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PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture

October 23, 2024October 22, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 5 Culture

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What differentiates humans and animals?
(a) Culture
(b) Group
(c) a + b
(d) Any group
Answer:
(a) Culture

2. What is transmitted from one generation to another?
(a) Society
(b) Scooter
(c) Culture
(d) Car
Answer:
(c) Culture

3. What is not necessary for the diffusion of culture?
(a) Breaking up of the country
(b) Conflict
(c) Cultural barrier
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Cultural barrier

4. What is necessary for Sanskritisation?
(a) Values of group
(b) Psychological preparation
(c) Collective Culture
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Psychological preparation

5. Which sociologist divided culture into material and non-material aspects?
(a) Ogburn
(b) Giddings
(c) Maclver
(d) Parsons
Answer:
(a) Ogburn

6. Non-material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Abstract

7. Material culture is
(a) Concrete
(b) Concrete and abstract
(c) Abstract
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Concrete

8. When did Ogburn use the word ‘Culture Lag’?
(a) 1911
(b) 1921
(c) 1931
(d) 1941
Answer:
(b) 1921

9. What is the developed form of culture?
(a) Civilisation
(b) Material culture
(c) Country and society
(d) Non-material culture.
Answer:
(a) Civilisation

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. said that culture is a complete way of living life.
Answer:
Klied Kulkkohan

2. There are …………… parts of culture.
Answer:
two

3. Ideas, ideals, values, etc. are the examples of …………… culture.
Answer:
non-material

4. …………… are the rules which are expected to be obeyed by everyone.
Answer:
Values

5. The concept of cultural lag was given by ……………..
Answer:
William F. Ogburn

6. ………………. is transmitted from one generation to another.
Answer:
Culture

7. Chair, table, car, etc. are the examples of …………….. culture.
Answer:
material

True/False:

Question 1.
Who said that “Man is a social animal.”?
Answer:
These words are of Aristotle.

Question 2.
What differentiates humans from animals?
Answer:
Humans have a culture but animals don’t have.

Question 3.
In what type of environment man lives?
Answer:
Man lives in two types of environment-natural and man-made.

Question 4.
What is culture?
Answer:
Whatever man has achieved till today is his culture.

Question 5.
Of which thing, culture is the result?
Answer:
Culture is the result of interactions between humans.

Question 6.
How many types of culture are there?
Answer:
Culture is of two types—material and non-material culture.

Question 7.
What is material culture?
Answer:
The things which we can see or touch are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What can we include in material culture?
Answer:
Books, chairs, tables, fans, planes, T.V., cars, etc. can be included in material culture.

Question 9.
What is non-material culture?
Answer:
All the things which we can’t see or touch are part of non-material culture.

Question 10.
What can we include in non-material culture?
Answer:
Ideas, norms, values, traditions, etc. can be included in this culture.

Question 11.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is known as civilization.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Our ways of living, philosophy, ideas, machines, etc. all the material and non-material things are part of the culture. All these things are created and used by us. So, culture is that on which we can think upon, work upon, and can keep with us.

Question 2.
Give two features of culture.
Answer:

Culture is transmitted from one generation to another as children from their parents’ behavior.
Culture fulfills human needs because if anything is invented, it is used by every day.

Question 3.
What is civilization?
Answer:
The developed form of culture is civilization. All the material and useful things that help humans to win over the natural environment and to control nature are part of civilization.

Question 4.
What is Acculturation?
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two cultures come in contact and if not all then adopt most of each other’s traits. After adopting each other’s most of traits, many changes come in them.

Question 5.
What is Cultural Pattern?
Answer:
When elements and cultural families come in contact and get related to each other, a cultural pattern is formed. Each cultural pattern is having a role to play in society, such as traditions.

Question 6.
What is Subculture?
Answer:
Each specific group has a few cultural traits. Hindus have a particular culture and Hindu culture is a part of Indian culture. This one aspect of culture, which is based on certain characteristics, is known as sub-culture.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is culture?
Answer:
Culture is the main characteristic of human society which differentiates it from animal society. Man becomes a social human because of culture and it differentiates one person from another, one group from another, and one community from another. We include all those things in the culture which a man learns and adopts in this human society like customs, values, laws, ways of wearing, music, language, literature, knowledge, ideas, folkways, mores, etc. All these things which are included in social heritage are known as culture.

Question 2.
Is culture abstract?
Answer:
Culture is concrete as well as abstract. In this material things like chairs, tables, scooters, cars are part of material culture and are concrete things. But when we are talking about values, customs, traditions, then these are part of non-material culture. They are abstract because we cannot see them. So we can say that culture is concrete as well as abstract.

Question 3.
Characteristics of culture.
Answer:

Culture is transmitted from one generation to another.
Culture is social.
Culture can be learned.
Culture fulfills the needs of society.
Changes often come in culture.
Culture maintains the social system of society.
Every society has its own culture.
Material and non-material things are also included in culture.

Question 4.
How culture is social?
Answer:
Culture is social because neither one man can make the whole culture and nor it is the property of anyone. When anyone invents anything then this invention is not his personal thing but becomes property of society because that thing will be used by the whole society. In this way, different things of culture are used by society. In this way, the universality of that thing is an essential element of culture. So culture is not individual but is social.

Question 5.
Culture is learned behavior.
Answer:
Culture is learned by humans were: It is not a biological quality that a man gets from his parents by birth. Man learns culture by Socialization. No one brings thoughts and ideas by birth but he learns them by interacting “with other persons of society. Every type of work is learned by society. From this, it is clear that culture is a learned behavior.

Question 6.
Ogburn’s views about culture.
Answer:
According to Ogburn, Social heritage is culture and it is of two types.

Material Culture: All those things are included in a Material culture which can be seen and can be touched like cloth, table, chair, car, machine, etc.
Non-material Culture: All those things are included in Non-material culture which cannot be seen and cannot be touched like ideals, traditions, values, etc.

According to Ogburn, “It is necessary to differentiate between material and non-material culture for analysis. But here one thing should be kept in mind that they are the interrelated parts of social institutions and society.

Question 7.
What is Material Culture?
Answer:
The meaning of material culture is by that cultural thing which has been made by man. This culture is concrete because we can see it and can touch it like T.V., scooter, car, chair, table, plane, etc. All these things are concrete and are part of material culture.

Question 8.
What is Non-Material Culture?
Answer:
Non-material culture is that culture in which all those things are included which are abstract. We can neither see them nor touch them. We can only feel them like traditions, customs, values, skills, norms, etc. All these things are abstract and that’s why they are included in Non-material culture.

Question 9.
Cultural lag.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, change in different parts of culture never comes at the same speed. The speed of change of one part is more as compared to the other. But culture is a system. It is made up of many parts. Its different parts are inter-connected and inter-related. This system of culture can be maintained if the change in all parts of culture will come at the same speed. Actually what happens is that if one part of culture is changed due to any invention then another part of the culture, which depends upon that part, also changes. But the change in the second part comes very late. How much time will this second part will take, depends upon the nature of the second part. This lateness goes on for many years because of which problem comes in the system. This lagging behind one part from another is known as cultural lag.

Question 10.
Civilization.
Answer:
Culture has two parts—material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included which we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture all those things are included which we cannot touch and see, only can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals,s, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organization, with the help of which man has won over nature and the natural environment and controlled them, is known as civilization.

Question 11.
The difference in culture and civilization.
Answer:

Civilization always develops but culture never develops.
Civilization can be adopted without any change, but not the culture.
Culture is internal and civilization is external.
Civilization can be measured but not culture.
Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture.

Question 12.
Acculturation.
Answer:
Acculturation is a process in which people of two different cultures come in direct contact with each other and adopt most of the elements of each other. With this process of adoption of elements, many changes come in both cultures.

Question 13.
Cultural Pluralism.
Answer:
Cultural Pluralism is the next form of acculturation. When two cultures come in contact with each other then they transmit each other’s elements and slowly and slowly they accommodate with-each other. But in this process of accommodation one thing is important and that is these both cultures have the permission to maintain the elements of their own culture with the elements of other cultures. This condition is known as cultural pluralism.

Long Answer Type Question:

Question 1.
What is civilization? What is the difference between culture and civilization? Write in detail.
Answer:
Culture has two parts: material and non-material. In material culture, all those things are included that we can touch and see like table, chair, machine, book, building, car, plane, etc. In non-material culture, all those things are included which we cannot touch and see but can feel like thoughts, feelings, religion, rituals, ideals, etc. Material culture is concrete and non-material culture is abstract. We can take out the meaning of civilization from this. The useful things, tools, or organizations, with the help of which man has won over the nature and natural environment, are known as civilization. All these things are part of our culture. Civilization is known as the developed form of culture. In culture, all those things are included which man has achieved from the beginning till today. But civilization is that with which man becomes modern.

To know about the exact meaning of civilization let us See the definitions of civilization given by different sociologists.

According to Fichter, “Civilized people are those people who are sedentary, literate and complex in their behavior.”
According to Weber, “In civilization, all those useful material things and the methods of their formation and usage are included.”
According to Ogburn and NimkofT, “Civilization may be defined as the later phase of the superorganic.”
From this definition, it is clear that according to Ogburn and Nimkoff, civilization is the later and developed form of culture.
According to. Giffen, “A culture becomes a civilization only when it possesses written language, science, philosophy, a specialized division of labor and a complex technology and political system.”
According to Gillin and Gillin, “The more or complex and developed form of culture is civilization.”
According to Maclver and Page, “Civilization is the mean of fulfilling needs.” Maclver says that civilization is the material culture and in this, all those things are included which are useful. In this way again according to Maclver, “Meaning of civilization is from all the mechanism and organization planned by man to control useful things and conditions of life.”

In this way, after looking at these definitions we can say that the developed form of culture is civilization and according to sociologists civilization is the higher level of culture. But here one problem comes and that problem is that Maclver and Page do not agree that only material things are part of civilization. According to him the development of intellectual, religious thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. should also be part of the culture.

According to Maclver and Page, all these things which were made by man like machines, cars, banks, money, building, etc. are part of civilization but all these things are developed by keeping in mind the social conditions of society. That’s why the things like religion, art, philosophy, literature, feelings should also be included in culture. In this way according to him, material things made by man are civilization and man-made non-material things are culture.

Difference between Culture and Civilization:

1. Civilization always develops but not culture. If we compare ancient society and modern society then it will be clear that civilization develops but not the culture. We can say that development came in machines, cars, motors but we cannot say that religion, art, ideas are also developed which are part of non-material culture. We can’t say that views of today’s people, religion, ideals, feelings are more higher and developed than the people of earlier societies. Maybe not. So in this way we can say that civilization develops but not the culture.

2. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. Civilization can be adopted without any change but not the culture. We can transmit any machine, tractor, motor car from one generation to another but is it possible with ideas, norms, religion, etc? Maybe not. Ideas, religion, ideals cannot be adopted without any change because when we transmit ideas, religion, ideals to next-generation then the change is necessary. For example, there is a lot of difference between Indian Christians and European Christians.

3. Culture is internal and Civilization is external. In civilization, a number of external things are included and that’s why it is concrete. In culture, many internal things of humans are included like ideas, feelings, religion, ideals, ways of behavior. That’s why it is internal and abstract. Civilization expresses culture.

4. Civilization can be measured but not culture. Civilization can be measured but not culture. All the things coming into civilization are useful for us and that’s why they can be measured on the basis of specific units. But the things which are coming in a culture like ideals, religion, ways of behavior, feelings cannot be measured on any unit because we have not made any unit to measure them. In this way, we can say that civilization can be measured but not culture.

5. Civilization can be passed on without effort but not the culture. In civilization, all those things are included which ard used by a man. Because they are related with external life of man therefore there is no” need of any special effort to transmit it to next-generation or to another country. But culture is opposite to that. Culture is related to all those things which are not external but internal to’ us and no one can see them. If it will not be transmitted to others then these will come to an end with that man only. That is why to transmit them from one person to another we need special efforts. Civilization can be adopted without any special effort but culture cannot be adopted without any specific effort.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups

October 23, 2024October 22, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 4 Social Groups

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is not the feature of Primary Groups?
(a) Stability
(b) Formal relations
(c) Individual relations
(d) Small in size
Answer:
(b) Formal relations

2. What is the social importance of Primary Groups?
(a) They play an important role in socialisation
(b) An individual gets security in primary groups
(c) They are the important means of social control
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. What does not exist in secondary groups?
(a) Primary control
(b) Competition
(c) Formal control
(d) Individualism
Answer:
(a) Primary control

4. Primary groups are ……………. in size.
(a) large
(b) indefinite
(c) small
(d) unlimited
Answer:
(c) small

5. Which of these is the feature of social groups?
(a) Own structure of the groups
(b) Group- an organisation of individuals
(c) Functional division of society
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. Family is a type of ………………
(a) Outgroup
(b) Secondary group
(c) Primary group
(d) Conscious group
Answer:
(c) Primary group

7. Which of these is large in size?
(a) Primary group
(b) Secondary group
(c) Conscious group
(d) Unconscious group
Answer:
(b) Secondary group

8. Which of these is a primary group?
(a) Peer group
(b) Play group
(c) Family
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

9. Which of these is a secondary group?
(a) Trade union
(b) Political party
(c) Group of scientists
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

10. What is necessary among the members of a primary group?
(a) Physical proximity
(b) Formal relation
(c) Social system
(d) Conflict
Answer:
(a) Physical proximity

11. Which of these groups is quite helpful in socialisation?
(a) Reference groups
(b) Horizontal groups
(c) Secondary groups
(d) Unconscious groups
Answer:
(c) Secondary groups

Fill in the Blanks:

1. ……………. gave the classification of In group and Out group.
Answer:
Summer

2. …………….. is an important example of In group.
Answer:
Family

3. The concept of reference group was given by ………………
Answer:
Robert Merton

4. Members of a group have ……………. feeling.
Answer:
We

5. Groups that are quite close to an individual are known as ……………… groups.
Answer:
primary

6. Membership of …………….. group is taken when required.
Answer:
secondary

7. …………… groups have a formal organisation.
Answer:
Secondary

True/False:

1. Group of people, who have relations among them, is known as a social group.
Answer:
True

2. There is no need for relations in groups.
Answer:
False

3. The Classification of primary and secondary groups is given by cooley.
Answer:
True

4. There is no physical proximity in primary groups.
Answer:
False

5. Membership of secondary groups is taken to achieve certain goals.
Answer:
True

6. Formal relations are there in secondary groups.
Answer:
True

7. Close relations are there in primary groups.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
What do we call if 10 persons stand together at a place?
Answer:
It will be just aggregate of people.

Question 2.
What is group?
Answer:
Aggregate of individuals who have social relations among them is known as group.

Question 3.
What is necessary for a group?
Answer:
Relations between humans are necessary to become a group.

Question 4.
What is the importance of group?
Answer:
Group fulfills all the needs of individuals.

Question 5.
Give one definition of social group.
Answer:
According to Maclver, “By group we mean any collection of human beings”.

Question 6.
Who used the term ‘Reference Group’?
Answer:
H.H. Hyman was the first to use the term ‘Reference Group’.

Question 7.
Who gave the classification of primary and secondary groups?
Answer:
This classification was given by Charles Herton Cooley.

Question 8.
What type of relations are there in primary groups?
Answer:
Primary groups have close, intimate and informal relations.

Question 9.
Give any feature of primary groups.
Answer:
People have physical proximity. They are small in size and permanent.

Question 10.
Give examples of primary groups.
Answer:
Family, neighourhood, play groups are the examples of primary groups.

Question 11.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
Such groups whose membership is taken to achieve certain objective is known as secondary group.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Social Group.
Answer:
In Sociology, a group is a collection of similar people who have relations among them based on action-reaction, common objectives, personal interests etc. They are very much connected with each other.

Question 2.
Definition of Social Group.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.”

Question 3.
Meaning of we-feeling.
Answer:
Members of a group have we-feeling among them and as a result, they help each other. That’s why a feeling of affinity develops among them and they protect each other’s interests.

Question 4.
Similarity of behaviour in group.
Answer:
Members of a social group have similarity of behaviour among them because they have common ideals, habits, views etc. So, their behaviour is quite similar to each other and they never work against each other.

Question 5.
Cooley’s classification of Primary Groups.
Answer:
Charles Herton Cooley gave three types of primary groups:

Family
Play Group
Neighbourhood.

Question 6.
What are primary groups?
Answer:
The groups which are quite close to us, in which we interact on daily basis and with which we have physical proximity are known as primary groups. These are small in size and have informal relations.

Question 7.
Give one feature of primary groups.
Answer:
Primary groups are small in size so people know each other very well. People have regular contacts and they have close and informal relations among them. It greatly affects their relations.

Question 8.
What are secondary groups?
Answer:
These groups are large in size. People do not have physical proximity. They hardly know each other personally and formal relations exist among them. These are known as secondary groups.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Meaning of Social group.
Answer:
The meaning of Social group is the contact and relation of one person with other people. If some persons will stand at one place then they cannot be called as a group because there is one conscious condition in the group. In this only physical proximity is not there but mutual feeling and relations are also necessary and members should have commonness, common consciousness and common interests are necessary.

Question 2.
Name the book of Cooley and his classification of the group.
Answer:
Charles Horton Cooley has written a book called ‘Social Organization’ and in this book, he has classified groups in two parts:

Primary groups: Members have closed and informal relations in them.
Secondary groups: Members have formal relations in them.

Question 3.
Classification of Sumner of Social group.
Answer:
Sumner has written his book ‘Folk Ways’ and has given the classification of the group in this way.

In group and we group: These are those groups of which person is the member and he thinks them as his group like my city, my home etc.
Outgroup and the group: It is that group of which person is not the member and whom he thinks to be external like other’s house, other’s community, other’s country etc.

Question 4.
The elements of a social group.
Answer:

The similarity of aims. Members of these groups are tied with each other to attain the common aims of the group.
Two or more than two individuals. In a group collection, two or more two groups exist. A person cannot make a group.

Question 5.
Classification of groups given by Dwight Sanderson.
Answer:

Voluntary group. Voluntary groups are those groups in which a person takes membership according to his wish and whenever he wants, he can leave membership of this group.
Involuntary group. Involuntary groups are those groups in which a person cannot select himself. It means that this group is not according to the wish of men like family, caste, race etc.
Delegate group. In these groups, a person takes part as the representative of the people.

Question 6.
Primary Group.
Answer:
According to Cooley, “By primary groups, I mean those characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation. They are primary in several senses but chiefly in that they are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual. The result of intimate association is a certain confusion of individualities in a common whole, so that one’s very self, for many purposes of least, is the common life and purpose of the group. Perhaps the simplest way of describing this wholeness is by saying that it is a ‘fae. It involves the sort of sympathy and mutual identification for which ‘we’ is the natural expression.

Question 7.
Importance of Primary groups.
Answer:

Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man.
A man comes to know about himself in the primary group.
They are very important in the personality development of an individual.
Individual gets protection only in these groups.
Primary groups are the important base of social control.
The psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups.
Members of these groups are freely related to each other.

Question 8.
Secondary Groups.
Answer:
In modern society, the needs of the persons have been increased up to the extent that man cannot fulfil his needs by becoming members of the primary groups alone. He has to take membership of other secondary groups. The aim of a person is to achieve his objective. Formal relations exist in them and they are large in size. These are known as secondary groups,

Question 9.
Characteristics of Secondary groups,
Answer:

The area of these groups is wide because the number of members of these groups is quite big.
These groups have been made to achieve any specific purpose.
Members have indirect relations in secondary groups.
Formal organization is there in these groups and some specific rules have been made for these groups.
Relations in these groups are formal and indirect.
Membership is optional and a man can leave his membership at any time.

Question 10.
Importance of Secondary groups.
Answer:

Secondary groups satisfy different needs.
These groups develop the personality of an individual.
These groups contribute to social progress.
Secondary groups make the outlook wider.
They are helpful in cultural development.

Question 11.
Out Group.
Answer:
People generally use the term ‘They group’ to denote out-group. These are the groups of which an individual is not the member and consider them unknown or out-group. Generally, while living in society, an individual is associated with many members and he considers them as in-groups. But the group with which he is not connected is out group for him. So we can say that the out-groups are other groups with which one is not directly attached. The organisation of such groups is quite loose and unorganised. In comparison to in groups, such groups are of no importance for him. These groups are versal and exist everywhere.

Question 12.
Membership Group.
Answer:
If we need to understand the meaning of the reference group, we need to understand the meaning of the membership group. An individual is a member of any group and he participates in its activities by considering it as his own group. This group is his membership group. Everyone is a member of any group and as a member of this group, he considers it as his own. He even grasps the group’s ideas, values etc. He even starts to consider himself as an indispensable part of this group. His every activity is according to the values of this group. Values, ideals of the group become a part of his identity and while evaluating others, he keeps such ideals in mind. In this way, he is a member of this group.

Question 13.
Reference Group.
Answer:
An individual is a member of any group and this group is a membership group for him. Sometimes it is observed that his behaviour is not according to the values of his membership group but is according to the ideals, values of any other group. Here the question arises that why is this so? As a result, the concept of a reference group came into being. Actually, most individuals are influenced by the ways, values, ideals of any other group. He tries to grasp the values, ideals of the other group and even starts behaving according to this group. He is not a member of this group but many parts of his behaviour are according to that group. Sociologists call it a reference group. That other group that influences our behavioural pattern is a reference group for us. An individual regulates every part of his life according to the ideals of his reference group.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are Social groups? What are their features?
Answer:
Meaning of Social Group: See Textual Question IV-(1).

Characteristics of a Group:

1. Feeling of Unity: A group can be maintained if the feeling of unity will exist among the members of a group. Because of this feeling, they understand each other. The feeling of cooperation is produced among them. If this feeling of unity will not be there among them then that will not be a group but will be just a collection of people.

2. We feeling: Members of a group help each other if any need arises and with this, we feeling increases. They also protect their own interests by helping each other. With this, the sense of unity also increases among them.

3. Social relations: The most important feature of a group is that its members have mutual social relations. These relations are permanent and come out of the result of their mutual interactions.

4. Membership: Group cannot be made with one person only but the group can be made with two or more than two people. In some groups, membership is limited like in a family where membership is limited only to wife, husband and their children. No other person can be included in this. That’s why the size of the group also depends upon the number of its members.

5. Division of status and role. Group status and roles have been generally divided because of which every member has its role and status in the group. For the functions of the group, some written and non-written rules are also there and the group works according to those rules. Yet some quarrels are also there among the members for their personal interests but they also have some quantity of cooperation which is a special characteristic of the group.

6. Social control. It is necessary for a group to control and regulate the behaviour of its members. Every group has its own traditions, rules which have to be obeyed by every person. If anyone tries to break them then he is punished by the group.

7. Closeness. The relations of members of a group are so close that they have interaction among them. It means that members of the group are closely related to each other. Because of this closeness, they have mutual interaction among them because of which relations increase among them. Members of the group are affected by these relations also.

8. Similar ideas. There is a feeling of closeness among the members of the group. They don’t have the feeling of personal welfare and they are doing joint efforts for the attainment of common objectives. With this, the organization of the group also exists. They have some equality in their outlook and thoughts and this equality of thoughts is also the base of their ideas.

Classification Of Groups:

Question 2.
What do you know about the Classification of Groups? Write in detail. Answer: Many sociologists have tried to classify the groups on the basis of their own points of view. According to Cuber, “Sociologists have developed a great deal of effort to the different problems of classifying groups into types. At first thought, it would seem easy to do but perhaps after further reflection, it will be found to represent numerous difficulties. These difficulties are so great, in fact, that at present we have no overall systematic classification of groups which is entire, acceptable to all sociological scholars.” Different sociologists classify groups on different bases. Some have been classified on the basis of religion, some on an economic base and some on the basis of entertainment.

Some of these types are given below.

A. Charles Horton Cooley, in his book “Social Organization”, has classified groups in two parts and these are:

Primary Group
Secondary Group

In the Primary group, close and direct relations are there and in Secondary groups, indirect and artificial relations are there.

B. Sapir has classified groups on the basis of physical closeness and common aims ‘and these are:

Family
Racial group
Agricultural group
Conflicting group

C. Sumner has classified groups in his book ‘Folk Ways’ and these are:

In-group
Out-group

In,- In-group we feeling and community welfare feeling is there. Its size is also small. In the out-group feeling of individualism is there. Man is not a member of this group and their size is also big.

D. Sorokin has also classified it in two parts and these are:

Horizontal group
Vertical group

In Horizontal groups; groups of big size can be included like country, political party, cultural organization, religious organization etc. In the vertical group, man is related to his achieved status by the horizontal group. That’s why he is one part of the Horizontal group.

E. Maclver and Page have also classified it and their classification is:

on the basis of size
on the basis of intimacy
on the basis of interest
on the basis of organization
on the basis of duration.

F. In his book ‘Cultural Sociology’, Gillin and Gillin has classified group and his classification is:

on the basis of blood relations
on the basis of physical features
on the basis of area
on the basis of duration
cultural group

G. Classification given by George Dawson is given below:

Unsocial groups
Pseudo-social groups
Anti-social group
Pro-social group

H. Dwite Sanderson has divided the group into three parts:

Voluntary group
Involuntary group
Delegate group

A voluntary group is a group in which a man includes himself voluntarily. It depends on him that of which group he should be a member of. An involuntary group is that in which a man’s wish is of no value and he cannot select these groups. For example; family, caste etc. In the delegate group, he includes himself as the representative of the people.

I. Charles A. Ellwood, in his book ‘Psychology of Human Society’ has classified the group into two parts:

Voluntary and involuntary
Institutional and non-institutional.

In the first type of group family, city, political party, a religious group generally come. In institutional groups, he has included permanent groups like schools, religious institutions etc. In non-institutional groups, he has taken crowds as this type of group.

J. Giddings has divided groups into two parts:

Genetic group %
Congregate group.

Membership of man in the genetic group is based on his birth and the membership of the congregate group is used on the will of the members. He can leave its membership according to his wish.

K. Miller has classified the groups into two parts:

Horizontal group
Vertical group.

Horizontal groups are big like country, political parties etc. In vertical groups, small groups are included like an economic group. This group is also a part of the horizontal group. That’s why man is a member of both groups.

L. Tonnies has classified Social groups into two parts:

Communities
Associations.

M. Park and Burges have also given the classification of group:

Territorial group
Non-territorial group.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Primary Groups? Explain their features.
Answer:
Meaning of Primary Groups: See Textual Questions IV-(2).

Characteristics of Primary Groups:

1. Physical proximity among members. It is necessary for any primary group that people should have physical proximity among them and that they should sit together. This physical proximity creates an exchange of thoughts among them and people start to understand each other. Cooperation and love increase with the daily meetings, sitting with each other and talking to each other. That’s why close relations are also there among them. If they are equal in position, occupation, gender, caste and age then more closeness can be established.

2. There is stability among these groups. Primary groups are stable in nature. For example, the family in which the child takes birth lives for the whole life. This life of relation also exists in the neighbourhood. That’s why these groups are more stable. These groups have not been made for any specification. When new friends are included in these groups then they become unstable.

3. They are limited in size. Primary groups are limited in size and that’s why their relationships are very close in nature. The less no. of people in the group will increase the understanding capacity of different members. For example when a teacher teaches to a class with less few students then he knows every child personally. In the same way, if more students are there in class then the closeness of teacher with students will be less. Except this we can take the example of joint family. In this type of family, closeness is very less but in the nuclear family, family members have personal and close relations because of less numbers. Limited size always increases closeness and feeling of cooperation. That’s why because of small size in primary groups members are closely related to each other.

4. They have limited self-interests. In primary groups aim of the welfare of group is always kept as primary base. It means that*the interest of the group is kept important. For example, there is no feeling of personal selfishness among the members of the family. If feelings of selfishness will be developed then the family will be disintegrated. Every member of the family works for the welfare of the family and its members. Sometimes in this type of group members have to sacrifice their individual interests because group is not established for a specific purpose. That’s why there are very limited self-interests in primary groups.

5. They have similarity of background. Because of similarity of background there exists some exchange of ideas among people. Members understand each other. If there will be any difference of culture and ideals then even on this base, relations will be at another level. More difference will decrease mutual relationships and less difference will lead to more understanding and strengthening of group.

6. They have mutual cooperation among them. Members of the primary group generally have feeling of mutual cooperation. That’s why if they are less in number even then they move forward with the community feeling. It is so because he thinks that welfare of the group is his welfare. For example every member of the family works for each other’s welfare. Sometimes even after a lot of sufferings a person cooperates with others. It means that a person never thinks about his personal profit but he thinks of collective profit.

Question 4.
Explain in brief the importance of Primary Groups.
Answer:

(1) Primary groups play an important role in the process of socialization of man. First of all man comes in contact with society because of these groups as man depends upon these groups to fulfil his basic needs. According to Kingsley Davis, “The complex process of socialization is that it is handled in those concrete groups- notably the family and the play group-where an emphasis is placed on the conditions and the qualities of primary association.”

(2) Man comes to know about his self in primary group and he gets basic education with the help of members of primary group.

(3) These groups are also very important in the personality development of an individual. Behaviour of the members of these groups always affects an individual. In the friendship type atmosphere of primary groups personality of individual generally develops. In these groups only, man gets many qualities of love, cooperation, sympathy, toleration etc. These qualities help him to become a good citizen of society. In these groups only, man gets norms, values, ideals, traditions of group.

(4) An individual gets protection only in these groups. Members of these groups accept other members’ as a part of the group and help each other whenever any need arises. When child takes birth then he feels protected under the love and affection of family members. A child expresses his views crudely only in primary groups.

(5) Primary groups are the main base of social control. All humans are different by nature. If they will live without any control then the whole structure of the society will be destroyed. That’s why society controls its members. In primary groups an individual learns to live in control which is very helpful for the society. To accept the norms of family, respect of elders, to live under rules, to love everyone, to accept the culture of the family all these things he learns under the effect of these groups. When these qualities are developed in an individual then he contributes properly in the functions of society.

(6) Psychological needs of an individual are also fulfilled in these groups. Man learns to live with others only by living in the main primary groups like family, play group and neighbourhood.According to Maclver and Page, “It is the group through which, as playmates and comrades we first give creative expression to our social impulses. It is the breeding ground of our moves, the nurse of our loyalties. It is the first and generally remains the chief focus of our social satisfaction.”

(7) Members of primary groups are freely related with each other. They don’t have any type of formal pressure. The development of self in an individual is only because of these groups. Man gets mental satisfaction only in these groups. Because of the relations of these groups man is motivated to do many functions. Members of primary groups save its member to go in a wrong way. Man starts to feel that he is not alone and others are with him who will help him when any need arises. This feeling helps him to do more efforts. Co-operation is also an important feature of these groups.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Secondary Groups? Explain their features or characteristics.
Answer:
Meaning of Secondary Groups: See Textual Questions-IV-(2).
Characteristics of Secondary Groups

(1) Humans have indirect relations. Members of secondary groups have indirect relations among them. The process of cooperation is developed indirectly. Members of these groups don’t know each other. Their function is to do the duty and to do their role; for example, thousands of persons work in a factory. The man just works for the pay and even sometimes he is hardly aware of the fact that who is the owner of the factory. They are indirectly related to each other by doing different functions. They play different roles for the attainment of any objective.

(2) They are large in size. Secondary groups are large in size. Membership of people is not definite. They are scattered everywhere. For example members of any political party are scattered everywhere in the country. Except this many other organizations are also there where members are scattered everywhere. Now the needs of a man have increased and he cannot fulfil these needs by living only in primary groups. That’s why he solves his problems by taking membership of these groups. He even uses letters, telephone, telegrams also for his objectives.

(3) They have a formal organization. Some specific rules are generally made for the formation of secondary groups and man has to obey these rules. That’s why the problems of these groups are generally solved by experts. It means that the work of a secondary group is done in an organized way. Man gets status and role according to his ability and qualification. If anyone wants to join these groups then he cannot work according to his wish. For example, if anyone does job in any office then he needs to obey the orders of his officers. He needs to obey rules of the government. In this way we can say that secondary groups have a formal organization.

(4) They have formal and impersonal relations. The mutual relations among individuals are generally formal. They don’t have any impact of primary groups. Man does his work, obeys the rules, gets his pay and still they don.’t know even other employees of their office; for example, when we go to any bank, meet the clerk, do our work and come back. We are not related with any part of the life of that clerk. We have impersonal relations in these groups.

(5) People have option of membership. Membership of secondary group depends upon the will of an individual because these groups have been developed to fulfil any special objective. It means that every person is not the member of every secondary group; for example there are many clubs in our society. When any person wants then only he becomes the member of that group. It is also not necessary that he should be the member of every club. In this way these groups are optional. Man can leave their membership after the achievement of his objectives.

(6) They have active and inactive members. Size of secondary groups is very big. Members of these groups don’t have personal relations because of which all members of the group do not take part in all the activities of the group. For example whenever any function is there then there are many members who take part in the function. Some members do a lot of work and some just become members of the group. This type of members just give fees for their membership.

Question 6.
What is the importance of Secondary Groups?
Answer:
(1) These satisfy different needs. In modern times man cannot fulfil his basic needs by just depending upon primary groups. Man’s needs are increasing day by day. These needs are just not related with area but are related with many area. That’s why for the fulfilment of these needs secondary groups are developed. Every one wants to establish his relations in every sphere so that whenever any need arises his works should be done. That’s why he wants to become the member of these groups.

(2) These groups develop the personality of an individual. Secondary groups help in increasing capacity and personality of an individual. In the earlier societies man was limited to the four walls of the house. It was necessary for an individual to adopt his father’s occupation. Except in this children were under the control of the elder members of the society. They were unable to do any work of their own wish. But with the passage of time secondary groups were formed. Man came out of the four walls of his house and started to develop his personality and qualification. He got full freedom to show his qualities. He was unable to do progress in primary groups. That’s, why secondary groups have developed his personality and increased his level of living.

(3) These groups contribute in social progress. Social progress was done not only with technological and industrial revolution but was done when man started to join secondary groups: Man came out of his house and started to fulfil his needs. Man got that type of atmosphere in which he started to use his capabilities. Progress of man now depends upon his ability. Man wishes to move farward which is very helpful in social progress.

(4) With these outlook becomes wider. Man is connected with a special place because of his membership of a primary group. His membership of primary groups is permanent. That’s why they are small in size. Every one takes care of his interest. For example member of family, play group or neighbourhood only protects his interests. With this type of outlook, area of primary groups is very tight because members only think of their limited interests. On the other hand members of secondary groups think of everywhere. For example, members of secondary groups are related with different castes, religions, classes etc. Members of secondary group’are also affected by customs, traditions, rules etc. They are quite different from primary group. That’s why people have liberty to make relations any where with any one. Because of common interests they work without any discrimination and toleration is also there in the members of these groups.

(5) They are helpful in cultural development. In secondary groups individuals are related with different background but they have to work jointly at one place. For example when they are working in a factory or office then because of formal cooperation cultural exchange also takes place between them. Every one starts to accept each other’s cultural traits. With this cultural development is also there. Except this whenever any new invention comes in any country then other countries also accept that invention. With this cultural mixture also came into being.

Question 7.
Differentiate between Primary and Secondary groups.
Answer:
(1) Difference on the basis of size. Primary groups are small in size and area is also limited. In this group membership is limited to some members. For example membership of a man in family, playground and neighbourhood is limited to a certain extent. Because of small size mutual relations are also close in nature. Small size also increases elements like love, cooperation, sympathy etc.

On contrary to this secondary groups are large in size. Its membership is very wide. They are connected with each other even if they are scattered everywhere. Because of the largeness of area, the relations among members are formal and non¬personal. They are large in size because they are related with the different needs of man. Anyone can become their member for his needs and can leave them after the attainment of his objective. In this way, we can say that primary groups are small in size and secondary groups are big in size.

(2) Difference on the basis of type of relationship. In primary groups, relationships between members are direct and personal. In these groups, members meet each other daily and because of this nothing is hidden between them. They talk to each other openly without any fear and exchange every type of idea. Even they share their sufferings. That’s why in these groups, the word ‘We’ is used instead of ‘My’. In this way in these groups, members have direct, personal and loveable relations among them and they overlook small things.

Mutual relations among members in Secondary groups are indirect. Members are scattered everywhere. They contact each other with the help of means of communication like Letters, Telephone, Press, Radio, T.V. etc. Members of this group don’t know each other in every aspect but they know only one aspect of another person with which they are related. They hardly know about each other’s sufferings and sorrows. In these, they know each other only for their interests.

(3) Difference on the basis of kind of cooperation. Members of primary groups are having collective cooperation. They directly cooperate with each other. They collectively take part in the processes like playing, working, sitting etc. For example, all members of the family cooperate with each other for the development of family. Sometimes even they sacrifice their own interest for the sake of the interests of the family. They don’t have any feeling of competition among them. Everyone contributes towards each other’s interests. In this way the feeling of cooperation connects each other.

In secondary groups members cooperate just for the sake of their own interests because these groups are formed for any specific purpose. In these formal cooperation exists. For example, if students, teachers, principals, peon etc. cooperate with each other then this cooperation is under certain written rules. Any officer orders his clerks under certain rules and clerks have to obey those rules. If they will not obey then they can be thrown out of their job. That’s why a formal type of cooperation exists in these groups.

(4) Difference on the basis of the status of individuals. In primary groups status of members depends upon their birth and family. It means that he gets the status of that family in which he is born. For example, man gets status of father, mother, grandfather, grandmother etc. only in the family. In this man gets ascribed status. In secondary groups, a person’s status is according to his work. It means that the way in which he does his work, he gets status of that kind. For example, man gets different status when he performs different roles of doctor, engineer, clerk, teacher etc. Man can get higher status from lower-status only by hard work. Status of man in this depends upon his abilities.

(5) Difference on the basis of duration. The duration of mutual relations in the members of primary groups is very lengthy. If you will live separate from any one then relations will be decreased and if you will live together for a long time then relations will be strengthened and proximity will increase. By meeting daily, sitting together and by exchanging of ideas mutual relations will definitely be increased. More togetherness, more proximity will be there. So long duration of relations is there in its members. In secondary groups there is no limit of their duration. It can be less and can be more. Man can become a member only for the duration of time until he achieves his objectives. It means that the duration of time is related with the achievement of objectives. With the achievement of objectives, man can cancel its membership.

(6) Difference on the basis of type of background. In primary groups, members have the same background. According to Maclver and Page, “There is thus a level on which every group must dwell, and the person who is too far above or below it, disturbs the process of group participation.” For example family, neighbourhood and playgroups are permanent because of the same background. They know everything about each other because of which love can be maintained.

In secondary groups, members are related with different backgrounds. These groups are formed for any specific motive. A person becomes a member of that group, which can fulfil his needs. That’s why members are coming from different backgrounds. So the difference is also there on the type of their background.

PSEB 12th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

October 23, 2024October 22, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 19 India’s Approach to Major World Issues

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the arrangements made for the protection of Human Rights in India in detail.
Or
Discuss any six steps taken in India for the protection of Human Rights.
Answer:
India is one of the largest democracy of the world. After Independence the makers of our Constitution had made provision for Human Rights. Not only after independence even before independence our national makers worked for Human Rights. The Fundamental Rights enumerated in the Indian Constitution are the most elaborate in the world. Part III of Indian Constitution provides for Fundamental Rights those are as following:

Right to Equality; Articles 14-18
Right to Liberty ; Articles 19-22
Right against Exploitation; Articles 23-24
Right to Freedom of Religion; Articles 25-28
Cultural and Educational Rights; Articles 29-30
Right to Constitutional Remedies; Article-32.

The Indian Constitution has not only made provision for the Fundamental Rights but also made provision for the machinery to implement the rights properly. A number of legislations have been made to eliminate exploitation of the weaker section of the society. Apart from this the Indian government has set up National Human Rights Commission at the level of the central Government and State Human Rights Commission at the state level. These Commissions look into complaints and incidents of violation of Human Rights. Their function includes protection and promotion of Human Rights.

Following steps have been taken in India for the protection of ‘Human Rights’:
1. Establishment of Human Rights: Indian Constitution has established six human rights. Indian citizens have the right to writ five petitions for the protection of these human rights in the court.

2. Establishment of a Commission for ‘Human Rights’: For the protection of ‘Human Rights’-Indian Constitution has established a commission for ‘Human Rights’.

3. Establishment of Commission for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes: For the protection of Human Rights of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes a special Commission is established.

4. National Women Commission: For the security and safety of women’s rights National Women Commission has been established.

5. National Minority Commission: For the security of rights of minorities a “Minority Commission’ is also established.

6. Independent Judiciary. Independent judiciary works like chowkidar for the protection of ‘Human Rights’. Thus independent judiciary is the strongest step for the protection of all Human Rights.

Question 2.
Discuss the functions of National Human Rights Commission.
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission performs the following functions under the Human Rights Protection Act 1993.

To investigate complaints regarding the violation of Human Rights.
To investigate the failure on the part of any public official in respect of his duties for preventing a violation of Human Rights.
Commission encouraged the functions of non-government institutions for the protection of Human Rights.
To review the steps taken under the Constitution or law for protecting the Human Rights and to make recommendations for making such steps more effective.
To encourage research in the field of human rights.
To visit jails and to examine the conditions of living of the persons undergoing imprisonments or under detentions.
To study the international treaties and conventions and try to give it practical shape.
To spread knowledge among various classes of people about their human rights.
To prepare necessary programmes for the development of human rights.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Disarmament? Discuss the necessity of Disarmament in present world.
Answer:
Present age is an age of Science. Today, armaments and war, because of their totally destructive power, have come to be regarded as the biggest dangers to mankind. The havoc caused by the two World Wars convinced the people over the world that if humanity is to be saved from complete annihilation, something should be done to reduce or limit certain or all types of armaments.

Meaning and Definition of Disarmament:
In simple language the term disarmament is used for reduction or elimination of armaments. In actual practice, it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of (offensive and totally destructive) weap¬ons. Disarmament includes everything which has to do something with the limitation, reduction, abolition or control of certain or all armaments through the voluntary agreement of two or more states.

1. According to Morgenthau, “Disarmament is the reduction or elimination of certain or all armaments for the purpose of ending the armament race.”

2. According to V.V. Dyke, “Any regulation or limitation have to do with armed power is treated as a measure of disarmament.”

3. According to Jacob and Atherton, “disarmament seeks to establish conditions that will assure a country that others are neither intending to attack it or capable of doing so, at least in the immediate future. The strategy is to unwind rather then to build up a confrontation of armed forces.”

In its absolute sense, disarmament requires the global destruction of weapons and the dis-establishment of all armed forces. General disarmament means a kind of disarmament in which all the nations participate whereas local disarmament means disarmament by a limited number of nations.

Need and Necessity of Disarmament:
Disarmament is needed due to following reasons:
1. World Peace and Security:
World peace and security is possible only by disarmament. Armaments lead to armament race and armament race leads to war. Arms race can itself be the cause of bloody and costly wars. Disarmament is the most effective means or preventing war and maintaining peace.

2. Disarmament reduces International Tension:
Disarmament reduces international tensions whereas arms race increases international tensions and international tensions encourage war. Disarmament can certainly check the growing war hysteria in international relations.

3. Reduces the Destructiveness of War: Disarmament is needed as it reduces the sufferings and destructiveness of war.

4. Helpful in Economic Development:
Disarmament is needed because it is very helpful in economic development. By disarmament states can save a very large amount of funds and that money can be used for the welfare and economic development of the people of the states. In the timeless dilemma of choosing between ‘guns and butter’, the advocates of arms reduction opt for the latter. It is argued that even if a small portion of millions of dollars now spent on armament everyday is transferred to economic development the world would be entirely different.

5. Helpful in ending Colonialism and Imperialism:
Armaments encouraged Imperialism and Colonialism because states having big stocks of arms used arms for expanding their territories. Hence disarmament is very helpful in ending Colonialism and Imperialism.

6. Moral Reasons:
Disarmament is needed for moral reasons also. Philosophically most solid argument is that war is morally wrong and hence armaments as the means of war are also evil. It is always rational and moral to nip the evil in the bud. Thus elimination of war demands the elimination of arms and armament races.

7. Social Reasons:
Disarmament is also needed due to social reasons. Money saved by disarmament can be utilised for solving the problems of poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, housing etc.

Question 4.
What do you understand by the concept of Globalization? Discuss its main features.
Or
What do you mean by Globalization? Explain four features of Globalization in India.
Answer:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

To achieve this aim they made full use of the international organisations such as General Agreement on Trade and Tariff, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank etc. All these organisations brought the countries of world close to each other. Martin Shaw has observed, “Society has been globalised not because human beings thought or act 1 globally, but because in pursuit of other suit – profit, power communication worldwide connectedness has developed.”

Definition and Meaning of Globalization:
Scholars differ regarding the meaning of globalization. Their views are given below:
1. According to Anthony Giddens, “Globalisation means the intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings shaped events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

3. According to Mild and McGrew, “Globalisation refers to a historical process which transforms the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions, generating, transcontinental or inter-regional networks of interaction and the exercise of power.”:

In general we can say that globalisation is a process by which the planet Earth is:
considered to be one single unit where social and economic interaction among the people are based on interdependence. The world is considered to be a global village with global issues and problems likely to be talked with global efforts and co-operation. Globalisation can also be explained as globalisation of world market and to link the economy of all the countries of the world with world market. It is also manifest in the rapid flow of information capital and goods. Different cultures and societies have come face to face with each other.

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalization Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalization is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalization. In the process of globalization, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

2. Expansion of Industrialisation and MNC’s:
Expansion of industrialisation is another feature of globalisation. Globalisation has increased the value of multi-national business organisations. The output of multi-national corporations is more than a state corporation, that’s why now MNC’s dominate the world market. The notable examples of MNC’s are General Motors and Ford in the automotive industry. ESSO, Shelt and B.P. in Oil industry, McDonald’s fast food-chain AT & T, and International News Corporation in the communication sector.

3. World Wide Institutions:
Establishment of world wide institutions is one of the features of globalisation. Globalisation has brought the countries of the world close to each other. These countries have formed institutions those have global appeal and those work to resolve global problems such as U.N.O. It is an international system of states and they are committed to the cause of universal welfare and upliftment. U.N.O. tries to fight against natural calamities as well as man-made problems.

4. Global Movements:
Global movements is the another feature of globalisation. The members of the global village have come out of their national boundries and fences and started thinking about welfare in broader terms including national and international concern. Women’s liberation movement has been launched on global level. Various other global movements have been launched to eradicate economic inequality, environment problems and armaments.

5. Competitive Economy:
Competitive economy is another important aspect of globalisation. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries. The developed countries are trying to advance and strengthen their economy more and more and developing countries are trying to improve their performance, products and industries to compete with the industry of developed countries.

6. World Trade Organisation:
The emergence of WTO is another feature of globalisation. WTO is an indication of globalisation process. Martin Shaw observes that although, “The WTO remains dominated by the west and is partly a forum for resolving intra-western economic differences, it is now more or less universally accepted as the frame work for regulating trade, as China’s admission in 1999 recognised.”

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Globalisation? Why India adopted the policy of Globalisation?
Answer:
Meaning of Globalisation:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.

2. According to Robertson, “Globalisation is a concept that refers to the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.”

It has created global electronic communications. Observing the impact of globalisation Martin Shaw said, “With the development of global relations, the understanding of human relations in common world wide frame comes to predominate over other, more partial understanding.”

Thus, globalisation is a step towards one world, one state and to strengthen the world peace. It is a step towards socio-economic, scientific and technological development of the whole mankind. It has made easier to solve the world problems.

Features of Globalization: Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomenon-
It’s features are as given below:
1. Global Economy:
Global economy is the most important feature of globalisation. In the process of globalisation, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy. Trade has come out of national boundaries. Global economy promotes international harmony.

7. The declining relevance of geographical distance and the insignificance of territorial boundries is the feature of globalisation.

8. International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of globalisation.

9. Increase of Foreign Investment in countries is another feature of the process of globalisation.

10. Technological Innovations is another feature of globalisation.

11. Information Revolution is an important aspect of globalisation. Information technology has brought countries closer.

Thus, the process of globalisation has changed the world scenario. It has brought nations closer to each other and has formed world wide society.

Why India Adopted the Policy of Globalisation:
Following are the factors responsible for India’s globalisation policy:

India’s economy will become competitive due to globalisation policy.
Foreign Wealth and technique both will be imported in India due to globalisation and this will be helpful for the development of India.
The policy of globalisation will encourage a good competition in production and consumers will get better quality of production.
With the globalisation process Indian economy will automatically link with the world economy and it will be beneficial for Indian economy.
Industrial development will take place due to globalisation.
Globalisation will create more employment.

Question 6.
What do you mean by Globalisation? Discuss the demerits of policy of Globalisation adopted by India.
Answer:
Meaning of Globalisation:
In the late 20th century the revolution in the means of communication has changed the world in ‘global village’ by lessening its distances. It has encouraged the emergence of world society. Although the concept of globalisation became popular in the last phase of the 20th century but its background is quite old. The ill effects of the two world wars on the rich nations led them to think about the ways and means of coming out of the economic recession.