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PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji when he became the Guru?
Or
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji after his accession to Gurgaddi?
Answer:
After ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face a number of difficulties. A brief description of these is given as under:

1. Opposition of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Therefore, he presumed himself as the true successor of Gurgaddi. But, when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was nominated as the successor by Guru Ram Das Ji he refused to submit and adopted an attitude of open defiance. Prithi Chand planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji and complained to Akbar through a Mughal employee Sulahi Khan. But Akbar paid no heed to his complaints. Thus, till his death, Prithia remained an arch-enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Opposition of Orthodox Muslims: Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face stiff opposition from orthodox Muslims. Muslims could never tolerate the increasing influence of Sikhs. Orthodox Muslims had established the Naqshbandi order at Sirhind. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi was the leader of this organization. In 1605 A.D., when Jahangir became the new Mughal ruler, these Naqshbandis poisoned his, ears against the Sikhs. As Jahangir was an orthodox emperor, so it had the desired impact on him.

3. Opposition of Brahmans: The Brahmans or the priestly class of Punjab were also against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The main reason behind this was that the propagation of the Sikh religion resulted in the decreasing influence of BrahmAnswer: Sikhs had started performing their customs and traditions even without BrahmAnswer: When Guru Arjan Dev Ji edited Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Brahmans could not tolerate it. They complained to Akbar against Guru Granth Sahib but Akbar observed that it was a scripture worthy of reverence.

4. Opposition of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this, he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned they proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and remarked some objectionable words in the honor of Guru Ji. But, after being persuaded by his wife he agreed to the proposal. By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks given by Chandu Shah against Guru Ji. So, they asked an arch-enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became an arch-enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What was Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
Throw a brief light on four important achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Describe the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism is multifaceted. His important achievements are as follows:

1. Construction of Harmandir Sahib: The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Its foundation was laid on 13th January 1588 A.D. by a very famous Sufi Saint, named Mian Mir Ji. In 1601 A.D. the construction of Harmandir Sahib was completed. The construction of Harmandir Sahib proved a milestone in the history of Sikhism.

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran: Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in order to propagate Sikhism in the Majha tract of Punjab, founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. This city is 24 km to the South of Amritsar. Here a tank named Tarn Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim who takes bath in this tank shall get salvation from transmigration.

3. Foundation of Kartarpur and Hargobindpur: In 1593 A.D., Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of another town called Kartarpur in Jalandhar Doab. Kartarpur means, ‘The City of God’. On the occasion of the birth of his son in 1595 A.D. Hargobind, Guru Arjan Dev Sahib founded another town on the bank of the river Beas and this town was named Hargobindpur after the name of his son.

4. Development of Masand System: The development of the Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The word Masand has been derived from the word ‘Masnad’ which means high place. As a consequence, the Guru needed money for Langar and other development programs. It was enjoined upon every Sikh to give Daswandh (l/10th) of his total income to Guru Sahib. For collecting this money from Sikhs, he appointed very responsible persons called Masands. This Masand’s not only collected money but also propagated Sikhism with vigorous zeal.

5. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: The crowning achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism is the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. Guru Arjan Dev Ji dictated the hymns to Bhai Gurdas Ji. This work was completed in 1604 A.D. In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji included the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji, and his own hymns, which were maximum (2216) in number. Besides this, he had added the hymns of many Bhagats, Sufi Saints, and Baths. Later on, the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included in it. The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a great landmark in the history of the Sikh religion.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Describe briefly the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the foundation and importance of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging of Amrit Sarovar and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. After this, he started the construction work of Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) in Amrit Sarovar. Its foundation was laid on 13th January 1588 A.D. by a very famous Sufi Saint, named Mian Mir Ji. The Sikhs suggested to Guru Arjan Dev Ji that the temple should be higher than the surrounding buildings. But Guru Arjan Sahib said, “He who is humble shall be exalted.” That is why the building of the temple was kept lower as compared to the other buildings.

Another distinguishing feature of Harmandir Sahib was that it has four doorways, one on each side. It symbolizes that the people from all the four directions of the world may come to this temple of God without any discrimination on the basis of caste, color, or creed. On completion of this temple in 1601 A.D., Guru Sahib announced that the pilgrimage to this place would have the value of all the 68 Hindu places of pilgrimage and if any pilgrim takes bath here with full devotion shall attain salvation. It impressed a large number of people. They started coming here in large numbers and it helped in the propagation of Sikhism. In a very short period, Harmandir Sahib became the most important pilgrimage of the Sikhs.

Question 4.
What do you know about Masand System?
Or
Examine the organization and development of the Masand System.
Or
Who started Masand System? What were its aims?
Or
Give a brief description of the Masand System.
Or
Write a short note on Masand System.
Answer:
Of the institutions which appreciably contributed towards the development of Sikhism, the Masand system was one of them. A brief description of its various aspects is given below:

1. Meaning of Masand System: The word Masand has been derived from the Persian word ‘Masnad’. Masand means high place. As the representatives of Guru Sahib used to sit on a higher place than others they were called Masands.

2. Introduction: When did the Masand system start is a controversial question among historians were: Some historians are of the view that the Masand system started during the pontificate of Guru Ram Das Ji. Hence the Masands were called Ramdasiyas in the beginning. Some other historians are of the view that the Masand system was started by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The majority of the historians are of the view that though the Masand system was started by Guru Ram Das Ji, its real development took place during the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Necessity of Masand System: The need for the Masand system arose because Guru Ram Das Ji needed money for the development of Ramdaspura or Amritsar and for the digging of the tanks of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Secondly, with the passage of time, the number of Sikhs had increased considerably. As a consequence, the Guru needed money for langar and other development programs. Thirdly, the Masand system was introduced for the propagation of Sikhism.

4. Development of Masand System: Though Guru Ram Das Ji started the Masand system yet its actual development took place during the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Arjan Dev Ji reorganized the Masand system and gave it some new rules and regulations,

Guru Sahib enjoined upon the Sikhs to give away one-tenth (Daswandh) of their income in the name of Guru Sahib. It was not a compulsion but depended on their own will.
To collect the Daswandh, Guru Sahib appointed the Masands. They deposited this money every year on the occasion of Baisakhi and Diwali with the Guru Sahib at Amritsar.

5. Importance of Masand System: The Masand system initially made a commendable contribution towards the development of Sikhism. It was due to this that the Sikh religion spread far and wide. Many people embraced Sikhism. Secondly, it fixed the income of the Guru’s house. This income was used to establish new towns by Guru Sahib and other development works for Sikhism. It further increased the popularity of Guru Sahib and Sikhism. Thirdly, the institution of langar could run smoothly with this income.

Question 5.
Write a note on the compilation and importance of Adi Granth Sahib (Guru Granth Sahib).
Or
Discuss in brief the importance of Adi Granth Sahib.
Or
Write a note on Adi Granth Sahib.
Or
Give a brief description of Adi Granth Sahib and its historical importance.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji used various sources for writing the Bani. The Bani of the first three Gurus—Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, and Guru Amar Das Ji were with the eldest son of Guru Amar Das Ji i.e. Baba Mohan Ji. To compile the Bani, Guru Arjan Dev Ji first sent Bhai Gurdas Ji and then Baba Buddha Ji to Baba Mohan Ji but they were not successful in their objective. After this, Guru Sahib himself went from Amritsar to Goindwal Sahib barefooted. Impressed by the humility of Guru Ji, ‘Baba Mohan Ji gave away the entire Bani to Guru Ji. Guru Arjan Dev Ji already had the Bani of Guru Ram Das Ji with him. Guru Sahib included his own Bani in it. After this Guru Sahib called upon the devotees of Hindu Bhagats and Suffi Saints and asked them to recite the hymns of their saints correctly.

The hymns of only those Bhagats and Suffi Saints were included in the Guru Granth Sahib which was similar to the Bani of the Gurus. The works of Kahna, Chhajju, Shah Hussain, and Pilu were rejected. The compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji in 1604 A.D. is a great landmark in the history of the Sikhs. It provided the Sikh with a unique religious scripture. No doubt Guru Granth Sahib is a religious scripture, yet it furnishes valuable information regarding the social, religious, political, and economic life of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Question 6.
Write a note on Prithi Chand.
Or
Who was Prithi Chand? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Who was Prithi Chand (Prithia)? How did he act against Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Prithi Chand or Prithia was the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji and elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was very selfish and cunning. That is why Guru Ram Das Ji gave the Gurgaddi to Guru Arjan Dev Ji instead of giving it to him. On hearing this decision, Prithi Chand got furious. He had been dreaming of getting the Gurgaddi for a long. As such, he started opposing Guru Arjan Dev Ji when the latter got Gurgaddi. He started grabbing the offerings meant for Langar. He hoped that his son Meharban would get Gurgaddi after Guru Arjan Dev Ji. But when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was blessed with a son, Hargobind, all his hopes seemed to dash to the ground. Therefore, he became a sworn enemy of Guru Ji. He connived with the Mughal officials and started hatching conspiracies against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. These conspiracies became a major cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.

Question 7.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Write a short note on Chandu Shah.
Answer:
Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this, he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned, they proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandhu Shah was enraged and remarked some objectionable words in the honor of Guru Sahib. But after being persuaded by his wife he agreed to the proposal. Again he sent his messengers to Guru Arjan Dev Ji with the proposal of his daughter’s marriage with Hargobind. By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks of Chandhu Shah against the Guru. So they asked Guru Arjan Dev to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Ji did the same.

On hearing this Chandhu Shah got very angry and became Guru Ji’s sworn enemy. Then he planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. First, he incited Mughal Emperor Akbar and later on Jahangir. Jahangir decided to take stern action against Guru Ji.

Question 8.
Mention five main causes for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Examine five major causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
1. Fanaticism of Jahangir: Jahangir’s fanaticism was the main reason for Guru Arjan Ji’s martyrdom. He could not bear to see any other religion more prosperous than Islam. He could not tolerate the growing popularity of Sikhs in Punjab. So, he was looking for a chance to hamper their development. He wanted to put a stop to all this. He has written about it in his autobiography Tuzak-i- Jahangiri.

2. Development of Sikh Panth: In Guru Arjan Ji’s time, Sikhism progressed considerably. It got a new impetus with the construction of Harmandir Sahib and establishment of the cities like Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur. Masand system played a significant role in the development of Sikhism. The compilation of Guru Granth Sahib helped in propagating Sikh religion. This was something intolerable and unbearable for the Mughals. They, therefore, thought of crushing the growing power of the Sikhs.

3. Enmity of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand alias Prithia was the eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was a very greedy and selfish person. For this reason, only Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Sahib as his successor in 1581 A.D. Prithia could not tolerate that the Gurgaddi had passed on to somebody else. He then made a firm decision that he would not sit at ease until he had dethroned Guru Arjan Dev Ji and received Gurgaddi for himself. So, he started opposing GuruArjan Dev Ji openly.

4. Enmity of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. Many advisors suggested he marry his daughter with Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. On hearing it Chandu Shah was enraged and he uttered some objectionable words in the honor of Guru Sahib. Afterward, when Chandu Shah’s wife convinced him, he was ready to accept this relation. Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused to accept this relation. When Chandu Shah came to know about this, he was determined to avenge the insult. He started poisoning Jahangir’s ears. Jahangir made up his mind to take strict action against Guru Arjan Sahib.

5. Help of Khusrau: Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau had come to Tarn Taran to seek Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Dev Ji put a tilak on his forehead. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures and to confiscate the whole of his property.

Question 9.
Describe the role of Naqshbandis in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib.
Answer:
Naqshabandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Its headquarters was at Sirhind. Naqshbandis were enraged to see the increasing influence and powers of the Sikhs in Punjab. The main reason was that the Muslims were intolerant to any other religion prospering and developing. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Sahib. Therefore, Jahangir decided to take action against Guru Sahib.

Question 10.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib?
Answer:
Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Sahib became the immediate cause of Guru Sahib’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir. He revolted against his father some time after his enthronement. When the Mughal forces tried to arrest him he ran to Punjab. On reaching Punjab Khusrau came to Tarn Taran to seek Guru Sahib’s blessings. Being the grandson of Akbar with whom Guru Sahib had very good relations, it was but natural that he won Guru Sahib’s sympathy. Moreover anybody was free to come to the home of Guru and receive his blessings. It is said that Guru Sahib put a tilak on his forehead and gave him all sorts of help required by him to go to Kabul.

When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Sahib. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures, and to confiscate the whole of his property.

Question 11.
Write the importance of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was an event of tremendous importance in the evolution of the Sikh movement and in the history of Punjab.
1. New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib: The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a turning point in the development of the Sikh community. Guru Hargobind Ji decided to adopt a New Policy in order to turn his followers into saint soldiers.

3. Change in relationship between Mughals and the Sikhs: Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, there were cordial relations between the Sikh Gurus and the Mughal emperors. But, now with the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the position’had been completely reversed. The Sikhs became the sworn enemy of the Mughals. They were now looking for.an opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

4. Popularity of Sikhism: With the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Sikhism became more popular. This incident infused a new vigour’, love and reverence for Sikhism, not only among the Hindus, but also among the Muslims. Consequently, they began to join Sikhism in larger numbers. Thus, the martyrdom of Guru .Arjan Dev Ji proved a milestone in the development of Sikhism.

Essay Type Questions:

Early Career And Difficulties Of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Question 1.
Describe briefly the early life of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What difficulties he have to face at the time of his accession to Guruship?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs. His period of pontification was from 1581 to 1606 A.D. The pontification of Guru Arjan Dev Ji saw the unprecedented development on the one band and on the other hand his martyrdom started a new era in the Sikh history. A brief description of early career and difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is as under:

Early Career of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

1. Birth and Parentage: Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15,1563 A.D. at Goindwal Sahib. He was the youngest son of Guru Ram Das Ji. He belonged to a Kashatriya family of Sodhi caste. His mother’s name was Bibi Bhani.

2. Childhood and Marriage: Right from his childhood, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was very dear to his parents. His maternal grandfather Guru Amar Das Ji had special attachment with this grandson. He made a forecast that the child would become a great man, “Ih Mera Dohta, Bani Ka Bohita Hovega”. (This grandson of mine will produce the boat of Bani to ferry others across). His prediction proved true. Right from the beginning Guru Arjan Dev Ji was very promising, a symbol of modesty and a very religious-minded person. He learnt Hindi and Persian languages. He received knowledge about Gurbani from his parents and grandfather. He was married to Ganga Devi, daughter of Krishan Chand of village Mou of Phillaur. In 1595 A.D. he was blessed with a son named Hargobind.

3. Assumption of Guruship: Guru Ram Das Ji had three sons. Prithi Chand the eldest son was utterly selfish and subtle. His second son Mahadev was an ascetic, who showed no interest in the worldly affairs. Arjan Dev Ji was his third and the youngest son. Devotion to God, modesty and selfless service were his three main characteristics. So Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor in 1581 A.D. Thus Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.

Difficulties of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

After ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face a number of difficulties. A brief description of these is given as under:

1. Opposition of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Therefore, he presumed himself as the true successor of Gurgaddi. But, when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was nominated as the successor by Guru Ram Das Ji he refused to submit and adopted an attitude of open defiance. He spoke bad words to his father. When Guru Rain Das Ji immersed with Immortal, Prithia spread the rumour that Arjan Dev Ji poisoned Guru Ram Das Ji so that, he might succeed to Gurgaddi. He asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji for his share in the property. Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave him all his property, but still he was not appeased. Now, he forcibly started collecting funds brought for Langar by the Sikh Sangat and used them for his personal affairs.

When in 1595 A.D. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s wife was blessed with a son, named Hargobind, he hatched a number of conspiracies to put an end to the life of infant Hargobind. Prithi Chand planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji and complained to Akbar through a Mughal employee Sulahi Khan. But Akbar paid no heed to his complaints. Thus, till his death, Prithia remained an arch enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Opposition of Orthodox Muslims: Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face stiff opposition from orthodox Muslims. Muslims could never tolerate the increasing influence of Sikhs. Orthodox Muslims in order to save their religion established Naqshbandi order at Sirhind. Shaikh Ahmad Sibhindi was the leader of this organisation. In 1605 A.D., when Jahangir became the new Mughal ruler, these Naqshbandis poisoned his ears against the Sikhs. As Jahangir was an orthodox emperor, so it had the desired impact on him.

3. Opposition of Brahmans: The Brahmans of Punjab w;ere also against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The main reason behind this was that the propagation of Sikh religion resulted in the decreasing influence of BrahmAnswer: Sikhs had started performing their customs and traditions even without BrahmAnswer: When Guru Arjan Dev Ji edited Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Brahmans could not tolerate it. They complained to Akbar against Guru Granth Sahib but Akbar observed that it was a scripture worthy of reverence.

4. Opposition of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned they proposed the name of Hargobind,;son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and remarked some objectionable words in the honour of Guru Ji. But, after being persuaded by his wife he agreed to the proposal. By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks given by Chandu Shah against the Guru Ji. So, they asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Arjan Dev Ji did the same.

Now Chandu Shah personally came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji and offered Rs. 1 lakh and promised to give more dowry. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused saying, “My words are engraved on stone, and cannot be effaced. If you give me the whole world as a dowry with your daughter, my son will not marry her.” On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Development Of Sikhism Under Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Question 2.
What was Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution in the evolution of Sikhism?
Or
Describe the various organizational works done by Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
Give an account of the various achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Describe Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the organization and development of Sikhism.
Or
Discuss the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1581 to 1606 A.D/ With his accession to Guruship, Sikhism entered into a new phase. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism is multifaceted. His important achievements are as follows:

1. Construction of Harmandir Sahib: The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging of Amrit Sarovar and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. After this, he started the construction work of Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) in Amrit Sarovar. Its foundation was laid in 1588 AD. by a very famous Sufi Saint, named Mian Mir Ji. The Sikhs suggested to Guru Arjan Dev Ji that the temple should be higher than the surrounding buildings. But Guru Arjan Sahib said, “He who is humble shall be exalted.” That is why the building of the temple was kept lower as compared to the other buildings.

Another distinguishing feature of Harmandir Sahib was that it has four doorways, one on each side. It symbolises that the people from all the four directions of the world may come to this temple of God without any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour or creed. On completion of this temple in 1601 A.D. Guru Sahib announced that the pilgrimage to this place would have the value of all the 68

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom Img 1

Hindu places of pilgrimage and if any pilgrim takes bath here with full devotion shall attain salvation. It impressed a large number of people. They started coming here in large numbers and it helped in the propagation of Sikhism. In a very short period, Harmandir Sahib became the most important pilgrimage of the Sikhs. According to G.S. Talib,

“This temple and the pool became to Sikhism what Mecca is to Islam, Jerusalem to Judaism and Christianity and Bodh Gaya to Buddhism.”

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran: Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in order to propagate Sikhism in Majha tract of the Punjab founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. This city is 24 kms to the South of Amritsar. Here a tank named as Tarn Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim who takes bath in this tank shall get salvation from transmigration. Tarn Taran also became a famous holy place of the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Jats of the Majha became the followers of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and embraced Sikhism. The services of these Jats towards Sikhism was of great value.

3. Foundation of Kartarpur and Hargobindpur: In 1593-94 A.D., Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of another town called Kartarpur in Jalandhar Doab. Kartarpur means, ‘The City of God’. It is situated between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers. Here Guru Sahib built a tank named ‘Gangsar’. Thus, Kartarpur also became the centre of propagation of Sikhism. On the occasion of the birth of his son in 1595 A.D. Hargobind, Guru Arjan Dev Sahib founded another town on the bank of the river Beas and this town was named as Hargobindpur after the name of his son.

4. Construction of a Baoli at Lahore: Once on the request of Sikh Sangat, Guru Sahib went to Lahore. There he got constructed a Baoli in Dabbi Bazaar. This Baoli became a holy place for the Sikhs of that area.

5. Development of Masand System: Development of Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The word Masand has been derived from the word ‘Masnad’ which means high place. As the representatives of Guru Sahib used to sit on a higher place than others, so they were called as Masands. With the passage of time, the number of Sikhs had increased considerably. As a consequence, the Guru needed money for Langar and other development programmes. It was enjoined upon every Sikh to give Daswandh (l/10th) of his total income to Guru Sahib. For collecting this money from Sikhs, he appointed very responsible persons called Masands.

These Masands not only collected money, but also propagated Sikhism with a vigorous zeal. The money collected by Masands was deposited in the Guru’s treasury at Amritsar on the occasions of Diwali and Baisakhi. The Masand system played a vital role in spreading the message of Sikhism to far-off places. Secondly, it gave a definite income to Guru Arjan Sahib.

This work was completed in 1604 A.D. In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji included the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji and his own hymns, which were maximum (2216) in number. Besides this, he had added the hymns of many Bhagats, Sufi Saints and Bhats. Later on, the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included in it.

The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a great landmark in the history of Sikh religion. It gave the Sikhs a holy book of their own. It is called the Bible of the Sikhs. By including the hymns of the people belonging to different religions and castes in it, Guru Arjan Dev Ji has set up an example. Adi Granth Sahib Ji throws ample light on the political, religious, social and economic life of 15th to 17th centuries. Before Guru Gobind Singh Ji immersed in Eternal Light he gave Adi Granth Sahib Ji the status of Guru Granth Sahib Ji. According to Dr. Hari Ram Gupta, “The compilation of the Granth formed an important landmark in the history of the Sikhs.”

7. Trade of Horses. In order to make the Sikhs rich and prosperous, Guru Arjan Sahib encouraged,the Sikhs to take the trade of horses beyond the Indus with Arab countries. This step of Guru Arjan Sahib not only increased the income of the Sikhs but they became good horse riders also. Moreover, it dealt an effective blow at the stringency of caste and Hindu superstitions. It went a long way in breaking down the barrier that prevented the Hindus from crossing the Indus.

8. Friendly Relations with Akbar: Mughal emperor Akbar had set up friendly relations with Guru Arjan Sahib. During the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji his opponents Prithia, Ghandhu Shah, Brahmans and orthodox Muslims all tried their best to instigate the emperor against the Guru in’every possible way, but Akbar paid no heed to their false complaints. Some Muslims tried to instigate Akbar by complaining that the Adi Granth Sahib’ written by Guru Sahib contained many sayings against Islam. When Akbar looked into the matter, he said that the Granth was worthy of reverence, On the request made by Guru Arjan Sahib, Akbar reduced the land revenue by 10%. Due to it Guru Arjan Sahib earned a good name and fame and it helped in the development of Sikhism also.

9. Nomination of the Successor: In 1606 A.D., before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Dev Ji nominated his son Hargobind as his successor. Guru Sahib instructed him to sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability. Thus, Guru Arjan not only maintained the tradition of Gurgaddi, but also changed its peaceful course.

10. Estimate of Guru Arjan Sahib’s Achievements: Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution in the development of Sikhism is remarkable. By constructing Harmandir Sahib, he has presented to the Sikhs their most sacred religious place. In the coming times, the Sikhs always got inspiration from it. Establishment of Tarn Taran, Hargobindpur and Kartarpur proved to be very helpful in the propagation of Sikh religion. Masand system made Sikh religion more powerful.

The compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji was Guru Arjan Sahib’s greatest achievement. We agree with the remarks of Prof. Harbans Singh, “Under Guru Arjan, the Fifth Guru, Sikhism became more firmly established.” According to another famous historian Dr. G.S. Mansukhani, “During the period of Guru Arjan, Sikhism took a significant stride.”

Question 3.
Give an account of the early career of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What was his contribution to Sikhism?
Answer:

Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs. His period of pontification was from 1581 to 1606 A.D. The pontification of Guru Arjan Dev Ji saw the unprecedented development on the one band and on the other hand his martyrdom started a new era in the Sikh history. A brief description of early career and difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is as under:

Early Career of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Difficulties of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

After ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face a number of difficulties. A brief description of these is given as under:

1. Opposition of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Therefore, he presumed himself as the true successor of Gurgaddi. But, when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was nominated as the successor by Guru Ram Das Ji he refused to submit and adopted an attitude of open defiance. He spoke bad words to his father. When Guru Rain Das Ji immersed with Immortal, Prithia spread the rumour that Arjan Dev Ji poisoned Guru Ram Das Ji so that, he might succeed to Gurgaddi. He asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji for his share in the property. Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave him all his property, but still he was not appeased.

Now, he forcibly started collecting funds brought for Langar by the Sikh Sangat and used them for his personal affairs. When in 1595 A.D. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s wife was blessed with a son, named Hargobind, he hatched a number of conspiracies to put an end to the life of infant Hargobind. Prithi Chand planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji and complained to Akbar through a Mughal employee Sulahi Khan. But Akbar paid no heed to his complaints. Thus, till his death, Prithia remained an arch enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Opposition of Orthodox Muslims: Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face stiff opposition from orthodox Muslims. Muslims could never tolerate the increasing influence of Sikhs. Orthodox Muslims in order to save their religion established Naqshbandi order at Sirhind. Shaikh Ahmad Sibhindi was the leader of this organisation. In 1605 A.D., when Jahangir became the new Mughal ruler, these Naqshbandis poisoned his ears against the Sikhs. As Jahangir was an orthodox emperor, so it had the desired impact on him.

So, they asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Arjan Dev Ji did the same. Now Chandu Shah personally came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji and offered Rs. 1 lakh and promised to give more dowry. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused saying, “My words are engraved on stone, and cannot be effaced. If you give me the whole world as a dowry with your daughter, my son will not marry her.” On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1581 to 1606 A.D/ With his accession to Guruship, Sikhism entered into a new phase. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism is multifaceted. His important achievements are as follows:

It symbolises that the people from all the four directions of the world may come to this temple of God without any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour or creed. On completion of this temple in 1601 A.D. Guru Sahib announced that the pilgrimage to this place would have the value of all the 68 Hindu places of pilgrimage and if any pilgrim takes bath here with full devotion shall attain salvation. It impressed a large number of people. They started coming here in large numbers and it helped in the propagation of Sikhism. In a very short period, Harmandir Sahib became the most important pilgrimage of the Sikhs. According to G.S. Talib,

“This temple and the pool became to Sikhism what Mecca is to Islam, Jerusalem to Judaism and Christianity and Bodh Gaya to Buddhism.”

6. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: The crowning achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism is the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. The main objective of its compilation was to keep the Gurbani of the former Sikh Gurus intact and .to provide the Sikhs a separate religious scripture of their own. The compilation work was started by the Guru at Ramsar sarovar near Amritsar. He dictated the hymns to Bhai Gurdas Ji. This work was completed in 1604 A.D. In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji included the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji and his own hymns, which were maximum (2216) in number. Besides this, he had added the hymns of many Bhagats, Sufi Saints and Bhats. Later on, the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included in it.

Adi Granth Sahib Ji:

Question 4.
Write a detailed note on the compilation and historical importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
Write a critical note on compilation, language, contents and significance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Undoubtedly the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji or Guru Granth Sahib Ji is Guru Arjan Sahib’s greatest achievement. In Sikhism, this sacred Granth is as revered as the Bible by the Christians, the Quran by the Mohammedans and the Vedas and Gita by the Hindus. In fact, Adi Granth Sahib is not only a holy book of the Sikhs but also a priceless treasure for the whole humanity.

1. Need for its Compilation: Many factors impressed upon the Guru the necessity for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. In the times of Guru Arjan Sahib, Sikh religion was getting momentum. So, Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the necessity of laying down rules for the guidance of his followers in the performance of their daily religious duties. Secondly, Prithia, the elder brother of Guru Arjan had also started composing religious hymns of his own which he described as the compositions of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his successors. Under these circumstances, if the compositions of the Sikh Gurus were to be saved from spurious writings, an authentic text had to be written.

Thirdly, if the independence of the Sikh race was to be established, it was essential that they should have an independent religious book. Fourthly, Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to replace the Hindu Granths, written in the Sanskrit language with a Granth of their own written in the simple language of the people of Punjab. The twenty-third and twenty-fourth pauris of the Anand Sahib state that real hymns of the Gurus should alone be repeated and revered by the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji writes,

“Come, ye disciples, beloved of the true Guru, sing a true song. Sing the song of the Guru, the song of songs, Saith Nanak, ever sing this true song.” Hence it was obligatory for Guru Arjan Dev Ji to take precautions, lest the Sikhs should recite writings other than those of the Sikh Gurus.

2. Collection of Hymns: For editing Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Sahib collected hymns from different sources. Hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji were lying with Baba Mohan Ji, the eldest son of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib himself went from Amritsar to Goindwal Sahib bare-footed. Impressed by the modesty of Guru Arjan Sahib, Baba Mohan handed over the whole material to the Guru. Hymns of Guru Ram Das Ji were already with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib then added his own hymns. Then, Guru Arjan Dev Ji invited many disciples of Hindu and Muslim Saints to give him the best hymns of their Gurus and Saints. Thus, the Bani was collected from different sources.

3. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: For the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Sahib selected a beautiful and solitary place situated to the south of Amritsar. Here Guru Arjan Dev Ji built a tank named as Ramsar Sarovar. On the bank of this sarovar tents were fixed under a peepal tree. Here Guru Arjan Sahib started the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib dictated and Bhai Gurdas Ji went on writing. This great work was completed in 1604 A.D. This Granth Sahib Ji was kept in Sri Harmandir Sahib and Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the .first Head Granthi (priest).

4. Contributions in Adi Granth Sahib: Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a very vast Granth. It contains a total of 5,894 Shabads (Hymns). The contributors in Adi Granth Sahib are divided into four classes:

Sikh Gurus: Guru Granth Sahib Ji contains 976 hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, 62 of Guru Angad Dev Ji, 907 of Guru Amar Das Ji, 679 of Guru Ram Das Ji and 2216 hymns of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Later on, in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s time 116 hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included.
Bhagats and Saints: Adi Granth Sahib Ji includes the hymns of 15 Hindu Bhagats and Sufi Saints, whose teachings were similar to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. These Saints and Bhagats are Bhagat Kabir Ji, Sheikh Farid Ji, Bhagat Namdev Ji, Bhagat Ravidas Ji, Bhagat Dhanna Ji, Bhagat Ramanand Ji and Bhagat Jaidev Ji. Out of them the maximum hymns numbering 541 belonged to Bhagat Kabir Ji.
Bhats: Adi Granth Sahib Ji also includes the sawayyas of 11 famous Bhats (Bards). These sawayyas are 123 in total. The famous Bhats are Nal Ji, Bal Ji, Jalap Ji, Bhikha Ji and Harbans Ji.
Others: The hymns of Satta, Balwand, Sunder and Mardana are also included in the Adi Granth Sahib Ji.

5. Arrangement of the Matter: Adi Granth Sahib Ji has a total of 1430 pages. The hymns of Adi Granth Sahib Ji have been divided into three parts. The first part consists of 13 pages contains the daily prayers like Japji Sahib, Rehras Sahib and Sohla. Second part is the main part of Granth Sahib. The hymns in this part have been divided into 31 parts based on 31 Ragas. As all the hymns contain the name of ‘Nanak’ therefore, the word ‘Mahala’ has been used to indicate which Guru’s composition it is. The third part contains the swayyas of Bhats, and those salokas of Sikh Gurus and Bhagats which could not be described in Ragas. Adi Granth Sahib Ji ends with an epilogue called ‘Mundavani’ which has two salokas.

6. Subject: In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, there are hymns in praise of God. It throws light on the importance of the remembrance of the Holy Nam, which is a kind of meditation, attainment of Sach Khand and importance of Guru. It gives us the message of welfare for all human beings, oneness of God and brotherhood of mankind.

7. Language: Adi Granth Sahib Ji is written in Gurmukhi script. In it, the words from Punjabi, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Sanskrit and Persian languages spoken in 15th, 16th and 17th centuries were used.

Significance of Adi Granth Sahib:

Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a matchless religious book not only of the Sikhs, but of the whole mankind. The hymns of Adi Granth Sahib Ji give the universal message of the oneness of God and brotherhood of mankind.

1. Importance for the Sikhs: The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a landmark in the history of the Sikhs. Today in every Sikh Gurudwara of the world, this sacred Granth is installed at a higher platform wrapped in silk cloth under a canopy. Sikhs revere it and bow before it with great respect. All Sikh ceremonies right from the birth till death are done in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib Ji. For the Sikhs, Guru Granth Sahib is the main source of inspiration for them. According to Dr. Wazir Singh,
“The Adi Granth‘was indeed his most precious gift to the Sikh world.”

2. Message of Brotherhood: Adi Granth Sahib Ji is the only sacred book of the world, which contains the hymns without any distinction on the basis of caste, colour and creed. By doing so Guru Arjan Sahib has given the message of brotherhood to all human beings.

3. Literary Importance: From the literary point of view Adi Granth Sahib is a unique work. It contains beautiful similies and embellishments. It has a, form and finish not equalled by subsequent writers. Therefore, from the literary point of view Guru Granth Sahib carries immense importance.

4. Historical Importance: No doubt Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a religious scripture, yet it furnishes valuable information regarding the social, religious political and economic life of 15th to 17th centuries. Guru Nanak Sahib gave a vivid account of the political condition of that time in Babar Vani. In social field women’s position was miserable. They occupied a very low place in the society. A widow was cursed by one and all. Hindu society was divided into a number of castes and sub-castes. Guru Granth Sahib Ji also throws a good deal of light on the agriculture and trade and commerce of that period. According to Dr. D.S. Dhillon,
“Its compilation was undoubtedly an important landmark in the history of the Sikhs.”

Martyrdom Of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Question 5.
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji? What was the significance of this martyrdom?
Or
Explain the circumstances responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji,
Or
Write in detail about the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and its effects,
Or
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji? What was its importance?
Or
Explain the causes which led to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What was the real cause of the martyrdom?
Or
Examine the circumstances leading to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What was the significance of his martyrdom?
Or
Describe the circumstances that led to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What is the significance of his martyrdom?
Or
Discuss the causes and importance of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Describe the causes and significance of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
In 1606 A.D., Guru Arjan Dev Ji sacrificed his life for the sake of religion and truth. His martyrdom started a new era in Sikh history. Now Sikhs began to arm themselves to face the Mughals with bravery and courage. Many factors were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, which are discussed as below:

1. Fanaticism of Jahangir: Jahangir’s fanaticism was the main reason for Guru Arjan Ji’s martyrdom. He could not bear to see any other religion more prosperous than Islam. He could not tolerate the growing popularity of Sikhs in Punjab. So, he was looking for a chance to hamper their development. He wanted to put a stop to all this. He has written about it in his autobiography Tuzak-i- Jahangiri, “In Goindwal on the banks of the river Beas lived a Hindu named Arjan in the garb of ‘Pir’ or ‘Shaikh’. By his ways and manners he captured the fancy of many of the simple hearted Hindus and even many ignorant Muslims. He had loudly sounded the drum of his being Pir and a holy person.

They called him Guru and from all sides innocent and foolish people crowded to manifest their complete faith in him. For three or four generations they had kept their shop warm. Many times I thought of putting a stop to this vain affair onto bring him to Islam.” These words of Jahangir clearly show that his religious fanaticism was the main reason behind the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji

3. Enmity of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand alias Prithia was the eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was a very greedy and selfish person. For this reason only Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Sahib as his successor in 1581 A.D. Prithia could not tolerate that the Gurgaddi had passed on to somebody else. He then made a firm decision that he would not sit at ease until he had dethroned Guru Arjan Dev Ji and received Gurgaddi for himself. So, he started opposing Guru Arjan Dev Ji openly. He collected money from Masands meant for Langar and used it for his own personal use.

He tried to popularise his own compositions naming them as those of Guru Arjan Sahib’s. He started planning a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji with the help of some Mughal officials. It further strained the relationship between the Mughals and Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

4. Enmity of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan cJ Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. Many advisors suggested him to marry his daughter with Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He on hearing it Chander Shah was emerged and he uttered some objectionable words in the house of Guru Sahib. Afterwards, when Chandu Shah’s wife convinced him, he was ready to accept this relation. By this time, Guru Arjan Dev Ji came to know about all those abusive words Chandu Shah had uttered for him. So, he refused to accept shagun sent by Chandu Shah. When Chandu Shah came to know about this, he was determined to avenge the insult. He started poisoning Jahangir’s ears and he succeeded in getting what he wanted. Jahangir made up his mind to take a strict action against Guru Arjan Sahib.

5. Opposition of Naqshbandis: Naqshbandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Muslims could never see any other religion prospering and developing. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis, had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So, he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Sahib. Therefore, Jahangir decided to take action against Guru Sahib.

6. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji was another important reason of Guru Arjan Sahib’s martyrdom. Opponents of Guru Arjan Dev Ji complained against him to Jahangir saying that he had written many things against Islam. Jahangir instructed Guru Arjan Dev Ji to remove all anti-Islamic points from the Granth Sahib Ji. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji said that Guru Granth Sahib Ji contained nothing against Islam. Then Jahangir asked him to write something about Hazrat Mohammad in this scripture. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji said that he could not do any such thing without Almighty’s permission. This enraged Jahangir all the more.

7. Help of Khusrau: Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyrdom. Prince Khusrau had revolted against his father some time after his enthronement. On reaching Punjab Khusrau came to Tarn Taran to seek Guru Arjan Dev Ji blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Dev Ji put a tilak on his forehead and gave him all sorts of help required to go to Kabul. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures, and to confiscate the whole of his property.

How was Guru Arjan Dev Ji Martyred?

On Jahangir’s order Guru Arjan Dev Ji was arrested on 24th May, 1606 A.D. and brought to Lahore. Here Muslim Sufi Saint Mian Mir requested Jahangir to spare his life. Jahangir asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to pay a fine of Rs. 2 lakh for sparing his life. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused to pay this fine. As a result, the Mughals made Guru Arjan Dev Ji to sit in a vessel of boiling water. Then Guru Arjan Dev Ji was made to sit on hot iron bars and hot sand was thrown on his naked body. The Guru Arjan Dev Ji bore all the tortures cheerfully by uttering the following verse: –

“Whatever you ordain appears sweet. I supplicate for the gift of Nam.”
Thus, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was immersed in Eternal Light on 30th May, 1606 A.D. at Lahore.

Significance of the Martyrdom:

The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was an event of tremendous importance in the evolution of the Sikh movement and in the history of Punjab.

1. New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib: The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a turning point in the development of the Sikh community. Guru Hargobind Ji decided to adopt a New Policy in order to turn his followers into saint soldiers. He constructed Akal Takht Sahib with a view to impart military training to the Sikhs. He asked his followers to bring him horses and arms and join his army. It changed the entire character of the reformatory religious movement. According to famous historian K.S. Duggal, “Guru Arjan’s martyrdom precipitated the issues. It gave a new complexion to the shape of things in the Punjab and the Sikh Polity.”

2. Unity among the Sikhs: The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. Now, they felt the need of joining their hands in order to put an end to the tyrannical rule of the Mughals. The Sikhs, henceforth, began to assemble under one banner. It created a glorious tradition in the Sikh history. Undoubtedly its credit goes to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Change in relationship between Mughals and the Sikhs: Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, there were cordial relations between the Sikh Gurus and the Mughal emperors. But, now with the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the position had been completely reversed. The Sikhs became the sworn enemy of the Mughals. They were now looking for an opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. On the other hand, the Mughal emperors also did not like that the Sikhs should take to arms. Thus, it strained the relationship between the Sikhs and the Mughals.

4. Persecution of the Sikhs: After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Mughals started a reign of terror against the Sikhs. Jahangir had put Guru Hargobind Ji in prison in the-fort of Gwalior. During the reign of Shah Jahan, Guru Hargobind Ji was forced to fight four battles with the Mughals. In 1675 A.D., Aurangzeb got Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred in Delhi. During his rule, he left no stone unturned to convert the whole of India into Islam. A large number of people were put to sword for refusing to embrace Islam. To face boldly the tyrannies of the Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Singh Bahadur and thousands of other Sikhs laid down their lives. In fact, the Sikhs got this inspiration of self¬sacrifice from the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.-

5. Popularity of Sikhism: With the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Sikhism became more popular. This incident infused a new vigour, love and reverence for Sikhism, not only among the Hindus, but also among the Muslims. Consequently, they began to join Sikhism in larger numbers. Thus, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a milestone in the development of Sikhism. According to famours historian Dr. G.S. Mansukhani, “The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib marks a .turning point in the development of Sikh religion.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji immediately after his accession to Gurgaddi.
Or
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, when he became the Guru?
Answer:
At the time of accession to Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face the opposition firstly of his elder brother Prithi Chand. He vehemently protested against his supersession. The fanatic Muslims of Punjab could not bear the growing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. They incited Jahangir against Guru Ji. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He had sent a proposal to Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the marriage of his daughter to his son Hargobind Ji. But Guru Arjan Dev ji declined the proposal. As a result, Chandu Shah turned a sworn enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2. What was Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
Describe briefly the contributions of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the development of Sikhism.
Or
Give a brief account of the organizational works of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:

By making Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar, Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the Sikhs their most sacred place of pilgrimage,
He built a Baoli at Lahore.
The development of the Masand system was one of his greatest achievements.
The compilation of Guru Granth Sahib in 1604 A.D. by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is considered his crowning achievement.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Describe briefly the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the foundation and importance of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
The building of Sri Harmandir Sahib is one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. It was constructed in the midst of Amrit Sarovar. Guru Arjan Dev Ji got its foundation laid by a famous Sufi saint, Mian Mir in 1588 A.D. Harmandir means “Temple of God.’ Guru Arjan Dev Ji kept the height of the building of Sri Harmandir Sahib lower than those of the surrounding buildings and said, “What is humble, shall be exalted.” Soon, Sri Harmandir Sahib became the leading pilgrimage centre of the Sikhs.

Question 4.
What do you know about the Masand system? Explain.
Or
Examine the organization and development of the Masand system.
Or
What do you mean by the Masand system?
Answer:
“Masand’ is derived from the Persian word Masand which means ‘a high place’. This system was set up by Guru Ram Das Ji, but its real development took place during Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s time. Guru Arjan Dev Ji announced that each Sikh should offer Daswandh (one-tenth of income) to him. He appointed Masands to collect Daswandh from the Sikh Sangat. The Masands not only collected Daswandh but also preached Sikhism. Masand system played a significant role in the evolution of the Sikh movement.

Question 5.
What were the functions of the Masands?
Answer:

Masand’s used to preach Sikhism in the area under him.
He used to collect Daswandh from the Sikh Sangat.
Masand’s used to deposit the collected Daswandh to the Guru Sahib on the occasions of Baisakhi and Diwali.

Question 6.
Write a short note on Tarn Taran and Its importance.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji, founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. Here a Sarovar named Tarn Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim, who takes bath in this Sarovar shall get salvation from transmigration. Tarn Taran also became a famous holy place of the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Jats of the Majha became the followers of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and embraced Sikhism. The services of these Jats towards Sikhism were of great value.

Question 7.
Write a note on the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji (Guru
Or
Briefly explain the significance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
Write a short note on Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
Give a brief description of Adi Granth Sahib Ji and its historical
Answer:
The most important work during Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s pontificate was the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. The objective was to compile the Bani of Gurus in one place. Guru Arjan Dev Ji initiated this great work at Ramsar. The Bani of the first five Guru Sahibs, Saints, and Bhagats was included in it. The job of writing Guru Granth Sahib was done by Bhai Gurdas Ji. This great work was completed in 1604 A.D. Later on, the Bani of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was also included in it. Adi Granth Sahib occupies a special place in the history of Sikhism.

Question 8.
Briefly explain the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
What is the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
No doubt Guru Granth Sahib Ji is a religious scripture, yet it furnishes valuable information regarding the social, religious, political, and economic life of the 16th and 17th centuries. Guru Nanak Sahib gave a vivid account of the political condition of that time in Babar Vani. In the social field, women’s position was miserable. The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib is a landmark in the history of the Sikhs. It gave the message of the universal brotherhood of mankind to the world.

Question 9.
Write a note on Prithi Chand.
Or
Who was Prithi Chand? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Who was Prithi Chand (Prithia)? How did he act against Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Prithi Chand or Prithia was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was. the founder of the Mina Sect. He was very selfish and cunning. That is why Guru Ram Das Ji gave the Gurgaddi to Guru Arjan Dev Ji instead of giving it to him. On hearing this decision, Prithi Chand got furious. He hoped that his son Meharban would get Gurgaddi after Guru Arjan Dev Ji. But when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was blessed with a son, Hargobind, all his hopes seemed to dash to the ground. Therefore, he became a sworn enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 10.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Why does Chandu Shah oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Write a short note on Chandu Shah.
Answer:
Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. His messengers proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and uttered some objectionable words in honor of Guru Ji. But after being persuaded by his wife, he agreed to the proposal. Again he sent his messengers to Guru Arjan Dev Ji with this proposal. Guru Arjan Dev Ji turned down the proposal. On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Question 11.
Mention the three causes for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Examine three major causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
What were the three main causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:

Jahangir could not tolerate the flourishing of Sikhism.
Chandu Shah, the Diwan of Lahore sent a proposal of his daughter’s marriage to Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. When this proposal was not accepted, Chandu Shah turned Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.
The help rendered to Khusrau, the elder son of Jahangir, by Guru Arjan Ji became an immediate reason for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Prithi Chand played a great role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 12.
Describe the role of Naqshbandis in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib.
Answer:
Naqshabandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Naqshbandis were enraged to see the increasing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So, he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Ji. Therefore, Jahangir decided” to take action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 13.
Why was Jahangir hostile to Sikh Gurus?
Answer:

Jahangir could not tolerate the rapidly increasing power of the Sikhs under Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Some Muslims had embraced Sikhism. It embroiled the blood of Jahangir.
Jahangir could not tolerate the help rendered to rebellious Prince Khusrau.

Question 14.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
The help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir. He revolted against his father sometime after his enthronement. Khusrau came to seek Guru Arjan Dev Ji blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Dev Ji put a tilak on his forehead. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 15.
Write the importance of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.
Or
Write down the impact of the martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave a new turn to Sikh history. The peace-loving Sikhs flared up as a result of this martyrdom. It became evident to them that taking to arms was now essential. That is why Guru Hargobind Ji adopted a New Policy. He carried two swords of Miri and Piri. In this way, Guru Arjan Dev Ji turned the Sikhs into saint-soldiers. After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the era of friendship between the Sikhs and the Mughals came to an end.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
When was Guru Arjan Dev Ji born?
Answer:
April 15, 1563 A.D.

Question 3.
Where was Guru Arjan Dev Ji born?
Answer:
Goindwal Sahib.

Question 4.
What was the name of the father of Guru Arjan- Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 5.
What was the name of the mother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Bibi Bhani Ji.

Question 6.
Mention the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
1581 to 1606 A.D.

Question 7.
Who was Prithia?
Answer:
The eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 8.
Why was Prithia annoyed with Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Because he considered himself the real claimant of the Giirgaddi.

Question 9.
Which sect was founded by Prithi Chand?
Answer:
Mina sect.

Question 10.
What was the name of Meharban’s father?
Answer:
Prithi Chand.

Question 11.
Who was Chandu Shah?
Answer:
Diwan of Lahore.

Question 12.
Name any one achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
He founded Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.

Question 13.
What is meant by Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
The place of God’s residence.

Question 14.
By which Guru was Harmandir Sahib got built?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 15.
Who laid the foundation stone of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Famous Sufi Saint Mian Mir.

Question 16.
When was the foundation of Harmandir Sahib laid?
Answer:
1588 A.D.

Question 17.
When was the construction of Harmandir Sahib completed?
Answer:
1601 A.D.

Question 18.
Who was the first Head Granthi of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 19.
Why four doors have been built on* four sides of Harmandir Sahib?
Or
What do the four doors of Harmandir Sahib, indicate?
Answer:
It indicates that the doors of Harmandir Sahib are open for people coming from all four directions without any discrimination.

Question 20.
What is meant by Tarn Taran?
Answer:
A person can swim across the world by bathing in the tank of Tarn Taran.

Question 21.
Who got town of Tarn Taran constructed?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 22.
Which Guru got built a Baoli in Dabbi Bazar at Lahore?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 23.
What is meant by the word Masand?
Answer:
High place.

Question 24.
What does Daswandh imply?
Answer:
Daswandh means the 1/10th of income which the Sikhs gave to the Masands.

Question 25.
When was Adi Granth Sahib Ji compiled?
Answer:
1604 A.D.

Question 26.
Which Guru Sahib compiled Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 27.
Who helped Guru Arjan Dev Ji in compiling the Adi Granth Sahib?
Answer:
Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 28.
When was Adi Granth Sahib Ji installed in Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
16th Aug, 1604 A.D.

Question 29.
Which Guru composed the maximum Shabads (Hymns) for Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 30.
What is the number of saints whose hymns (bani) have been included in the Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
15.

Question 31.
Name any one saint, whose hymns have been included in Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Kabir Ji.

Question 32.
Into how many Ragas the Adi Granth Sahib Ji has been divided?
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib has been divided into 31 Ragas.

Question 33.
How many pages (Angas) does Adi Granth Sahib Ji contain?
Answer:
1430.

Question 34.
Write the name of the script of ‘Adi Granth Sahib Ji’.
Answer:
Gurmukhi.

Question 35.
Name the main religious book of (Granth Sahib) the Sikhs.
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib Ji or Guru Granth Sahib Ji„

Question 36.
With which Bani does the Adi Granth Sahib Ji start?
Answer:
Japji Sahib.

Question 37.
Who composed Japji Sahib?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 38.
What is the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
It contains the message of universal brotherhood of mankind.

Question 39.
Who was Baba Buddha Ji?
Answer:
The first Head Granthi of Sri Darbar Sahib, Amritsar.

Question 40.
Name the central shrine of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Sri Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.

Question 41.
Who was Chandu Shah?
Answer:
Diwan of Lahore.

Question 42.
Who was Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi?
Answer:
The head of Naqashbandi order.

Question 43.
What was the name of the eldest son of Jahangir?
Answer:
Khusrau.

Question 44.
Who was the first martyr among the Sikh Gurus?
Or
Which Guru is known as King of Martyrs (Shaheedan de Sartaj).
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 45.
Which Mughal emperor ordered to martyr Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Jahangir.

Question 46.
When was Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred?
Answer:
May 30, 1606 A.D.

Question 47.
Where was Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred?
Answer:
In Lahore.

Question 48.
Write down any one result of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
It inflammed the sentiments of the Sikhs.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the ……………… Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
fifth

2. The name of the father of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was …………………..
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji

3. The name of the mother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was ……………….
Answer:
Bibi Bhani

4. The name of the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was ………………….
Answer:
Hargobind

5. Guru Arjan Dev Ji succeeded to Guruship in ………………..
Answer:
1581 A.D.

6. Prithia established ………………..
Answer:
Mina sect

7. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi started the …………………. order.
Answer:
Naqashbandi

8. Naqasbandis established their headquarters at …………………
Answer:
Sirhind

9. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of ……………..
Answer:
Lahore

10. ……………. got built Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

11. Famous Saint ……………… laid the foundation stone of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Mian Mir

12. ………………. founded Tarn Taran.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

13. ………………. got built a Baoli at Lahore.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

14. The Adi Granth Sahib was complied by …………………
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

15. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib was completed in ………………..
Answer:
1604 A.D.

16. ………………… was appointed as the first Head Granthi in Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji

17. The autobiography of Jahangir is …………………..
Answer:
Tuzak-i-Jahangiri

18. Dara Shikoh’s father’s name was …………………
Answer:
Jahangir

19. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on …………………
Answer:
May 30, 1606 A.D.

20. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred at ………………..
Answer:
Lahore

21. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred by Mughal emperor …………………
Answer:
Jahangir

True or False:

1. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

2. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1563 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. Tripta Devi was the name of mother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
False

4. The name of the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
True

5. Prithi Chand found the Mina Sect.
Answer:
True

6. Chandu Shah became the friend of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
False

7. Guru Arjan Dev Ji got constructed the Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
True

8. The construction of Harmandir Sahib was started in 1688 A.D.
Answer:
False

9. The foundation of Harmandir Sahib was laid by Sufi Saint, Mian Mir.
Answer:
True

10. Development of Masand system was the greatest achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
True

11. Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled Adi Granth Sahib Ji in 1604 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. Baba Buddha Ji wrote hymns of Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
False

13. Baba Buddha Ji was the first Head Granthi (priest) of Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
True

14. The hymns of Adj Granth Sahib Ji have been divided according to 33 Ragas.
Answer:
False

15. Adi Granth Sahib Ji has a total of 1430 pages.
Answer:
True

16. Guru Granth Sahib Ji has hymns of six Gurus.
Answer:
True

17. Adi Granth Sahib Ji is written in Sanskrit Language.
Answer:
False

18. The writer of Tuzak-i-Babari was Jahangir.
Answer:
False

19. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred in 1606 A.D.
Answer:
True

20. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on the orders of Aurangjeb.
Answer:
False

21. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred at Lahore.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the fifth Guru of Sikhs?
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Har Krishan Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji

2. When was Guru Arjan Dev Ji born?
(a) In 1539 AD.
(b) In 1560 A.D.
(c) In 1563 A.D
(d) In 1574 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1563 A.D

3. Where was Guru Arjan Dey Ji born?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Khadur Sahib
(c) Goindwal Sahib
(d) Tarn Taran.
Answer:
(c) Goindwal Sahib

4. Who was the father of Guru Arjan Dcv Ji?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(d) Haridas Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji

5. What was the name of the mother of Guru Arjan Dcv Ji?
(a) Bibi Bhani Ji
(b) Bibi Amro Ji
(c) Bibi Anokhi Ji
(d) Bibi Dhanì Ji.
Answer:
(a) Bibi Bhani Ji

6. Which sect was, founded by Prithin?
(a) Mina
(b) Udasi
(c) Harms
(d) Nirjania
Answer:
(a) Mina

7. Whose son was Meharban?
(a) Guru Arjan Dcv Ji
(b) Sri Chiad Ji
(c) Baba Mohan Ji
(d) Prithi Chand.
Answer:
(d) Prithi Chand.

8. When did Guru Arjan Dev Ji succeed to Guruship?
(a) In 1580 A.D.
(b) In 1581 A.D.
(c) In 1585 A.D.
(d) In 1586 A.D.
Answer:
(b) In 1581 A.D.

9. Where was headquarter of Naqshbandis located In Punjab?
(a) Malerkutla
(b) Ludhiana
(c) Jalandhar
(d) Sirhind
Answer:
(d) Sirhind

10. Who was the leader of Naqshbandis at the time of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
(a) Baba Farid Ji
(b) Data Ganj Baksh
(c) Shaikh Abmed Sirhindi
(d) Ram Rai.
Ans.
(c) Shaikh Abmed Sirhindi

11. Who was Chandu Shah?
(a) Diwan of Lahore
(b) Faujdar of Punjab
(c) Subedar of Jalandhar
(d) Diwan of Multan
Answer:
(a) Diwan of Lahore

12. When was the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib laid?
Answer:
(a) In 1581 A.D.
(b) In 1585 A.D.
(c) In 1588 A.D.
(d) In 1589 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1588 A.D.

13. Who laid the foundation of sri Harmandir Sahib?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Baba Farid Ji
(c) Saint Mian Mir Ji
(d) Baba Buddha Ji.
Answer:
(c) Saint Mian Mir Ji

14. Where did Guru Arjan Dev Ji Start compiling of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
(a) Ramsar
(b) Goindwal Sahib
(c) Khadur Sahib
(d) Baba Bakala
Answer:
(a) Ramsar

15. Who helped Guru Arjan Dev Ji in compiling the Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
(a) Baba Buddha Ji
(b) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(c) Bhai Moh1cam Chand Ji
(d) Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
Ans.
(b) Bhai Gurdas Ji

16. When was compilation of the Adj Granth Sahib Ji completed?
(a) In 1600 A.D.
(b) In 1601 A.D.
(c) In 1602 A.D.
(d) In 1604 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1604 A.D.

17. Where was the Adj Granth Sahib JI first kept?
(a) Sri Harnjandjr Sahib
(b) Khadur Sahib
(c) Goindwal Sahib
(d) Nankana Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Sri Harnjandjr Sahib

18. When was the Adj Granth Sahib Ji first read.?
(t) In 1602 AD.
(ii) In 1604 A.D.
(iii) In 1605 A.D.
(iv) In 1606 A.D.
Answer:
(ii) In 1604 A.D.

19. Who was appointed First Head Granthi in the Sri Harmandir Sahib?
(a) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(b) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
(c) Baba Buddha Ji
(d) Baba Deep Singh Ji
Answer:
(c) Baba Buddha Ji

20. Into how many Ragas has the Bani of the Adj Granth Sahib Ji been divided?
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 21
(d) 31
Answer:
(d) 31

21. In which Script the Adi Granth Sahib Ji was written?
(a) Hindi
(b) Persian
(c) Marathi
(d) Gurmukhi
Answer:
(d) Gurmukhi

22. Who was Baba Buddha Ji?
(a) The first Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib Amrister.
(b) Writer of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
(c) The founder of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
(d) None of These
Answer:
(a) The first Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib Amrister.

23. Name the main religious scripture of the Sikhs.
(a) Adi Granth Sahib Ji
(b) Dasam Granth Sahib Ji
(c) Zafarnama
(d) Rehat Nama
Answer:
(a) Adi Granth Sahib Ji

24. Name the main religious scripture of the Sikhs.
(a) Sri Harmandir Sahib
(b) Sis Ganj
(c) Rakab Ganj
(d) Kesgarh Sahib
Answer:
(a) Sri Harmandir Sahib

25. What was the name of autobiography of Jahangir?
(a) Tuzak-i-Babari
(b) Tuzak-i-Jahangiri
(c) Jahangir Nama
(d) Aalamgir Nama.
Answer:
(b) Tuzak-i-Jahangiri

26. Name the first martyr among the Sikh Gurus.
(a) Guru Nanak Dey Ji
(b) Guni Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Arjan Dey Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Arjan Dey Ji

27. On the orders of which Mughal emperor was Guru Arjan Dey Ji martyred?
(a) Babar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) Aurangzeb.
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

28. Where was Guru Arjan Dcv Ji martyred?
(a) Delhi
(b) Amritsar
(c) Lahore
(d) Multan.
Answer:
(c) Lahore

29. When was Guru Arjan Dey Ji martyred?
(a) In 1604 A.D.
(b) In 1605 A.D.
(c) In 1606 A.D.
(d) In 1609 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1606 A.D.

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 25 The Union Legislature

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 25 The Union Legislature Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 25 The Union Legislature

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the composition of Indian Parliament and compare the powers of the Rajya Sabha with those of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Discuss the composition of Indian Parliament. Describe the relations between the two Houses of Parliament.
Answer:
All the legislative powers of the federal government are vested in the Parliament. The laws framed by the Indian Parliament are enforced in the whole of the country. The Parliament holds its meetings in New Delhi, the Capital of India.

Composition:
Article 79 of the Constitution provides a bicameral parliament for the Union. The Union Parliament consists of the president and the two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

1. Rajya Sabha:
Rajya Sabha is the upper chamber of the Parliament. It can have at the most 250 members in it. The President of India nominates 12 members. These are the persons who have distinguished themselves in the field of art, literature, science and social service. Rest of the members are elected by the members of State legislatures. At present it consists of 245 (233 + 12) members in all. l/3rd of its members retire after every two years and other members are elected to fill up the vacancies. Each member remains in office for a period of 6 years.

2. Lok Sabha:
Lok Sabha is the lower chamber of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members will be elected acording to the laws framed by the Union Parliament. The President can nominate two members of the Anglo-Indian community if he feels that in the Lok Sabha this- community has not got adequate representation. In this manner maximum strength of the Lok Sabha can be 552.

But at present Lok Sabha has 543 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and can order fresh elections. The members of the Lok Sabha elect one Speaker and one Deputy Speaker from amongst its members.

Salary and Allowances of the Members of Parliament:
The salary and allowances of the members of Parliament are determined by Parliament from time to time. Session of the Parliament. The President of India convenes the session of the Parliament. He can call the sessions of both the Houses on the same date or on different dates. The second session of the Parliament must be convened within a period of 6 months. There should not be a difference of more than 6 months between the last meeting of the last session and the first meeting of the next session. This way two sessions are certainly called in one year.

Relations Between The Two Houses Of Parliament
Although the participation and collaboration of both the Houses are essential for all legislative activities, even a cursory perusal of the provisions of the Constitution with regard to the two Houses of Parliament will show that the Constitution recognizes the supremacy of the Lok Sabha over the Rajya Sabha. The two Houses, unlike the Australian Parliament do not stand on the footing of equality. The relation of the two Houses, unlike the Australian Parliament does not stand on the footing of equality. The relation of the two Houses may be discussed as under:

1. Ordinary Bills:
Ordinary Bills can originate in either House of Parliament. Unless passed by both the Houses they cannot be sent to the President for his assent. A Bill passed by one House is sent to the other House. If the other House passes the Bill in the form in which it was passed by originating House, it is sent to the President for his assent. The other House may propose amendments in the Bill or may even reject the Bill.

Thus, if the two Houses do not agree on the proposed amendments or if the two Houses finally disagree on the Bill, the President, under Art. 108 of the Constitution is empowered to call a joint meeting of the two Houses. In case the receiving House takes no action on the Bill for six months from the date of its receipt in that case also the President may summon a joint meeting of both the Houses. It should be noted that there can be no joint meeting of the two Houses if the Bill has lapsed because of the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

Even if the President has already issued a notification for joint sitting and even if the date, time and place of the meeting have been announced and summons issued, the meeting shall have to be cancelled because no joint sitting can be held for deliberating and voting on a Bill which has already lapsed. When the President has notified his intention to summon the two Houses to meet in a joint sitting, neither House can proceed with the Bill.

If at the joint meeting of the two Houses the Bill is passed by a majority of the total number of members of both Houses present and voting, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both the Houses. At the joint sitting of the two Houses, the voice of the Lok Sabha should prevail because of its numerical strength. It should not, however, be taken for granted. In India, thus, the Rajya Sabha can delay a Bill or six months.

It may succeed in killing it also especially when the Government has a thin majority in the Lok Sabha and substantial opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In England, the House of Lords can delay a non-money Bill for one year. There is no provision for a joint sitting. In Japan also there is no provision for a joint sitting of the two Houses in case of a deadlock over a Bill. The Upper House of Japn (House of Councillors) can delay an ordinary Bill for sixty days. If the Lower House passes that Bill for the second time by a two-third majority of the members present the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses.

2. Money Bills:
Money Bills and Budget can originate in the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha is the receiving end. When a Money Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha it is sent to he Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Rajya Sabha, has the right to propose amendments in the Money Bill. It must return the Bill to the Lok Sabha, with or without amendments, within 14 days, but Lok Sabha may or may not agree to those recommendations.

If the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill within 14 days from the date of the receipt of the Bill, the same shall be considered to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament in the same form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. All these provisions clearly prove that the hold of the Lok Sabha over the finance of the country is complete and absolute. It should be noted that in case of disagreement over Money Bill, there cannot be a joint sitting of the two Houses. The Senate of Australia possesses the power to reject even a Money Bill.

The House of Lords of England can delay a money bill for a month. The Upper House of Japan can also delay the passage of a money bill for 30 days. In matters of finance the powers of the Rajya Sabha are insignificant.

3. Control over the Executive:
In India, Parliamentary system of Government has been established. The essence of this form of Government is that the executive is responsible to the legislature for its actions and policies. In practice it is answerable to the Popular House. Thus, according to the Constitution of India, the Council of Ministers has been made collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

No doubt, the Rajya Sabha can exert its influence on the Govenment in a number of ways and it may even put the Government in an awkward position, but it cannot remove the Government from office. This power belongs to the Lok Sabha only. This power of the Lok Sabha is exclusive and not concurrent. The Government must enjoy the confidence of the Lok Sabha or else resign. The Lok Sabha can express its lack of confidence in a number of ways, for example by rejecting a Government Bill, a Money Bill or by passing a no confidence resolution.

Thus, the Government must either be in tune with the Lok Sabha or face expulsion. One point may be noted here. The Council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Constitution does not speak of individual responsibility. Moreover, it is not clear that when the Lok Sabha stands dissolved, to whom is the Council of Ministers responsible then? Afer the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970, the continuance of Indira Government was challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the legality of the continuance of Indira Gandhi Government.

4. Other Matters:
On the other matters, the powers of the two Houses are almost equal. They are enumerated as under:

(i) Constitution Amending Bill can be introduced in either House of Parliament. It is deemed to have been passed only when each House passes it by the required majority. Since the Amending Bill has to be passed by each House, the question of joint sitting of the two Houses in case of disagreement does not arise. In this repsect the Rajya Sabha has co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha. It may even kill an amending Bill.

(ii) Both the Houses take part in the election of the President and Vice President.

(iii) Both the Houses have equal powers in the removal of the President, Charges can be preferred in either House, the other House investigates or gets them investigated by a court or a tribunal, but the House cannot abdicate its authority, it has to pass the resolution by 2/3rd majority if the impeachment proceeding is to succeed.

(iv) The Vice President can also be removed from office by the Parliament. Removal proceedings against the Vice President can start only in the Rajya Sabha, but the Lok Sabha must also agree if the Vice President is to be removed from office.

(v) Judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts are also removed by both the Houses. In this .respect also the powers of both the Houses are equal.

In two matters the powers of the Rajya Sabha are exclusive. They are:
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by 2/3rd majority of its members present and voting that an item given on the State List has become of national importance, therefore, Parliament should make law on that. On the passing of such a resolution, it becomes lawful for Parliament to make laws with respect to that matter for the whole or any part of India for a period of one year.

2. The second exclusive power of the Rajya Sabha. is connected with the setting up of All India Services. Under Article 312, the Rajya Sabha by passing a resolution by two-thirds majority of the members present and voting can set up All India Service.

From the above discussion it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. And he who holds the purse, holds the power. Likewise, the Council of Ministers can be removed from office by the Lok Sabha only. The Lok Sabha is thus the King- maker. It was the intention of the makers of the costitution to make the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because it is in accordance with the theory and practice of Parliamentary system of Government.

Question 2.
Discuss the powers and functions of Indian Parliament.
Or
Discuss financial and judicial functions of Parliament.
Answer:
The Indian Parliament has been given several types of powers. The powers of Parliament include law-making or legislation, financial, executive and judicial powers.
1. Legislative Powers:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union list and concurrent list. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State list. The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for union territories. The Rajya Sabha can transfer a State subject in favour of the centre for the purpose of making laws.

In case of the proclamation of emergency by the President, the Parliament can legislate on State subjects. The Residuary powers are under the control of the central government and so Parliament frames laws on all the residuary subjects. The bill is sent to the President after it is passed by both the Houses. Excepting the money bills he can give his assent and make use of his veto powers. If the Parliament passes that bill for second time then the President is bound to give his assent to that bill.

2. Financial Powers:
The Parliament controls the finances of the State. The government places the budget before the start of the financial year. The Parliament discusses the budget and gives its assent to the bill. The government can neither impose any tax upon the public nor can it spend the money without the approval of the Parliament. The President will have to give his assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

3. Control over the Executive:
The Parliament controls the Executive in the following ways:
(i) The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.

(ii) The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

(iii) The members of the Parliament can ask the ministers questions regarding the functioning of the administration. The ministers are to give a satisfactory reply to all these questions.

(iv) The members of the Parliament by introducing ‘Adjournment Motion’ can invite the attention of the government to a serious problem or event.

(v) During discusion on budget the members of the Parliament discuss the working of different departments of the government and criticise the policies of the government.

(vi) The Cabinet continues to remain in office according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha. It can seek the removal of the Cabinet by passing a no-confidence motion against or by rejecting an important government bill or by passing a resolution for reducing the salary of a particular minister.

4. Judicial Powers:
The Parliament exercises some judicial powers also:

The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.
The Parliament can remove the judges of the High Court and Supreme Court by passing a resolution to that effect.

5. Electoral Powers:

The elected members of the parliament participate in the election of the President.
The Vice President is elected by the members of both the Houses of the Parliament.

6. Amendment of the Constitution:
It is the Parliament which can initiate a resolution for the amendment of the Constitution. Some provisions of the Constitution can be amended only by the Parliament. In some important matters the amendment proposals after being passed by the Parliament are to be sent for the approval of legislatures of the States. The States cannot introduce a resolution of amendment of the Constitution.

Position of the Parliament:
The Indian Parliament enjoys vast powers and it is a very important insitution. It represents the entire nation. The Laws framed by it are enforced in the whole of the State. But the Indian Parliament is not a supreme and sovereign body.The Indian Parliament is less powerful than the British Parliament. The sovereignty of the British Parliament is a well known fact.

The British Parliament can make, repeal, amend and abolish, any law it likes. But the Indian Parliament cannot make all the laws it likes. The reason for this is that in England there is unitary type of government and all powers are with the Centre, but in Indian there is a federal type of government and the powers have been distributed between ttie Centre and the States. Indian Parliament cannot be called a Supreme and sovereign body due to reasons given ahead:

The powers in India are distributed between the Centre and the State and the Parliament cannot frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State list during peace time.
The Parliament cannot make any law which violates the fundamental rights of the people?
The Parliament cannot amend the Constitution independently.
The Constitution is considered the supreme law of the land. The Parliament can do nothing against it.
The judiciary has the power of Judicial review over the laws framed by the Parliament. The Supreme Court of India can declare a law null and void if it is against the provisions of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Discuss the composition, functions and powers of Rajya Sabha in India.
Answer:
The legislative powers of the Union have been vested in the parliament. The Parliament consists of two Houses-the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people. Hence, it is a national House or the popular House. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Hence its name is the Council of States.

Composition:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members 12 members are nominated by the President. These members shall consist of persons having special knowledge of practical experience in literature, science, art and social service. The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories.

The representatives of the States are elected by the Elected members of their Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The method of election is, accordingly, indirect. In the case of Union Territories members are chosen in such a manner as Parliament may by law determine.

Though the Indian Constitution establishes a federal polity, yet the federating units (State) have not been given equal representation in the Rajya Sabha, Representation of the States is on the basis of population. At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 mambers. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the States and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the president.

Term:
Like the Senate of the U.S.A.; the Rajya Sabha is a permanent House. It is not subject to dissolution. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for six years, one-third members retiring after every two years.

Qualifications for the members of the Rajya Sabha. A candidate for election to the Rajya Sabha must possess the following qualifications:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 30 years of age.
He must be a parliamentary elector in the State from which he is seeking election and must have been residing in the state for the last six months.
He must possess such other qualifications as parliament may by law prescribe.
He must make and subscribe before some person authorised on that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation asserting his allegiance to the Constitution of India.

Disqualification for Membership:
A person is disqualified from being chosen a member of the Rajya Sabha if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or any State Government, or if he is of unsound mind, or if he is an undischarged insolvent, or if he has ceased to be a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired citizenship of a foreign State, or acknowledged allegiance to a foreign State, or if he is so disqualified under any law made by the Parliament.

A person cannot be a member of both the Houses simultaneously. Nor can he be a member of the Rajya Sabha and a State legislature at the same time. If he incurs any disqualification even after his election, he will have to vacate his seat.

Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sahha:
Like the Vice President of U.S.A., the Indian Vice-President is also the ex- officio Chairman of the Upper House. At present Sh. Venkaiah Naidu is the Chairman of Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha elects a Deputy Chairman from among its own members and he presides in the absence of the Chairman or during the period when the Vice-President is discharging the function of the President. The Deputy Chairman is a member of the Rajya Sabha and he is to vacate the office if he ceases to be its member. On 9th August, 2018 Sh. Harivansh Narayan Singh, candidate of N.D.A. was elected as the Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

Quorum:
According to 42nd Amendment until parliament by law otherwise provides the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliamnet is one-tenth of the total number of members of the House. If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, it is the duty of the Chairman either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.

Powers And Functions Of The Rajya Sabha:
The Rajya Sabha performs a variety of functions. They may be discussed under the following heads:
1. Legislative Powers:
The Rajya Sabha is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. Since the main responsibility of the Parliament is to make laws, hence the Rajya Sabha takes part in the making of laws. Except Money Bills, all bills can originate in the Rajya Sabha. No Bill can become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses. The Lok Sabha by itself cannot pass a Bill and send it to the President for his assent.

In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a Bill or on the amendments made in the Bill, the President has been empowered to summon a joint meeting of the two Houses for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill; At a joint sitting questions are decided by a majority of the members of both houses present and voting. A decision taken at a joint sitting shall mean the decision of both Houses. At the time of the joint sitting the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides.

The President can also summon the joint sitting when a Bill passed by one House is not considered by the other House for six months. For the purpose of summoning the joint sitting it does not matter whether the Bill was introduced first in the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.

2. Financial Powers:
In financial matters, it is the Lok Sabha which enjoys a pre-eminent position. The Rajya Sabha has not been given any susbstantial power with regard to finance. No Money Bill or Financial Bill can first be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It is the privilege of the Lok Sabha to pass the Money Bill first and send it to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendation. It should be noted that the Bill is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendation and not for its aproval. In America, the Money Bill must be approved by the Senate. It is not so in India.

The Rajya Sabha can make amendments in the Money Bill, it may even rejected the Money Bill. It has no effect on the Bill. The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. In case the Lok Sabha rejects the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Bill is deemed to have been pased by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Likewise if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Thus, the Lok Sabha possesses complete control over the purse of the nation.

3. Control over Executive:
The Rajya Sabha does not control Excecutive as the Constitution makes the Council of Ministers collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. But this does not mean that the Rajya Sabha can exert no influence over the Executive. Some of the Ministers are taken from the Rajya Sabha. The members of the Rajya Sabha have the right to ask questions and supplementary questions from the Ministers. They can elicit information about the actions of Government and can move resolutions impressing on the Government the desirability of pursuing a particular line of policy.

As said, the Council of Ministers can be ousted from office by the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha can condemn the Government but it cannot kick the Government out of office.

4. Judicial Powers:
Like the Upper Houses in other countries, the Rajya Sabha has also been vested with some judicial functions. The President can be removed from office by the process of impeachment. A resolution to impeach the President may be moved in any House of Parliament. Such a resolution has to be pased by both the Houses separately by at least 2/3rd majority of the total membership of the house. Clearly, the Rajya Sabha enjoys co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the process of impeachment of the President.

In the removal of the Vice-Presidnet, a resolution to that effect can be moved in the Rajya Sabha only. But the Lok Sabha must agree with that resolution if the Vice-President is to be removed from the office. Likewise, it has identical powers with the Lok Sabha in the matter of removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court.

5. Constituent Powers:
The Rajya Sabha exercises constituent functions along with the Lok Sabha. A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House of Parliament. And the Bill amending the Csonstitution is required to be pased in each House by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of two-third of its members present and voting. The Cosntitution is silent on how to resolve a dead-lock between the two . Houses.

6. Miscellaneous Powers:
The miscellaneous functions of the Rajya Sabha are:
(i) The elected members of the Rajya Sabha take part in the election of the President.

(ii) All the members (elected and nominated both) of the Rajya Sabha take part in the election of the Vice-President.

(iii) The reports of all the Commissions appointed by the President are considered both by the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

(iv) The approval of the Rajya Sabha is necessary for the continuance of the proclamation of emergency.

(v) Every order made by the president suspending the enformcement of Fundamental Rights is required to be laid before each House of Parliament.

(vi) Agreement of the Rajya Sabha is necessary if action is to be taken against the Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller General and the members of the Union Public Service Commission.

(vii) In granting amnesty, the Rajya Sabha has equal power with the Lok Sabha. Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha. Under the constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with two special and exclusive powers. They are:
1. Under Article 249 the Rayja Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two-third majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Under Article 312 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha is empowered to create one or more All-India Services, if the house passes a resolution by not less than two-thirds of the memebrs present and voting that it is neccessary or expedient in the national interest to do so.

Position of the Rajya Sahha:
After having an anylysis of the powers of the Rajya Sabha, it becomes clear that the makers of the Constitution intended it to be less powerful and influential than the Lok Sabha. In matters of ordinary legislation, it cannot prove to be an obstacle in the way of the Lok Sabha because of its half of strength of the Lok Sabha. At the most it can delay an oridnary bill for six months. It has absolutely no control over the purse of the nation.

Money Bills first originate in the Lok Sabha and then are transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Lok Sabha may not agree with the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay a Money Bill for 14 days only. There can be no joint sitting of the two Houses in case of disagreement on a Money Bill. Then the privilege to remove the Government from office belongs to the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha can denounce the Government but it cannot dislodge the Government. In certain repsects it is weaker than the House of Lords even. In the opinion of certain critics, the Rajya Sabha is only a Secondary Chamber.

All this, however, is not to suggest that the Rajya Sabha is only an appendage of the Lok Sabha. It is definitely more powerful than the British House of Lords and the Senate of Canada. While in certain matters it has co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha, in two cases it has exclusive powers as well. It has reacted very strongly whenever the Lok Sabha made an attack upon its privileges. In 1954, much excitement was caused in the Rajya Sabha by an alleged observation made in the Lok Sabha by N.C. Chatterjee that “The Upper House, which is suposed to be a body of elders, seems to be behaving irresponsibly like a pack of urchins.”

According to Morris Jones, “It has three outweighing merits, it supplies additional political positions for which there is demand, it provides some additonal debating opportunities for which there is occasional need and it assists in the solution of legislative limited problems.”

Question 4.
Describe the composition and powers of the Lok Sabha. Is there any limitation to its authority?
Or
Discuss the Composition and Functions of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is the Lower House of Parliament. It is a popular House because it represents the nation at large. It is not only popular but a powerful House as well. It is the pivot of all political activities.

Composition:
Accroding to the 31st Amendment, the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha has been put at 547 members. But accroding to Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987 maximum elected memebrs of the Lok Sabha can be 550. The President can appoint two Anglo-IndiAnswer: At present Lok Sabha consists of 543 members. 530 members are elected members from the States and the Union Territories and two are nominated by the President.

Election:
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years has the right to vote provided, of course, he or she is not otherwise disqualified on grounds of unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice. The voting is by secret ballot. Normally one member represents a population between 5 to 7 1/2 lakhs. As per Constitution, there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between the population of the State as far as practicable, is same for all the Staes.

Each State shall be devided into territorial Constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the State. Though the system of separate communal electorate has been abolished yet the Constitution reserves certain seats for Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes. This reservation shall be vaild till 2020 because the term has been extended by amending the Constitution.

Term:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where l/3rd members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term, i.e. five years. On 26th April, 1999 the President dissolved the Lok Sabha on the advice of Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. Thus the tenure of 12th Lok Sabha was 13 months only.

Qualification:
To be qualified for election to the Lok Sabha, a person must possess the following qualifications:
1. He must be a citizen of India.

2. He must have completed 25 years of age.

3. He must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.

4. He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.

5. No person can be a member of both Houses of Parliament. In case he becomes, he must vacate one of the two seats. Likewise, one person cannot be a member of a House of Parliament and of a State Lsegislature simultaneously.

6. A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court: if he is an undischarged insolvent; if he is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State or is under an acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State or if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.

Quorum:
For a meeting of the Lok Sabha the presence of at least 1/lQth of its total members is essential. If at any time during meeting of a House there is no quorum, it is the duty of the Chairman either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.

Speaker:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House. The Constitution also provides for the office of the Deputy Speaker. He too is the member of the House and is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the speaker when the latter is absent or while the office of the Speaker is vacant.

Privileges:
Members of the Lok Sabha enjoy certain privileges:

Members have full freedom of speech in the House. No case can be started against a member for a speech given in the House.
Members cannot be arrested in any civil suit before 40 days of the beginning of the session.
During the session, members can be arrested in criminal cases only but information must be given to the speaker.
Members get a monthly salary and many other allowances.

Powers Of The Lok Sabha:
1. Legislative Powers:
Any type of bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Laws in it, can be framed on any subject given on the Union list and the concurrent list. The Rajya Sabha can transfer any subject on the State List by passing a resolution in favour of the Centre and Lok Sabha can pass a law on the subject. Rajya Sabha can transfer a subject only in case of national importance. After the bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha and it can delay the bill at the most for 6 months.

If the Rajya Sabha rejects the bill or does not take any action over it for a period of six months, a joint session of the two Houses of the Parliament is called and the majority vote decides the bill. As the number of the members of the Lok Sabha is larger than that of the Rajya Sabha, so the Lok Sabha can get the bills passed according to its own wishes.

2. Financial Powers:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the State. A money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. If there is a difference of opinion whether a particular bill is a money bill or a non-money bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will be final. After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill. The President cannot use his veto power in case of money bill.

3. Control over the executive:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha is the Prime Minister of the country. Most of the ministers are also taken from the Lok Sabha. The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha for all its actions and policies. The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. The members of the Lok Sabha can criticise the functiuoning of the Cabinet. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office so long as it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

4. Judicial Powers:
The Lok Sabha can start impeachment proceedings against the President of India. It investigates into the charges levelled against the Vice-President and gives its decision. It along with the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution for the removal of the judges from the High Court or the Supreme Court.

5. Electoral Functions:
The Lok Sabha participates in the election of the President. It has also the right to participate in the election of the Vice-President. The Lok Sabha elects a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from amongst its members.

6. Amendment in the Constitution:
The resolution for amending the Constitution can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. In this field it enjoys equal powers with the Rajya Sabha.

Position Of The Lok Sabha:
Lok Sabha is the lower Chamber of the Parliament. Almost all its members are elected by the people. This Chamber is more important than the Rajya Sabha because it represents the nation. The Lok Sabha controls the ordinary and the money bills. No bill can be passed against the wishes of the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha has also control over the Cabinet. The Lok Sabha can remove the Cabinet by passing a vote of no-confidence’ or by rejecting the budget. The Lok Sabha is the most powerful, influential and an important part of the Parliament. In fact it is the Lok Sabha which exercises all the powers of the Parliament.

Question 5.
Discuss the election, powers and functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Discuss the functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Write a short note on the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha is presided over by the Speaker who is elected by the House from among its own members. The Speaker’s office is one of much dignity, honor and power. He enjoys supreme authority on the floor of the House. In order of precedence of the state, he ranks seventh and enjoys a status equal to that of the Chief Justice of India. In the absence of the Speaker or when the office of the Speaker is vacant the Deputy Speaker discharges the functions of the Speaker.

Election:
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker must necessarily be a member of the Lok Sabha. The primary function of the newly-elected Lok Sabha is to elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. The Speaker is elected by a simple majority which in reality means, by the party in power. But in practice Prime Minister, after consultations with the leaders of the opposition parties, decides a name for speakership.

Generally the speaker is taken from the ruling party while deputy speaker is taken from the opposition parties. On 22nd Oct, 1999, Mr. Ganti Mohan Chandra Balayogi of the Telugu Desam party backed by BJP and its allies was elected the speaker of Lok Sabha unanimously. On 19th June 2019. Sh. Om Birla, a senior leader of B.J.P. was elected the speaker of Lok Sabha unanimously.

Term of Office:
Normally, the Speaker is elected for a period of five years. However, he continues in office until a new Speaker is elected by the new House. The Speaker does not vacate his office even when the House is dissolved. The Speaker has to vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House. He can be elected to this office for the second time also. The Speaker can resign his office at any time. He can also be removed from his office by a resolution passed by a majority of all members on the roll of the Lok Sabha.

Fourteen days’ notice for moving such a resolution is required to be given. The Speaker cannot preside over a meeting of the House when the House is considering the resolution of his removal. He has, however, the right to sit in the House and defend himself. He has the right to vote also.

Salary and Allowances:
The salary and allowances of the Speaker are determined by the Parliament, and these are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. These cannot be varied to his disadvantage during his term of office.

Powers and Functions of the Speaker:
The Speaker performs various functions and enjoys wide powers drawn partly from the Constitution and partly from the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Parliament, 1950: Following are the functions of the Speaker:

1. In consultation with the Leader of the House, he determines the order of business and the time to be allotted to the debates on the address of the President. He also prescribes the form in which amendments may be moved-to the motion of thanks to the address of the President.

2. He allows members to ask questions. He has also the power to disallow questions in case they are not in conformity with the Rules of the House.

3. Adjournment motions are moved with his consent. He also prescribes the time-limit for speeches on the motion.

4. The Speaker may allow the publication of a Bill in the Gazette of India upon a request from a member initiating the Bill even before the motion for leave to introduce the Bill has been made. In such a case it does not remain necessary to ask for leave of the House to introduce the Bill.

5. His consent is necessary for a motion to adjourn the debate on a bill.

6. He appoints the Chairman of the Select Committees. He himself is ex-officer Chairman of some vital Committees, such as Rules Committee, the Business Advisory Committee and the General Purpose Committee.

7. He allots time for the discussion on Budget.

8. He is the channel of communication between the President and the Parliament.

9. He decides about the admissibility of a motion in the House.

10. No member can address the House without his permission. He is also to see that no member makes an irrelevant speech and thereby wastes the time of the House.

11. All members have to address the chair, they cannot address each other.

12. If any member raises any point of order, it is for the Speaker to give his own ruling and his ruling is final and binding on all. No member can challenge his ruling.

13. He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.

14. In case he finds the conduct of a member disorderly, he can order him to leave the House.

15. If a member disregards his authority in spite of warning, he can name him for suspension. In case a member does not leave the
House on the order of the Speaker, the Speaker can ask the Watch and Ward Staff to lift him bodily and remove him from the House.

16. He exercises control over the Visitors Gallery. It is he who regulates the admission of outsiders into the House. He can ask them to leave the House.

17. He puts questions to vote and announces the results.

18. He can order the expunging of a word or words used in debate from the proceedings of the House.

19. The Speaker conducts the business of the House. However, he cannot preside over the meeting of the House when the House is considering the resolution of the removal of the Speaker from office. But he has the right to sit, take part in the proceedings and defend himself. He has the right to vote also but he has no casting vote then.

20. Business of the Lok Sabha is valid only when the quorum of the House is complete. It is for the Speaker to see whether quorum is complete or not. If he finds that there is no quorum, he can suspend the business of the House till the required quorum is complete.

21. The Speaker is the guardian of the privileges of the members of Lok Sabha. He can insist that action must be taken against any one guilty of violating the privileges of the members of the House.

22. The Speaker is the custodian of the dignity of the House.

23. Before sending a Bill to Rajya Sabha or the President, he signs the Bill as a token of having been passed by the Lok Sabha.

24. It is for the Speaker to certify whether a particular Bill is a money-bill or not and his certificate is final on the point.

25. The Speaker has no right to vote in the first instance but he has the right to vote in case of a tie.

26. When the Speaker rises, others must sit down and must not leave when he addresses the House.

27. In case of a joint meeting of both the Houses on a disputed Bill, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides.

28. The Speaker represents the House and not the Government. For him the humblest back-bencher is no less than a Member and the greatest Minister is no more than a Member. He protects the members from the high-handedness of the Government. The Speaker can pull the Ministers up whenever answers given by them are not clear, adequate or deliberately postponed for no valid reason.

29. The Speaker also performs some important administrative functions. The Secretariat Staff of the Lok Sabha works directly under him.

Position of the Speaker:
The office of the Speaker is one of honour, dignity and authority. He presides over a House which is the pivot of all political activity. He symbolises the House and his authority. In the words of G. V. Mavlankar, “He is supreme in the House.” According to former Speaker Shri Hukam Singh, “Speaker is one of the highest offices in the land.” Shri L. K. Advani said in March 1977 that the Speaker or Chairman is an institution by himself.

In the Order of Precedence he is placed seventh and is bracketed with the Chief Justice of India. He interprets the Rules of the House and his ruling is final. Till today, the office of the Speaker has been occupied by very capable and illustrious personalities. They have enhanced the prestige of the Office. Shri G. V. Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

According to late Pandit Nehru, “The Speaker represents the House, the freedom of the House, and because the House represents the nation, in a particular way, the Speaker becomes the symbol of the nation’s freedom and liberty. Therefore, it is right that his should be an honoured positon; a free position and should be occupied always by men of outstanding ability and impartiality.”

Question 6.
What are the different stages through which the budget passes? Discuss.
Or
Discuss the financial procedure allowed in the Indian Parliament.
Answer:
The Budget is known as the Annual Financial Statement. The Constitution provides that the President shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditures of the Government of India for that year. “The President gets the Budget presented through the Finance Minister. The Budget shows the estimated receipts and expenditure for the ensuing year and is, thus the most important financial document.

In India the Budget is presented to the Parliament in two parts ; the Railway Budget and the General Budget. The Railway Budget deals exclusively with the income and expenditure relating to Railways. It is presented to Parliament by the Minister for Railways. The General Budget deals with the estimate of revenues and expenditure relating to all other Union Ministers and is presented by the Finance Minister. The two Budgets, however, are similar in form and are passed in the same manner.

The General Budget consists of the two parts-one of dealing with the expenditure and the other with the income side of the Union finances. The expenditure embodied in this Budget is divided into two parts:

Expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and
Other Expenditure. The expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India is non-volatile. Either House of Parliament can discuss it but not vote on it.

The other expenditure is submitted in the form of demand for grants to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha may assent or refuse to assent any demand or suggest reduction of the amount specified therein. It is voteable. The Lok Sabha cannot, however, suggest increase in the demand for grants. It is so because no demand for grant can be made except on the recommendation of the President.

Stages in Financial Legislation:
The Budget is presented to the Lok Sabha with the Budget Speech of the Finance Minister. The Budget Speech is one of the most important speeches made in Parliament. In his speech, the Finance Minister sums up the general positon of the country and outlines the economic and fiscal policy of the Government for the ensuing year.

Like ordinary bills, the Budget has also to pass through five stages. They are
1. introduction or presentation,
2. general discussion,
3. voting of demands,
4. consideration and passing of the Appropriation Bill and
5. consideraton and passing of the taxation proposals embodied in the Finance Bill.

1. Introduction of Budget in the Parliament:
It is the constitutional duty of the President to get the Budget prepared and cause to be laid before Parliament. The Budget is presented to the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister with a speech known as the Budget Speech. The Budget Speech is a survey of the financial position of the country and the economic policy of the Government for the ensuing year. The copies of the Budget, thereafter, are printed and circulated amongst members. The Budget contains the estimates of receipt and expenditure. There can be no discussion on the Budget the day it is presented.

2. General Discussion on the Budget:
After the presentation of the Budget, its printed copies are circulated among members. Generally after three days a general discussion on the Budget is held. The general debate on the Budget is spread over three or four days. It is customary that the leaders of the Opposition initiate the discussion.

But at this stage the Houses discuss the Budget as a whole and any question of principle involved in it. No discussion of details is in order and no cut motions are allowed at this stage This stage also provides an opportunity for the discussion of the non-votage expenditure” charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.”

The debate offers an occasion for a general service of the administration and for ventilation of grievances. In the words of Morris-Jones: “It is an occasion on which each House is able to express its mood and the Government may learn how a particular proposal will be received in the subsequent stage.” This stage is, thus, an expression of the mood of the House. No vote is taken at this stage.

3. Voting of DemandL:
After the completion of general discussion on the Budget, the way is clear for the business of voting the grants. The voting of demands or grants is the exclusive privilege of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no share in it. The ‘demands’ are related to the ‘expenditure’ part of the Budget. They are in the nature of requests made by the Executive to the Lok Sabha for grant of outhority to spend the amounts asked for in order to run the administration.

Lok Sabha has the following powers in respect of each demand:

to assent to the i demand; or
to refuse it; or
to reduce it.

The Lok Sabha has no power to increase a demand because no demand for grant can be moved except on the i recommendation of the President.

4. Appropriation Bill:
When all demands for grants have been voted by the Lok Sabha, they are put together and along with charges of the Consolidated fund,
incorporated into what is known as the Appropriation Bill. The Appropriation bill is presented to the Lok Sabha and is passed in the same manner as any other Bill. The debate on the Bill is restricted to those points only which have not been discussed during the debates on estimates. No amendments to the grants as voted by the Lok Sabha previously or to the charges on the Consolidated Fund are followed. The allotment of time for the different stages of the Bill is determined by ! the Speaker. It does not take long for the Lok Sabha to pass the Appropriation Bin.

When the Appropriation Bill has been pssed by the Lok Sabha, it is certified by the Speaker as a Money Bill and is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. It is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject the recommendation made by the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has to return the ‘ Money Bill, with or without amendment, within 14 days of the receipt of the Bill.

In case the Lok Sabha does not agree with the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha or if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. It is then sent to the President for his assent. The President must give his assent to the Money Bill. He can neither withhold his assent nor can he send the Bill back for reconsideration. The Appropriation Act authorises the Government to spend money as authorised in the Act. Without such an authority the Government cannot incur an expenditure.

5. Finance Bill:
A Finance Bill is that which embodies all the taxation proposals of the Government for the ensuring year. While the Appropriation Act authorises the Government to spend money as authorised in the Act, the Finance Bill deals with the legislation which authorises the raising of Funds through taxation as embodied in the financial proposals of the year. The Finance Bill has to go through three readings and the procedure followed is that of a Money Bill. The discussion of the Finance pill in the second reading is confined to general principles.

It is only in the Select Committee that the Bill is considered in details and amendments are moved. Clause by clause consideration of the Bill follows after the presentation of the Committee Report. There is one important difference between the Report Stage of Finance Bill and that of the Appropriation Bill. In the case of Appropriation Bill, no amendments can be moved. In that of the Finance Bill amendments seeking to reject or reduce a tax can be moved. Sometimes the Cabinet voluntarily agrees with the opposition in the reduction of a tax. But if a cut motion is carried against the opposition of the Government, it means a lack of confidence in the Government. In that case the Government has to resign.

As soon as the Finance Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is certified by the Speaker as Money Bill and is sent to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Rajya Sabha has to return the Finance Bill, with or without recommendations within 14 days. The Lok Sabha may or may not agree with the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. After the expiry of 14 days the Finance Bill is sent to the President for his assent. He cannot refuse his assent.

Question 7.
How does a bill become an Act in the Indian Parliament?
Or
Describe the various stages through which the budget passes. Discuss.
Answer:
What is a Bill? The Parliament frames laws for the country. Any member of the House can introduce a resolution for the purpose of making a law. That resolution is to be introduced in the House in a special form and the resolution which is placed before the House in a special form is called a bill. Hence, the resolutions which are introduced in the Parliament for the purpose of making laws or changing old laws or amending the Constitution are called bills. The bill is passed by both the Houses and then it is sent to the President for his assent, and then it becomes a law. But before the Bill becomes a law, it is to pass through so many stages.

Kinds of Bill:
The Constitution divides Bills into two categories i.e., Money Bills and Non- Money Bills. The bills which are introduced in the Parliament by the ministers are called government bills. The bills which are introduced in the House by ordinary members of the House are called Private Members’ bills. Government bills are of two types, money bills and ordinary bills. A money bill is concerned with the imposition of taxes and the expenditure of amount thus collected.

The bill is to pass through so many stages before it becomes a law. The bill is discussed and debated thoroughly in these stages. These stages are mentioned as follows:
1. Introduction of the Bill:
An ordinary bill can be introduced in any House and by any member of the House. But a member can introduce the bill in the same House of which he is a member. The mover of the bill is to give a notice to this effect a month earlier. The admission of the notice brings a particular bill in the agenda or ‘the order of the day’.

There is no need for the ministers to give a month’s notice for the purpose. The agenda of the House or the programme of the House is prepared by the Cabinet and they can fix the date of the introduction of their bills. Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. Money Bills can only be introduced by the ministers and not by the ordinary members of the House.

On the fixed date the mover of the bills seeks the permission of the House for moving the bill and it is very much a formality. On getting the permission of the House he only reads the title of the bill. After this he gives a copy of the bill to the clerk of the House. It is called the introduction of the bill. The bill is sent to the Gazette of India for publication and its copies are distributed among the members of the House. The government bills can be published in the Government Gazette even without introducing them in the House and this method has been generally adopted.

2. First Reading:
After the introduction there is a first reading of the bill. Sometimes there is a first reading of the bill just after the introductory stage. Sometimes another date is fixed for the first reading of the bill. On the fixed date the mover of the bill stands up at his place and requests that the bill should be read for the first time. On getting permission of the House he explains the main principles and objectes of the bill.

After this other members of the House express their opinions in favour of and against the bill. The bill at this stage is not debated and discussed in detail, only the objects and the main principles involved are discussed. Then the mover of the bill puts a resolution that the bill be sent to a Select Committee. Three decisions can be taken on such a resolution:

The bill should be sent to a Select Committee for giving its report on the bill.
The bill should be sent to the press and states for propaganda and public opinion should be elicited. The people send their views in favour or against the bill to the Parliament.
If the majority is opposed to the bill, it is dropped. Most of the bills of private members are rejected at this stage, if they are not supported by the Cabinet.

3. Select Committee:
If the bill is not rejected in the first reading, it is sent to a Select Committee. The committee consists of 20 to 30 members which are taken from among members of the House. The bill which is published for eliciting public opinion is also sent to the Select Committee. The members of the Select Committee discuss the bill in detail and debate the merits and demerits of the bill. The Committee can suggest amendments in the provisions of clauses of the bill.

After discussing the bill thoroughly the committee prepares its report in favour of or against the bill or suggests some amendments in the bill. While preparing the report the committee takes into consideration public opinion also. Then the committee sends its report to the House.

4. Second Reading:
A day is fixed for discussing the report of the Select Committee on the bill. The mover of the bill on the fixed date requests the House that the report of the Select Committee on the bill may be discussed. The House discusses the bill in detail. The bill is discussed clause by clause and item by item. The views of the Select Committee on all clauses are discussed. The members of the Houses can suggest amendments in the bill. After the bill is seriously discussed the opinion of the House is sought on each clause and amendment proposals are also put to vote. The bill is passed according to the viewpoint of the majority of the members. This stage is very important in the passage of the bill.

5. Third Reading:
After the bill is passed in the second reading, another date is fixed for the third reading of the bill. This is the last stage in the passage of the bill. Like the first stage there is not much of discussion on the bill at this stage also. There is a little chance of the rejection of the bill at this stage. At this stage the proposals for amending the bill cannot be moved. Only proposals for change in the working of the bill can be given. The entire bill is put to vote at this stage and it is either rejected or passed.

Bill in the Second House:
After the bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the second House. It is to pass through all the stages in this House. After the ordinary bill is passed by both the Houses it is sent to the President for his assent. If the two houses differ over a particular bill, a joint meeting of the two Houses is called for and the bill is placed before it. The joint meeting of the two Houses decides the fate of the bill by a majority vote. As the Lok Sabha is a larger body compared with the Rajya Sabha, hence the bill is passed according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha.

The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha rejects the money bill or does not take any action for 14 days, under both these conditions the money bill is considered passed.

Assent of the President. After the bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the President for his assent. The President cannot refuse to give his assent to the money bill. In case of ordinary bill the President can make use of his veto power, that means that the President can refuse to give his assent to the ordinary bills.

However, the President may return a Bill to the Parliament. If the Parliament passes such a bill again, the President cannot withhold his assent to such a bill. The bill becomes an Act when the President gives his assent to it. It can be enforced after the President’s assent has been taken. It is published in the Government Gazette.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the composition of the Union Legislature or Parliament.
Answer:
The Union Legislature or the Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature. According to Article 79 of the Constitution, there shall be Parliament for the Union which shall consist of President and two houses respectively, known as the Council of the States and the House of the People. Council of the States or the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament.

It can have at the most 250 members in it. This is a permanent house. 1/3 of its members retire after every two years. Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of Council of Ministers before the expiry of its term.

Question 2.
Discuss any four features of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

Indian Parliament is Bi-cameral.
Upper House of the Parliament is permanent.
Lower house of the Parliament can be dissolved before its expiry term.
The membership of both the houses is not equal.

Question 3.
What are the main functions and powers of Parliament?
Answer:
Following are the main functions and powers of the Parliament-

The Parliament has the power to enact laws for the whole of the country.
The Parliament controls the Cabinet and Cabinet is responsible to the parliament.
The Parliament controls the finance of the State and it passes the budget.
The Parliament formulates national and foreign policies of the country.

Question 4.
Explain the executive powers of the Parliament.
Or
How does Indian Parliament control the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament controls the executive in the following ways:
1. The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.

2. The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

3. The members of the Parliament can ask the ministers questions regarding the functioning of the administration. The ministers are to give satisfactory replies to all these questions.

4. The members of the Parliament by introducing ‘Adjournment Motion’ can invite the attention of the government ti!> a serious problem or event.

5. During discussion on budget the members of the Parliament discuss the working of different departments of the government and criticize the policies of the government.

6. The Cabinet continues to remain in office according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha. It can seek the removal of the Cabinet by passing a no-confidence motion against it or by rejecting an important government bill or by passing a resolution for reducing the salary of a particular minister. The bill is sent to a small committee which discusses the bill in detail and then sends it with amendments, if any. In second reading, there is clause by clause discussion. Then the bill is put to vote. After the bill is passed it is sent to the other House. The bill passes through similar stages in the other House and is then sent to the president for his assent. After his signature the bill becomes an Act.

Question 5.
Discuss the legislative powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List.

The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for Union Territories. The Rajya Sabha can transfer a State subject in favor of the Centre for the purpose of making laws. In case of the proclamation of emergency by the President, the Parliament can legislate on State subjects. The Residuary powers are under the control of the Central Government and so Parliament frames laws on all the residuary subjects.

Question 6.
Discuss in brief the judicial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
Following are the judicial powers of the Parliament:

The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.
The Parliament can remove the judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court by passing a resolution to that effect.

Question 7.
What are the qualifications to become a member of the Parliament?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed the age of 25 years in case of Lok Sabha and 30 years in case of Rajya Sabha.
He must not hold any office of profit.
He must possess qualifications laid down by the Parliament of India.
He must not be of unsound mind and should not have been declared disqualified by a competent court.

Question 8.
Write the composition of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members, 12 members are nominated by the President. These members shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.

The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories. The representatives of the States are elected by the elected members of their Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the states and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the President.

Question 9.
What are the qualifications of a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 30 years of age.
He must possess such other qualifications as prescribed by the Parliament.
He must be a parliamentary elector in the state from which he is seeking election and must have been residing in the state for the last six months.
He should not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any State government.

Question 10.
Mention the powers of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Indian Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he performs the following functions:

He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the Rajya Sabha.
He allows the members to speak.
As he is not a member of the Rajya Sabha, he is not allowed to vote, but in case of equality of votes he has a casting vote.

Question 11.
Describe the legislative powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. Since the main responsibility of the Parliament is to make laws, hence the Rajya Sabha takes part in the making of laws. Except Money Bills, all bills can originate in the Rajya Sabha. No Bill can become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses.

In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a Bill or on the amendments made in the Bill, the President has been empowered to summon a joint meeting of the two Houses for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill. At a joint sitting, questions are decided by a majority of the members of both houses present and voting. A decision taken at the joint sitting shall mean the decision of both Houses.

Question 12.
Explain in brief the financial powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
In financial matters, it is the Lok Sabha which enjoys a pre-eminent position. No Money Bill can first be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It is the privilege of the Lok Sabha to pass the Money Bill first and send it to the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. In case the Lok Sabha rejects the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha.

Likewise, if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Thus, the Lok Sabha possesses complete control over the purse of the nation.

Question 13.
Write down the judicial powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha enjoys co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the process of impeachment of the President. In the removal of the Vice-President, a resolution to that effects can be moved in the Rajya Sabha only. But the Lok Sabha must agree with that resolution if the Vice-President is to be removed from the office. Likewise, it has itjentical powers with the Lok Sabha in the matter of removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court.

Question 14.
Describe the constitutional powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha exercises constituent functions alongwith the Lok Sabha. A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House of the parliament. And the Bill amending the Constitution is required to be passed in each House by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of two-thirds of its members present and voting. The Constitution is silent on how to resolve a dead-lock between the two Houses.

Question 15.
Mention special powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with special powers enumerated in the state list.
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two- thirds majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that the Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Under Article 312 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha is empowered to create one or more All-India Services, if the house passes a resolution by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to do so.

3. Rajya Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

Question 16.
What are the previleges of the members of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy following previleges:

The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views on the floor of the house. No action can be taken against them for the expression of their views.
The members of the Rajya Sabha can’t be arrested for any civil offence during and 40 days before and after the session.

Question 17.
Describe the organisation of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
According to the re-organisation of Goa, Daman and Diu Act of 1987 the maximum elected members of the Lok Sabha can’be 550. members. Two members of Anglo-Indian Community can be appointed by the President. At present Lok Sabha consists of 545 members.

Out of 545 members 543 are directly elected by the people. The members of Lok Sabha are elected by single member constituency. The whole country is divided into equal constituencies. Every citizen whose name is on the voter’s list can cast his vote. A candidate getting highest votes is declared elected.

Question 18.
Describe the qualifications to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 25 years of age.
He must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.
He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.
No person can be a member of both Houses of Parliament. In case he becomes, he must vacate one of the two seats. Likewise, one person cannot be a member of a House of Parliament and of a State Legislature simultaneously.

Question 19.
How are the members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years has the right to vote provided, of course, he or she is not otherwise disqualified on grounds of unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice. The voting is by secret ballot. Normally one member represents a population between 5 to 714 lakhs.

As per constitution, there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between the population of the State as far as practicable, is same for all the States. Each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the State.

Question 20.
Define in brief the tenure of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where 1/3 members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term i.e. five years.

Question 21.
Write in brief the privileges of the members of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Members of the Lok Sabha enjoy certain privileges:

Members have full freedom for speech in the House. No case can be started against a member for a speech given in the House.
Members cannot be arrested in any civil suit before 40 days of the beginning of the session.
During the session, a member can be arrested in criminal cases only but information must be given to the speaker.
Members get monthly salary and many other allowances.

Question 22.
Describe the legislative powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Any type of bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Laws in it, can be -framed on any subject given on the Union list and the concurrent list. The Rajya Sabha can transfer any subject on the State List by passing a resolution in favour of the Centre and Lok Sabha can pass a law on the subject. Rajya Sabha can transfer a subject only in case of national importance.

After the bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha and it can delay the bill at the most for 6 months. If the Rajya Sabha rejects the bill or does not take any action over it for a period of six months, a joint session of the two, Houses of the Parliament is called and the majority vote decides the fate of the bill. As the number of the members of the Lok Sabha is larger than that of the Rajya Sabha, so the members of the Lok Sabha can get the bills passed according to its own wishes.

Question 23.
Discuss about the Financial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament controls the finances of the State. The goverenment places the budget before the start of the financial year. The Parliament discusses the budget and gives its assent to the bill. The government can neither impose any tax upon the public nor can it spend the money without the approval of the Parliament. The President will have to give his assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

Question 24.
Write down the executive powers of the Lok Sabha.
Or
How does Lok Sabha controls the Executive?
Answer:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabh is the Prime Minister of the country. Most of the ministers are also taken from the Lok Sabha. The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha for all its actions and policies.

The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. The members of the Lok Sabha can criticize the functioning of the Cabinet. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office till it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

Question 25.
Discuss the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the state. As money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. If there is a difference of opinion whether a particular bill a money bill or a non-money bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will.be final.

After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill. The President cannot use his veto power in case of money bill.

Question 26.
Who is the speaker?
Answer:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House. The Constitution also provides for the office of the Deputy

Speaker:
He too is the member of the House and is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the speaker when the latter is absent or while the office of the Speaker is vacant.

Question 27.
Who is the Chairman of Lok Sabha? List his four main functions.
Answer:
Chairman of Lok Sabha is popularly known as Speaker. He performs ahead functions:

Preserve Order: He presides over the meetings of the House and preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.
Money-Bill: He decides whether a bill is a money-bill.
Guardian of Rights: He is the guardian of the privileges of the member of Lok Sabha.
Joint Meetings: He presides over the joint meetings of both the Houses of Parliament.

Question 28.
How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is more powerful because

The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected while the members of house of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected.
Money bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It originates in the Lok Sabha only. It is sent for recommendation to Rajya Sabha and not for passing. If Rajya Sabha returns it after 14 days it is assumed as passed.
Lok Sabha controls the executive whereas Rajya Sabha has no effective control over the executive.

Question 29.
Explain the relationship between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is a lower house while Rajya Sabha is a upper house of the Parliament. Both the houses do not enjoy equal powers. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. Ordinary bills can originate in either House of Parliament. Rajya Sabha can delay an ordinary bill maximum for a period of six months. Money bill can originate in the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can delay the money bill for 14 days only.

In the matters of finance the powers of the Rajya Sabha are insignificant. Members of the Rajya Sabha can ask questions to the ministers and they can criticise the policies of the government but they are having no power to remove the Council of Ministers. The Lok Sabha can remove the Council of Ministers by passing a vote of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers. Thus Lok Sabha is having a real control over the government.

Question 30.
Narrate the circumstances under which a joint session of the Parliament is summoned. Who presides over this?
Answer:
The President summons the joint session of the Parliament on the following occasions:

Joint session of the Parliament is summoned to resolve the conflict between the two Houses of the Parliament.
Joint session is summoned when a bill is passed by one House and is rejected by the other. The speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint session of the Parliament.

Question 31.
What is the difference between the election of Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years of age has the right to vote. From each territorial constituency one member is elected and the candidate getting the highest votes in the election is declared elected. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the state Assemblies.

Question 32.
What is understood by Adjournment Motion?
Answer:
An adjournment motion is a proposal for postponing the normal business of the House in order to discuss a matter of urgent public importance such as a serious riot, a case of police firing on a procession or a grave railway accident and so on.

The real object of an adjournment motion is to bring to light the inefficiency or corruption of the administration and the mistakes of policy of which the government is considered to be guilty. Such a motion can be moved any time provided the presiding officer of the House is satisfied of its urgent public nature. When such a motion is moved, the House suspends its normal work.

Question 33.
What do you understand by Question Hour?
Answer:
Members of Parliament are free to ask questions to elicit information on matters of public concern from ministers of the government. The First hour of every sitting in both houses is devoted to asking and answering of questions. It is known as the ‘Question Hour’.

During this hour, matters concerning the Government of India are raised and problems are brought to the notice of the government to seek their intervention to meet any situation and to redress public grievances. ‘Question Hour’ forms the most interesting part of the Parliamentary procedure. The government is put on trial during this hour.

Question 34.
What do you understand by ‘Zero Hour’?
Answer:
The time immediately following the ‘Question Hour’ in both Houses has come to be populary known as ‘Zero Hour’. It is a Zero Hour in more than one sense. It is a non¬existent hour. If starts at 12 noon which is the zero hour of the day. It came to be called an Hour also because very often it continued for one full hour, until the House rose for lunch at 1 p.m. In the rules there is no mention of any Zero Hour at all. It is the press that gave the name Zero Hour, sometimes in the early sixties. In the eyes of Rules Book the so called Zero Hour is an irregular affair. But, as thing can, Zero Hour seems to have come to say.

Question 35.
What is money bill?
Answer:
A money bill is that which contains provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters:

the imposition, abolition, remission, alternation or regulation of any tax.
the regulation of the borrowing of money or creation on any financial obligation to be undertaken by the Government in India.
payment of money into or withdrawal of money from the consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India.
appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India of the amount of. any such expenditure.
receipt of money on account of the public account of India and the audit of accounts and incidental matter.

Question 36.
Describe the law-making procedure in the Parliament of India.
Answer:
The Parliament is the supreme body of making laws. Ordinary bills can be introduced in either House of Parliament. In the first reading, general principles involved in the bill are read. After first reading the bill is sent to small committee which discusses the bill in detail and then sends it with amendments if any. In second reading, there is clause by clause discussion. Then the bill is put to vote. After bill is passed it is sent to other House. The bill passes through similar stages in the other House and is then sent to the President for his assent. After his signature the bill becomes an act.

Question 37.
Write down the name of Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman and Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Name of Post	Name of Person
1. Speaker of Lok Sabha	Sh. Om Birla
2. Chairman of.Rajya Sabha	Sh. Venkaiah Naidu
3. Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha	Sh. Harivansh Narayan Singh

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the composition of the Union Legislature or Parliament.
Answer:
The Union Legislature or the Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature. Council of the States or the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament. It can have at the most 250 members in it. This is a permanent house. Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of Council of Ministers before the expiry of its term.

Question 2.
Explain any two features of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

Indian Parliament is Bi-cameral.
Upper House of the Parliament is permanent.

Question 3.
What are the main functions and powers of Parliament?
Answer:
Following are the main functions and powers of the Parliament-

The Parliament has the power to enact laws for the whole of the country.
The Parliament controls the,Cabinet and Cabinet is responsible to the parliament.

Question 4.
How does Indian Parliament control the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament controls the executive in the following ways:

The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.
The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

Question 5.
Explain the legislative powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List. The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for Union Territories.

Question 6.
Discuss in brief the judicial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
Following are the judicial powers of the Parliament:

The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.

Question 7.
What are the qualifications to become a member of the Parliament?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed the age of 25 years in case of Lok Sabha and 30 years in case of Rajya Sabha.

Question 8.
Write the composition of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members, 12 members are nominated by the President. The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories. At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the states and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the President.

Question 9.
What are the qualifications of a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 30 years of age.

Question 10.
Discuss the powers of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Indian Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he performs the following functions:

He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the Rajya Sabha.

Question 11.
Mention special powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with special powers enumerated in the state list.
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two- thirds majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that the Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Rajya Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

Question 12.
Explain previleges of the members of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy following previleges:

The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views on the floor of the house. No action can be taken against them for the expression of their views.
The members of the Rajya Sabha can’t be arrested for any civil offence during and 40 days before and after the session.

Question 13.
Describe the organisation of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Elected members of the Lok Sabha can be 550 members. Two members of Anglo- Indian Community can be appointed by the President. At present Lok Sabha consists of 545 members. Out of 545 members 543 are directly elected by the people. The members of Lok Sabha are elected by single member constituency. A candidate getting highest votes is declared elected.

Question 14.
Describe the qualifications to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India
He must have completed 25 years of age.

Question 15.
What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where 1/3 members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term i.e. five years.

Question 16.
Write down the executive powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office till it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

Question 17.
Explain the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the state. As money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill.

Question 18.
Who is the speaker?
Answer:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House.

Question 19.
Write down any two functions of Speaker.
Answer:
Chairman of Lok Sabha is popularly known as Speaker. He performs functions given ahead:

Preserve Order. He presides over the meetings ofeihe House and preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.
Money-Bill. He decides whether a bill is a money-bill.

Question 20.
How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected while the members of house of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected.
Money bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It originates in the Lok Sabha only. It is sent for recommendation to Rajya Sabha and not for passing. If Rajya Sabha returns it after 14 days it is assumed as passed.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the two Houses of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha.

Question 2.
Which one House of the Union Parliament is more powerful?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.

Question 3.
How many members can be nominated in Lok Sabha by the President?
Answer:
Two members from Anglo-Indian Community.

Question 4.
How many members can be nominated in Rajya Sabha by the President?
Answer:
12 members are nominated in Rajya Sabha from amongst the scholars, artists and social workers.

Question 5.
How are members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of 18 years and above has a right to vote.

Question 6.
What is the total strength of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The maximum strength, of Rajya Sabha can be 250.

Question 7.
For what PAC stands?
Answer:
Public Accounts Committee.

Question 8.
What is the present strength of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha consists of 545 members- 543 elected and 2 nominated Anglo- Indian.

Fill in The Blanks

1. ……………. presides over the joint session of the Parliament.
Answer:
Speaker

2. Cabinet is responsible to ……………. .
Answer:
Parliament

3. The candidate constituting for ……………. should not be less than 25 years.
Answer:
Lok Sabha

4. ……………. members are nominated by the President in Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
12

5. The candidate constituting for ……………. should not be less than 30 years.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha.

True or False statement

1. Two members are nominated by the President in the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
False

2. The session of the Indian Parliament are held at least twice a year.
Answer:
True

3. Vice-President presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
False

4. The budget is introduced in Lok Sabha by Finance Minister.
Answer:
True

5. President presides over the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
False

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The Indian Parliament is:
(A) Uni-cameral
(B) Three Houses
(C) Bi-cameral
(D) Four Houses.
Answer:
(C) Bi-cameral

Question 2.
The Lower House of the Indian Parliament is known as:
(A) Rajya Sabha
(B) Lok Sabha
(C) Legislative Assembly
(D) Council of States.
Answer:
(B) Lok Sabha

Question 3.
The Upper House of the Indian Parliament is known as:
(A) Lok Sabha
(B) Rajya Sabha
(C) Council of ministers
(D) Legislative Council.
Answer:
(B) Rajya Sabha

Question 4.
The tenure of the members of the Rajya Sabha is:
(A) 5 years
(B) 4 years
(C) 6 years
(D) 3 years.
Answer:
(C) 6 years

Question 5.
Who is the presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha?
(A) Prime Minister
(B) Vice-President
(C) President
(D) Speaker.
Answer:
(B) Vice-President

Question 6.
Speaker is elected for a period of:
(A) 5 years
(B) 6 years
(C) 7 years
(D) 4 years.
Answer:
(A) 5 years

Question 7.
The tenure of the Lok Sabha in normal times is:
(A) 6 years
(B) 5 years
(C) 4 years
(D) 3 years.
Answer:
(B) 5 years

Question 8.
How many members are nominated by the president in Lok Sabha?
(A) 12 Members
(B) 3 Members
(C) 18 Members
(D) 2 Members.
Answer:
(D) 2 Members.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions)

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions)

Complete the following sentences by putting sentence connectors in the blank spaces.

Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

1. (1) ………….. I was young, I used to travel a lot. (2) …………… now I am old (3) …………… it is difficult for me to show as much zeal (4) ……………. I had in my youth. (5) ……………. I can still do many things, there are certain things (6) ……………. are beyond my reach now.
Answer:
1. When 2. But 3. and 4. as 5. While 6. which.

2. (1) …………… did I reach the station (2) …………… the train left. I do not know (3) ……………. it happened with me. (4) .. ……….. I narrated the incident to my mother, she was disappointed to hear it. (5) ………….. I was coming back to my house, I met a stranger (6) ……………. was carrying a basket with him. I tried to talk to him (7) ……………. he gave no response.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than. 3. how 4. When 5 While 6. who 7. hut.

3. Music is said to be food for the soul. (1) …………… does it give relaxation to our mind, (2) ……………. helps us to forget our sorrows and worries of day-to-day life. There is no aspect of life (3) …………… we do not find it. There is hardly any party or function (4) …………… music is not played. (5) …………… we must enjoy it to forget our pains for some time.
Answer:
1. Not only 2. but also 3. where 4. where 5. But.

4. Education has become a part of everybody’s life. There is not even a single field (1) ……………. education has not left its mark. The day is not far (2) ……. everybody would like to drink deep in its ocean. (3) ……………. the need of the hour is to spread education in every nook and corner (4) …………….. nobody is left without its mark.
Answer:
1. where 2. when 3. But 4. till.

5. One day (1) …………. I went to my friend’s house, I was surprised to see a man (2) …………… was wearing nothing. (3) ……………. I asked him the reason, he tried to avoid me, ……….. (4) I did not stop and asked him again. (5) ………….. some time, he told me the reason behind it. (6) …………… he was telling me a sad episode (7) ……………. had happened with him two days (8) ………….started weeping (9) …………… I heard his woeful tale.
Answer:
1. when. 2. who 3. When 4. but 5. After 6. While . 7 which 8. ago before 9. when.

6. The economic condition of a country depends on the resources available in the country (1) ……………. on its population. (2) ……………. the population increases, resources start decreasing. (3) …………… there is a need to control population (4) ……………. we want our country to move towards the path of development.
Answer:
1. as well as 2.When 3. So 4 . if.

7. I was pained to hear about your problem, (1) ……………. you should not worry (2) ……………. I am always there to help you. (3) ………… my means are limited, I will try to help you (4) …………. much (5) ………… I can. (6) ………….. you want to progress in life, you should have faith in your capabilities (7) ……… aspirations.
Answer:
1. but 2. because 3. Although 4. as 5. as 6. If 7. and.

8. (1) ……………. my knowledge is concerned, I can only say (2) ………….. nowadays, it has become difficult to make both ends meet. I was seven years old (3) ………….. my mother died. I tried to put a lot of efforts (4) ……………. I might get (5) ……………. I desired in my life. My sister (6) …………. I started running a shop (7) …………… was situated near our house. My sister (8) I managed the shop. (9) …………… we had limited means, we were honest.
Answer:
1. As far as 2. that 3. when 4. so that 5. what 6. and 7. which 8. and 9. Though

9. (1) ……………. I was nine years old, my parents told me (2) …………… We originally belonged to Kashmir. (3) ………… I grew up, I began to watch TV (4) I learnt about the happenings in Kashmir. (5) ……………. I saw some beautiful shots of the heavenly valley on the TV (6) ………….. in movies, I would remember Kashmir.
Answer:
1. When 2. that 3. As 4. So that 5. Whenever 6. Or.

10. My friend had been suffering from cholera (1) …………. Monday. Today he reached his house, his family had left for the hospital. I hurriedly rushed towards the hospital (4) …………. he had been admitted. The doctor came (5) ……………… assured us about his early recovery. We heaved a sigh of relief (6) …………….. we heard the news of his recovery.
Answer:
1. since 2. because 3. When 4. where 5. and 6. when.

11. (1) ……….. I feel lonely, I prefer to enjoy the beauties of nature. Wordsworth was a famous poet (2) …………… wrote poems on the beautiful objects of nature. Some of his poems show the zeal (3) ………… he had in his veins. (4) ……………. I was at school, my English teacher used to tell me about some of Wordsworth’s poems (5) ……….. were worth reading.
Answer:
1. When 2. who 3. that 4. When 5. that.

12. (1) ……………. you do not get success despite your repeated efforts, you should not lose heart. Only those people get success (2) …………… have an optimistic approach towards life. (3) ……………. you want to win the lost game, you should not feel exhausted. You can go up in life (4) ……….. you persist in your efforts.
Answer:
1. If 2. who 3. If 4. if.

13. (1) ………….. did we step out of the house (2) ………….. the rain started. I love rainy season (3) ……………. in that season, my grandmother prepares lovely dishes for the whole family. I enjoy sitting alone (4) ………….. it is raining. (5) ………….. somebody comes to my house on a rainy day, I feel disturbed.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than 3. because 4. while 5. If.

14. The incident (1) …………… changed me was the death of my grandfather. (2) …………… he ate was flushed out of his system immediately. One morning, (3) …………… reciting his prayers, he passed away. I can never forget the day on (4) …………… my grandfather died. (5) …………… I was a child, he used to tell me stories (6) ……………. going to bed. (7) …………… today, I have not come out of the grief (8) ………….. engulfed me six years back.
Answer:
1. that 2. Whatever 3. while 4. which 5. When 6. before 7. Even 8. that.

15. (1) ……………. a certain Minister grew old, his hair fell off (2) …………… he became bald. (3) ……………. he was vain, he wore a wig of someone else’s hair (4) ……………. went out. (5) ……………. he was rushing out of Parliament one day, there was a gust of wind. His wig fell off (6) …………… exposed his bald pate. (7) ……………. everyone saw this, they started laughing at him.
Answer:
1. When 2. and 3. As 4. and 5. While 6. and 7. When.

Combine the following sentences, using the sentence connectors given in brackets.
Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

(A)

1. It was hot. We did not go out. (so)
2. He is working hard. He wants to get first division. (because)
3. He is rich. He is a miser. (but)
4. Mohan did not steal the book. Sohan did not steal the book. (neither-nor)
5. She is poor. She is honest. (but)
6. He does not take tea. He does not take coffee. (neither-nor)
7. The train left the station. The guard waved the green flag. (when)
8. He does not eat meat. He does not eat eggs. (neither-nor)
9. It was raining heavily. I went to my office. (when)
10. She is ill. She does not take medicine. (though-yet)
Answer:
1. It was hot, so we did not go out.
2. He is working hard because he wants to get first division.
3. He is rich, but he is a miser.
4. Neither Mohan nor Sohan stole the book
5. She is poor, but she is honest.
6. He takes neither tea nor coffee.
7. The train left the station when the guard waved the green flag.
8. He eats neither meat nor eggs.
9. It was raining heavily when I went to my office.
10. Though she is ill, yet she does not take medicine.

(B)

1. The woman gave the beggar money. She also gave him food. (not only-but also)
2. I have not written to him. I have not spoken to him. (neither-nor)
3. He is not a rogue. He is not a fool. (neither-nor)
4. Our guns opened fire. The enemy fled. (as soon as)
5. Mohan is not going to Chandigarh. He is not going to Jalandhar. (neither-nor)
6. Anoop is going out for a walk. Saroop is going out for a walk. (both)
7. He brought a book for me. He brought a pen for me. (as well as)
8. I was placed on the merit list. I was not given a scholarship. (although-yet)
9. He worked hard. He failed. (though-yet)
10. He was tired. He could hardly stand. (so-that)
Answer:
1. The woman gave the beggar not only money, but also food.
2. I have neither written to him nor spoken to him.
3. He is neither a rogue nor a fool.
4. The enemy fled as soon as our guns opened fire.
5. Mohan is going neither to Chandigarh nor to Jalandhar.
6. Both Anoop and Saroop are going out for a walk.
7. He brought a book as well as a pen for me.
8. Although I was placed on the merit list, yet I was not given a scholarship.
9. Though he worked hard, yet he failed.
10. He was so tired that he could hardly stand.

(C)

1. There is life. There is hope. (Combine the two sentences)
2. I cannot stand. I cannot sit. (neither-nor)
3. He was taken to task. He was given a sound beating. (not only-but also)
4. I had reached home. It started raining. (hardly-when)
5. He must be mad. He must be drunk. (either-or)
6. I had reached home. It began to rain heavily. (scarcely-when)
7. Ravi did not come to her help. Shashi did not come to her help. (neither-nor)
8. Walk very carefully. You should not slip. (Join the sentences)
9. Make hay. The sun shines. (while)
10. He was sick. He did not go to school. (because)
Answer:
1. So long as there is life, there is hope.
2. I can neither stand nor sit.
3. He was not only taken to task, but was also given a sound beating.
4. I had hardly reached home when it started raining.
5. He must be either mad or drunk.
6. I had scarcely reached home when it began to rain heavily.
7. Neither Ravi nor Shashi came to her help.
8. Walk very carefully lest you should slip.
9. Make hay while the sun shines.
10. He did not go to school because he was sick.

(D)

1. Ram is good. Sham is equally good. (as-as)
2. I was late for school. I missed the first bus.(because)
3. He has stolen my book. His brother has stolen my book. (either-or)
4. The teacher did not punish him. The teacher did not fine him. (neither-nor)
5. I can do with a pen. I can also do with a pencil.(either-or)
6. Rakesh is not a good actor. He is not a good writer. (neither-nor)
7. It was quite cold. She did not light a fire. (although-yet)
8. Radha is intelligent. She is hard-working. (both-and)
9. She is extremely happy today. She has been engaged to a boy of her choice. (because)
10. The thief was caught red-handed. He was stealing a jewellery box. (while)
Answer:
1. Ram is as good as Sham.
2. I was late for school because I missed the first bus.
3. Either he or his brother has stolen my book.
4. The teacher neither. punished nor fined him.
5. I can do either with a pen or a pencil.
6. Rakesh is neither a good actor nor a good writer.
7. Although it was quite cold, yet she did not light a fire.
8. Radha is both intelligent and hard-working.
9. She is extremely happy today because she has been engaged to a boy of her choice.
10. The thief was caught red-handed while he was stealing a jewellery box.

(E)

1. He is very weak. He cannot stand. (so-that)
2. The cat is away. The mice will play. (when)
3. Ram is not trustworthy. Sham is not trustworthy. (neither-nor)
4. I saw the lion. I ran away. (as soon as)
5. You must work hard. You will fail. (or)
6. Ram was singing. Ram was also dancing. (while)
7. Men may come. Men may go. I go on for ever. (and-but)
8. I saw a beggar. I was going to school. (when)
9. We left home. The rain started. (as soon as)
10. You will have to leave this house. You may wish it or not. (whether)
Answer:
1. He is so weak that he cannot stand.
2. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
3. Neither Ram nor Sham is trustworthy.
4. As soon as I saw the lion, I ran away.
5. You must work hard or you will fail.
6. Ram was dancing while he was singing.
7. Men may come and men may go but I go. on for ever.
8. I saw a beggar when I was going to school.
9. As soon as we left home, the rain started.
10. You will have to leave this house whether you wish it or not.

(F)

1. Reena came to my house. Teena came to my house. (as well as)
2. He worked hard. He fell ill. (so-that)
3. She is proud. She is mean. (not only-but also)
4. She spoke loudly. She spoke clearly. (and)
5. He is sad. He is hopeful. (but)
6. I don’t like coffee. I don’t like tea. (neither-nor)
7. You must leave at once. You may like or not. (whether)
8. Let us go to bed. It is late now. (as)
9. He called on me. I was at home. (when)
10. We stepped out. It began to rain. (hardly-when)
Answer:
1. Reena as well as Teena came to my house.
2. He worked so hard that he fell ill.
3. She is not only proud, but also mean.
4. She spoke loudly and clearly.
5. He is sad but hopeful.
6. I like neither coffee nor tea.
7. You must leave at once whether you like or not.
8. Let us go to bed as it is late now.
9. He called on me when I was at home.
10. Hardly had we stepped out when it began to rain.

(G)

1. Run fast. You will miss the train. (lest-should)
2. He failed. I don’t know the reason. (why)
3. We didn’t take a tonga. We didn’t take a taxi. (neither-nor)
4. The step taken was right. The step taken was wrong. (either-or)
5. A car struck against his scooter. No one was injured. (yet)
6. She wishes it. I shall help you. (since)
7. The patient had died. The doctor came. (before)
8. He is at his office. I shall call on him. (if)
9. Mohan has not come. He has sent no message. (neither-nor)
10. Mumbai is a famous city. It is a big centre of film industry. (which)
Answer:
1. Run fast lest you should miss the train.
2. I don’t know why he failed.
3. We took neither a tonga nor a taxi.
4. The step taken was either right or wrong.
5. A car struck against his scooter, yet no one was injured.
6. Since she wishes it, I shall help you.
7. The patient had died before the doctor came.
8. I shall call on him if he is at his office.
9. Mohan has neither come nor sent any message.
10. Mumbai is a famous city which is a big centre of film industry.

(H)

1. The thief saw the owner of the house. He ran away. (as soon as)
2. Ashok was invited to the party. Meena was invited to the party. (as well as)
3. Mary didn’t come to the church yesterday. John didn’t come to the church yesterday (neither-nor)
4. He didn’t work hard. He failed. (because)
5. Mohan is honest. He is sincere. (both-and)
6. I bought a saree. I bought a suit. (as well as)
7. The children saw the wolf. They ran away. (as soon as)
8. He is very lazy. He can’t get along with me. (so-that)
9. The sun rose. The fog disappeared. (as soon as)
10. Rajan is kind. He is honest. (both-and)
Answer:
1. The thief ran away as soon as he saw the owner of the house.
2. Ashok as well as Meena was invited to the party.
3. Neither Mary nor John came to the church yesterday.
4. He failed because he didn’t work hard.
5. Mohan is both honest and sincere.
6. I bought a saree as well as a suit.
7. As soon as the children saw the wolf, they ran away.
8. He is so lazy that he can’t get along with me.
9. The fog disappeared as soon as the sun rose.
10. Rajan is both kind and honest.

Conjunction

दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों (Phrases) अथवा वाक्यों को परस्पर जोड़ने वाले शब्द को Conjunction कहा जाता है; जैसे
1. The teacher taught Mohan and Abdul.
2. I want some pen or pencil.
3. He will take tea, but I will take milk.
4. I will try to come as soon as I can.

The Use Of Some Conjunctions

(1) No sooner, hardly, scarcely.
No sooner के बाद सदा than का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Scarcely और Hardly के बाद when या before में से किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. No sooner did we reach the station than the train started.
2. She had hardly ! scarcely heard the news when / before she began to weep.

(2) Unless, if.
Unless के साथ not का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता क्योंकि unless = if not. If के साथ (यदि आवश्यकता हो तो) not का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. Unless you work very hard, you can’t pass.
2. If you do not work very hard, you can’t pass.

(3) Until (till), as long as (so long as), while.
Until (till) = उस समय तक जबकि = up to the time when (ये शब्द point of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।) As long as = जितने समय तक So long as, while = during the time that (ये शब्द period of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।)
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पहले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः until का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पिछले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः till का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
किन्तु till / until के प्रयोग में कोई विशेष अन्तर नहीं समझा जाता है।

1. Go straight on until you come to the post office and then turn left.
2. Until you told me I had heard nothing of it.
3. She won’t go away till you promise to help her.
4. Let us wait till the rain stops.
5. While there is life, there is hope.
As long as there is life, there is hope.
So long as there is life, there is hope.

(4) Because, so that (in order that).
Because का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी बात का कारण (reason) बताना हो।
In order that अथवा so that का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी उद्देश्य (Purpose) का वर्णन करना हो।
1. He failed because he did not work hard.
2. He worked hard so that he might win a scholarship.

(5) Since, before.
जब Since का प्रयोग एक Conjunction के रूप में किया जाए तो :
(i) इससे पूर्व आने वाले वाक्य में कभी भी Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।
(ii) इसके बाद आने वाले वाक्य में सदा ही Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

1. Two months have passed since he came here.
2. It is two weeks since my examinations were over.

Before, if, until, unless, while, when, आदि समय – वाचक योजंका (Temporal Conjunctions) के बाद कभी भी Future Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है यद्यपि मुख्य वाक्य (Principal Clause) Future Tense मे ही हो|

1. I will help him if he comes to me.
2. The crops will die before the rains fall.
3. I shall not let you go until you pay back my money.
4. I shall give him your message when he comes here.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा का जन्म कब हुआ ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा का जन्म सन् 1887 ई० को हुआ था।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा को लाहौर कॉलेज की पढ़ाई क्यों छोड़नी पड़ी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा को अपनी देशभक्ति की भावना और उग्र विचारों के कारण लाहौर कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़नी पड़ी।

प्रश्न 3.
कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़कर उन्होंने अपना गुज़ारा कैसे किया ?
उत्तर:
कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़कर उन्होंने कारखाने में मजदूरी की। रिक्शा तथा तांगा चलाया।

प्रश्न 4.
वे इंग्लैंड में कौन-सी पढ़ाई करने गए थे ?
उत्तर:
वे इंग्लैंड में यांत्रिकी अभियांत्रिकी (मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग) की पढ़ाई करने गए थे।

प्रश्न 5.
मदन लाल ढींगरा किस क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा अभिनव भारत क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य बने।

प्रश्न 6.
कर्जन वायली कौन था ?
उत्तर:
कर्जन वायली स्टेट ऑफ इंडिया का सचिव सलाहकार था।

प्रश्न 7.
मदन लाल ढींगरा को फाँसी की सज़ा कब दी गयी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा को 17 अगस्त, सन् 1909 ई० को फाँसी की सज़ा दी गई।

प्रश्न 8.
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ भारतभूमि कब लायी गयीं ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ 13 दिसम्बर, सन् 1976 ई० को भारतभूमि लाई गईं।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा ने अंग्रेजों से बदला लेने की क्यों ठानी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा ने अंग्रेज़ों से बदला लेने की इसलिए ठानी क्योंकि अग्रेज़ों ने खुदीराम बोस, कन्हैया लाल दत्त, सतिन्दरपाल और कांशीराम जैसे क्रांतिकारियों को मृत्युदंड दे दिया था।

प्रश्न 2.
कर्जन वायली को मदन लाल ढींगस ने क्यों मारा ?
उत्तर:
कर्जन वायली को मदन लाल ढींगरा ने इसलिए मारा क्योंकि उनका मानना था कि ऐसे अधिकारियों ने हज़ारों भारतीयों को गुलाम बनाया तथा बिना कारण के ही मार दिया।

प्रश्न 3.
मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत पर लाला हरदयाल ने क्या कहा था ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत पर लाला हरदयाल ने कहा था कि ढींगरा की शहीदी उन राजपूतों और सिक्खों की कुर्बानियों का स्मृति पुंज है जिसके कारण शहादत अमर बन जाती है। अंग्रेज़ सोचते होंगे कि उन्होंने मदन लाल ढींगरा को फांसी देकर सदा के लिए स्वतंत्रता की आवाज़ को दबा दिया है परन्तु वास्तविकता यह है कि यही आवाज़ भारत को स्वतंत्र बनाएगी।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे। स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा एक साहसी एवं निडर देशभक्त थे। वे शुरू से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। देशभक्ति के कारण उन्होंने लाहौर कॉलेज छोड़ना पड़ा। लंदन में रहते हुए उन्होंने सावरकर तथा कृष्ण वर्मा जैसे देशभक्तों के संपर्क में आए। खुदीराम बोस, कन्हैया लाल दत्त तथा कांशीराम जैसे क्रांतिकारियों को शहादत के बदले भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था के वार्षिक दिवस में कर्जन वायली को मार दिया। उन्होंने बंग-भंग आंदोलन के समय लंदन की गलियों में वंदे मातरम् गुंजाया। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। अपनी हर पुस्तक पर वे काम न लिखकर वंदे मातरम् लिखते थे। अंततः कर्जन वायली को गोली मारने पर उन्हें 17 अगस्त, सन् 1909 को मदन लाल ढींगरा को पेंटोविले की जेल में फांसी दी गई। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे।

प्रश्न 2.
आपको शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा के जीवन से क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ?
उत्तर:
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा के जीवन से यह प्रेरणा मिलती है कि हमें अपने देश के लिए अपना सब कुछ न्योछावर कर देना चाहिए। हमें आत्मविश्वास, निडरता एवं साहस के साथ मुसीबतों का सामना करना चाहिए। देश की आजादी के लिए हर कीमत चुका देनी चाहिए। हमें अपने राष्ट्र की सच्ची पूजा करनी चाहिए।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को शुद्ध करके लिखें

अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
शरेय = ……………
देशभगती = ………………..
गोर्वान्वित = ………………..
सथापना = ………………..
आजादी = ………………..
लवारिस = ………………..
आतमविश्वास = ………………..
यांतरिकी = ………………..
परशिक्शण = ………………..
मृत्यूदंड = ………………..
मातरिभुमि = ………………..
अस्थीयाँ = ………………..
कालज = ………………..
अध्यन = ………………..
क्रांतीकारी = ………………..
हजार = ………………..
स्मरिति = ………………..
प्रापत = ………………..
उत्तर:
शरेय = श्रेय
देशभगती = देशभक्ति
गोर्वान्वित = गोवांन्वित
सथापना = स्थापना
आजादी = आज़ादी
मातरिभुमि = मातृभूमि
कालज = कॉलेज
क्रांतीकारी = क्रांतिकारी
स्मरिति = स्मृति
लवारिस = लावारिस
आतमविश्वास = आत्मविश्वास
यांतरिकी = यांत्रिकी
परशिक्शण = प्रशिक्षण
मृत्यूदंड = मृत्युदंड
अस्थीयाँ = अस्थियाँ
अध्यन = अध्ययन
हजार = हज़ार
प्रापत = प्राप्त

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर उनका वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
तर्क के तराजू में तौलना सोच – समझकर फैसला लेना – …………….
रंग में रंगा जाना – प्रभाव पड़ना – …………….
मौत के घाट उतारना – मार डालना – ………………..
ढेर करना – मार गिराना, मार कर गिरा देना – ……………..
आवाज़ को दबाना – चुप कराना, डराना – ……………….

उत्तर:

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
तर्क के तराजू में तौलना सोच – समझकर फैसला लेना – प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को तर्क के तराजू में तौल कर अपना-अपना कार्य करना चाहिए।
रंग में रंगा जाना – प्रभाव पड़ना-अरे – तुम्हें तो अब तक पूरी तरह से नेता जी के रंग में रंगा जाना चाहिए था।
मौत के घाट उतारना – मार डालना – वह देश के दुश्मनों को मौत के घाट उतारना कोई पाप नहीं समझता।
ढेर करना – मार गिराना, मार कर गिरा देना – सेना के वीर सैनिकों ने पलभर में आतंक वादियों को ढेर कर दिया था।
आवाज़ को दबाना – चुप कराना, डराना – साहसी व्यक्ति की आवाज़ को कोई नहीं दबा सकता।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
यदि आप मदन लाल ढींगरा के स्थान पर होते तो क्या परिवार वालों के विरोध के बावजूद स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में कूद पड़ते ?
उत्तर:
यदि मैं मदन लाल ढींगरा के स्थान पर होता तो परिवार वालों के विरोध के बावजूद भी स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में अवश्य कूद पड़ता। मैं लाख विरोध करने पर भी अपने देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए लड़ाई में जाता क्योंकि देश परिवार से कहीं बढ़कर है। देश बचेगा तभी परिवार सुरक्षित रह सकेगा। देश हर नागरिक के लिए सर्वोपरि है। देश सेवा ही सबसे बड़ी सेवा है। अतः हमें हर पल देश पर मर मिटने के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
भारत की स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत को जाता है। कैसे ?
उत्तर:
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम किया। उनकी शहादत से क्रांतिकारियों में आत्मविश्वास, साहस, निडरता एवं देश पर मर मिटने की भावना बढ़ने लगी। देशभक्तों में एक जोश पैदा होने लगा। वीरेन्द्र चट्टोपाध्याय ने उनकी स्मृति में मदन तलवार पत्रिका निकाली जो क्रांतिकारियों की आवाज़ बनी। 16 अगस्त, सन् 1909 के डेली न्यूज़ में मदन लाल ढींगरा का जोशभरा वक्तव्य छपा। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत को जाता है।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
इस पाठ में आए अन्य क्रांतिकारियों जैसे विनायक दामोदर सावरकर, श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा, खुदीराम बोस, लाला हरदयाल आदि की जीवनियाँ पढ़ें।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक के सहयोग से करें।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा की पुण्य तिथि पर इनके बारे में अपने विचार स्कूल की प्रार्थना सभा में प्रस्तुत करें।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

यांत्रिक अभियांत्रिकी ( मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग): यह भिन्न-भिन्न तरह की मशीनों की बनावट, निर्माण, चालन आदि का सैद्धान्तिक और व्यावहारिक ज्ञान है।
विनायक दामोदर सावरकर : (जन्म 28 मई, सन् 1883; मृत्यु 26 फरवरी, सन् 1966) : ये भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आन्दोलन के प्रमुख सेनानी एवं प्रखर राष्ट्रवादी नेता थे। इन्हें प्रायः ‘वीर सावरकर’ नाम से सम्बोधित किया जाता है। ये स्वतंत्रता सेनानी के साथ-साथ सिद्धहस्त लेखक, कवि, ओजस्वी वक्ता व दूरदर्शी राजनेता भी थे।
श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा : अनेक क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों के द्वारा भारत की स्वतंत्रता के संकल्प को गतिशीलता प्रदान करने में इन्होंने मुख्य भूमिका निभायी। ऐसा कहा जाता है कि वे पहले ऐसे भारतीय थे जिन्हें ऑक्सफोर्डसे एम०ए० और बैरिस्टर की उपाधियाँ मिलीं। क्रांतिकारी मदन लाल ढींगरा उनके प्रिय शिष्यों में से एक थे।
अभिनव भारत : इसकी स्थापना स्वतंत्रता सेनानी वीर सावरकर ने सन् 1904 में की थी। यह संगठन अंग्रेज़ी हकूमत से लड़ने के लिए बनाया गया था।
इंडिया हाउस : यह लंदन में स्थित एक अनौपचारिक भारतीय राष्ट्रवादी संस्था थी जिसकी स्थापना ब्रिटेन के भारतीय छात्रों में राष्ट्रवादी विचारों का प्रचार करने के लिए श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संरक्षण में की गयी।
खुदीराम बोस (जन्म-सन् 1889-मृत्यु- सन् 1908): इन्होंने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता के लिए 19 वर्ष की आय में फाँसी पर चढ़कर इतिहास रचा।
वंदे मातरम् : बंकिमचंद्र चटर्जी द्वारा रचित राष्ट्रगीत ‘वंदे मातरम्’ स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में लोगों के लिए प्रेरणा का स्रोत था।
एनी बेसेंट : अग्रणी थियोसोफिस्ट। महिला अधिकारों की समर्थक, लेखिका, वक्ता एवं भारत-प्रेमी महिला थीं। इनके पिता अंग्रेज़ थे किन्तु इन्होंने पाश्चात्य भौतिकवादी सभ्यता की कड़ी आलोचना की तथा प्राचीन हिंदू सभ्यता को श्रेष्ठ कहा। महिलाओं और शोषितों के लिए वह आजीवन संघर्ष करती रहीं।
आयरिश लोग : आयरलैंड के लोगों को आयरिश लोग कहा जाता है।
लाला हरदियाल : भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के महान् क्रांतिकारी लाला हरदियाल ने विदेश में रहने वाले भारतीयों को देश की स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में योगदान देने के लिए प्रेरित किया। इसके लिए उन्होंने अमरीका में जाकर गदर पार्टी की स्थापना की। 4 मार्च, सन् 1939 को अमरीका से भारत आते समय रहस्यमयी परिस्थितियों में इनकी मृत्यु हो गयी।
वीरेन्द्रनाथ चट्टोपाध्याय (सन् 1880 – सन् 1937) : ये भी एक स्वतंत्रता सेनानी थे और योरुप में भारतीय विद्यार्थियों को भारत की स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई के लिए प्रेरित करते थे। मदन लाल ढींगरा के जन्म के सम्बन्ध में मतभेद : कुछ विद्वान् इनकी जम्म तिथि 18 सितम्बर, सन् 1883 मानते हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Important Questions and Answers

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता का क्या नाम था? ।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता का नाम साहिब गुरदित्ता मल था।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता व्यवसाय से क्या थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता व्यवसाय से गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन थे।

प्रश्न 3.
मदन लाल बचपन से कैसे थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता की प्राप्ति चाहने वाले थे।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बचपन की कौन-सी घटनाएँ मदन लाल ढींगरा के आत्मविश्वास को व्यक्त करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। वे बचपन से ही अपने देश को आजाद होते देखना चाहते थे। वे हर बात को तर्क की तराजू में तोल कर देखते थे। यही घटनाएँ उनके आत्मविश्वास को व्यक्त करती हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
लंदन में पढ़ते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा की मदद किसने की ?
उत्तर:
लंदन में पढ़ते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा की मदद उनके बड़े भाई ने की। उनकी सहायता के कारण ही वे इंग्लैण्ड गए और उन्होंने यूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज लंदन में दाखिला लिया। इसके साथ ही इंग्लैंड के कुछ राष्ट्रवादी कार्यकर्ताओं ने भी उनकी आर्थिक मदद की।

प्रश्न 3.
लंदन में रहते हुए मदन लाल किन राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं के संपर्क में आए ?
उत्तर:
लंदन में रहते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा भारत के प्रखर राष्ट्रवादी नेता विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संपर्क में आए। वे इनकी देशभक्ति से बहुत प्रभावित हुए।

प्रश्न 4.
मदन लाल ढींगरा का कर्जन वायली के संबंध में क्या मानना था ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा का कर्जन वायली के संबंध में मानना था कि ऐसे नीच अधिकारियों ने ही हज़ारों भारतीयों को गुलाम बनाया था। उन्हें बिना किसी कारण मौत के घाट उतारा था।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
इस पाठ का मूलभाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘महान् देशभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा’ निबंध में लेखक ने मदन लाल ढींगरा की सच्ची देशभक्ति, निडरता, आत्मविश्वास का वर्णन किया है। उन्होंने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम किया। कर्जन वायली को मारकर क्रांतिकारियों और देशभक्तों में आजादी की लहर पैदा की। इससे देशवासियों में आत्मविश्वास एवं निडरता की भावना ने जन्म लिया।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के चरित्र की विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के चरित्र की विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
1. सच्चे देशभक्त-मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे। बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। इसी कारण उन्होंने लाहौर कॉलेज में अपनी पढ़ाई छोड़ दी थी। उन्होंने अपने देश के लिए अपने को हँसते-हँसते कुर्बान कर दिया।
2. निडर-मदन लाल ढींगरा बहुत निडर थे। इसीलिए लंदन में रहते हुए भी वंदे मातरम् गलियों में गुंजाते थे। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। इतना ही नहीं उन्होंने कर्जन वायली को भरी सभा में गोलियों से भून दिया था।
3. आत्मविश्वासी-मदन लाल ढींगरा बहुत आत्मविश्वासी थे। उनमें आत्मविश्वास की भावना कूट-कूट कर भरी थी।
4. विवेकी-मदन लाल ढींगरा एक विवेकशील देशभक्त थे। वे बचपन से प्रत्येक बात को तर्क के तराजू पर तोल कर देखते थे।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदनलाल ढींगरा’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
डॉ० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी।

प्रश्न 2.
मदनलाल ढींगरा के पिता कौन और क्या थे ?
उत्तर:
साहिब गुरदितामल, गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन।

प्रश्न 3.
लाहौर कॉलेज में पढ़ते हुए मदनलाल ढींगरा ने कॉलेज क्यों छोड़ा ?
उत्तर:
देशभक्ति के कार्यों में भाग लेने के लिए।

प्रश्न 4.
इंग्लैण्ड के किस कॉलेज में और किस विषय में मदनलाल ढींगरा ने प्रवेश लिया ?
उत्तर:
यूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज लंदन में, मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग में।

प्रश्न 5.
लन्दन में मदनलाल ढींगरा किसके संपर्क में आए ?
उत्तर:
लन्दन में वे विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संपर्क में आए।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
मदनलाल ढींगरा सन् 1906 ई० में इंग्लैण्ड शिक्षा प्राप्त करने गए।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
आयरिश लोगों ने मदनलाल ढींगरा की हिम्मत को नहीं सराहा।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
1 जुलाई, 1909 को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था में उपस्थित कर्जन वायली पर पिस्टल से सात गोलियां चलाकर मार दिया था।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
घर में केवल उनकी माँ ही उनकी बात सुनती और समझती थी।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
दुनिया के हर ………. को अपनी ……. स्वतंत्र कराने का ………. है।
उत्तर:
दुनिया के हर नागरिक को अपनी मातृभूमि स्वतंत्र कराने का अधिकार है।

प्रश्न 11.
……. राष्ट्र ……… का …….. है।
उत्तर:
गुलामी राष्ट्र देवता का अपमान है।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
शहीद मदनलाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ कब भारत लाई गईं ?
(क) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ख) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को
(ग) 13 दिसम्बर, 1974 को ।
(घ) 13 दिसम्बर, 1976 को।
उत्तर:
(घ) 13 दिसम्बर, 1976 को।

प्रश्न 13.
मदनलाल ढींगरा को कब फांसी दी गई ?
(क) 17 अगस्त, 1919 को
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ग) 17 अगस्त, 1921 को
(घ) 17 अगस्त, 1976 को।
उत्तर:
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को।

प्रश्न 14.
मदनलाल ढींगरा पर अभियोग कब चलाया गया ?
(क) 1 जुलाई, 1909 को
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ग) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को |
(घ) 17 अगस्त, 1976 को
उत्तर:
(ग) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को

प्रश्न 15.
मदनलाल ढींगरा को किस जेल में फाँसी दी गई ?
(क) अंडेमन
(ख) पेंटोविले
(ग) गोआ
(घ) तिहाड़।
उत्तर:
(ख) पेंटोविले।

प्रश्न 16.
मदनलाल ढींगरा वीर सावरकर की किस क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य थे ?
(क) भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था
(ख) इंडिया हाउस
(ग) अभिनव भारत
(घ) मदन तलवार।
उत्तर:
(ग) अभिनव भारत।

प्रश्न 17.
“हमें देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए अनेक मदनलालों की आवश्यकता है।” यह कथन किसका है ?
(क) ऐनी बेसेंट
(ख) वी० एस० बलंट
(ग) श्याम जी कृष्णवर्मा
(घ) वीर सावरकर।
उत्तर:
(क) ऐनी बेसेंट।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

आत्मविश्वास = अपने ऊपर विश्वास। समेत = सहित। जोशभरा = जोश से युक्त। सम्पन्न = खुशहाल। अग्नि = आग। अध्ययन = पढ़ाई। गौरवान्वित = महिमा से युक्त। प्रशिक्षण = सिखलाई, ट्रेनिंग। साक्ष्य = सबूत। अनुपालन = रक्षण। स्वतंत्र = आजाद। अभियोग = मुकद्दमा। स्मृति पुंज = यादों का समूह। संवाहक = आगे ले जाने वाली। वक्तव्य = कथन। अनथक = बिना थके। अस्थियाँ = हड्डियाँ। राष्ट्रवादी = देशभक्त । नफ़रत = घृणा। अभियोग = मुकद्दमा। लावारिस = जिसका कोई वारिस न हो।

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा Summary

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा जीवन-परिचय

जीवन परिचय-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी का जन्म 12 मार्च, सन् 1950 ई० को पंजाब के मुकेरियां (होशियारपुर) में हुआ था। ये समकालीन हिन्दी-कविता के प्रसिद्ध कवि हैं। इन्होंने पंजाब के हिन्दी-साहित्य को राष्ट्रीय पहचान दिलाई है। इन्होंने हिन्दी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए कनाडा, नार्वे तथा पाकिस्तान की यात्राएँ की हैं। इन्हें पंजाब के मध्यकालीन हिन्दी-साहित्य को गुरुमुखी लिपि में लाने का श्रेय प्राप्त है। इन्होंने एम०ए०, पीएच०डी० तथा डी०लिट की उच्च उपाधियाँ प्राप्त की है।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी ने हिन्दी एवं पंजाबी में छत्तीस ग्रंथों की रचना की है। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं-गर्म लोहा (सन् 1982 ई०), पहचान की यात्रा (सन् 1987 ई०), किसी और दिन (सन् 1999 ई०), फिर से फिर (सन् 2011 ई०) आदि।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी का पंजाब हिन्दी-साहित्य में विशेष स्थान है। इनकी रचनाओं में देशभक्ति की झलक दिखाई देती है। इन्होंने अपनी रचनाओं के द्वारा युवाओं को राष्ट्रभक्ति का सन्देश दिया है। प्रस्तुत निबंध में लेखक ने महान् देशभक्त मदनलाल ढींगरा की देशभक्ति एवं निडरता का परिचय दिया है। भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का श्रेय मदनलाल ढींगरा को जाता है। लेखक ने इस देशभक्त की सच्ची देशभक्ति एवं साहस का परिचय दिया है। इनकी भाषा सरल, सहज एवं स्वाभाविक है। इनके साहित्य में तत्सम, तद्भव, अंग्रेज़ी एवं पंजाबी के शब्दों का अधिक प्रयोग हुआ है।

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा निबन्ध का सार

मदन लाल ढींगरा प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी द्वारा रचित एक प्रसिद्ध निबन्ध है। इसमें लेखक ने मदन लाल ढींगरा की सच्ची देशभक्ति साहस एवं निडरता का परिचय दिया है। लेखक ने बताया है कि भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का श्रेय इसी सच्चे देशभक्त को जाता है। मदनलाल ढींगरा का जन्म सन् 1887 ई० में पंजाब के एक सम्पन्न परिवार में हुआ था। उनके पिता साहिब गुरुदित्ता मल गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन थे। मदनलाल बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। वे हर बात को तराजू में तोलकर देखते थे। उनमें आत्मविश्वास कूट-कूट कर भरा था। उन्हें देशभक्ति के कारण लाहौर कॉलेज छोड़ना पड़ा था। इसके बाद उन्होंने कारखाने की मज़दूरी की। अपने गुज़ारे के लिए रिक्शा तथा टांगा तक भी चलाया। उनके घर में केवल बड़े भाई ही उनकी बात समझते थे। उनके कारण ही वे उच्च शिक्षा के लिए सन् 1906 में इंग्लैंड चले गए। वहां उनके जीवन में एक नया मोड़ आया। लंदन में वे भारत के प्रमुख राष्ट्रवादी नेता विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के सम्पर्क में आए। इसके बाद वे अभिनव भारत नामक क्रान्तिकारी संस्था के सदस्य बन गए। यहाँ उन्होंने हथियार चलाने का प्रशिक्षण लिया। लंदन में श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संरक्षण में भारतीय छात्रों में देशभक्ति की भावना फैलाने के लिए इंडिया हाउस की स्थापना की। उन दिनों खुदीराम बोस तथा कांशीराम जैसे अनेक क्रांतिकारियों को अंग्रेजों ने मृत्यु दंड दे दिया था। इन घटनाओं ने मदन लाल ढींगरा और सावरकर जैसे देशभक्तिों के मन में अंग्रेजों के प्रति नफ़रत तथा बदले की भावना ने जन्म दिया।

1 जुलाई, सन् 1909 ई० को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था के सदस्य वार्षिक दिवस मनाने के लिए इकट्ठे हुए। इसमें कर्ज़न वायली सपरिवार आया। ढींगरा ऐसे लोगों से नफ़रत करते थे। इसी कारण उन्होंने कर्जन वायली को वहीं मार दिया। वे वहाँ से डरकर नहीं भागे बल्कि साहस और निडरतापूर्वक वहीं खड़े रहे। यह अंग्रेजों के लिए पहली चेतावनी थी। ढींगरा ने बंग-भंग आंदोलन के समय भी लंदन में वंदेमातरम के नारे लगाए थे। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। उन्होंने अपनी हर पुस्तक के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखा था। कर्जन वायली की हत्या के आरोप में उन पर 22 जुलाई, सन् 1909 ई० को अभियोग चलाया। उन्होंने अदालत में गर्व से कहा था कि वह अपना जीवन भारत माँ को सौंप रहा है। 12 अगस्त, सन् 1909 ई० को उन्हें पेंटोविले (लंदन) की जेल में फांसी की सज़ा दी गई। आयरिश लोगों ने इनकी हिम्मत को सराहा था। लाला हरदयाल को भी उनकी शहादत पर गर्व हुआ। उन्हें विश्वास था कि मदनलाल ढींगरा की कुर्बानी भारत को आजाद कराएगी। श्रीमति ऐनी बेसेंट ने भी उनकी शहादत की सराहना की थी। 16 अगस्त, सन् 1909 के डेली न्यूज़ समाचार-पत्र में ढींगरा का जोशभरा भाषण छपा। ब्रिटिश सरकार ने मदन लाल ढींगरा के शरीर को लावारिस समझ कर दफना दिया। फिर सावरकर ने ढींगरा की देह को प्राप्त करने के अनेक प्रयास किए कितु वे सफल नहीं हुए। अनेक वर्षों बाद 13 दिसम्बर, सन् 1976 ई० को जब शहीद उधम सिंह की अस्थियां भारत लाई गईं तभी मदनलाल ढींगरा की अस्थियों को भी मातृभूमि का स्नेह मिला।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB हिम्मत और जिंदगी Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सुख का स्वाद किन लोगों को अधिक प्राप्त है ?
उत्तर:
सुख का स्वाद उन लोगों को अधिक प्राप्त होता है जो सुख का मूल्य पहले चुकाते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक के अनुसार किन लोगों के लिए आराम ही मौत है ?
उत्तर:
जिन्हें आराम आसानी से मिल जाता है उन लोगों के लिए आराम ही मौत है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘त्यक्तेन भुंजीथाः’ का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
जीवन का भोग त्याग के साथ करो।

प्रश्न 4.
अकबर ने कितने वर्ष की उम्र में अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हराया था ?
उत्तर:
अकबर ने तेरह वर्ष की उम्र में अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हराया था।

प्रश्न 5.
महाभारत का युद्ध किन-किन के मध्य हुआ था ?
उत्तर:
महाभारत का युद्ध कौरवों और पाण्डवों के मध्य हुआ था।

प्रश्न 6.
महाभारत के युद्ध में पाण्डवों की जीत का क्या कारण था ?
उत्तर:
महाभारत के युद्ध में पाण्डवों की जीत इसलिए हुई क्योंकि उन्होंने लाक्षाग्रह की मुसीबत झेली थी और बनवास का संकट झेला था। उन्होंने कौरवों के द्वारा दिए गए कष्टों को झेला था।

प्रश्न 7.
साहसी व्यक्ति की पहली पहचान क्या है ?
उत्तर:
(1) साहसी व्यक्ति तमाशा देखने वालों की चिंता नहीं करता।
(2) वह उन सपनों में भी रस लेता है जिनके कोई व्यावहारिक अर्थ नहीं होते।

प्रश्न 8.
लेखक के अनुसार साधारण जीव कौन-से लोग हैं ?
उत्तर:
जो आस-पड़ोस को देखकर चलते हैं वे साधारण जीव होते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
लेखक ने किन्हें क्राँति करने वाले लोग कहा है ?
उत्तर:
जो लोग अपने उद्देश्य की तुलना पड़ोसी के उद्देश्य से नहीं करते।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक के अनुसार नींद तथा भोजन का वास्तविक आनन्द किन्हें मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
नींद का वास्तविक आनंद उन्हें मिलता है जो दिनभर धूप में थक कर वापस लौटता है तथा भोजन का आनंद उन्हें मिलता है जो कुछ दिन बिना खाये भी रह सकता है।

प्रश्न 2.
जीवन में असफलताएँ मिलने पर भी साहसी मनुष्य क्या करता है ?
उत्तर:
साहसी मनुष्य असफलताओं से घबराता नहीं। उनका साहस के साथ मुकाबला करता है और आगे ही आगे बढ़ता रहता है।

प्रश्न 3.
महान् निश्चय व बड़े मौके पर कायरता दिखाने वाले व्यक्ति का जीवन कैसा होता है ?
उत्तर:
जो व्यक्ति महान् निश्चय और किसी बड़े मौके पर कायरता दिखाता है, वह कभी भी सुखी नहीं रहता। तभी उसकी आत्मा उसे फटकारती रहती है।

प्रश्न 4.
जिंदगी में जोखिम से बचने के कारण क्या हानि होती है ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी में जोखिम से बचने के कारण निम्नलिखित हानि होती है
(1) वह अपने ही जीवन के व्यर्थ फ़ेरों के बीच कैद हो जाता है।
(2) उसे जिंदगी का कोई मज़ा नहीं मिलता।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
साहसी व्यक्ति के कोई पाँच गुण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
साहसी व्यक्ति के गुण इस प्रकार हैं
(1) साहसी व्यक्ति इस बात की चिंता नहीं करता कि तमाशा देखने वाले उसके बारे में क्या सोच रहे हैं।
(2) वह उन सपनों में भी रस लेता है जिनका कोई व्यावहारिक अर्थ नहीं होता।
(3) वह कभी भी सपने उधार नहीं लेता।
(4) वह सदा अकेला ही अपनी राह पर चलता है।
(5) वह कठिनाइयों से नहीं डरता।
(6) वह पूर्णरूप से निडर होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों की व्याख्या कीजिए :

(i) जो लोग पाँव भीगने के ख़ौफ़ से पानी से बचते रहते हैं, समुद्र में डूब जाने का खतरा उन्हीं के लिए है। लहरों में तैरने का जिन्हें अभ्यास है वे मोती लेकर बाहर आयेंगे।
उत्तर:
लेखक कहता है कि इस संसार में जिन लोगों को अपने पांव भीगने का डर होता है उन्हें ही समुद्र में डूबने का खतरा होता है अर्थात् जो लोग कठिन परिस्थितियों को देखकर डर जाते हैं और उनसे संघर्ष नहीं करते वे जीवन में कभी भी सफल नहीं होते। जिसे डरपोक लोगों को असफलता ही मिलती है। किंतु जिन लोगों को लहरों में तैरने का अभ्यास होता है अर्थात् जो परिस्थितियों का निडर और साहसी बनकर सामना करते हैं उन्हें ही सफलता मिलती है वे लोग ही समुद्र से मोती निकाल सकते हैं।

(ii) अगर रास्ता आगे ही आगे निकल रहा हो तो फिर असली मज़ा तो पाँव बढ़ाते जाने में ही हो है।
उत्तर:
लेखक आगे बढ़ते रहने की प्रेरणा देता है कि यदि जीवन में रास्ता आगे की तरफ निकलता है तो आंतरिक आनंद आगे बढ़ते जाने में ही है। भाव है कि यदि जीवन में आगे की तरफ कोई रास्ता निकलता हो तो हमें आगे बढ़ते जाना चाहिए। उस रास्ते पर आगे बढ़ने से ही असली आनंद प्राप्त होगा।

(iii) अरे ओ जीवन के साधको! अगर किनारे की मरी हुई सीपियों में ही तुम्हें संतोष हो जाए तो समुद्र के अंतराल में छिपे हुए मौक्तिक-कोष को कौन बाहर लाएगा ?
उत्तर:
लेखक जीवन के साधकों को संबोधित कर उन्हें प्रेरणा देता है कि, हे जीवन के साधको! यदि तुम्हें किनारे पर मरी हुई सीपियों में ही संतोष मिल जाए तो समुद्र के बीच में छिपे हुए मोतियों के खजाने को कौन बाहर निकालेगा। भाव यह है कि तुम्हें केवल सीपियों से ही संतोष नहीं करना चाहिए बल्कि कठिन परिश्रम करते हुए समुद्र के बीच जाकर मोतियों का खजाना ढूंढकर लाना चाहिए।

(iv) कामना का अंचल छोटा मत करो। जिंदगी के फल को दोनों हाथों से दबाकर निचौड़ो, रस की निर्झरी तुम्हारे बहाए भी बह सकती है।
उत्तर:
लेखक साधकों को प्रेरणा दे रहा है कि हे साधको ! तुम अपनी इच्छाओं के आंचल को छोटा मत करो। तुम अपनी जिंदगी के फल को दोनों हाथों से दबाकर निचोड़ो। इसमें से रस की नदी तुम्हारे द्वारा भी बह सकती है। भाव यह है कि यदि तुम मेहनत करो और अपनी इच्छाएँ बड़ी रखो तो तुम्हें अवश्य फल की प्राप्ति होगी।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप लिखिए

तत्सम – तद्भव
पुष्प – …………….
ओष्ठ – …………….
मृत्यु – …………….
हस्त – …………….
रात्रि – …………….
गृह – …………….
लाक्षा – …………….
कर्म – …………….
उत्तर:
तत्सम – तद्भव
पुष्प – फूल
ओष्ठ – होठ
मृत्यु – मौत
हस्त – हाथ
रात्रि – रात
गृह – घर
लाक्षा – लाख
कर्म – काम

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों का अर्थ समझकर उन्हें वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए

दाँव पर लगाना – कोई वस्तु बाज़ी पर लगाना।
पाँव बढ़ाना – चाल तेज़ करना, जल्दी-जल्दी चलना, आगे बढ़ना।
उत्तर:
दाँव पर लगाना – कोई वस्तु बाज़ी पर लगाना।
वाक्य – युधिष्ठिर ने अपना सब कुछ दाँव पर लगा दिया था।
पाँव बढ़ाना – चाल तेज़ करना, जल्दी-जल्दी चलना, आगे बढ़ना।
वाक्य – हमें सदा सफलता की ओर पाँव बढ़ाना चाहिए।

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को शुद्ध करके लिखिए

रेगीस्तान, सन्तुश्ट, आतमा, ज़रुरत, अवाज़, सवाद, खुशबुदार, संजम, चुनोती, निरझरी।
उत्तर:
अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
रेगीस्तान – रेगिस्तान
सन्तुश्ट – संतुष्ट
आतमा – आत्मा
ज़रुरत – ज़रूरत
अवाज़ – आवाज़
सवाद – स्वाद
खुशबुदार – खुशबूदार
संजम – संयम
चुनोती – चुनौती
निरझरी – निर्झरी।

4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में सही विराम चिह्न लगाइए

प्रश्न 1.
झुंड में चरना यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है
उत्तर:
झुंड में चरना, यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है।

प्रश्न 2.
यह आवाज़ उसे बराबर कहती रहती है तुम साहस नहीं
दिशा सके तुम कायर की तरह भाग खड़े हुए
उत्तर:
यह आवाज़ उसे बराबर कहती रहती है। तुम साहस नहीं दिखा सके। तुम कायर की तरह भाग खड़े हुए। (ii) अरे ओ जीवन के साधको तुम निचली डाल का फल तोड़कर लौटे जा रहे हो तो फिर फुनगी का वह लाल लाल आम किसके वास्ते है उत्तर- अरे ओ जीवन के साधको ! तुम निचली डाल का फल तोड़कर लौटे जा रहे हो, तो फिर फुनगी का वह लाल आम किसके वास्ते हैं।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
“बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में विकास पाती हैं। बड़ी हस्तियाँ बड़ी मुसीबतों में पल कर दुनिया पर क़ब्जा करती हैं।” पाठ में आईं इन पंक्तियों के आधार पर किसी महापुरुष, विद्वान्, आविष्कारक, योद्धा आदि में से किसी एक व्यक्तित्व पर अपने विचार लिखें जिसने बड़ी मुसीबतों का सामना करते हुए शीर्ष पर पहुँचकर नाम कमाया हो।
उत्तर:
अर्जुन एक महान् योद्धा था। वह पाण्डु का पुत्र था। उसकी माता का नाम कुंती था। यह पाँच पांडवों में सबसे श्रेष्ठ धनुषधारी माना जाता है। इसने अपने भाइयों के साथ बचपन से ही अनेक कष्ट सहन किए। इसने लाक्षागृह की आग को सहन किया। कौरवों द्वारा दिया गया वनवास झेला और बार-बार कौरवों के द्वारा अपमान झेला किंतु अंत तक अपनी हार नहीं मानी। अंततः महाभारत के युद्ध में अर्जुन की ही विजय हुई।

प्रश्न 2.
“आदमी के अन्य सारे गुण उसके हिम्मती होने से ही पैदा होते हैं।” आप लेखक के इस विचार से कहाँ तक सहमत हैं ? स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
यह बात सच है कि हिम्मत सभी गुणों से श्रेष्ठ है क्योंकि हिम्मती अर्थात् साहसी आदमी में अन्य सभी गुण अपने आप ही आ जाते हैं। साहसी, निडर, परिश्रमी और संयमी होता है। साहसी आदमी ही कठिन परिश्रम कर सकता है। वही जीवन की बाधाओं का सामना कर सकता है। वह किसी भी बाधा और संकट से नहीं घबराता वह जीवन की कठिनाइयों का हँसते-हँसते मुकाबला करता है। वह सदा. अपनी दृष्टि अपने लक्ष्य की तरफ रखता है। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि आदमी के अन्य सारे गुण उसके हिम्मती. होने से ही पैदा होते हैं।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
हिम्मत बढ़ाने वाली कुछ प्रेरणादायक कविताओं/कहानियों का चयन कीजिए और उन्हें अपनी कक्षा में सुनाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से करें।

प्रश्न 2.
उन महापुरुषों/देशभक्तों/समाज सुधारकों/योद्धाओं के चित्रों का संकलन कीजिए जिन्होंने हिम्मत की जिंदगी को जिया है।
उत्तर:
अध्यापकों की सहायता से स्वयं कीजिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आपने अथवा आपके किसी मित्र/परिचित ने किसी संकट के समय अदम्य साहस का परिचय दिया हो तो उस प्रसंग को अपनी कक्षा में सुनाएँ।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से करें।

प्रश्न 4.
स्टेशनरी की दुकान से एक स्टिक लाख लें और अध्यापक से जानें कि किस तरह ज़रूरी दस्तावेजों को सीलबंद करने में इसका उपयोग होता है।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें। 5. आपके घर में लकड़ी के दरवाजे/खिड़कियाँ पॉलिश करते समय लाख के दाने का प्रयोग होता है। उस समय पेंटर से जानें कि किस तरह वह इसका पॉलिश में प्रयोग करता है। उत्तर- स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. महाभारत : ‘महाभारत’ भारत की सांस्कृतिक धरोहर का एक अनुपम महाकाव्य है, जिसकी रचना (माना जाता है कि) वेदव्यास जी ने की। इस ग्रंथ को हिन्दू धर्म में पंचम वेद भी माना जाता है। कहा जाता है कि ‘महाभारत’ का वास्तविक नाम ‘जय’ था। तत्पश्चात् इसे ‘भारत’ नाम से भी पुकारा गया तथा भरतवंश की गाथा होने के कारण बाद में यह ‘महाभारत’ नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

2. कौरव : कौरव महाभारत में हस्तिनापुर नरेश धृतराष्ट्र और गांधारी के पुत्र थे। ये गिनती में सौ थे तथा राजा कुरु के वंशज थे। सभी कौरवों में दुर्योधन सबसे बड़ा था जो कि बहुत ही ज़िद्दी था।

3. पांडव : पाँडव महाभारत के मुख्य पात्र हैं। पाँडव पाँच भाई थे- युधिष्ठिर, भीम, अर्जुन, नकुल तथा सहदेव। पाँडवों के पिता का नाम पाण्डु था। पाण्डु की दो पत्नियाँ थीं-कुन्ती तथा माद्री। युधिष्ठिर, भीम तथा अर्जुन की माता कुन्ती थी और नकुल एवं सहदेव माद्री के पुत्र थे।

4. लाक्षागृह : दुर्योधन के मामा शकुनि ने लाक्ष (लाख) के बने हुए घर (लाक्षागृह) में पांडवों को भेजकर उन्हें जलाकर मारने का प्रयत्न किया किन्तु अपने काका विदुर की मदद व समझबूझ से वे उस जलते हुए गृह से बच निकले।

5. अकबर : तैमूरी वंशावली के मुग़ल वंश का तीसरा शासक अकबर था। इसके पिता का नाम हुमायूँ तथा दादा का नाम बाबर था।

6. विन्स्टन चर्चिल : ये एक अंग्रेज़ राजनीतिज्ञ थे और सन् 1940-1945 के समय इंग्लैण्ड के प्रधानमंत्री थे। इसके अतिरिक्त वे इतिहासकार, लेखक और कलाकार भी थे। वे एकमात्र प्रधानमंत्री थे जिन्हें नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide हिम्मत और जिंदगी Important Questions and Answers

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
कौन-सी जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहस से भरी जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
साहसी जिंदगी कैसी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहसी जिंदगी सब प्रकार से निडर और बेखौफ होती है।

प्रश्न 3.
मनुष्यता को प्रकाश किस आदमी से मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
जो आदमी जनमत की अपेक्षा करके जीता है उसी आदमी से मनुष्यता को प्रकाश मिलता है।

प्रश्न 4.
जिंदगी की कितनी सूरतें हैं ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी की दो सूरते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
जिंदगी का असली मजा किनके लिए नहीं है ?
उत्तर:
जो फूलों के नीचे खेलते और सोते हैं उनके लिए जिंदगी का असली मजा नहीं है।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
जिंदगी का असली मजा किनको मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी का असली मजा उनको मिलता है जो दूर रेगिस्तान से आते हैं जिनके कंठ सूखे, होंठ फटे तथा बदन पसीने से तर-तर होता है। वे कष्ट उठाते हैं। दूसरों के भरोसे नहीं रहते। वे अपना मार्ग स्वयं बनाते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
चाँदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद कौन मनुष्य लेता है ?
उत्तर:
चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद वह मनुष्य लेता है जो दिनभर धूप में थककर लौटता है। जिसके शरीर को ठंड की ज़रूरत महसूस होती है तथा जिसका मन इस बात से संतुष्ट होता है कि उसने आज के दिन का पूरा समय अच्छे काम में लगाया है। जिसने डट कर काम किया है। जो दूसरों के भरोसे नहीं रहा।

प्रश्न 3.
चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद किसको नहीं मिलता ?
उत्तर:
जो आदमी दिनभर खिड़कियाँ बंद कर पंखों के नीचे बैठा रहता है और रात में चांदनी में सेज लगाता है उसे चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद नहीं मिलता। जो परिश्रम नहीं करता उसे आनंद नहीं मिलता।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
हिम्मत और जिंदगी पाठ का मूल भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
हिम्मत और जिंदगी श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का प्रमुख निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने बताया है कि परिश्रम ही सफलता की कुंजी है। हिम्मत, परिश्रम साहस, कर्मठता आदि तत्व ही सफलता के आधार हैं। मनुष्य को जीवन में हिम्मत, साहस का परिचय देना चाहिए। साहस की जिंदगी सबसे श्रेष्ठ होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
इस निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक ने हमें क्या संदेश दिया है ?
उत्तर:
इस निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक ने हमें साहसपूर्ण जिंदगी जीने का संदेश दिया है। उन्होंने बताया है कि जीवन में सदा साहस और हिम्मत से परिश्रम करना चाहिए। कठिनाइयों से नहीं घबराना चाहिए। उनका साहस के साथ डटकर मुकाबला करना चाहिए। जीवन में हर चुनौती स्वीकार करनी चाहिए। सुख-दुःख, सफलता-असफलता, खुशीगम को समान दृष्टि से देखना चाहिए।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘हिम्मत और ज़िदगी’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
रामधारी सिंह दिनकर।

प्रश्न 2.
जिन्हें आराम आसानी से मिल जाता है उनके लिए आराम क्या है ?
उत्तर:
मौत।

प्रश्न 3.
समुद्र में से मोती लेकर बाहर कौन आता है ?
उत्तर:
जिन्हें लहरों में तैरने का अभ्यास होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
साहस की जिंदगी कैसी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहस की जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी जिंदगी होती है।

प्रश्न 5.
किसका अंचल छोटा नहीं करना चाहिए ?
उत्तर:
कामना का।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए-

प्रश्न 6.
झुंड में चरना, यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
सिंह बिल्कुल अकेला होने पर उदास हो जाता है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
साहसी मनुष्य सपने उधार नहीं लेता।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में विकास नहीं पाती हैं।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
उपवास और ……… ये ………… के साधन नहीं हैं।
उत्तर:
उपवास और संयम ये आत्महत्या के साधन नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
जिन्दगी को ……. से जीना हमेशा ही ……… झेलना है।
उत्तर:
जिन्दगी को ठीक से जीना हमेशा ही जोखिम झेलना है।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
“ज़िन्दगी का सबसे बड़ा गुण हिम्मत है” यह कथन किसका है ?
(क) अर्नाल्ड बेनेट
(ख) विन्स्टन चर्चिल
(ग) अब्राहम लिंकन
(घ) स्टालिन।
उत्तर:
(ख) विन्स्टन चर्चिल।

प्रश्न 13.
महाभारत में देश के प्रायः अधिकांश वीर किनके पक्ष में थे ?
(क) पाँडवों
(ख) कौरवों
(ग) कैकेय
(घ) विदेह।
उत्तर:
(ख) कौरवों।

प्रश्न 14.
क्रांति करने वाले किस चाल से चलते हैं ?
(क) पड़ोसी की
(ख) शासन की
(ग) अपनी
(घ) विरोधी की।
उत्तर:
(ग) अपनी।

प्रश्न 15.
चाँदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनन्द कैसा मनुष्य लेता है ?
(क) अमीर
(ख) सुस्त
(ग) चतुर
(घ) परिश्रमी।
उत्तर:
(घ) परिश्रमी।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

कंठ = गला । खौफ़ = डर। उपवास = व्रत। जनमत = लोगों की राय। अंतराल = बीच, मध्य । जोखिम = खतरा, संकट। परास्त = पराजित, हार। अंततः = अंत में, आखिरकार। लाक्षाग्रह = लाख का बना घर। मौक्तिक-कोष = मोतियों का खजाना। साधक = साधना करने वाला। कामना = इच्छा। निर्झरी = नहीं। खुशबू = सुगंध। परमार्थ = परोपकार। कस्तूरी = एक सुगंधित पदार्थ जो कस्तूरी हिरण की नाभि में होती है। गोधूलि = गायों के खुरों से उठने वाली धूल।

हिम्मत और जिंदगी Summary

जीवन-परिचय

जीवन परिचय-रामधारी सिंह दिनकर हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ लेखक माने जाते हैं। उनका जन्म सन् 1908 ई० में बिहार के मुंगेर जिले के सिमरिया नामक गाँव में हुआ था। इनकी आरंभिक शिक्षा गांव में हुई। इन्होंने बी०ए० की शिक्षा पटना विश्वविद्यालय से प्राप्त की। ये भागलपुर विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति भी रहे। सन् 1952 से 1964 तक राज्यसभा के सदस्य भी रहे। कई वर्ष तक भारत सरकार के हिंदी सलाहकार भी रहे। सन् 1974 ई० में इनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ-दिनकर बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। इन्होंने अनेक प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ लिखी हैं। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ इस प्रकार हैं
काव्य-रेणुका, हुँकार, कुरुक्षेत्र, उर्वशी, रसवंती, परशुराम की प्रतीक्षा आदि। गद्य-संस्कृति के चार अध्याय, काव्य की भूमिका, अर्द्धनारीश्वर, मिट्टी की ओर आदि।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-दिनकर की रचनाओं में राष्ट्रीयता तथा विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना के दर्शन होते हैं। इन्होंने अपने साहित्य में समाज, संस्कृति धर्म का यथार्थ वर्णन किया है। रामधारी सिंह दिनकर की भाषा सरल, सहज एवं स्वाभाविक है। इनकी भाषा प्रौढ़ एवं प्रांजल है। इस निबंध की भाषा शैली सरल एवं सहज है। इसमें तत्सम शब्दावली की अधिकता है।

हिम्मत और जिंदगी निबंध का सार

हिम्मत और जिंदगी रामधारी सिंह दिनकर द्वारा लिखित एक प्रमुख निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने उस सत्य का वर्णन किया है जिसके अनुसार हिम्मत, परिश्रम, साहस, कर्मठता आदि तत्व हमारी सफलता के आधार बिंदु हैं। परिश्रम ही सफलता की कुंजी है। जिंदगी का असली मज़ा फूलों के नीचे खेलने और सोने वालों के लिए नहीं बल्कि दूर रेगिस्तान से आने वालों के लिए होता है। पानी के अमृत तक को केवल वही जानता है जो धूप में सूख चुका है। सुखों का असली आनंद उनका मूल्य चुकाने पर ही मिलता है। पानी से बचने वालों के लिए ही समुद्र में डूबने का खतरा होता है। लहरों पर तैरने वाले तो मोती लेकर ही बाहर निकलते हैं। जीवन में चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का मजा वही मनुष्य लेता है जो दिनभर धूप में थककर लेटा है। घर के अंदर पंखे के नीचे सोने वाला मनुष्य इसका आनंद नहीं ले सकता। भोजन का असली स्वाद उसी को मिलता है जो कुछ दिन बिना खाए भी रह लेता है।

जीवन का भोग त्याग के साथ करो यह केवल परमार्थ का ही उपदेश नहीं है। संयमी व्यक्ति को ही योग का आनंद प्राप्त होता है। संसार में बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में ही विकसित होती हैं। ठीक वैसे बड़े लोग बड़ी मुसीबतों में पलकर दुनिया पर कब्जा करते हैं, अकबर ने तेरह वर्ष में ही अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हरा दिया था। महाभारत में देश के अधिकांश वीर कौरवों के पक्ष में थे किन्तु फिर भी जीत पांडवों की हुई क्योंकि उन्होंने लाक्षाग्रह की मुसीबत झेली और बनवास में कष्ट उठाया था। जिंदगी की दो सूरतें हैं। एक तो आदमी को असफलताओं से न घबराते हुए उनका सामना करते हुए अपने उद्देश्य को पाने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। दूसरी आदमी को उन ग़रीबों का साथी बन जाना चाहिए जो केवल दुःख पाते हैं। साहस की जिंदगी सबसे श्रेष्ठ होती है। यह बिल्कुल निडर और बेखौफ़ होती है। साहसी मनुष्य कभी भी तमाशा देखने वालों की चिंता नहीं करता। वह केवल अपना कर्म करता है। जनमत की उपेक्षा करके जीने वाला आदमी ही दुनिया की असली शक्ति है। दूसरों के पीछे चलना एक सामान्य आदमी का काम होता है। क्रांतिकारी कभी अपने उद्देश्यों की तुलना दूसरों से नहीं करते। वे केवल अपना कार्य करते हैं। साहसी व्यक्ति कभी सपने उधार नहीं लेता। वह तो अपने सपने देखता है। समूह में तो भैंस और भेड़ चलती हैं, शेर तो सदा अकेला चलता है।

जिंदगी में सदा खतरे बने रहते हैं। जिंदगी जीते समय अनेक खतरे बने रहते हैं। असली जिंदगी इन खतरों का साहस से मुकाबला करने में होती है। संकटों का सामना करना जिंदगी की पूंजी होती है। अंत में लेखक ने जीवन के साधकों को साहसपूर्ण जिंदगी तथा खतरों का सामना करने का संदेश दिया है। उन्हें उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने की प्रेरणा दी है।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB नींव की ईंट Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के आधार पर बतायें कि दुनिया क्या देखती है ?
उत्तर:
दुनिया इमारत की चमक-दमक देखती है। उसका ऊपर का आवरण देखती है।

प्रश्न 2.
इमारत का होना न होना किस बात पर निर्भर करता है ?
उत्तर:
इमारत का न होना इमारत की नींव की ईंट तथा उसकी मज़बूती पर निर्भर करता है।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक ने नींव की ईंट किसे बताया है ?
उत्तर:
जो ईंट ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे जाकर गड़ती है और इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। इसी ईंट पर इमारत की मज़बूती तथा होना न होना निर्भर करता है। लेखक ने इसे ही नींव की ईंट कहा है।

प्रश्न 4.
नींव की ईंट ने अपना अस्तित्व क्यों विलीन कर दिया ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट ने अपना अस्तित्व इसलिए विलीन कर दिया ताकि यह संसार एक सुंदर सृष्टि देख सके।

प्रश्न 5.
ईसा की शहादत ने किस धर्म को अमर बना दिया ?
उत्तर:
ईसा की शहादत ने इसाई धर्म को अमर बना दिया।

प्रश्न 6.
किसकी हड्डियों के दान से वृत्रासुर का नाश किया ?
उत्तर:
महर्षि दधीचि की हड्डियों के दान से वृत्रासुर का नाश किया।

प्रश्न 7.
लेखक के अनुसार सत्य की प्राप्ति कब होती है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक के अनुसार जब हम कठोरता और भद्देपन दोनों का सामना करते हैं तब. सत्य की प्राप्ति होती है।

प्रश्न 8.
पाठ में लेखक ने ‘दधीचि’ तथा ‘वृत्रासुर’ शब्द किसके लिए प्रयुक्त हुए हैं ?
उत्तर:
पाठ में लेखक ने ‘दधीचि’ शब्द शहीदों तथा ‘वृत्रासुर’ विदेशी आक्रमणकारी के लिए प्रयुक्त हुए हैं।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नींव की ईंट और कँगरे की ईंट दोनों क्यों वँदनीय हैं ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे गडकर इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। इसकी मज़बूती पर ही इमारत निर्भर करती है। कंगूरे की ईंट कट-छंटकर कँगूरे पर चढ़ती है तथा लोगों को अपनी तरफ आकर्षित करती है इसलिए दोनों ईंटें वंदनीय हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
नींव की ईंट पाठ के आधार पर सत्य का स्वरूप स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
सत्य सदा ही शिवम् होता है पर वह सदा सुंदरम् हो यह आवश्यक नहीं है। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता तथा भद्दापन एक साथ जन्म लेते हैं तथा एक साथ जीते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
देश को आजाद करवाने में किन लोगों का योगदान रहा ? पाठ के आधार पर उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
देश को आजाद करवाने में अनेक लोगों का योगदान रहा। यह केवल उन लोगों के बलिदान से ही आजाद नहीं हुआ जिनका इतिहास में नाम लिखा है। इसमें उनका भी योगदान है जिन्होंने चुपचाप अपना बलिदान दिया। जो आज़ादी की नींव बने।

प्रश्न 4.
आजकल के नौजवानों में कँगूरा बनने की होड़ क्यों मची हुई है ?
उत्तर:
आजकल के नौजवानों में कँगूरा बनने की होड़ इसलिए मची हुई है क्योंकि उनमें नींव की ईंट बनने की इच्छा नहीं रही। उनमें देशभक्ति, बलिदान तथा त्याग की कामना खो गई है। वे केवल बाहरी दिखावे के प्रतीक बनना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
नये समाज के निर्माण के लिए किस चीज़ की आवश्यकता होती है ?
उत्तर:
नये समाज के निर्माण के लिए नींव की ईंट चीज़ की आवश्यकता है। ऐसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है जो समाज के नवनिर्माण के लिए अपना बलिदान दें और नींव की ईंट बने।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के आधार पर बताएं कि समाज की आधारशिला क्या होती है ?
उत्तर:
शहादत और मौन-मूक समाज की आधारशिला होती है। जिस शहादत को समाज में ख्याति तथा जिस बलिदान को अधिक प्रसिद्धि मिल जाती है वह समाज की आधारशिला नहीं होती। वह तो केवल इमारत का कँगूरा अथा मंदिर के कलश के समान हो सकती है। वह नींव की ईंट कभी नहीं होती। वास्तव में समाज की आधारशिला वही लोग बनते हैं जो चुपचाप अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग कर देते हैं और जिन्हें कोई नहीं जानता।

प्रश्न 2.
आज देश को कैसे नौजवानों की ज़रूरत है ? पाठ के आधार पर उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
आज देश को ऐसे नौजवानों की ज़रूरत है जो अपने देश पर चुपचाप अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग कर दें। जो एक नई प्रेरणा से प्रेरित हों। उनमें एक नई चेतना का भाव हो जिन्हें किसी की शाबाशी की ज़रूरत न हो। जिनमें न तो कंगूरा बनने की इच्छा हों और न कलश कहलाने की इच्छा हो। वे सभी इच्छाओं एवं आशाओं से बिल्कुल दूर हों।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए

सुंदर समाज बने, इसलिए कुछ तपे-तपाए लोगों को
मौन-मूक शहादत का लाल सेहरा पहनना है।
उत्तर:
इस पंक्ति का आशय है कि समाज का सुंदर निर्माण होना चाहिए। इसके लिए समाज के कुछ अग्रणी लोगों को चुपचाप बिना किसी प्रसिद्धि से मुक्त होकर अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग करना होगा। इसमें कवि ने चुपचाप बलिदान देने की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 4.
हम जिसे देख नहीं सके, वह सत्य नहीं है, यह है मूढ़
धारणा। ढूँढ़ने से ही सत्य मिलता है। ऐसी नींव की ईंटों
की ओर ध्यान देना ही हमारा काम है, हमारा धर्म है।
उत्तर:
इसका आशय यह है कि हम जिसको देख नहीं सके वह बिल्कुल सत्य नहीं है- यह एक मूर्ख धारणा है। इसमें सत्य की प्राप्ति नहीं होती। सत्य तो केवल ढूँढ़ने से ही मिलता है। हमें कँगूरे की तरफ नहीं बल्कि इमारत की नींव की ईंटों की तरफ ध्यान देना चाहिए। यही हमारा कर्म है और यही धर्म है।

प्रश्न 5.
उदर के लिए आतुर समाज चिल्ला रहा है
हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है ?
देश के नौजवानों को यह चुनौती है।
उत्तर:
इसमें लेखक ने नौजवानों में समाज के प्रति कर्त्तव्यहीन भावना की ओर संकेत किया है। आज समाज उन्नति के लिए नौजवानों का इन्तजार कर रहा है किंतु कोई उन्नति एवं उदय की आधारशिला बनने को तैयार नहीं है। देश के नौजवानों के लिए यही बड़ी चुनौती है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से उपसर्ग तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
आवरण – आ – वरण
प्रताप – …………… – ……………
प्रचार – …………… – ……………
बेतहाशा – …………… – ……………
प्रसिद्धि – …………… – ……………
अभिभूत – …………… – ……………
अनुप्राणित – …………… – ……………
आकृष्ट – …………… – ……………
उत्तर:
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
आवरण – आ – वरण
प्रताप – प्र – ताप
प्रचार – प्र – चार
बेतहाशा – बे – तहाशा
प्रसिद्धि – प्र – सिद्धि
अभिभूत – अभि – भूत
अनुप्राणित – अनु – प्राणित
आकृष्ट – आ – कृष्ट

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से प्रत्यय तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
मज़बूती – मज़बूत – ई
भद्दापन – …………… – ……………
पायदारी – …………… – ……………
विदेशी – …………… – ……………
चमकीली – …………… – ……………
पुख्तापन – …………… – ……………
कारख़ाना – …………… – ……………
सुनहली – …………… – ……………
उत्तर:
शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
मज़बूती – मज़बूत – ई
भद्दापन – भद्दा – पन
पायदारी – पाय – दारी
विदेशी – विदेश – ई
चमकीली – चमक – ईली
पुख्तापन – पुख्ता – पन
कारख़ाना – कार – खाना
सुनहली – सुनहल – ई

3. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर उन्हें वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
नींव की ईंट बनना – काम का आधार बनना – ………………….
शहादत का लाल – बलिदान देने वाला व्यक्ति – ………………….
सेहरा पहनाना – सर्वस्व बलिदान देना – ………………….
खाक छानना – बहुत ढूँढ़ना, मारा-मारा फिरना – ………………….
फलना-फूलना – सुखी और सम्पन्न होना – ………………….
खपा देना – किसी काम में लग जाना,उपयोग में आना – ………………….
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट बनना – काम का आधार बनना
वाक्य-आज देश के प्रत्येक युवक को नींव की ईंट बनने का संकल्प लेना चाहिए।

शहादत का लाल – बलिदान देने वाला व्यक्ति
वाक्य-भगत सिंह देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए शहादत के लाल थे।

सेहरा पहनाना – सर्वस्व बलिदान देना
वाक्य – सुभाष चंद्र बोस ने देश की आज़ादी के लिए सेहरा पहन लिया था।

खाक छानना – बहुत ढूँढ़ना, मारा-मारा फिरना
वाक्य – कर्महीन लोग सदा खाक छानते रहते हैं।

फलना – फूलना-सुखी और सम्पन्न होना
वाक्य – यदि फलना-फूलना चाहते हो तो परिश्रम किया करो।

खपा देना – किसी काम में लग जाना, उपयोग में आना
वाक्य – विद्यार्थी को पढ़ाई-लिखाई में स्वयं को खपा देना चाहिए।

4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में उचित विराम चिह्न लगाइए

(i) कँगूरे के गीत गाने वाले हम आइए अब नींव के गीत गाएँ
(ii) हाँ शहादत और मौन मूक समाज की आधारशिला यही होती है
(ii) अफसोस कँगूरा बनने के लिए चारों ओर होड़ा होड़ी मची है नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त हो रही है
(iv) हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है
उत्तर:
(i) कँगूरे के गीत गाने वाले हम, “आइए, अब नींव के गीत गाएँ।”
(ii) हाँ, शहादत और मौन मूक ! समाज की आधारशिला यही होती है।
(iii) अफसोस ! कँगूरा बनने के लिए चारों ओर होड़ा-होड़ी मची है। नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त हो रही है।
(iv) हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है ?

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
आप नींव की ईंट या कँगूरे की ईंट में से कौन-सी ईंट बनना चाहेंगे और क्यों ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मैं नींव की ईंट और कँगूरे की ईंट में से नींव की ईंट बनना चाहूँगा। मैं नींव की ईंट इसलिए बनना चाहूँगा क्योंकि नींव की ईंट ही समाज की आधारशिला होती है। इस पर ही समाज की इमारत खड़ी होती है। यही इमारत का आधार होती है। इसके हिलने मात्र से ही पूरी इमारत नीचे ढह सकती है। नींव की ईंट बनना
अपने आप में गर्व का विषय है। यही धन्य है।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक इस पाठ में नींव की ईंट के माध्यम से क्या संदेश देना चाहता है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक इस पाठ के माध्यम से यह संदेश देना चाहता है कि व्यक्ति को अपने समाज तथा देश की तरक्की और कल्याण के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें इमारत की कंगूरा अथवा मंदिर का कलश नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट बनने की इच्छा करनी चाहिए। युवाओं को नि:स्वार्थ भाव से अपने देश पर अपना त्याग एवं बलिदान कर देना चाहिए। कभी भी प्रसिद्धि एवं तरक्की की कामना नहीं रखनी चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आपकी नज़र में ऐसा कौन-सा व्यक्तित्व है जिसने देश और जमा के उत्थान में नींव की ईंट के समान कार्य किया है उसके योगदान को बताते हुए अपनी बात स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
हमारी नज़र में सुभाष चन्द्र बोस एक ऐसा व्यक्तित्व है जिन्होंने देश पर अपना सब कुछ न्योछावर कर दिया। उन्होंने आज़ादी के लिए महान् योगदान दिया। उन्होंने विदेश में जाकर ‘आज़ाद हिंद फौज’ बनाई तथा भारत के युवाओं को देश पर मर-मिटने तथा आजादी पर कुर्बान होने के लिए प्रेरित किया। उन्होंने ‘तुम मुझे खून दो, मैं तुम्हें आजादी दूंगा’ का नारा दिया।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
अपने स्कूल/आस-पड़ोस कहीं भी यदि किसी नयी इमारत का निर्माण हो रहा हो तो वहाँ जाकर कारीगर से जानकारी प्राप्त करें कि इमारत की नींव रखने के लिए किस प्रकार जमीन की खुदाई की जाती है और कैसे उस खुदी हुई जमीन पर सुंदर और विशाल इमारत खड़ी करने से पूर्व नींव की ईंटें रखी जाती हैं।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
‘हमारे देश की नींव’ शीर्षक के अन्तर्गत कुछ ऐसे देशभक्तों और महापुरुषों के नाम एक चार्ट पर लिखकर स्कूल/कक्षा की दीवार पर लगाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

दधीचि : एक प्रसिद्ध ऋषि जिसने अपने शरीर की हड्डियाँ देवताओं को अर्पित कर दी थीं और स्वयं मरने को तैयार हो गया था। इन हड्डियों से देवताओं के शिल्पी-विश्वकर्मा ने एक वज्र का निर्माण किया था। वृत्रासुर : एक राक्षस। ऋषि दधीचि की हड्डियों से निर्मित वज्र से इन्द्र ने वृत्रासुर और अन्य राक्षसों को मार गिराया था।
सफलता की नींव : हम लोग किसी सफल व्यक्ति की सफलता से प्रभावित होते हैं, उससे प्रेरणा लेते हैं किंतु सफल व्यक्ति की सफलता की नींव को जानने का प्रयास कितने लोग करते हैं ? दरअसल सफल व्यक्ति की कामयाबी की कहानी में त्याग, निष्ठा, मेहनत, अनुशासन, समर्पण और यहाँ तक कि अनेक असफलताएँ भी छिपी होती हैं। यही सब कुछ उनकी आज की सफलता की नींव बनती हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide नींव की ईंट Important Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक ने पाठ के माध्यम से युवाओं को क्या प्रेरणा दी है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने पाठ के माध्यम से युवाओं को नि:स्वार्थ त्याग एवं बलिदान की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 2.
हमें सदा किस कार्य के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए ?
उत्तर:
हमें सदा अपने देश और समाज के कल्याण एवं तरक्की के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आज देश को कैसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है ?
उत्तर:
आज देश को ऐसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है जो प्रसिद्धि के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए अपना कर्म करें।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ के आधार पर सत्य, शिवं तथा सुंदरम् को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
सत्य सदा शिव होता है। किंतु सदा सुंदरम् हो यह जरूरी नहीं है। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता तथा भद्दापन एक साथ उत्पन्न होते हैं। हम कठोरता एवं भद्देपन से सदा भागते रहते हैं। इसलिए सत्य से भी भागते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कौन-सी ईंट सबसे धन्य होता है ? क्यों ?
उत्तर:
नींद की ईंट सबसे धन्य होती है क्योंकि वह ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे गढ़ती है। वही इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। वही इमारत की आधारशीला होती है।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ निबंध का मूल भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का रोचक एवं प्रेरक निबंध है। इसमें लेखक यह कहना चाहता है कि व्यक्ति को अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण एवं उत्थान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। बड़े दुःख की बात है कि आज लोग भवन की नींव या ईंट नहीं बनाना चाहते अपितु वे कंगूरा बनना चाहते हैं। सभी में कँगूरे को पाने की होड़ मची है। उन्हें यह नहीं पता कि कँगूरा नींव की ईंट पर ही खड़ा होता है। ईंट हिलाने से कँगूरा ज़मीन पर गिर जाएगा। अतः नवयुवकों को प्रसिद्धि के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए कर्म करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
इस पाठ के माध्यम से हमें क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ?
उत्तर:
इस पाठ के माध्यम से हमें यह प्रेरणा मिलती है कि हमें अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण एवं उत्थान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें प्रसिद्धि पाने के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए कर्म करना चाहिए। अपने देश पर नि:स्वार्थ त्याग और बलिदान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें इमारत का कँगूरा ही नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट बननी चाहिए। अपने देश पर चुपचाप कुर्बान हो जाना ही श्रेष्ठ है। हमारे अंदर एक नई प्रेरणा तथा चेतना होनी चाहिए।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के लेखक का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी।

प्रश्न 2.
दुनिया क्या देखना पसंद करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
बाहरी चमक-दमक।

प्रश्न 3.
इमारत की पायदारी किस पर मुनहसिर होती है ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट पर।

प्रश्न 4.
समाज की आधारशिला क्या है ?
उत्तर:
मौन-मूक शहादत।

प्रश्न 5.
मूढ़ धारणा क्या है ?
उत्तर:
जिस सत्य को हम देख नहीं सके, यह मूढ़ धारणा है।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
ढूँढ़ने से ही सत्य मिलता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त नहीं हो रही।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
ईसा की शहादत ने ईसाई धर्म को अमर बना दिया।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
वह ईंट धन्य नहीं है जो कट-छंट कर कँगूरे पर चढ़ती है।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
हम ……. से भागते हैं, ……. से मुख मोड़ते हैं।
उत्तर:
हम कठोरता से भागते हैं, भद्देपन से मुख मोड़ते हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
जिनकी ……. के दान ने ही विदेशी ……. का नाश किया।
उत्तर:
जिनकी हड्डियों के दान ने ही विदेशी वृत्रासुर का नाश किया।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें.

प्रश्न 12.
ठोस सत्य सदा ही क्या होता है…
(क) शिवम्
(ख) सुखद
(ग) शुभम्
(घ) सरल।
उत्तर:
(क) शिवम्।

प्रश्न 13.
लोक-लोचनों को अपनी ओर किसकी ईंट आकर्षित करती है ?
(क) नींव की
(ख) खम्बे की
(ग) कोर्निस की
(घ) कँगूरे की।
उत्तर:
(घ) कँगूरे की।

प्रश्न 14.
वृत्रासुर के नाश के लिए किसने अपनी हड्डियों का दान दिया ?
(क) विश्वामित्र
(खे) दधीचि
(ग) अत्री
(घ) कश्यप।
उत्तर:
(ख) दधीचि।

प्रश्न 15.
कितने लाख गाँवों के नव-निर्माण की बात लेखक ने की है ?
(क) पाँच
(ख) छह
(ग) सात
(घ) आठ।
उत्तर:
(ग) सात।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

चमकीली = चमकदार। आवरण = पर्दा। भद्दा = बदसूरत। सुघड़ = सुडौल। पायदारी = मजबूत। आकृष्ट = आकर्षित। शिवम् = कल्याणकारी। अंधकूप = अंधा कुआँ। विलीन = अदृश्य। कँगूरा = चोटी, शिखर, बुर्ज। अस्तित्व = हस्ती। शुहरत = प्रसिद्धि । शहादत = बलिदान। उत्सर्ग = बलिदान । मूढ़ = मूर्ख। आधारशिला = नींव का पत्थर। लुप्त = गायब। वासना = इच्छा, आतुर = व्याकुल, उतावला, अनुप्राणित = प्रेरित। होड़ा-होड़ी = प्रतिस्पर्धा। एक-दूसरे से आगे बढ़ने का प्रयास।

नींव की ईंट Summary

नींव की ईंट जीवन-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का हिंदी गद्य-साहित्य में अद्भुत योगदान है। इनका जन्म सन् 1902 ई० में बिहार के मुजफ्फरपुर जिले के बेनीपुर नामक गाँव में हुआ था। बचपन में ही इनके माँ-बाप की मृत्यु हो गई थी। इन्होंने अनेक कष्ट सहकर दसवीं तक की पढ़ाई की। सन् 1920 ई० में गांधी जी के असहयोग आंदोलन से प्रभावित 7 सितंबर, सन् 1968 ई० को मृत्यु हो गई।

रचनाएं-श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ लेखक माने जाते हैं। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएं इस प्रकार हैं
(i) कहानी-चिता के फल
(ii) उपन्यास-पतितों के देश में
(iii) नाटक-आम्रपाली
(v) जंजीरें और दीवारें-रेखाचित्र।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ- श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। उनका गद्य-साहित्य बहुत श्रेष्ठ है। इनके निबंधों में देशभक्ति की भावना का अनूठा वर्णन हुआ है। इन्होंने देश के युवाओं को देश एवं समाज पर बलिदान एवं त्याग करने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। इन्होंने समाज में फैली बुराइयों का सच्चा वर्णन किया है। इनकी भाषा सहज, सरल एवं स्वाभाविक है जिसमें तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है। मुहावरों के प्रयोग से इनकी भाषा में निखार आ गया है।

निबंध का सार

‘नींव की ईंट’ लेखक श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का अत्यंत रोचक एवं प्रेरक निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने मनुष्य को नि:स्वार्थ त्याग एवं बलिदान की प्रेरणा दी है। प्रत्येक मनुष्य को अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। लेखक को इस बात का दुःख है कि आजकल हर आदमी भवन के कँगूरे की तरह बनना चाहता है। उसकी नींव की ईंट कोई बनना नहीं चाहता। लेखक चमकीली सुंदर एवं मज़बूत इमारत की नींव को ध्यान देने को कहता है। उसे दुःख है कि आज दुनिया केवल चमक-दमक देखती है किंतु उसके नीचे ठोस सत्य को कोई नहीं देखता। ठोस सत्य सदा शिवम् होता है किंतु वह सदा सुंदर हो यह जरूरी नहीं। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता और भद्दापन एक साथ जन्म लेते हैं। लोग सदा कठोरता से भागते हैं। भद्देपन से मुँह मोड़ते हैं इसलिए वे सत्य से दूर जाते हैं।
कँगूरे पर चढ़ने वाली ईंट धन्य है जो लोगों को अपनी ओर आकृष्ट करती है किंतु इमारत की नींव की ईंट धन्य होती है जिसके ऊपर इमारत खड़ी होती है। इस ईंट के हिलने से कँगूरा ज़मीन पर गिर जाता है इसलिए हमें कँगूरे की ईंट को नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट के गीत गाने चाहिए। यह ईंट इमारत की शोभा बढ़ाने के लिए सदा ज़मीन के अंदर दबी रहती है और अपना त्याग एवं बलिदान करती है। इसी प्रकार जो समाज के लिए अपना बलिदान देते हैं वही समाज का आधार होते हैं। ईसा की शहादत ने ईसाई धर्म को अमर बनाया। वास्तव में ईसाई धर्म को अमर तो उन अनाम लोगों ने बनाया जिन्होंने इसका प्रचार करने में चुपचाप अपना बलिदान किया।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 11 वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 11 वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी…. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 11 वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी…. Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बाज़ार में अलार्म घड़ियों की माँग क्यों घटने लगी है ?
उत्तर:
मोबाइल फ़ोन में अलार्म उपलब्ध रहने के कारण बाज़ार में अलार्म घड़ियों की माँग घटने लगी है।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक को कॉलेज में पुरस्कार में कौन-सी घड़ी मिली थी ?
उत्तर:
लेखक को कॉलेज में पुरस्कार में अलार्म घड़ी मिली थी।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक को कविताओं में डूबे रहना कैसे लगता था ?
उत्तर:
लेखक को कविताओं में डूबे रहना स्वर्ग में जीने जैसा लगता था।

प्रश्न 4.
चिड़िया कमरे में दीवार पर लगी किसकी तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बनाने लगी थी ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया कमरे में दीवार पर लगी सुमित्रानंदन पंत की तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बनाने लगी थी।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक अपनी कौन-सी दुनिया में खोया रहता था कि चिड़िया की तरफ़ ध्यान ही नहीं देता था ?
उत्तर:
लेखक अपनी किताबों की दुनिया में खोया रहता था इसी कारण वह चिड़िया की तरफ़ ध्यान ही नहीं देता था।

प्रश्न 6.
लेखक के लिए अब अलार्म घड़ी कौन थी ?
उत्तर:
‘लेखक के लिए अब अलार्म घड़ी चिड़िया थी।

प्रश्न 7.
चिड़िया ने लेखक को कौन-सा रत्न दिया था ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया ने लेखक को ‘ऊषा सुंदरी’ रूपी रत्न दिया था।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
पहले किन-किन अवसरों पर घड़ी देने की परंपरा थी ?
उत्तर:
पहले कलाई पर बाँधने के लिए अथवा पहनने के लिए घड़ी एक उपहार हुआ करती थी। परीक्षा में पास होने पर घड़ी उपहार के रूप में दी जाती थी। कॉलेज में दाखिल होने पर बच्चों को घड़ी दिलवाई जाती थी। शादी में दूल्हे को ससुराल वाले घड़ी अवश्य ही देते थे। कई सरकारी विभागों में सेवा-निवृत्ति पर भी घड़ी देने की परंपरा थी।

प्रश्न 2.
जिन दिनों लेखक के पास घड़ी नहीं थी तब उनके पिता जी क्या कहा करते थे ?
उत्तर:
जिन दिनों लेखक के पास घड़ी नहीं थी तब लेखक के पिता जी उससे कहा करते थे कि तुम्हें सुबह जितने बजे भी उठना हो, तुम अपने तकिये से यह कह कर सो जाओ कि मुझे सुबह जल्दी उठा देना। इतना कहने के बाद तुम्हारी नींद सुबह जल्दी खुल जाया करेगी। लेखक द्वारा तकिये से कहने पर उसकी नींद सुबह जल्दी खुल जाया करती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
शाम को चिड़िया लेखक के कमरे में कैसे पधार जाती थी ?
उत्तर:
लेखक दिनभर दफ्तर में काम करने के बाद शाम को पढ़ने-लिखने के लिए अपने कमरे का दरवाज़ा खोल कर बैठ जाता था। वह लिखते-पढ़ते समय अपनी किताबों की दुनिया में इतना खोया हुआ होता था कि कमरे में और क्या हो रहा है उसे पता ही नहीं चलता। चिड़िया लेखक के कमरे का दरवाज़ा खुला होने के कारण तथा उसके किताबों में रमे होने के कारण कमरे में पधार जाती थी।

प्रश्न 4.
रोज़ सुबह-सुबह चिड़िया लेखक के पलंग के सिरहाने बैठकर चहचहाती क्यों थी ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया ने लेखक के कमरे की दीवार पर टंगे सुमित्रानंदन पंत जी की तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बना रखा था। वह प्रतिदिन शाम को दरवाज़े के अंदर से आकर अपने घोंसले में बैठ जाया करती। लेखक देर रात तक पढ़ता और लिखता रहता था। इसी कारण वह सुबह देर से उठता था। चिड़िया को सुबह कमरे के बाहर जाना होता था, इसलिए चिड़िया लेखक के पलंग के सिरहाने बैठकर चहचहाती थी कि लेखक कमरे का दरवाज़ा खोल दे और वह बाहर चली जाए।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक ने चिड़िया की तुलना माँ से क्यों की है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने चिड़िया की तुलना माँ से इसलिए की है क्योंकि लेखक के बचपन में उसकी माँ चिड़िया की ही भाँति बड़े ही प्यार से जगाती थी। जब लेखक देर तक सोया रहता था तब उसकी माँ चिड़िया की भाँति ही बड़ी ही झुंझलाहट से लेखक को जगा दिया करती थी। आज लेखक को चिड़िया द्वारा स्वयं को जगाना माँ की तरह जगाना लग रहा था। इसलिए लेखक ने चिड़िया की तुलना माँ से की है।

3.निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए :

प्रश्न 1.
‘वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी’ कहानी के द्वारा लेखक क्या संदेश देना चाहता है ?
उत्तर:
‘वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी’ कहानी के द्वारा लेखक ने मनुष्य की आदत में आने वाले बदलाव का संदेश दिया है। लेखक का मानना है कि मानव की आदत कभी नहीं बदलती। किंतु कभी-कभी कुछ ऐसे कारण भी बन जाते हैं जिनके कारण व्यक्ति को अपनी आदतों में बदलाव लाना पड़ता है। यह बदलाव व्यक्ति के जीवन की दिशा और दशा बदल देता है। व्यक्ति के जीवन में आने वाला यह बदलाव अमूक-चूक परिवर्तन लाता है। कहानी में लेखक ने सवेरे के समय को सोते हुए बिताना बेकार बताया है। लेखक का मानना है कि सुबह-सवेरे का समय एक स्वर्णिम आभा का समय होता है जो व्यक्ति के जीवन में खुशियों का संचार करता है।

प्रश्न 2.
चिड़िया द्वारा लेखक को जगाए जाने के प्रयास को अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
चिड़िया प्रतिदिन शाम को लेखक के कमरे में बने अपने घोंसले में आकर आराम करती थी। वह सुबह जल्दी उठकर बाहर जाना चाहती थी। किंतु लेखक सुबह के समय सोया हुआ होता था, तब चिड़िया लेखक के पलंग के सिरहाने बैठकर एक अलग प्रकार की झुंझलाहट से भरी चीं-ची, चीं-चीं किया करती थी ताकि लेखक अपनी नींद से उठ जाए। वह बार-बार पलंग के सिरहाने आकर फुदकती और अपनी तेज़ आवाज़ से सारे कमरे को गुंजायमान कर देती थी। कई बार चिड़िया लेखक की रज़ाई का कोना अपनी चोंच से पकड़ कर खींचने लगती थी। वह लेखक के सीने पर पड़ी रजाई के ऊपर बैठकर लेखक को अपनी चहचहाहट से जगाने का प्रयास करती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक उस वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया का उपकार क्यों मानता है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया का उपकार इसलिए मानता है क्योंकि चिड़िया ने एक माँ की भाँति उसे प्यार दिया। माँ की भाँति गीत-संगीत अपनी चहचहाहट में सुनाया। लेखक की सुबह देर तक सोने की आदत को भी एक माँ की भांति अपनी चहचहाहट रूपी डाँट से दूर किया। लेखक को सुबह जल्दी उठना सिखाया। लेखक को समय के महत्त्व तथा सवेरे की स्वर्णिम आभा का अवलोकन कराया। सुबह की शीतलता तथा प्रकाश से लेखक को अवगत कराया। अपने मधुर संगीत तथा मूल्यवान समय का ज्ञान कराया। इसी कारण लेखक सुबह जल्दी उठना सीख गया। सुबह-सवेरे का आनंद, जो वह बचपन से खोता आ रहा था, अब वह पाने लगा था। इसलिए लेखक अपने जीवन में आए बदलाव को वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया का उपकार मानता है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित एकवचन शब्दों के बहुवचन रूप लिखिए

एकवचन – बहुवचन
घोंसला – ……………….
कमरा – ……………….
दरवाज़ा – ……………….
बच्चा – ……………….
दूल्हा – ……………….
चिड़िया – ……………….
डिबिया – ……………….
घड़ी – ……………….
खिड़की – ……………….
छुट्टी – ……………….
उत्तर:
एकवचन – बहुवचन
घोंसला – घोंसले
कमरा – कमरे
दरवाज़ा – दरवाजे
बच्चा – बच्चे
दूल्हा – दूल्हे
चिड़िया – चिड़ियाँ
डिबिया – डिबियाँ
घड़ी – घड़ियाँ
खिड़की – खिड़कियाँ
छुट्टी – छुट्टियाँ

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में उपसर्ग तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
उपहार – ………………. – ……………….
उपस्थित – ………………. – ……………….
उपलब्ध – ………………. – ……………….
उपकार – ………………. – ……………….
अभिभूत – ………………. – ……………….
सुमंगल – ………………. – ……………….
अनुभूति – ………………. – ……………….
बेख़बर – ………………. – ……………….
उत्तर:
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
उपहार – उप – हार
उपस्थित – उप – स्थित
उपलब्ध – उप – लब्ध
उपकार – उप – कार
अभिभूत – अभि – भूत
सुमंगल – सु – मंगल
अनुभूति – अनु – भूति
बेख़बर – बे – खबर

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के प्रत्यय तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
चहचहाहट – ………………. – ……………….
झुंझलाहट – ………………. – ……………….
रोशनदान – ………………. – ……………….
कृतज्ञता – ………………. – ……………….
सघनता – ………………. – ……………….
मानवीय – ………………. – ……………….
उत्तर:
शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
चहचहाहट – चहचह – आहट
झुंझलाहट – झुंझला – आहट
रोशनदान – रोशन – दान
कृतज्ञता – कृतज्ञ – ता
सघनता – सघन – ता
मानवीय – मानव – ईय

4. पाठ में आए निम्नलिखित तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप तथा तद्भव शब्दों के तत्सम रूप लिखिए

तत्सम – तद्भव
रात्रि – ……………….
आश्रय – ……………….
कृपा – ……………….
गृह – ……………….
सूर्य – ……………….
सच – ……………….
नींद – ……………….
मोती – ……………….
चिड़िया – ……………….
माँ – ……………….
उत्तर:
तत्सम – तद्भव
रात्रि – रात
आश्रय – आसरा
कृपा – किरपा
गृह – घर
सूर्य – सूरज
सच – सत्य
नींद – निद्रा
मोती – मुक्ता
चिड़िया – खग
माँ – मातृ

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
यदि आपके घर में भी किसी चिड़िया ने घोंसला बनाया है तो उसके क्रियाकलाप को ध्यान से देखिए और अपना अनुभव लिखिए।
उत्तर:
हाँ, मेरे घर में भी एक मादा पक्षी ने अपना घोंसला बनाया हुआ है। वह देखने में बहुत सुंदर है। देर शाम को वह अपने घोंसले में आ जाती है। सुबह सूर्य की प्रथम किरण के साथ वह उठ जाती है। उसकी ची-चीं की ध्वनि पूरे घर में गूंजने लगती है। वह पंखों को फड़फड़ाते हुए इधर से उधर, उधर से इधर चक्कर काटने लगती है। उसका घोंसला घास के तिनकों से बना है। घोंसले में उसके दो बच्चे भी हैं। उनके लिए वह दाना चुग कर लाती है और बच्चों की चोंच में चोंच मिलाकर उन्हें खिलाती है। बच्चों के साथ उसका चोंच लड़ाना मुझे बहुत ही अच्छा लगता है।

प्रश्न 2.
यदि किसी पशु-पक्षी के कारण आपके जीवन में भी परिवर्तन आया है तो वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
एक बार मैं अपनी गर्मियों की छुट्टियों में अपने गाँव सोनपुर गया हुआ था। हमारे घर के पास एक आम का बाग था। बाग में बहुत से आम के पेड़ थे। उन पेड़ों पर बहुत-से पक्षियों ने अपने घोंसले बना रखे थे। एक दिन मैं अपने दोस्तों के साथ बाग में गुलेल लेकर घूमने गया था। वहाँ मैंने एक वृक्ष पर एक गौरैया पक्षी को बैठा देखा। तभी मैंने एक निशाना लगाकर उस गैरैया पक्षी को मार गिराया। वह पक्षी तड़पता हुआ नीचे धरती पर आ गिरा। गैरैया पक्षी का दर्द मुझसे देखा नहीं गया। मैंने उसे उठाकर उसका उपचार किया। तब से मेरे मन में पक्षियों के प्रति प्रेम उत्पन्न हो गया है। उसके बाद से मैं दूरबीन लेकर विभिन्न प्रजातियों के पक्षियों की खोज करता रहता हूं।

प्रश्न 3.
चिड़िया को ‘अलार्म घड़ी’ के अतिरिक्त आप और क्या नाम देंगे और क्यों ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया को ‘अलार्म घड़ी’ के अतिरिक्त ‘स्वर-कोकिला’ नाम दे सकते हैं, क्योंकि चिड़िया का स्वर कौए की भाँति कर्कश न होकर कोयल की भाँति मीठा और सरस लगता है। उसकी ची-ची में अपनापन-सा झलकता है। उसकी चहचहाहट माँ की डांट और प्यार के समान लगती है तथा उस चहचहाहट में संगीत के सभी सुरों का आनंद एक साथ सुनाई देता है। इसलिए चिड़िया को ‘स्वर कोकिला’ नाम देना उचित ही जान पड़ता है।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
प्रातःकाल में प्रकृति को ध्यानपूर्वक निहारिए और कक्षा में सभी को अपना अनुभव बताइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
विभिन्न प्रकार के पक्षियों की आवाज़ों, उनके स्वभाव और उनके घोंसले के बारे में सामग्री जुटाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
पक्षी-विज्ञानी सालिम अली की पुस्तक ‘भारतीय पक्षी’ पढ़िए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 4.
कहानी पढ़कर आपके सामने चिड़िया का जो चित्र उभरता है, उस चित्र को बनाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 5.
चिड़िया और प्रातःकालीन सौंदर्य पर कविताओं का संकलन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

महादेवी वर्मा : महादेवी वर्मा हिंदी की सर्वश्रेष्ठ कवयित्री है। हिंदी साहित्य के ‘आधुनिक काल’ की छायावादी कविता में इनका महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। छायावाद की प्रायः रहस्यवादी, प्रकृति-चित्रण, काव्य-वेदना आदि सभी विशेषताएँ इनके काव्य में मिलती हैं। कवयित्री के साथ-साथ ये उत्कृष्ट लेखिका के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हैं। इनकी ‘नीहार’, ‘नीरजा’, ‘सांध्यगीत’, ‘दीपशिखा’, ‘काव्य-संग्रह’ तथा ‘अतीत के चलचित्र’, ‘पथ के राही’, ‘मेरा परिवार’ आदि संस्मरण और रेखाचित्र प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ हैं।

पंत : पंत जी का पूरा नाम ‘सुमित्रानंदन पंत’ है। इन्हें प्रकृति के रंग-भीने वातावरण ने अत्यधिक प्रभावित व प्रेरित किया। इनकी कविताओं में प्रकृति की अनुपम छटा के दर्शन स्वतः ही हो जाते हैं। इसीलिए इन्हें प्रकृति का सुकुमार (कोमल) कवि कहा जाता है। ‘उच्छ्वास’, ‘ग्रंथि’, ‘वीणा’, ‘चिदम्बरा’ आदि इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं।

निराला : निराला जी का पूरा नाम सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ है। हिन्दी-साहित्य में छायावादी काव्य परम्परा को आगे बढ़ाने वाले प्रसाद के बाद दूसरे कवि हैं। छायावादी कविता में वेदना का जो चित्रण व्यापक परिवेश में हुआ है, वह इनकी कविताओं में प्रचुर मात्रा में मिलता है। इसके अतिरिक्त रहस्यवाद तथा प्रकृति चित्रण भी इनके काव्य की विशेषता है।

तुलसीदास : भक्तिकालीन हिंदी-साहित्य में रामभक्त कवियों में तुलसीदास का स्थान सब से ऊपर है। यद्यपि इनके अतिरिक्त कई अन्य कवियों ने भी राम काव्य से सम्बन्धित रचनाएँ लिखीं किंतु तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘रामचरितमानस’ जैसी अभूतपूर्व सफलता किसी को नहीं मिली। इन्होंने ‘रामचरितमानस’ के माध्यम से राम कथा को घर-घर तक पहुँचाने का अनुपम कार्य किया।

रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर : रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर विश्वविख्यात कवि, साहित्यकार और दार्शनिक के रूप में जाने जाते हैं। इनका जन्म 7 मई, सन् 1861 को कोलकाता के जोड़ासाँको ठाकुरबाड़ी में हुआ। इनके पिता का नाम देवेन्द्रनाथ टैगोर व माता का नाम शारदा देवी था। वे एशिया के प्रथम नोबल पुरस्कार विजेता हैं। उनकी काव्य रचना ‘गीतांजलि’ के लिए उन्हें सन् 1913 में साहित्य का नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला। वे एकमात्र कवि हैं जिनकी दो रचनाएँ दो देशों का राष्ट्रगान बनीं। भारत का राष्ट्रगान-जन गण मन और बांग्लादेश का राष्ट्रीय गान-आमार सोनार बाँग्ला । इन्हें ‘गुरुदेव’ के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। 7 अगस्त, सन् 1941 को इनका निधन हो गया।
लोकोक्तियों में पक्षी

अब पछताए होत क्या जब चिड़िया चुग गई खेत।
खग ही जाने खग ही की भाषा।
घर की मुर्गी दाल बराबर।
कौआ चला हंस की चाल।
जंगल में मोर नाचा किसने देखा ?
आधा तीतर, आधा बटेर।
झूठ बोले कौआ काटे।
अंधे के हाथ लगा. बटेर।
आधा बगुला आधा बटेर।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
सेवानिवृत्ति के स्थान पर लेखक व्यक्ति को घड़ी देने की बात कब करता है ?
उत्तर:
घड़ी मानव को उसका जीवन समय पर चलाने का काम करती है। मानव जीवन में समय की उपयोगिता समझाती है। हर काम को समय पर करने की बात बताती है। इसलिए लेखक कहता था कि सेवानिवृत्ति के बजाय नौकरी लगने पर विभाग द्वारा पहले ही कर्मचारी को एक घड़ी भेंट में दी जानी चाहिए ताकि वह समय पर अपने काम तथा दफ्तर में उपस्थित हो जाया करे।

प्रश्न 2.
“वहं चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….” कहानी में लेखक ने मानवीय मन की संवेदना का खेल किसे कहा है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक को कॉलेज में निबंध प्रतियोगिता में मिली अलार्म घड़ी की ध्वनि अत्यधिक प्रिय थी। उस ध्वनि का नशा और स्वाद अब महंगे-से-महंगे मोबाइल फ़ोन से भी नहीं मिलता। संवेदना का स्तर जीवन में सदा एक जैसा नहीं रहता। यह परिवर्तित होता रहता है। कभी इसकी सघनता कम हो जाती है तो कभी बढ़ जाती है। सघनता घट जाने पर बड़ी-बड़ी बातें पहले जैसा स्वाद एवं रस नहीं देती। मानव-मन में होने वाला यह परिवर्तन मानवीय-मन की संवेदना का खेल है।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी’ किसकी रचना है ?
उत्तर:
गोबिन्द कुमार गुंजन की।

प्रश्न 2.
अब किसमें अलार्म की सुविधा है ?
उत्तर:
मोबाइल फोन में।

प्रश्न 3.
पहले दूल्हे को ससुराल पक्ष वाले शादी में क्या अवश्य देते थे ?
उत्तर:
घड़ी।

प्रश्न 4.
लेखक को पहली बार कलाई घड़ी कब मिली थी ?
उत्तर:
कॉलेज में प्रवेश लेने पर।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक ने चिड़िया को अलार्म घड़ी क्यों कहा है ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया अपनी चहचहाहट से उसे जगाती थी।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
मुझे सुबह-सुबह उठकर पढ़ना रास नहीं आता था।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
मेरे कमरे में सिर्फ एक दरवाजा, एक खिड़की और एक रोशनदान था।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
पड़ोसी कृपा करके दरवाजा खटखटाते तो नींद खुलती।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
पलंग के सिरहाने बैठी वह चिड़िया मुझे प्यार से देख रही थी।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
उस सुबह ……. खुलने पर …….. ही लगा, जैसे किसी ने ……. का गीत गाया हो।
उत्तर:
उस सुबह पलकें खुलने पर ऐसा ही लगा, जैसे किसी ने जागृति का गीत गाया हो।

प्रश्न 11.
मैं उस …… चिड़िया के उस ………… को बहुत …… से महसूस करता हूँ।
उत्तर:
मैं उस वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया के उस उपकार को बहुत कृतज्ञता से महसूस करता हूँ।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
लेखक की नई-नई नौकरी किस दशक में लगी थी
(क) साठवें
(ख) पचासवें
(ग) अस्सीवें
(घ) नब्बेवें।
उत्तर:
(ग) अस्सीवें।

प्रश्न 13.
लेखक को पहली अलार्म घड़ी कहाँ से मिली थी ?
(क) कॉलेज से
(ख) पिता से
(ग) दफ्तर से
(घ) मित्र से।
उत्तर:
(क) कॉलेज से।

प्रश्न 14.
किस वृत्ति के कारण लेखक का सुबह जल्दी उठना मुश्किल हो जाता ?
(क) यायावरी
(ख) लेखकीय
(ग) निशाचरी
(घ) भ्रमरी।
उत्तर:
(ग) निशाचरी।

प्रश्न 15.
दरवाज़ा खुलवाने के लिए चिड़िया किसके सिरहाने बैठकर चहचहाती थी ?
(क) पलंग
(ख) कुर्सी
(ग) मेज़
(घ) कार्निस।
उत्तर:
(क) पलंग।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

सिरहाने = सिर के पास। ख्याल = विचार। अव्यवस्थित = बिगड़ जाना, बिना किसी व्यवस्था के, ऊबड़-खाबड़। बेख़बर = जिसे कुछ न पता हो। [जाना = किसी आवाज़ से शोर करना। सुहाता = अच्छा लगना। वाणी = आवाज़। स्पर्श = छूना। सहसा = अचानक। उषा = सुबह। सरिता = नदी। गृह = घर। भोर = प्रात:काल। उपहार = भेंट। सेवा-निवृत्ति = रिटायरमेंट, कार्यकाल समाप्त होना। उपस्थित = हाज़िर। संवेदना = अनुभूति। कौतूहल = उत्सुकता। निशाचरी = रात को जागने वाली, राक्षसी। व्यसन = बुरी आदत। व्यवधान = बाधा। अभिनंदन = स्वागत। सृष्टि = संसार। व्यर्थ = बेकार। स्पंदन = कंपन, हिलना। नभचारिणी = आकाश में घूमने वाली। सौरभ = खुशबू। स्वर्णिम = सोने जैसी। अभिभूत = प्रभावित किया हुआ। शय्या = बिस्तर। अप्रतिम = अनोखा। वात्सल्य = प्यार। अवतरित = उतरती हुई। कृतज्ञता = अहसान। स्मृति = याद।

वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. Summary

वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. लेखक-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-गोविंद कुमार ‘गुंजन’ आधुनिक हिन्दी-साहित्य के प्रमुख साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। उनका जन्म 28 अगस्त, सन् 1956 ई० में मध्य प्रदेश प्रांत के सनवाद में हुआ था। इन्होंने अंग्रेजी साहित्य में एम० ए० की परीक्षा पास की। इनकी साहित्य-प्रतिभा तथा साहित्य-साधना को देखते हुए सन् 1994 में प्रथम समानांतर नवगीत अलंकार, सन् 2002 में अखिल भारतीय अम्बिका प्रसाद दिव्य प्रतिष्ठा पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया। हिन्दी निबंध हेतु इन्हें सन् 2002 में निर्मल पुरस्कार प्रदान किया गया। सन् 2007 में इन्हें मध्य प्रदेश साहित्य अकादमी का बाल कृष्ण शर्मा नवीन पुरस्कार देकर अलंकृत किया गया। रचनाएँ-रुका हुआ संवाद (कविता संग्रह), समकालीन हिन्दी गजलें (सहयोगी प्रकाशन), कपास के फूल, सभ्यता की तितली, पंखों पर आकाश, ज्वाला भी जलधारा भी।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-गोविंद कुमार ‘गुंजन’ आधुनिक संवेदना से ओत-प्रोत साहित्यकार हैं। गुंजन जी के लेखन की महत्त्वपूर्ण विशेषता है कि हर उम्र और हर वर्ग के पाठकों के मध्य उनकी भिन्न-भिन्न रचनाएँ लोकप्रिय हैं। मानवता उनके साहित्य की प्राण तत्व हैं। गुंजन जी के साहित्य में आधुनिक युग की विसंगतियों, समस्याओं, मूल्यहीनता आदि का सुन्दर चित्रण हुआ है। अनेक स्थलों पर इनका साहित्य अत्यन्त मार्मिक बन पड़ा है। ‘गुंजन’ जी श्रेष्ठ कवि होने के साथ-साथ एक श्रेष्ठ ललित निबन्धकार हैं। कहानी लेखन में गुंजन जी पूर्णतः सिद्धहस्त हैं।
भाषा-शैली-‘गुंजन’ जी एक श्रेष्ठ कवि होने के साथ-साथ श्रेष्ठ गद्यकार भी हैं। उनके गद्य लेखन में सहजता और आत्मीयता है। वे बड़ी-से-बड़ी बात को भी बातचीत की शैली में कहते हैं और सीधे पाठकों के मन को छ लेते हैं। लेखक ने मुख्यतः खड़ी बोली भाषा का सहज स्वाभाविक प्रयोग किया है।

वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. कहानी का सार

“वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी…….” गोविंद कुमार गुंजन द्वारा रचित एक श्रेष्ठ कहानी है। लेखक ने अपनी इस कहानी के माध्यम से मनुष्य की आदत पर प्रकाश डालना चाहा है। लेखक ने कहानी में बताया है कि मनुष्य की आदत कभी नहीं बदलती किंतु कभी-कभी कुछ कारण ऐसे बन जाते हैं जिनके कारण मानव को अपनी आदतों में बदलाव लाना पड़ता है।
बाज़ार में पहले अलार्म घड़ियाँ खूब बिका करती थीं। वर्तमान समय में मोबाइल फ़ोन में अलार्म रहने के कारण इनकी माँग लगातार कम होती जा रही है। पुराने समय में अलार्म घड़ी का अपना विशेष महत्त्व हुआ करता था। बच्चों की परीक्षा के समय अलार्म घड़ी उन्हें सुबह-सवेरे उठाने का काम करती थी। सुबह किसी यात्रा में जाना होता था तो अलार्म घड़ी सुबह जल्दी उठाने का काम करती थी। जिस प्रकार आज सभी के पास मोबाइल फ़ोन हैं, उसी प्रकार पहले सभी के पास अलार्म घड़ियाँ नहीं हुआ करती थीं। घड़ी उपहार में देने की वस्तु हुआ करती थी। परीक्षा में पास होने पर घड़ी दी जाती थी। कॉलेज में प्रवेश लेने पर तथा ससुराल पक्ष वालों की तरफ से घड़ी अवश्य दी जाती थी। कई सरकारी विभागों में भी सेवा-निवृत्ति पर घड़ी देने की परंपरा थी। लेखक को पहली बार हाथ घड़ी उस समय मिली थी, जब उसने कॉलेज में प्रवेश लिया था। उसे पहली अलार्म घड़ी भी कॉलेज में एक बिनंध प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने पर मिली थी।

लेखक को उस अलार्म घड़ी की आवाज़ अत्यंत मनमोहक लगती थी। आज महँगे-महँगे मोबाइल फ़ोन की आवाज़ उसे पहले के समान मधुर नहीं लगती। लेखक के बचपन में जब उसके पास घड़ी नहीं थी तो उसके पिता जी उससे कहा करते थे कि यदि तुम्हें सुबह जल्दी उठना हो तो अपने तकिए से कह दिया करो वह तुम्हें जल्दी उठा दिया करेगा। लेखक पिता द्वारा दी सीख का पालन करता था और तकिया उसे सुबह जल्दी उठा देता था। लेखक को सुबह जल्दी उठना पसंद नहीं था। वह देर रात तक पढ़ता था और सुबह देर से उठता था। उसने सुबह की सुंदरता का अनुभव कविताओं में किया था। आज दशकों बाद भी लेखक के पास वह अलार्म घड़ी है। अब घड़ी ठीक होने योग्य नहीं बची। लेखक भी अपनी आदत में कहाँ सुधार कर पाया। अस्सी के दशक में पहली बार लेखक की नौकरी लगी थी। पहली बार लेखक घर से बाहर आया था। उसने एक कमरा किराये पर ले लिया। कमरे में उसने महादेवी वर्मा, सुमित्रानंदन पंत, सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला तथा तुलसी दास जी की तस्वीरें फ्रेम करवा कर टाँगी हुई थीं। रात में देर तक जागकर कविता लिखना लेखक को स्वर्ग में जीना लगता था। रात में देर तक जागने के कारण उसे सुबह जल्दी उठना अत्यंत कठिन होने लगा था। वह अक्सर देर से दफ्तर पहुँचता था। लेखक ने जो कमरा किराए पर लिया था उसमें मात्र एक दरवाज़ा था। कमरे में हवा आने-जाने का दरवाज़े के अतिरिक्त अन्य कोई दूसरा रास्ता न था। पहले की तरह तकिया – अब लेखक की बात नहीं सुनता था।

लेखक अपनी किताबों की दुनिया में खोया इतना बेख़बर था कि एक चिड़िया ने कब उसके कमरें में टंगी पंत जी की तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बना लिया उसे पता ही नहीं चला। देर शाम को चिड़िया दरवाज़ा खुला पाकर कमरे में आ जाया करती थी। एक सुबह चिड़िया लेखक के सिरहाने बैठ कर चीं-चीं की ध्वनि कर उसे उठाने का प्रयास कर रही थी। उसकी ध्वनि में लेखक को गुस्सा नज़र आ रहा था। वह चाहती थी कि लेखक उठकर दरवाज़ा खोले और वह बाहर जाए। दूसरे दिन लेखक की नींद फिर देर से खुली। इस बार फिर चिड़ियाँ की झुंझलाहट भरी चहचहाहट ने उसे जगा दिया। पलंग के सिरहाने बैठी चिड़िया उसे देखकर नाराज़ हो रही थी कि वह अभी तक क्यों सोया है ? तब चिड़िया ने अपनी चोंच से लेखक की रज़ाई का एक कोना पकड़ उसे उठाने का प्रयास किया। ऐसा करने से चिड़िया को तनिक भी डर नहीं लग रह था। चिड़िया द्वारा इस प्रकार से जगाने पर लेखक को अपनी माँ की याद आ जाती थी। उसकी माँ भी इसी प्रकार सुबह-सवेरे जल्दी उठाती थी। अब लेखक ने वास्तव में सुबह सवेरे का सुंदर दृश्य अपनी आँखों से महसूस किया। उसने अब चिड़िया के साथ जल्दी उठना सीख लिया था। आज भी लेखक उस वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया के उस उपकार को बहुत कृतज्ञता से महसूस करता जिसने उसे सुबह की मनोरम तथा मनमोहक छवि के दर्शन कराए और उपहार में ओस के मोती तथा नए खिलने वाले फूल दिखाए।

PSEB 10th Class English Retranslation

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Retranslation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Retranslation

Translate the following sentences into Hindi:

1. The Happy Prince

1. Why are you weeping then ?
फिर आप रो क्यों रहे हो?

2. They pulled down the statue of the Happy Prince.
उन्होंने प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के बुत को नीचे गिरा दिया।

3. I am waited for in Egypt.
मेरा मित्र में इन्तज़ार हो रहा है।

4. It is very cold here.
यहां बहुत सर्दी है।

5. I have a golden bedroom
मेरे पास एक सुनहरी शयनकक्ष है।

6. There is not a single cloud in the sky.
आसमान में एक भी बादल नहीं है।

7. Then another drop fell.
फिर एक और बूंद गिरी।

8. My courtiers called me the Happy Prince.
मेरे दरबारी मुझे प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार कहते थे।

9. I have come to bid you goodbye.
मैं आपको अलविदा कहने आया हूँ।

10. How hungry we are !
हम कितने भूखे हैं!

2. Where is Science Taking Us ?

1. Where is science taking us ?
विज्ञान हमें कहां ले जा रहा है?

2. This is the age of the machine.
यह मशीनी युग है।

3. War is the worst example.
युद्ध सबसे बुरा उदाहरण है।

4. I wish I had another hundred years.
काश, मेरे पास (जीवन में) एक सौ वर्ष और होते।

5. Here Science is actually doing less than nothing.
असल में यहां विज्ञान कुछ नहीं से भी कम कर पा रहा है।

6. Who is to keep them ?
उन्हें कौन रखेगा?

7. Science goes on raising its problems.
विज्ञान अपनी समस्याएँ बढ़ाता चला जा रहा

8. What is really needed in the world today ?
वास्तव में आज संसार में किस चीज़ की जरूरत

9. What is science really after ?
विज्ञान वास्तव में क्या प्राप्त करना चाहता है?

10. What is its goal ?
इसका क्या उद्देश्य है?

3. Secret of Happiness

1. He never lost his calm.
उसने अपना धैर्य कभी नहीं खोया।

2. I didn’t want to die.
मैं मरना नहीं चाहता था।

3. Fear is one of man’s most common enemies.
डर इन्सान के सभी समान्य दुश्मनों में से एक

4. You are greater than you think.
आप उससे अधिक महान हैं जितना आप सोचते हैं।

5. I wanted to get out of there.
मैं वहां से बाहर निकलना चाहता था।

6. Then you will have total peace of mind.
तब तुम्हें मन की सम्पूर्ण शान्ति प्राप्त होगी।

7. You must do it yourself.
तुम्हें इसे खुद करना पड़ेगा।

8. A fear is not unlike a ghost.
डर एक भूत से भिन्न नहीं है।

9. God watches over you and cares for you.
ईश्वर आप पर पूरी निगरानी रखता है और आपका ध्यान रखता है।

10. This is a problem common to us all.
यह एक समस्या है जो हम सब में आम है।

4. A Gift for Christmas

1. Her eyes were shining brilliantly.
उसकी आंखें शानदार ढंग से चमक रहीं थी।

2. Tears appeared in her eyes.
उसकी आंखों में आंस भर आए।

3. Della let fall her beautiful hair.
डैला ने अपने सुंदर बालों को नीचे तक गिरने दिया।

4. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs.
मैंने तुम्हारी कंघियां खरीदने के लिए पैसों का इंतजाम करने के लिए घड़ी बेच दी।

5. Will you buy my hair ?
क्या आप मेरे बाल खरीदोगे?

6. Della finished crying.
डैला ने रोना बंद कर दिया।

7. It was a platinum watch-chain.
यह प्लैटिनम की बनी एक घड़ी की जंजीर थी।

8. Jim was never late.
जिम कभी देर से नहीं आता था।

9. She found it at last.
आखिर में उसे यह मिल ही गया।

10. She stopped at a shop.
वह एक दुकान पर रुकी।

5. Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices

1. The gods approached the sage Dadhichi.
देवतागण ऋषि दधीचि के पास पहुंचे।

2. Dadhichi took no time in laying down his life.
दधीचि ने अपने प्राणों का बलिदान देने में ज़रा सी भी देर न की।

3. Eat only after you’ve shared your meal with others.
भोजन तभी करो जब तुमने अपना भोजन दूसरों के साथ बाँट लिया हो।

4. A well-known sage named Ashtavakra was also invited to this meeting.
अष्टवक्र नाम के एक प्रसिद्ध ऋषि को भी उस सभा में निमन्त्रित किया गया।

5. The entire universe is one family.
पूरा ब्राह्माण्ड एक परिवार है।

6. This does not belong to me.
यह मेरी नहीं है।

7. They chose to be bricked alive.
उन्होंने जीते जी ईंटों में चिनवाया जाना चुना।

8. The history of this great land is full of examples.
इस महान् भूमि का इतिहास उदाहरणों से भरा पड़ा है।

9. The people of this country believe in the unity of life.
इस देश के लोग जीवन की एकता में विश्वास रखते हैं।

10. King Janak of Maithil called a / meeting of the scholars.
मैथिल के राजा जनक ने विद्वानों की एक सभा बुलाई।

6. The Home-Coming

1. The boys were puzzled for a moment.
लड़के एक पल के लिए उलझन में पड़ गए।

2. Phatik refused to move.
फटिक ने हिलने से इन्कार कर दिया।

3. Phatik Chakravarti was the ring leader amongst the boys of the village.
फटिक चक्रवर्ती गांव के लड़कों के बीच उनका मुखिया था।.

4. He could not bear this injustice.
वह इस अन्याय को सहन नहीं कर सका।

5. The stranger asked him again.
अजनबी ने उसे दुबारा कहा।

6. At last Bhishamber asked the police to help him.
अंत में बिशम्बर ने पुलिस को उसकी मदद करने के लिए कहा।

7. One day. Phatik lost his lesson book.
एक दिन फटिक ने अपनी पाठ्य-पुस्तक खो दी।

8. The next morning Phatik was nowhere to be seen.
अगली सुबह फटिक कहीं भी नज़र न आया।

9. Bishamber brough it in a doctor.
बिशम्बर एक डाक्टर को अंदर ले कर आया।

10. Mother, the holidays have come.
मां, छुट्टियां पड़ गई हैं।

7. The Making of the Earth

1. The sun and the planets with their satellites form a happy family.
सूर्य और ग्रह अपने-अपने उपग्रहों के साथ एक खुशहाल परिवार बनाते हैं।

2. At night you see thousands of stars in the sky.
रात के समय आप आकाश में हज़ारों ही तारे देखते हो।

3. The real stars are like our sun.
असली तारे हमारे.सूर्य की तरह हैं।

4. So the earth started to cool.
इसलिए धरती ठंडी होनी शुरू हो गई।

5. Stars twinkle, planets do not.
तारे टिमटिमाते हैं, ग्रह नहीं।

6. Can you distinguish between a planet and a star ?
क्या आप एक तारे और एक ग्रह में अंतर कर सकते हैं ?

7. The moon is called a satellite of the earth.
चांद को पृथ्वी का उपग्रह कहा जाता है।

8. Our earth belongs to the family of the sun.
हमारी पृथ्वी सूर्य के परिवार अर्थात् सौर-मंडल से संबंध रखती है।

9. In reality our sun itself is a star.
वास्तव में हमारा सूर्य स्वयं एक तारा है।

10. We think the earth is very big.
हम सोचते हैं कि धरती बहुत बड़ी है।

8. The Rule of the Road

1. You may not think so.
हो सकता है आप ऐसा न सोचते हों।

2. I’m going to walk where I like.
जहाँ मैं चाहती हूँ, वहीं चलूँगी।

3. He was obviously a well intentioned person.
वह स्पष्टत: एक नेक दिल इन्सान था।

4. We must be a judicious mixture of both.
हमें दोनों का एक विवेकपूर्ण मिश्रण होना पड़ेगा।

5. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare.
वीरता तथा बलिदान के महान पल कभी-कभार ही आते हैं।

6. I hope my friend in the railway carriage will reflect on this.
मैं उम्मीद करता हूँ कि रेल के डिब्बे वाला मेरा मित्र इस पर विचार करेगा।

7. You have liberty to laugh at me.
आपको आजादी है मेरा मजाक उड़ाने की।

8. Liberty is not a personal affair only but a social contract.
स्वतन्त्रता सिर्फ एक निजी विषय नहीं है बल्कि एक सामाजिक समझौता होता है।

9. We have got liberty now.
अब हमें स्वतन्त्रता मिल चुकी है।

10. I may be as free as l like.
मैं जितना चाहूँ, स्वतन्त्र हो सकता हूँ।

1. The Happy Prince

1. He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold.
वह पूर्णतया बढ़िया सोने की बारीक पत्तियों से ढका था।

2. The stars are quite clear and bright.
तारे बिल्कुल साफ़ और चमकदार हैं।

3. My feet are fastened to this pedestal.
मेरे पैर इस चौकी के साथ जकड़े हुए हैं।

4. The boy was tossing feverishly on his bed.
लड़का बुखार की बेचैनी से बिस्तर पर करवटें बदल रहा था।

5. Have you any commissions for Egypt ?
क्या आपको मिस्र में कोई काम है. ?

6. He is leaning over a desk covered with papers.
वह कागज़ों से भरी एक मेज पर झुका हुआ है।

7. There is no fire in the grate.
अंगीठी में आग नहीं है।

8. He sat on the mast of a large vessel.
वह एक बड़े जहाज़ के मस्तूल पर बैठ गया।

9. She has let her matches fall in the gutter.
वह अपनी माचिसें नाली में गिरा बैठी है।

10. There is no mystery so great as misery.
कोई भी रहस्य इतना बड़ा नहीं होता जितना कि (दरिद्रता की) पीड़ा का रहस्य।

11. He flew into dark lanes..
वह उड़ता हुआ अंधेरी गलियों में चला गया।

12. They wandered out into the rain.
वे बाहर वर्षा में भटकने लगे।

13. The living always think that gold can make them happy.
जीवित लोग प्रायः यही सोचते हैं कि सोना उन्हें खुश कर सकता है।

14. The streets looked as if they were made of silver.
गलियाँ ऐसी लग रही थीं मानो चाँदी की बनी हों।

15. The poor little Swallow grew colder and colder.
बेचारा नन्हा अबाबील ठण्डा तथा और ठण्डा होता चला गया।

16. I am going to the House of Death.
मैं मृत्यु के घर जा रहा हूँ।

17. We must really issue a proclamation.
हमें सचमुच एक घोषणा-पत्र जारी करना चाहिए।

2. Where is Science Taking Us ?

1. What is the meaning of life?
जीवन का क्या अर्थ है ?

2. Where are we all going ?
हम सब कहां जा रहे हैं ?

3. What drives men ever forward to work ?
कौन-सी चीज़ मनुष्यों को काम करने के लिए हमेशा प्रेरित करती रहती है ?

4. Let’s concentrate on material things.
आइए, हम भौतिक चीजों पर अपना ध्यान एकाग्र करें।

5. Each individual has six hundred human slaves in his machines.
प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के पास उसकी मशीनों के रूप में छ: सौ गुलाम हैं।

6. What are the consequences of this abnormal power ?
इस असामान्य शक्ति के क्या परिणाम हैं?

7. This would have been one of the greatest triumphs of science.
यह विज्ञान की महानतम विजयों में से एक होती।

8. We will need all our creative powers.
हमें अपनी सभी सृजनात्मक शक्तियों की आवश्यकता होगी।

9. Modern drug adds a little more to the average span of life.
आधुनिक दवाई जीवन की औसत अवधि को थोड़ा और बड़ा देती है।

10. Man is struggling in a sort of vicious circle.
मनुष्य एक प्रकार के दुष्चक्र में संघर्ष कर रहा है।

11. Aims seem to be obvious.
लक्ष्य स्पष्ट लगते हैं।

12. Man needs more than food, shelter and clothing.
मनुष्य को रोटी, कपड़ा और मकान से कुछ ज्यादा चाहिए।

3. Secret of Happiness

1. Destiny has its own strange ways.
भाग्य के अपने ही निराले ढंग होते हैं।

2. The average man uses but twenty percent of his brain power.
एक औसत व्यक्ति अपने मस्तिष्क की शक्ति का केवल बीस प्रतिशत ही इस्तेमाल करता है।

3. It is a source of inward power.
यह आंतरिक शक्ति का एक स्त्रोत है।

4. It touches every one of us in some way.
यह हम में से प्रत्येक को किसी न किसी रूप में प्रभावित करता है।

5. Fears of one kind and another haunt us.
एक या दूसरी किस्म के डर हमें निरन्तर सताते रहते हैं।

6. Fear lays its paralyzing hand upon an individual.
भय व्यक्ति पर अपना अशक्त बना देने वाला हाथ रख देता है।

7. Bring them out into the light of day.
उनको दिन की रोशनी में ले आइए।

8. Most of the things one fears never happen.
अधिकतर चीजें, जिनसे व्यक्ति डरता है, कभी घटित होती ही नहीं।

9. I sat transfixed, rooted to my chair.
मैं जड़ हो कर अपनी कुर्सी से जकड़ा हुआ बैठा रहा।

10. I leaped to the door and flung it open.
मैं दरवाज़े की तरफ झपटा और इसे एक झटके के साथ खोल दिया।

11. Kagawa, a preacher and social worker, once visited our country.
कगावा, जो एक उपदेशक तथा समाज सेवक था, एक बार हमारे देश में आया।

12. Kagawa had discovered a priceless secret.
कगावा ने एक अमूल्य रहस्य का भेद पा लिया था।

13. His eyesight was threatened.
उसकी आंखों की रोशनी खतरे में पड़ गई थी।

14. There is the real escape from fear.
भय से छुटकारा पाने का एक वास्तविक तरीका

15. Confidence, not fear, will be yours forever.
आत्मविश्वास, न कि भय, सदा के लिए आप का हो जाएगा।

4. A Gift for Christmas

1. The next day would be Christmas.
अगले दिन क्रिसमस का त्योहार था।

2. You see signs of poverty wherever you turn your eyes.
जिस तरफ भी आप नज़र घुमाएंगे, आपको ग़रीबी के चिन्ह नज़र आएंगे।

3. She stood by the window.
वह खिड़की की बगल में खड़ी हो गई।

4. She had been saving every penny she could for months.
वह कई महीनों से प्रत्येक वह पैनी बचाती आ रही थी जिसे वह बचा सकती थी।

5. Rapidly she pulled down her hair.
शीघ्रता से उसने अपने बाल खोल कर नीचे किए।

6. She put on her old brown jacket.
उसने अपनी पुरानी भूरी जैकेट पहन ली।

7. The shop was located on the second floor.
दुकान दूसरी मंजिल पर स्थित थी।

8. Della ran up the stairs.
डैला भागती हुई सीढ़ियों के ऊपर गई।

9. Take your hat off and let me have a look at it.
अपना हैट उतारो और मुझे इन्हें एक नज़र देखने दो।

10. Della spent the next two hours in the stores eagerly.
डैला ने अगले दो घंटे बहुत व्यग्रता से दुकानों में बिताए।

11. There was no other like it in any of the stores.
इसके जैसा कोई अन्य किसी भी दुकान में नहीं था।

12. She looked at the reflection in the mirror.
उसने दर्पण में अपने प्रतिबिम्ब को देखा।

13. The tiny curls made her look like a schoolboy.
उन छोटे-छोटे छल्लों के कारण वह एक स्कूली लड़के के जैसी दिख रही थी।

14. She turned white for just a moment.
वह केवल एक पल के लिए सफ़ेद पड़ गई।

15. The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it.
दरवाज़ा खुला और जिम ने अंदर कदम रखा और इसे बंद कर दिया।

16. He needed a new overcoat.
उसे एक नए ओवरकोट की जरूरत थी।

17. Jim’s eyes were fixed on Della.
जिम की नज़र डैला पर टिकी थी।

18. Della got off the table and moved towards him.
डैला मेज़ से नीचे उतरी और जिम की तरफ बढ़ी।

19. Jim looked about the room curiously.
जिम ने उत्सुकतापूर्वक कमरे में इधर-उधर देखा।

20. Jim seemed to wake up at last, and to understand.
अन्त में मानो जिम जाग उठा हो और समझने लगा हो।

21. Della’s white fingers quickly opened the package.
डैला की सफ़ेद अंगुलियों ने तेजी से पैकेट को खोला।

22. Della jumped up like a little cat.
डैला एक छोटी बिल्ली की भांति उछल पड़ी।

23. Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present.
जिम ने अभी अपना सुंदर उपहार नहीं देखा था।

24. Jim sat down on the couch.
जिम सोफे पर बैठ गया।

5. Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices

1. In desperation and anxiety, the gods went to Lord Vishnu.
निराशा और चिंता में देवतागण भगवान् विष्णु के पास गए।

2. Ashtavakara entered the portals of the palace hall.
अष्टवक्र ने महल के सभा-भवन में प्रवेश किया।

3. This put the entire assembly to shame.
इस बात ने पूरी सभा को लज्जित कर दिया।

4. The demons were having an upper hand.
असुरों का पलड़ा भारी हो रहा था।

5. I feel ashamed of being invited to this assembly of skinners.
चर्मकारों की इस सभा में निमन्त्रित किए जाने पर मुझे लज्जा आ रही है।

6. The Home-Coming

1. Everyone supported the proposal.
प्रत्येक ने सुझाव का समर्थन किया।

2. He appeared like a young philosopher.
वह एक छोटे दार्शनिक के जैसा लग रहा था।

3. His courage failed him at the crisis.
उस संकटपूर्ण स्थिति में उसकी हिम्मत उसका साथ छोड़ गई।

4. The other boys shouted themselves hoarse with delight.
अन्य लड़कों का खुशी से चिल्लाते हुए गला बैठ गया।

5. The first act of the drama was over.
नाटक का प्रथम अंक समाप्त हो गया।

6. A boat came up to the landing.
घाट पर एक नाव आ कर रुकी।

7. Phatik’s patience was already exhausted.
फटिक का धैर्य पहले ही समाप्त हो चुका था।

8. Phatik looked sheepish and ashamed.
फटिक लजित और मुंह छिपाता हुआ लगने लगा।

9. She recognized her brother.
उसने अपने भाई को पहचान लिया।

10. The next few days were full of rejoicing.
अगले कई दिन हंसी-खुशी में बीत गए।

11. The widowed mother readily agreed.
विधवा मां तुरन्त सहमत हो गई।

12. मां के लिए यह एक बड़ी भारी राहत वाली बात थी।
It was an immense relief to the mother.

13. बिशम्बर को सचमुच दो बार सोच लेना चाहिए था।
Bishamber should really have thought twice.

14. There is no worse nuisance than a boy at the age of fourteen.
चौदह साल के लड़के से बढ़ कर कोई अन्य परेशानी नहीं होती है।

15. A young lad most craves recognition and love.
एक जवान लड़का अपने मन में पहचान और स्नेह की अत्यधिक इच्छा रखता है।

16. He gaped and remained silent.
वह मुँह खोले देखता रहता और खामोश बना रहता।

17. एक दिन उसने अपनी पूरी हिम्मत जुटाई।
One day, he summoned up all his courage.

18. Wait till the holidays come.
छुट्टियां होने तक प्रतीक्षा करो।

19. It was still raining and the streets were flooded.
वर्षा अब भी हो रही थी और गलियों में पानी भरा हुआ था।

20. He was wet through from head to foot.
वह सिर से पांव तक पूरी तरह भीगा हुआ था।

21. Throughout the night, the boy was delirious.
लड़का रात भर बड़बड़ाता रहा।

7. The Making of the Earth

1. The earth goes round the sun.
पृथ्वी सूर्य के चारों तरफ घूमती है।

2. The other planets have also got their satellites.
अन्य ग्रहों के भी अपने-अपने उपग्रह हैं।

3. Solar means belonging to the sun.
सौर का अर्थ होता है, सूर्य से संबंध रखने वाला।

4. The planets are really quite tiny like our earth.
वास्तव में (तारों की तुलना में) ग्रह हमारी पृथ्वी की ही भांति बहुत छोटे होते हैं।

5. We see it as a great ball of fire.
हम इसे आग की एक विशाल गेंद के रूप में देखते हैं।

6. The sun is millions of miles away.
सूर्य हम से लाखों मील दूर है।

7. Our earth also shot out from the sun.
हमारी पृथ्वी भी सूर्य से छिटक कर अलग हो गई।

8. It is full of glaciers and ice fields.
यह हिमनदियों और बर्फ के मैदानों से भरपूर है।

9. All the water-vapours in the air condensed into water.
हवा में विद्यमान सारे जल-वाष्प घने हो कर पानी बन गए।

8. The Rule of the Road

1. A stout old lady was walking with her basket.
एक हृष्ट-पुष्ट बूढ़ी महिला अपनी टोकरी उठाए हुए चली जा रही थी।

2. I have liberty to be indifferent to you.
मुझे आज़ादी है कि तुम्हारी उपेक्षा करूं।

3. I got into a railway carriage at a country station.
मैं एक ग्रामीण स्टेशन से रेल के डिब्बे में सवार हुआ।

4. I think I could enjoy a really good novel.
मेरे विचार से मैं वास्तव में ही किसी अच्छे उपन्यास का आनंद ले सकता था।

5. He had not the social sense.
उसमें सामाजिक बुद्धि नहीं थी।

6. He was not ‘a clubbable’ man.
वह किसी संगति में बैठने की बुद्धि नहीं रखता था।

7. He has no right to sit in his front room.
उसे कोई अधिकार नहीं है कि वह अपने आगे वाले कमरे में आ कर बैठ जाए।

8. You are interfering with the liberties of your neighbours.
आप अपने पड़ोसियों की स्वतन्त्रताओं में विघ्न डाल रहे है।

9. Clash of liberties seems to defy compromise.
आज़ादियों की भिड़न्त में कोई समझौता कर पाना असम्भव हो जाता है।

PSEB 10th Class English Translation

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Translation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Translation

Translate the following sentences into-English :

Modal-related Sentences

1. मैं यह प्रश्न हल कर सकता हूं।
I can solve this question.

2. आपको किसी अच्छे डाक्टर को दिखाना चाहिए।
You must consult some good doctor.

3. हमें अपने माता-पिता का कहना मानना चाहिए।
We ought to obey our parents.

4. हो सकता है, आज रात वर्षा हो।
It might rain tonight.

5. वह यहां रहा करता था।
He used to live here.

6. मेहनत करो, ऐसा न हो कि फ़ेल हो जाओ।
Work hard, lest you should fail.

7. हमें अपने देश की सेवा करनी चाहिए।
We should serve our country.

8. सबको एक न एक दिन मरना ही है।
Everybody has to die one day or the other

9. काश! मैं अमीर होता।
Would that I were rich!

10. मेरी क्या मज़ाल कि मैं आपका अपमान करूं।।
How can I dare to insult you?

Tense-based Sentences :

11. हम क्रिकेट खेलते हैं।
We play cricket.

12. मेरी घड़ी सही समय नहीं देती है।
My watch does not keep correct time.

13. पृथ्वी सूर्य के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती है।
The earth revolves round the sun.

14. वे कब सोते हैं?
When do they sleep?
(or) When do they go to bed?

15. मैं पत्र लिख रहा हूं।
I am writing a letter.

16. लड़के शोर मचा रहे हैं।
Boys are making a noise.

17. क्या चपड़ासी घंटी बजा रहा है?
Is the peon ringing the bell ?

18. आप अपनी किताबें क्यों खराब कर रहे हो?
Why are you spoiling your books ?

19. मैंने अपना काम समाप्त कर लिया है।
I have finished my work.

20. उसने इस पाठ की दोहराई नहीं की है।
He has not revised this lesson.

21. क्या वर्षा ऋतु शुरू हो गई है?
Has the rainy season set in ?

22. वह कभी भी आगरा नहीं गया है।
He has never visited Agra.
(or) He has never been to Agra.

23. सुबह से बूंदा-बाँदी हो रही है।
It has been drizzling since morning.

24. मैं दस वर्ष से इस स्कूल में पढ़ा रही हूं।
I have been teaching in this school for ten years.

25. क्या सुबह से मूसलाधार वर्षा हो रही है?
Has it been raining in torrents since morning ?
(or) Has it been raining cats and dogs since morning ?

26. क्या माली सुबह से पौधों को पानी नहीं दे रहा है?
Has the gardener not been watering the plants since morning ?

27. मैं कल अपने मित्र के घर गया।
I went to my friend’s house yesterday.

28. वे कल बाज़ार नहीं गए थे।
They did not go to the market yesterday.

29. क्या आपने अपना समय बर्बाद किया?
Did you waste your time ?

30. हम चाय पी रहे थे।
We were drinking tea.

31. वे क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहे थे।
They were not playing cricket.

32. क्या वे स्कूल जा रहे थे? ।
Were they going to school ?

33. मेरे स्कूल पहुंचने से पहले घंटी बज चुकी थी।
The bell had rung before I reached the school.

34. क्या डॉक्टर के आने से पहले रोगी मर चुका था?
Had the patient died before the doctor arrived ?

35. लड़के दो दिन से नाचने का अभ्यास कर रहे थे।
Boys had been practising the dance for two days.

36. क्या वह काफी समय से पुस्तक लिख रहा था?
Had he been writing a book for a long time ?

37. वे पतंगें उड़ाएंगे।
They will fly kites.

38. क्या वे कल. स्कूल आएंगे?
Will they come to school tomorrow?

39. वे अपना पाठ याद कर रहे होंगे।
They will be learning their lesson.

40. क्या तुम्हारी माता जी खाना बना रही होंगी?
Will your mother be cooking food?

41. मैं तब तक सड़क पार कर चुका होऊँगा।
I will have crossed the road by then.

42. क्या वह मुझसे पहले स्कूल पहुंच चुका होगा?
Will he have reached the school before me?

43. मैं दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा होऊँगा।
I will have been studying for two hours.

44. क्या वह जालंधर में 1995 से रह रहा होगा?
Will he have been living in Jalandhar since 1995?

45. धोबी सुबह से कपड़े नहीं धो रहा होगा।
The washerman will not have been washing the clothes since morning.

Imperative Sentences

46. कभी झूठ मत बोलो।
Never tell a lie.

47. बुरी संगत से बचो।
Avoid bad company.

48. शोर मत मचाओ।
Do not make a noise.

49. सदैव सत्य बोलो।
Always speak the truth.

50. चुप रहो।
Keep silence.

51. उसको बोलने दो।
Let him / her speak.

52. मुझे जाने दो।
Let me go.

53. आओ, सैर के लिए चलें।
Come, let us go for a walk.

54. आओ; धूप में बैठे।
54. Come, let us sit in the sun.

55. मेरे लिए पानी का गिलास मँगवा दीजिए।
Get me a glass of water.

56. अपना समय बर्बाद न करें।
Do not waste your time.

57. मेरी बात सुनो।
Listen to me.
(or)
Listen to what I say.

58. बकवास मत करो।
Don’t talk nonsense.
(or)
Don’t talk rot.

59. यह पत्र डाक में डाल दो।
Post this letter.

60. अपनी किताबें खोलो।
Open your books.

Non-activity Sentences

61. आज मौसम बहुत सुहावना है।
The weather is very pleasant today.

62. आज बहुत गर्मी है।
It is very hot today.

63. आज बहुत ठंड है।
It is very cold today.

64. मैं एक विद्यार्थी हूँ।
I am a student.

65. आज हवा बंद है।
It is close today.

66. यह खबर सच है।
This news is true.

67. दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है।
Delhi is the capital of India.

68. हमारी कक्षा में दस लड़कियाँ हैं।
There are ten girls in our class.

69. भारत त्योहारों की भूमि है।
India is a land of festivals.

70. मैं आज अच्छा महसूस नहीं कर रही हूँ।
I am not feeling well today.

Proverbs

71. हाथी के दांत खाने के और दिखाने के और। |
All that glitters is not gold.

72. जो गरजते हैं, वो बरसते नहीं। .
Barking dogs seldom bite.

73. घर का जोगी जोगड़ा और बाहर का जोगी सिद्ध।।
A prophet is not honoured in his own country.

74. धोबी का कुत्ता, न घर का न घाट का।
No man can serve two masters.

75. जैसा बोओगे, वैसा ही काटोगे।
You reap what you sow.

76. थोथा चना, बाजे घना।
Empty vessels make much noise.

77. जैसा देश, वैसा भेष।
While in Rome, do as the Romans.

78. परोपकार घर से ही शुरू होता है।
Charity begins at home.

79. अपना-अपना, पराया-पराया।
Blood is thicker than water.

80. चोर-चोर मौसेरे भाई।
Birds of a feather flock together.

Idiomatic Sentences

81. मेरे पिता जी मेरे घर के कर्ता-धर्ता हैं।
My father is all in all in my home.

82. मेरी बेटी मेरी आंखों का तारा है।
My daughter is the apple of my eye.

83. यह घर दोनों भाइयों के झगड़े का कारण है।
This house is the bone of contention between the two brothers.

84. उसका भाषण गांव वालों की समझ से बाहर था।
His lecture was beyond comprehension for the villagers.

85. अपने काम से काम रखो।
Mind your own business.

86. जिंदगी फूलों की सेज नहीं है।
Life is not a bed of roses.

87. इधर-उधर की मत हांको, अपने काम पर ध्यान |
Don’t beat about the bush, come to the point.

88. भारत दिन दुगनी रात चौगुनी उन्नति कर रहा है।
India is progressing by leaps and bounds.

89. उसने अपनी सौतेली माता जी की मृत्यु पर झूठे आंसू
He shed crocodile tears on the death बहाए। of his stepmother.

90. उसको कम सुनाई देता है।
He is hard of hearing.

Interrogative Sentences

91. आप क्या चाहते हो?
What do you want ?

92. पौधों को पानी कौन दे रहा है?
Who is watering the plants ?

93. वह सुबह से कहां है?
Where is he since morning ?

94. वोट कैसे डाले जाते हैं ?
How are votes cast ?

95. आपने आने में इतना विलंब क्यों किया? ।
Why are you so late ?

Exclamatory Sentences

96. कितने सुंदर दिन हैं!
How pleasant the days are !

97. बच्चा कितना होशियार है!
How intelligent the child is

98. खेद है! भारत मैच हार गया।
Alas ! India has lost the match.

99. श्रीमान जी, शुभ सवेर।
Sir, good morning.
(or)
Good morning, sir.

100. वह कितना मासूम लगता है!
How innocent he looks!

Miscellaneous Exercise

1. प्रकृति के नियमों को कौन बदल सकता है ?
Who can change the laws of nature ?

2. उसने सभी को निमंत्रित कर लिया।
He invited one and all.

3. शान्त हो जाएं और धैर्य रखें।
Be quiet and have patience.

4. इस दफ्तर में कोई पद खाली नहीं है।
There is no vacancy in this office.

5. वह मेरा चचेरा भाई है।
He is my cousin.

6. वे एक ही थाली के चट्टे-बट्टे हैं।
They are chips of the same block.

7. कितना सुन्दर दृश्य है !
What a beautiful scene it is!

8. मेरा नौकर वह चिट्ठी डाक में डाल चुका है।
My servant has posted that letter.

9. परमात्मा पर भरोसा रखो।
Trust in God.

10. क्या बच्चों में मिठाई बांटी जाएगी ?
Will sweets be distributed among the children?

11. डूबते को तिनके का सहारा।
A drowning man catches at a straw.

12. क्या उसने अंग्रेज़ी में अपनी कमी पूरी कर |
Has he made up his deficiency in ली है ?

13. यदि वह सच बोलेगा तो मैं उसे माफ कर दूंगा।
If he speaks the truth, I will forgive him.

14. सुन्दरता को गहनों की आवश्यकता नहीं।
Beauty needs no ornaments.

15. बुरी संगति से अकेला भला।
Batter alone than in bad company.

16. मनुष्य स्वयं ही अपने भाग्य का निर्माता है।
Man is the architect of his own fate.

17. भगवान करे कि आप परीक्षा में सफल हों!
May you succeed in the examination !

18. कल आपने कितनी देर तक काम किया ?
How long did you work yesterday?

19. मैं आपकी सहायता अवश्य करूंगा।
I will definitely help you.

20. वह एक सफल कलाकार है।
He is a successful artist.

21. मैं उसे धोखा नहीं दे सकता।
I can’t deceive him.

22. वह काम ढूँढ रहा है।
He is in search of a job.

23. क्या आप दुःख-सुख में मेरा साथ देंगे ?
Will you stand by me through thick and thin ?

24. लोकतन्त्र में लाभ भी हैं और नुकसान भी।
Democracy has its merits as well as demerits.

25. मैं थक कर चूर हो गया हूं।
I am dead tired.

26. यह बस दिल्ली को जाएगी।
This bus will go to Delhi.

27. वह किराए के मकान में रहता है।
He lives in a rented house.

28. कमरे में उस समय कोई नहीं था।
There was no one in the room at that time.

29. लड़के भिखारी के पीछे भागे।
Boys ran after the beggar.

30. मैं इस वर्ष दसवीं की परीक्षा दे रहा हूँ।
I am taking the Matriculation Examination this year.

31. The Indian team has already won three matches.
भारतीय टीम तीन मैच पहले ही जीत चुकी है।।

32. They have been waiting for the result since noon.
वे दोपहर से परिणाम की प्रतीक्षा कर रहे हैं।

33. I know him well.
मैं उसे अच्छी तरह जानता हूँ।

34. Women are in no way inferior to men.
स्त्रियां पुरुषों से किसी तरह भी हीन नहीं हैं।

35. He had no excuse for coming late.
उसके पास देरी से आने का कोई बहाना नहीं था।

36. Good health is the key to success.
अच्छा स्वास्थ्य सफलता का रहस्य है।

37. Banks are closed on holidays.
बैंक छुट्टी वाले दिनों में बन्द रहते हैं।

38. I had sent a message to my friend.
मैंने अपने मित्र को एक सन्देश भेजा था।

39. Where there is smoke, there is fire.
जहां धुआं हो, वहां आग ज़रूर होती है।

40. He gave his coat to be ironed.
उसने अपना कोट इस्तरी कराने के लिए दिया।

41. I am on the lookout for a job.
मैं नौकरी की तलाश में हूं।

42. He spread mischievous lies about me.
उसने मेरे बारे में शरारत-पूर्ण बातें फैलाई।

43. He often suffers from giddiness.
उसे साधारणत: चक्कर आते रहते हैं।

44. I am not even on speaking terms with him.
मेरी उससे बोलचाल नहीं है।

45. To err is human.
मनुष्य ग़लती का पुतला है।

46. He will reach here next week in connection with his business.
वह अगले सप्ताह अपने व्यापार के सम्बन्ध में यहां पहुंच जाएगा।

47. He was sentenced to three years of rigorous imprisonment.
उसे तीन वर्ष की सख्त सजा मिली।

48. He is a jolly fellow.
वह खुशमिजाज है।

49. Two of a trade seldom agree.
कुत्ते का कुत्ता बैरी।

50. Nothing succeeds like success.
चलती का नाम गाड़ी।

51. He has left bag and baggage
वह अपना सारा समान ले कर चला गया है।

52. Since when have you known him?
आप उसे कब से जानते हैं ?

53. His trousers have got torn.
उसकी पतलून फट गई है।

54. Time is a great healer.
समय सब घावों का मरहम है।

55. Do not find fault with others.
दूसरों में दोष मत निकालो।

56. Music is the language of the soul.
संगीत आत्मा की आवाज़ है।

57. He has spoken ill of you.
उसने तुम्हारी निंदा की है।

58. We do not sell on credit.
हम उधार नहीं बेचते।

59. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
मित्र वह जो दुःख में काम आए।

60. We must help the needy.
हमें ज़रूरतमंदों की मदद करनी चाहिए।

61. I don’t like your childish habits.
मुझे आपकी बच्चों जैसी आदतें पसंद नहीं हैं।

62. Change is the law of Nature.
परिवर्तन प्रकृति का नियम है।

63. Women are respected in India.
भारत में स्त्रियों का सम्मान किया जाता है।

64. He takes after his father.
उसकी शक्ल उसके पिता जी से मिलती है।

65. My friend stood by me through thick and thin.
मेरे मित्र ने दुःख-सुख में मेरा साथ दिया।

66. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
डावांडोल की मिट्टी खराब।

67. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
नौ नकद न तेरह उधार।

68. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
नाच न जाने आंगन टेढा।

69. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
नीम हकीम खतरा-ए-जान।

70. A bad man is better than a bad name.
बद अच्छा, बदनाम बुरा।

71. Prevention is better than cure.
इलाज से परहेज़ अच्छा।

72. Happiness lies in contentment.
सुख नाम संतोष का।

73. Handsome is that handsome does.
सुन्दर वह जो सुन्दर काम करे।

74. Honesty is the best policy.
ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी नीति है।

75. Health is the greatest wealth.
स्वास्थ्य ही सबसे बड़ा धन है।

76. Hunger is the best sauce.
भूख में चने भी बादाम।

77. Pride hath a fall.
अभिमान का सिर नीचा।

78. Riches change hands
दौलत आनी-जानी चीज़ है।

79. Self-praise is no recommendation.
अपने मुँह मियां मिठ्ठ।

80. Something is better than nothing.
सारी नहीं तो आधी सही।

81. Slow and steady wins the race.
सहज पके सो मीठा होय।

82. To live in Rome and fight with Pope!
समुद्र में रह कर मगरमच्छ से वैर!

83. To make a .mountain out of a molehill.
राई का पहाड़ बनाना।

84. The match ended in a draw.
मैच बराबर रहा।

85. He has no ear for music.
उसे संगीत का शौक नहीं है।

86. Nehru’s name is a household word.
नेहरू जी का नाम हर एक की जुबान पर है।

87. His arm was dislocated.
उसकी बाजू (भुजा) उतर गई।

88. He had a fracture in his arm.
उसकी बाजू (भुजा) टूट गई।

89. There was a pin-drop silence in the hall.
हॉल में बिल्कुल सन्नाटा था।

90. He is bent upon mischief.
वह शरारत पर तुला हुआ है।

91. What brings you here ?
आपका यहां कैसे आना हुआ?

92. Bill sticking is prohibited here.
यहाँ इश्तिहार लगाना मना है।

93. There is a screw loose in his brain.
उसके दिमाग में कुछ खराबी है।

94. This cloth will wear well.
यह कपड़ा अच्छा चलेगा।

95. How did you come by this book?
यह पुस्तक आपके हाथ कैसे लगी ?

96. Nip the evil in the bud.
बुराई को आरम्भ में ही दबा दो।

97. He always blows his own trumpet.
वह हमेशा अपनी ही डींग मारता है।

98. The railway compartment was packed to suffocation.
रेलगाड़ी का डिब्बा खचाखच भरा हुआ था।

99. Do not poke your nose into the affairs of others.
दूसरों के मामलों में टांग न अड़ाएं।

100. Your visits are few and far between.
आप ईद के चांद हो गये हैं।

101. It is only hearsay.
यह तो केवल सुनी-सुनाई बात है।

102. His tricks won’t succeed here.
उसकी दाल यहां नहीं गलेगी।

103. He lives like a lord.
वह बड़े ठाठ से रहता है।

104. All his plans ended in smoke.
उसकी सभी आशाओं पर पानी फिर गया।

105. Never spend beyond your means.
कभी भी अपनी आय से अधिक खर्च न करो।

106. It is not like good people to backbite others.
दूसरों की चुगली करना अच्छे लोगों का काम नहीं।

107. Do not tamper with electricity.
बिजली से छेड़खानी न करो।

108. He indulges in tall talk.
वह बड़ी-बड़ी गप्पें हांकता है।

109. Exercise is a panacea for all ills.
व्यायाम सौ दवाइयों की एक दवा है।

110. People ran pell-mell there.
वहां भाग-दौड़ मच गई।

111. There is no stir in the air.
नाम-मात्र भी हवा नहीं है।

112. Please sup with me this evening.
आज शाम का खाना आप मेरे साथ खाइए।

113. He took my remarks ill.
उसने मेरी बात का बुरा मनाया।

114. This question is beyond my comprehension.
यह प्रश्न मेरी समझ से बाहर है।

115. यह बात किसी से छुपी नहीं है।
This is an open secret.

116. आप मेरी आंखों में धूल नहीं झोंक सकते।
You cannot throw dust into my eyes.

117. यह समाचार जंगल की आग की तरह फैल गया।
This news spread like wildfire.

118. You should feel ashamed of yourself.
चुल्लू भर पानी में डूब मरो!

119. Strange are the ways of God!
भगवान के खेल न्यारे हैं!

120. Change is the order of the world.
संसार परिवर्तनशील है।

121. अच्छे आदमी भगवान को जल्दी प्यारे हो जाते हैं।
Good men die early.

122. You are suffering from mania.
आपके सिर पर तो भूत सवार है।

123. Bad luck is dogging his footsteps.
दुर्भाग्य उसके पीछे पड़ा हुआ है।

124. He is no match for you.
आपके साथ उसका कोई मुकाबला नहीं।

125. You look much run down.
आप बड़े कमज़ोर हुए दिखाई देते हैं।

126. I always call a spade a spade.
मैं सदा खरी-खरी बात सुना देता हूं।

127. He does not look his age.
वह अपनी उमर का नहीं लगता है।

128. I cannot stand such an intense heat.
मैं इतनी सख्त गर्मी सहन नहीं कर सकता।

PSEB 12th Class History Map Questions

December 18, 2024December 17, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Map Questions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class History Map Questions

Battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji:

Question 1.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab show any five places of battles of the pre-Khalsa and post-Khalsa period of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on these battles.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab show any five places of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s battles in the given outline map of Punjab.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the battles as shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show five important places where the battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji were fought.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 100 words about these battles.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show five battle places of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
(b) Explain these battle places in about 20-25 words each.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab showing the rivers depict five places of the battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

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(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each about these battles.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji held the Guruship from 1675 to 1708 A.D. He had to fight many battles against the Hill Chiefs and the Mughals. The battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji are divided into two phases—the battles of pre-Khalsa period and the battles of post-Khalsa period.

Battles of Pre-Khalsa Period:

1. Battle of Bhangani 1688 A.D.: The Hill Chiefs were alarmed to see the military preparations of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Consequently, they under the combined leadership of Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur and Fateh Shah, the ruler of Srinagar attacked on September 22, 1688 A.D. the Sikh army at Bhangani. Pir Buddhu Shah of Sadhaura rendered valuable help to Guru Gobind Singh Ji in this battle. The armies of Hill Chiefs were forced to flee the field. This grand victory indeed infused a new spirit among the Sikhs.

2. Battle of Nadaun 1690 A.D.: After the battle of Bhangani, the Hill Chiefs refused to pay the annual Khiraj (tax) to the Mughals. Therefore, an army under the command of Alif Khan was sent against the Hill Chiefs. He attacked the army of Bhim Chand at Nadaun on March 20, 1690 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji sided with Bhim Chand in this battle. Their joint army pushed back the Mughal army. Alif Khan had to run away from the battlefield to save his life. After this battle, the Hill Chiefs again made a treaty with the Mughals.

Battles of Post-Khalsa Period:

3. First Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib, 1701 A.D. : Guru Gobind. Singh Ji laid the foundation of Khalsa Panth at Sri Anandpur Sahib in 1699 A.D.-As a result, people started coming to the fold of Sikhism in a large number. The Hill Chiefs saw in it, a great danger to their freedom. So, Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur asked Guru Gobind Singh Ji to vacate the fort of Anandpur Sahib. When Guru Gobind Singh Ji declined to do so, Bhim Chand along with a few other Hill Chiefs invaded the fort of Anandpur Sahib in 1701 A. D. When they got no success they made peace with Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

4. Battle of Nirmoh, 1702 A.D.: After the first battle of Anandpur Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh Ji went to a village, Nirmoh near Kiratpur Sahib. Joining hands with the Mughal army, Bhim Chand attacked the army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The Sikhs, under the command of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, gave a crushing defeat to the joint army.

5. Second Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib, 1704 A.D.: The Hill Chiefs wanted to take revenge from Guru Gobind Sir gh Ji for their insult due to continuous defeats. Thus, they attacked the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib for the second time, in collaboration with Mughal forces in 1704 A.D. The Sikhs put up strong resistance from within the fort. The royal army took false vows to assure Guru Gobind Singh Ji that they would not cause any harm, if he left the fort. So Guru Gobind Singh Ji decided to leave the fort.

6. Battle of Shahi Tibbi, 1704: As soon as, Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out of the fort, the royal army pursued them hotly. Consequently, there was confusion and consternation. A battle took place at Shahi Tibbi, where Bhai Udai Singh put up strong resistance along with his 50 companions and ultimately became martyrs.

7. Battle of Chamkaur Sahib, 1704 A.D.: Guru Gobind Singh Ji reached the fortress of Chamkaur Sahib along with his 40 Sikhs on 21st December, 1704 A. D. No sooner, did they reach there, a huge Mughal army besieged them on 22nd December, 1704 A.D. A pitched battle took place. In this battle, Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, the two elder sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought with unparalleled example of bravery and ultimately became martyrs.

8. Battle of Khidrana, 1705 A.D.: On December 29,1705 A.D., Wazir Khan, the Mughal Faujdar of Sirhind, attacked Guru Gobind Singh Ji with a large army. In this battle, the Sikhs gave a crushing defeat to the Mughals. Those 40 Sikhs, who had parted company with Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the second battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib, also fought in this battle and became martyrs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji accorded them the boon of Mukti (salvation) on the request of their leader Maha Singh. As a result, Khidrana acquired the name of Sri Muktsar Sahib.

Important Battles of Banda Singh Bahadur:

Question 2.
(a) On the outline map of Punjab, show five places of military exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Explain these places in about 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab fill the places of five important battles of Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the places shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab show five battle places of Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Explain these battles in about 20-25 words each.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, showing rivers depict five important places of the Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Explain these places in about 20-25 words each.
Answer:
Banda Singh Bahadur fought many battles against the Mughals during 1709 to 1715 A.D. During these battles, Banda Singh Bahadur showed such feats that the Mughals began to tremble, on hearing his name. The main battles of Banda Singh Bahadur were as follows :

1. Attack on Sonepat : First of all Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Sonepat with his 500 Sikhs in November 1709 A.D. The ruler of Sonepat was so afraid of the Sikhs that he ran away to Delhi without facing them. This victory greatly enhanced the morale of the Sikhs.

2. Conquest of Samana : The executioners of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and the younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji lived in Samana. Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Samana and slaughtered many Muslims. After this, he thoroughly plundered the whole town. It was the first and important conquest of Banda Singh Bahadur.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Map Questions Img 2

3. Conquest of Kapuri: The ruler of Kapuri, Qadam-ud-Din was very cruel. He ill-treated the Hindus. So, Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Kapuri, put to death Qadam-ud-Din and conquered the town.

4. Conquest of Sadhaura: Usman Khan the ruler of Sadhaura was notorious for his tyranny. He was a sworn enemy of the Hindus. He tortured and got Pir Buddhu Shah killed for he had helped Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the battle of Bhangani. In order to settle the score for this insult, Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Sadhaura and slaughtered a large number of Muslims. That is why, the place came to be known as Qatalgarhi.

5. Battle of Ropar: Banda Singh Bahadur was making preparations to attack Sirhind. Several Sikhs from Malwa and Majha joined under the banner of Banda Singh Bahadur. When Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind, came to know about it, he ordered Sher Mohammad Khan and Nawab of Malerkotla to take steps against these Sikhs. A pitched battle took place at Ropar in which the Sikhs defeated the Mughals.

6. Conquest of Sirhind: Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind had got the two younger sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, of Guru Gobind Singh Ji killed by bricking them alive in the wall. So, Banda Singh Bahadur wanted to teach him such a lesson which should be remembered by the Muslims for a long time. On May 22, 1710 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadur attacked the army of Wazir Khan at Chappar Chiri. The Sikhs massacred the Muslims to such an extent that they shuddered at the very thought of it. Wazir Khan was killed and hanged on a tree upside down. Plundering and massacre stalked the whole Sirhind on May 24,1710 AD. This glorious conquest further boosted the morale of the Sikhs.

7. Conquest of Ganga Doab: Encouraged by the conquests of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs of most areas in Ganga Doab i.e. Saharanpur, Behat and Jalalabad etc. revolted against the tyranny of the Muslims. Banda Singh Bahadur availed himself of this opportunity and brought this region under his control.

8. Battle of Rahon: Shamas Khan, the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab, was a cruel ruler. Fed up with his tyranny, the Sikhs revolted against him. Shamas Khan declared Jihad (religious war) against the Sikhs. In October ,1710, the the armies of Shamas Khan and Banda Singh Bahadur clashed at Rahon and a bloody battle ensued. The Sikhs came out victorious in this battle.

9. Attack of Mughals on Lohgarh: The increasing power of Banda Singh Bahadur was a challenge for Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah. He sent a large army of 60,000 to Punjab under the command of Munim Khan to crush the power of Banda Singh Bahadur. This army suddenly besieged Banda Singh Bahadur in his capital, Lohgarh. Though the Mughal army took control of Lohgarh but it could not capture Banda Singh Bahadur.

10. Battle of Gurdas Nangal: In 1715 A.D. the newly appointed Governor of Punjab, Abdus Samad Khan made a surprise attack on the Sikhs at Gurdas Nangal. Banda Singh Bahadur was besieged along with some of his companions in the haveli of Duni Chand. Ultimately Banda Singh Bahadur had to give in.

Ranjit Singh’s Kingdom:

Question 3.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the places of five battles of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
(b) Explain each battle place in about 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the places of five important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on these conquests.
Or
Question 4.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the following places of battles of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Lahore
Amritsar
Kashmir
Multan
Peshawar

(b) Write an explanatory note of about 25-25 words each on places shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, showing the rivers depict five places where Maharaja Ranjit Singh won the battles.
(b) Explain these five battles in about 20-25 words each.
Answer:
Undoubtedly Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the greatest ruler of Punjab. By his ability and efforts, he converted his small kingdom into a vast empire during his reign (1799-1839). His main conquests are mentioned below :

1. Conquest of Lahore, 1799 A.D.: The first and the most important conquest of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the conquest of Lahore. The three Bhangi Sardars and Sahib Singh, Mohar Singh, and Chet Singh jointly ruled Lahore. People were very unhappy due to their tyrannical rule, so they invited Ranjit Singh to take over Lahore. Deeming it a golden chance, Ranjit Singh invaded Lahore and occupied it on July 7, 1799 A.D.

2. Conquest of Amritsar, 1805 A.D.: The city of Amritsar was very important for the Sikhs from a religious point of view. It was considered the Mecca of the

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Map Questions Img 3

Sikhs. It was also the most famous trade centre. In order to be an emperor of the Punjab, the control over Amritsar was essential. In 1805 A.D. Ranjit Singh invaded Amritsar and defeated Mai Sukhan, the widow of Gulab Singh. In this way, Amritsar was conquered.

3. Conquest of Kasur 1807 A.D.: Nizam-ud-Din, the ruler of Kasur had accepted the subordination of Ranjit Singh. After his death in 1807 A.D. his successor Qutub-ud-Din refused to accept the suzerainty of Ranjit Singh. Consequently, Ranjit Singh invaded Kasur, defeated Qutab-ud-Din and occupied Kasur. After this, Ranjit Singh defeated Ahmad Khan the ruler of Jhang and annexed it to his kingdom.

4. Conquest of Sialkot, 1808 A.D.: Jiwan Singh was the ruler of Sialkot. Maharaja Ranjit Singh asked him to hand over the fort in exchange for a Jagir. When, Jiwan Singh refused to oblige, Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Sialkot in 1808 A.D. and beseized Sialkot.

5. Conquest of Kangra, 1809 A.D.: In 1809 A.D. the Gurkhas of Nepal surrounded the fort of Kangra. Sansar Chand, the ruler of Kangra sought assistance from Maharaja Ranjit Singh against the Gurkhas. He promised to hand over the fort of Kangra to Maharaja Ranjit Singh for this help. The army of Ranjit Singh made the Gurkhas flee from Kangra. But, now, Sansar Chand dilly-dallied in handing over the fort to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. At this, Ranjit Singh imprisoned Anurodh, the son of Sansar Chand. Being helpless, he handed over the fort of Kangra to Ranjit Singh.

6. Conquest of Gujarat, 1809 A.D.: Sahib Singh Bhangi was the ruler of Gujarat. He kept hatching conspiracies against Ranjit Singh. Therefore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh deputed Faqir Aziz-ud-Din to invade Gujarat. He defeated Sahib Singh and conquered Gujarat.

7. Conquest of Jammu, 1809 A.D.: Jai Singh ruled over Jammu. When he died in 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent an army under the command of Diwan Bhawani Das to conquer Jammu. He easily took the control of Jammu.

8. Conquest of Attock in 1813 A.D.: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had secured the famous fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan in exchange for a Jagir. This fort was very important from the geographical point of view.

9. Conquest of Multan, 1818 A.D.: Multan was very important from trade and geographical point of view. Sind could be easily conquered by having a control over Multan. The Maharaja had to attack seven times to conquer Multan. Every time, Muzaffar Khan the ruler of Multan evaded Maharaja Ranjit Singh by offering him a heavy ransom. In 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh resolved to make a conquest of Multan. He sent a vast army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand. After a pitched battle the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Multan. It was indeed one of the important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

10. Conquest of Kashmir, 1819 A.D.: The valley of Kashmir was famous for its scenic beauty and trade. Ranjit Singh tried to conquer it in 1813 and 1814 A.D. but did not succeed. The conquest of Multan greatly encouraged Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He sent a huge army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand to conquer Kashmir. This army defeated Jabbar Khan, the ruler of Kashmir and occupied Kashmir in 1819 A.D.

11. Conquest of Dera Ghazi Khan, 1820 A.D.: Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent a military expedition under the command of Jamadar Khushal Singh to conquer Dera Ghazi Khan. This army defeated Zaman Khan the ruler of Dera Ghazi Khan and took control of this state.

12. Conquest of Peshawar, 1834 A.D : Peshawar was an important region from the geographical point of view. In his first expedition in 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had defeated Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan but he resolved not to include Peshawar in his empire. In 1823 A.D., Azim Khan, a minister of Afghanistan took over the control of Peshawar. Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated him in a pitched battle of Naushehra and again got control over Peshawar. He annexed Peshawar to his empire in 1834 A.D.

Extent of the Empire:

The empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh extended from Ladakh in the North to Shikarpur in the South and from the Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West.

The First Anglo-Sikh War:

Question 5.
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, show five places of the battles of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the battles of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, show the location of the battles of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the places as shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, Show five battle places of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Explain five battle places in 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, showing rivers depict five places of the First Anglo-Sikh War on the map of Punjab.
(b) Write in about 20-25 words each about the spots shown in the map.
Answer:
The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought during the period of Lord Hardinge in 1845-46 A.D. During this War the Sikhs fought valiantly, but they had to face defeat due to the treachery of their leaders. This War was fought at the following main places :

1. Battle of Mudki: First battle between the English and the Sikhs was fought at Mudki, about 20 miles away from Ferozepur, on December 18, 1845 A.D. Lai Singh commanded the Sikh army. On the other side, Lord Hugh Gough was commanding the British troops. It was a bloody and fierce battle. Due to the treachery of Lai Singh, the Sikhs had to face defeat. Although the British became victorious in this battle, they realised that facing the Sikhs was not a child’s play.

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2. Battle of Ferozeshah: The second important battle between the British and the Sikhs was fought on December 21, 1845 A.D. The Sikh army was commanded by Lai Singh and Teja Singh in this battle. On the other hand, the British army was led by the experienced generals like Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. In the beginning of this battle, the Sikh soldiers launched a stunning attack on the English army. It was getting ready to surrender before the Sikh army. But here again due to the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh the Sikhs were defeated.

3. Battle of Baddowal: The third battle between the British and the Sikhs was fought at Baddowal, 18 miles away from Ludhiana on January 21, 1846AD. Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia was leading the Sikh army in this battle and Harry Smith commanded the British army. In this battle the Sikhs routed the British and they fled to Ludhiana.

4. Battle of Aliwal: Harry Smith wanted to take revenge of his defeat at Baddowal. Brigadier Wheeler, along with several soldiers joined Harry Smith which boosted the latter’s morale. He attacked the Sikh army under the command of Ranjodh Singh at Aliwal on January 28,1846 A.D. It was a terrible battle. Due to the treachery of Ranjodh Singh the British won this battle. The Sikh army suffered a heavy loss of life (3500) in this battle.

5. Battle of Sobraon: The last and the most decisive battle of the First Anglo- Sikh War was fought at Sobraon. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. The Sikh troops were commanded by Lai Singh and Tefa Singh. On the other hand the British troops were commanded by experienced generals like Huge Gough and Lord Hardinge. The fierce attack launched by the Sikhs on the British caused consternation in their camp. At this juncture Lai Singh and Teja Singh, who were secretly in league with the British took to their heels leaving the Sikh army in the lurch. Sham Singh Attariwala came forward and commanded the Sikh-army. He showed rare feats of bravery but was ultimately killed. In this battle, the Sikhs suffered a humiliating defeat.

The First Anglo-Sikh War came to an end on March 9,1846 A.D. with the Treaty of Lahore. On December 16,1846 A.D. a new Treaty of Bhairowal was imposed on the Punjab. Although Punjab was not annexed to the British Empire, these treaties reduced the sovereignty of Punjab to a great extent.

The Second Anglo-Sikh War:

Question 6.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the location of battles fought during the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each Punjab on the battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War as shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the places of battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Explain these battle places in about 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, showing the rivers depict battle places of the Second Anglo-Sikh War on the map of Punjab.
(b) Write in about 20-25 words each about the spots shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the following places of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Ram Nagar
Chillianwala
Multan
Gujarat.

(b) Write in about 70-75 words about the spots shown in the map.
Answer:
The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought during the period of Lord Dalhousie in 1848-49 A.D. The Sikhs had to face defeat at the end of this war. Consequently, the rule of the Sikhs in Punjab came to an end and the rule of the British began.

1. Battle of Ram Nagar: The first battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought at Ram Nagar on November 22, 1848 A.D. Lord Hugh Gough commanded the British troops, while the Sikh troops were commanded by Sher Singh. In this battle two famous British generals, Havelock and Cureton were killed. Though Ram Nagar was not a battle of great consequence, yet the Sikh victory in it gave them the much-needed boost to their morale.

2. Battle of Chillianwala: The battle of Chillianwala was one of the most important battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on January 13, 1849 A.D. Lord Hugh Gough commanded the British troops, while the command

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Map Questions Img 5

troops had to taste such a humiliating disaster at the hands of the Sikhs, that its echoes were heard in England. The British casualties included 132 officers and other ranks. Lord Gough was held responsible for their worst defeat and it was decided to send Sir. Charles Napier from England to replace him.

3. Battle of Multan: In Multan, Diwan Moolraj raised the banner of revolt against the British. In order to capture the fort of Multan, the British army under the command of General Whish laid siege to it. Sher Singh too joined hands with Diwan Moolraj. As the victory was not in sight, General Whish played a trick. He created a rift between Sher Singh and Moolraj by throwing forged letters in their camps. As a result, Sher Singh left Diwan Moolraj in the lurch. Consequently, Mootraj could not face the onslaught of the British army single-handed. On January 22, 1849 A.D. Diwan Moolraj surrendered unconditionally. This victory of Multan boosted the morale of British soldiers.

4. Battle of Gujarat: The battle of Gujarat was the last and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In this battle, the Sikh army was commanded by Sher Singh, Chattar Singh, and Bhai Maharaj Singh. On the other hand, the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough. This battle was fought on February 21, 1849 A.D. Since heavy artillery was used in this battle from both sides, this battle is also known as the Battle of Guns. The Sikh army soon ran short of ammunition. As a consequence, their guns were rendered useless. Seeing this golden opportunity, the British forces launched a fierce attack on the Sikh army. It created confusion and chaos among the Sikh soldiers. They lost 3000 to 5000 soldiers in this battle. On March 10, 1849 A.D. Chattar Singh and Sher Singh surrendered before General Gilbert. On March 14, the remaining Sikh soldiers also surrendered.

On March 29, 1849, A.D. Punjab was annexed to the British empire. Thus, the Sikh empire established by Maharaja Ranjit Singh through indefatigable efforts came to an end.