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Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 1 Kharif Crops Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 1 Kharif Crops

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Kharif Crops Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
Name two Kharif bowls of cereal.
Answer:
Paddy, Maize, Jowar.

Question 2.
Name two important varieties of rice.
Answer:
P.R.-123, P.R.-122.

Question 3.
Give seed requirement of desi cotton hybrid for one acre.
Answer:
1.5 kg seed per acre.

Question 4.
Name one major insect pest of maize.
Answer:
Maize borer

Question 5.
Name two diseases of sugarcane?
Answer:
Red rot, Red stripe, wilt, etc.

Question 6.
Name two Pulse crops.
Answer:
Moong, Mash, Arhar.

Question 7.
Give seed rate of maize for one acre.
Answer:
It is 7 kg for pearl popcorn and 8 kg per acre for other varieties. For fodder crop, it is 30 kg per acre.

Question 8.
Give sowing time of cotton.
Answer:
1 April to 15 May.

Question 9.
Name one intercrop in sugarcane.
Answer:
Summer Moong or Summer Mash.

Question 10.
Name two fodder crops.
Answer:
Maize, Bajra, Guara.

(B) Answer In one-two sentence:

Question 1.
What is crop rotation?
Answer:
Different types of crops which are sown in a sequence in the field in one year is called crop rotation, e.g. Paddy-wheat, Paddy- Potato-Sunflower, etc.

Question 2.
Name two rice-based crop rotations.
Answer:
Rice-wheat/Berseem, Rice-wheat-sathi maize/sathi moong. Rice-Potato-Sathi Moong/Sunflower.

Question 3.
What are the deficiency symptoms of zinc in rice?
Answer:
Due to the deficiency of zinc, seedlings remain stunted and tillerless. Lower leaves become rusty, near the base. The central vein of leaves changes color and leaves ultimately dry up. To avoid and control this malady, apply 25 kg zinc sulfate per acre at the time of puddling.

Question 4.
Write sowing method of maize.
Answer:
Maize is sown from the last week of May to the end of June, can be sown in the second fortnight of August. Row spacing should be 60 cm and plant spacing should be 20 cm. Use 7 kg seed per acre for pearl popcorn and 8 kg for other varieties.

Question 5.
Give control of Its in Maize.
Answer:
It’s can be controlled by using Atrataf within 10 days of sowing.

Question 6.
Why puddling is done in Paddy?
Answer:
Paddy needs a lot of water. Due to puddling, the water holding capacity of the field increases to a large extent. The rate of evaporation of water is decreased. It also helps to prevent the growth of weeds. Transplanting, of paddy, becomes easy.

Question 7.
Give seed requirement of sugarcane.
Answer:
The seed rate for cane crops is twenty thousand, three budded sets or four budded sets 15 thousand, or five budded sets-12 thousand for one acre.

Question 8.
Write time and method of sowing for Autumn sugarcane.
Answer:
Autumn sugarcane is sown from 20 September to 20 October and sowing is done in rows with a spacing of 90 cm.

Question 9.
Give the method of defoliation in moong for combined harvesting.
Answer:
If combine is to be used to harvest the Moong crop, then at the time when 80% of pods are mature, Gramoxone is sprayed to make the leaves and stem dry i.e. for defoliation.

Question 10.
Write method of weed control in rice.
Answer:
Swank and Motha weeds grow in rice. Hoeing should be done twice manually by hands, use paddy weeder for inter-culture. After 15 and 30 days of transplanting pull out the weeds from the fields. Suitable herbicides should be used at the proper time in the required amounts. Herbicides that can be used are Machete, Refit, Top- star, Arozin, etc. use Algrip for a gorilla, Sanni, etc.

(C) Answer in five-six sentences:

Question 1.
Discuss the use of fertilizers in rice.
Answer:
The fertilizer requirement for rice for an acre is 50 kg nitrogen, 12 kg phosphorus, and 12. kg potassium. Potassium dose should be applied on a soil test basis. Divide nitrogen dose into three parts. Apply one part of nitrogen and a whole of phosphorus and potassium (if needed) before the last puddling. The remaining two parts of nitrogen are broadcasted in two equal splits at three and six weeks after transplanting. If rice is sown after wheat which had received a recommended supply of phosphorus, then there is no need to apply phosphorus for rice crops.

Question 2.
Explain direct seeding of rice.
Answer:
Rice should be sown directly in only medium to heavy soils. In light (sandy) soils there occurs deficiency of iron in the crop and the yield is reduced.
Time of sowing: Suitable time for direct sowing is the first fortnight of June.
Seed rate: Seed requirement is 8-10 kg per acre.
The depth and row spacing: Seed should be sown at a depth of 2-3 cm using a paddy drill and row spacing should be 20 cm. Early maturing variety of Paddy should be used for direct sowing.
Weed control: Use stomp within 2 days of sowing. If after 30 days of sowing, swank, and motha are seen in the crop then use nominee gold. Segment herbicide is used to control broadleaf weeds.
Fertilizers: Apply 60 kg nitrogen per acre in three equal splits. Broadcast nitrogen after two, five, and nine weeks of sowing.
Irrigation: Keep watering the crop at 5-10 days intervals.

Question 3.
Give details of seed treatment in cotton.
Answer:
Seed rate for B.T. varieties is 750 grams, for non-B.T. hybrid varieties 1 kg, for normal varieties 3 kg, for desi cotton varieties it is 1.5 kg and for simple varieties, it is 3 kg per acre. Use the adviced chemicals for seed treatment. For prevention from Jassid use Gaucho or Cruiser.

Question 4.
Discuss preventive measures for lodging in sugarcane.
Answer:
We should make efforts to prevent the lodging of sugarcane crops because frost has a bad effect on fallen crops. To prevent lodging, we should earth up heavily the crop before the outset of monsoon, nearly the end of June. Prop the crop at the end of August or at the beginning of September.

Question 5.
For which crops and why sulfur is essential?
Answer:
Sulfur is essential for oilseed crops. Single superphosphate is used as a source of phosphorus because it contains sulfur also. If this fertilizer is not available, use gypsum as a source of sulfur.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the time of sowing for the Kharif (Sawani) crop?
Answer:
June-July or in Monsoon.

Question 2.
When is Sawant or Kharif crop harvested?
Answer:
In October-November.

Question 3.
How can you categorize the Kharif crop?
Answer:
Three categories of Kharif crops :

1. Cereals
2. Pulses and Oilseed crops
3. Cotton, Sugarcane, and fodder.

Question 4.
Name Kharif cereal crops.
Answer:
Paddy, Basmati, Maize, Bajra (Sorghum).

Question 5.
Which country is the highest producer of Paddy?
Answer:
China

Question 6.
Which state of India is the highest producer of Paddy?
Answer:
West Bengal.

Question 7.
What is another name for Paddy?
Answer:
Rice and Jeeri, Dhaan, Jhonna.

Question 8.
How much area is occupied by Paddy crop in Punjab?
Answer:
28 lakh hectare.

Question 9.
How much is the average yield of Paddy in Punjab?
Answer:
60 quintal per hectare.

Question 10.
Which Karqha is used to level the field before Puddling it for the Paddy crop?
Answer:
Laser Karahd.

Question 11.
What is the seed rate for Paddy?
Answer:
It is 8 kg per acre.

Question 12.
Which chemical is used to control broadleaf weed like Gorilla in Paddy?
Answer:
Algeria or Segment.

Question 13.
Which device is used to save water for irrigation of Paddy crop?
Answer:
Tensiometer.

Question 14.
What type of soil is suitable for direct sowing of paddy?
Answer:
Medium to heavy soil.

Question 15.
What is used if there is a deficiency of zinc in Paddy and what is its quantity used?
Answer:
Zinc sulfate, 25 kg per acre.

Question 16.
What should be the moisture content for storing rice in godowns?
Answer:
12%,

Question 17.
Name varieties of Basmati.
Answer:
Punjab Basmati-3, Pusa Punjab Basmati-1509, Pusa Punjab Basmati-1121.

Question 18.
What is the time of sowing, for raising the nursery of Paddy?
Answer:
Nursery sowing for Pusa Punjab Basmati-1509 is done in the second fortnight of June and for other varieties, it is done in the first fortnight of June.

Question 19.
What happens to Paddy if excess nitrogen is applied to it? (high doses of nitrogen)
Answer:
It causes excessive vegetative growth and plants attain more height. This causes lodging of the crop and yield is reduced.

Question 20.
Which country is the highest producer of maize?
Answer:
The United States of America.

Question 21.
Which state of India is the highest producer of maize?
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh.

Question 22.
How much area of land is occupied by maize crop in Punjab?
Answer:
1 lakh 25 thousand hectares.

Question 23.
What is the average yield of maize in Punjab?
Answer:
15 quintals per acre.

Question 25.
How much rain is suitable for maize?
Answer:
50 to 75 cm.

Question 25.
What type of soil is suitable for maize?
Answer:
Well-drained medium to heavy (loam and silty loam).

Question 26.
Give seed rate for Pearl popcorn (maize variety).
Answer:
7 kg per acre.

Question 27.
Give varieties of maize for normal use.
Answer:
PMH-1, PMH-2.

Question 28.
Name special purpose varieties of maize.
Answer:
Punjab sweet corn-1, Pearl popcorn.

Question 29.
What is the time of sowing for maize?
Answer:
Maize can be sowed from the last week of May to the end of June and in the second fortnight of August.

Question 30.
What are row spacing and plant spacing for maize crops?
Answer:
60 cm, 22 cm.

Question 31.
Which weedicide is more effective for Its in maize?
Answer:
Strata.

Question 32.
What is sown in the Helds of maize crop to prevent weeds?
Answer:
Rawang (grams).

Question 33.
Which herbicide is used to control dila/motha (common sedge)?
Answer:
2, 4-D.

Question 34.
How much irrigation is required for normal maize?
Answer:
4-6 irrigations are needed.

Question 35.
Which state in India is the highest producer of pulses?
Answer:
Rajasthan.

Question 36.
How much area is occupied by Moong crop in Punjab?
Answer:
5 thousand hectares.

Question 37.
What is the yield of Moong in Punjab?
Answer:
350 kg per acre.

Question 38.
Which type of soil is not suitable for Moong?
Answer:
Saline-alkaline or waterlogged soils are not suitable.

Question 39.
What is the seed rate for Moong?
Answer:
8 kg per acre.

Question 40.
Give the time of sowing for Moong,
Answer:
The first fortnight of July.

Question 41.
What are row spacing and plant spacing for moong crop?
Answer:
Row spacing is 30 cm and plant spacing is 10 cm.

Question 42.
Which herbicides are used to control weeds in Moong?
Answer:
Treflan or Basalin.

Question 43.
How much land is occupied by the Mash crop in Punjab?
Answer:
2 thousand hectares.

Question 44.
What is the average yield of Mash in Punjab?
Answer:
180 kg acre.

Question 45.
Which soil is not suitable for the Mash crop?
Answer:
Saline-alkaline or water-logged soils.

Question 46.
What is the seed rate for Mash?
Answer:
6-8 kg per acre.

Question 47.
What is the time of sowing of Mash in the Sub-mountainous region?
Answer:
15 to 25 July.

Question 48.
What is a time of sowing of Mash in regions other than the Sub-mountainous region?
Answer:
Last week of June to the first week of July.

Question 49.
What is row spacing for Mash?
Answer:
30 cm.

Question 50.
Which pesticide is used in Mash?
Answer:
Stomp.

Question 51.
Which country is the highest producer of Soyabean?
Answer:
The United States of America.

Question 52.
Which state of India is the highest producer of Soyabean?
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh.

Question 53.
Give Soyabean based crop rotation cycle.
Answer:
Soybean—Wheat/Barley.

Question 54.
Name varieties of Soyabean.
Answer:
SL-958, S.L.-744.

Question 55.
Give the time of sowing for Soyabean.
Answer:
First fortnight of June.

Question 56.
What is row spacing for Soyabean?
Answer:
45 cm.

Question 57.
Which herbicide is used to control weeds in Soyabean?
Answer:
Stomp, primate.

Question 58.
Name insects/pests which attack Soyabean?
Answer:
Hairy caterpillar and whitefly.

Question 59.
Which crop is a pulse as well as oilseed?
Answer:
Soybean.

Question 60.
Which country in the world is the highest producer of oilseed?
Answer:
The United States of America.

Question 61.
Which state in India is the highest producer of oilseeds?
Answer:
Rajasthan.

Question 62.
Which country in the world is the highest producer of groundnut?
Answer:
China.

Question 63.
Which the State Of India is the highest producer of groundnut?
Answer:
Gujarat.

Question 64.
How much area is occupied by groundnut in Punjab?
Answer:
15 thousand hectares.

Question 65.
Give average yield of groundnut in Punjab.
Answer:
7 kg per acre.

Question 66.
Name a crop rotation cycle involving groundnut.
Answer:
Groundnut-wheat.

Question 67.
Name varieties of groundnut.
Answer:
S.G.-91, S.G.-84.

Question 68.
Give seed rate for groundnut.
Answer:
38-40 kg seed (Kernel) per acre.

Question 69.
What is the time of sowing for rainfed groundnut?
Answer:
With the advent of the monsoon.

Question 70.
What is the time of sowing for irrigated groundnut crops?
Answer:
From end April to end May.

Question 71.
Which herbicides are used to control weeds in groundnut?
Answer:
Treflan, Stomp.

Question 72.
Name Kharif fodder crops.
Answer:
Maize, Jowar, Bajra.

Question 73.
Which country in the world is the highest producer of cotton?
Answer:
China.

Question 74.
Which state of India is the highest producer of cotton?
Answer:
Gujarat.

Question 75.
How much area is under the cotton crop?
Answer:
5 lakh hectare.

Question 76.
What is the average yield of cotton in Punjab?
Answer:
230 kg lint per acre.

Question 77.
Which type of soil is not suitable for cotton?
Answer:
Sandy, saline, or water-logged.

Question 78.
Give normal varieties of cotton.
Answer:
L.H.-2108.

Question 79.
Give seed rate for BT cotton.
Answer:
750 gram per acre.

Question 80.
Name a hybrid variety of desi cotton.
Answer:
PAU 626 H.

Question 81.
Give the time of sowing for cotton.
Answer:
1 April to 15 May.

Question 82.
Give row spacing for cotton.
Answer:
67 cm.

Question 83.
Name herbicides used to control weeds in cotton.
Answer:
Treflan, stomp, gramoxon, Roundup.

Question 84.
Which country is the highest producer of Sugarcane?
Answer:
Brazil.

Question 85.
Which state in India is the highest producer of Sugarcane?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh.

Question 86.
How much area is occupied by sugarcane crop in Punjab?
Answer:
80 thousand hectares.

Question 87.
What is the average yield of sugarcane in Punjab?
Answer:
280 quintals per acre.

Question 88.
How much sugar is obtained from sugarcane?
Answer:
9%.

Question 89.
What type of soil is suitable for sugarcane?
Answer:
Medium to heavy soil.

Question 90.
Name early maturing varieties of spring cane.
Answer:
CoJ-85, CoJ-83.

Question 91.
What is the seed rate if four budded sets are used for a cane?
Answer:
15 thousand per acre.

Question 92.
What is the seed rate for the cane on the basis of weight?
Answer:
30 to 35 quintals per acre.

Question 93.
What is the time of sowing for a cane?
Answer:
Mid-February to end March.

Question 94.
Name herbicides to control weeds in cane crops.
Answer:
Strata, Senior.

Question 95.
Name varieties of Autumn cane.
Answer:
CoJ-85, CoJ-83.

Question 96.
What is a time of sowing for an autumn cane?
Answer:
20 September to 20 October.

Question 97.
Which weedicide should be used if Raya or wheat is intercropped in the autumn cane?
Answer:
Isoproturon.

Question 98.
Which herbicide is used in cane crop if summer moong and summer mash is intercropped?
Answer:
Stomp.

Question 99.
How much green fodder is required for an adult animal per day?
Answer:
40 kg green fodder.

Question 100.
Name Kharif fodder crop.
Answer:
Bajra, Maize, Jowar, Napier Bajra, Guniea Grass, Guara, etc.

Question 101.
How many days, Maize, Kharif fodder take to become available for harvesting?
Answer:
50-60 days.

Question 102.
Name the variety of maize, a Kharif fodder.
Answer:
J-1006.

Question 103.
What is the time of sowing for fodder maize?
Answer:
The first week of March to mid-September.

Question 104.
Which pest attacks the fodder maize?
Answer:
Maize borer.

Question 105.
Which fodder is liked by animals?
Answer:
Jowar.

Question 106.
Name varieties of Jowar?
Answer:
S.L. 104.

Question 107.
What is the sed rate of Jowar?
Answer:
20-25 kg per acre.

Question 108.
What is the time of sowing for early maturing Jowar?
Answer:
Mid-March.

Question 109.
What is a suitable time for sowing for Jowar?
Answer:
Mid-June to middle July.

Question 110.
What is row spacing for Jowar?
Answer:
22 cm.

Question 111.
If a mixture of Guara and Jowar are sown together which herbicide is used ?
Answer:
Stomp.

Question 112.
Write time of harvesting of Jowar?
Answer:
65-80 days, from boot to milk stage.

Question 113.
Give crop rotation cycle consisting of Bajra.
Answer:
Bajra-Maize-Bersem.

Question 114.
Give varieties of Bajra.
Answer:
PHBF-1, FBC-16.

Question 115.
Give seed rate for Bajra.
Answer:
6-8 kg seed per acre.

Question 116.
Give the time of sowing for Bajra.
Answer:
March to August.

Question 117.
What is the method of sowing for Bajra?
Answer:
Bajra is sown by the broadcasting method.

Question 118.
Which herbicide is used to control weeds in Bajra?
Answer:
Atrataf.

Question 119.
What do you know about the irrigation of Bajra?
Answer:
Normally 2-3 irrigations are required.

Question 120.
After how many days Bajra is harvested?
Answer:
After 45-55 days.

Question 121.
Give diseases of Bajra.
Answer:
Green ear, grain smut.

Question 122.
Write insects pest which attacks Bajra.
Answer:
Root bug, grasshopper.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give details of climate and soil for cultivating Paddy.
Answer:
Paddy needs high temperature, excess moisture and excess of water. Medium to heavy soil is suitable. It can also grow in alkaline and acidic soil.

Question 2.
Give details of seed rate and seed treatment for paddy.
Answer:
8 kg seed per acre is needed for raising the nursery. To save crops from disease, seeds should be treated with recommended fungicides, soak the seed for 8 to 10 hours in recommended chemicals.

Question 3.
How will you control broadleaf weeds in Paddy?
Answer:
Broadleaf weeds like Gorilla, sunny etc. grow in paddy. Use Algrip or segment after 15-20 days of transplanting.

Question 4.
Why is green manure used?
Answer:
Leguminous plants are used for green manure e.g. Pulse crops, Sunhump, dhaincha, etc. These crops help in the fixation of nitrogen in the soil. Green manure crop is cultivated and it is mixed into the soil of the field. This helps in the increasing of humus and- makes the soil more fertile.

Question 5.
Discuss the harvesting and storing of Paddy.
Answer:
The crop can be harvested when ears are nearly ripe and the straws change color to yellow. Produce can be stored in godown when the moisture content is not more than 12%.

Question 6.
Give the time of nursery sowing for Basmati.
Answer:
For Pusa Punjab Basmati 1509, the time of nursery sowing is the second fortnight of June and for Punjab Basmati-3 and Pusa Basmati-1121, it is the first fortnight of June.

Question 7.
What is the time of transplanting seedlings of Basmati?
Answer:
For Pusa Punjab Basmati-1509, the time of transplanting is the second fortnight of July and for Punjab Basmati-3 and Pusa Basmati-1121, it is the first fortnight of July. Transplanting is done in a puddled field. Transplant 33 plants per square meter.

Question 8.
Give details about climate and soil for maize.
Answer:
Maize requires a moist and hot climate from germination to flowering. If there is less moisture and a very high temperature at the time of flowering, it may damage the foliage. This causes dryness (desiccate) of the pollen and proper pollination does not take place, it results in a poor grain setting. 50 cm to 75 cm rain is suitable for maize. Well-drained, medium to heavy soil is suitable.

Question 9.
What do you know about the irrigation of maize?
Answer:
Maize requires 4-6 irrigations, but it depends on the rainfall. Proper care should be taken to irrigate during the pre-tasselling and silking stages.

Question 10.
What do you know about harvesting Maize?
Answer:
When husk covers become dry and brown even when the stalks and leaves are somewhat green, the crop is ready to harvest. Moisture content should not be more than 15% in the grains.

Question 11.
What do you know about climate and soil for Moong?
Answer:
The hot climate is suitable for Moong. This crop can bear more heat and extra dryness as compared to other pulses. Saline and waterlogged soils are not suitable for this crop.

Question 12.
Give details of land preparation and- application fertilizers for Moong.
Answer:
Prepare the land by giving 2-3 ploughings and level the soil using plank. At the time of sowing apply 5 kg nitrogen a^id 16 kg of phosphorus by drilling.

Question 13.
Explain how to control weeds in Moong?
Answer:
To control weeds one or two hoeings should be done. Use Treflan or Basalin to control weeds before sowing. Use stomp within two days of sowing.

Question 14.
Discuss the harvesting of moong.
Answer:
When nearly 80% of pods are mature, moong can be harvested by using a sickle. Thresher can be used to thresh moong. If combined is to be used to harvest moong, spray gramophone to make leaves and stem dry when about 80% of pods are mature.

Question 15.
What do you know about climate and soil requirements for Mash?
Answer:
For this crop hot and moist climate is found to be suitable. Nearly all types of soils can be used to grow mash, but saline-alkaline or water-logged soil are not suitable for this crop.

Question 16.
What do you know about improved varieties, land preparation and control of weeds for Mash ?
Answer:

• Improved Varieties: Mash-114, Mash-338.
• Land preparation: Plough two or three times and then use Suhaga to leveler.
• Weed Control: Hoeing should be done after one month of sowing or use stomp within 2 days of sowing.

Question 17.
What is the time of sowing for Mash?
Answer:
The time of sowing for Mash in sub-mountainous regions is from 15 to 25 July and in other regions, it is the last week of June to the first week of July. The rainfed crop should be sown with the onset of the monsoon. Sowing should be in rows with spacing 30 cm.

Question 18.
What do you know about the irrigation and harvesting of Mash?
Answer:

• Irrigation: Normally Mash crop does not need irrigation. But in summer it needs irrigation.
• Harvesting: When leaves fall off and pods change color to greyish black, then crop fs ready to harvest.

Question 19.
What do you know about climate and soil for soybean?
Answer:
It needs a hot climate. It can be grown in all types of soils but well-drained, non-saline/alkaline, fertile soil is more suitable for its cultivation.

Question 20.
Write about improved varieties, crop rotation, and land preparation for soybean.
Answer:

• Crop rotation: Soyabean-Wheat/Barley.
• Improved varieties: S.L.-958, S.L.-744.
• Land preparation: Plough twice and use sugar for leveling.

Question 21.
Write about the seed rate, seed treatment, and method of sowing for Soyabean.
Answer:
The seed rate is 25-30 kg per acre. Treat the seed with recommended chemicals. If Soyabean is being sown for the first time, apply bacterial culture to the seeds. Row spacing should be 45 cm.

Question 22.
What do you know about weed control in Soyabean?
Answer:
Hoeing should be done twice to control weeds. Hoeings should be done after 20 and 40 days after sowing. Use stomp after 1-2 days of sowing or use primate after 15-20 days of sowing to control weeds.

Question 23.
Write about the fertilizer application for Soyabean.
Answer:
Apply 4 tonnes per acre of farmyard manure (FYM) before sowing Soyabean. Apply 13 kg nitrogen and 32 kg phosphorus per acre at the time of sowing.

Question 24.
Write about the irrigation of Soyabean.
Answer:
Soybean normally needs 3-4 irrigations. At the time of pod-filling, one irrigation is necessary. In case there is rain, then there is no need for irrigation.

Question 25.
What do you know about the harvesting of Soyabean?
Answer:
When all leaves fall off and pods change their color, crop is ready for harvesting. For storing, moisture content should not be more than 7%.

Question 26.
What do you know about insects/pests and diseases of Soyabean?
Answer:
Hairy caterpillar and whitefly attack Soyabean crop. The disease which affects the crop is the yellow mosaic virus.

Question 27.
What do you know about climate and soil for groundnut?
Answer:
For rainfed crops, nearly 50 cm of rain is a must in July, August, and September. Light to Medium type soils is suitable for groundnut.

Question 28.
Write about improved varieties, land preparation, and crop cycle for groundnut.
Answer:

• Improved varieties: S.G.-99, S.G.-84.
• Land preparation: Prepare the land by plowing it twice.
• Crop cycle: Groundnut-Rabi crops.

Question 29.
Write about seed rate, seed treatment method of sowing for groundnut.
Answer:
Use recommended chemicals for seed treatment. The seed rate is 38-40 kg seed (Kernels) per acre. Sow after Rauni in 30 x 15 cm spacing.

Question 30.
Write about the application of fertilizers in groundnut.
Answer:
Groundnut needs 6 kg nitrogen, 8 kg phosphorus, and 10 kg potash per acre. Potash should be applied after testing the soil. Use superphosphate for phosphorus. It has sulfur also which is necessary for oil seed crops. If phosphorus is not required then 50 kg Gypsum per acre should be applied.

Question 31.
Write about weed control in groundnut.
Answer:
Hoeing is done after 3 and 6 weeks. To control weeds spray stomp after two days of sowing or spray Treflan and sow the crop the same day.

Question 32.
Write about irrigation of groundnut.
Answer:
Depending on rain, groundnut requires 2 or 3 irrigations. If there is less rain then irrigate at the time of flowering. Apply one or two irrigations depending upon rain at the time of pod formation.

Question 33.
Write about harvesting (digging), insects/pests, and diseases of groundnut.
Answer:

• Digging of groundnut: Crop is ready to harvest when uniform yellowing of the leaves takes place and old leaves fell off.
• Insects/Pests and diseases: Hairy caterpillar, white grub, Aphid, etc. can attack the crop. Collar rot, Root-knot, and Tikka, etc. are its diseases.

Question 34.
Write about climate and soil for cotton.
Answer:
Cotton can grow well in hot and dry climates. Cotton can grow on all types of soil but saline, water-logged soil is not suitable.

Question 35.
Write about varieties of cotton and crop cycle.
Answer:
Crop Cycle (rotation) : Ahpos-wheat/Barley, Kapas- sunflower, Kapas-Raiya, cotton-senji/Barseem/oats.
Improved varieties

• B.T. Varieties—NSC-855, Ankur- 3028, MRC-7017, RCH-650.
• Non-B.T. hybrid—LH-144.
• Normal varieties—LH-2108.
• Desi hybrid varieties—PAU-626H.
• Desi Normal varieties—FDK-124, L.D.-694.

Question 36.
Write about seed rate and seed treatment.
Answer:
Seed rate: For one-acre seed rate is :

• B.T. cotton: 700 gram
• Non-B.T. hybrid cotton: 1 kg.
• Normal variety : 3 kg.
• Hybrid desi cotton: 1.5 kg.
• Desi Normal variety : 3 kg.

Seed should be treated with recommended chemicals. To save it from Jassid use Gaucho or cruiser.

Question 37.
Write about the time and method of sowing for cotton.
Answer:
Time: 1 April to 15 May.
Row spacing: 67 cm.
Plant spacing: For normal varieties, it is 60 cm. For BT and non-BT hybrid varieties, plant spacing is 75 cm. For desi cotton it is 45 cm, for desi cotton hybrid varieties, it is 60 cm.

Question 38.
Write about weed control in cotton.
Answer:
Hoeing is done to control weeds. 2 to 3 hoeings are enough. First time hoeing is done before first irrigation. We can use a cultivator attached to the tractor or can use a trial driven by a bullock. Its/chapatti, Madhana/Makra can be controlled by using Stefan before sowing or spray stomp within 24 hours of sowing and hoeing should be done after 45 days or use one of gramophone and round up and spray directly on weeds by using safety hood.

Question 39.
Write about fertilizer application for cotton.
Answer:
Normal varieties: 30 kg nitrogen and 12 kg phosphorus per acre.
B.T. and non-B.T. Ijybrid Varieties: Apply 60 kg nitrogen and 12 kg phosphorus per acre. Apply potash after testing the soil. Apply all amounts of phosphorus at the time of sowing and half nitrogen at the time of thinning and remaining nitrogen at the time of flowering.

Question 40.
Write about irrigation and picking of cotton.
Answer:
Cotton needs 4 to 6 irrigations depending upon rain. First irrigation is applied after 4 to 6 weeks of sowing and after that irrigation is applied at a gap of two or three weeks. Picking Pick clean and dry bolls within 15-20 days so as to get a proper price from the mandi.

Question 41.
Write about insects/pests of cotton.
Answer:
Insects/pests which can damage the crop are Aphid, Jassid, Millibug, Pink bollworm, Tobacco caterpillar, American bollworm, Whitefly, etc.

Question 42.
Which insects do not attack and which attack B.T. cotton?
Answer:
American Bollworm does not attack B.T. cotton because B.T. cotton is genetically modified by the insertion of genes from a bacteria, which produces a protein, which acts as a poison for the bollworm. Sucking Pests and Tobacco caterpillars can attack.

Question 43.
Write about climate and soil requirements for sugarcane.
Answer:
The hot climate is suitable for sugarcane, medium to heavy soil is suitable. This crop can bear saline and alkaline soil to some extent.

Question 44.
Write about improved varieties and crop rotation for spring sugarcane.
Answer:
Crop rotation—Paddy/Maize/Cotton-Raya-Sugarcane- Ratoon-Ratoon II-Wheat.
Improved varieties

• Early maturing—CoJ-85, CoJ-83,
• Mid season varieites—CoPB-91 and CoJ-88
• Late maturing—CoJ-89

Question 45.
Write about land preparation for soil.
Answer:
Four to six hoeings are required. Use sugar after every hoeing. Hoeing should be done up to a depth of 45-50 cm, this is beneficial for the crop since it breaks the hard layer under the soil. Water retention ability is increased. Roots can go deep.

Question 46.
Write about seed selection and seed rate on the basis of weight.
Answer:
Use the top two-thirds portion for sowing. Use 30 to 35 quintal per acre seeds on the basis of weight.

Question 47.
Write about time and method of sowing.
Answer:
Time of sowing—Mid February to end March.
Method of sowing—Plant in rows with spacing of 75 cm and give planking and then water it. One more irrigation should be applied after 4-5 days.

Question 48.
What do you know about inter-crops in SHgarcane?
Answer:
Between two rows of sugarcane, inter-crop a row of summer moong or mash. This way we can get an additional yield of 1 to 2 quintals per acre for these crops. These crops help in increasing the. fertility of the soil and also do not affect the cane yield.

Question 49.
What do you know about fertilizer application for cane crops?
Answer:
FYM (Farm Yard Manure)—Apply 8 tonnes of FYM per acre before 15 days of sowing.
Nitrogen Fertilizer—For plant crops apply 60 kg nitrogen and for Ratoon crops use 90 kg of nitrogen per acre.
Phosphorus fertilizer—Based on soil testing, if a deficiency of phosphorus is found, apply 12 kg phosphorus per acre.
The deficiency of Potash usually does not occur in Punjab.

Question 50.
Give the method to apply fertilizers for sugarcane?
Answer:

Fertilizer	Method to apply
Nitrogen	Apply the first half nitrogen dose with the first irrigation after germination to the planted crop. The remaining half dose is to be applied in May or June. Apply three doses in equal quantity to the ratoon crop in February, April, and May.
Phosphorus	Apply full dose at the time of planting. Phosphorus is drilled rows at the time of cultivation in February.

Question 51.
Write about weed control in sugarcane.
Answer:
To control weeds, two three hoeings are required. We can spread trash between the cane rows to suppress weeds and conserve soil moisture. We can use Atrataf or sensor within two-three days of planting. For Climbing vel and Broadlife weeds use 2, 4-D. In case of summer Moong or summer Mash is sown in sugarcane then stomp herbicide should be used instead of above said herbicides.

Question 52.
Write about irrigation requirements for sugarcane.
Answer:
Climate is hot and dry from April to June. Therefore, irrigate the crop at intervals of 7-12 days. During winter, irrigation should be applied at monthly intervals.

Question 53.
Write improved varieties, time of sowing, and method of sowing for the autumn cane.
Answer:

• Improved varieties—CoJ-85, CoJ-83.
• Time of sowing—20th September to 20th October.
• Row spacing-—90 cm spacing.

Question 54.
Write about intercropping and weed control for the autumn cane.
Answer:
Intercropping. Potato, wheat, toria, cabbage, Raya, gobhi Sarson, gram, pea, radish, garlic etc. Weed control. If wheat or Raya is sown in cane use isoproturon and in case garlic is sown then apply stomp.

Question 55.
Write about the time of sowing and sowing method for fodder crop Maize.
Answer:
Time of sowing. From the first week of March to mid-September.
Row spacing—30 cm.

Question 56.
Write about fertilizer requirements for fodder crop maize.
Answer:
At the time of field, preparation applies 10 tonnes of farmyard manure per acre. Apply 23 kg nitrogen and 12 kg phosphorus per acre.

Question 57.
Write about weed control in fodder maize.
Answer:
Use Atrataf for controlling weeds. Apply within two days of sowing the crop. It can also be used when the crop is at the 2-3 leaves stage. In case of maize and cowpea are sewn together then stomp can be used within two days of sowing.

Question 58.
Write an improved variety of sorghum, field preparation, seed rate, and treatment of seed.
Answer:
Field preparation. One plowing using harrow and two ploughings with a cultivator followed by planting.
Improved variety. SL 44 Seed rate and treatment. 20-25 kg seeds per acre. Use recommended fungicides for the treatment of seeds.

Question 59.
How to control weeds in sorghum?
Answer:
Use Atrataf within two days of sowing. It is helpful in controlling seasonal weeds like its sit/chupati. I guara and sorghum are sown together stomp can be sprayed within two days of sowing.

Question 60.
Write about crop rotation, improved variety, field preparation for Bajra.
Answer:

• Crop rotation—Bajra—Maize-Berseem.
• Improved Varieties—PHBF 1, FBC 16
• Field preparation. 2-3 ploughings are needed.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give details of agricultural practices for Bajra.
Answer:
Do it yourself.
Question 2. Write about nursery sowing of paddy.
Answer:
The optimum sowing time for the nursery is 15th to 30th May. At the time of field preparation mix 12-15 ton well rotten farmyard manure per acre. Fertilizers that are applied at the time of sowing are 12 kg nitrogen, 10 kg phosphorus, 13 kg zinc per acre. Treated seeds with recommended fungicides are spread on a thick layer of 7-8 cm wet gunny bags and are also covered by wet gunny bags. This helps in pre-germination. Keep the gunny bags wet by sprinkling water on them. Seeds germinate in 24 to 36 hours. Sow these germinated seeds by the broadcast method of sowing. The seed rate is 8 kg per acre for nursery raising. To prevent weeds use Butachlor or soft herbicide. After 15 days of sowing apply 12 kg nitrogen per acre. Seedlings are ready when they are 20-25 cm tall or have 6-7 leaves.

Question 3.
How to use a mechanical transplanter for transplanting rice?
Answer:
This is a new technique to transplant rice. For this purpose, the nursery is grown on perforated polythene sheets which are of the size of the transplanter frames. Iron frames are placed over it and soil is filled in the frames up to the top surface. Pre-germinated seeds are spread on this soil in the frames and are covered with a thin layer of soil. Sprinkle water on the soil. The frame is lifted carefully and the required number of -such mats are prepared by the same procedure. Mats are kept wet by sprinkling water on a daily basis. For 200 mats nearly 10-12 kg seed is required, which are needed for transplanting for one acre.

Question 4.
Write about the cultivation of rice (Basmati).
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 5.
Write about the cultivation of Maize.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 6.
Write about the cultivation of Moong.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Question 7.
Write about the cultivation of Mash.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Kharif Crops Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Kharif cereal crops are :
(a) Maize
(b) Rice
(c) Sorghum
(d) All correct
Answer:
(d) All correct

2. Time of sowing for cotton is :
(a) 1 April to 15 May
(b) 1 January to 15 January
(c) December
(d) June
Answer:
(a) 1 April to 15 May

3. Seed rate for pearl popcorn is :
(a) 7 kg per acre
(b) 20 kg per acre
(c) 25 kg per acre
(d) None
Answer:
(a) 7 kg per acre

4. Time of harvesting of Kharif crop is :
(a) January-February
(b) October-November
(c) April-May
(d) Whenever

5. State which is at the top position in India in the production of pulses is :
(a) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Punjab
(d) Gujarat.
Answer:
(b) Rajasthan

True/False:

1. Varieties of Basmati rice are Punjab basmati-3, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Pusa basmati-1121.
Answer:
True

2. In the production of Maize, the United States of America is at the top position in the world whereas Andhra Pradesh is at the top position in India.
Answer:
True

3. Moong requires a cold climate.
Answer:
False

4. Soyabean belongs to both pulses as well as oilseed categories.
Answer:
True

5. Disease which can affect Soyabean yellow mosaic virus.
Answer:
True

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Harvest the Moong crop when about ………………. are mature.
Answer:
80% of pods

2. Maize needs an environment which is considerable……………….. from the germination to flowering.
Answer:
moist and warm

3. Soyabean requires ………….. climate.
Answer:
warm

4. High doses of …………… application to basmati should be avoided.
Answer:
nitrogen

5. Seed rate for Soyabean is …………… seed per acre.
Answer:
25-30 kg

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 4 Social Groups Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology  Chapter 4 Social Groups

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Social Groups Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
Who discussed the two types of group, Ingroup, and Outgroup?
Answer:
W.G. Sumner gave this classification of groups.

Question 2.
Mention two examples of Ingroups.
Answer:
Family and, playgroups are examples of In-groups.

Question 3.
Give examples of Outgroups.
Answer:
Father’s office and Mother’s school are examples of Out-groups.

Question 4.
Who coined the term Reference group?
Answer:
This term was given by Robert K. Merton.

Question 5.
What is we-feeling?
Answer:
We-feeling is a feeling within an individual with which he associates himself that he is a member of this group.

Question 6.
Name the examples of primary groups given by C.H. Cooley.
Answer:
Family, Neighbourhood, and Playgroup.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
Define social group.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.”

Question 2.
What do you mean by primary group ? Give its example.
Answer:
The groups with which we have physical proximity, about which we have we-feeling, with which we like to live are primary groups; for example, family, neighbourhood, play groups etc.

Question 3.
What do you mean by secondary group ? Give its example.
Answer:
Secondary groups are the groups whose membership is taken for a particular objective and after the completion of which, one can leave their membership. They are temporary in nature; for example, political parties.

Question 4.
State two differences between ‘in-groups’ and ‘out-groups’.
Answer:
(i) People have a we-feeling for in-groups but out-groups lack such feeling.
(ii) An individual likes to live within in-groups but he never likes to live in out-groups.

Question 5.
Explain the features (characteristics) of secondary group.
Answer:

1. Membership of secondary groups is based on objectives.
2. Membership of secondary groups is temporary. It means one can leave their membership after the completion of his objective.
3. Secondary groups have a formal organisation.
4. Members of secondary groups have indirect relations with each other.

Question 6.
Explain the features (characteristics) of primary groups.
Answer:

1. Their members have physical proximity with each other.
2. Their size is quite limited.
3. Their members have permanent relations with each other and they know each other well.
4. These groups are permanent in nature.
5. Members have continuity of relations among them.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Discuss the features of a social group.
Answer:
Members of a group have mutual relations among them. Social group is not the collection of the humans but this collection is a group because of their mutual relations. These relations are because of interaction between them.

1. Sense of unity exists in society. Because of this unity members of a group are tied with each other.
2. Members of the group have we-feeling among them. They help each other and love and sympathy come because of this unity. .
3. Group has control over the behaviour of its members and this control is because of traditions, customs and rules etc.
4. Members of the group are interacting wfth each other because of mutual relations. ’
5. Members of the group have sense of commonness among them.

Question 2.
Write down the importance of primary groups.
Answer:
Members have physical proximity among them.

1. There is a stability among these groups.
2. They are small in size.
3. They have limited self-interests.
4. They have similarity of background.
5. They have mutual cooperation among them.
6. They are for longer duration.
7. They have continuity in relations.
8. They have complete control on their members.

Question 3.
What are the differences between primary and secondary groups ?
Answer:

1. Primary groups are small in size and secondary groups are large in size.
2. Relations in primary groups are direct, personal and informal but in secondary groups, relations are indirect and formal.
3. Members of primary groups have feeling of cooperation among them but in secondary groups cooperation is because of any specific motive.
4. Primary groups are available in villages but secondary groups are available in cities.

Question 4.
Discuss the features of in-group.
Answer:
The groups classified by Sumner exist in all the cultural developments because humans are very much influenced by these. In-groups are also known as we-groups because a person considers them as his own groups. In-groups are peace loving groups and the qualities such as mutual co-operation, friendship etc. exist in these groups.

Their point of view towards others is of enemy and they keep certain restrictions on their members. Many a time members of such groups come closer to each other to challenge other groups. We-feeling exists in such groups. For example, caste, religion, tribe etc. are few of the in-groups about which a person has the complete knowledge.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
What do you understand by a social group ? Write a detailed note.
Answer:
A layman uses the word group in daily language. Generally people don’t have the same meaning of the group but everyone gives a different meaning of this word. If we want to study the effect of anything on people, we have to keep that thing in two groups. One is that group which uses that thing and the other group is that which does not use that thing.

May be these groups are living near each other or may be living far away from each other but this thing is not important for us. In this way we can see that if our aims are different then groups can be different also. In this way in simple language and for a layman collection of people is the group.

Man is a social animal. His daily life is related with the activities of group. First of all in family, then he joins other groups by moving out of family. In social group meaningful actions of persons are there. Man is not limited to the establishment of relationships in the group but he fulfils his needs as well. But question arises that what is group. There is a lot of difference between the meaning of group for a layman and for Sociology. For a layman, group is collection of some people but in Sociology, it is different. In Sociology collection of people is a group where people have definite relations among them.

Definitions of Group:
1. According to Bogardus, “A social group may be thought of as a number of persons, two or more, who have some common objects of attention, who are stimulating to participate in similar activities.”

2. According to Sanderson, “Two or more people between whom there is an established pattern of psychological interaction, it is recognised as an identity by its own members and usually by others because of its particular type of collective behaviour.”

3. According to Harry M. Johnson, “Social group is a system of interactions.”

4. According to Bennet and Tumun, “A group always consists of people who are in interaction and whose interaction is a unit.” After looking at the given definitions we can say that we cannot call a group to be collection of people who have physical proximity but do not cooperate with each other to achieve common goals and who do not affect each other by mutual interaction.

It can be called only a crowd or collection of people. In Sociology group is the collection of people who are equal to each other, whose members have mutual social action, interactions, social relations, consciousness, common interests, stimulations and feelings.

Question 2.
How will you describe Primary and Secondary groups ?
Answer:
Primary Groups. Charles Hurton Cooley was an Amercian Sociologist who classified social groups into Primary and Secondary groups. Every sociologist accepted this classification in one way or the other. Cooley included very close relations in Primary group like family, neighbourhood, play group etc.

According to him, relations of man in this type of group are of great love, cooperation and respect. Man works in these groups without any hesitation. These groups lack feeling of selfishness. These relations are not of hatredness. Instead of individual feeling community feeling is there in these groups. Man fulfils his basic needs in these groups. Cooley gave his views about Primary groups.

According to Cooley, primary groups are primary in many senses. They are primary because they fulfil the basic human needs. Man keeps contact with society, with the help of these groups., Because of face to face relation, they have the feeling of love, cooperation, personalism and sympathy. Humans bind together in such a way that the feeling of individualism comes to an end and they ignore small things.

If need arises they also help each other. These are also important in the development of personality. According to Cooley,“These are practically universal belonging to all times and all stages of development and are accordingly a chief basis of what is universal in human nature in human ideals.”

According to Cooley, these three groups are important primary groups :
1. Family
2. Play group
3. Neighbourhood.

According to Cooley, these three groups are universal and are selected with every age and area of the society. Exactly after his birth man enters into these groups. Child of a man cannot live by itself after his birth. That’s why family takes care of him. Child’s socialization is possible only in family. Child learns ways of living while living in society. It means that child gets basic education only in family. Man gets culture, customs, traditions in family. In family man has face to face relations and has the feeling of mutual cooperation.

After the family, child is related with neighbourhood because when child comes out of family he goes to the neighbourhood. In this way he gets love from neighbourhood like family. He knows how to respect the elders and how to talk to others. After his contact with neighbourhood he comes in contact with play group. When he joins play group he feels like independent like other children of his age.

In play group he gives creative expressions to his social habits, while playing he cooperates with others and obeys certain rules. He comes to know how to live in discipline. He learns to work according to the behaviour of others. With this his personality develops. These all groups have face to face and close relations. That’s why these groups are known as Primary groups.

Secondary Groups. Cooley gave a detailed description of secondary groups. In present societies man cannot fulfil his needs only by living in primary groups. He needs to depend upon other persons. That’s way secondary groups are of great importance in modern societies and that’s why the importance of primary groups has been decreased. They have been replaced by other institutions. Specially in urban societies, primary groups are declining day by day.

These secondary groups are big in size and members have relations among them, fn secondary groups members are doing functions but still they are connected with each other. Members of these groups have specific objectives which can be fulfilled by mutual cooperation. We can take country, associations, political parties, clubs in the category of secondary groups.

They are large in size. They are formed to meet any specific motive. That’s why all the members of these groups don’t know each other and they indirectly cooperate with each other. To understand modern industrial society it is necessary to get knowledge about secondary groups.

Secondary groups generally develop for any special motive. They are large in size. Man enters into these groups for his personal interests and leaves them after the attainment of his motives. There is no closeness of mutual relations among the members of such groups. It is very difficult to know each of the members personally because of large size.

Except this, members are controlled by formal means of control. Each member has to control his behaviour according to these means. Kimbal Young has given them the name of special interest group. With these, social rules, customs and institutions are also formed.

Question 3.
As a member of society you must be interacting with and in diferent groups. How do you see these from a sociological perspective?
Answer:
We all live in society and while living in the society, we interact with many groups. If we observe from a sociological perspective, we can divide them into many parts. We live in a family, interact with neighbours, sit with a group of friends. These are primary groups because we directly interact with the members of such groups and we like to sit with them.

We are the permanent members of such groups and members have informal relations among them. These groups are of great importance in our lives because we cannot live without them. Wherever we move, family, neighbourhood, and playgroups (primary groups) exist everywhere.

Along with the primary groups, an individual is a member of other groups whose membership is optional and he takes it according to his own will. Such groups are known as secondary groups. Such groups have a formal organisation whose members are elected periodically. He takes the membership of such groups to achieve a particular objective and can leave this membership after attaining it. Political parties, trade unions, etc. are two examples of such groups.

When a common man interacts with different groups, he might not have a different meaning for such groups. But from a sociological perspective, such groups can be divided into different types. Even different sociologists have given different types of groups because we interact with them in different ways.

Question 4.
Man’s life is group life. Discuss with examples.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that human life is group life because he takes birth in a group and dies in it. When a child takes birth, he comes into the hands of the family i.e. the basic primary group. If we compare a human child with other organisms, we can say that it remains under the protection of his family for most of the time. Family takes care of its child, up brings him and as a result, he loves his family more than anything. Family socializes its children, tells them the ways to live in society, arranges for their education so that they could become good citizens in the near future. So family i.e. a primary group tells him the first lesson of community life.

After family, the next group coming in contact with the child is neighbourhood. A small child is taken to neighbourhood where neighbours show him a lot of affection and love. A child is scolded for displaying wrong behaviour. When a child comes in contact with the children of his locality, they form a playgroup where he learns new rules of life. In playgroup, leadership qualities develop in him which are very much necessary for his social life. Both of these groups are primary groups.

When the same child becomes young, he becomes a member of many other groups which are known as Secondary groups. He takes a job in any office, becomes a member of any club, institution, association, etc. to achieve his objectives. He also takes membership of a political party, trade union, or any other group and he remains a member of any group for the rest of his life. Till his death, he takes many memberships and leaves them at his will. So, from the given description it is clear that there is no time in an individual’s life when he is not a member of a group. So, his life is a group life and in the absence of groups, there is no existence of his life.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Society, Community and Association Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each

Question 1.
State the meaning of society.
Answer:
According to Maclver, “Society is the web of social relationships.”

Question 2.
Society and community are derived from which words ?
Answer:
Word Society is derived from a Lgtin word ‘Socivs’ which means companionship or friendship. Word Community is also derived from a Latin word ‘Communitias’ which means things held in common or shared.

Question 3.
Who said, “Man is a social animal.”?
Answer:
These words are of Aristotle.

Question 4.
Who gave the simple compound society, compound society, double compound society and trebly compound society classification?
Answer:
This classification is given by Herbert Spencer.

Question 5.
What is association?
Answer:
When few people co-operate with each other, form an organisation to achieve a particular objective, this organisation is known as Association.

Question 6.
What is an open society ?
Answer:
The society in which people are free to move from one class to another, is known as an open society.

 Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each

Question 1.
Discuss the three characteristics of society.
Answer:

1. Society is a group of people with mutual relationship among them.
2. Society always depends upon likeness and differences.
3. Society is based upon co-operation and conflict.

Question 2.
Describe the types of society.
Answer:
There exist many societies in the. whole world such as tribal society, rural society, industrial society, post-industrial society etc. But different scholars have given different classification on different basis such as Comte (intellectual development), Morgan (social development), Spencer (the degree of structural complexity), Tonnies (types of social ties), Durkheim (types of solidarity) etc.

Question 3.
What is community?
Answer:
When few individuals live in a group, in a particular geographical area and they spend whole of their life over there without any particular purpose, it is known as community. It is a concrete concept and members have ‘we’ feeling among them.

Question 4.
How is society different from community? Mention two points.
Answer:

• Society is not having any geographical area but community develops in a particular geographical area.
• Conflict and co-operation both are there in society but only co-operation exists in community.

Question 5.
Define association and discuss its characteristics.
Answer:
According to Bogardus, “An Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purpose.” It is having certain characteristics such as it is established deliberately, it is having a definite objective, it develops and comes to an end, its membership is based on individual’s wish etc.

Question 6.
State two differences between community and association.
Answer:

• Community is not made for a particular objective but association is formed for a particular objective.
• Membership of community is not optional but of association, it is optional.

Answer the following long answer questions in 75-85 words each

Question 1.
Write a short note on human society.
Answer:
When sociologists use the word society then their meaning is not only by the collection of people. Their meaning of society is by the web of relationships among members of society with which people are connected with each other. Just by collection of some persons, we cannot make a society. Society can be made only when meaningful relations are established among people of the society.

These relations are abstract in nature. We cannot see them and they don’t have any concrete form. We can only feel them. They exist in every form of life. We cannot separate them from each other. These are so much interrelated that it is very difficult to differentiate and separate them. The web of these social relationships is known as society. We cannot see them because they are abstract in nature.

Question 2.
Name the three stages of human society as identified by Auguste Comte.
Answer:
Auguste Comte gave three stages of human society’s evolution and these are :

1. Theological Stage
2. Metaphysical Stage
3. Positive Stage.

Question 3.
Which are the main bases of Community ?
Answer:

1. A Community develops of its own.
2. Each Community has its particular name.
3. Each Community develops in a particular geographical area in which an individual lives.
4. These days community is having a specific base that it is self-dependent in itself.
5. We-feeling always exists in each community.
6. Stability is always there in community. It means they never break up.

Question 4.
Give three examples of association.
Answer:

• Political Parties
• Labour Union
• Religious Organisation
• International Associations.

Question 5.
What are the types of society discussed by Tonnies ?
Answer:
(i) Gemein Schaft. According to Tonnies, “Gemein Schaft is a community whose members live by co-operating each other and spend their lives. Permanent and primary relations are there in its life; for example, rural society.”

(ii) Gesell Schaft. According to Tonnies,“Gesell Schaft is a new phenomenon which is formal and of less duration. It is nothing but individuals live in society. Its members have secondary relations among them.”

Answer the following long answer questions in 75-85 words each

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term society ? Write a detailed note.
Answer:
In simple language, the meaning of society is generally taken as a group of people. Many philosophers use this word in the same sense. In this way meaning of society can be taken from the group of persons, not from their mutual relations. Sometimes meaning of society is taken from any institution such as Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj etc. In this manner in the language of a layman, meaning of the word society has been taken in the same sense. But in Sociology its meaning is quite different from this meaning.

In Sociology meaning of word society is not the group of the people but is taken by those laws which emerge out of their mutual relationships’. Social relationships are very important among people. They are an integral part of a society. It is not a thing but is a process. The important thing in society is the mutual relationships and interactions among people with which people live with each other. When any sociologist uses word society in general form then his meaning of society is by the web of social relationships and when he uses word society in special sense then his meaning is that society is a group of people in which special type of relations exist.

Society:
When Sociologists use the word society then their meaning is not merely by the collection of people. Their meaning of society is by the web of relationships among members of society with which people are connected with each other. Just by collection of some persons, we cannot make a society. Society will be made only when the meaningful relations will be established among the people of society.

These relations are abstract in nature. We cannot see them and they don’t have any concrete form. We can only feel them. They exist in every form of life. We cannot separate them from each other. These are so much interrelated that it is very difficult to differentiate and separate them. The web of all these social relationships is known as society. We cannot see them because they are abstract in nature.

Some writers are of the view that society can be made only then when its members know each other and when they have some mutual interests. For example, if two persons are sitting in a bus and they don’t know each other then they cannot make a society. But when they start talking to each other, come to know about each other then existence of society starts. They should have mutual interaction among them to form a society.

Actually society is the web of social relationship. Humans who live at one place have mutual relations and mutual interests. They are dependent upon each other and they make a society. This thing will become clear when we will see the definitions of society given by different sociologists.

Question 2.
Individual and society are interrelated. Comment.
Answer:
According to Greek philosopher Aristotle, “Man is a Social Animal.” It means that man lives in society. Without society there is no value of man. The person, who does not live collectively with others, is at the lowest level of humanity. To live a long life, man has to fulfil his needs and to fulfil his needs, he is dependent upon others. He is dependent upon others for his security, food, education, many types of services etc.

We can call a man social animal on these three bases :
1. Man is social by nature. First of all, man is social by nature. Man cannot live alone. No one can develop in a proper way by living outside the society. Many Sociologists have experimented on this that the children who develop by living beyond the societies cannot develop properly. Even one child of 17 years of age cannot walk properly. Even after giving him education he was unable to live like a simple man. Like this one more case came in our notice.

In 1920, two children were found in a den of wolf. Out of those two, one died sometimes after their discovery but second behaved in a strange way. He was not able to walk like humans, eat like humans and even talk like humans. He walked on all two hands and legs like animals, he did not have any language, and that’s why he crawled like wolves. After that when some loveable attitude was adopted for him then only he was able to learn social habits and behaviour.

Another case was experimented in America with an orphan child. No one was aware about his parents. He was kept alone in a room from the age of six months. At the age of 5 years it was seen that the child was unable to talk and walk and even he was afraid of humans. All these examples show that man is social by nature.

Humans can develop properly only in that condition when they live in society and share their life with other humans. From these examples we can see that those children had the capacity like humans but in the absence of social contact they were not developed socially. Society is a thing which fulfils the needs of nature of man. It is not a thing forced by God but man is social by nature.

2. Necessity makes a man social. Man lives in society because he needs a lot from the society. If he will not cooperate with other members of society then most of his needs will not be fulfilled. Every human is the result of mutual relation of men and women. Child grows in the presence of his parents and he learns a lot while living with his parents. Child is totally dependent upon society for his existence. If the society will not give security to a newly born baby then that baby will not be able to live for more than one day. Child of a man is so helpless that he needs help of society.

We can fulfill his needs of eating, wearing and living because we all live in society and all of our needs can be fulfilled only by living in society. From the given examples we can see that those children who were brought up by animals, were behaving like animals. For the physical and mental development of man society is necessary. Only then a person can be called a human when he lives in society. Hunger forces the person to make relations with others. That’s why he needs to do some work which forces him to make relations with others. In this way just not because of nature of man but to fulfil his needs man lives in society.

3. Society makes Personality. Man lives in a society to increase his physical and mental conditions. Society protects and preserves cultural heritage so that it can be transmitted to next generation. It also gives us independence so that we can improve our qualities and can change our behaviour, wishes, beliefs, customs etc. Without society the mind of man is just like the mind of child. Our culture and our heritage make our personality because our culture puts a great effect on our personality. Society not only fulfils our physical needs but it also fulfils our mental and psychological needs.

So in this way we can say that man is social by nature. If a man wants to live then he needs society. It is not that for one or two needs he needs a society but for all of his needs and for the development of personality he needs society. Without human society also cannot exist. Society is nothing but is the web of social relationships and relationships can exist only among humans. That’s why they both are dependent upon each other. This relation is not a one sided affair.

They both are necessary for each other’s existence. We cannot call men only an organism and society is not only the means of fulfilling the needs of a man. Society is that without which humans cannot exist and humans are those without which society cannot be formed. Now question arises that whether society is more necessary for humans or humans are more necessary for society. This question is like that question whether hen came first or the egg. Actually all humans are born in society and exactly after their birth they enter the society. No one can be completely individualistic and no one can be completely social. Actually they both are dependent upon each other.

If one will not be there then other’s existence will be in danger. They both are complimentary to each other. Society develops self of an individual. While living in society only, man adopts social habits and becomes social. Thus society cannot be made without humans. To make a society we need at least two humans and relation is necessary between them. In this way society is the web of relationships of humans. Their existence depends upon each other. One’s existence depends upon other’s existence.

In the end we can say that man is a social animal and he can fulfil his needs only by living in society. It is not possible for humans to live alone. For his needs he needs other humans. In the same way society makes a human a social animal. We cannot call him a human until he does not live with other humans. When we call anyone a social animal then it doesn’t mean that he is very intelligent or is very beautiful. He is social animal in the sense that he needs social relations. In this way he cannot live without society.

Question 3.
What do you mean by community? Discuss the characteristics of community in detail.
Answer:
Different types of groups are there in each society. Different names are given to these different groups and community is one of them. Community is a society in itself and is in definite area like any village or city. The day from which man has started to live at one place, from that same day community came into being and from that day till today man is living in community. First of all when man started to do agriculture from that day man started to live in community because he started to live at one place and with this his exchange was started.

The word community has been taken from two Latin words ‘Com’ and ‘Munus’. Meaning of the word Com is ‘to live together’ and the meaning of word Munus is to make. If we will join them then the literal meaning of community is to make jointly. In this way literal meaning of community is that when some people jointly live in a group for the whole life then it is called community.

Characteristics or Elements of Community:
1. We-feeling. Community has this characteristic that it has we-feeling. Because of this we-feeling every member of community cannot differentiate from each other but they believe each other and think that they are one. Everyone believes that he is one of them.

2. Role feeling. The second characteristic of community is that its members have role feeling. In community every one has some status-and role to play and he knows that which work he has to do and what duties he has to do.

3. Dependence. Another important characteristic of a community is that the members of a community depend upon each other for their needs because it is not possible for any one to live alone. Man cannot do all of his functions that’s why he is dependent upon others for most of his different functions.

4. Permanence. Community is permanent. Its members’ are permanent. If any one leaves his community for some time he still belongs to his community. If any one goes abroad and leaves his community then the area of community starts to widen because even after going abroad he never forgets his community. Today man is not a member of just one community. Man is the member of different communities at different times. That’s why it doesn’t matter that to which community he belongs. Community is permanent.

5. Common Life. Community does not have any particular aim. It has just one aim and that is that its members should live an easy life and man spends his life while living in community.

6. Geographical area. Every community has its geographical area in which he lives. Without any particular area community can be formed.

7. Spontaneous birth. Community came into being automatically. Community doesn’t have any particular aim. It is established knowingly. Wherever man starts to live community comes automatically. Community provides all those facilities with which humans can fulfil their needs very easily.

8. Particular Name. A particular name is generally given to community which is necessary for its formation.

Question 4.
Define community. Discuss in which respect Community differs from society.
Answer:
1. According to Maclver and Page, “Wherever the members of any group, small or large, live together in such a way that they share, not this or that particular interest,but the basic conditions of a common life, we call that group a community. The mark of a community is that one’s life may be lived wholly within it. The basic criterion of community then is that all one’s social relationships may be found within it.” .

2. According to Kingsley Davis, “The community is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life. Although the household is a smaller contiguous group, it is also more limited in scope. The community on the other hand is a local group broad enough to include all the major institutions, all the statuses and interests, that make a society. It is the smallest local group that can be and often is a complete society.”

3. According to Bogardus, “A community is a social group with some degree of we-feeling living in a given area.”

4. According to Lundberg, “Community is a human population living within a limited geographical area and carrying on a common independent life.”

5. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Community is the total organization of social life within a limited area.”
In this manner after looking at the definitions of community we can say that the geographical group of humans where they spend’their complete life, is a community. Community has its special features and that is man can spend whole of his life in the community. Man cannot spend his whole life in his office, temple, club etc. but he can spend his whole life in his village or city. In community every type of social relationships are there. ‘

Difference between Community and Society :

1. Society is a group of people which develops automatically and community develops automatically in a particular area.
2. Society does not have any specific geographical area but community does have a specific geographical area.
3. There is no specific name of society but community does have a specific name.
4. Society is based upon social relations, that’s why it is abstract but community is a concrete concept.
5. Each society is not self-dependent but each community is self-dependent in itself and it fulfills all the needs of its members.
6. Members of society do not have any we-feeling but community members do share we-feeling with each other.

Question 5.
Draw a comparison between community and association.
Answer:

1. The community develops spontaneously. It is not formed. Association is formed with special efforts.
2. The community doesn’t have any specific objective. It fulfills the needs of everyone but the association has some definite objective.
3. One person can become a member of one community at a time but a person can become a member of many associations at a time.
4. Membership of a community is necessary but the membership of an association depends upon the wish of the person.
5. A definite geographical area is necessary for a community but it is not necessary for an association.
6. The community has an aim in itself but the association is a means for the attainment of any objective.
7. Community is permanent but the association is temporary.
8. Man takes birth in the community and dies in the community but the man takes part in association to fulfill any of his objectives.
9. The community doesn’t have any Legal Status but the association has some Legal Status.

Question 6.
Discuss the difference between society and association.
Answer:
Association is a group of people that are formed for specific objectives but society is a group of people that develops automatically. Membership of the association is based on an individual’s wish and one can leave its membership after the attainment of his objectives.

But membership in society is not optional. It means one needs to be a member of any society till his death.
Association is a concrete concept because it is based upon individual needs. But society is an abstract system because it is based on social relations which are abstract in nature.

Association is formed with conscious efforts but society develops automatically and no conscious efforts are required in it.
Association has a formal structure that includes Chairman, Secretary, Cashier, Members, etc., and they are elected for a fixed term. But society does not have any formal structure and all the individuals are its members. They cannot leave their membership in any case.

The origin and development of an association is the result of individual .efforts whose specific objectives are attached to it. But society originates when all the people agree to it and no selfish interests are attached to it. Individuals can leave or break the association once” their objectives are achieved. But no one can break society and its existence remains intact.
The origin of an association is related to any objective but the origin of society depends upon social relations.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology  Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each

Question 1.
Who considers Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters?
Answer:
Kroeber considered Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters.

Question 2.
Name a few issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.
Answer:
Capitalism, industrialization, labour relations, globalisation etc. are a few of the issues that are studied both by sociologists and economists.

Question 3.
What are the two areas of the study of Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is Sociology ?
Answer:
Science of society is known as Sociology. In Sociology, groups, institutions, associations, organisationed and human mutual relations are studied and this is done in a scientific way. In simple words, Sociology is the scientific study of society.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Political Science ?
Answer:
Political Science is the science of State and Government. It mainly studies such social groups who attain power in the state. Major aspects of its study are power, political systems, political processes, types and functions of government, inter¬state relations, constitution etc.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Physical Anthropology ?
Answer:
Physical Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which mainly deals with origin and development of man, their description and the changes coming in their physical features. It studies the physical features of early man and tries to understand ancient and modern cultures.

Question 4.
What is Cultural Anthropology ?
Answer:
Cultural Anthropology is the branch of Anthropology which deals with the origin and development of culture and gradually the changes come in it. This branch of Anthropology also studies how different institutions of human society come into being.

Question 5.
What is Economics ?
Answer:
Economics is related with the economic activites of different individuals in a society. It tells us about our prevailing resoures and the methods to save our depleting resources. It is also related with production, consumption, distribution and exchange.

Question 6.
What is History ?
Answer:
History is the study of past events. It deals with dates, events and conflicts prevailing over the time. It is mainly related with past events and their impact on society. History is also known as microscope of past, horoscope of present and telescope of future.

Answer the following long answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Bring out two ‘differences between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer:
(i) Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
(ii) Sociology studies organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
(iii) The subject matter of sociology is quite large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
(iv) Sociology is a general science and Political Science is a special science.

Question 2.
What is the relationship between Sociology and History ? Mention two points.
Answer:
History is the study of the past human society. It explains human society in a sequence starting from early man till today. Only after studying history, we may come to know how did social institutions, relations, customs etc. originate. Sociology is the study of present society. In Sociology, social relations, traditions, customs, institutions, cultures etc. are studied.

So, Sociology studies present social institutions, relations etc. If we observe the relations between the-both, we can say that History studies every aspect of past society, but Sociology studies the same aspects of present society. Both the sciences need each other’s help in their study which they cannot do in each other’s absence. .

Question 3.
Discuss in brief the relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
Anthropology takes the help of Sociology to understand its culture and social actions. Anthropologists have made many hypotheses on the base of knowledge of modern society and on this base it has studied the ancient Societies in quite a better way. Culture is a part of every society. We cannot imagine any society without culture. To get knowledge about cuture, Anthropology depends upon Sociology. Except this it also studies the social and cultural elements which produce collective stability and produce division in society.

Question 4.
How is Sociology associated with Economics ? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
We have to take help of social facts to solve any economic problem. For example, to know the solution of the problem of unemployment, economics can tell only economic reasons but social aspect gives its views to solve it that .the main reason of the problem of unemployment is the degradation of social values. That’s why economic activities are the result of social interactions. Economics takes help of Sociology to understand these social interactions.

Many famous economists have studied the social sector after studying the economic sector. Whenever Sociology has to study the reason of break up of social relations or society from individual point of view then it has. to take help of economics. ‘The economics gives many reasons like increasing importance of Money. Except this economic factor is related with many of the social problems. To remove these problems from the Society it has to take help from economics.

Question 5.
Discuss the relationship between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Psychology gives its help to Sociologists to solve many problems of modern and complex society. Psychology studies the ancient primitive societies and helps Sociology to understand modern society. In this way Sociology is dependent upon the data and knowledge collected by Psychology. In this way Psychology gives a lot to Sociology.

Psychology needs the help of subject matter of Sociology to study individual behaviour. No person can live out of society. Even Aristotle has said that man is a social animal. To understand the mental actions of a person Psychologist needs to study his social conditions. In this way to know about individual behaviour it needs help of Sociology.

Question 6.
How Sociology and Political Science are interrelated ? Explain in brief.
Answer:
Whenever political scientists make a law, they always keep social conditions in mind. It is so because if the government makes a law without the social approval, people take the course of movement which becomes a hinderance in the way of social progress. That’s why Political Scientists always depend upon the Sociologists.

No society can develop without control. Political institutions keep control over society. The help of political institutions was required to remove many evils from our society, such as Poloygamy, Sati-system, no-widow remarriage. In this way to bring social change Sociologists are required to take the help from the Political Scientists.

Question 7.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Anthropology.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies economic system, political system, etc. in its own way. It means that it studies social strucutre, social organization and disorganization. But Social Anthropology studies every aspect of a society such as political, economic system, social structure, religion, art etc. and it studies any ’society completely as a whole.

(ii) Anthropology keeps itself to the study of problem only but Sociology moves forward in the future and tries to give the solution of that problem.

(iii) Sociology is related with social relationship but Anthropology is related with the completness of the society. In this way they both are different in their subject matter.

Question 8.
Discuss in brief the difference between Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.

(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big. But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited. .

(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

Question 9.
Differentiate between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:

1. Psychology studies the minds of humans and Sociology is related the group.
2. Point of view of Psychology is individual but point of view of Sociology is Social.
3. Psychology uses Experimental method but Sociology uses Historical and comparative methonds.
4. Sociology studies human behaviour from social point of view but Psychology studies human behaviour from psychological point of view.
5. Scope of Sociology is quite large but scope of Psychology is quite limited.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Sociology and History in brief.
Answer:

1. Sociology is an abstract science because it studies the social processes and relations which are abstract but History is a concrete science. It studies the social phenomenon which occurs due to social processes and relations.
2. They both are using different methods. Sociology uses comparative method but History uses descriptive method.
3. Units of both the Sciences are different. Sociology’s unit of analysis is a human group but History gives emphasis on the study of human events.

Answer the following long answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
How is Sociology different from other social sciences ? Discuss any two in detail.
Answer:
We can divide sciences into two parts :
1. Natural Sciences
2. Social Sciences.

1. Natural sciences are those sciences which are related with biological and natural phenomena; for example, Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Botany etc.

2. Social sciences are those sciences which are related with phenomena, processes, methods of human society; like, Economics, Political Science, Psychology, History, Anthropology. All these sciences scientifically study human behaviour. Sociology and other social sciences are related with the study of human society yet their point of view of study is different. These all are different from each other as well as they are inter-related. They all study society. They all are dependent upon each other as well as interrelated.

Our life is very complex. Human life is related with many directions. When Sociology wants to study any society then it needs the help of Economics and Political Science. For example, Economics tells us about production, distribution, consumption, etc. History tells us about old things. Sociology has been able to study widely with their help. That’s why it is known as mother of all social sciences.

Except this different sociologists have different views about the subject of Sociology. Some are of the view that Sociology is an independent science but some are of the view that Sociology is synthesis of other social sciences. Herbert Spencer was of the view that Sociology cannot be completely separated from other social sciences because it uses subject matters of all the social sciences.

Maclver has also written in his book ‘Society’ that we cannot study all the social sciences by completely separating from each other. According to him, “Sociology is about social relationships, the network of relationships we call society.” According to these scholars, Sociology doesn’t have its own independent identity. In fact it is the synthesis of other sciences.

Some sociologists accept it as an independent science. Sociologists like Giddings and Ward are of the opinion that Sociology is dependent upon sociological laws to understand its subject matter. But when it studies whole society then it needs to study the subject matter of other social sciences.

According to Barnes, “Sociology is regarded neither as the mistress nor as the handmaid of the social sciences but as their sister.”In this way we can see that any other social science does not study institutions, processes, relations but are studied only by Sociology. In this way Sociology studies whole of the social life. It has its own subject matter. Other social sciences do not study those aspects which it does.

From this description we come to conclusion that if Sociology takes help of other social sciences then it doesn’t mean that it just takes help and does not give help. In short, we can say that to find the solution of any problem, it is not possible for any social science to find it alone. If the problem is related with economic factor then economist cannot find its solution alone but it has to take help of other social sciences. That’s why all the social sciences are inter-related but their subject matter is different from each other.

Question 1.
Difference between Sociology and Economics :
Answer:
(i) Sociology studies the different parts of Society and Economics studies only the economic part of Society. Units of Sociology are two or more than two persons but the unit of Economics is one person and his economic activities.

(ii) Sociology is a general science but Economics is a special science. Sociology uses historical, comparative methods but Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

(iii) Subject matter of both the Sciences is different. Sociology gives a clear picture of different parts of Society. That’s why its area is very big, But Economics is limited only to the study of economic part of Society and that’s why its subject matter is limited.

(iv) Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, and Economics uses inductive and deductive methods.

Question 2.
Difference between Sociology and Political Science :
Answer:

• Sociology is the study of society and social relations as Political Science is a science of State and Government.
• Sociology stuthes organised, unorganised and unsystamatic societies but Political Science mainly concentrates on the politically organised societies.
• The subject matter of sociology is quite Large and unlimited but the scope of Political Science is quite limited.
• Sociology is a eneral sciencŒ and Political Science is a special science.

Question 2.
Write a detailed note on the relationship between Sociology and History.
Answer:
History and Sociology both study the human society. History prepares a description of main events from ancient times till today’s human society and describes it as a story in a proper sequence. Sociology and History both study human society. Actually Sociology is originated from History. In Sociology a historical method is used which has been taken from History.

History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.

History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.

History studies past time of human society. It prepares sequel description of human society from ancient times till today. History does not explain only ‘what was’ but it also analyses ‘how it happened’. That’s why after stu3dying history we come to know that how society originated and how relations, customs, institutions etc. came in this. In this way history is related with our past times that is what, why and how any thing happened in our past times.

On contrary to this Sociology studies present human society. It studies social relationships, their forms, customs, traditions, institutions etc. With this Sociology also studies human culture and different forms of culture. In this way Sociology studies different relationships and institutions of present society.

From this description it is clear that History studies every aspect of past society and Sociology does that same work in present sqciety. Contribution of History to Sociology. Sociology uses the material given by History. Human society is the web of social relationships which are coming from ancient times. We have to go to the past to study and understand them. Origin of life, ways, every thing is the part of past. For their study Sociology takes help of History because we can get knowledge of social facts only from History. That’s why to understand present we need the help of History.

In Sociology comparative method is used to compare different institutions. For this we need historical material.In the study of ‘social fact’ Durkheim used information given by history. Actually the help of history is required by those sociologists who use comparative method in their study.

Different social institutions are influencing each other. Because of these effects changes come in them. To see these changes we need to see the effect of other institutions. Historical material helps us to understand this. In short to understand social conditions, sociologist is completely dependent upon history. That’s why a new branch of Sociology-Historical Sociology has been developed.

Contribution of Sociology to History. History also uses the material given by Sociology. Modern history has included some of the sociological concepts in its subject matter. That’s why a new branch of ‘Social History’ has been developed. Social History is not the study of any king but is the study of evolution of any institution and the changes which came in this. In this way History borrows that thing from Sociology now which earlier it was borrowing from Philosophy.

Difference between Sociology and History. It is right that they both are inter-related but they both are different from each other. Their main

differences are given below :
1. Difference in outlook. Both these subjects study same subject matter from different point of views. History explains the war but Sociology studies those processes which were behind the war. Sociologist explains those phenomenon from social point of view. In this way History gives stress on past societies and Sociology gives stress on present. ‘

2. Difference in subject matter. Subject matter of Sociology is very wide as compared to Histoy’s subject matter. History studies some of the special events but Sociology studies general phenomenon or laws. History only tells us that why anything happened but Sociology is interested in the inter-relations of different phenomena and then tries to tell the reason of that phenomenon.

3. Difference in methods. Comparative method is used in Sociology but History uses descriptive method. History explains any phenomenon and studies the different stages of its development for which descriptive method is oppropriate. On contrary to this after studying any phenomenon in different times and countries, Sociology establishes the laws of change of that phenomenon. In this way we can say that there is a lot of difference in the methods of History and Sociology.

4. Difference in Units. The unit of analysis of Sociology is human society and group but History stresses on the study of functions and events of humans.

Question 3.
Why is sociological understanding necessary for political scientists ?
Answer:
Sociology and Political Science both are deeply related with each other. Both are interrelated with each other. According to Plato and Aristotle, both state and society are one and the same thing. Later on their meanings were differentiated and then Political Science was confined only with the functions of state.

At the same time after 1850 Sociology had made its own subject matter and it was also differentiated from Political Science. Political Science studies the origin and development of state, organization of state, administrative system of government and functions related with institution. It studies the groups and institutions related with political life of a person.

Political Science studies the political life of a person and the related institutions. It also studies the origin and development of state, characteristics, organization of state, government and its administrative system and the institutions related to the state. In this way Political Science studies only political relations.

On the other side Sociology studies social relations, different forms of relations, groups, customs, norms, structures, institutions and their inter-relations, mores, traditions, etc. Political Science studies the politics which means state and government and on the other side Sociology studies the main agencies of social control i.e. political institutions. These both sciences study the entire society. Sociology looks at the state as political institution and Political Science looks it in the form of law and organization of state.

Contribution of Sociology to Political Science. Political Science considers a person as a political person but it never tells us that how and when he becomes political. For this Political Science takes help of Sociology. If Political Science takes help of the rules of Sqciology then it can make studies related to a person very easy and correct. When Political Science is making its policies then it has to keep in mind the social values and social ideals. While making laws, political science has to keep in mind the social conditions of society.

Our social customs, traditions, values, culture etc. are made to control the members of society and to run the society in an organized way. But when these are accepted by government then they become laws. For example, we can see that different countries have different customs. Status of women was very low in India.

People tried to change this custom. When some leaders tried to uplift the status of women with some movements then many laws were made to uplift the status of women. It was so because social sanctions were there behind these movements. Actually we cannot overlook the social traditions and customs while making laws for society.

Sometimes public movements come into being due to laws made by government. When government tries to overlook the customs made by society then the society moves toward the situation of social disorganization which can create obstacles in the way of social progress. Political Science depends upon Sociology to know about social conditions or customs. We can solve many problems of society with the help of laws.

So from the given description it is clear that Political Science needs a lot of help of Sociology to study its subject matter. It helps in social progress, development and maintenance of organization. But it doesn’t mean that only Sociology gives help to Political Science. In fact Political Science also gives help to Sociology.

Question 4.
How does Psychology influence Sociology ?
Answer:
Sociology and Psychology both are deeply inter-related. They both study behaviour of man. According to Cretch and Cretchfield, “Social Psychology is the science of behaviour of the man in the society.” In short, Sociology studies the social relations and Psychology studies mental relationships. Now we will see literal meaning of Social Psychology.

Social Psychology studies individual behaviour. It means that whatever effect of society is exerted on mental part, Psychology studies it. To understand individual behaviour it is not necessary to see its social circumstances but it is necessary to see Neuro Glandular system. Mind, Reflection, Learning, Love, Hatred, Emotions and these are mental processes which are actually studied by Social Psychology. Sociology studies, scientifically, these social processes.

These both sciences are very inter-related. According to Maclver, “Sociology in special gives aid to Psychology just as Psychology gives special aid to Sociology.” According to Allport, “Social Psychology is the study of the behaviour of the individuals in their reactions with other individuals and the behaviour through which individuals stimulate one another in such situations.”

According to Kimbal Young, “We might say that while our major emphasis is on the individual in interaction with others, such interactions can only be understood within the social life and cultural matrix in which they occur.” From this given description we can say that the base of scientific study of social phenomenon is Psychology and we can observe it directly. So in this way they both are inter-related and that’s why a new branch of Psychology called ‘Social Psychology’ came into being.

Contribution of Psychology to Sociology. In Sociology we study social relationships. To understand social relationships, we need to understand human behaviour because the mental and physical needs of a man affect his relationships with other humans. Psychology studies these mental processes, thoughts, ideas of mind minutely. To understand behaviour of man and society, Sociology needs the help of Psychology.

For this branch of Psychology, Social Psychology is very helpful which studies experiences, behaviour and personality, of humans, in the social context. Sociologists are also of the view that psychological bases are very important to understand the changes of society. Ip this way we can say that to understand the society we need to understand behaviour of man which is the work of Psychology.