमय जीवन की कामना कर रहा है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि प्रभातकाल में आकाश में स्वतंत्र उड़ने वाले पक्षियों का कलरव गान यही उपदेश देता है कि यह जीवन सौंदर्य और सुख का भंडार है। जिस प्रकार प्रभात वेला में संपूर्ण प्रकृति अपनी सुंदरता, सरसता तथा शीतव्रता से जड़-चेतन को जीवन प्रदान कर देती है, उसी प्रकार पक्षियों का चहचहाना संगीत को भी माधुर्य प्रदान करता है, जिससे संपूर्ण विश्व सुखमय प्रतीत होता है। संध्या के समय जब संपूर्ण संसार विश्राम की ओर अग्रसर होता है, उस समय किसी शून्य, एकांत नदी अथवा सरोवर के किनारों पर एकत्रित होकर पक्षी पुनः चहकते हुए एकत्रित हो जाते हैं। उस समय उनका चहचहाना जीवन के मंगलमय रूप माधुर्य को व्यक्त करता है। कवि को पक्षियों के स्वर में जीवनसंगीत सुनाई पड़ता है।

विशेष:

1. कवि प्रभात तथा संध्या के समय होने वाले पक्षियों के कलरव को मानव जीवन के लिए समृद्धि एवं कल्याण का संदेश देने वाला मानता है।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान है। मानवीकरण तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।

2. कहती अपलक तारावलि
अपनी आँखों का अनुभव,
अवलोक आँख आँसू की
भर आती आँखें नीरव !

शब्दार्थ:
अपलक = एकटक। तारावलि = तारों की पंक्ति। अवलोक = देखकर। नीरव = मौन, खामोश, चुपचाप।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ सुमित्रानंदन पंत द्वारा रचित कविता ‘गाता खग’ से ली गई हैं। कवि आकाश में चमकने वाले तारों के माध्यम से मानव जीवन में व्याप्त करुणा और संवेदना को व्यक्त कर रहा है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि अनंत आकाश में छाए हुए अंधकार में निरंतर चमकने वाली ताराओं की पंक्तियाँ देखकर प्रतीत हो रहा है जैसे वह कह रही हों कि संपूर्ण जीवन करुणा तथा दुःख से भरा हुआ है। जिस प्रकार निरंतर दुःख सहते हुए किसी की आँखों में से आँसू बह जाते हैं और आँसुओं से भरी आँखों को देखकर दूसरे में सहानुभूति के कारण करुणा का संचार हो जाता है, उसी प्रकार विश्वव्यापी दुःख, अवसाद, विपन्नता और विषमता को देखकर अपलक ताराओं की करुणा से भरी आँखों से आँसू छलक पड़ते हैं। आँखों की भाषा नीरव और मौन होती है। केवल आँसुओं के माध्यम से ही प्रकट होती है।

विशेष:

1. कवि का मानना है कि तारों की पंक्तियाँ टिमटिमाकर मानव के दुःख और आँसू देखकर ओस के रूप में स्वयं भी आँसू बहाती है।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान है। मानवीकरण तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार हैं।

3. हँसमुख प्रसून सिखलाते
पल भर है, जो हँस पाओ,
अपने उर की सौरभ से
जग का आँगन भर जाओ!

शब्दार्थ:
हँसमुख = प्रसन्न, खिले हुए। प्रसून = पुष्प, फूल। उर = हृदय। सौरभ = सुगंध। जग = संसार।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ सुमित्रानंदन पंत द्वारा रचित कविता ‘गाता खग’ से ली गई हैं। कवि मानव को सदा खिले हुए फूलों की तरह मुस्कराते रहने का संदेश दे रहा है।

व्याख्या:
कवि कहता है कि प्रभातकाल में खिले हुए पुष्प अपनी कोमलता, मनोहरता और सौरभ से वातावरण को पूरी तरह भरते हुए मानव को यह प्रेरणा देते हैं कि इस नाशवान और छोटे-से जीवन को अनेक प्रकार की विषमताओं और समस्याओं ने नीरस और उदास बना रखा है। यदि हो सके तो संसार में अपना छोटा-सा जीवन प्रसन्नता और आनंद है।

विशेष:

1. कवि की मान्यता है कि लहरें आपस में टकरा कर अथवा किनारे से टकरा कर बिखर जाती हैं तथा किनारे से दूर चली जाती हैं परंतु उनमें से निकला हुआ बुलबुला जल में विलीन हो कर अपने जीवन का उद्देश्य प्राप्त कर लेता है।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान है। मानवीकरण तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार हैं।

गाता खग Summary

गाता खग कवि परिचय

छायावादी हिंदी-काव्य के उन्नायकों में श्री सुमित्रानंदन पंत का नाम प्रमुख है। इनका बचपन का नाम गुसाई दत्त था। अल्मोड़ा के निकट कौसानी नामक ग्राम में 20 मई, सन् 1900 ई० को उत्पन्न पंत जी को अपनी माँ का प्रेम नहीं मिल पाया था क्योंकि इन्हें जन्म देते ही वह सदा के लिए इस संसार को छोड़ गई थी। इनका जीवन प्रकृति की गोद में बीता था। इन्होंने अपनी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा गाँव के स्कूल से ही प्राप्त की थी। केवल नौ वर्ष की आयु में ही संस्कृत का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लेने के पश्चात् इन्होंने सन् 1919 में म्योर सेंट्रल कॉलेज, इलाहाबाद में शिक्षा प्राप्ति के दौरान अंग्रेजी और बंगला की काव्य-कृतियों से परिचय प्राप्त किया। अंग्रेज़ी के शैली, वर्ड्सवर्थ, टैनीसन, कॉलरिज तथा बंगला के रविंद्र नाथ टैगोर की सौंदर्यात्मक रचनाओं ने इन्हें बहुत प्रभावित किया।

सन् 1921 ई० में गाँधी जी के असहयोग आंदोलन के प्रभावस्वरूप इन्होंने अपनी पढ़ाई छोड़ दी थी लेकिन राजनीति में सक्रिय भाग न लेकर अपनी काव्य-साधना जारी रखी थी। सन् 1930 ई० में ये कलाकांकर के महाराज के स्नेहभाजन बन कर रहने के लिए उनके पास ही चले गए और दस वर्ष तक इन्होंने ‘रूपाभ’ नामक पत्रिका का प्रकाशन आरम्भ किया था पर किन्हीं कारणों से यह एक वर्ष से अधिक न चल सकी। कुछ वर्ष तक रेडियो से संबंधित रहने के पश्चात् इन्होंने स्वतंत्र रूप से लेखन कार्य किया। इन्होंने रूस, जर्मनी, फ्रांस आदि देशों की यात्राएँ भी कीं। इन्हें कार्ल मार्क्स, स्वामी विवेकानंद, महात्मा गाँधी, अरविंद जैसी महान् विभूतियों के दर्शन ने अत्यन्त प्रभावित किया। सन् 1977 ई० में इनका देहांत हो गया था।

रचनाएँ-उच्छवास, ग्रंथि, वीणा, पल्लव, गुंजन, युगांत, युगवाणी, ग्राम्या, स्वर्ण-किरण, स्वर्ण-धूलि, युगपथ, उत्तरा, शिल्पी, वाणी, कला और बूढ़ा चांद, लोकायतन आदि। पंत जी के काल में प्रकृति-चित्रण के अतिरिक्त सौंदर्य-चित्रण, मानव प्रेम, शोषितों की पीड़ा, गांधीवादी विचारधारा आदि का प्रभाव भी दिखाई देता है। इसके काव्य में गीति-तत्व की प्रमुखता है। भाषा इनकी तत्सम प्रधान होते हुए भी तद्भव, देशज, विदेशी आदि शब्दों से युक्त है।

गाता खग कविता का सार

‘गाता खग’ कविता में सुमित्रानंदन पंत ने प्रकृति के माध्यम से मानव-जीवन, उसकी कामनाओं, कार्य-व्यापारों, नश्वरता आदि का वर्णन किया है। प्रभातकालीन आकाश में विचरण करते पक्षियों का कलरव, जीवन के सौंदर्य और सुख का संदेश देता है। अनंत आकाश में छाए अंधकार में टिमटिमाते तारे मानव जीवन की करुणा और दुःख का संदेश देते प्रतीत होते हैं। सुबह सवेरे खिले फूल वातावरण को सुगंधित करते हुए मानव को अपना जीवन प्रसन्नता और आनंद से व्यतीत करने की प्रेरणा देते हैं। सागर अथवा नदी में उठने वाली लहरों से मानव को निरंतर गतिमान रहते हुए साधना करने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। लहरों की सिहरन, किनारे से टकरा कर चूर-चूर हो कर सागर में समा जाना आसीम का असीम में समा जाना है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 4 हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
प्रस्तुत गीत में उर्मिला किस की प्रशंसा कर रही है?
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत गीत में उर्मिला किसानों के सरल एवं शांतिपूर्ण जीवन की प्रशंसा कर रही है।

प्रश्न 2.
किसान संसार को समृद्ध कैसे बनाते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसान अन्न पैदा कर के संसार को समृद्ध करते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
किसान किस प्रकार परिश्रम रूपी समुद्र को धीरज से तैर कर पार करते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसान सहनशील हैं। वे परिश्रम रूपी समुद्र को अपने परिश्रम और धैर्य से तैर कर पार करते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
किसान का अपने पर गर्व करना कैसे उचित है?
उत्तर:
किसान का अपने पर गर्व करना इसलिए उचित है क्योंकि वह समस्त संसार का अन्नदाता होता है।

प्रश्न 5.
किसान व्यर्थ के वाद-विवाद को छोड़कर किस धर्म का पालन करते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसान व्यर्थ के वाद-विवाद को छोड़कर धर्म की मूल बात को समझकर उसका पालन करते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ में उर्मिला राज्य के कारण होने वाले किस कलह की बात कहना चाहती है?
उत्तर:
उर्मिला राज्य के लिए श्री राम को वनवास दिए जाने तथा भरत को राज्य देने से उत्पन्न कलह की बात कहना चाहती है।

II. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या करें:

1. यदि वे करें, उचित है गर्व,
बात बात में उत्सव पर्व, हम से प्रहरी रक्षक जिनके,
वे किससे डरते हैं ?
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
उत्तर:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि वे किसान अपने ऊपर गर्व करते हैं तो उनका ऐसा करना बिलकुल ठीक भी है। वे हर अवसर पर समारोह करते हैं तथा त्योहार मनाते हैं। जब हमारे जैसे पहरेदार उनके रक्षक हों तो भला वे किसी से क्यों डरेंगे ? वे निडरतापूर्वक अपने समारोह तथा पर्व मनाते हैं। इसके विपरीत हम लोग तो सदा राज्य के लिए ही मरते रहते हैं।

2. करके मीन मेख सब ओर,
किया करें बुध वाद कठोर,
शाखामयी बुद्धि तजकर वे मूल धर्म धरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
उत्तर:
उर्मिला कहती है कि विद्वान् लोग हर बात में दोष निकाल कर व्यर्थ में बहस करते रहते हैं, चाहे उस से कुछ प्राप्त हो या न हो परंतु किसान इन व्यर्थ की बातों को त्यागकर सहज धर्म को अपनाते हैं। वे विद्वानों के चक्कर में न पड़कर धर्म के वास्तविक स्वरूप को सहज रूप से अपनाते हैं जबकि हम राज्य के लिए आपस में ही लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

3. होते कहीं वही हम लोग,
कौन भोगता फिर ये भोग?
उन्हीं अन्नदाताओं के सुख आज दुःख हरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
उत्तर:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि कहीं हम भी किसान होते तो फिर राज्य की गृह-कलह के कारण उत्पन्न कष्टों को कौन सहन करता? यदि हम भी किसान होते तो राज्य की उलझनों को सहज करने वाला भी तो कोई होना चाहिए। उन्हीं अन्नदाता किसानों के सुखों को देखकर ही आज हमारे दुःख दूर हो रहे हैं फिर भी हम राज्य के लिए लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विपरीत शब्द लिखें:

संपन्न = ————
सुलभ = ————
धनी = ————
उचित = ————
उदार = ————
कठोर = ————
रक्षक = ————
धर्म। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – विपरीत शब्द
संपन्न – विपन्न
सुलभ – दुर्लभ
धनी – निर्धन
उचित – अनुचित
उदार – अनुदार
कठोर – कोमल
रक्षक – भक्षक
धर्म – अधर्म

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के दो-दो पयार्यवाची शब्द लिखें:

पत्नी = ————
कर्षक = ————
सागर = ————
उत्सव। = ————
उत्तर:
शब्द – पर्यायवाची शब्द
पत्नी – भार्या, अर्धांगिनी, गृहिणी, वधू।
कर्षक – किसान, कृषक, खेतीहर, हलवाहा, कृषिजीवी।
सागर – समुद्र, सिंधु, जलधि, रत्नाकर।
उत्सव – समारोह, पर्व, त्योहार, धूमधाम।

III. निम्नलिखित भिन्नार्थक शब्दों के अर्थ लिखकर वाक्य बनाइएँ:

अन्न = ————
अन्य = ————
उदार = ————
उधार। = ————
उत्तर:
अन्न – अनाज-किसान अन्न पैदा करने के कारण अन्नदाता कहलाता है।
अन्य – दूसरा-इस पर नहीं किसी अन्य विषय पर बात करें।
उदार – दानी-कर्ण बहुत ही उदार राजा था।
उधार – ऋण-क्या आप मुझे एक सौ रुपए उधार दे सकते हैं?

(ग) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
किसान की दिनचर्या की जो बातें आपको अच्छी लगती हैं उनकी सूची बनाएँ।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 2.
पंजाब के किसान के जीवन से संबंधित बैशाखी’ त्योहार के कुछ चित्र संकलित करके अपने स्कूल की भित्त पत्रिका पर लगाएँ। उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 3.
किसान को अन्नदाता कहा जाता है। हरित क्रांति में किसानों के योगदान के विषय में जानकारी हासिल करें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।)

प्रश्न 4.
कविता को कंठस्थ करके उसका सस्वर वाचन करें।
उत्तर:
(विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें)

(घ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

द्विवेदी युगीन कवियों में मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित ‘साकेत’ महाकाव्य खड़ी बोली हिंदी का श्रेष्ठ महाकाव्य है। इसका कथानक उर्मिला के माध्यम से रामकथा को प्रस्तुत करना है। उर्मिला लक्ष्मण की पत्नी थी। श्रीराम के साथ लक्ष्मण वन चले जाते हैं तो उनके विरह में व्याकुल उर्मिला की दशा का वर्णन भी साकेत के नौवें सर्ग में किया गया है। ‘साकेत’ अयोध्या का दूसरा नाम है। ‘साकेत’ का रेडियो रूपांतरण डॉ० प्रेम जनमेजय ने किया था, जो इंटरनेट पर भी मिलता है। किसान के जीवन पर अन्य कवियों की रचनाएँ भी मिलती हैं, जैसे-
फसल क्या है
लाख-लाख कोटि-कोटि हाथों के स्पर्श की गरिमा:
एक की नहीं, दो की नहीं,
हज़ार-हज़ार खेतों की मिट्टी का गुण धर्मः
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं अन्य कवियों की रचनाओं का संग्रह करें।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ कविता कवि की किस मूल रचना और सर्ग से ली गई है?
उत्तर:
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ शीर्षक कविता मैथिलीशरण गुप्त के द्वारा रचित ‘साकेत’ के नवम् सर्ग से ली गई है

प्रश्न 2.
‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ कविता का मूलभाव क्या है?
उत्तर:
इस कविता का मूल भाव यह है कि राजा तो गृह-कलह से दु:खी रहता है परंतु किसान अपने सरल, सहज, शांतिपूर्ण तथा परिश्रमी जीवन से सदा सुखी रहता है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘किसानों के पास गोधन है’-यहाँ गोधन से तात्पर्य है?
उत्तर:
गोधन से तात्पर्य गायों रूपी धन है। किसान के पास गायें होती हैं, वे ही उनका धन हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
राज्य में उत्पन्न उलझनों से कौन निपटता है?
उत्तर:
राज्य में उत्पन्न उलझनों से राज्य को ही निपटना पड़ता है।

प्रश्न 5.
राज्य का दुःख कैसे दूर हो सकता है?
उत्तर:
राज्य का दु:ख अन्नदाता किसान को देखकर दूर हो सकता है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘साकेत’ में किस की विरह-पीड़ा का सजीव चित्रण किया है?
उत्तर:
‘साकेत’ के ‘नवम् सर्ग’ में लक्ष्मण की पत्नी उर्मिला की विरह-पीड़ा का सजीव चित्रण किया गया है क्योंकि वह अपने पति के साथ वनवास के लिए नहीं जा सकी थी और अपने महल में रहकर निरंतर चौदह वर्ष तक विरह-वियोग में आँसू बहाती रही थी।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
कवि के अनुसार सच्चा राज्य कौन करते हैं ?
उत्तर:
सच्चा राज्य किसान करते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
किसान के पास कौन-सा धन है ?
उत्तर:
किसान के पास गाय रूपी धन है।

प्रश्न 3.
किसानों के रक्षक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
अयोध्या नरेश किसानों के रक्षक हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
विद्वान् क्या करते हैं?
उत्तर:
विद्वान् हर बात में दोष निकाल कर व्यर्थ में तर्क-वितर्क करते हैं।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
‘सहनशीलता के आगार’ कौन हैं
(क) विद्वान्।
(ख) किसान
(ग) राजा
(घ) प्रहरी।
उत्तर:
(ख) किसान

प्रश्न 2.
‘शाखामयी बुद्धि’ कैसी बातें होती हैं
(क) तर्क पूर्ण
(ख) आध्यात्मिक
(ग) व्यर्थ की
(घ) पारलौकिक।
उत्तर:
(ग) व्यर्थ की

प्रश्न 3.
राजघराने की अपेक्षा किसका जीवन सहज है
(क) प्रहरी का
(ख) विद्वान् का
(ग) किसान का
(घ) न्यायाधीश का।
उत्तर:
(ग) किसान का

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
हर अवसर पर समारोह तथा उत्सव कौन मनाते हैं? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
किसान

प्रश्न 2.
किसानों को अमृत के समान गाय का दूध सुलभ नहीं है। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 3.
राज्य का दुःख अन्नदाता किसान को देख कर दूर हो जाता है। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 4.
राजघराने के लोग राज्य के लिए नहीं मरते हैं। (सही या गलत में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 5.
किसान निरंतर श्रम करते रहते हैं। (सही या गलत में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 6.
पत्नी सहित ……….. हैं वे, भव ………. भरते हैं।
उत्तर:
विचरते, वैभव

प्रश्न 7.
किया करें …………. वाद कठोर।
उत्तर:
बुध

प्रश्न 8.
उन्हीं ……….. के सुख …….. दुःख हरते हैं।
उत्तर:
अन्नदाताओं, आज।

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या

1. हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।
सच्चा राज्य परन्तु हमारे कर्षक ही करते हैं।
जिनके खेतों में है अन्न,
कौन अधिक उनसे सम्पन्न ?
पत्नी-सहित विचरते हैं वे, भव वैभव भरते हैं,
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
मरते हैं = झगड़ते हैं, दुःखी होते हैं। कर्षक = कृषक, किसान। सम्पन्न = धनी। विचरते = चलतेफिरते। भव = संसार। वैभव = धन-संपत्ति, ऐश्वर्य।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला राज्य में व्याप्त गृह-कलह से दुःखी हो कर किसानों के शांतिपूर्ण जीवन की प्रशंसा कर रही है। .

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि हम तो राज्य के कारण गृह कलह से दुःखी हैं जबकि सच्चा राज्य तो हमारे राज्य के वे किसान करते हैं जिन के खेतों में अन्न पैदा होता है। उन से अधिक धनवान भला और कौन हो सकता है? अर्थात् सबसे दुखी तथा सम्पन्न अन्न उत्पन्न करने वाले किसान ही हैं। वे अपनी पत्नी के साथ घूमते-फिरते हुए संसार के ऐश्वर्य का उपभोग करते हैं, जबकि हम राज्य के लिए आपसी कलह से मर रहे हैं।

विशेष:

1. किसानों को सबसे सुखी माना है क्योंकि वे स्वयं अन्न पैदा कर स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक अपना जीवन व्यतीत करते हैं जबकि राजवंशी राज्य के कलह से ही त्रस्त हैं।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, भावपूर्ण है।

2. वे गोधन के धनी उदार,
उनको सुलभ सुधा की धार,
सहनशीलता के आगर वे श्रम सागर तरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
गोधन = गायों रूपी धन। उदार = सरल, दानी। सुधा = अमृत। आगर = भंडार, खजाना। श्रम = मेहनत, परिश्रम। सागर = समुद्र।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला राज्य के लिए गृह कलह से दुःखी होकर किसानों के संपन्न जीवन की प्रशंसा करती है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला किसानों की प्रशंसा करते हुए कहती हैं कि किसान के पास गायों रूपी धन है, जिसके कारण वे धनवान और उदार बने रहते हैं। उन्हें अमृत की धारा के समान गाय के दूध की धारा आसानी से मिल जाती है। वे सहनशीलता के भंडार हैं तथा निरंतर परिश्रम रूपी सागर में तैरते रहते हैं अर्थात् वे सदा मेहनत करते रहते हैं, जबकि हम लोग राज्य के लिए परस्पर लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

1. किसान गायों रूपी धन से अमीर हैं तथा निरंतर परिश्रम करते रहते हैं।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, अनुप्रास तथा रूपक अलंकार हैं।

3. यदि वे करें, उचित है गर्व,
बात बात में उत्सव-पर्व,
हम से प्रहरी रक्षक जिनके, वे किससे डरते हैं?
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
उचित = सही है। गर्व = घमंड। उत्सव = समारोह। पर्व = त्योहार। प्रहरी = पहरेदार। रक्षक = रखवाले।

प्रसंग:
यह काव्यांश कविवर ‘मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ नामक कविता से लिया गया है। इसमें उर्मिला ने किसानों के जीवन को अपने राज्य के लिए कलह ग्रस्त जीवन से श्रेष्ठ माना है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि वे किसान अपने ऊपर गर्व करते हैं तो उनका ऐसा करना बिलकुल ठीक भी है। वे हर अवसर पर समारोह करते हैं तथा त्योहार मनाते हैं। जब हमारे जैसे पहरेदार उनके रक्षक हों तो भला वे किसी से क्यों डरेंगे ? वे निडरतापूर्वक अपने समारोह तथा पर्व मनाते हैं। इसके विपरीत हम लोग तो सदा राज्य के लिए ही मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

1. किसानों के आनंद एवं उल्लासमय जीवन की झलक प्रस्तुत की गई है।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान, पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार है।

4. करके मीन मेख सब ओर,
किया करें बुध वाद कठोर,
शाखामयी बुद्धि तजकर वे मूल धर्म धरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
मीन मेख = दोष निकालना, तर्क-वितर्क करना, बहस करना। बुधं = बुद्धिमान, विद्वान्। वाद = वादविवाद, बहस। शाखामयी बुद्धि = व्यर्थ की बातें। तजकर = त्यागकर, छोड़कर। मूल धर्म = वास्तविक धर्म, सहज धर्म। धरते = धारण करना, पालन करना।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला ने किसानों के सहज जीवन की प्रशंसा करते हुए राज्य के लिए व्यर्थ ही लड़ने-मरने वालों के जीवन को व्यर्थ माना है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि विद्वान् लोग हर बात में दोष निकाल कर व्यर्थ में बहस करते रहते हैं, चाहे उस से कुछ प्राप्त हो या न हो परंतु किसान इन व्यर्थ की बातों को त्यागकर सहज धर्म को अपनाते हैं। वे विद्वानों के चक्कर में न पड़कर धर्म के वास्तविक स्वरूप को सहज रूप से अपनाते हैं जबकि हम राज्य के लिए आपस में ही लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

1. आडंबरपूर्ण धर्म के स्थान पर धर्म के सहज स्वरूप को अपनाना श्रेष्ठ है।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान और अनुप्रास अलंकार है।

5. होते कहीं वही हम लोग,
कौन भोगता फिर ये भोग?
उन्हीं अन्नदाताओं के सुख आज दुःख हरते हैं।
हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं।

शब्दार्थ:
भोगता = उपभोग करना। भोग = सुख। अन्नदाताओं = किसानों। हरते हैं = दूर करते हैं।

प्रसंग:
प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ मैथिलीशरण गुप्त द्वारा रचित कविता ‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ से ली गई हैं, जिसमें उर्मिला के राज्य के लिए गृह कलह करने वाले राज घराने से किसान के सहज जीवन को श्रेष्ठ माना है।

व्याख्या:
उर्मिला कहती है कि यदि कहीं हम भी किसान होते तो फिर राज्य की गृह-कलह के कारण उत्पन्न कष्टों को कौन सहन करता? यदि हम भी किसान होते तो राज्य की उलझनों को सहज करने वाला भी तो कोई होना चाहिए। उन्हीं अन्नदाता किसानों के सुखों को देखकर ही आज हमारे दुःख दूर हो रहे हैं फिर भी हम राज्य के लिए लड़ते-मरते रहते हैं।

विशेष:

1. वास्तविक सुख किसान के सरल जीवन में है, यह न समझ कर हम इस अभिमान में लड़-मर रहे हैं कि राज्य हमारा है।
2. भाषा तत्सम प्रधान और भावपूर्ण है।

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं Summary

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं कवि परिचय

राष्ट्रकवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त भारतीयता के अमर गायक के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हैं। उनका जन्म सन् 1886 ई० में चिरगाँव जिला झांसी में हुआ था। उनके पिता श्री रामचरण गुप्त भगवान् राम के परम भक्त थे। माता दयालु स्वभाव की थीं। इनके गुणों का प्रभाव उन पर भी पड़ना स्वाभाविक था। वे भी राम के अनन्य उपासक बन गए। उनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा गाँव में ही हुई। बाद में इन्होंने झांसी के मेकडॉनल स्कूल से शिक्षा प्राप्त की थी। उन्होंने संस्कृत, हिंदी और बंगला के साहित्य का अध्ययन किया था और आचार्य महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी की प्रेरणा से इन्होंने काव्य-रचनाएँ की थीं जो ‘सरस्वती’ पत्रिका में छपने लगी थीं। गुप्त जी पर गाँधी जी के व्यक्तित्व का भी प्रभाव था। वे अपने जीवन काल में बारह वर्षों तक राज्यसभा के सदस्य भी रहे। आगरा विश्वविद्यालय ने डी० लिट् की उपाधि से तथा भारत सरकार ने पद्मभूषण अलंकार से इन्हें सम्मानित किया था। सन् 1964 ई० में गुप्त जी का देहावसान हुआ।

रचनाएँ-भारत भारती, रंग में भंग, नहुष, साकेत, यशोधरा, द्वापर, जयद्रथ वध, जय भारत, सिद्धराज, पंचवटी आदि इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं। ‘झंकार’ उनके गीतों का संग्रह है। ‘साकेत’ नामक महाकाव्य पर गुप्त जी को हिंदी-साहित्य सम्मेलन, प्रयाग का मंगला प्रसाद पारितोषिक प्राप्त हुआ था। मानवतावादी दृष्टिकोण, राष्ट्रीयता की भावना, प्रकृति के विविध रूपों का चित्रण, भारतीय नारी का त्याग-भावना, संस्कृति प्रेम तथा नवीनता के प्रति आस्था आदि गुप्त जी के काव्य की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ हैं। अपनी प्रारंभिक रचना ‘भारत भारती’ में उन्होंने राष्ट्र के अतीत, वर्तमान और भविष्य पर अपने विचार प्रकट किए हैं।

हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं कविता का सार

‘हम राज्य लिए मरते हैं’ शीर्षक कविता श्री मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की रचना ‘साकेत’ के नवम् सर्ग से ली गई है, जिसमें उर्मिला राज्य के कारण उत्पन्न गृह-कलह से दुःखी होकर किसानों के सुखमय जीवन की प्रशंसा करती है। उर्मिला के अनुसार हम लोग तो राज्य के लिए लड़ते-झगड़ते रहते हैं जबकि सच्चा राज्य तो किसान करते हैं। उनके खेतों में अन्न है, वे संपन्न हैं, पत्नी सहित घूमते-फिरते हैं और संसार का सुख भोगते हैं। उनके पास गाय, उदारता, सहनशीलता, परिश्रम करने की शक्ति है। उनका अपने ऊपर गर्व करना, उत्सव-त्योहार मनाना, निडरतापूर्वक विचरण करना अत्यंत सहज कार्य है। विद्वान् चाहे व्यर्थ में धर्म पर तर्क-वितर्क करते रहें परन्तु किसान तर्क-वितर्क छोड़ कर धर्म के मूल को समझते हैं। उर्मिला सोचती है कि यदि हम किसान होते तो राज्य की उलझनों से उत्पन्न मुसीबतों को कौन सहन करता? उन्हीं किसानों के सुख देखकर आज हमारे दुःख दूर हो सकते हैं हम राज्य के लिए ही परस्पर लड़-मर रहे हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
(a) Form the image in case an object is moved from infinity to the concave mirror.
(b) Describe with the help of diagram the nature, size and position of the image formed when an object placed at centre of curvature of a concave mirror.
Answer:
(a) Images formed by concave mirror when it is moved from infinity to the mirror
1. Object is at Infinity: Two cases arise :

• When mirror is in parallel plane to the object: In such a case, rays from infinity come parallel to principal axis. After reflection they pass through principal focus F. Image is extremely small, real, inverted and it is formed at the principal focus [Figure (a)].
• When the rays strike the mirror obliquely. The ray AB passing through F after reflection goes parallel to principal axis towards BA’. Another ray DE through C striking normally to the mirror at E is reflected back. The two rays form an image at A’. Image is real, inverted, extremely diminished and is formed at F [Figure (b)].

2. Object beyond C. A ray of light AD from A parallel to principal axis after reflection passes through F.
Another ray from A passes through C, and is reflected back along the same path, forming real, diminished, inverted image A’B’, between F and C. [Figure (c)].

(c) Object beyoid C. a real, inverted, diminished image hetiveen F and C. inverted at C and is of saine size as that of object.

3. Object at centre of curvature, C i.e., at 2f. A ray AD from A parallel to principal axis after reflection from mirror passes through F.
Another ray AD’ from A through F. goes, parallel to principal axis i.e., towards, D A forming real, inverted image of AB at C i.e., at 2f. The image is of the same size as the object [Figure (d)].

(d) Object at C. Image is also at C. It is real.

4. Object between F and C between [f and 2f]
A ray AD from object going parallel to principal axis is reflected towards F. Another ray AE as of coming through C is reflected back forming image of A at A’. Similarly image of B is formed at B’. Image is real, inverted, enlarged and formed beyond C (2f) i.e., as shown in Figure (e).

(e) Object between F and C. Image is beyond C. It is real, inverted and enlarged.

5. Object at F. A ray AD parallel to principal axis passes through F. Another ray AE strikes the mirror normally at E is reflected back as it appears to pass through C. This reflected ray becomes parallel to reflected ray DY and, therefore, forms an image of object AB at infinity. The image is very much enlarged and is real and inverted [Figure (f)].

(f). Object at F. Real, inverted, extremely enlarged image is formed at infinity.

6. Object between F and P (Principal Focus and Pole).
A ray AD from A goes parallel to principal axis after reflection passes through F. Another ray AE striking the mirror normally through C is reflected back. These to reflected rays do not actually meet but meet when produced backward, therefore, they form virtual image of the object behind the mirror. The image is erect and enlarged and formed behind the mirror [Figure (g)].

(g). Object between F and P. An erect, enlarged, virtual image is formed behind the mirror.
(b) Please see Figure(d) and its description given on previous page.

Question 2.
What is refraction of light? with the help of diagram explain refraction of light by rectangular glass slab and show that emergent ray and incident ray are parallel.
Answer:
Refraction of Light. When a ray of light enters from one medium to another medium then it changes its path at the meeting plane of two media. This phenomenon of light is called refraction of light.

Refraction by glass slab.

Refraction by rectangular glass slab

A rectangular glass slab PQRS is placed in air. When? ray of ligxu, in air enters glass slab then AO, OO’ and O’B are incident ray, refracted ray and emergent ray respectively

By applying snell’s Law at ‘O’ \(\frac{\sin i_{1}}{\sin i_{1}}\) = ^aµ_b ….(i)

Now ray of hgnt is uavelling from glass (denser medium) to air (rarer medium).
Again using sneirs Law at O
^bµ_a = \(\frac{\sin i_{2}}{\sin r_{2}}=\frac{\sin r_{1}}{\sin r_{2}}\) ……….(iii) [∵∠i₂ = ∠r₁]

According to principle of reversibility of light
^bµ_a = \(\frac{1}{{ }^{a} \mu_{b}}\)

From (ii) and (iii)
^aµ_b = \(\frac{\sin r_{2}}{\sin r_{1}}\) ……..(iv)
Comparing (i) and (iv)
\(\frac{\sin i_{1}}{\sin r_{1}}=\frac{\sin r_{2}}{\sin r_{1}}\)
or sin i₁ = sin r₂
∴ ∠r₁ = ∠r₂
This means that angle of incidence is equal to emergent angle.

Therefore, when refraction of light takes place in a rectangular glass slab then emergent ray and incident ray are equal.

Question 3.
Draw the ray diagrams and find position, nature and size of image formed by a convex lens, when object is placed:
(i) Between F and 2F
Answer:
Object between F and 2F. When the object is between F and 2F, its real. inverted, magnified image is formed on the other side of the convex lens as shown in Figure (a).

(a) Object bet weer F and 2F real, inverted, magnified image is formed beyond 2F on the other side of lens.

(ii) Beyond 2F
Answer:
Object beyond 2F’. When the object is beyond 2F, a real, inverted, diminished image is formed between F’ and 2F [Fig (b)].

(b) Object beyond 2F, real, inverted, diminished image between Fund 2F

(iii) At F.
Answer:
Object at F. When object is placed at principal focus, a real, inverted and highly magnified image is formed at infinity [Fig. (c).]

(c) Object at F, highly magnified, real, inverted image is formed at infinity.

Question 4.
Give the nature, position and size of the image formed by a convex lens when the object lies at 2F and between focus F and optical centre O.
Answer:
1. Object at 2F. A ray AD from point A of the object going parallel to principal axis, passes through F on the other side of the lens goes towards DA’. Another ray from A through optical centre O goes towards OA’. The two meet at A’ forming image of A at A’. Image of object AB is formed at 2F on the other side of the lens. Image is real, inverted and of the same size as that of object [Figure (a)].

2. Object between F and O. When an object is placed between principal focus and optical centre of the lens, virtual, erect, magnified image is formed on the same side of the lens [Figure.(b)].

(b) Object between F and O, a virtual. erect, magnified image is formed on the same side.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is light? Give the nature of light.
Answer:
Light. Light is a form of energy which produces in us the sensation of sight. Light itself is not seen but it helps us to see the surrounding objects.

Nature of light. Light has a dual nature, a wave nature and a particle nature. To explain the phenomenon it was thought of as a wave but when it could not explain the treatment of interaction of light with matter then light was believed to have particle nature. The confusion about true nature of light was later explained when Model Quantum Theory emerged according to which “light is neither a wave nor a particle”. Modern Quantum Theory reconciles the particle properties of light with the wave nature

i. e. light is emitted as a particle but travels in the form of wave.

Question 2.
Write the characteristics of light.
Answer:

• It does not require medium for its propagation.
• It is in the form of electro-magnetic waves.
• Its speed depends upon the nature of medium through which it passes.

Question 3.
What are the various artificial sources of light? Give examples.
Answer:
Artificial Sources of Light: The main artificial sources of light are : fire, electricity gas and some chemical reactions.

Question 4.
What is Reflector?
Answer:
Reflector. Any smooth and polished surface that returns light into the same medium from which it is coming, is called reflector.

Question 5.
What is reflection of light? State the laws of reflection of light.
Answer:
Reflection of Light. When rays of light fall on a smooth and polished surface (incident) then they come back into the same medium in a particular direction. This phenomenon of coming back of light is known as reflection of light.

Laws of Reflection. There are two laws of reflection :

• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection i.e. ∠i = ∠r.
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
• In fig. AB is a reflecting surface (plane mirror), PQ is incident ray. QR is reflected ray and QN is normal at the point of incidence Q.

Figure shows that incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane of paper.

Question 6.
What is the angle of incidence when incident ray falls normal to the mirror?
Answer:
When a ray of light is incident normal to the mirror then the angle of incidence is zero (i.e. ∠i= 0°).

Question 7.
What is the angle of reflection when a ray of light is incident normally to the mirror?
Answer:
When a ray of light is incident to the mirror normally (∠i = 0°) then after reflection it returns along the same path. In that case, angle of reflection will also be zero (∠r = 0°).

Question 8.
A ray of light falling normal to the mirror returns along the same path. Why?
Answer:
A ray of light falling normal to any mirror returns along the same path. In that case ∠i = 0° and according to the law of reflection ∠i = ∠r. So ∠r will be equal to zero and the reflected ray would be along the same path.

Question 9.
Define the terms :
(i) Spherical mirror
Answer:
Spherical Mirror: If the mirror is a part of some hollow sphere whose one surface is polished and the other surface is reflecting then such a mirror is called spherical mirror.

Spherical mirrors are of two types :
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Convex mirror.

(ii)Concave mirror
Answer:
Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is towards the centre of that sphere of which the mirror is a part is called concave mirror. The outer surface of concave is polished and reflection occurs from the inner surface.

Concave mirror

(iii) Convex mirror
Answer:
Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is away from the centre of that sphere of which the mirror is a part, is called convex mirror.
The inner surface of convex mirror is polished and reflection takes place from the outer surface.

Convex Mirror

(iv) Aperture.
Answer:
Aperture: That part of the mirror from which reflection takes place is called aperture of the mirror.
In figure (a) and (b) the length M1M2 is aperture

Aperture and Centre of Curvature

Question 10.
Define the terms :
(i) Centre of Curvature
Answer:
Centre of Curvature: It is the centre of that hollow sphere of which the mirror is a part. In the above figure (a) C is a centre of curvature of concave mirror and in figure (b) C is centre of curvature of convex mirror.

(ii) Pole
Answer:
Pole. The mid point of spherical mirror is called its pole or vertex. In the fig.l0.14.(a) and fig.10.14.(6) given below P is pole.

(iii) Principal Focus
Answer:
Principal Focus: The principal focus of the mirror is a point on the principal axis where parallel rays of light after reflection from the mirror actually meet at a point or appear to diverge.

(iv) Focal length.
Answer:
Focal Length: The distance between pole and focus is called focal length of the mirror. It is denoted by ‘f. In fig. 10.14. PF is focal length. In SI system the unit of focal length is metre (m).

Question 11.
What is the relation between focal length and radius of curvature of a concave mirror? What is focal length of a plane mirror?
Answer:
The focal length of a concave mirror is half the radius of curvature of that mirror. If ‘f is the focal length and ‘R‘ the radius of curvature of concave mirror, then
f = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × R
The focal length of plane mirror is infinite (∞).

Question 12.
When the image formed by a concave mirror is at infinity then what is the position of the object?
Answer:
When the object is placed at focus of a concave mirror then the image of the object is formed at infinity. This image is real, big in size and is bigger then the size of the object. In this position the rays of light coming from the object after suffering reflection from the mirror become parallel.

Reflected rays meet at Infinity.

Question 13.
Where should an object be placed so that its real and same size image is formed?
Answer:
To get real image of saine size being formed by a concave mirror, the object should be place at its centre of curvature. In this case the image will also be formed at the same position i.e at centre of curvature. This image will be real, inverted and of the same size of the object.

Question 14.
When is virtual and magnified image of an object formed in a concave mirror. Show with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
When an object is placed between pole and focus of a concave mirror then in that case a virtual, erect and magnified image is formed with respect to the size of the object.

Question 15.
Which mirror is shown in the figure? Where is object placed with respect to the mirror? Write one characteristic of the image formed.

Answer:
(a) Concave Mirror.
(b) Object is placed between Focus and Pole of the mirror.
(c) Characteristic of Image formed. The image is virtual, erect and magnified and is formed behind the mirror.

Question 16.
Which mirror is shown in the diagram? Where is object placed in relation to the mirror? Write characteristics of the image formed :

Answer:
In the diagram concave mirror is shown.
The object AB is placed beyond centre of curvature of the mirror i.e. it is at a distance more than radius of curvature (r = CP) from the pole of the mirror.

Characteristics of image formed
The image ¡VB’ of the object AB is :

• Real and inverted
• The image is smaller in size as compared to the size of the object.

Question 17.
Which mirror is used as a shaving mirror and why? Explain its working with the help of a ray diagram.
Answer:
Concave mirror is used as a shaving mirror because we place our face close to the mirror (in between Pole and Focus), the image formed is erect and magnified. This makes the fine hairs to appear quite big so that we can shave properly.

Question 18.
Which mirror always forms virtual, erect and smaller image?
Answer:
Convex mirror always forms a virtual, erect and reduced image of whatever may be the position of the object. The image is formed behind the mirror as is shown in figure.

Formation of Image in a Convex Mirror

Question 19.
Which mirror has wider filed of view?
Answer:
In a convex mirror the image formed is always virtual and smaller in size as compared to the size of the object. This image is formed behind the mirror. On moving the mirror away, the images of objects lying over the large area can be seen in the mirror. Therefore, its area of view becomes wide.

Question 20.
Which mirror is preferred as a driver’s mirror and why? Draw a ray diagram.
Answer:
Convex mirror is preferred as a driver’s mirror because the image formed by convex mirror is erect and smaller in size. Therefore, it enables the driver to see traffic coming behind over large area.

A convex mirror as a driver’s mirror

Question 21.
Where should an object be placed with respect to a concave mirror to get real and enlarged image? Show with the help of ray diagram.
Answer:

Object between F and C. Image ¿s beyond C. It is real, inverted and enlarged.

Question 22.
Write points of difference between convex mirror and concave mirror.
Answer:
Differences between Convex Mirror and Concave Mirror.

Convex Mirror	Concave Mirror
1. In convex mirror the shining reflecting surface is bulged outward.	1. In concave mirror shining reflecting surface is depressed inward.
2. Convex mirror forms virtual image.	2. In concave both real and virtual images are formed.
3. In convex mirror the image formed is erect.	3. In concave mirror both erect and inverted images are formed.
4. In convex mirror the image formed is always smaller in size whatever may be the position of the object.	4. In concave mirror all types of images : bigger, smaller or of the same size are formed depending upon the position of the object.

Question 23.
How will you distinguish between plane mirror, convex and concave mirror without touching?
Answer:
Look through all these mirrors turn by turn.

• In one of the mirrors, we shall observe that the image is erect, of the same size as the object and as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. It is plane mirror.
• In another mirror, the image is always diminished and erect. This is convex mirror.
• In third mirror, image will appear erect and very large when seen by placing eyes, close to the mirror. However, when the eyes are placed at a distance, image will be always inverted. This mirror is concave.

Question 24.
Define magnification of spherical mirror. What is the magnification produced in a plane mirror?
Or
What is magnification?
Answer:
Magnification: Magnification of spherical mirror is defined as the ratio of the size of the image formed by the mirror to the size of the object. It is denoted by ‘m’.
∴ Magnification (m) = \(\frac{\text { Size of the image (I) }\left(h_{2}\right)}{\text { Size of the object (O) ( } h_{1} \text { ) }}\)
m = \(\frac{\mathrm{A}^{\prime} \mathrm{B}^{\prime}}{\mathrm{AB}}=\frac{-v}{u}\)

Magnification in a Plane Mirror. Plane mirror can be considered to be a part of such a sphere whose radius of curvature is infinity.

Hence, the size of the object and the size of the image formed in a plane mirror are equal in size.

Question 25.
Write the characteristics of image formed in a plane mirror.
Answer:
Characteristics (or properties) of image in a Plane Mirror.

• It is virtual i.e. this image can not’ be obtained on a screen.
• It is erect.
• It is laterally inverted i.e. the right hand of the object appears left hand of the image and the left hand becomes the right hand.
• The size of the image formed in a plane mirror is equal to the size of the object.
• The image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind as the object is in front of it.

Question 26.
Write difference between real image and virtual image formed by a mirror.
Answer:
Differences between Real Image and Virtual Image.

Real Image	Virtual Image
1. It is formed by the actual intersection of reflected rays.	1. It is formed by the virtual intersection of reflected rays.
2. It is inverted.	2. It is erect.
3. It can be obtained on the screen.	3. It can not be obtained on the screen.

Question 27.
Explain with the help of a diagram the formation of image formed by a plane mirror.
Or
How will you show that the image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind the plane mirror as the object is in front of it?
Answer:
Image formed by a Plane Mirror. Suppose MM’ is a plane mirror and 0 is a point object lying in front of it. From ‘O’ consider a ray of light ON falling normally to the mirror which retraces its path. Now consider two rays of light OA and OB starting from the object which are incident to the plane mirror. These rays after reflection from the plane mirror form two reflected rays AC and BD. These two reflected rays do not meet but appear to meet at ‘I’ where the image is formed. This ‘I’ is the virtual image of the object ‘O’.

On measurement, we find that NO = NI
i. e. Distance of the object from the mirror = Distance of the image from the mirror.
Therefore, the image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.

Question 28.
Write uses of spherical mirrors.
Or
What are the uses of concave and convex mirrors?
Answer:
Uses of Spherical Mirrors. Spherical mirrors are of two types

1. Concave mirror
2. Convex mirror.

1. Uses of Concave Mirror:

• Large sized concave mirrors are used in solar cookers to focus solar energy on an object to be heated. Due to a limited reserve of oil and gas, the importance of solar cookers can no longer be ignored.
• Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in car head-lights, search-lights, torches and table lamps.
• Concave mirrors can be used as a shaving mirror or make up mirror. When the concave mirror is placed at a distance less than its focal length from the face, a magnified erect image is produced. Hence any cut or left over hair or minor flaw in the make up can easily be observed with the help of a concave mirror.
• Concave mirrors are used by E.N.T. doctors to concentrate hght on ear, nose, throat, etc.

2. Uses of Convex Mirror:

• Convex mirrors are used in automobiles (e.g., scooters, cars, trucks, buses, etc.) to see bulk of rear traffic. The advantage of using a convex mirror is that it gives a very larger field of view of the rear traffic than a plane mirror.
• The disadvantage of convex mirror is that since the image is always formed between P and F, we cannot accurately judge the distance and speed of the vehicles approaching from behind.
• Usually two mirrors, one plane and the other convex are used to see rear traffic whereas convex mirror on side of vehicle gives wider field of view, plane mirror in front of driver helps us in judging the distance and speed of the vehicles coming behind.

Question 29.
What are New Cartesian Sign Conventions used for reflection in spherical mirror? What is the mirror formula?
Answer:
New Cartesian Sign Conventions for Spherical Mirrors.
The modern cartesian sign conventions are :

• All the rays are drawn from left to right.
• All distances are measured from the pole of the spherical mirror.
• The distances measured in the direction of the incident light are taken as positive and those measured in a direction opposite to the direction of incident light are taken as negative.
• The heights measured upwards and perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror are taken as positive and vice versa.

Since the object is always placed on the left of the mirror therfore, u is always negative.

Question 30.
What is the effect of density on ray of light when light enters from a rarer medium to a denser medium? Explain with diagram.
Or
What is the effect of density on bending of refracted ray during refraction?
Answer:
When a ray of light travelling from rarer medium enters into a denser medium then it bends towards the normal. The more the medium is denser, the more it will bend towards the normal. In the figures given below ray of light (a) from air to water (b) air to glass is shown. The bending of light is more in glass than in water because glass is more dense with respect to water.

Question 31.
When light enters from water to glass what is the change in its velocity?
Answer:
Water is a rarer medium with respect to glass. Therefore, when light enters from water to glass then velocity of light decreases. It suffers refraction and bends towards the normal. In this case angle of incidence (∠i) is greater than the angle of refraction (∠r).

Question 32.
If a ray of light travelling in glass enters into water will it bend towards or away from the normal?
Answer:
When light travels from glass medium (denser medium) enters into water (rarer medium), it suffers refraction and bends away from the normal. In this case angle of incidence (∠i) will be smaller than the angle of refraction (∠r) i.e. ∠i < ∠r and also the velocity of light in water will increase.

Question 33.
Find relation for refractive index in terms of real depth and apparent depth.
Answer:
Suppose an object is lying in the position A at the bottom of water tank. A ray of light AB starting from A strikes the surface of water normally and after refraction goes along BD. Another ray AC makes angle i with the normal at C and makes an angle of refraction r and reaches our eye. In this way A appears at A’. If g is the refractive index of water then
aμw = \(\frac{1}{{w} \mu_{a}}\) = μ

Question 34.
Why does a pencil immersed in water appear bent and short? Explain with the help of a ray diagram.
Answer:
A pencil half immersed in water appears to be bent and short due to refraction of light.
Consider a pencil AB such that its portion CB is immersed in water as shown in figure.

Consider rays of light starting from point B, the tip of the pencil. These rays travel from water (denser medium) and as they enter into air (rarer medium) bend away from normal. The refracted rays appear to come from point B’ slightly raised above. Thus, the immersed portion CB of the pencil appears bent at the surface of water as CB’.

Question 35.
Which phenomenon is shown in the figure? Give its definition and give laws of this phenomenon.

Answer:
The phenomenon of refraction of light is shown in the figure.

Refraction of light: When a ray of light travelling in one transparent medium enters into another transparent medium, it bends at the line of separation of two media. This change of path of hght in second medium is called refraction of light.

Laws of refraction are :

• Incident ray, normal and refracted rays all lie in the same plane.
• Ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant
  i.e., \(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\) = µ, where µ is a constant called refractive index of second medium with respect to first medium .

Question 36.
Define Snell’s Law.
Answer:
Snell’s Law: The second law of refraction is known as Snell’s law. According to this law, ratio of sine of angle of incidence (sin i) to the sine of angle of refraction (sin r) is constant.

\(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\) = constant.

Question 37.
What is refractive index? Write its mathematical formula.
Answer:
Refractive Index: The ratio of velocity of light in air or vacuum to the velocity in a medium is called refractive index of medium.
∴ aµb = \(\frac{\text { velocity of light in vacuum }}{\text { velocity of light in medium }}\)
Refractive index has no unit. Since it is ratio of two similar quantities, therefore, it is expressed in number.

Question 38.
What is lens?
Answer:
Lens: A lens is a piece of transparent and refracting medium bounded by two surfaces either having both the surfaces spherical or one spherical and the other plane surface.

Types of lens. There are two main types of lens :

1. Convex lens (also called converging lens)
2. Concave lens (also called diverging lens)

Question 39.
Define the terms :
1. Optical centre
Answer:
Optical Centre: The mid point of lens is called optical centre of lens.

In figure (a) O is optical centre of convex lens and in figure (b) O’ is optical centre of concave lens. Any ray of light passing through this point goes undeviated.

2. Principal axis
Answer:
Principal Axis: The principal axis of a lens is an imaginary line which passes through its optical centre and is normal to the spherical surface of the lens. In figure (a) and figure (b) EF is principal axis of convex and concave lens respectively.

3. Principal focus of lens.
Answer:
Principal Focus of Lens: It is a point on the principal axis where, rays of light coming parallel to the principal axis after refraction meet in case of convex lens and appear to meet on producing backward in case of concave lens.

Question 40.
How is image formed by a concave lens ? Show by drawing diagram as to what will be the position and nature of the image formed by a concave lens?
Answer:
The ray diagram for image of an object placed in front of concave lens is shown in figure. The image formed by concave lens always lies between its optical centre and focus. This image is virtual, erect and small in size.

Question 41.
What is lens formula? Give its sign conventions and assumptions.
Answer:
Lens formula. It is the relationship between the distance of object (u), the distance of image (v) from optical centre of the lens, and focal length (f).
i.e. \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)

The formula is equally applicable to convex, concave or any other type of lens (e.g., concavo-convex, plano-convex, convexo-concave, plano-concave etc.)

Sign Conventions.

• The object is always placed to the left of the lens.
• All distances parallel to principal axis are measured from optical centre of the lens.
• All distances measured to the right of optical centre are taken as positive while those measured to the left of the optical centre are taken as negative.
• Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken as positive.
• Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis are taken as negative.

Assumptions.

• Object is taken on the principal axis.
• The lens is thin.

Question 42.
What is magnification of a lens?
Answer:

• Magnification of a lens is defined as the ratio of the height of the image formed by the lens to the actual height of object.
• If h is the height of the object and h’, the height of the image formed by lens, then magnification,
  m = \(\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}\)
• If u and v are the distances of object and image respectively from the optical centre, then
  m = \(\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}=-\frac{v}{u}\)

Question 43.
Compare convex and concave lenses.
Answer:
Differences between Convex Lens and Concave Lens.

Convex Lens	Concave lens
1. Convex lens is thick at centre and thin on the edges.	1. Concave lens is thick on edges and thin at centre.
2. Image is magnified when lens is placed at a distance of less than focal length.	2. Image formed is always diminished.
3. It converges the rays of light. It brings the rays nearer.	3. It diverges the rays i.e., take the rays away from each other.

Question 44.
What are the differences between reflection and refraction?
Answer:
Differences between Reflection and Refraction.

Reflection	Refraction
1. The incident rays are sent back in the same medium.	1. After refraction, rays pass from one medium to other medium.
2. Angle of incident and that of reflection are equal.	2. Angle of refraction is not equal to angle of incident. Angle r is less or more than angle i depending upon the two mediums.

Question 45.
Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens.
Answer:
Power of a lens is reciprocal of focal length.
P = \(\frac{1}{f}\)

If f = 1 m, P = \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{1}\) =1 dioptre
Dioptre: Dioptre or 1 dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length 1 metre.

Numerical Problems

Question 1.
The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 30 cm. What is its focal length?
Answer:
Here, Radius of curvature of concave mirror (R) = – 30 cm
Focal length of the mirror (f) =?
We know that R = 2f
or f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
= \(\frac{-30}{2}\)
∴ Focal length of concave mirror (f) = – 15 cm

Question 2.
The radius of curvature of a convex mirror is 40 cm. What is its focal length?
Answer:
Here, Radius of curvature of convex mirror (R) = + 40 cm
Focal length of convex mirror (f) = ?
We know that R = 2f
or f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
= \(\frac{+40}{2}\)
∴ Focal length of convex mirror (f) – + 20 cm

Question 3.
A concave mirror produces three times magnified real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Find where will the image be formed?
Answer:
Here object distance (u) = – 10 cm
Magnification (m) = \(-\frac{v}{u}\) [Real image]
Image distance (v) = ?
We know m = \(-\frac{v}{u}\)
– 3 = \(-\frac{v}{-10}\)
– 3 = \(\frac{v}{10}\)
v = – 3 × 10
= – 30 cm
Negative sign shows that the image is formed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a concave mirror.

Question 4.
An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Find the position and nature of the image.
Sol. Here, focal length of convex mirror if) = + 15 cm
object distance from convex mirror (u)= – 10 cm
Image distance (v) =?

∴ Image distance v = + 6 cm
Positive sign shows that the image is formed behind the mirror (on the other side of the mirror) at a distance of 6 cm. This image is virtual and erect.

Question 5.
Light enters from air to diamond having refractive index 2.4. What is the speed of light in diamond? Given speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 10⁸ m s^-1.
Answer:
Speed of light in Vacuum, c = 3 × 10⁸ m s^-1 Refractive index of diamond, n = 2.4
Speed of light in diamond, v_d =?

Question 6.
Light travels from air to water of refractive index 1.33. Calculate the speed of light in water, if speed of light in air is 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s.
Answer:
Given : Speed of light in air (c) = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Refractive index of water ^aµ_w – 1.33
Speed of light in water (v) =?

Question 7.
Refractive index of water w.r.t. air is \(\frac{4}{3}\) and that of glass w.r.t air is \(\frac{3}{2}\) What will be the refractive index of glass w.r.t water?
Answer:
Here, Refractive Index of water w.r.t. air (^aµ_w) = \(\frac{4}{3}\)
Refractive index of glass w.r.t air (^aµ_g) = \(\frac{3}{2}\)
Refractive index of glass w.r.t water (^wµ_g) =?
Refractive index of glass w.r.t water (^wµ_g) = ^wµ_a x ^aµ_g

Question 8.
An object is 2m away from a lens, which forms an erect image \(\frac{1}{4}\)th the size of the object. Determine the focal length of the lens. What type of the lens is this?
Answer:
Here, object distance (u) = – 2m

Negative sign indicates that the lens is concave lens.

Question 9.
A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed at a distance of 24 cm from the screen. How far from the lens should an object be placed so as to form a real image on the screen. Also find the nature and magnification of the image produced.
Answer:
Given : Focal length of the lens (f) = 20 cm
Image distance (v) = 24 cm
Object distance (u) =?
Magnification (m) =?

Negative sign shows that the image formed is real and inverted.

Question 10.
A concave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should the object from the lens be placed so that it forms an image at 10 cm from the lens? Also find the magnification produced by the lens.
Answer:
Given : Focal length of concave lens (f) = – 15 cm
Image distance (v) = – 10 cm
(∵ The image formed in a concave lens is virtual and erect and is formed on the same side of the lens, so it has negative (-) sign.)
Object distance (u) = ?

Negative sign suggest that the object should be placed at a distance of 30 cm to the left of the lens.
Now magnification (m) = \(-\frac{v}{u}\)
= \(-\frac{(-10 \mathrm{~cm})}{(-30 \mathrm{~cm})}\)
= \(\frac{1}{3}\)
= – 0.33
Negative sign shows that the image is virtual and erect and its size is \(\frac{1}{3}\)rd the size of the object.

Question 11.
A convex lens of power 4 D is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a wall. At what distance from the lens should a candle be placed so that its image is formed on the wall?
Answer:
Given : Power of convex lens(P) = + 4 D
We know P = \(\frac{100}{f(in cm)}\)
f = \(\frac{100}{P}\)
= \(\frac{100}{4}\) = 25 cm
Image distance (v) = 40cm

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which mirror has a widest field of view?
Answer:
Convex mirror.

Question 2.
Define a spherical mirror.
Answer:
Spherical Mirror. A spherical mirror is a part of hollow sphere whose one surface is polished and the other is reflecting.

Question 3.
What is concave mirror?
Answer:
Concave Mirror. Concave mirror is one which is silvered from outer side and reflection takes place at inner surface.

Question 4.
What is convex mirror?
Answer:
Convex Mirror. Convex mirror is one which is silvered from inner side and reflection takes place from outer convex side.

Question 5.
Define the pole of a mirror.
Answer:
Pole. Pole is the mid-point of mirror.

Question 6.
Define principal focus of a mirror.
Answer:
Principal focus. It is a point on the principal axis at which the ray of light incident in a direction parallel to its axis actually meet or converge or appear to diverge after reflection from the mirror.

Question 7.
Define the focal length of mirror.
Answer:
Focal Length. It is the distance between pole and principal focus of the mirror.

Question 8.
What is light?
Answer:
Light. It is a form of energy which causes in us sensation of sight.

Question 9.
What is a real image?
Answer:
Image formed on a screen is called real image.

Question 10.
What is refraction of light?
Answer:
The phenomenon of change of path of light from one transparent medium to another is called refraction of light.

Question 11.
Define refractive index?
Answer:
It is the ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction.

Question 12.
What is a lens?
Answer:
Lens. It is a portion of a transparent medium which is bounded by two surfaces.

Question 13.
Define power of a lens.
Answer:
Power of lens. It is the ability of a lens to bend the rays.

Question 14.
Define a ‘dioptre’.
Answer:
Dioptre. It is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 m.

Question 15.
Define focal length of a lens.
Answer:
Focal length of Lens. The distance between optical centre and principal focus is called focal length.

Question 16.
What is the nature of the mirror having focal length – 15 cm?
Answer:
It is a concave mirror haying focal length – 15 cm and radius of curvature – 30 cm.

Question 17.
A mirror has magnification 0.4, what type of the mirror is and what type of the image is formed?
Answer:
It is a convex mirror since the magnification is positive as well as less than one. Image is diminished and erect.

Question 18.
What is curvature of a mirror? What is its value for plane mirror?
Answer:
Curvature is reciprocal of focal length.
Radius of curvature of a plane mirror is infinity and hence its curvature is = \(\frac{1}{\infty}\) = zero.

Question 19.
A ray strikes the mirror normally, what is the angle of incidence?
Answer:
Zero degree. Angle of incidence is the angle which the incident ray makes with the normal.

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The power of a lens is 2 Dioptre. Its focal length will be ________

(A) 20cm
(B)4Ocm
(C) 10cm
(D)5Ocm.
Answer:
(D) 50 cm

Question 2.
________ form.s virtual and same size of image of an object.
(A) Concave mirror
(B) Convex mirror
(C) Plane mirror
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(C) Plane mirror

Question 3.
The image of an object formed by a convex mirror is always ______
(A) Real, inverted and smaller than the object
(B) Virtual, inverted and smaller than the object
(C) Virtual, erect and smaller than the object
(D) Virtual, erect and bigger than the object.
Answer:
(C) Virtual, erect and smaller than the object

Question 4.
________ is used in motor vehicles to take rearview.
(A) Concave mirror
(B) Plane mirror
(C) Convex mirror
(D) Any spherical mirror
Answer:
(C) Convex mirror

Question 5.
\(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\) relation was given by __________
(A) Newton
(B) Raman
(C) Snell
(D) Faraday.
Answer:
(C) Snell

Question 6.
The focal length of a lens is expressed by which of the following:
(A) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
(B) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)
(C) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}=\frac{1}{u}\)
(D) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u-frac{1}{v}\)
Answer:
(B) \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\)

Question 7.
The relation between the radius of curvature (R) and focal length (f) of a concave mirror is __________
(A) f = R
(B) f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)
(C) R = \(\frac{f}{2}\)
(D) R = \(\frac{f}{4}\)
Answer:
(B) f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)

Question 8.
Where will the real and inverted image of an object placed at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror will be formed?
(A) At F
(B) At C
(C) Between C and F
(D) At infinity
Answer:
(B) At C

Question 9.
The mirror used by dentist is ________
(A) Convex mirror
(B) Concave mirror
(C) Plane mirror
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(B) Concave mirror

Question 10.
The mirror used for getting real and enlarged image is ________
(A) Convex mirror
(B) Concave mirror
(C) Plane mirror
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(B) Concave mirror

Question 11.
Parallel rays incident on a mirror, after reflection converge at a point, then the mirror will be _________
(A) Plane
(B) Concave
(C) Convex
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(B) Concave

Question 12.
The Unit of power of lens is ____________
(A) Coulomb
(B) Watt
(C) Joule
(D) Dioptre
Answer:
(D) Dioptre

Question 13.
Power of a lens is – 5D, its focal length is :
(A) 20 cm
(B) – 20 cm
(C) – 0.2 m
(D) 5 cm.
Answer:
(C) – 0.2 m

Question 14.
Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in dictionary?
(A) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm
(B) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm
(C) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
(D) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
Answer:
(C)A convex lens of focal length 5 cm

Question 15.
Shaving mirrors are ________
(A) Convex mirrors
(B) Plane mirrors
(C) Concave mirrors
(D) Parabolic mirrors.
Answer:
(C) Concave mirrors

Question 16.
Which of the following is the property of light?
(A) Reflection
(B) Refraction
(C) Rectilinear propagation
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 17.
Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric :
(A) Reflection of light
(B) Dispersion of light
(C) Interference of light
(D) Refraction of light.
Answer:
(D) Refraction of light.

Question 18.
Defect of vision that cannot be corrected by spectacles is :
(A) Myopia
(B) Presbyopia
(C) Cataract
(D) Hypermetropia.
Answer:
(C) Cataract

Question 19.
Which one of the following material cannot be used to make a lens?
(A) Clay
(B) Glass
(C) Water
(D) Plastic.
Answer:
(A) Clay

Question 20.
Where should object be placed in front of a convex lens to get real image of the size of object?
(A) At principal focus of lens
(B) At twice the focal length
(C) At infinity
(D) Between optical centre of lens and its principal focus. –
Answer:
(B) At twice the focal length

Question 21.
A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length -15 cm. The mirror and lens are likely to be _____
(A) Both are convex
(B) Both are concave
(C) Mirror is concave but lens is convex
(D) Mirror is convex and lens is concave.
Answer:
(B) Both are concave

Question 22.
No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appear erect. The mirror is likely to be:
(A) Plane
(B) Concave
(C) Concavo-convex
(D) Convex.
Answer:
(A) Plane

Question 23.
The refractive index of diamond is:
(A) 2.42
(B) 2.43
(C) 2.45
(D) 2.40.
Answer:
(A) 2.42

Question 24.
A ray of light travelling in a glass merges into air, it will bend :
(A) Towards the normal
(B) Away from the normal
(C) Goes along the normal
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(B) Away from the normal.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
A concave mirror forms image inverted and equal in size, when object is placed at ________
Answer:
centre of curvature (c).

Question 2.
A ________ mirror is used to see the rear view in cars.
Answer:
convex mirror.

Question 3.
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is called ________
Answer:
Refractive Index.

Question 4.
When a beam of light passes from optically rarer medium to optically denser medium, it bends ________ the normal.
Answer:
towards.

Question 5.
________ is the unit of Power of the lens.
Answer:
Dioptre.

Question 6.
A virtual and enlarged image is formed by a ________ mirror.
Answer:
concave.