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Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 25 The Union Legislature Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 25 The Union Legislature

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the composition of Indian Parliament and compare the powers of the Rajya Sabha with those of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Discuss the composition of Indian Parliament. Describe the relations between the two Houses of Parliament.
Answer:
All the legislative powers of the federal government are vested in the Parliament. The laws framed by the Indian Parliament are enforced in the whole of the country. The Parliament holds its meetings in New Delhi, the Capital of India.

Composition:
Article 79 of the Constitution provides a bicameral parliament for the Union. The Union Parliament consists of the president and the two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

1. Rajya Sabha:
Rajya Sabha is the upper chamber of the Parliament. It can have at the most 250 members in it. The President of India nominates 12 members. These are the persons who have distinguished themselves in the field of art, literature, science and social service. Rest of the members are elected by the members of State legislatures. At present it consists of 245 (233 + 12) members in all. l/3rd of its members retire after every two years and other members are elected to fill up the vacancies. Each member remains in office for a period of 6 years.

2. Lok Sabha:
Lok Sabha is the lower chamber of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members will be elected acording to the laws framed by the Union Parliament. The President can nominate two members of the Anglo-Indian community if he feels that in the Lok Sabha this- community has not got adequate representation. In this manner maximum strength of the Lok Sabha can be 552.

But at present Lok Sabha has 543 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and can order fresh elections. The members of the Lok Sabha elect one Speaker and one Deputy Speaker from amongst its members.

Salary and Allowances of the Members of Parliament:
The salary and allowances of the members of Parliament are determined by Parliament from time to time. Session of the Parliament. The President of India convenes the session of the Parliament. He can call the sessions of both the Houses on the same date or on different dates. The second session of the Parliament must be convened within a period of 6 months. There should not be a difference of more than 6 months between the last meeting of the last session and the first meeting of the next session. This way two sessions are certainly called in one year.

Relations Between The Two Houses Of Parliament
Although the participation and collaboration of both the Houses are essential for all legislative activities, even a cursory perusal of the provisions of the Constitution with regard to the two Houses of Parliament will show that the Constitution recognizes the supremacy of the Lok Sabha over the Rajya Sabha. The two Houses, unlike the Australian Parliament do not stand on the footing of equality. The relation of the two Houses, unlike the Australian Parliament does not stand on the footing of equality. The relation of the two Houses may be discussed as under:

1. Ordinary Bills:
Ordinary Bills can originate in either House of Parliament. Unless passed by both the Houses they cannot be sent to the President for his assent. A Bill passed by one House is sent to the other House. If the other House passes the Bill in the form in which it was passed by originating House, it is sent to the President for his assent. The other House may propose amendments in the Bill or may even reject the Bill.

Thus, if the two Houses do not agree on the proposed amendments or if the two Houses finally disagree on the Bill, the President, under Art. 108 of the Constitution is empowered to call a joint meeting of the two Houses. In case the receiving House takes no action on the Bill for six months from the date of its receipt in that case also the President may summon a joint meeting of both the Houses. It should be noted that there can be no joint meeting of the two Houses if the Bill has lapsed because of the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

Even if the President has already issued a notification for joint sitting and even if the date, time and place of the meeting have been announced and summons issued, the meeting shall have to be cancelled because no joint sitting can be held for deliberating and voting on a Bill which has already lapsed. When the President has notified his intention to summon the two Houses to meet in a joint sitting, neither House can proceed with the Bill.

If at the joint meeting of the two Houses the Bill is passed by a majority of the total number of members of both Houses present and voting, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both the Houses. At the joint sitting of the two Houses, the voice of the Lok Sabha should prevail because of its numerical strength. It should not, however, be taken for granted. In India, thus, the Rajya Sabha can delay a Bill or six months.

It may succeed in killing it also especially when the Government has a thin majority in the Lok Sabha and substantial opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In England, the House of Lords can delay a non-money Bill for one year. There is no provision for a joint sitting. In Japan also there is no provision for a joint sitting of the two Houses in case of a deadlock over a Bill. The Upper House of Japn (House of Councillors) can delay an ordinary Bill for sixty days. If the Lower House passes that Bill for the second time by a two-third majority of the members present the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses.

2. Money Bills:
Money Bills and Budget can originate in the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha is the receiving end. When a Money Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha it is sent to he Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Rajya Sabha, has the right to propose amendments in the Money Bill. It must return the Bill to the Lok Sabha, with or without amendments, within 14 days, but Lok Sabha may or may not agree to those recommendations.

If the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill within 14 days from the date of the receipt of the Bill, the same shall be considered to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament in the same form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. All these provisions clearly prove that the hold of the Lok Sabha over the finance of the country is complete and absolute. It should be noted that in case of disagreement over Money Bill, there cannot be a joint sitting of the two Houses. The Senate of Australia possesses the power to reject even a Money Bill.

The House of Lords of England can delay a money bill for a month. The Upper House of Japan can also delay the passage of a money bill for 30 days. In matters of finance the powers of the Rajya Sabha are insignificant.

3. Control over the Executive:
In India, Parliamentary system of Government has been established. The essence of this form of Government is that the executive is responsible to the legislature for its actions and policies. In practice it is answerable to the Popular House. Thus, according to the Constitution of India, the Council of Ministers has been made collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

No doubt, the Rajya Sabha can exert its influence on the Govenment in a number of ways and it may even put the Government in an awkward position, but it cannot remove the Government from office. This power belongs to the Lok Sabha only. This power of the Lok Sabha is exclusive and not concurrent. The Government must enjoy the confidence of the Lok Sabha or else resign. The Lok Sabha can express its lack of confidence in a number of ways, for example by rejecting a Government Bill, a Money Bill or by passing a no confidence resolution.

Thus, the Government must either be in tune with the Lok Sabha or face expulsion. One point may be noted here. The Council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Constitution does not speak of individual responsibility. Moreover, it is not clear that when the Lok Sabha stands dissolved, to whom is the Council of Ministers responsible then? Afer the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970, the continuance of Indira Government was challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the legality of the continuance of Indira Gandhi Government.

4. Other Matters:
On the other matters, the powers of the two Houses are almost equal. They are enumerated as under:

(i) Constitution Amending Bill can be introduced in either House of Parliament. It is deemed to have been passed only when each House passes it by the required majority. Since the Amending Bill has to be passed by each House, the question of joint sitting of the two Houses in case of disagreement does not arise. In this repsect the Rajya Sabha has co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha. It may even kill an amending Bill.

(ii) Both the Houses take part in the election of the President and Vice President.

(iii) Both the Houses have equal powers in the removal of the President, Charges can be preferred in either House, the other House investigates or gets them investigated by a court or a tribunal, but the House cannot abdicate its authority, it has to pass the resolution by 2/3rd majority if the impeachment proceeding is to succeed.

(iv) The Vice President can also be removed from office by the Parliament. Removal proceedings against the Vice President can start only in the Rajya Sabha, but the Lok Sabha must also agree if the Vice President is to be removed from office.

(v) Judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts are also removed by both the Houses. In this .respect also the powers of both the Houses are equal.

In two matters the powers of the Rajya Sabha are exclusive. They are:
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by 2/3rd majority of its members present and voting that an item given on the State List has become of national importance, therefore, Parliament should make law on that. On the passing of such a resolution, it becomes lawful for Parliament to make laws with respect to that matter for the whole or any part of India for a period of one year.

2. The second exclusive power of the Rajya Sabha. is connected with the setting up of All India Services. Under Article 312, the Rajya Sabha by passing a resolution by two-thirds majority of the members present and voting can set up All India Service.

From the above discussion it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. And he who holds the purse, holds the power. Likewise, the Council of Ministers can be removed from office by the Lok Sabha only. The Lok Sabha is thus the King- maker. It was the intention of the makers of the costitution to make the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because it is in accordance with the theory and practice of Parliamentary system of Government.

Question 2.
Discuss the powers and functions of Indian Parliament.
Or
Discuss financial and judicial functions of Parliament.
Answer:
The Indian Parliament has been given several types of powers. The powers of Parliament include law-making or legislation, financial, executive and judicial powers.
1. Legislative Powers:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union list and concurrent list. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State list. The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for union territories. The Rajya Sabha can transfer a State subject in favour of the centre for the purpose of making laws.

In case of the proclamation of emergency by the President, the Parliament can legislate on State subjects. The Residuary powers are under the control of the central government and so Parliament frames laws on all the residuary subjects. The bill is sent to the President after it is passed by both the Houses. Excepting the money bills he can give his assent and make use of his veto powers. If the Parliament passes that bill for second time then the President is bound to give his assent to that bill.

2. Financial Powers:
The Parliament controls the finances of the State. The government places the budget before the start of the financial year. The Parliament discusses the budget and gives its assent to the bill. The government can neither impose any tax upon the public nor can it spend the money without the approval of the Parliament. The President will have to give his assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

3. Control over the Executive:
The Parliament controls the Executive in the following ways:
(i) The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.

(ii) The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

(iii) The members of the Parliament can ask the ministers questions regarding the functioning of the administration. The ministers are to give a satisfactory reply to all these questions.

(iv) The members of the Parliament by introducing ‘Adjournment Motion’ can invite the attention of the government to a serious problem or event.

(v) During discusion on budget the members of the Parliament discuss the working of different departments of the government and criticise the policies of the government.

(vi) The Cabinet continues to remain in office according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha. It can seek the removal of the Cabinet by passing a no-confidence motion against or by rejecting an important government bill or by passing a resolution for reducing the salary of a particular minister.

4. Judicial Powers:
The Parliament exercises some judicial powers also:

• The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
• The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.
• The Parliament can remove the judges of the High Court and Supreme Court by passing a resolution to that effect.

5. Electoral Powers:

• The elected members of the parliament participate in the election of the President.
• The Vice President is elected by the members of both the Houses of the Parliament.

6. Amendment of the Constitution:
It is the Parliament which can initiate a resolution for the amendment of the Constitution. Some provisions of the Constitution can be amended only by the Parliament. In some important matters the amendment proposals after being passed by the Parliament are to be sent for the approval of legislatures of the States. The States cannot introduce a resolution of amendment of the Constitution.

Position of the Parliament:
The Indian Parliament enjoys vast powers and it is a very important insitution. It represents the entire nation. The Laws framed by it are enforced in the whole of the State. But the Indian Parliament is not a supreme and sovereign body.The Indian Parliament is less powerful than the British Parliament. The sovereignty of the British Parliament is a well known fact.

The British Parliament can make, repeal, amend and abolish, any law it likes. But the Indian Parliament cannot make all the laws it likes. The reason for this is that in England there is unitary type of government and all powers are with the Centre, but in Indian there is a federal type of government and the powers have been distributed between ttie Centre and the States. Indian Parliament cannot be called a Supreme and sovereign body due to reasons given ahead:

1. The powers in India are distributed between the Centre and the State and the Parliament cannot frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State list during peace time.
2. The Parliament cannot make any law which violates the fundamental rights of the people?
3. The Parliament cannot amend the Constitution independently.
4. The Constitution is considered the supreme law of the land. The Parliament can do nothing against it.
5. The judiciary has the power of Judicial review over the laws framed by the Parliament. The Supreme Court of India can declare a law null and void if it is against the provisions of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Discuss the composition, functions and powers of Rajya Sabha in India.
Answer:
The legislative powers of the Union have been vested in the parliament. The Parliament consists of two Houses-the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people. Hence, it is a national House or the popular House. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Hence its name is the Council of States.

Composition:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members 12 members are nominated by the President. These members shall consist of persons having special knowledge of practical experience in literature, science, art and social service. The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories.

The representatives of the States are elected by the Elected members of their Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The method of election is, accordingly, indirect. In the case of Union Territories members are chosen in such a manner as Parliament may by law determine.

Though the Indian Constitution establishes a federal polity, yet the federating units (State) have not been given equal representation in the Rajya Sabha, Representation of the States is on the basis of population. At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 mambers. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the States and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the president.

Term:
Like the Senate of the U.S.A.; the Rajya Sabha is a permanent House. It is not subject to dissolution. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for six years, one-third members retiring after every two years.

Qualifications for the members of the Rajya Sabha. A candidate for election to the Rajya Sabha must possess the following qualifications:

1. He must be a citizen of India.
2. He must have completed 30 years of age.
3. He must be a parliamentary elector in the State from which he is seeking election and must have been residing in the state for the last six months.
4. He must possess such other qualifications as parliament may by law prescribe.
5. He must make and subscribe before some person authorised on that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation asserting his allegiance to the Constitution of India.

Disqualification for Membership:
A person is disqualified from being chosen a member of the Rajya Sabha if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or any State Government, or if he is of unsound mind, or if he is an undischarged insolvent, or if he has ceased to be a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired citizenship of a foreign State, or acknowledged allegiance to a foreign State, or if he is so disqualified under any law made by the Parliament.

A person cannot be a member of both the Houses simultaneously. Nor can he be a member of the Rajya Sabha and a State legislature at the same time. If he incurs any disqualification even after his election, he will have to vacate his seat.

Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sahha:
Like the Vice President of U.S.A., the Indian Vice-President is also the ex- officio Chairman of the Upper House. At present Sh. Venkaiah Naidu is the Chairman of Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha elects a Deputy Chairman from among its own members and he presides in the absence of the Chairman or during the period when the Vice-President is discharging the function of the President. The Deputy Chairman is a member of the Rajya Sabha and he is to vacate the office if he ceases to be its member. On 9th August, 2018 Sh. Harivansh Narayan Singh, candidate of N.D.A. was elected as the Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

Quorum:
According to 42nd Amendment until parliament by law otherwise provides the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliamnet is one-tenth of the total number of members of the House. If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, it is the duty of the Chairman either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.

Powers And Functions Of The Rajya Sabha:
The Rajya Sabha performs a variety of functions. They may be discussed under the following heads:
1. Legislative Powers:
The Rajya Sabha is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. Since the main responsibility of the Parliament is to make laws, hence the Rajya Sabha takes part in the making of laws. Except Money Bills, all bills can originate in the Rajya Sabha. No Bill can become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses. The Lok Sabha by itself cannot pass a Bill and send it to the President for his assent.

In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a Bill or on the amendments made in the Bill, the President has been empowered to summon a joint meeting of the two Houses for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill; At a joint sitting questions are decided by a majority of the members of both houses present and voting. A decision taken at a joint sitting shall mean the decision of both Houses. At the time of the joint sitting the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides.

The President can also summon the joint sitting when a Bill passed by one House is not considered by the other House for six months. For the purpose of summoning the joint sitting it does not matter whether the Bill was introduced first in the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.

2. Financial Powers:
In financial matters, it is the Lok Sabha which enjoys a pre-eminent position. The Rajya Sabha has not been given any susbstantial power with regard to finance. No Money Bill or Financial Bill can first be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It is the privilege of the Lok Sabha to pass the Money Bill first and send it to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendation. It should be noted that the Bill is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendation and not for its aproval. In America, the Money Bill must be approved by the Senate. It is not so in India.

The Rajya Sabha can make amendments in the Money Bill, it may even rejected the Money Bill. It has no effect on the Bill. The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. In case the Lok Sabha rejects the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Bill is deemed to have been pased by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Likewise if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Thus, the Lok Sabha possesses complete control over the purse of the nation.

3. Control over Executive:
The Rajya Sabha does not control Excecutive as the Constitution makes the Council of Ministers collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. But this does not mean that the Rajya Sabha can exert no influence over the Executive. Some of the Ministers are taken from the Rajya Sabha. The members of the Rajya Sabha have the right to ask questions and supplementary questions from the Ministers. They can elicit information about the actions of Government and can move resolutions impressing on the Government the desirability of pursuing a particular line of policy.

As said, the Council of Ministers can be ousted from office by the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha can condemn the Government but it cannot kick the Government out of office.

4. Judicial Powers:
Like the Upper Houses in other countries, the Rajya Sabha has also been vested with some judicial functions. The President can be removed from office by the process of impeachment. A resolution to impeach the President may be moved in any House of Parliament. Such a resolution has to be pased by both the Houses separately by at least 2/3rd majority of the total membership of the house. Clearly, the Rajya Sabha enjoys co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the process of impeachment of the President.

In the removal of the Vice-Presidnet, a resolution to that effect can be moved in the Rajya Sabha only. But the Lok Sabha must agree with that resolution if the Vice-President is to be removed from the office. Likewise, it has identical powers with the Lok Sabha in the matter of removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court.

5. Constituent Powers:
The Rajya Sabha exercises constituent functions along with the Lok Sabha. A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House of Parliament. And the Bill amending the Csonstitution is required to be pased in each House by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of two-third of its members present and voting. The Cosntitution is silent on how to resolve a dead-lock between the two . Houses.

6. Miscellaneous Powers:
The miscellaneous functions of the Rajya Sabha are:
(i) The elected members of the Rajya Sabha take part in the election of the President.

(ii) All the members (elected and nominated both) of the Rajya Sabha take part in the election of the Vice-President.

(iii) The reports of all the Commissions appointed by the President are considered both by the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

(iv) The approval of the Rajya Sabha is necessary for the continuance of the proclamation of emergency.

(v) Every order made by the president suspending the enformcement of Fundamental Rights is required to be laid before each House of Parliament.

(vi) Agreement of the Rajya Sabha is necessary if action is to be taken against the Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller General and the members of the Union Public Service Commission.

(vii) In granting amnesty, the Rajya Sabha has equal power with the Lok Sabha. Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha. Under the constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with two special and exclusive powers. They are:
1. Under Article 249 the Rayja Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two-third majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Under Article 312 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha is empowered to create one or more All-India Services, if the house passes a resolution by not less than two-thirds of the memebrs present and voting that it is neccessary or expedient in the national interest to do so.

Position of the Rajya Sahha:
After having an anylysis of the powers of the Rajya Sabha, it becomes clear that the makers of the Constitution intended it to be less powerful and influential than the Lok Sabha. In matters of ordinary legislation, it cannot prove to be an obstacle in the way of the Lok Sabha because of its half of strength of the Lok Sabha. At the most it can delay an oridnary bill for six months. It has absolutely no control over the purse of the nation.

Money Bills first originate in the Lok Sabha and then are transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Lok Sabha may not agree with the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay a Money Bill for 14 days only. There can be no joint sitting of the two Houses in case of disagreement on a Money Bill. Then the privilege to remove the Government from office belongs to the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha can denounce the Government but it cannot dislodge the Government. In certain repsects it is weaker than the House of Lords even. In the opinion of certain critics, the Rajya Sabha is only a Secondary Chamber.

All this, however, is not to suggest that the Rajya Sabha is only an appendage of the Lok Sabha. It is definitely more powerful than the British House of Lords and the Senate of Canada. While in certain matters it has co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha, in two cases it has exclusive powers as well. It has reacted very strongly whenever the Lok Sabha made an attack upon its privileges. In 1954, much excitement was caused in the Rajya Sabha by an alleged observation made in the Lok Sabha by N.C. Chatterjee that “The Upper House, which is suposed to be a body of elders, seems to be behaving irresponsibly like a pack of urchins.”

According to Morris Jones, “It has three outweighing merits, it supplies additional political positions for which there is demand, it provides some additonal debating opportunities for which there is occasional need and it assists in the solution of legislative limited problems.”

Question 4.
Describe the composition and powers of the Lok Sabha. Is there any limitation to its authority?
Or
Discuss the Composition and Functions of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is the Lower House of Parliament. It is a popular House because it represents the nation at large. It is not only popular but a powerful House as well. It is the pivot of all political activities.

Composition:
Accroding to the 31st Amendment, the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha has been put at 547 members. But accroding to Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987 maximum elected memebrs of the Lok Sabha can be 550. The President can appoint two Anglo-IndiAnswer: At present Lok Sabha consists of 543 members. 530 members are elected members from the States and the Union Territories and two are nominated by the President.

Election:
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years has the right to vote provided, of course, he or she is not otherwise disqualified on grounds of unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice. The voting is by secret ballot. Normally one member represents a population between 5 to 7 1/2 lakhs. As per Constitution, there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between the population of the State as far as practicable, is same for all the Staes.

Each State shall be devided into territorial Constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the State. Though the system of separate communal electorate has been abolished yet the Constitution reserves certain seats for Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes. This reservation shall be vaild till 2020 because the term has been extended by amending the Constitution.

Term:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where l/3rd members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term, i.e. five years. On 26th April, 1999 the President dissolved the Lok Sabha on the advice of Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. Thus the tenure of 12th Lok Sabha was 13 months only.

Qualification:
To be qualified for election to the Lok Sabha, a person must possess the following qualifications:
1. He must be a citizen of India.

2. He must have completed 25 years of age.

3. He must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.

4. He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.

5. No person can be a member of both Houses of Parliament. In case he becomes, he must vacate one of the two seats. Likewise, one person cannot be a member of a House of Parliament and of a State Lsegislature simultaneously.

6. A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court: if he is an undischarged insolvent; if he is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State or is under an acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State or if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.

Quorum:
For a meeting of the Lok Sabha the presence of at least 1/lQth of its total members is essential. If at any time during meeting of a House there is no quorum, it is the duty of the Chairman either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.

Speaker:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House. The Constitution also provides for the office of the Deputy Speaker. He too is the member of the House and is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the speaker when the latter is absent or while the office of the Speaker is vacant.

Privileges:
Members of the Lok Sabha enjoy certain privileges:

• Members have full freedom of speech in the House. No case can be started against a member for a speech given in the House.
• Members cannot be arrested in any civil suit before 40 days of the beginning of the session.
• During the session, members can be arrested in criminal cases only but information must be given to the speaker.
• Members get a monthly salary and many other allowances.

Powers Of The Lok Sabha:
1. Legislative Powers:
Any type of bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Laws in it, can be framed on any subject given on the Union list and the concurrent list. The Rajya Sabha can transfer any subject on the State List by passing a resolution in favour of the Centre and Lok Sabha can pass a law on the subject. Rajya Sabha can transfer a subject only in case of national importance. After the bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha and it can delay the bill at the most for 6 months.

If the Rajya Sabha rejects the bill or does not take any action over it for a period of six months, a joint session of the two Houses of the Parliament is called and the majority vote decides the bill. As the number of the members of the Lok Sabha is larger than that of the Rajya Sabha, so the Lok Sabha can get the bills passed according to its own wishes.

2. Financial Powers:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the State. A money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. If there is a difference of opinion whether a particular bill is a money bill or a non-money bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will be final. After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill. The President cannot use his veto power in case of money bill.

3. Control over the executive:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha is the Prime Minister of the country. Most of the ministers are also taken from the Lok Sabha. The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha for all its actions and policies. The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. The members of the Lok Sabha can criticise the functiuoning of the Cabinet. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office so long as it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

4. Judicial Powers:
The Lok Sabha can start impeachment proceedings against the President of India. It investigates into the charges levelled against the Vice-President and gives its decision. It along with the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution for the removal of the judges from the High Court or the Supreme Court.

5. Electoral Functions:
The Lok Sabha participates in the election of the President. It has also the right to participate in the election of the Vice-President. The Lok Sabha elects a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from amongst its members.

6. Amendment in the Constitution:
The resolution for amending the Constitution can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. In this field it enjoys equal powers with the Rajya Sabha.

Position Of The Lok Sabha:
Lok Sabha is the lower Chamber of the Parliament. Almost all its members are elected by the people. This Chamber is more important than the Rajya Sabha because it represents the nation. The Lok Sabha controls the ordinary and the money bills. No bill can be passed against the wishes of the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha has also control over the Cabinet. The Lok Sabha can remove the Cabinet by passing a vote of no-confidence’ or by rejecting the budget. The Lok Sabha is the most powerful, influential and an important part of the Parliament. In fact it is the Lok Sabha which exercises all the powers of the Parliament.

Question 5.
Discuss the election, powers and functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Discuss the functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Write a short note on the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha is presided over by the Speaker who is elected by the House from among its own members. The Speaker’s office is one of much dignity, honor and power. He enjoys supreme authority on the floor of the House. In order of precedence of the state, he ranks seventh and enjoys a status equal to that of the Chief Justice of India. In the absence of the Speaker or when the office of the Speaker is vacant the Deputy Speaker discharges the functions of the Speaker.

Election:
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker must necessarily be a member of the Lok Sabha. The primary function of the newly-elected Lok Sabha is to elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. The Speaker is elected by a simple majority which in reality means, by the party in power. But in practice Prime Minister, after consultations with the leaders of the opposition parties, decides a name for speakership.

Generally the speaker is taken from the ruling party while deputy speaker is taken from the opposition parties. On 22nd Oct, 1999, Mr. Ganti Mohan Chandra Balayogi of the Telugu Desam party backed by BJP and its allies was elected the speaker of Lok Sabha unanimously. On 19th June 2019. Sh. Om Birla, a senior leader of B.J.P. was elected the speaker of Lok Sabha unanimously.

Term of Office:
Normally, the Speaker is elected for a period of five years. However, he continues in office until a new Speaker is elected by the new House. The Speaker does not vacate his office even when the House is dissolved. The Speaker has to vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House. He can be elected to this office for the second time also. The Speaker can resign his office at any time. He can also be removed from his office by a resolution passed by a majority of all members on the roll of the Lok Sabha.

Fourteen days’ notice for moving such a resolution is required to be given. The Speaker cannot preside over a meeting of the House when the House is considering the resolution of his removal. He has, however, the right to sit in the House and defend himself. He has the right to vote also.

Salary and Allowances:
The salary and allowances of the Speaker are determined by the Parliament, and these are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. These cannot be varied to his disadvantage during his term of office.

Powers and Functions of the Speaker:
The Speaker performs various functions and enjoys wide powers drawn partly from the Constitution and partly from the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Parliament, 1950: Following are the functions of the Speaker:

1. In consultation with the Leader of the House, he determines the order of business and the time to be allotted to the debates on the address of the President. He also prescribes the form in which amendments may be moved-to the motion of thanks to the address of the President.

2. He allows members to ask questions. He has also the power to disallow questions in case they are not in conformity with the Rules of the House.

3. Adjournment motions are moved with his consent. He also prescribes the time-limit for speeches on the motion.

4. The Speaker may allow the publication of a Bill in the Gazette of India upon a request from a member initiating the Bill even before the motion for leave to introduce the Bill has been made. In such a case it does not remain necessary to ask for leave of the House to introduce the Bill.

5. His consent is necessary for a motion to adjourn the debate on a bill.

6. He appoints the Chairman of the Select Committees. He himself is ex-officer Chairman of some vital Committees, such as Rules Committee, the Business Advisory Committee and the General Purpose Committee.

7. He allots time for the discussion on Budget.

8. He is the channel of communication between the President and the Parliament.

9. He decides about the admissibility of a motion in the House.

10. No member can address the House without his permission. He is also to see that no member makes an irrelevant speech and thereby wastes the time of the House.

11. All members have to address the chair, they cannot address each other.

12. If any member raises any point of order, it is for the Speaker to give his own ruling and his ruling is final and binding on all. No member can challenge his ruling.

13. He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.

14. In case he finds the conduct of a member disorderly, he can order him to leave the House.

15. If a member disregards his authority in spite of warning, he can name him for suspension. In case a member does not leave the
House on the order of the Speaker, the Speaker can ask the Watch and Ward Staff to lift him bodily and remove him from the House.

16. He exercises control over the Visitors Gallery. It is he who regulates the admission of outsiders into the House. He can ask them to leave the House.

17. He puts questions to vote and announces the results.

18. He can order the expunging of a word or words used in debate from the proceedings of the House.

19. The Speaker conducts the business of the House. However, he cannot preside over the meeting of the House when the House is considering the resolution of the removal of the Speaker from office. But he has the right to sit, take part in the proceedings and defend himself. He has the right to vote also but he has no casting vote then.

20. Business of the Lok Sabha is valid only when the quorum of the House is complete. It is for the Speaker to see whether quorum is complete or not. If he finds that there is no quorum, he can suspend the business of the House till the required quorum is complete.

21. The Speaker is the guardian of the privileges of the members of Lok Sabha. He can insist that action must be taken against any one guilty of violating the privileges of the members of the House.

22. The Speaker is the custodian of the dignity of the House.

23. Before sending a Bill to Rajya Sabha or the President, he signs the Bill as a token of having been passed by the Lok Sabha.

24. It is for the Speaker to certify whether a particular Bill is a money-bill or not and his certificate is final on the point.

25. The Speaker has no right to vote in the first instance but he has the right to vote in case of a tie.

26. When the Speaker rises, others must sit down and must not leave when he addresses the House.

27. In case of a joint meeting of both the Houses on a disputed Bill, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides.

28. The Speaker represents the House and not the Government. For him the humblest back-bencher is no less than a Member and the greatest Minister is no more than a Member. He protects the members from the high-handedness of the Government. The Speaker can pull the Ministers up whenever answers given by them are not clear, adequate or deliberately postponed for no valid reason.

29. The Speaker also performs some important administrative functions. The Secretariat Staff of the Lok Sabha works directly under him.

Position of the Speaker:
The office of the Speaker is one of honour, dignity and authority. He presides over a House which is the pivot of all political activity. He symbolises the House and his authority. In the words of G. V. Mavlankar, “He is supreme in the House.” According to former Speaker Shri Hukam Singh, “Speaker is one of the highest offices in the land.” Shri L. K. Advani said in March 1977 that the Speaker or Chairman is an institution by himself.

In the Order of Precedence he is placed seventh and is bracketed with the Chief Justice of India. He interprets the Rules of the House and his ruling is final. Till today, the office of the Speaker has been occupied by very capable and illustrious personalities. They have enhanced the prestige of the Office. Shri G. V. Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

According to late Pandit Nehru, “The Speaker represents the House, the freedom of the House, and because the House represents the nation, in a particular way, the Speaker becomes the symbol of the nation’s freedom and liberty. Therefore, it is right that his should be an honoured positon; a free position and should be occupied always by men of outstanding ability and impartiality.”

Question 6.
What are the different stages through which the budget passes? Discuss.
Or
Discuss the financial procedure allowed in the Indian Parliament.
Answer:
The Budget is known as the Annual Financial Statement. The Constitution provides that the President shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditures of the Government of India for that year. “The President gets the Budget presented through the Finance Minister. The Budget shows the estimated receipts and expenditure for the ensuing year and is, thus the most important financial document.

In India the Budget is presented to the Parliament in two parts ; the Railway Budget and the General Budget. The Railway Budget deals exclusively with the income and expenditure relating to Railways. It is presented to Parliament by the Minister for Railways. The General Budget deals with the estimate of revenues and expenditure relating to all other Union Ministers and is presented by the Finance Minister. The two Budgets, however, are similar in form and are passed in the same manner.

The General Budget consists of the two parts-one of dealing with the expenditure and the other with the income side of the Union finances. The expenditure embodied in this Budget is divided into two parts:

• Expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and
• Other Expenditure. The expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India is non-volatile. Either House of Parliament can discuss it but not vote on it.

The other expenditure is submitted in the form of demand for grants to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha may assent or refuse to assent any demand or suggest reduction of the amount specified therein. It is voteable. The Lok Sabha cannot, however, suggest increase in the demand for grants. It is so because no demand for grant can be made except on the recommendation of the President.

Stages in Financial Legislation:
The Budget is presented to the Lok Sabha with the Budget Speech of the Finance Minister. The Budget Speech is one of the most important speeches made in Parliament. In his speech, the Finance Minister sums up the general positon of the country and outlines the economic and fiscal policy of the Government for the ensuing year.

Like ordinary bills, the Budget has also to pass through five stages. They are
1. introduction or presentation,
2. general discussion,
3. voting of demands,
4. consideration and passing of the Appropriation Bill and
5. consideraton and passing of the taxation proposals embodied in the Finance Bill.

1. Introduction of Budget in the Parliament:
It is the constitutional duty of the President to get the Budget prepared and cause to be laid before Parliament. The Budget is presented to the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister with a speech known as the Budget Speech. The Budget Speech is a survey of the financial position of the country and the economic policy of the Government for the ensuing year. The copies of the Budget, thereafter, are printed and circulated amongst members. The Budget contains the estimates of receipt and expenditure. There can be no discussion on the Budget the day it is presented.

2. General Discussion on the Budget:
After the presentation of the Budget, its printed copies are circulated among members. Generally after three days a general discussion on the Budget is held. The general debate on the Budget is spread over three or four days. It is customary that the leaders of the Opposition initiate the discussion.

But at this stage the Houses discuss the Budget as a whole and any question of principle involved in it. No discussion of details is in order and no cut motions are allowed at this stage This stage also provides an opportunity for the discussion of the non-votage expenditure” charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.”

The debate offers an occasion for a general service of the administration and for ventilation of grievances. In the words of Morris-Jones: “It is an occasion on which each House is able to express its mood and the Government may learn how a particular proposal will be received in the subsequent stage.” This stage is, thus, an expression of the mood of the House. No vote is taken at this stage.

3. Voting of DemandL:
After the completion of general discussion on the Budget, the way is clear for the business of voting the grants. The voting of demands or grants is the exclusive privilege of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no share in it. The ‘demands’ are related to the ‘expenditure’ part of the Budget. They are in the nature of requests made by the Executive to the Lok Sabha for grant of outhority to spend the amounts asked for in order to run the administration.

Lok Sabha has the following powers in respect of each demand:

• to assent to the i demand; or
• to refuse it; or
• to reduce it.

The Lok Sabha has no power to increase a demand because no demand for grant can be moved except on the i recommendation of the President.

4. Appropriation Bill:
When all demands for grants have been voted by the Lok Sabha, they are put together and along with charges of the Consolidated fund,
incorporated into what is known as the Appropriation Bill. The Appropriation bill is presented to the Lok Sabha and is passed in the same manner as any other Bill. The debate on the Bill is restricted to those points only which have not been discussed during the debates on estimates. No amendments to the grants as voted by the Lok Sabha previously or to the charges on the Consolidated Fund are followed. The allotment of time for the different stages of the Bill is determined by ! the Speaker. It does not take long for the Lok Sabha to pass the Appropriation Bin.

When the Appropriation Bill has been pssed by the Lok Sabha, it is certified by the Speaker as a Money Bill and is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. It is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject the recommendation made by the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has to return the ‘ Money Bill, with or without amendment, within 14 days of the receipt of the Bill.

In case the Lok Sabha does not agree with the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha or if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. It is then sent to the President for his assent. The President must give his assent to the Money Bill. He can neither withhold his assent nor can he send the Bill back for reconsideration. The Appropriation Act authorises the Government to spend money as authorised in the Act. Without such an authority the Government cannot incur an expenditure.

5. Finance Bill:
A Finance Bill is that which embodies all the taxation proposals of the Government for the ensuring year. While the Appropriation Act authorises the Government to spend money as authorised in the Act, the Finance Bill deals with the legislation which authorises the raising of Funds through taxation as embodied in the financial proposals of the year. The Finance Bill has to go through three readings and the procedure followed is that of a Money Bill. The discussion of the Finance pill in the second reading is confined to general principles.

It is only in the Select Committee that the Bill is considered in details and amendments are moved. Clause by clause consideration of the Bill follows after the presentation of the Committee Report. There is one important difference between the Report Stage of Finance Bill and that of the Appropriation Bill. In the case of Appropriation Bill, no amendments can be moved. In that of the Finance Bill amendments seeking to reject or reduce a tax can be moved. Sometimes the Cabinet voluntarily agrees with the opposition in the reduction of a tax. But if a cut motion is carried against the opposition of the Government, it means a lack of confidence in the Government. In that case the Government has to resign.

As soon as the Finance Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is certified by the Speaker as Money Bill and is sent to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Rajya Sabha has to return the Finance Bill, with or without recommendations within 14 days. The Lok Sabha may or may not agree with the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. After the expiry of 14 days the Finance Bill is sent to the President for his assent. He cannot refuse his assent.

Question 7.
How does a bill become an Act in the Indian Parliament?
Or
Describe the various stages through which the budget passes. Discuss.
Answer:
What is a Bill? The Parliament frames laws for the country. Any member of the House can introduce a resolution for the purpose of making a law. That resolution is to be introduced in the House in a special form and the resolution which is placed before the House in a special form is called a bill. Hence, the resolutions which are introduced in the Parliament for the purpose of making laws or changing old laws or amending the Constitution are called bills. The bill is passed by both the Houses and then it is sent to the President for his assent, and then it becomes a law. But before the Bill becomes a law, it is to pass through so many stages.

Kinds of Bill:
The Constitution divides Bills into two categories i.e., Money Bills and Non- Money Bills. The bills which are introduced in the Parliament by the ministers are called government bills. The bills which are introduced in the House by ordinary members of the House are called Private Members’ bills. Government bills are of two types, money bills and ordinary bills. A money bill is concerned with the imposition of taxes and the expenditure of amount thus collected.

The bill is to pass through so many stages before it becomes a law. The bill is discussed and debated thoroughly in these stages. These stages are mentioned as follows:
1. Introduction of the Bill:
An ordinary bill can be introduced in any House and by any member of the House. But a member can introduce the bill in the same House of which he is a member. The mover of the bill is to give a notice to this effect a month earlier. The admission of the notice brings a particular bill in the agenda or ‘the order of the day’.

There is no need for the ministers to give a month’s notice for the purpose. The agenda of the House or the programme of the House is prepared by the Cabinet and they can fix the date of the introduction of their bills. Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. Money Bills can only be introduced by the ministers and not by the ordinary members of the House.

On the fixed date the mover of the bills seeks the permission of the House for moving the bill and it is very much a formality. On getting the permission of the House he only reads the title of the bill. After this he gives a copy of the bill to the clerk of the House. It is called the introduction of the bill. The bill is sent to the Gazette of India for publication and its copies are distributed among the members of the House. The government bills can be published in the Government Gazette even without introducing them in the House and this method has been generally adopted.

2. First Reading:
After the introduction there is a first reading of the bill. Sometimes there is a first reading of the bill just after the introductory stage. Sometimes another date is fixed for the first reading of the bill. On the fixed date the mover of the bill stands up at his place and requests that the bill should be read for the first time. On getting permission of the House he explains the main principles and objectes of the bill.

After this other members of the House express their opinions in favour of and against the bill. The bill at this stage is not debated and discussed in detail, only the objects and the main principles involved are discussed. Then the mover of the bill puts a resolution that the bill be sent to a Select Committee. Three decisions can be taken on such a resolution:

• The bill should be sent to a Select Committee for giving its report on the bill.
• The bill should be sent to the press and states for propaganda and public opinion should be elicited. The people send their views in favour or against the bill to the Parliament.
• If the majority is opposed to the bill, it is dropped. Most of the bills of private members are rejected at this stage, if they are not supported by the Cabinet.

3. Select Committee:
If the bill is not rejected in the first reading, it is sent to a Select Committee. The committee consists of 20 to 30 members which are taken from among members of the House. The bill which is published for eliciting public opinion is also sent to the Select Committee. The members of the Select Committee discuss the bill in detail and debate the merits and demerits of the bill. The Committee can suggest amendments in the provisions of clauses of the bill.

After discussing the bill thoroughly the committee prepares its report in favour of or against the bill or suggests some amendments in the bill. While preparing the report the committee takes into consideration public opinion also. Then the committee sends its report to the House.

4. Second Reading:
A day is fixed for discussing the report of the Select Committee on the bill. The mover of the bill on the fixed date requests the House that the report of the Select Committee on the bill may be discussed. The House discusses the bill in detail. The bill is discussed clause by clause and item by item. The views of the Select Committee on all clauses are discussed. The members of the Houses can suggest amendments in the bill. After the bill is seriously discussed the opinion of the House is sought on each clause and amendment proposals are also put to vote. The bill is passed according to the viewpoint of the majority of the members. This stage is very important in the passage of the bill.

5. Third Reading:
After the bill is passed in the second reading, another date is fixed for the third reading of the bill. This is the last stage in the passage of the bill. Like the first stage there is not much of discussion on the bill at this stage also. There is a little chance of the rejection of the bill at this stage. At this stage the proposals for amending the bill cannot be moved. Only proposals for change in the working of the bill can be given. The entire bill is put to vote at this stage and it is either rejected or passed.

Bill in the Second House:
After the bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the second House. It is to pass through all the stages in this House. After the ordinary bill is passed by both the Houses it is sent to the President for his assent. If the two houses differ over a particular bill, a joint meeting of the two Houses is called for and the bill is placed before it. The joint meeting of the two Houses decides the fate of the bill by a majority vote. As the Lok Sabha is a larger body compared with the Rajya Sabha, hence the bill is passed according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha.

The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha rejects the money bill or does not take any action for 14 days, under both these conditions the money bill is considered passed.

Assent of the President. After the bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the President for his assent. The President cannot refuse to give his assent to the money bill. In case of ordinary bill the President can make use of his veto power, that means that the President can refuse to give his assent to the ordinary bills.

However, the President may return a Bill to the Parliament. If the Parliament passes such a bill again, the President cannot withhold his assent to such a bill. The bill becomes an Act when the President gives his assent to it. It can be enforced after the President’s assent has been taken. It is published in the Government Gazette.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the composition of the Union Legislature or Parliament.
Answer:
The Union Legislature or the Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature. According to Article 79 of the Constitution, there shall be Parliament for the Union which shall consist of President and two houses respectively, known as the Council of the States and the House of the People. Council of the States or the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament.

It can have at the most 250 members in it. This is a permanent house. 1/3 of its members retire after every two years. Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of Council of Ministers before the expiry of its term.

Question 2.
Discuss any four features of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

• Indian Parliament is Bi-cameral.
• Upper House of the Parliament is permanent.
• Lower house of the Parliament can be dissolved before its expiry term.
• The membership of both the houses is not equal.

Question 3.
What are the main functions and powers of Parliament?
Answer:
Following are the main functions and powers of the Parliament-

• The Parliament has the power to enact laws for the whole of the country.
• The Parliament controls the Cabinet and Cabinet is responsible to the parliament.
• The Parliament controls the finance of the State and it passes the budget.
• The Parliament formulates national and foreign policies of the country.

Question 4.
Explain the executive powers of the Parliament.
Or
How does Indian Parliament control the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament controls the executive in the following ways:
1. The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.

2. The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

3. The members of the Parliament can ask the ministers questions regarding the functioning of the administration. The ministers are to give satisfactory replies to all these questions.

4. The members of the Parliament by introducing ‘Adjournment Motion’ can invite the attention of the government ti!> a serious problem or event.

5. During discussion on budget the members of the Parliament discuss the working of different departments of the government and criticize the policies of the government.

6. The Cabinet continues to remain in office according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha. It can seek the removal of the Cabinet by passing a no-confidence motion against it or by rejecting an important government bill or by passing a resolution for reducing the salary of a particular minister. The bill is sent to a small committee which discusses the bill in detail and then sends it with amendments, if any. In second reading, there is clause by clause discussion. Then the bill is put to vote. After the bill is passed it is sent to the other House. The bill passes through similar stages in the other House and is then sent to the president for his assent. After his signature the bill becomes an Act.

Question 5.
Discuss the legislative powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List.

The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for Union Territories. The Rajya Sabha can transfer a State subject in favor of the Centre for the purpose of making laws. In case of the proclamation of emergency by the President, the Parliament can legislate on State subjects. The Residuary powers are under the control of the Central Government and so Parliament frames laws on all the residuary subjects.

Question 6.
Discuss in brief the judicial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
Following are the judicial powers of the Parliament:

• The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
• The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.
• The Parliament can remove the judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court by passing a resolution to that effect.

Question 7.
What are the qualifications to become a member of the Parliament?
Answer:

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must have completed the age of 25 years in case of Lok Sabha and 30 years in case of Rajya Sabha.
• He must not hold any office of profit.
• He must possess qualifications laid down by the Parliament of India.
• He must not be of unsound mind and should not have been declared disqualified by a competent court.

Question 8.
Write the composition of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members, 12 members are nominated by the President. These members shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.

The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories. The representatives of the States are elected by the elected members of their Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the states and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the President.

Question 9.
What are the qualifications of a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must have completed 30 years of age.
• He must possess such other qualifications as prescribed by the Parliament.
• He must be a parliamentary elector in the state from which he is seeking election and must have been residing in the state for the last six months.
• He should not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any State government.

Question 10.
Mention the powers of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Indian Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he performs the following functions:

• He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
• He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the Rajya Sabha.
• He allows the members to speak.
• As he is not a member of the Rajya Sabha, he is not allowed to vote, but in case of equality of votes he has a casting vote.

Question 11.
Describe the legislative powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. Since the main responsibility of the Parliament is to make laws, hence the Rajya Sabha takes part in the making of laws. Except Money Bills, all bills can originate in the Rajya Sabha. No Bill can become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses.

In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a Bill or on the amendments made in the Bill, the President has been empowered to summon a joint meeting of the two Houses for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill. At a joint sitting, questions are decided by a majority of the members of both houses present and voting. A decision taken at the joint sitting shall mean the decision of both Houses.

Question 12.
Explain in brief the financial powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
In financial matters, it is the Lok Sabha which enjoys a pre-eminent position. No Money Bill can first be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It is the privilege of the Lok Sabha to pass the Money Bill first and send it to the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. In case the Lok Sabha rejects the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha.

Likewise, if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Thus, the Lok Sabha possesses complete control over the purse of the nation.

Question 13.
Write down the judicial powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha enjoys co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the process of impeachment of the President. In the removal of the Vice-President, a resolution to that effects can be moved in the Rajya Sabha only. But the Lok Sabha must agree with that resolution if the Vice-President is to be removed from the office. Likewise, it has itjentical powers with the Lok Sabha in the matter of removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court.

Question 14.
Describe the constitutional powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha exercises constituent functions alongwith the Lok Sabha. A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House of the parliament. And the Bill amending the Constitution is required to be passed in each House by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of two-thirds of its members present and voting. The Constitution is silent on how to resolve a dead-lock between the two Houses.

Question 15.
Mention special powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with special powers enumerated in the state list.
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two- thirds majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that the Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Under Article 312 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha is empowered to create one or more All-India Services, if the house passes a resolution by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to do so.

3. Rajya Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

Question 16.
What are the previleges of the members of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy following previleges:

• The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views on the floor of the house. No action can be taken against them for the expression of their views.
• The members of the Rajya Sabha can’t be arrested for any civil offence during and 40 days before and after the session.

Question 17.
Describe the organisation of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
According to the re-organisation of Goa, Daman and Diu Act of 1987 the maximum elected members of the Lok Sabha can’be 550. members. Two members of Anglo-Indian Community can be appointed by the President. At present Lok Sabha consists of 545 members.

Out of 545 members 543 are directly elected by the people. The members of Lok Sabha are elected by single member constituency. The whole country is divided into equal constituencies. Every citizen whose name is on the voter’s list can cast his vote. A candidate getting highest votes is declared elected.

Question 18.
Describe the qualifications to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must have completed 25 years of age.
• He must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.
• He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.
• No person can be a member of both Houses of Parliament. In case he becomes, he must vacate one of the two seats. Likewise, one person cannot be a member of a House of Parliament and of a State Legislature simultaneously.

Question 19.
How are the members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years has the right to vote provided, of course, he or she is not otherwise disqualified on grounds of unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice. The voting is by secret ballot. Normally one member represents a population between 5 to 714 lakhs.

As per constitution, there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between the population of the State as far as practicable, is same for all the States. Each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the State.

Question 20.
Define in brief the tenure of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where 1/3 members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term i.e. five years.

Question 21.
Write in brief the privileges of the members of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Members of the Lok Sabha enjoy certain privileges:

• Members have full freedom for speech in the House. No case can be started against a member for a speech given in the House.
• Members cannot be arrested in any civil suit before 40 days of the beginning of the session.
• During the session, a member can be arrested in criminal cases only but information must be given to the speaker.
• Members get monthly salary and many other allowances.

Question 22.
Describe the legislative powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Any type of bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Laws in it, can be -framed on any subject given on the Union list and the concurrent list. The Rajya Sabha can transfer any subject on the State List by passing a resolution in favour of the Centre and Lok Sabha can pass a law on the subject. Rajya Sabha can transfer a subject only in case of national importance.

After the bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha and it can delay the bill at the most for 6 months. If the Rajya Sabha rejects the bill or does not take any action over it for a period of six months, a joint session of the two, Houses of the Parliament is called and the majority vote decides the fate of the bill. As the number of the members of the Lok Sabha is larger than that of the Rajya Sabha, so the members of the Lok Sabha can get the bills passed according to its own wishes.

Question 23.
Discuss about the Financial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament controls the finances of the State. The goverenment places the budget before the start of the financial year. The Parliament discusses the budget and gives its assent to the bill. The government can neither impose any tax upon the public nor can it spend the money without the approval of the Parliament. The President will have to give his assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

Question 24.
Write down the executive powers of the Lok Sabha.
Or
How does Lok Sabha controls the Executive?
Answer:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabh is the Prime Minister of the country. Most of the ministers are also taken from the Lok Sabha. The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha for all its actions and policies.

The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. The members of the Lok Sabha can criticize the functioning of the Cabinet. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office till it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

Question 25.
Discuss the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the state. As money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. If there is a difference of opinion whether a particular bill a money bill or a non-money bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will.be final.

After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill. The President cannot use his veto power in case of money bill.

Question 26.
Who is the speaker?
Answer:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House. The Constitution also provides for the office of the Deputy

Speaker:
He too is the member of the House and is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the speaker when the latter is absent or while the office of the Speaker is vacant.

Question 27.
Who is the Chairman of Lok Sabha? List his four main functions.
Answer:
Chairman of Lok Sabha is popularly known as Speaker. He performs ahead functions:

1. Preserve Order: He presides over the meetings of the House and preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.
2. Money-Bill: He decides whether a bill is a money-bill.
3. Guardian of Rights: He is the guardian of the privileges of the member of Lok Sabha.
4. Joint Meetings: He presides over the joint meetings of both the Houses of Parliament.

Question 28.
How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is more powerful because

1. The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected while the members of house of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected.
2. Money bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It originates in the Lok Sabha only. It is sent for recommendation to Rajya Sabha and not for passing. If Rajya Sabha returns it after 14 days it is assumed as passed.
3. Lok Sabha controls the executive whereas Rajya Sabha has no effective control over the executive.

Question 29.
Explain the relationship between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is a lower house while Rajya Sabha is a upper house of the Parliament. Both the houses do not enjoy equal powers. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. Ordinary bills can originate in either House of Parliament. Rajya Sabha can delay an ordinary bill maximum for a period of six months. Money bill can originate in the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can delay the money bill for 14 days only.

In the matters of finance the powers of the Rajya Sabha are insignificant. Members of the Rajya Sabha can ask questions to the ministers and they can criticise the policies of the government but they are having no power to remove the Council of Ministers. The Lok Sabha can remove the Council of Ministers by passing a vote of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers. Thus Lok Sabha is having a real control over the government.

Question 30.
Narrate the circumstances under which a joint session of the Parliament is summoned. Who presides over this?
Answer:
The President summons the joint session of the Parliament on the following occasions:

1. Joint session of the Parliament is summoned to resolve the conflict between the two Houses of the Parliament.
2. Joint session is summoned when a bill is passed by one House and is rejected by the other. The speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint session of the Parliament.

Question 31.
What is the difference between the election of Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years of age has the right to vote. From each territorial constituency one member is elected and the candidate getting the highest votes in the election is declared elected. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the state Assemblies.

Question 32.
What is understood by Adjournment Motion?
Answer:
An adjournment motion is a proposal for postponing the normal business of the House in order to discuss a matter of urgent public importance such as a serious riot, a case of police firing on a procession or a grave railway accident and so on.

The real object of an adjournment motion is to bring to light the inefficiency or corruption of the administration and the mistakes of policy of which the government is considered to be guilty. Such a motion can be moved any time provided the presiding officer of the House is satisfied of its urgent public nature. When such a motion is moved, the House suspends its normal work.

Question 33.
What do you understand by Question Hour?
Answer:
Members of Parliament are free to ask questions to elicit information on matters of public concern from ministers of the government. The First hour of every sitting in both houses is devoted to asking and answering of questions. It is known as the ‘Question Hour’.

During this hour, matters concerning the Government of India are raised and problems are brought to the notice of the government to seek their intervention to meet any situation and to redress public grievances. ‘Question Hour’ forms the most interesting part of the Parliamentary procedure. The government is put on trial during this hour.

Question 34.
What do you understand by ‘Zero Hour’?
Answer:
The time immediately following the ‘Question Hour’ in both Houses has come to be populary known as ‘Zero Hour’. It is a Zero Hour in more than one sense. It is a non¬existent hour. If starts at 12 noon which is the zero hour of the day. It came to be called an Hour also because very often it continued for one full hour, until the House rose for lunch at 1 p.m. In the rules there is no mention of any Zero Hour at all. It is the press that gave the name Zero Hour, sometimes in the early sixties. In the eyes of Rules Book the so called Zero Hour is an irregular affair. But, as thing can, Zero Hour seems to have come to say.

Question 35.
What is money bill?
Answer:
A money bill is that which contains provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters:

• the imposition, abolition, remission, alternation or regulation of any tax.
• the regulation of the borrowing of money or creation on any financial obligation to be undertaken by the Government in India.
• payment of money into or withdrawal of money from the consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India.
  appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
• the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India of the amount of. any such expenditure.
• receipt of money on account of the public account of India and the audit of accounts and incidental matter.

Question 36.
Describe the law-making procedure in the Parliament of India.
Answer:
The Parliament is the supreme body of making laws. Ordinary bills can be introduced in either House of Parliament. In the first reading, general principles involved in the bill are read. After first reading the bill is sent to small committee which discusses the bill in detail and then sends it with amendments if any. In second reading, there is clause by clause discussion. Then the bill is put to vote. After bill is passed it is sent to other House. The bill passes through similar stages in the other House and is then sent to the President for his assent. After his signature the bill becomes an act.

Question 37.
Write down the name of Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman and Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Name of Post	Name of Person
1. Speaker of Lok Sabha	Sh. Om Birla
2. Chairman of.Rajya Sabha	Sh. Venkaiah Naidu
3. Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha	Sh. Harivansh Narayan Singh

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the composition of the Union Legislature or Parliament.
Answer:
The Union Legislature or the Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature. Council of the States or the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament. It can have at the most 250 members in it. This is a permanent house. Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of Council of Ministers before the expiry of its term.

Question 2.
Explain any two features of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

• Indian Parliament is Bi-cameral.
• Upper House of the Parliament is permanent.

Question 3.
What are the main functions and powers of Parliament?
Answer:
Following are the main functions and powers of the Parliament-

• The Parliament has the power to enact laws for the whole of the country.
• The Parliament controls the,Cabinet and Cabinet is responsible to the parliament.

Question 4.
How does Indian Parliament control the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament controls the executive in the following ways:

• The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.
• The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

Question 5.
Explain the legislative powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List. The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for Union Territories.

Question 6.
Discuss in brief the judicial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
Following are the judicial powers of the Parliament:

• The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
• The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.

Question 7.
What are the qualifications to become a member of the Parliament?
Answer:

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must have completed the age of 25 years in case of Lok Sabha and 30 years in case of Rajya Sabha.

Question 8.
Write the composition of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members, 12 members are nominated by the President. The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories. At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the states and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the President.

Question 9.
What are the qualifications of a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

• He must be a citizen of India.
• He must have completed 30 years of age.

Question 10.
Discuss the powers of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Indian Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he performs the following functions:

• He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
• He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the Rajya Sabha.

Question 11.
Mention special powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with special powers enumerated in the state list.
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two- thirds majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that the Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Rajya Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

Question 12.
Explain previleges of the members of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy following previleges:

1. The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views on the floor of the house. No action can be taken against them for the expression of their views.
2. The members of the Rajya Sabha can’t be arrested for any civil offence during and 40 days before and after the session.

Question 13.
Describe the organisation of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Elected members of the Lok Sabha can be 550 members. Two members of Anglo- Indian Community can be appointed by the President. At present Lok Sabha consists of 545 members. Out of 545 members 543 are directly elected by the people. The members of Lok Sabha are elected by single member constituency. A candidate getting highest votes is declared elected.

Question 14.
Describe the qualifications to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:

• He must be a citizen of India
• He must have completed 25 years of age.

Question 15.
What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where 1/3 members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term i.e. five years.

Question 16.
Write down the executive powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office till it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

Question 17.
Explain the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the state. As money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill.

Question 18.
Who is the speaker?
Answer:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House.

Question 19.
Write down any two functions of Speaker.
Answer:
Chairman of Lok Sabha is popularly known as Speaker. He performs functions given ahead:

• Preserve Order. He presides over the meetings ofeihe House and preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.
• Money-Bill. He decides whether a bill is a money-bill.

Question 20.
How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

1. The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected while the members of house of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected.
2. Money bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It originates in the Lok Sabha only. It is sent for recommendation to Rajya Sabha and not for passing. If Rajya Sabha returns it after 14 days it is assumed as passed.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the two Houses of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

1. Lok Sabha
2. Rajya Sabha.

Question 2.
Which one House of the Union Parliament is more powerful?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.

Question 3.
How many members can be nominated in Lok Sabha by the President?
Answer:
Two members from Anglo-Indian Community.

Question 4.
How many members can be nominated in Rajya Sabha by the President?
Answer:
12 members are nominated in Rajya Sabha from amongst the scholars, artists and social workers.

Question 5.
How are members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of 18 years and above has a right to vote.

Question 6.
What is the total strength of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The maximum strength, of Rajya Sabha can be 250.

Question 7.
For what PAC stands?
Answer:
Public Accounts Committee.

Question 8.
What is the present strength of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha consists of 545 members- 543 elected and 2 nominated Anglo- Indian.

Fill in The Blanks

1. ……………. presides over the joint session of the Parliament.
Answer:
Speaker

2. Cabinet is responsible to ……………. .
Answer:
Parliament

3. The candidate constituting for ……………. should not be less than 25 years.
Answer:
Lok Sabha

4. ……………. members are nominated by the President in Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
12

5. The candidate constituting for ……………. should not be less than 30 years.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha.

True or False statement

1. Two members are nominated by the President in the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
False

2. The session of the Indian Parliament are held at least twice a year.
Answer:
True

3. Vice-President presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
False

4. The budget is introduced in Lok Sabha by Finance Minister.
Answer:
True

5. President presides over the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
False

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The Indian Parliament is:
(A) Uni-cameral
(B) Three Houses
(C) Bi-cameral
(D) Four Houses.
Answer:
(C) Bi-cameral

Question 2.
The Lower House of the Indian Parliament is known as:
(A) Rajya Sabha
(B) Lok Sabha
(C) Legislative Assembly
(D) Council of States.
Answer:
(B) Lok Sabha

Question 3.
The Upper House of the Indian Parliament is known as:
(A) Lok Sabha
(B) Rajya Sabha
(C) Council of ministers
(D) Legislative Council.
Answer:
(B) Rajya Sabha

Question 4.
The tenure of the members of the Rajya Sabha is:
(A) 5 years
(B) 4 years
(C) 6 years
(D) 3 years.
Answer:
(C) 6 years

Question 5.
Who is the presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha?
(A) Prime Minister
(B) Vice-President
(C) President
(D) Speaker.
Answer:
(B) Vice-President

Question 6.
Speaker is elected for a period of:
(A) 5 years
(B) 6 years
(C) 7 years
(D) 4 years.
Answer:
(A) 5 years

Question 7.
The tenure of the Lok Sabha in normal times is:
(A) 6 years
(B) 5 years
(C) 4 years
(D) 3 years.
Answer:
(B) 5 years

Question 8.
How many members are nominated by the president in Lok Sabha?
(A) 12 Members
(B) 3 Members
(C) 18 Members
(D) 2 Members.
Answer:
(D) 2 Members.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions)

Complete the following sentences by putting sentence connectors in the blank spaces.

Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

1. (1) ………….. I was young, I used to travel a lot. (2) …………… now I am old (3) …………… it is difficult for me to show as much zeal (4) ……………. I had in my youth. (5) ……………. I can still do many things, there are certain things (6) ……………. are beyond my reach now.
Answer:
1. When 2. But 3. and 4. as 5. While 6. which.

2. (1) …………… did I reach the station (2) …………… the train left. I do not know (3) ……………. it happened with me. (4) .. ……….. I narrated the incident to my mother, she was disappointed to hear it. (5) ………….. I was coming back to my house, I met a stranger (6) ……………. was carrying a basket with him. I tried to talk to him (7) ……………. he gave no response.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than. 3. how 4. When 5 While 6. who 7. hut.

3. Music is said to be food for the soul. (1) …………… does it give relaxation to our mind, (2) ……………. helps us to forget our sorrows and worries of day-to-day life. There is no aspect of life (3) …………… we do not find it. There is hardly any party or function (4) …………… music is not played. (5) …………… we must enjoy it to forget our pains for some time.
Answer:
1. Not only 2. but also 3. where 4. where 5. But.

4. Education has become a part of everybody’s life. There is not even a single field (1) ……………. education has not left its mark. The day is not far (2) ……. everybody would like to drink deep in its ocean. (3) ……………. the need of the hour is to spread education in every nook and corner (4) …………….. nobody is left without its mark.
Answer:
1. where 2. when 3. But 4. till.

5. One day (1) …………. I went to my friend’s house, I was surprised to see a man (2) …………… was wearing nothing. (3) ……………. I asked him the reason, he tried to avoid me, ……….. (4) I did not stop and asked him again. (5) ………….. some time, he told me the reason behind it. (6) …………… he was telling me a sad episode (7) ……………. had happened with him two days (8) ………….started weeping (9) …………… I heard his woeful tale.
Answer:
1. when. 2. who 3. When 4. but 5. After 6. While . 7 which 8. ago before 9. when.

6. The economic condition of a country depends on the resources available in the country (1) ……………. on its population. (2) ……………. the population increases, resources start decreasing. (3) …………… there is a need to control population (4) ……………. we want our country to move towards the path of development.
Answer:
1. as well as 2.When 3. So 4 . if.

7. I was pained to hear about your problem, (1) ……………. you should not worry (2) ……………. I am always there to help you. (3) ………… my means are limited, I will try to help you (4) …………. much (5) ………… I can. (6) ………….. you want to progress in life, you should have faith in your capabilities (7) ……… aspirations.
Answer:
1. but 2. because 3. Although 4. as 5. as 6. If 7. and.

8. (1) ……………. my knowledge is concerned, I can only say (2) ………….. nowadays, it has become difficult to make both ends meet. I was seven years old (3) ………….. my mother died. I tried to put a lot of efforts (4) ……………. I might get (5) ……………. I desired in my life. My sister (6) …………. I started running a shop (7) …………… was situated near our house. My sister (8) I managed the shop. (9) …………… we had limited means, we were honest.
Answer:
1. As far as 2. that 3. when 4. so that 5. what 6. and 7. which 8. and 9. Though

9. (1) ……………. I was nine years old, my parents told me (2) …………… We originally belonged to Kashmir. (3) ………… I grew up, I began to watch TV (4) I learnt about the happenings in Kashmir. (5) ……………. I saw some beautiful shots of the heavenly valley on the TV (6) ………….. in movies, I would remember Kashmir.
Answer:
1. When 2. that 3. As 4. So that 5. Whenever 6. Or.

10. My friend had been suffering from cholera (1) …………. Monday. Today he reached his house, his family had left for the hospital. I hurriedly rushed towards the hospital (4) …………. he had been admitted. The doctor came (5) ……………… assured us about his early recovery. We heaved a sigh of relief (6) …………….. we heard the news of his recovery.
Answer:
1. since 2. because 3. When 4. where 5. and 6. when.

11. (1) ……….. I feel lonely, I prefer to enjoy the beauties of nature. Wordsworth was a famous poet (2) …………… wrote poems on the beautiful objects of nature. Some of his poems show the zeal (3) ………… he had in his veins. (4) ……………. I was at school, my English teacher used to tell me about some of Wordsworth’s poems (5) ……….. were worth reading.
Answer:
1. When 2. who 3. that 4. When 5. that.

12. (1) ……………. you do not get success despite your repeated efforts, you should not lose heart. Only those people get success (2) …………… have an optimistic approach towards life. (3) ……………. you want to win the lost game, you should not feel exhausted. You can go up in life (4) ……….. you persist in your efforts.
Answer:
1. If 2. who 3. If 4. if.

13. (1) ………….. did we step out of the house (2) ………….. the rain started. I love rainy season (3) ……………. in that season, my grandmother prepares lovely dishes for the whole family. I enjoy sitting alone (4) ………….. it is raining. (5) ………….. somebody comes to my house on a rainy day, I feel disturbed.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than 3. because 4. while 5. If.

14. The incident (1) …………… changed me was the death of my grandfather. (2) …………… he ate was flushed out of his system immediately. One morning, (3) …………… reciting his prayers, he passed away. I can never forget the day on (4) …………… my grandfather died. (5) …………… I was a child, he used to tell me stories (6) ……………. going to bed. (7) …………… today, I have not come out of the grief (8) ………….. engulfed me six years back.
Answer:
1. that 2. Whatever 3. while 4. which 5. When 6. before 7. Even 8. that.

15. (1) ……………. a certain Minister grew old, his hair fell off (2) …………… he became bald. (3) ……………. he was vain, he wore a wig of someone else’s hair (4) ……………. went out. (5) ……………. he was rushing out of Parliament one day, there was a gust of wind. His wig fell off (6) …………… exposed his bald pate. (7) ……………. everyone saw this, they started laughing at him.
Answer:
1. When 2. and 3. As 4. and 5. While 6. and 7. When.

Combine the following sentences, using the sentence connectors given in brackets.
Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

(A)

1. It was hot. We did not go out. (so)
2. He is working hard. He wants to get first division. (because)
3. He is rich. He is a miser. (but)
4. Mohan did not steal the book. Sohan did not steal the book. (neither-nor)
5. She is poor. She is honest. (but)
6. He does not take tea. He does not take coffee. (neither-nor)
7. The train left the station. The guard waved the green flag. (when)
8. He does not eat meat. He does not eat eggs. (neither-nor)
9. It was raining heavily. I went to my office. (when)
10. She is ill. She does not take medicine. (though-yet)
Answer:
1. It was hot, so we did not go out.
2. He is working hard because he wants to get first division.
3. He is rich, but he is a miser.
4. Neither Mohan nor Sohan stole the book
5. She is poor, but she is honest.
6. He takes neither tea nor coffee.
7. The train left the station when the guard waved the green flag.
8. He eats neither meat nor eggs.
9. It was raining heavily when I went to my office.
10. Though she is ill, yet she does not take medicine.

(B)

1. The woman gave the beggar money. She also gave him food. (not only-but also)
2. I have not written to him. I have not spoken to him. (neither-nor)
3. He is not a rogue. He is not a fool. (neither-nor)
4. Our guns opened fire. The enemy fled. (as soon as)
5. Mohan is not going to Chandigarh. He is not going to Jalandhar. (neither-nor)
6. Anoop is going out for a walk. Saroop is going out for a walk. (both)
7. He brought a book for me. He brought a pen for me. (as well as)
8. I was placed on the merit list. I was not given a scholarship. (although-yet)
9. He worked hard. He failed. (though-yet)
10. He was tired. He could hardly stand. (so-that)
Answer:
1. The woman gave the beggar not only money, but also food.
2. I have neither written to him nor spoken to him.
3. He is neither a rogue nor a fool.
4. The enemy fled as soon as our guns opened fire.
5. Mohan is going neither to Chandigarh nor to Jalandhar.
6. Both Anoop and Saroop are going out for a walk.
7. He brought a book as well as a pen for me.
8. Although I was placed on the merit list, yet I was not given a scholarship.
9. Though he worked hard, yet he failed.
10. He was so tired that he could hardly stand.

(C)

1. There is life. There is hope. (Combine the two sentences)
2. I cannot stand. I cannot sit. (neither-nor)
3. He was taken to task. He was given a sound beating. (not only-but also)
4. I had reached home. It started raining. (hardly-when)
5. He must be mad. He must be drunk. (either-or)
6. I had reached home. It began to rain heavily. (scarcely-when)
7. Ravi did not come to her help. Shashi did not come to her help. (neither-nor)
8. Walk very carefully. You should not slip. (Join the sentences)
9. Make hay. The sun shines. (while)
10. He was sick. He did not go to school. (because)
Answer:
1. So long as there is life, there is hope.
2. I can neither stand nor sit.
3. He was not only taken to task, but was also given a sound beating.
4. I had hardly reached home when it started raining.
5. He must be either mad or drunk.
6. I had scarcely reached home when it began to rain heavily.
7. Neither Ravi nor Shashi came to her help.
8. Walk very carefully lest you should slip.
9. Make hay while the sun shines.
10. He did not go to school because he was sick.

(D)

1. Ram is good. Sham is equally good. (as-as)
2. I was late for school. I missed the first bus.(because)
3. He has stolen my book. His brother has stolen my book. (either-or)
4. The teacher did not punish him. The teacher did not fine him. (neither-nor)
5. I can do with a pen. I can also do with a pencil.(either-or)
6. Rakesh is not a good actor. He is not a good writer. (neither-nor)
7. It was quite cold. She did not light a fire. (although-yet)
8. Radha is intelligent. She is hard-working. (both-and)
9. She is extremely happy today. She has been engaged to a boy of her choice. (because)
10. The thief was caught red-handed. He was stealing a jewellery box. (while)
Answer:
1. Ram is as good as Sham.
2. I was late for school because I missed the first bus.
3. Either he or his brother has stolen my book.
4. The teacher neither. punished nor fined him.
5. I can do either with a pen or a pencil.
6. Rakesh is neither a good actor nor a good writer.
7. Although it was quite cold, yet she did not light a fire.
8. Radha is both intelligent and hard-working.
9. She is extremely happy today because she has been engaged to a boy of her choice.
10. The thief was caught red-handed while he was stealing a jewellery box.

(E)

1. He is very weak. He cannot stand. (so-that)
2. The cat is away. The mice will play. (when)
3. Ram is not trustworthy. Sham is not trustworthy. (neither-nor)
4. I saw the lion. I ran away. (as soon as)
5. You must work hard. You will fail. (or)
6. Ram was singing. Ram was also dancing. (while)
7. Men may come. Men may go. I go on for ever. (and-but)
8. I saw a beggar. I was going to school. (when)
9. We left home. The rain started. (as soon as)
10. You will have to leave this house. You may wish it or not. (whether)
Answer:
1. He is so weak that he cannot stand.
2. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
3. Neither Ram nor Sham is trustworthy.
4. As soon as I saw the lion, I ran away.
5. You must work hard or you will fail.
6. Ram was dancing while he was singing.
7. Men may come and men may go but I go. on for ever.
8. I saw a beggar when I was going to school.
9. As soon as we left home, the rain started.
10. You will have to leave this house whether you wish it or not.

(F)

1. Reena came to my house. Teena came to my house. (as well as)
2. He worked hard. He fell ill. (so-that)
3. She is proud. She is mean. (not only-but also)
4. She spoke loudly. She spoke clearly. (and)
5. He is sad. He is hopeful. (but)
6. I don’t like coffee. I don’t like tea. (neither-nor)
7. You must leave at once. You may like or not. (whether)
8. Let us go to bed. It is late now. (as)
9. He called on me. I was at home. (when)
10. We stepped out. It began to rain. (hardly-when)
Answer:
1. Reena as well as Teena came to my house.
2. He worked so hard that he fell ill.
3. She is not only proud, but also mean.
4. She spoke loudly and clearly.
5. He is sad but hopeful.
6. I like neither coffee nor tea.
7. You must leave at once whether you like or not.
8. Let us go to bed as it is late now.
9. He called on me when I was at home.
10. Hardly had we stepped out when it began to rain.

(G)

1. Run fast. You will miss the train. (lest-should)
2. He failed. I don’t know the reason. (why)
3. We didn’t take a tonga. We didn’t take a taxi. (neither-nor)
4. The step taken was right. The step taken was wrong. (either-or)
5. A car struck against his scooter. No one was injured. (yet)
6. She wishes it. I shall help you. (since)
7. The patient had died. The doctor came. (before)
8. He is at his office. I shall call on him. (if)
9. Mohan has not come. He has sent no message. (neither-nor)
10. Mumbai is a famous city. It is a big centre of film industry. (which)
Answer:
1. Run fast lest you should miss the train.
2. I don’t know why he failed.
3. We took neither a tonga nor a taxi.
4. The step taken was either right or wrong.
5. A car struck against his scooter, yet no one was injured.
6. Since she wishes it, I shall help you.
7. The patient had died before the doctor came.
8. I shall call on him if he is at his office.
9. Mohan has neither come nor sent any message.
10. Mumbai is a famous city which is a big centre of film industry.

(H)

1. The thief saw the owner of the house. He ran away. (as soon as)
2. Ashok was invited to the party. Meena was invited to the party. (as well as)
3. Mary didn’t come to the church yesterday. John didn’t come to the church yesterday (neither-nor)
4. He didn’t work hard. He failed. (because)
5. Mohan is honest. He is sincere. (both-and)
6. I bought a saree. I bought a suit. (as well as)
7. The children saw the wolf. They ran away. (as soon as)
8. He is very lazy. He can’t get along with me. (so-that)
9. The sun rose. The fog disappeared. (as soon as)
10. Rajan is kind. He is honest. (both-and)
Answer:
1. The thief ran away as soon as he saw the owner of the house.
2. Ashok as well as Meena was invited to the party.
3. Neither Mary nor John came to the church yesterday.
4. He failed because he didn’t work hard.
5. Mohan is both honest and sincere.
6. I bought a saree as well as a suit.
7. As soon as the children saw the wolf, they ran away.
8. He is so lazy that he can’t get along with me.
9. The fog disappeared as soon as the sun rose.
10. Rajan is both kind and honest.

Conjunction

दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों (Phrases) अथवा वाक्यों को परस्पर जोड़ने वाले शब्द को Conjunction कहा जाता है; जैसे
1. The teacher taught Mohan and Abdul.
2. I want some pen or pencil.
3. He will take tea, but I will take milk.
4. I will try to come as soon as I can.

The Use Of Some Conjunctions

(1) No sooner, hardly, scarcely.
No sooner के बाद सदा than का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Scarcely और Hardly के बाद when या before में से किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. No sooner did we reach the station than the train started.
2. She had hardly ! scarcely heard the news when / before she began to weep.

(2) Unless, if.
Unless के साथ not का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता क्योंकि unless = if not. If के साथ (यदि आवश्यकता हो तो) not का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. Unless you work very hard, you can’t pass.
2. If you do not work very hard, you can’t pass.

(3) Until (till), as long as (so long as), while.
Until (till) = उस समय तक जबकि = up to the time when (ये शब्द point of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।) As long as = जितने समय तक So long as, while = during the time that (ये शब्द period of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।)
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पहले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः until का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पिछले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः till का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
किन्तु till / until के प्रयोग में कोई विशेष अन्तर नहीं समझा जाता है।

1. Go straight on until you come to the post office and then turn left.
2. Until you told me I had heard nothing of it.
3. She won’t go away till you promise to help her.
4. Let us wait till the rain stops.
5. While there is life, there is hope.
As long as there is life, there is hope.
So long as there is life, there is hope.

(4) Because, so that (in order that).
Because का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी बात का कारण (reason) बताना हो।
In order that अथवा so that का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी उद्देश्य (Purpose) का वर्णन करना हो।
1. He failed because he did not work hard.
2. He worked hard so that he might win a scholarship.

(5) Since, before.
जब Since का प्रयोग एक Conjunction के रूप में किया जाए तो :
(i) इससे पूर्व आने वाले वाक्य में कभी भी Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।
(ii) इसके बाद आने वाले वाक्य में सदा ही Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

1. Two months have passed since he came here.
2. It is two weeks since my examinations were over.

Before, if, until, unless, while, when, आदि समय – वाचक योजंका (Temporal Conjunctions) के बाद कभी भी Future Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है यद्यपि मुख्य वाक्य (Principal Clause) Future Tense मे ही हो|

1. I will help him if he comes to me.
2. The crops will die before the rains fall.
3. I shall not let you go until you pay back my money.
4. I shall give him your message when he comes here.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB हिम्मत और जिंदगी Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सुख का स्वाद किन लोगों को अधिक प्राप्त है ?
उत्तर:
सुख का स्वाद उन लोगों को अधिक प्राप्त होता है जो सुख का मूल्य पहले चुकाते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक के अनुसार किन लोगों के लिए आराम ही मौत है ?
उत्तर:
जिन्हें आराम आसानी से मिल जाता है उन लोगों के लिए आराम ही मौत है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘त्यक्तेन भुंजीथाः’ का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
जीवन का भोग त्याग के साथ करो।

प्रश्न 4.
अकबर ने कितने वर्ष की उम्र में अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हराया था ?
उत्तर:
अकबर ने तेरह वर्ष की उम्र में अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हराया था।

प्रश्न 5.
महाभारत का युद्ध किन-किन के मध्य हुआ था ?
उत्तर:
महाभारत का युद्ध कौरवों और पाण्डवों के मध्य हुआ था।

प्रश्न 6.
महाभारत के युद्ध में पाण्डवों की जीत का क्या कारण था ?
उत्तर:
महाभारत के युद्ध में पाण्डवों की जीत इसलिए हुई क्योंकि उन्होंने लाक्षाग्रह की मुसीबत झेली थी और बनवास का संकट झेला था। उन्होंने कौरवों के द्वारा दिए गए कष्टों को झेला था।

प्रश्न 7.
साहसी व्यक्ति की पहली पहचान क्या है ?
उत्तर:
(1) साहसी व्यक्ति तमाशा देखने वालों की चिंता नहीं करता।
(2) वह उन सपनों में भी रस लेता है जिनके कोई व्यावहारिक अर्थ नहीं होते।

प्रश्न 8.
लेखक के अनुसार साधारण जीव कौन-से लोग हैं ?
उत्तर:
जो आस-पड़ोस को देखकर चलते हैं वे साधारण जीव होते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
लेखक ने किन्हें क्राँति करने वाले लोग कहा है ?
उत्तर:
जो लोग अपने उद्देश्य की तुलना पड़ोसी के उद्देश्य से नहीं करते।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक के अनुसार नींद तथा भोजन का वास्तविक आनन्द किन्हें मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
नींद का वास्तविक आनंद उन्हें मिलता है जो दिनभर धूप में थक कर वापस लौटता है तथा भोजन का आनंद उन्हें मिलता है जो कुछ दिन बिना खाये भी रह सकता है।

प्रश्न 2.
जीवन में असफलताएँ मिलने पर भी साहसी मनुष्य क्या करता है ?
उत्तर:
साहसी मनुष्य असफलताओं से घबराता नहीं। उनका साहस के साथ मुकाबला करता है और आगे ही आगे बढ़ता रहता है।

प्रश्न 3.
महान् निश्चय व बड़े मौके पर कायरता दिखाने वाले व्यक्ति का जीवन कैसा होता है ?
उत्तर:
जो व्यक्ति महान् निश्चय और किसी बड़े मौके पर कायरता दिखाता है, वह कभी भी सुखी नहीं रहता। तभी उसकी आत्मा उसे फटकारती रहती है।

प्रश्न 4.
जिंदगी में जोखिम से बचने के कारण क्या हानि होती है ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी में जोखिम से बचने के कारण निम्नलिखित हानि होती है
(1) वह अपने ही जीवन के व्यर्थ फ़ेरों के बीच कैद हो जाता है।
(2) उसे जिंदगी का कोई मज़ा नहीं मिलता।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
साहसी व्यक्ति के कोई पाँच गुण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
साहसी व्यक्ति के गुण इस प्रकार हैं
(1) साहसी व्यक्ति इस बात की चिंता नहीं करता कि तमाशा देखने वाले उसके बारे में क्या सोच रहे हैं।
(2) वह उन सपनों में भी रस लेता है जिनका कोई व्यावहारिक अर्थ नहीं होता।
(3) वह कभी भी सपने उधार नहीं लेता।
(4) वह सदा अकेला ही अपनी राह पर चलता है।
(5) वह कठिनाइयों से नहीं डरता।
(6) वह पूर्णरूप से निडर होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों की व्याख्या कीजिए :

(i) जो लोग पाँव भीगने के ख़ौफ़ से पानी से बचते रहते हैं, समुद्र में डूब जाने का खतरा उन्हीं के लिए है। लहरों में तैरने का जिन्हें अभ्यास है वे मोती लेकर बाहर आयेंगे।
उत्तर:
लेखक कहता है कि इस संसार में जिन लोगों को अपने पांव भीगने का डर होता है उन्हें ही समुद्र में डूबने का खतरा होता है अर्थात् जो लोग कठिन परिस्थितियों को देखकर डर जाते हैं और उनसे संघर्ष नहीं करते वे जीवन में कभी भी सफल नहीं होते। जिसे डरपोक लोगों को असफलता ही मिलती है। किंतु जिन लोगों को लहरों में तैरने का अभ्यास होता है अर्थात् जो परिस्थितियों का निडर और साहसी बनकर सामना करते हैं उन्हें ही सफलता मिलती है वे लोग ही समुद्र से मोती निकाल सकते हैं।

(ii) अगर रास्ता आगे ही आगे निकल रहा हो तो फिर असली मज़ा तो पाँव बढ़ाते जाने में ही हो है।
उत्तर:
लेखक आगे बढ़ते रहने की प्रेरणा देता है कि यदि जीवन में रास्ता आगे की तरफ निकलता है तो आंतरिक आनंद आगे बढ़ते जाने में ही है। भाव है कि यदि जीवन में आगे की तरफ कोई रास्ता निकलता हो तो हमें आगे बढ़ते जाना चाहिए। उस रास्ते पर आगे बढ़ने से ही असली आनंद प्राप्त होगा।

(iii) अरे ओ जीवन के साधको! अगर किनारे की मरी हुई सीपियों में ही तुम्हें संतोष हो जाए तो समुद्र के अंतराल में छिपे हुए मौक्तिक-कोष को कौन बाहर लाएगा ?
उत्तर:
लेखक जीवन के साधकों को संबोधित कर उन्हें प्रेरणा देता है कि, हे जीवन के साधको! यदि तुम्हें किनारे पर मरी हुई सीपियों में ही संतोष मिल जाए तो समुद्र के बीच में छिपे हुए मोतियों के खजाने को कौन बाहर निकालेगा। भाव यह है कि तुम्हें केवल सीपियों से ही संतोष नहीं करना चाहिए बल्कि कठिन परिश्रम करते हुए समुद्र के बीच जाकर मोतियों का खजाना ढूंढकर लाना चाहिए।

(iv) कामना का अंचल छोटा मत करो। जिंदगी के फल को दोनों हाथों से दबाकर निचौड़ो, रस की निर्झरी तुम्हारे बहाए भी बह सकती है।
उत्तर:
लेखक साधकों को प्रेरणा दे रहा है कि हे साधको ! तुम अपनी इच्छाओं के आंचल को छोटा मत करो। तुम अपनी जिंदगी के फल को दोनों हाथों से दबाकर निचोड़ो। इसमें से रस की नदी तुम्हारे द्वारा भी बह सकती है। भाव यह है कि यदि तुम मेहनत करो और अपनी इच्छाएँ बड़ी रखो तो तुम्हें अवश्य फल की प्राप्ति होगी।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप लिखिए

तत्सम – तद्भव
पुष्प – …………….
ओष्ठ – …………….
मृत्यु – …………….
हस्त – …………….
रात्रि – …………….
गृह – …………….
लाक्षा – …………….
कर्म – …………….
उत्तर:
तत्सम – तद्भव
पुष्प – फूल
ओष्ठ – होठ
मृत्यु – मौत
हस्त – हाथ
रात्रि – रात
गृह – घर
लाक्षा – लाख
कर्म – काम

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों का अर्थ समझकर उन्हें वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए

दाँव पर लगाना – कोई वस्तु बाज़ी पर लगाना।
पाँव बढ़ाना – चाल तेज़ करना, जल्दी-जल्दी चलना, आगे बढ़ना।
उत्तर:
दाँव पर लगाना – कोई वस्तु बाज़ी पर लगाना।
वाक्य – युधिष्ठिर ने अपना सब कुछ दाँव पर लगा दिया था।
पाँव बढ़ाना – चाल तेज़ करना, जल्दी-जल्दी चलना, आगे बढ़ना।
वाक्य – हमें सदा सफलता की ओर पाँव बढ़ाना चाहिए।

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को शुद्ध करके लिखिए

रेगीस्तान, सन्तुश्ट, आतमा, ज़रुरत, अवाज़, सवाद, खुशबुदार, संजम, चुनोती, निरझरी।
उत्तर:
अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
रेगीस्तान – रेगिस्तान
सन्तुश्ट – संतुष्ट
आतमा – आत्मा
ज़रुरत – ज़रूरत
अवाज़ – आवाज़
सवाद – स्वाद
खुशबुदार – खुशबूदार
संजम – संयम
चुनोती – चुनौती
निरझरी – निर्झरी।

4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में सही विराम चिह्न लगाइए

प्रश्न 1.
झुंड में चरना यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है
उत्तर:
झुंड में चरना, यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है।

प्रश्न 2.
यह आवाज़ उसे बराबर कहती रहती है तुम साहस नहीं
दिशा सके तुम कायर की तरह भाग खड़े हुए
उत्तर:
यह आवाज़ उसे बराबर कहती रहती है। तुम साहस नहीं दिखा सके। तुम कायर की तरह भाग खड़े हुए। (ii) अरे ओ जीवन के साधको तुम निचली डाल का फल तोड़कर लौटे जा रहे हो तो फिर फुनगी का वह लाल लाल आम किसके वास्ते है उत्तर- अरे ओ जीवन के साधको ! तुम निचली डाल का फल तोड़कर लौटे जा रहे हो, तो फिर फुनगी का वह लाल आम किसके वास्ते हैं।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
“बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में विकास पाती हैं। बड़ी हस्तियाँ बड़ी मुसीबतों में पल कर दुनिया पर क़ब्जा करती हैं।” पाठ में आईं इन पंक्तियों के आधार पर किसी महापुरुष, विद्वान्, आविष्कारक, योद्धा आदि में से किसी एक व्यक्तित्व पर अपने विचार लिखें जिसने बड़ी मुसीबतों का सामना करते हुए शीर्ष पर पहुँचकर नाम कमाया हो।
उत्तर:
अर्जुन एक महान् योद्धा था। वह पाण्डु का पुत्र था। उसकी माता का नाम कुंती था। यह पाँच पांडवों में सबसे श्रेष्ठ धनुषधारी माना जाता है। इसने अपने भाइयों के साथ बचपन से ही अनेक कष्ट सहन किए। इसने लाक्षागृह की आग को सहन किया। कौरवों द्वारा दिया गया वनवास झेला और बार-बार कौरवों के द्वारा अपमान झेला किंतु अंत तक अपनी हार नहीं मानी। अंततः महाभारत के युद्ध में अर्जुन की ही विजय हुई।

प्रश्न 2.
“आदमी के अन्य सारे गुण उसके हिम्मती होने से ही पैदा होते हैं।” आप लेखक के इस विचार से कहाँ तक सहमत हैं ? स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
यह बात सच है कि हिम्मत सभी गुणों से श्रेष्ठ है क्योंकि हिम्मती अर्थात् साहसी आदमी में अन्य सभी गुण अपने आप ही आ जाते हैं। साहसी, निडर, परिश्रमी और संयमी होता है। साहसी आदमी ही कठिन परिश्रम कर सकता है। वही जीवन की बाधाओं का सामना कर सकता है। वह किसी भी बाधा और संकट से नहीं घबराता वह जीवन की कठिनाइयों का हँसते-हँसते मुकाबला करता है। वह सदा. अपनी दृष्टि अपने लक्ष्य की तरफ रखता है। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि आदमी के अन्य सारे गुण उसके हिम्मती. होने से ही पैदा होते हैं।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
हिम्मत बढ़ाने वाली कुछ प्रेरणादायक कविताओं/कहानियों का चयन कीजिए और उन्हें अपनी कक्षा में सुनाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से करें।

प्रश्न 2.
उन महापुरुषों/देशभक्तों/समाज सुधारकों/योद्धाओं के चित्रों का संकलन कीजिए जिन्होंने हिम्मत की जिंदगी को जिया है।
उत्तर:
अध्यापकों की सहायता से स्वयं कीजिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आपने अथवा आपके किसी मित्र/परिचित ने किसी संकट के समय अदम्य साहस का परिचय दिया हो तो उस प्रसंग को अपनी कक्षा में सुनाएँ।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से करें।

प्रश्न 4.
स्टेशनरी की दुकान से एक स्टिक लाख लें और अध्यापक से जानें कि किस तरह ज़रूरी दस्तावेजों को सीलबंद करने में इसका उपयोग होता है।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें। 5. आपके घर में लकड़ी के दरवाजे/खिड़कियाँ पॉलिश करते समय लाख के दाने का प्रयोग होता है। उस समय पेंटर से जानें कि किस तरह वह इसका पॉलिश में प्रयोग करता है। उत्तर- स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. महाभारत : ‘महाभारत’ भारत की सांस्कृतिक धरोहर का एक अनुपम महाकाव्य है, जिसकी रचना (माना जाता है कि) वेदव्यास जी ने की। इस ग्रंथ को हिन्दू धर्म में पंचम वेद भी माना जाता है। कहा जाता है कि ‘महाभारत’ का वास्तविक नाम ‘जय’ था। तत्पश्चात् इसे ‘भारत’ नाम से भी पुकारा गया तथा भरतवंश की गाथा होने के कारण बाद में यह ‘महाभारत’ नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

2. कौरव : कौरव महाभारत में हस्तिनापुर नरेश धृतराष्ट्र और गांधारी के पुत्र थे। ये गिनती में सौ थे तथा राजा कुरु के वंशज थे। सभी कौरवों में दुर्योधन सबसे बड़ा था जो कि बहुत ही ज़िद्दी था।

3. पांडव : पाँडव महाभारत के मुख्य पात्र हैं। पाँडव पाँच भाई थे- युधिष्ठिर, भीम, अर्जुन, नकुल तथा सहदेव। पाँडवों के पिता का नाम पाण्डु था। पाण्डु की दो पत्नियाँ थीं-कुन्ती तथा माद्री। युधिष्ठिर, भीम तथा अर्जुन की माता कुन्ती थी और नकुल एवं सहदेव माद्री के पुत्र थे।

4. लाक्षागृह : दुर्योधन के मामा शकुनि ने लाक्ष (लाख) के बने हुए घर (लाक्षागृह) में पांडवों को भेजकर उन्हें जलाकर मारने का प्रयत्न किया किन्तु अपने काका विदुर की मदद व समझबूझ से वे उस जलते हुए गृह से बच निकले।

5. अकबर : तैमूरी वंशावली के मुग़ल वंश का तीसरा शासक अकबर था। इसके पिता का नाम हुमायूँ तथा दादा का नाम बाबर था।

6. विन्स्टन चर्चिल : ये एक अंग्रेज़ राजनीतिज्ञ थे और सन् 1940-1945 के समय इंग्लैण्ड के प्रधानमंत्री थे। इसके अतिरिक्त वे इतिहासकार, लेखक और कलाकार भी थे। वे एकमात्र प्रधानमंत्री थे जिन्हें नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide हिम्मत और जिंदगी Important Questions and Answers

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
कौन-सी जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहस से भरी जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
साहसी जिंदगी कैसी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहसी जिंदगी सब प्रकार से निडर और बेखौफ होती है।

प्रश्न 3.
मनुष्यता को प्रकाश किस आदमी से मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
जो आदमी जनमत की अपेक्षा करके जीता है उसी आदमी से मनुष्यता को प्रकाश मिलता है।

प्रश्न 4.
जिंदगी की कितनी सूरतें हैं ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी की दो सूरते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
जिंदगी का असली मजा किनके लिए नहीं है ?
उत्तर:
जो फूलों के नीचे खेलते और सोते हैं उनके लिए जिंदगी का असली मजा नहीं है।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
जिंदगी का असली मजा किनको मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी का असली मजा उनको मिलता है जो दूर रेगिस्तान से आते हैं जिनके कंठ सूखे, होंठ फटे तथा बदन पसीने से तर-तर होता है। वे कष्ट उठाते हैं। दूसरों के भरोसे नहीं रहते। वे अपना मार्ग स्वयं बनाते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
चाँदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद कौन मनुष्य लेता है ?
उत्तर:
चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद वह मनुष्य लेता है जो दिनभर धूप में थककर लौटता है। जिसके शरीर को ठंड की ज़रूरत महसूस होती है तथा जिसका मन इस बात से संतुष्ट होता है कि उसने आज के दिन का पूरा समय अच्छे काम में लगाया है। जिसने डट कर काम किया है। जो दूसरों के भरोसे नहीं रहा।

प्रश्न 3.
चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद किसको नहीं मिलता ?
उत्तर:
जो आदमी दिनभर खिड़कियाँ बंद कर पंखों के नीचे बैठा रहता है और रात में चांदनी में सेज लगाता है उसे चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद नहीं मिलता। जो परिश्रम नहीं करता उसे आनंद नहीं मिलता।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
हिम्मत और जिंदगी पाठ का मूल भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
हिम्मत और जिंदगी श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का प्रमुख निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने बताया है कि परिश्रम ही सफलता की कुंजी है। हिम्मत, परिश्रम साहस, कर्मठता आदि तत्व ही सफलता के आधार हैं। मनुष्य को जीवन में हिम्मत, साहस का परिचय देना चाहिए। साहस की जिंदगी सबसे श्रेष्ठ होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
इस निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक ने हमें क्या संदेश दिया है ?
उत्तर:
इस निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक ने हमें साहसपूर्ण जिंदगी जीने का संदेश दिया है। उन्होंने बताया है कि जीवन में सदा साहस और हिम्मत से परिश्रम करना चाहिए। कठिनाइयों से नहीं घबराना चाहिए। उनका साहस के साथ डटकर मुकाबला करना चाहिए। जीवन में हर चुनौती स्वीकार करनी चाहिए। सुख-दुःख, सफलता-असफलता, खुशीगम को समान दृष्टि से देखना चाहिए।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘हिम्मत और ज़िदगी’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
रामधारी सिंह दिनकर।

प्रश्न 2.
जिन्हें आराम आसानी से मिल जाता है उनके लिए आराम क्या है ?
उत्तर:
मौत।

प्रश्न 3.
समुद्र में से मोती लेकर बाहर कौन आता है ?
उत्तर:
जिन्हें लहरों में तैरने का अभ्यास होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
साहस की जिंदगी कैसी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहस की जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी जिंदगी होती है।

प्रश्न 5.
किसका अंचल छोटा नहीं करना चाहिए ?
उत्तर:
कामना का।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए-

प्रश्न 6.
झुंड में चरना, यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
सिंह बिल्कुल अकेला होने पर उदास हो जाता है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
साहसी मनुष्य सपने उधार नहीं लेता।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में विकास नहीं पाती हैं।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
उपवास और ……… ये ………… के साधन नहीं हैं।
उत्तर:
उपवास और संयम ये आत्महत्या के साधन नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
जिन्दगी को ……. से जीना हमेशा ही ……… झेलना है।
उत्तर:
जिन्दगी को ठीक से जीना हमेशा ही जोखिम झेलना है।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
“ज़िन्दगी का सबसे बड़ा गुण हिम्मत है” यह कथन किसका है ?
(क) अर्नाल्ड बेनेट
(ख) विन्स्टन चर्चिल
(ग) अब्राहम लिंकन
(घ) स्टालिन।
उत्तर:
(ख) विन्स्टन चर्चिल।

प्रश्न 13.
महाभारत में देश के प्रायः अधिकांश वीर किनके पक्ष में थे ?
(क) पाँडवों
(ख) कौरवों
(ग) कैकेय
(घ) विदेह।
उत्तर:
(ख) कौरवों।

प्रश्न 14.
क्रांति करने वाले किस चाल से चलते हैं ?
(क) पड़ोसी की
(ख) शासन की
(ग) अपनी
(घ) विरोधी की।
उत्तर:
(ग) अपनी।

प्रश्न 15.
चाँदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनन्द कैसा मनुष्य लेता है ?
(क) अमीर
(ख) सुस्त
(ग) चतुर
(घ) परिश्रमी।
उत्तर:
(घ) परिश्रमी।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

कंठ = गला । खौफ़ = डर। उपवास = व्रत। जनमत = लोगों की राय। अंतराल = बीच, मध्य । जोखिम = खतरा, संकट। परास्त = पराजित, हार। अंततः = अंत में, आखिरकार। लाक्षाग्रह = लाख का बना घर। मौक्तिक-कोष = मोतियों का खजाना। साधक = साधना करने वाला। कामना = इच्छा। निर्झरी = नहीं। खुशबू = सुगंध। परमार्थ = परोपकार। कस्तूरी = एक सुगंधित पदार्थ जो कस्तूरी हिरण की नाभि में होती है। गोधूलि = गायों के खुरों से उठने वाली धूल।

हिम्मत और जिंदगी Summary

जीवन-परिचय

जीवन परिचय-रामधारी सिंह दिनकर हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ लेखक माने जाते हैं। उनका जन्म सन् 1908 ई० में बिहार के मुंगेर जिले के सिमरिया नामक गाँव में हुआ था। इनकी आरंभिक शिक्षा गांव में हुई। इन्होंने बी०ए० की शिक्षा पटना विश्वविद्यालय से प्राप्त की। ये भागलपुर विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति भी रहे। सन् 1952 से 1964 तक राज्यसभा के सदस्य भी रहे। कई वर्ष तक भारत सरकार के हिंदी सलाहकार भी रहे। सन् 1974 ई० में इनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ-दिनकर बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। इन्होंने अनेक प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ लिखी हैं। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ इस प्रकार हैं
काव्य-रेणुका, हुँकार, कुरुक्षेत्र, उर्वशी, रसवंती, परशुराम की प्रतीक्षा आदि। गद्य-संस्कृति के चार अध्याय, काव्य की भूमिका, अर्द्धनारीश्वर, मिट्टी की ओर आदि।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-दिनकर की रचनाओं में राष्ट्रीयता तथा विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना के दर्शन होते हैं। इन्होंने अपने साहित्य में समाज, संस्कृति धर्म का यथार्थ वर्णन किया है। रामधारी सिंह दिनकर की भाषा सरल, सहज एवं स्वाभाविक है। इनकी भाषा प्रौढ़ एवं प्रांजल है। इस निबंध की भाषा शैली सरल एवं सहज है। इसमें तत्सम शब्दावली की अधिकता है।

हिम्मत और जिंदगी निबंध का सार

हिम्मत और जिंदगी रामधारी सिंह दिनकर द्वारा लिखित एक प्रमुख निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने उस सत्य का वर्णन किया है जिसके अनुसार हिम्मत, परिश्रम, साहस, कर्मठता आदि तत्व हमारी सफलता के आधार बिंदु हैं। परिश्रम ही सफलता की कुंजी है। जिंदगी का असली मज़ा फूलों के नीचे खेलने और सोने वालों के लिए नहीं बल्कि दूर रेगिस्तान से आने वालों के लिए होता है। पानी के अमृत तक को केवल वही जानता है जो धूप में सूख चुका है। सुखों का असली आनंद उनका मूल्य चुकाने पर ही मिलता है। पानी से बचने वालों के लिए ही समुद्र में डूबने का खतरा होता है। लहरों पर तैरने वाले तो मोती लेकर ही बाहर निकलते हैं। जीवन में चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का मजा वही मनुष्य लेता है जो दिनभर धूप में थककर लेटा है। घर के अंदर पंखे के नीचे सोने वाला मनुष्य इसका आनंद नहीं ले सकता। भोजन का असली स्वाद उसी को मिलता है जो कुछ दिन बिना खाए भी रह लेता है।

जीवन का भोग त्याग के साथ करो यह केवल परमार्थ का ही उपदेश नहीं है। संयमी व्यक्ति को ही योग का आनंद प्राप्त होता है। संसार में बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में ही विकसित होती हैं। ठीक वैसे बड़े लोग बड़ी मुसीबतों में पलकर दुनिया पर कब्जा करते हैं, अकबर ने तेरह वर्ष में ही अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हरा दिया था। महाभारत में देश के अधिकांश वीर कौरवों के पक्ष में थे किन्तु फिर भी जीत पांडवों की हुई क्योंकि उन्होंने लाक्षाग्रह की मुसीबत झेली और बनवास में कष्ट उठाया था। जिंदगी की दो सूरतें हैं। एक तो आदमी को असफलताओं से न घबराते हुए उनका सामना करते हुए अपने उद्देश्य को पाने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। दूसरी आदमी को उन ग़रीबों का साथी बन जाना चाहिए जो केवल दुःख पाते हैं। साहस की जिंदगी सबसे श्रेष्ठ होती है। यह बिल्कुल निडर और बेखौफ़ होती है। साहसी मनुष्य कभी भी तमाशा देखने वालों की चिंता नहीं करता। वह केवल अपना कर्म करता है। जनमत की उपेक्षा करके जीने वाला आदमी ही दुनिया की असली शक्ति है। दूसरों के पीछे चलना एक सामान्य आदमी का काम होता है। क्रांतिकारी कभी अपने उद्देश्यों की तुलना दूसरों से नहीं करते। वे केवल अपना कार्य करते हैं। साहसी व्यक्ति कभी सपने उधार नहीं लेता। वह तो अपने सपने देखता है। समूह में तो भैंस और भेड़ चलती हैं, शेर तो सदा अकेला चलता है।

जिंदगी में सदा खतरे बने रहते हैं। जिंदगी जीते समय अनेक खतरे बने रहते हैं। असली जिंदगी इन खतरों का साहस से मुकाबला करने में होती है। संकटों का सामना करना जिंदगी की पूंजी होती है। अंत में लेखक ने जीवन के साधकों को साहसपूर्ण जिंदगी तथा खतरों का सामना करने का संदेश दिया है। उन्हें उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने की प्रेरणा दी है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा का जन्म कब हुआ ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा का जन्म सन् 1887 ई० को हुआ था।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा को लाहौर कॉलेज की पढ़ाई क्यों छोड़नी पड़ी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा को अपनी देशभक्ति की भावना और उग्र विचारों के कारण लाहौर कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़नी पड़ी।

प्रश्न 3.
कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़कर उन्होंने अपना गुज़ारा कैसे किया ?
उत्तर:
कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़कर उन्होंने कारखाने में मजदूरी की। रिक्शा तथा तांगा चलाया।

प्रश्न 4.
वे इंग्लैंड में कौन-सी पढ़ाई करने गए थे ?
उत्तर:
वे इंग्लैंड में यांत्रिकी अभियांत्रिकी (मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग) की पढ़ाई करने गए थे।

प्रश्न 5.
मदन लाल ढींगरा किस क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा अभिनव भारत क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य बने।

प्रश्न 6.
कर्जन वायली कौन था ?
उत्तर:
कर्जन वायली स्टेट ऑफ इंडिया का सचिव सलाहकार था।

प्रश्न 7.
मदन लाल ढींगरा को फाँसी की सज़ा कब दी गयी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा को 17 अगस्त, सन् 1909 ई० को फाँसी की सज़ा दी गई।

प्रश्न 8.
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ भारतभूमि कब लायी गयीं ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ 13 दिसम्बर, सन् 1976 ई० को भारतभूमि लाई गईं।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा ने अंग्रेजों से बदला लेने की क्यों ठानी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा ने अंग्रेज़ों से बदला लेने की इसलिए ठानी क्योंकि अग्रेज़ों ने खुदीराम बोस, कन्हैया लाल दत्त, सतिन्दरपाल और कांशीराम जैसे क्रांतिकारियों को मृत्युदंड दे दिया था।

प्रश्न 2.
कर्जन वायली को मदन लाल ढींगस ने क्यों मारा ?
उत्तर:
कर्जन वायली को मदन लाल ढींगरा ने इसलिए मारा क्योंकि उनका मानना था कि ऐसे अधिकारियों ने हज़ारों भारतीयों को गुलाम बनाया तथा बिना कारण के ही मार दिया।

प्रश्न 3.
मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत पर लाला हरदयाल ने क्या कहा था ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत पर लाला हरदयाल ने कहा था कि ढींगरा की शहीदी उन राजपूतों और सिक्खों की कुर्बानियों का स्मृति पुंज है जिसके कारण शहादत अमर बन जाती है। अंग्रेज़ सोचते होंगे कि उन्होंने मदन लाल ढींगरा को फांसी देकर सदा के लिए स्वतंत्रता की आवाज़ को दबा दिया है परन्तु वास्तविकता यह है कि यही आवाज़ भारत को स्वतंत्र बनाएगी।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे। स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा एक साहसी एवं निडर देशभक्त थे। वे शुरू से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। देशभक्ति के कारण उन्होंने लाहौर कॉलेज छोड़ना पड़ा। लंदन में रहते हुए उन्होंने सावरकर तथा कृष्ण वर्मा जैसे देशभक्तों के संपर्क में आए। खुदीराम बोस, कन्हैया लाल दत्त तथा कांशीराम जैसे क्रांतिकारियों को शहादत के बदले भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था के वार्षिक दिवस में कर्जन वायली को मार दिया। उन्होंने बंग-भंग आंदोलन के समय लंदन की गलियों में वंदे मातरम् गुंजाया। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। अपनी हर पुस्तक पर वे काम न लिखकर वंदे मातरम् लिखते थे। अंततः कर्जन वायली को गोली मारने पर उन्हें 17 अगस्त, सन् 1909 को मदन लाल ढींगरा को पेंटोविले की जेल में फांसी दी गई। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे।

प्रश्न 2.
आपको शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा के जीवन से क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ?
उत्तर:
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा के जीवन से यह प्रेरणा मिलती है कि हमें अपने देश के लिए अपना सब कुछ न्योछावर कर देना चाहिए। हमें आत्मविश्वास, निडरता एवं साहस के साथ मुसीबतों का सामना करना चाहिए। देश की आजादी के लिए हर कीमत चुका देनी चाहिए। हमें अपने राष्ट्र की सच्ची पूजा करनी चाहिए।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को शुद्ध करके लिखें

अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
शरेय = ……………
देशभगती = ………………..
गोर्वान्वित = ………………..
सथापना = ………………..
आजादी = ………………..
लवारिस = ………………..
आतमविश्वास = ………………..
यांतरिकी = ………………..
परशिक्शण = ………………..
मृत्यूदंड = ………………..
मातरिभुमि = ………………..
अस्थीयाँ = ………………..
कालज = ………………..
अध्यन = ………………..
क्रांतीकारी = ………………..
हजार = ………………..
स्मरिति = ………………..
प्रापत = ………………..
उत्तर:
शरेय = श्रेय
देशभगती = देशभक्ति
गोर्वान्वित = गोवांन्वित
सथापना = स्थापना
आजादी = आज़ादी
मातरिभुमि = मातृभूमि
कालज = कॉलेज
क्रांतीकारी = क्रांतिकारी
स्मरिति = स्मृति
लवारिस = लावारिस
आतमविश्वास = आत्मविश्वास
यांतरिकी = यांत्रिकी
परशिक्शण = प्रशिक्षण
मृत्यूदंड = मृत्युदंड
अस्थीयाँ = अस्थियाँ
अध्यन = अध्ययन
हजार = हज़ार
प्रापत = प्राप्त

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर उनका वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें

• मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
• तर्क के तराजू में तौलना सोच – समझकर फैसला लेना – …………….
• रंग में रंगा जाना – प्रभाव पड़ना – …………….
• मौत के घाट उतारना – मार डालना – ………………..
• ढेर करना – मार गिराना, मार कर गिरा देना – ……………..
• आवाज़ को दबाना – चुप कराना, डराना – ……………….

उत्तर:

• मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
• तर्क के तराजू में तौलना सोच – समझकर फैसला लेना – प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को तर्क के तराजू में तौल कर अपना-अपना कार्य करना चाहिए।
• रंग में रंगा जाना – प्रभाव पड़ना-अरे – तुम्हें तो अब तक पूरी तरह से नेता जी के रंग में रंगा जाना चाहिए था।
• मौत के घाट उतारना – मार डालना – वह देश के दुश्मनों को मौत के घाट उतारना कोई पाप नहीं समझता।
• ढेर करना – मार गिराना, मार कर गिरा देना – सेना के वीर सैनिकों ने पलभर में आतंक वादियों को ढेर कर दिया था।
• आवाज़ को दबाना – चुप कराना, डराना – साहसी व्यक्ति की आवाज़ को कोई नहीं दबा सकता।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
यदि आप मदन लाल ढींगरा के स्थान पर होते तो क्या परिवार वालों के विरोध के बावजूद स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में कूद पड़ते ?
उत्तर:
यदि मैं मदन लाल ढींगरा के स्थान पर होता तो परिवार वालों के विरोध के बावजूद भी स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में अवश्य कूद पड़ता। मैं लाख विरोध करने पर भी अपने देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए लड़ाई में जाता क्योंकि देश परिवार से कहीं बढ़कर है। देश बचेगा तभी परिवार सुरक्षित रह सकेगा। देश हर नागरिक के लिए सर्वोपरि है। देश सेवा ही सबसे बड़ी सेवा है। अतः हमें हर पल देश पर मर मिटने के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
भारत की स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत को जाता है। कैसे ?
उत्तर:
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम किया। उनकी शहादत से क्रांतिकारियों में आत्मविश्वास, साहस, निडरता एवं देश पर मर मिटने की भावना बढ़ने लगी। देशभक्तों में एक जोश पैदा होने लगा। वीरेन्द्र चट्टोपाध्याय ने उनकी स्मृति में मदन तलवार पत्रिका निकाली जो क्रांतिकारियों की आवाज़ बनी। 16 अगस्त, सन् 1909 के डेली न्यूज़ में मदन लाल ढींगरा का जोशभरा वक्तव्य छपा। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत को जाता है।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
इस पाठ में आए अन्य क्रांतिकारियों जैसे विनायक दामोदर सावरकर, श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा, खुदीराम बोस, लाला हरदयाल आदि की जीवनियाँ पढ़ें।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक के सहयोग से करें।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा की पुण्य तिथि पर इनके बारे में अपने विचार स्कूल की प्रार्थना सभा में प्रस्तुत करें।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

• यांत्रिक अभियांत्रिकी ( मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग): यह भिन्न-भिन्न तरह की मशीनों की बनावट, निर्माण, चालन आदि का सैद्धान्तिक और व्यावहारिक ज्ञान है।
• विनायक दामोदर सावरकर : (जन्म 28 मई, सन् 1883; मृत्यु 26 फरवरी, सन् 1966) : ये भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आन्दोलन के प्रमुख सेनानी एवं प्रखर राष्ट्रवादी नेता थे। इन्हें प्रायः ‘वीर सावरकर’ नाम से सम्बोधित किया जाता है। ये स्वतंत्रता सेनानी के साथ-साथ सिद्धहस्त लेखक, कवि, ओजस्वी वक्ता व दूरदर्शी राजनेता भी थे।
• श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा : अनेक क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों के द्वारा भारत की स्वतंत्रता के संकल्प को गतिशीलता प्रदान करने में इन्होंने मुख्य भूमिका निभायी। ऐसा कहा जाता है कि वे पहले ऐसे भारतीय थे जिन्हें ऑक्सफोर्डसे एम०ए० और बैरिस्टर की उपाधियाँ मिलीं। क्रांतिकारी मदन लाल ढींगरा उनके प्रिय शिष्यों में से एक थे।
• अभिनव भारत : इसकी स्थापना स्वतंत्रता सेनानी वीर सावरकर ने सन् 1904 में की थी। यह संगठन अंग्रेज़ी हकूमत से लड़ने के लिए बनाया गया था।
• इंडिया हाउस : यह लंदन में स्थित एक अनौपचारिक भारतीय राष्ट्रवादी संस्था थी जिसकी स्थापना ब्रिटेन के भारतीय छात्रों में राष्ट्रवादी विचारों का प्रचार करने के लिए श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संरक्षण में की गयी।
• खुदीराम बोस (जन्म-सन् 1889-मृत्यु- सन् 1908): इन्होंने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता के लिए 19 वर्ष की आय में फाँसी पर चढ़कर इतिहास रचा।
• वंदे मातरम् : बंकिमचंद्र चटर्जी द्वारा रचित राष्ट्रगीत ‘वंदे मातरम्’ स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में लोगों के लिए प्रेरणा का स्रोत था।
• एनी बेसेंट : अग्रणी थियोसोफिस्ट। महिला अधिकारों की समर्थक, लेखिका, वक्ता एवं भारत-प्रेमी महिला थीं। इनके पिता अंग्रेज़ थे किन्तु इन्होंने पाश्चात्य भौतिकवादी सभ्यता की कड़ी आलोचना की तथा प्राचीन हिंदू सभ्यता को श्रेष्ठ कहा। महिलाओं और शोषितों के लिए वह आजीवन संघर्ष करती रहीं।
• आयरिश लोग : आयरलैंड के लोगों को आयरिश लोग कहा जाता है।
• लाला हरदियाल : भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के महान् क्रांतिकारी लाला हरदियाल ने विदेश में रहने वाले भारतीयों को देश की स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में योगदान देने के लिए प्रेरित किया। इसके लिए उन्होंने अमरीका में जाकर गदर पार्टी की स्थापना की। 4 मार्च, सन् 1939 को अमरीका से भारत आते समय रहस्यमयी परिस्थितियों में इनकी मृत्यु हो गयी।
• वीरेन्द्रनाथ चट्टोपाध्याय (सन् 1880 – सन् 1937) : ये भी एक स्वतंत्रता सेनानी थे और योरुप में भारतीय विद्यार्थियों को भारत की स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई के लिए प्रेरित करते थे। मदन लाल ढींगरा के जन्म के सम्बन्ध में मतभेद : कुछ विद्वान् इनकी जम्म तिथि 18 सितम्बर, सन् 1883 मानते हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Important Questions and Answers

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता का क्या नाम था? ।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता का नाम साहिब गुरदित्ता मल था।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता व्यवसाय से क्या थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता व्यवसाय से गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन थे।

प्रश्न 3.
मदन लाल बचपन से कैसे थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता की प्राप्ति चाहने वाले थे।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बचपन की कौन-सी घटनाएँ मदन लाल ढींगरा के आत्मविश्वास को व्यक्त करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। वे बचपन से ही अपने देश को आजाद होते देखना चाहते थे। वे हर बात को तर्क की तराजू में तोल कर देखते थे। यही घटनाएँ उनके आत्मविश्वास को व्यक्त करती हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
लंदन में पढ़ते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा की मदद किसने की ?
उत्तर:
लंदन में पढ़ते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा की मदद उनके बड़े भाई ने की। उनकी सहायता के कारण ही वे इंग्लैण्ड गए और उन्होंने यूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज लंदन में दाखिला लिया। इसके साथ ही इंग्लैंड के कुछ राष्ट्रवादी कार्यकर्ताओं ने भी उनकी आर्थिक मदद की।

प्रश्न 3.
लंदन में रहते हुए मदन लाल किन राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं के संपर्क में आए ?
उत्तर:
लंदन में रहते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा भारत के प्रखर राष्ट्रवादी नेता विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संपर्क में आए। वे इनकी देशभक्ति से बहुत प्रभावित हुए।

प्रश्न 4.
मदन लाल ढींगरा का कर्जन वायली के संबंध में क्या मानना था ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा का कर्जन वायली के संबंध में मानना था कि ऐसे नीच अधिकारियों ने ही हज़ारों भारतीयों को गुलाम बनाया था। उन्हें बिना किसी कारण मौत के घाट उतारा था।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
इस पाठ का मूलभाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘महान् देशभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा’ निबंध में लेखक ने मदन लाल ढींगरा की सच्ची देशभक्ति, निडरता, आत्मविश्वास का वर्णन किया है। उन्होंने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम किया। कर्जन वायली को मारकर क्रांतिकारियों और देशभक्तों में आजादी की लहर पैदा की। इससे देशवासियों में आत्मविश्वास एवं निडरता की भावना ने जन्म लिया।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के चरित्र की विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के चरित्र की विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
1. सच्चे देशभक्त-मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे। बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। इसी कारण उन्होंने लाहौर कॉलेज में अपनी पढ़ाई छोड़ दी थी। उन्होंने अपने देश के लिए अपने को हँसते-हँसते कुर्बान कर दिया।
2. निडर-मदन लाल ढींगरा बहुत निडर थे। इसीलिए लंदन में रहते हुए भी वंदे मातरम् गलियों में गुंजाते थे। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। इतना ही नहीं उन्होंने कर्जन वायली को भरी सभा में गोलियों से भून दिया था।
3. आत्मविश्वासी-मदन लाल ढींगरा बहुत आत्मविश्वासी थे। उनमें आत्मविश्वास की भावना कूट-कूट कर भरी थी।
4. विवेकी-मदन लाल ढींगरा एक विवेकशील देशभक्त थे। वे बचपन से प्रत्येक बात को तर्क के तराजू पर तोल कर देखते थे।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदनलाल ढींगरा’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
डॉ० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी।

प्रश्न 2.
मदनलाल ढींगरा के पिता कौन और क्या थे ?
उत्तर:
साहिब गुरदितामल, गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन।

प्रश्न 3.
लाहौर कॉलेज में पढ़ते हुए मदनलाल ढींगरा ने कॉलेज क्यों छोड़ा ?
उत्तर:
देशभक्ति के कार्यों में भाग लेने के लिए।

प्रश्न 4.
इंग्लैण्ड के किस कॉलेज में और किस विषय में मदनलाल ढींगरा ने प्रवेश लिया ?
उत्तर:
यूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज लंदन में, मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग में।

प्रश्न 5.
लन्दन में मदनलाल ढींगरा किसके संपर्क में आए ?
उत्तर:
लन्दन में वे विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संपर्क में आए।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
मदनलाल ढींगरा सन् 1906 ई० में इंग्लैण्ड शिक्षा प्राप्त करने गए।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
आयरिश लोगों ने मदनलाल ढींगरा की हिम्मत को नहीं सराहा।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
1 जुलाई, 1909 को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था में उपस्थित कर्जन वायली पर पिस्टल से सात गोलियां चलाकर मार दिया था।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
घर में केवल उनकी माँ ही उनकी बात सुनती और समझती थी।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
दुनिया के हर ………. को अपनी ……. स्वतंत्र कराने का ………. है।
उत्तर:
दुनिया के हर नागरिक को अपनी मातृभूमि स्वतंत्र कराने का अधिकार है।

प्रश्न 11.
……. राष्ट्र ……… का …….. है।
उत्तर:
गुलामी राष्ट्र देवता का अपमान है।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
शहीद मदनलाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ कब भारत लाई गईं ?
(क) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ख) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को
(ग) 13 दिसम्बर, 1974 को ।
(घ) 13 दिसम्बर, 1976 को।
उत्तर:
(घ) 13 दिसम्बर, 1976 को।

प्रश्न 13.
मदनलाल ढींगरा को कब फांसी दी गई ?
(क) 17 अगस्त, 1919 को
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ग) 17 अगस्त, 1921 को
(घ) 17 अगस्त, 1976 को।
उत्तर:
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को।

प्रश्न 14.
मदनलाल ढींगरा पर अभियोग कब चलाया गया ?
(क) 1 जुलाई, 1909 को
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ग) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को |
(घ) 17 अगस्त, 1976 को
उत्तर:
(ग) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को

प्रश्न 15.
मदनलाल ढींगरा को किस जेल में फाँसी दी गई ?
(क) अंडेमन
(ख) पेंटोविले
(ग) गोआ
(घ) तिहाड़।
उत्तर:
(ख) पेंटोविले।

प्रश्न 16.
मदनलाल ढींगरा वीर सावरकर की किस क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य थे ?
(क) भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था
(ख) इंडिया हाउस
(ग) अभिनव भारत
(घ) मदन तलवार।
उत्तर:
(ग) अभिनव भारत।

प्रश्न 17.
“हमें देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए अनेक मदनलालों की आवश्यकता है।” यह कथन किसका है ?
(क) ऐनी बेसेंट
(ख) वी० एस० बलंट
(ग) श्याम जी कृष्णवर्मा
(घ) वीर सावरकर।
उत्तर:
(क) ऐनी बेसेंट।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

आत्मविश्वास = अपने ऊपर विश्वास। समेत = सहित। जोशभरा = जोश से युक्त। सम्पन्न = खुशहाल। अग्नि = आग। अध्ययन = पढ़ाई। गौरवान्वित = महिमा से युक्त। प्रशिक्षण = सिखलाई, ट्रेनिंग। साक्ष्य = सबूत। अनुपालन = रक्षण। स्वतंत्र = आजाद। अभियोग = मुकद्दमा। स्मृति पुंज = यादों का समूह। संवाहक = आगे ले जाने वाली। वक्तव्य = कथन। अनथक = बिना थके। अस्थियाँ = हड्डियाँ। राष्ट्रवादी = देशभक्त । नफ़रत = घृणा। अभियोग = मुकद्दमा। लावारिस = जिसका कोई वारिस न हो।

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा Summary

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा जीवन-परिचय

जीवन परिचय-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी का जन्म 12 मार्च, सन् 1950 ई० को पंजाब के मुकेरियां (होशियारपुर) में हुआ था। ये समकालीन हिन्दी-कविता के प्रसिद्ध कवि हैं। इन्होंने पंजाब के हिन्दी-साहित्य को राष्ट्रीय पहचान दिलाई है। इन्होंने हिन्दी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए कनाडा, नार्वे तथा पाकिस्तान की यात्राएँ की हैं। इन्हें पंजाब के मध्यकालीन हिन्दी-साहित्य को गुरुमुखी लिपि में लाने का श्रेय प्राप्त है। इन्होंने एम०ए०, पीएच०डी० तथा डी०लिट की उच्च उपाधियाँ प्राप्त की है।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी ने हिन्दी एवं पंजाबी में छत्तीस ग्रंथों की रचना की है। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं-गर्म लोहा (सन् 1982 ई०), पहचान की यात्रा (सन् 1987 ई०), किसी और दिन (सन् 1999 ई०), फिर से फिर (सन् 2011 ई०) आदि।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी का पंजाब हिन्दी-साहित्य में विशेष स्थान है। इनकी रचनाओं में देशभक्ति की झलक दिखाई देती है। इन्होंने अपनी रचनाओं के द्वारा युवाओं को राष्ट्रभक्ति का सन्देश दिया है। प्रस्तुत निबंध में लेखक ने महान् देशभक्त मदनलाल ढींगरा की देशभक्ति एवं निडरता का परिचय दिया है। भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का श्रेय मदनलाल ढींगरा को जाता है। लेखक ने इस देशभक्त की सच्ची देशभक्ति एवं साहस का परिचय दिया है। इनकी भाषा सरल, सहज एवं स्वाभाविक है। इनके साहित्य में तत्सम, तद्भव, अंग्रेज़ी एवं पंजाबी के शब्दों का अधिक प्रयोग हुआ है।

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा निबन्ध का सार

मदन लाल ढींगरा प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी द्वारा रचित एक प्रसिद्ध निबन्ध है। इसमें लेखक ने मदन लाल ढींगरा की सच्ची देशभक्ति साहस एवं निडरता का परिचय दिया है। लेखक ने बताया है कि भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का श्रेय इसी सच्चे देशभक्त को जाता है। मदनलाल ढींगरा का जन्म सन् 1887 ई० में पंजाब के एक सम्पन्न परिवार में हुआ था। उनके पिता साहिब गुरुदित्ता मल गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन थे। मदनलाल बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। वे हर बात को तराजू में तोलकर देखते थे। उनमें आत्मविश्वास कूट-कूट कर भरा था। उन्हें देशभक्ति के कारण लाहौर कॉलेज छोड़ना पड़ा था। इसके बाद उन्होंने कारखाने की मज़दूरी की। अपने गुज़ारे के लिए रिक्शा तथा टांगा तक भी चलाया। उनके घर में केवल बड़े भाई ही उनकी बात समझते थे। उनके कारण ही वे उच्च शिक्षा के लिए सन् 1906 में इंग्लैंड चले गए। वहां उनके जीवन में एक नया मोड़ आया। लंदन में वे भारत के प्रमुख राष्ट्रवादी नेता विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के सम्पर्क में आए। इसके बाद वे अभिनव भारत नामक क्रान्तिकारी संस्था के सदस्य बन गए। यहाँ उन्होंने हथियार चलाने का प्रशिक्षण लिया। लंदन में श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संरक्षण में भारतीय छात्रों में देशभक्ति की भावना फैलाने के लिए इंडिया हाउस की स्थापना की। उन दिनों खुदीराम बोस तथा कांशीराम जैसे अनेक क्रांतिकारियों को अंग्रेजों ने मृत्यु दंड दे दिया था। इन घटनाओं ने मदन लाल ढींगरा और सावरकर जैसे देशभक्तिों के मन में अंग्रेजों के प्रति नफ़रत तथा बदले की भावना ने जन्म दिया।

1 जुलाई, सन् 1909 ई० को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था के सदस्य वार्षिक दिवस मनाने के लिए इकट्ठे हुए। इसमें कर्ज़न वायली सपरिवार आया। ढींगरा ऐसे लोगों से नफ़रत करते थे। इसी कारण उन्होंने कर्जन वायली को वहीं मार दिया। वे वहाँ से डरकर नहीं भागे बल्कि साहस और निडरतापूर्वक वहीं खड़े रहे। यह अंग्रेजों के लिए पहली चेतावनी थी। ढींगरा ने बंग-भंग आंदोलन के समय भी लंदन में वंदेमातरम के नारे लगाए थे। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। उन्होंने अपनी हर पुस्तक के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखा था। कर्जन वायली की हत्या के आरोप में उन पर 22 जुलाई, सन् 1909 ई० को अभियोग चलाया। उन्होंने अदालत में गर्व से कहा था कि वह अपना जीवन भारत माँ को सौंप रहा है। 12 अगस्त, सन् 1909 ई० को उन्हें पेंटोविले (लंदन) की जेल में फांसी की सज़ा दी गई। आयरिश लोगों ने इनकी हिम्मत को सराहा था। लाला हरदयाल को भी उनकी शहादत पर गर्व हुआ। उन्हें विश्वास था कि मदनलाल ढींगरा की कुर्बानी भारत को आजाद कराएगी। श्रीमति ऐनी बेसेंट ने भी उनकी शहादत की सराहना की थी। 16 अगस्त, सन् 1909 के डेली न्यूज़ समाचार-पत्र में ढींगरा का जोशभरा भाषण छपा। ब्रिटिश सरकार ने मदन लाल ढींगरा के शरीर को लावारिस समझ कर दफना दिया। फिर सावरकर ने ढींगरा की देह को प्राप्त करने के अनेक प्रयास किए कितु वे सफल नहीं हुए। अनेक वर्षों बाद 13 दिसम्बर, सन् 1976 ई० को जब शहीद उधम सिंह की अस्थियां भारत लाई गईं तभी मदनलाल ढींगरा की अस्थियों को भी मातृभूमि का स्नेह मिला।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB नींव की ईंट Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के आधार पर बतायें कि दुनिया क्या देखती है ?
उत्तर:
दुनिया इमारत की चमक-दमक देखती है। उसका ऊपर का आवरण देखती है।

प्रश्न 2.
इमारत का होना न होना किस बात पर निर्भर करता है ?
उत्तर:
इमारत का न होना इमारत की नींव की ईंट तथा उसकी मज़बूती पर निर्भर करता है।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक ने नींव की ईंट किसे बताया है ?
उत्तर:
जो ईंट ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे जाकर गड़ती है और इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। इसी ईंट पर इमारत की मज़बूती तथा होना न होना निर्भर करता है। लेखक ने इसे ही नींव की ईंट कहा है।

प्रश्न 4.
नींव की ईंट ने अपना अस्तित्व क्यों विलीन कर दिया ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट ने अपना अस्तित्व इसलिए विलीन कर दिया ताकि यह संसार एक सुंदर सृष्टि देख सके।

प्रश्न 5.
ईसा की शहादत ने किस धर्म को अमर बना दिया ?
उत्तर:
ईसा की शहादत ने इसाई धर्म को अमर बना दिया।

प्रश्न 6.
किसकी हड्डियों के दान से वृत्रासुर का नाश किया ?
उत्तर:
महर्षि दधीचि की हड्डियों के दान से वृत्रासुर का नाश किया।

प्रश्न 7.
लेखक के अनुसार सत्य की प्राप्ति कब होती है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक के अनुसार जब हम कठोरता और भद्देपन दोनों का सामना करते हैं तब. सत्य की प्राप्ति होती है।

प्रश्न 8.
पाठ में लेखक ने ‘दधीचि’ तथा ‘वृत्रासुर’ शब्द किसके लिए प्रयुक्त हुए हैं ?
उत्तर:
पाठ में लेखक ने ‘दधीचि’ शब्द शहीदों तथा ‘वृत्रासुर’ विदेशी आक्रमणकारी के लिए प्रयुक्त हुए हैं।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नींव की ईंट और कँगरे की ईंट दोनों क्यों वँदनीय हैं ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे गडकर इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। इसकी मज़बूती पर ही इमारत निर्भर करती है। कंगूरे की ईंट कट-छंटकर कँगूरे पर चढ़ती है तथा लोगों को अपनी तरफ आकर्षित करती है इसलिए दोनों ईंटें वंदनीय हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
नींव की ईंट पाठ के आधार पर सत्य का स्वरूप स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
सत्य सदा ही शिवम् होता है पर वह सदा सुंदरम् हो यह आवश्यक नहीं है। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता तथा भद्दापन एक साथ जन्म लेते हैं तथा एक साथ जीते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
देश को आजाद करवाने में किन लोगों का योगदान रहा ? पाठ के आधार पर उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
देश को आजाद करवाने में अनेक लोगों का योगदान रहा। यह केवल उन लोगों के बलिदान से ही आजाद नहीं हुआ जिनका इतिहास में नाम लिखा है। इसमें उनका भी योगदान है जिन्होंने चुपचाप अपना बलिदान दिया। जो आज़ादी की नींव बने।

प्रश्न 4.
आजकल के नौजवानों में कँगूरा बनने की होड़ क्यों मची हुई है ?
उत्तर:
आजकल के नौजवानों में कँगूरा बनने की होड़ इसलिए मची हुई है क्योंकि उनमें नींव की ईंट बनने की इच्छा नहीं रही। उनमें देशभक्ति, बलिदान तथा त्याग की कामना खो गई है। वे केवल बाहरी दिखावे के प्रतीक बनना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
नये समाज के निर्माण के लिए किस चीज़ की आवश्यकता होती है ?
उत्तर:
नये समाज के निर्माण के लिए नींव की ईंट चीज़ की आवश्यकता है। ऐसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है जो समाज के नवनिर्माण के लिए अपना बलिदान दें और नींव की ईंट बने।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के आधार पर बताएं कि समाज की आधारशिला क्या होती है ?
उत्तर:
शहादत और मौन-मूक समाज की आधारशिला होती है। जिस शहादत को समाज में ख्याति तथा जिस बलिदान को अधिक प्रसिद्धि मिल जाती है वह समाज की आधारशिला नहीं होती। वह तो केवल इमारत का कँगूरा अथा मंदिर के कलश के समान हो सकती है। वह नींव की ईंट कभी नहीं होती। वास्तव में समाज की आधारशिला वही लोग बनते हैं जो चुपचाप अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग कर देते हैं और जिन्हें कोई नहीं जानता।

प्रश्न 2.
आज देश को कैसे नौजवानों की ज़रूरत है ? पाठ के आधार पर उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
आज देश को ऐसे नौजवानों की ज़रूरत है जो अपने देश पर चुपचाप अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग कर दें। जो एक नई प्रेरणा से प्रेरित हों। उनमें एक नई चेतना का भाव हो जिन्हें किसी की शाबाशी की ज़रूरत न हो। जिनमें न तो कंगूरा बनने की इच्छा हों और न कलश कहलाने की इच्छा हो। वे सभी इच्छाओं एवं आशाओं से बिल्कुल दूर हों।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए

सुंदर समाज बने, इसलिए कुछ तपे-तपाए लोगों को
मौन-मूक शहादत का लाल सेहरा पहनना है।
उत्तर:
इस पंक्ति का आशय है कि समाज का सुंदर निर्माण होना चाहिए। इसके लिए समाज के कुछ अग्रणी लोगों को चुपचाप बिना किसी प्रसिद्धि से मुक्त होकर अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग करना होगा। इसमें कवि ने चुपचाप बलिदान देने की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 4.
हम जिसे देख नहीं सके, वह सत्य नहीं है, यह है मूढ़
धारणा। ढूँढ़ने से ही सत्य मिलता है। ऐसी नींव की ईंटों
की ओर ध्यान देना ही हमारा काम है, हमारा धर्म है।
उत्तर:
इसका आशय यह है कि हम जिसको देख नहीं सके वह बिल्कुल सत्य नहीं है- यह एक मूर्ख धारणा है। इसमें सत्य की प्राप्ति नहीं होती। सत्य तो केवल ढूँढ़ने से ही मिलता है। हमें कँगूरे की तरफ नहीं बल्कि इमारत की नींव की ईंटों की तरफ ध्यान देना चाहिए। यही हमारा कर्म है और यही धर्म है।

प्रश्न 5.
उदर के लिए आतुर समाज चिल्ला रहा है
हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है ?
देश के नौजवानों को यह चुनौती है।
उत्तर:
इसमें लेखक ने नौजवानों में समाज के प्रति कर्त्तव्यहीन भावना की ओर संकेत किया है। आज समाज उन्नति के लिए नौजवानों का इन्तजार कर रहा है किंतु कोई उन्नति एवं उदय की आधारशिला बनने को तैयार नहीं है। देश के नौजवानों के लिए यही बड़ी चुनौती है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से उपसर्ग तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
आवरण – आ – वरण
प्रताप – …………… – ……………
प्रचार – …………… – ……………
बेतहाशा – …………… – ……………
प्रसिद्धि – …………… – ……………
अभिभूत – …………… – ……………
अनुप्राणित – …………… – ……………
आकृष्ट – …………… – ……………
उत्तर:
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
आवरण – आ – वरण
प्रताप – प्र – ताप
प्रचार – प्र – चार
बेतहाशा – बे – तहाशा
प्रसिद्धि – प्र – सिद्धि
अभिभूत – अभि – भूत
अनुप्राणित – अनु – प्राणित
आकृष्ट – आ – कृष्ट

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से प्रत्यय तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
मज़बूती – मज़बूत – ई
भद्दापन – …………… – ……………
पायदारी – …………… – ……………
विदेशी – …………… – ……………
चमकीली – …………… – ……………
पुख्तापन – …………… – ……………
कारख़ाना – …………… – ……………
सुनहली – …………… – ……………
उत्तर:
शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
मज़बूती – मज़बूत – ई
भद्दापन – भद्दा – पन
पायदारी – पाय – दारी
विदेशी – विदेश – ई
चमकीली – चमक – ईली
पुख्तापन – पुख्ता – पन
कारख़ाना – कार – खाना
सुनहली – सुनहल – ई

3. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर उन्हें वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
नींव की ईंट बनना – काम का आधार बनना – ………………….
शहादत का लाल – बलिदान देने वाला व्यक्ति – ………………….
सेहरा पहनाना – सर्वस्व बलिदान देना – ………………….
खाक छानना – बहुत ढूँढ़ना, मारा-मारा फिरना – ………………….
फलना-फूलना – सुखी और सम्पन्न होना – ………………….
खपा देना – किसी काम में लग जाना,उपयोग में आना – ………………….
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट बनना – काम का आधार बनना
वाक्य-आज देश के प्रत्येक युवक को नींव की ईंट बनने का संकल्प लेना चाहिए।

शहादत का लाल – बलिदान देने वाला व्यक्ति
वाक्य-भगत सिंह देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए शहादत के लाल थे।

सेहरा पहनाना – सर्वस्व बलिदान देना
वाक्य – सुभाष चंद्र बोस ने देश की आज़ादी के लिए सेहरा पहन लिया था।

खाक छानना – बहुत ढूँढ़ना, मारा-मारा फिरना
वाक्य – कर्महीन लोग सदा खाक छानते रहते हैं।

फलना – फूलना-सुखी और सम्पन्न होना
वाक्य – यदि फलना-फूलना चाहते हो तो परिश्रम किया करो।

खपा देना – किसी काम में लग जाना, उपयोग में आना
वाक्य – विद्यार्थी को पढ़ाई-लिखाई में स्वयं को खपा देना चाहिए।

4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में उचित विराम चिह्न लगाइए

(i) कँगूरे के गीत गाने वाले हम आइए अब नींव के गीत गाएँ
(ii) हाँ शहादत और मौन मूक समाज की आधारशिला यही होती है
(ii) अफसोस कँगूरा बनने के लिए चारों ओर होड़ा होड़ी मची है नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त हो रही है
(iv) हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है
उत्तर:
(i) कँगूरे के गीत गाने वाले हम, “आइए, अब नींव के गीत गाएँ।”
(ii) हाँ, शहादत और मौन मूक ! समाज की आधारशिला यही होती है।
(iii) अफसोस ! कँगूरा बनने के लिए चारों ओर होड़ा-होड़ी मची है। नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त हो रही है।
(iv) हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है ?

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
आप नींव की ईंट या कँगूरे की ईंट में से कौन-सी ईंट बनना चाहेंगे और क्यों ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मैं नींव की ईंट और कँगूरे की ईंट में से नींव की ईंट बनना चाहूँगा। मैं नींव की ईंट इसलिए बनना चाहूँगा क्योंकि नींव की ईंट ही समाज की आधारशिला होती है। इस पर ही समाज की इमारत खड़ी होती है। यही इमारत का आधार होती है। इसके हिलने मात्र से ही पूरी इमारत नीचे ढह सकती है। नींव की ईंट बनना
अपने आप में गर्व का विषय है। यही धन्य है।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक इस पाठ में नींव की ईंट के माध्यम से क्या संदेश देना चाहता है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक इस पाठ के माध्यम से यह संदेश देना चाहता है कि व्यक्ति को अपने समाज तथा देश की तरक्की और कल्याण के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें इमारत की कंगूरा अथवा मंदिर का कलश नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट बनने की इच्छा करनी चाहिए। युवाओं को नि:स्वार्थ भाव से अपने देश पर अपना त्याग एवं बलिदान कर देना चाहिए। कभी भी प्रसिद्धि एवं तरक्की की कामना नहीं रखनी चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आपकी नज़र में ऐसा कौन-सा व्यक्तित्व है जिसने देश और जमा के उत्थान में नींव की ईंट के समान कार्य किया है उसके योगदान को बताते हुए अपनी बात स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
हमारी नज़र में सुभाष चन्द्र बोस एक ऐसा व्यक्तित्व है जिन्होंने देश पर अपना सब कुछ न्योछावर कर दिया। उन्होंने आज़ादी के लिए महान् योगदान दिया। उन्होंने विदेश में जाकर ‘आज़ाद हिंद फौज’ बनाई तथा भारत के युवाओं को देश पर मर-मिटने तथा आजादी पर कुर्बान होने के लिए प्रेरित किया। उन्होंने ‘तुम मुझे खून दो, मैं तुम्हें आजादी दूंगा’ का नारा दिया।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
अपने स्कूल/आस-पड़ोस कहीं भी यदि किसी नयी इमारत का निर्माण हो रहा हो तो वहाँ जाकर कारीगर से जानकारी प्राप्त करें कि इमारत की नींव रखने के लिए किस प्रकार जमीन की खुदाई की जाती है और कैसे उस खुदी हुई जमीन पर सुंदर और विशाल इमारत खड़ी करने से पूर्व नींव की ईंटें रखी जाती हैं।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
‘हमारे देश की नींव’ शीर्षक के अन्तर्गत कुछ ऐसे देशभक्तों और महापुरुषों के नाम एक चार्ट पर लिखकर स्कूल/कक्षा की दीवार पर लगाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

दधीचि : एक प्रसिद्ध ऋषि जिसने अपने शरीर की हड्डियाँ देवताओं को अर्पित कर दी थीं और स्वयं मरने को तैयार हो गया था। इन हड्डियों से देवताओं के शिल्पी-विश्वकर्मा ने एक वज्र का निर्माण किया था। वृत्रासुर : एक राक्षस। ऋषि दधीचि की हड्डियों से निर्मित वज्र से इन्द्र ने वृत्रासुर और अन्य राक्षसों को मार गिराया था।
सफलता की नींव : हम लोग किसी सफल व्यक्ति की सफलता से प्रभावित होते हैं, उससे प्रेरणा लेते हैं किंतु सफल व्यक्ति की सफलता की नींव को जानने का प्रयास कितने लोग करते हैं ? दरअसल सफल व्यक्ति की कामयाबी की कहानी में त्याग, निष्ठा, मेहनत, अनुशासन, समर्पण और यहाँ तक कि अनेक असफलताएँ भी छिपी होती हैं। यही सब कुछ उनकी आज की सफलता की नींव बनती हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide नींव की ईंट Important Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक ने पाठ के माध्यम से युवाओं को क्या प्रेरणा दी है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने पाठ के माध्यम से युवाओं को नि:स्वार्थ त्याग एवं बलिदान की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 2.
हमें सदा किस कार्य के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए ?
उत्तर:
हमें सदा अपने देश और समाज के कल्याण एवं तरक्की के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आज देश को कैसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है ?
उत्तर:
आज देश को ऐसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है जो प्रसिद्धि के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए अपना कर्म करें।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ के आधार पर सत्य, शिवं तथा सुंदरम् को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
सत्य सदा शिव होता है। किंतु सदा सुंदरम् हो यह जरूरी नहीं है। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता तथा भद्दापन एक साथ उत्पन्न होते हैं। हम कठोरता एवं भद्देपन से सदा भागते रहते हैं। इसलिए सत्य से भी भागते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कौन-सी ईंट सबसे धन्य होता है ? क्यों ?
उत्तर:
नींद की ईंट सबसे धन्य होती है क्योंकि वह ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे गढ़ती है। वही इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। वही इमारत की आधारशीला होती है।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ निबंध का मूल भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का रोचक एवं प्रेरक निबंध है। इसमें लेखक यह कहना चाहता है कि व्यक्ति को अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण एवं उत्थान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। बड़े दुःख की बात है कि आज लोग भवन की नींव या ईंट नहीं बनाना चाहते अपितु वे कंगूरा बनना चाहते हैं। सभी में कँगूरे को पाने की होड़ मची है। उन्हें यह नहीं पता कि कँगूरा नींव की ईंट पर ही खड़ा होता है। ईंट हिलाने से कँगूरा ज़मीन पर गिर जाएगा। अतः नवयुवकों को प्रसिद्धि के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए कर्म करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
इस पाठ के माध्यम से हमें क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ?
उत्तर:
इस पाठ के माध्यम से हमें यह प्रेरणा मिलती है कि हमें अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण एवं उत्थान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें प्रसिद्धि पाने के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए कर्म करना चाहिए। अपने देश पर नि:स्वार्थ त्याग और बलिदान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें इमारत का कँगूरा ही नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट बननी चाहिए। अपने देश पर चुपचाप कुर्बान हो जाना ही श्रेष्ठ है। हमारे अंदर एक नई प्रेरणा तथा चेतना होनी चाहिए।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के लेखक का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी।

प्रश्न 2.
दुनिया क्या देखना पसंद करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
बाहरी चमक-दमक।

प्रश्न 3.
इमारत की पायदारी किस पर मुनहसिर होती है ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट पर।

प्रश्न 4.
समाज की आधारशिला क्या है ?
उत्तर:
मौन-मूक शहादत।

प्रश्न 5.
मूढ़ धारणा क्या है ?
उत्तर:
जिस सत्य को हम देख नहीं सके, यह मूढ़ धारणा है।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
ढूँढ़ने से ही सत्य मिलता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त नहीं हो रही।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
ईसा की शहादत ने ईसाई धर्म को अमर बना दिया।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
वह ईंट धन्य नहीं है जो कट-छंट कर कँगूरे पर चढ़ती है।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
हम ……. से भागते हैं, ……. से मुख मोड़ते हैं।
उत्तर:
हम कठोरता से भागते हैं, भद्देपन से मुख मोड़ते हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
जिनकी ……. के दान ने ही विदेशी ……. का नाश किया।
उत्तर:
जिनकी हड्डियों के दान ने ही विदेशी वृत्रासुर का नाश किया।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें.

प्रश्न 12.
ठोस सत्य सदा ही क्या होता है…
(क) शिवम्
(ख) सुखद
(ग) शुभम्
(घ) सरल।
उत्तर:
(क) शिवम्।

प्रश्न 13.
लोक-लोचनों को अपनी ओर किसकी ईंट आकर्षित करती है ?
(क) नींव की
(ख) खम्बे की
(ग) कोर्निस की
(घ) कँगूरे की।
उत्तर:
(घ) कँगूरे की।

प्रश्न 14.
वृत्रासुर के नाश के लिए किसने अपनी हड्डियों का दान दिया ?
(क) विश्वामित्र
(खे) दधीचि
(ग) अत्री
(घ) कश्यप।
उत्तर:
(ख) दधीचि।

प्रश्न 15.
कितने लाख गाँवों के नव-निर्माण की बात लेखक ने की है ?
(क) पाँच
(ख) छह
(ग) सात
(घ) आठ।
उत्तर:
(ग) सात।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

चमकीली = चमकदार। आवरण = पर्दा। भद्दा = बदसूरत। सुघड़ = सुडौल। पायदारी = मजबूत। आकृष्ट = आकर्षित। शिवम् = कल्याणकारी। अंधकूप = अंधा कुआँ। विलीन = अदृश्य। कँगूरा = चोटी, शिखर, बुर्ज। अस्तित्व = हस्ती। शुहरत = प्रसिद्धि । शहादत = बलिदान। उत्सर्ग = बलिदान । मूढ़ = मूर्ख। आधारशिला = नींव का पत्थर। लुप्त = गायब। वासना = इच्छा, आतुर = व्याकुल, उतावला, अनुप्राणित = प्रेरित। होड़ा-होड़ी = प्रतिस्पर्धा। एक-दूसरे से आगे बढ़ने का प्रयास।

नींव की ईंट Summary

नींव की ईंट जीवन-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का हिंदी गद्य-साहित्य में अद्भुत योगदान है। इनका जन्म सन् 1902 ई० में बिहार के मुजफ्फरपुर जिले के बेनीपुर नामक गाँव में हुआ था। बचपन में ही इनके माँ-बाप की मृत्यु हो गई थी। इन्होंने अनेक कष्ट सहकर दसवीं तक की पढ़ाई की। सन् 1920 ई० में गांधी जी के असहयोग आंदोलन से प्रभावित 7 सितंबर, सन् 1968 ई० को मृत्यु हो गई।

रचनाएं-श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ लेखक माने जाते हैं। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएं इस प्रकार हैं
(i) कहानी-चिता के फल
(ii) उपन्यास-पतितों के देश में
(iii) नाटक-आम्रपाली
(v) जंजीरें और दीवारें-रेखाचित्र।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ- श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। उनका गद्य-साहित्य बहुत श्रेष्ठ है। इनके निबंधों में देशभक्ति की भावना का अनूठा वर्णन हुआ है। इन्होंने देश के युवाओं को देश एवं समाज पर बलिदान एवं त्याग करने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। इन्होंने समाज में फैली बुराइयों का सच्चा वर्णन किया है। इनकी भाषा सहज, सरल एवं स्वाभाविक है जिसमें तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है। मुहावरों के प्रयोग से इनकी भाषा में निखार आ गया है।

निबंध का सार

‘नींव की ईंट’ लेखक श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का अत्यंत रोचक एवं प्रेरक निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने मनुष्य को नि:स्वार्थ त्याग एवं बलिदान की प्रेरणा दी है। प्रत्येक मनुष्य को अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। लेखक को इस बात का दुःख है कि आजकल हर आदमी भवन के कँगूरे की तरह बनना चाहता है। उसकी नींव की ईंट कोई बनना नहीं चाहता। लेखक चमकीली सुंदर एवं मज़बूत इमारत की नींव को ध्यान देने को कहता है। उसे दुःख है कि आज दुनिया केवल चमक-दमक देखती है किंतु उसके नीचे ठोस सत्य को कोई नहीं देखता। ठोस सत्य सदा शिवम् होता है किंतु वह सदा सुंदर हो यह जरूरी नहीं। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता और भद्दापन एक साथ जन्म लेते हैं। लोग सदा कठोरता से भागते हैं। भद्देपन से मुँह मोड़ते हैं इसलिए वे सत्य से दूर जाते हैं।
कँगूरे पर चढ़ने वाली ईंट धन्य है जो लोगों को अपनी ओर आकृष्ट करती है किंतु इमारत की नींव की ईंट धन्य होती है जिसके ऊपर इमारत खड़ी होती है। इस ईंट के हिलने से कँगूरा ज़मीन पर गिर जाता है इसलिए हमें कँगूरे की ईंट को नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट के गीत गाने चाहिए। यह ईंट इमारत की शोभा बढ़ाने के लिए सदा ज़मीन के अंदर दबी रहती है और अपना त्याग एवं बलिदान करती है। इसी प्रकार जो समाज के लिए अपना बलिदान देते हैं वही समाज का आधार होते हैं। ईसा की शहादत ने ईसाई धर्म को अमर बनाया। वास्तव में ईसाई धर्म को अमर तो उन अनाम लोगों ने बनाया जिन्होंने इसका प्रचार करने में चुपचाप अपना बलिदान किया।

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 11 वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी…. Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 11 वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी…. Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बाज़ार में अलार्म घड़ियों की माँग क्यों घटने लगी है ?
उत्तर:
मोबाइल फ़ोन में अलार्म उपलब्ध रहने के कारण बाज़ार में अलार्म घड़ियों की माँग घटने लगी है।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक को कॉलेज में पुरस्कार में कौन-सी घड़ी मिली थी ?
उत्तर:
लेखक को कॉलेज में पुरस्कार में अलार्म घड़ी मिली थी।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक को कविताओं में डूबे रहना कैसे लगता था ?
उत्तर:
लेखक को कविताओं में डूबे रहना स्वर्ग में जीने जैसा लगता था।

प्रश्न 4.
चिड़िया कमरे में दीवार पर लगी किसकी तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बनाने लगी थी ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया कमरे में दीवार पर लगी सुमित्रानंदन पंत की तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बनाने लगी थी।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक अपनी कौन-सी दुनिया में खोया रहता था कि चिड़िया की तरफ़ ध्यान ही नहीं देता था ?
उत्तर:
लेखक अपनी किताबों की दुनिया में खोया रहता था इसी कारण वह चिड़िया की तरफ़ ध्यान ही नहीं देता था।

प्रश्न 6.
लेखक के लिए अब अलार्म घड़ी कौन थी ?
उत्तर:
‘लेखक के लिए अब अलार्म घड़ी चिड़िया थी।

प्रश्न 7.
चिड़िया ने लेखक को कौन-सा रत्न दिया था ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया ने लेखक को ‘ऊषा सुंदरी’ रूपी रत्न दिया था।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
पहले किन-किन अवसरों पर घड़ी देने की परंपरा थी ?
उत्तर:
पहले कलाई पर बाँधने के लिए अथवा पहनने के लिए घड़ी एक उपहार हुआ करती थी। परीक्षा में पास होने पर घड़ी उपहार के रूप में दी जाती थी। कॉलेज में दाखिल होने पर बच्चों को घड़ी दिलवाई जाती थी। शादी में दूल्हे को ससुराल वाले घड़ी अवश्य ही देते थे। कई सरकारी विभागों में सेवा-निवृत्ति पर भी घड़ी देने की परंपरा थी।

प्रश्न 2.
जिन दिनों लेखक के पास घड़ी नहीं थी तब उनके पिता जी क्या कहा करते थे ?
उत्तर:
जिन दिनों लेखक के पास घड़ी नहीं थी तब लेखक के पिता जी उससे कहा करते थे कि तुम्हें सुबह जितने बजे भी उठना हो, तुम अपने तकिये से यह कह कर सो जाओ कि मुझे सुबह जल्दी उठा देना। इतना कहने के बाद तुम्हारी नींद सुबह जल्दी खुल जाया करेगी। लेखक द्वारा तकिये से कहने पर उसकी नींद सुबह जल्दी खुल जाया करती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
शाम को चिड़िया लेखक के कमरे में कैसे पधार जाती थी ?
उत्तर:
लेखक दिनभर दफ्तर में काम करने के बाद शाम को पढ़ने-लिखने के लिए अपने कमरे का दरवाज़ा खोल कर बैठ जाता था। वह लिखते-पढ़ते समय अपनी किताबों की दुनिया में इतना खोया हुआ होता था कि कमरे में और क्या हो रहा है उसे पता ही नहीं चलता। चिड़िया लेखक के कमरे का दरवाज़ा खुला होने के कारण तथा उसके किताबों में रमे होने के कारण कमरे में पधार जाती थी।

प्रश्न 4.
रोज़ सुबह-सुबह चिड़िया लेखक के पलंग के सिरहाने बैठकर चहचहाती क्यों थी ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया ने लेखक के कमरे की दीवार पर टंगे सुमित्रानंदन पंत जी की तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बना रखा था। वह प्रतिदिन शाम को दरवाज़े के अंदर से आकर अपने घोंसले में बैठ जाया करती। लेखक देर रात तक पढ़ता और लिखता रहता था। इसी कारण वह सुबह देर से उठता था। चिड़िया को सुबह कमरे के बाहर जाना होता था, इसलिए चिड़िया लेखक के पलंग के सिरहाने बैठकर चहचहाती थी कि लेखक कमरे का दरवाज़ा खोल दे और वह बाहर चली जाए।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक ने चिड़िया की तुलना माँ से क्यों की है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने चिड़िया की तुलना माँ से इसलिए की है क्योंकि लेखक के बचपन में उसकी माँ चिड़िया की ही भाँति बड़े ही प्यार से जगाती थी। जब लेखक देर तक सोया रहता था तब उसकी माँ चिड़िया की भाँति ही बड़ी ही झुंझलाहट से लेखक को जगा दिया करती थी। आज लेखक को चिड़िया द्वारा स्वयं को जगाना माँ की तरह जगाना लग रहा था। इसलिए लेखक ने चिड़िया की तुलना माँ से की है।

3.निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए :

प्रश्न 1.
‘वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी’ कहानी के द्वारा लेखक क्या संदेश देना चाहता है ?
उत्तर:
‘वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी’ कहानी के द्वारा लेखक ने मनुष्य की आदत में आने वाले बदलाव का संदेश दिया है। लेखक का मानना है कि मानव की आदत कभी नहीं बदलती। किंतु कभी-कभी कुछ ऐसे कारण भी बन जाते हैं जिनके कारण व्यक्ति को अपनी आदतों में बदलाव लाना पड़ता है। यह बदलाव व्यक्ति के जीवन की दिशा और दशा बदल देता है। व्यक्ति के जीवन में आने वाला यह बदलाव अमूक-चूक परिवर्तन लाता है। कहानी में लेखक ने सवेरे के समय को सोते हुए बिताना बेकार बताया है। लेखक का मानना है कि सुबह-सवेरे का समय एक स्वर्णिम आभा का समय होता है जो व्यक्ति के जीवन में खुशियों का संचार करता है।

प्रश्न 2.
चिड़िया द्वारा लेखक को जगाए जाने के प्रयास को अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
चिड़िया प्रतिदिन शाम को लेखक के कमरे में बने अपने घोंसले में आकर आराम करती थी। वह सुबह जल्दी उठकर बाहर जाना चाहती थी। किंतु लेखक सुबह के समय सोया हुआ होता था, तब चिड़िया लेखक के पलंग के सिरहाने बैठकर एक अलग प्रकार की झुंझलाहट से भरी चीं-ची, चीं-चीं किया करती थी ताकि लेखक अपनी नींद से उठ जाए। वह बार-बार पलंग के सिरहाने आकर फुदकती और अपनी तेज़ आवाज़ से सारे कमरे को गुंजायमान कर देती थी। कई बार चिड़िया लेखक की रज़ाई का कोना अपनी चोंच से पकड़ कर खींचने लगती थी। वह लेखक के सीने पर पड़ी रजाई के ऊपर बैठकर लेखक को अपनी चहचहाहट से जगाने का प्रयास करती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक उस वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया का उपकार क्यों मानता है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया का उपकार इसलिए मानता है क्योंकि चिड़िया ने एक माँ की भाँति उसे प्यार दिया। माँ की भाँति गीत-संगीत अपनी चहचहाहट में सुनाया। लेखक की सुबह देर तक सोने की आदत को भी एक माँ की भांति अपनी चहचहाहट रूपी डाँट से दूर किया। लेखक को सुबह जल्दी उठना सिखाया। लेखक को समय के महत्त्व तथा सवेरे की स्वर्णिम आभा का अवलोकन कराया। सुबह की शीतलता तथा प्रकाश से लेखक को अवगत कराया। अपने मधुर संगीत तथा मूल्यवान समय का ज्ञान कराया। इसी कारण लेखक सुबह जल्दी उठना सीख गया। सुबह-सवेरे का आनंद, जो वह बचपन से खोता आ रहा था, अब वह पाने लगा था। इसलिए लेखक अपने जीवन में आए बदलाव को वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया का उपकार मानता है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित एकवचन शब्दों के बहुवचन रूप लिखिए

एकवचन – बहुवचन
घोंसला – ……………….
कमरा – ……………….
दरवाज़ा – ……………….
बच्चा – ……………….
दूल्हा – ……………….
चिड़िया – ……………….
डिबिया – ……………….
घड़ी – ……………….
खिड़की – ……………….
छुट्टी – ……………….
उत्तर:
एकवचन – बहुवचन
घोंसला – घोंसले
कमरा – कमरे
दरवाज़ा – दरवाजे
बच्चा – बच्चे
दूल्हा – दूल्हे
चिड़िया – चिड़ियाँ
डिबिया – डिबियाँ
घड़ी – घड़ियाँ
खिड़की – खिड़कियाँ
छुट्टी – छुट्टियाँ

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में उपसर्ग तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
उपहार – ………………. – ……………….
उपस्थित – ………………. – ……………….
उपलब्ध – ………………. – ……………….
उपकार – ………………. – ……………….
अभिभूत – ………………. – ……………….
सुमंगल – ………………. – ……………….
अनुभूति – ………………. – ……………….
बेख़बर – ………………. – ……………….
उत्तर:
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
उपहार – उप – हार
उपस्थित – उप – स्थित
उपलब्ध – उप – लब्ध
उपकार – उप – कार
अभिभूत – अभि – भूत
सुमंगल – सु – मंगल
अनुभूति – अनु – भूति
बेख़बर – बे – खबर

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के प्रत्यय तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
चहचहाहट – ………………. – ……………….
झुंझलाहट – ………………. – ……………….
रोशनदान – ………………. – ……………….
कृतज्ञता – ………………. – ……………….
सघनता – ………………. – ……………….
मानवीय – ………………. – ……………….
उत्तर:
शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
चहचहाहट – चहचह – आहट
झुंझलाहट – झुंझला – आहट
रोशनदान – रोशन – दान
कृतज्ञता – कृतज्ञ – ता
सघनता – सघन – ता
मानवीय – मानव – ईय

4. पाठ में आए निम्नलिखित तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप तथा तद्भव शब्दों के तत्सम रूप लिखिए

तत्सम – तद्भव
रात्रि – ……………….
आश्रय – ……………….
कृपा – ……………….
गृह – ……………….
सूर्य – ……………….
सच – ……………….
नींद – ……………….
मोती – ……………….
चिड़िया – ……………….
माँ – ……………….
उत्तर:
तत्सम – तद्भव
रात्रि – रात
आश्रय – आसरा
कृपा – किरपा
गृह – घर
सूर्य – सूरज
सच – सत्य
नींद – निद्रा
मोती – मुक्ता
चिड़िया – खग
माँ – मातृ

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
यदि आपके घर में भी किसी चिड़िया ने घोंसला बनाया है तो उसके क्रियाकलाप को ध्यान से देखिए और अपना अनुभव लिखिए।
उत्तर:
हाँ, मेरे घर में भी एक मादा पक्षी ने अपना घोंसला बनाया हुआ है। वह देखने में बहुत सुंदर है। देर शाम को वह अपने घोंसले में आ जाती है। सुबह सूर्य की प्रथम किरण के साथ वह उठ जाती है। उसकी ची-चीं की ध्वनि पूरे घर में गूंजने लगती है। वह पंखों को फड़फड़ाते हुए इधर से उधर, उधर से इधर चक्कर काटने लगती है। उसका घोंसला घास के तिनकों से बना है। घोंसले में उसके दो बच्चे भी हैं। उनके लिए वह दाना चुग कर लाती है और बच्चों की चोंच में चोंच मिलाकर उन्हें खिलाती है। बच्चों के साथ उसका चोंच लड़ाना मुझे बहुत ही अच्छा लगता है।

प्रश्न 2.
यदि किसी पशु-पक्षी के कारण आपके जीवन में भी परिवर्तन आया है तो वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
एक बार मैं अपनी गर्मियों की छुट्टियों में अपने गाँव सोनपुर गया हुआ था। हमारे घर के पास एक आम का बाग था। बाग में बहुत से आम के पेड़ थे। उन पेड़ों पर बहुत-से पक्षियों ने अपने घोंसले बना रखे थे। एक दिन मैं अपने दोस्तों के साथ बाग में गुलेल लेकर घूमने गया था। वहाँ मैंने एक वृक्ष पर एक गौरैया पक्षी को बैठा देखा। तभी मैंने एक निशाना लगाकर उस गैरैया पक्षी को मार गिराया। वह पक्षी तड़पता हुआ नीचे धरती पर आ गिरा। गैरैया पक्षी का दर्द मुझसे देखा नहीं गया। मैंने उसे उठाकर उसका उपचार किया। तब से मेरे मन में पक्षियों के प्रति प्रेम उत्पन्न हो गया है। उसके बाद से मैं दूरबीन लेकर विभिन्न प्रजातियों के पक्षियों की खोज करता रहता हूं।

प्रश्न 3.
चिड़िया को ‘अलार्म घड़ी’ के अतिरिक्त आप और क्या नाम देंगे और क्यों ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया को ‘अलार्म घड़ी’ के अतिरिक्त ‘स्वर-कोकिला’ नाम दे सकते हैं, क्योंकि चिड़िया का स्वर कौए की भाँति कर्कश न होकर कोयल की भाँति मीठा और सरस लगता है। उसकी ची-ची में अपनापन-सा झलकता है। उसकी चहचहाहट माँ की डांट और प्यार के समान लगती है तथा उस चहचहाहट में संगीत के सभी सुरों का आनंद एक साथ सुनाई देता है। इसलिए चिड़िया को ‘स्वर कोकिला’ नाम देना उचित ही जान पड़ता है।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
प्रातःकाल में प्रकृति को ध्यानपूर्वक निहारिए और कक्षा में सभी को अपना अनुभव बताइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
विभिन्न प्रकार के पक्षियों की आवाज़ों, उनके स्वभाव और उनके घोंसले के बारे में सामग्री जुटाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 3.
पक्षी-विज्ञानी सालिम अली की पुस्तक ‘भारतीय पक्षी’ पढ़िए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 4.
कहानी पढ़कर आपके सामने चिड़िया का जो चित्र उभरता है, उस चित्र को बनाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 5.
चिड़िया और प्रातःकालीन सौंदर्य पर कविताओं का संकलन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

महादेवी वर्मा : महादेवी वर्मा हिंदी की सर्वश्रेष्ठ कवयित्री है। हिंदी साहित्य के ‘आधुनिक काल’ की छायावादी कविता में इनका महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। छायावाद की प्रायः रहस्यवादी, प्रकृति-चित्रण, काव्य-वेदना आदि सभी विशेषताएँ इनके काव्य में मिलती हैं। कवयित्री के साथ-साथ ये उत्कृष्ट लेखिका के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हैं। इनकी ‘नीहार’, ‘नीरजा’, ‘सांध्यगीत’, ‘दीपशिखा’, ‘काव्य-संग्रह’ तथा ‘अतीत के चलचित्र’, ‘पथ के राही’, ‘मेरा परिवार’ आदि संस्मरण और रेखाचित्र प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ हैं।

पंत : पंत जी का पूरा नाम ‘सुमित्रानंदन पंत’ है। इन्हें प्रकृति के रंग-भीने वातावरण ने अत्यधिक प्रभावित व प्रेरित किया। इनकी कविताओं में प्रकृति की अनुपम छटा के दर्शन स्वतः ही हो जाते हैं। इसीलिए इन्हें प्रकृति का सुकुमार (कोमल) कवि कहा जाता है। ‘उच्छ्वास’, ‘ग्रंथि’, ‘वीणा’, ‘चिदम्बरा’ आदि इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं।

निराला : निराला जी का पूरा नाम सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’ है। हिन्दी-साहित्य में छायावादी काव्य परम्परा को आगे बढ़ाने वाले प्रसाद के बाद दूसरे कवि हैं। छायावादी कविता में वेदना का जो चित्रण व्यापक परिवेश में हुआ है, वह इनकी कविताओं में प्रचुर मात्रा में मिलता है। इसके अतिरिक्त रहस्यवाद तथा प्रकृति चित्रण भी इनके काव्य की विशेषता है।

तुलसीदास : भक्तिकालीन हिंदी-साहित्य में रामभक्त कवियों में तुलसीदास का स्थान सब से ऊपर है। यद्यपि इनके अतिरिक्त कई अन्य कवियों ने भी राम काव्य से सम्बन्धित रचनाएँ लिखीं किंतु तुलसीदास द्वारा रचित ‘रामचरितमानस’ जैसी अभूतपूर्व सफलता किसी को नहीं मिली। इन्होंने ‘रामचरितमानस’ के माध्यम से राम कथा को घर-घर तक पहुँचाने का अनुपम कार्य किया।

रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर : रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर विश्वविख्यात कवि, साहित्यकार और दार्शनिक के रूप में जाने जाते हैं। इनका जन्म 7 मई, सन् 1861 को कोलकाता के जोड़ासाँको ठाकुरबाड़ी में हुआ। इनके पिता का नाम देवेन्द्रनाथ टैगोर व माता का नाम शारदा देवी था। वे एशिया के प्रथम नोबल पुरस्कार विजेता हैं। उनकी काव्य रचना ‘गीतांजलि’ के लिए उन्हें सन् 1913 में साहित्य का नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला। वे एकमात्र कवि हैं जिनकी दो रचनाएँ दो देशों का राष्ट्रगान बनीं। भारत का राष्ट्रगान-जन गण मन और बांग्लादेश का राष्ट्रीय गान-आमार सोनार बाँग्ला । इन्हें ‘गुरुदेव’ के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। 7 अगस्त, सन् 1941 को इनका निधन हो गया।
लोकोक्तियों में पक्षी

• अब पछताए होत क्या जब चिड़िया चुग गई खेत।
• खग ही जाने खग ही की भाषा।
• घर की मुर्गी दाल बराबर।
• कौआ चला हंस की चाल।
• जंगल में मोर नाचा किसने देखा ?
• आधा तीतर, आधा बटेर।
• झूठ बोले कौआ काटे।
• अंधे के हाथ लगा. बटेर।
• आधा बगुला आधा बटेर।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
सेवानिवृत्ति के स्थान पर लेखक व्यक्ति को घड़ी देने की बात कब करता है ?
उत्तर:
घड़ी मानव को उसका जीवन समय पर चलाने का काम करती है। मानव जीवन में समय की उपयोगिता समझाती है। हर काम को समय पर करने की बात बताती है। इसलिए लेखक कहता था कि सेवानिवृत्ति के बजाय नौकरी लगने पर विभाग द्वारा पहले ही कर्मचारी को एक घड़ी भेंट में दी जानी चाहिए ताकि वह समय पर अपने काम तथा दफ्तर में उपस्थित हो जाया करे।

प्रश्न 2.
“वहं चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….” कहानी में लेखक ने मानवीय मन की संवेदना का खेल किसे कहा है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक को कॉलेज में निबंध प्रतियोगिता में मिली अलार्म घड़ी की ध्वनि अत्यधिक प्रिय थी। उस ध्वनि का नशा और स्वाद अब महंगे-से-महंगे मोबाइल फ़ोन से भी नहीं मिलता। संवेदना का स्तर जीवन में सदा एक जैसा नहीं रहता। यह परिवर्तित होता रहता है। कभी इसकी सघनता कम हो जाती है तो कभी बढ़ जाती है। सघनता घट जाने पर बड़ी-बड़ी बातें पहले जैसा स्वाद एवं रस नहीं देती। मानव-मन में होने वाला यह परिवर्तन मानवीय-मन की संवेदना का खेल है।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी’ किसकी रचना है ?
उत्तर:
गोबिन्द कुमार गुंजन की।

प्रश्न 2.
अब किसमें अलार्म की सुविधा है ?
उत्तर:
मोबाइल फोन में।

प्रश्न 3.
पहले दूल्हे को ससुराल पक्ष वाले शादी में क्या अवश्य देते थे ?
उत्तर:
घड़ी।

प्रश्न 4.
लेखक को पहली बार कलाई घड़ी कब मिली थी ?
उत्तर:
कॉलेज में प्रवेश लेने पर।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक ने चिड़िया को अलार्म घड़ी क्यों कहा है ?
उत्तर:
चिड़िया अपनी चहचहाहट से उसे जगाती थी।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
मुझे सुबह-सुबह उठकर पढ़ना रास नहीं आता था।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
मेरे कमरे में सिर्फ एक दरवाजा, एक खिड़की और एक रोशनदान था।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
पड़ोसी कृपा करके दरवाजा खटखटाते तो नींद खुलती।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
पलंग के सिरहाने बैठी वह चिड़िया मुझे प्यार से देख रही थी।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
उस सुबह ……. खुलने पर …….. ही लगा, जैसे किसी ने ……. का गीत गाया हो।
उत्तर:
उस सुबह पलकें खुलने पर ऐसा ही लगा, जैसे किसी ने जागृति का गीत गाया हो।

प्रश्न 11.
मैं उस …… चिड़िया के उस ………… को बहुत …… से महसूस करता हूँ।
उत्तर:
मैं उस वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया के उस उपकार को बहुत कृतज्ञता से महसूस करता हूँ।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
लेखक की नई-नई नौकरी किस दशक में लगी थी
(क) साठवें
(ख) पचासवें
(ग) अस्सीवें
(घ) नब्बेवें।
उत्तर:
(ग) अस्सीवें।

प्रश्न 13.
लेखक को पहली अलार्म घड़ी कहाँ से मिली थी ?
(क) कॉलेज से
(ख) पिता से
(ग) दफ्तर से
(घ) मित्र से।
उत्तर:
(क) कॉलेज से।

प्रश्न 14.
किस वृत्ति के कारण लेखक का सुबह जल्दी उठना मुश्किल हो जाता ?
(क) यायावरी
(ख) लेखकीय
(ग) निशाचरी
(घ) भ्रमरी।
उत्तर:
(ग) निशाचरी।

प्रश्न 15.
दरवाज़ा खुलवाने के लिए चिड़िया किसके सिरहाने बैठकर चहचहाती थी ?
(क) पलंग
(ख) कुर्सी
(ग) मेज़
(घ) कार्निस।
उत्तर:
(क) पलंग।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

सिरहाने = सिर के पास। ख्याल = विचार। अव्यवस्थित = बिगड़ जाना, बिना किसी व्यवस्था के, ऊबड़-खाबड़। बेख़बर = जिसे कुछ न पता हो। [जाना = किसी आवाज़ से शोर करना। सुहाता = अच्छा लगना। वाणी = आवाज़। स्पर्श = छूना। सहसा = अचानक। उषा = सुबह। सरिता = नदी। गृह = घर। भोर = प्रात:काल। उपहार = भेंट। सेवा-निवृत्ति = रिटायरमेंट, कार्यकाल समाप्त होना। उपस्थित = हाज़िर। संवेदना = अनुभूति। कौतूहल = उत्सुकता। निशाचरी = रात को जागने वाली, राक्षसी। व्यसन = बुरी आदत। व्यवधान = बाधा। अभिनंदन = स्वागत। सृष्टि = संसार। व्यर्थ = बेकार। स्पंदन = कंपन, हिलना। नभचारिणी = आकाश में घूमने वाली। सौरभ = खुशबू। स्वर्णिम = सोने जैसी। अभिभूत = प्रभावित किया हुआ। शय्या = बिस्तर। अप्रतिम = अनोखा। वात्सल्य = प्यार। अवतरित = उतरती हुई। कृतज्ञता = अहसान। स्मृति = याद।

वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. Summary

वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. लेखक-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-गोविंद कुमार ‘गुंजन’ आधुनिक हिन्दी-साहित्य के प्रमुख साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। उनका जन्म 28 अगस्त, सन् 1956 ई० में मध्य प्रदेश प्रांत के सनवाद में हुआ था। इन्होंने अंग्रेजी साहित्य में एम० ए० की परीक्षा पास की। इनकी साहित्य-प्रतिभा तथा साहित्य-साधना को देखते हुए सन् 1994 में प्रथम समानांतर नवगीत अलंकार, सन् 2002 में अखिल भारतीय अम्बिका प्रसाद दिव्य प्रतिष्ठा पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया। हिन्दी निबंध हेतु इन्हें सन् 2002 में निर्मल पुरस्कार प्रदान किया गया। सन् 2007 में इन्हें मध्य प्रदेश साहित्य अकादमी का बाल कृष्ण शर्मा नवीन पुरस्कार देकर अलंकृत किया गया। रचनाएँ-रुका हुआ संवाद (कविता संग्रह), समकालीन हिन्दी गजलें (सहयोगी प्रकाशन), कपास के फूल, सभ्यता की तितली, पंखों पर आकाश, ज्वाला भी जलधारा भी।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-गोविंद कुमार ‘गुंजन’ आधुनिक संवेदना से ओत-प्रोत साहित्यकार हैं। गुंजन जी के लेखन की महत्त्वपूर्ण विशेषता है कि हर उम्र और हर वर्ग के पाठकों के मध्य उनकी भिन्न-भिन्न रचनाएँ लोकप्रिय हैं। मानवता उनके साहित्य की प्राण तत्व हैं। गुंजन जी के साहित्य में आधुनिक युग की विसंगतियों, समस्याओं, मूल्यहीनता आदि का सुन्दर चित्रण हुआ है। अनेक स्थलों पर इनका साहित्य अत्यन्त मार्मिक बन पड़ा है। ‘गुंजन’ जी श्रेष्ठ कवि होने के साथ-साथ एक श्रेष्ठ ललित निबन्धकार हैं। कहानी लेखन में गुंजन जी पूर्णतः सिद्धहस्त हैं।
भाषा-शैली-‘गुंजन’ जी एक श्रेष्ठ कवि होने के साथ-साथ श्रेष्ठ गद्यकार भी हैं। उनके गद्य लेखन में सहजता और आत्मीयता है। वे बड़ी-से-बड़ी बात को भी बातचीत की शैली में कहते हैं और सीधे पाठकों के मन को छ लेते हैं। लेखक ने मुख्यतः खड़ी बोली भाषा का सहज स्वाभाविक प्रयोग किया है।

वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी….. कहानी का सार

“वह चिड़िया एक अलार्म घड़ी थी…….” गोविंद कुमार गुंजन द्वारा रचित एक श्रेष्ठ कहानी है। लेखक ने अपनी इस कहानी के माध्यम से मनुष्य की आदत पर प्रकाश डालना चाहा है। लेखक ने कहानी में बताया है कि मनुष्य की आदत कभी नहीं बदलती किंतु कभी-कभी कुछ कारण ऐसे बन जाते हैं जिनके कारण मानव को अपनी आदतों में बदलाव लाना पड़ता है।
बाज़ार में पहले अलार्म घड़ियाँ खूब बिका करती थीं। वर्तमान समय में मोबाइल फ़ोन में अलार्म रहने के कारण इनकी माँग लगातार कम होती जा रही है। पुराने समय में अलार्म घड़ी का अपना विशेष महत्त्व हुआ करता था। बच्चों की परीक्षा के समय अलार्म घड़ी उन्हें सुबह-सवेरे उठाने का काम करती थी। सुबह किसी यात्रा में जाना होता था तो अलार्म घड़ी सुबह जल्दी उठाने का काम करती थी। जिस प्रकार आज सभी के पास मोबाइल फ़ोन हैं, उसी प्रकार पहले सभी के पास अलार्म घड़ियाँ नहीं हुआ करती थीं। घड़ी उपहार में देने की वस्तु हुआ करती थी। परीक्षा में पास होने पर घड़ी दी जाती थी। कॉलेज में प्रवेश लेने पर तथा ससुराल पक्ष वालों की तरफ से घड़ी अवश्य दी जाती थी। कई सरकारी विभागों में भी सेवा-निवृत्ति पर घड़ी देने की परंपरा थी। लेखक को पहली बार हाथ घड़ी उस समय मिली थी, जब उसने कॉलेज में प्रवेश लिया था। उसे पहली अलार्म घड़ी भी कॉलेज में एक बिनंध प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने पर मिली थी।

लेखक को उस अलार्म घड़ी की आवाज़ अत्यंत मनमोहक लगती थी। आज महँगे-महँगे मोबाइल फ़ोन की आवाज़ उसे पहले के समान मधुर नहीं लगती। लेखक के बचपन में जब उसके पास घड़ी नहीं थी तो उसके पिता जी उससे कहा करते थे कि यदि तुम्हें सुबह जल्दी उठना हो तो अपने तकिए से कह दिया करो वह तुम्हें जल्दी उठा दिया करेगा। लेखक पिता द्वारा दी सीख का पालन करता था और तकिया उसे सुबह जल्दी उठा देता था। लेखक को सुबह जल्दी उठना पसंद नहीं था। वह देर रात तक पढ़ता था और सुबह देर से उठता था। उसने सुबह की सुंदरता का अनुभव कविताओं में किया था। आज दशकों बाद भी लेखक के पास वह अलार्म घड़ी है। अब घड़ी ठीक होने योग्य नहीं बची। लेखक भी अपनी आदत में कहाँ सुधार कर पाया। अस्सी के दशक में पहली बार लेखक की नौकरी लगी थी। पहली बार लेखक घर से बाहर आया था। उसने एक कमरा किराये पर ले लिया। कमरे में उसने महादेवी वर्मा, सुमित्रानंदन पंत, सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला तथा तुलसी दास जी की तस्वीरें फ्रेम करवा कर टाँगी हुई थीं। रात में देर तक जागकर कविता लिखना लेखक को स्वर्ग में जीना लगता था। रात में देर तक जागने के कारण उसे सुबह जल्दी उठना अत्यंत कठिन होने लगा था। वह अक्सर देर से दफ्तर पहुँचता था। लेखक ने जो कमरा किराए पर लिया था उसमें मात्र एक दरवाज़ा था। कमरे में हवा आने-जाने का दरवाज़े के अतिरिक्त अन्य कोई दूसरा रास्ता न था। पहले की तरह तकिया – अब लेखक की बात नहीं सुनता था।

लेखक अपनी किताबों की दुनिया में खोया इतना बेख़बर था कि एक चिड़िया ने कब उसके कमरें में टंगी पंत जी की तस्वीर के पीछे अपना घोंसला बना लिया उसे पता ही नहीं चला। देर शाम को चिड़िया दरवाज़ा खुला पाकर कमरे में आ जाया करती थी। एक सुबह चिड़िया लेखक के सिरहाने बैठ कर चीं-चीं की ध्वनि कर उसे उठाने का प्रयास कर रही थी। उसकी ध्वनि में लेखक को गुस्सा नज़र आ रहा था। वह चाहती थी कि लेखक उठकर दरवाज़ा खोले और वह बाहर जाए। दूसरे दिन लेखक की नींद फिर देर से खुली। इस बार फिर चिड़ियाँ की झुंझलाहट भरी चहचहाहट ने उसे जगा दिया। पलंग के सिरहाने बैठी चिड़िया उसे देखकर नाराज़ हो रही थी कि वह अभी तक क्यों सोया है ? तब चिड़िया ने अपनी चोंच से लेखक की रज़ाई का एक कोना पकड़ उसे उठाने का प्रयास किया। ऐसा करने से चिड़िया को तनिक भी डर नहीं लग रह था। चिड़िया द्वारा इस प्रकार से जगाने पर लेखक को अपनी माँ की याद आ जाती थी। उसकी माँ भी इसी प्रकार सुबह-सवेरे जल्दी उठाती थी। अब लेखक ने वास्तव में सुबह सवेरे का सुंदर दृश्य अपनी आँखों से महसूस किया। उसने अब चिड़िया के साथ जल्दी उठना सीख लिया था। आज भी लेखक उस वात्सल्यमयी चिड़िया के उस उपकार को बहुत कृतज्ञता से महसूस करता जिसने उसे सुबह की मनोरम तथा मनमोहक छवि के दर्शन कराए और उपहार में ओस के मोती तथा नए खिलने वाले फूल दिखाए।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Retranslation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Retranslation

Translate the following sentences into Hindi:

1. The Happy Prince

1. Why are you weeping then ?
फिर आप रो क्यों रहे हो?

2. They pulled down the statue of the Happy Prince.
उन्होंने प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार के बुत को नीचे गिरा दिया।

3. I am waited for in Egypt.
मेरा मित्र में इन्तज़ार हो रहा है।

4. It is very cold here.
यहां बहुत सर्दी है।

5. I have a golden bedroom
मेरे पास एक सुनहरी शयनकक्ष है।

6. There is not a single cloud in the sky.
आसमान में एक भी बादल नहीं है।

7. Then another drop fell.
फिर एक और बूंद गिरी।

8. My courtiers called me the Happy Prince.
मेरे दरबारी मुझे प्रसन्नचित्त राजकुमार कहते थे।

9. I have come to bid you goodbye.
मैं आपको अलविदा कहने आया हूँ।

10. How hungry we are !
हम कितने भूखे हैं!

2. Where is Science Taking Us ?

1. Where is science taking us ?
विज्ञान हमें कहां ले जा रहा है?

2. This is the age of the machine.
यह मशीनी युग है।

3. War is the worst example.
युद्ध सबसे बुरा उदाहरण है।

4. I wish I had another hundred years.
काश, मेरे पास (जीवन में) एक सौ वर्ष और होते।

5. Here Science is actually doing less than nothing.
असल में यहां विज्ञान कुछ नहीं से भी कम कर पा रहा है।

6. Who is to keep them ?
उन्हें कौन रखेगा?

7. Science goes on raising its problems.
विज्ञान अपनी समस्याएँ बढ़ाता चला जा रहा

8. What is really needed in the world today ?
वास्तव में आज संसार में किस चीज़ की जरूरत

9. What is science really after ?
विज्ञान वास्तव में क्या प्राप्त करना चाहता है?

10. What is its goal ?
इसका क्या उद्देश्य है?

3. Secret of Happiness

1. He never lost his calm.
उसने अपना धैर्य कभी नहीं खोया।

2. I didn’t want to die.
मैं मरना नहीं चाहता था।

3. Fear is one of man’s most common enemies.
डर इन्सान के सभी समान्य दुश्मनों में से एक

4. You are greater than you think.
आप उससे अधिक महान हैं जितना आप सोचते हैं।

5. I wanted to get out of there.
मैं वहां से बाहर निकलना चाहता था।

6. Then you will have total peace of mind.
तब तुम्हें मन की सम्पूर्ण शान्ति प्राप्त होगी।

7. You must do it yourself.
तुम्हें इसे खुद करना पड़ेगा।

8. A fear is not unlike a ghost.
डर एक भूत से भिन्न नहीं है।

9. God watches over you and cares for you.
ईश्वर आप पर पूरी निगरानी रखता है और आपका ध्यान रखता है।

10. This is a problem common to us all.
यह एक समस्या है जो हम सब में आम है।

4. A Gift for Christmas

1. Her eyes were shining brilliantly.
उसकी आंखें शानदार ढंग से चमक रहीं थी।

2. Tears appeared in her eyes.
उसकी आंखों में आंस भर आए।

3. Della let fall her beautiful hair.
डैला ने अपने सुंदर बालों को नीचे तक गिरने दिया।

4. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs.
मैंने तुम्हारी कंघियां खरीदने के लिए पैसों का इंतजाम करने के लिए घड़ी बेच दी।

5. Will you buy my hair ?
क्या आप मेरे बाल खरीदोगे?

6. Della finished crying.
डैला ने रोना बंद कर दिया।

7. It was a platinum watch-chain.
यह प्लैटिनम की बनी एक घड़ी की जंजीर थी।

8. Jim was never late.
जिम कभी देर से नहीं आता था।

9. She found it at last.
आखिर में उसे यह मिल ही गया।

10. She stopped at a shop.
वह एक दुकान पर रुकी।

5. Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices

1. The gods approached the sage Dadhichi.
देवतागण ऋषि दधीचि के पास पहुंचे।

2. Dadhichi took no time in laying down his life.
दधीचि ने अपने प्राणों का बलिदान देने में ज़रा सी भी देर न की।

3. Eat only after you’ve shared your meal with others.
भोजन तभी करो जब तुमने अपना भोजन दूसरों के साथ बाँट लिया हो।

4. A well-known sage named Ashtavakra was also invited to this meeting.
अष्टवक्र नाम के एक प्रसिद्ध ऋषि को भी उस सभा में निमन्त्रित किया गया।

5. The entire universe is one family.
पूरा ब्राह्माण्ड एक परिवार है।

6. This does not belong to me.
यह मेरी नहीं है।

7. They chose to be bricked alive.
उन्होंने जीते जी ईंटों में चिनवाया जाना चुना।

8. The history of this great land is full of examples.
इस महान् भूमि का इतिहास उदाहरणों से भरा पड़ा है।

9. The people of this country believe in the unity of life.
इस देश के लोग जीवन की एकता में विश्वास रखते हैं।

10. King Janak of Maithil called a / meeting of the scholars.
मैथिल के राजा जनक ने विद्वानों की एक सभा बुलाई।

6. The Home-Coming

1. The boys were puzzled for a moment.
लड़के एक पल के लिए उलझन में पड़ गए।

2. Phatik refused to move.
फटिक ने हिलने से इन्कार कर दिया।

3. Phatik Chakravarti was the ring leader amongst the boys of the village.
फटिक चक्रवर्ती गांव के लड़कों के बीच उनका मुखिया था।.

4. He could not bear this injustice.
वह इस अन्याय को सहन नहीं कर सका।

5. The stranger asked him again.
अजनबी ने उसे दुबारा कहा।

6. At last Bhishamber asked the police to help him.
अंत में बिशम्बर ने पुलिस को उसकी मदद करने के लिए कहा।

7. One day. Phatik lost his lesson book.
एक दिन फटिक ने अपनी पाठ्य-पुस्तक खो दी।

8. The next morning Phatik was nowhere to be seen.
अगली सुबह फटिक कहीं भी नज़र न आया।

9. Bishamber brough it in a doctor.
बिशम्बर एक डाक्टर को अंदर ले कर आया।

10. Mother, the holidays have come.
मां, छुट्टियां पड़ गई हैं।

7. The Making of the Earth

1. The sun and the planets with their satellites form a happy family.
सूर्य और ग्रह अपने-अपने उपग्रहों के साथ एक खुशहाल परिवार बनाते हैं।

2. At night you see thousands of stars in the sky.
रात के समय आप आकाश में हज़ारों ही तारे देखते हो।

3. The real stars are like our sun.
असली तारे हमारे.सूर्य की तरह हैं।

4. So the earth started to cool.
इसलिए धरती ठंडी होनी शुरू हो गई।

5. Stars twinkle, planets do not.
तारे टिमटिमाते हैं, ग्रह नहीं।

6. Can you distinguish between a planet and a star ?
क्या आप एक तारे और एक ग्रह में अंतर कर सकते हैं ?

7. The moon is called a satellite of the earth.
चांद को पृथ्वी का उपग्रह कहा जाता है।

8. Our earth belongs to the family of the sun.
हमारी पृथ्वी सूर्य के परिवार अर्थात् सौर-मंडल से संबंध रखती है।

9. In reality our sun itself is a star.
वास्तव में हमारा सूर्य स्वयं एक तारा है।

10. We think the earth is very big.
हम सोचते हैं कि धरती बहुत बड़ी है।

8. The Rule of the Road

1. You may not think so.
हो सकता है आप ऐसा न सोचते हों।

2. I’m going to walk where I like.
जहाँ मैं चाहती हूँ, वहीं चलूँगी।

3. He was obviously a well intentioned person.
वह स्पष्टत: एक नेक दिल इन्सान था।

4. We must be a judicious mixture of both.
हमें दोनों का एक विवेकपूर्ण मिश्रण होना पड़ेगा।

5. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare.
वीरता तथा बलिदान के महान पल कभी-कभार ही आते हैं।

6. I hope my friend in the railway carriage will reflect on this.
मैं उम्मीद करता हूँ कि रेल के डिब्बे वाला मेरा मित्र इस पर विचार करेगा।

7. You have liberty to laugh at me.
आपको आजादी है मेरा मजाक उड़ाने की।

8. Liberty is not a personal affair only but a social contract.
स्वतन्त्रता सिर्फ एक निजी विषय नहीं है बल्कि एक सामाजिक समझौता होता है।

9. We have got liberty now.
अब हमें स्वतन्त्रता मिल चुकी है।

10. I may be as free as l like.
मैं जितना चाहूँ, स्वतन्त्र हो सकता हूँ।

1. The Happy Prince

1. He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold.
वह पूर्णतया बढ़िया सोने की बारीक पत्तियों से ढका था।

2. The stars are quite clear and bright.
तारे बिल्कुल साफ़ और चमकदार हैं।

3. My feet are fastened to this pedestal.
मेरे पैर इस चौकी के साथ जकड़े हुए हैं।

4. The boy was tossing feverishly on his bed.
लड़का बुखार की बेचैनी से बिस्तर पर करवटें बदल रहा था।

5. Have you any commissions for Egypt ?
क्या आपको मिस्र में कोई काम है. ?

6. He is leaning over a desk covered with papers.
वह कागज़ों से भरी एक मेज पर झुका हुआ है।

7. There is no fire in the grate.
अंगीठी में आग नहीं है।

8. He sat on the mast of a large vessel.
वह एक बड़े जहाज़ के मस्तूल पर बैठ गया।

9. She has let her matches fall in the gutter.
वह अपनी माचिसें नाली में गिरा बैठी है।

10. There is no mystery so great as misery.
कोई भी रहस्य इतना बड़ा नहीं होता जितना कि (दरिद्रता की) पीड़ा का रहस्य।

11. He flew into dark lanes..
वह उड़ता हुआ अंधेरी गलियों में चला गया।

12. They wandered out into the rain.
वे बाहर वर्षा में भटकने लगे।

13. The living always think that gold can make them happy.
जीवित लोग प्रायः यही सोचते हैं कि सोना उन्हें खुश कर सकता है।

14. The streets looked as if they were made of silver.
गलियाँ ऐसी लग रही थीं मानो चाँदी की बनी हों।

15. The poor little Swallow grew colder and colder.
बेचारा नन्हा अबाबील ठण्डा तथा और ठण्डा होता चला गया।

16. I am going to the House of Death.
मैं मृत्यु के घर जा रहा हूँ।

17. We must really issue a proclamation.
हमें सचमुच एक घोषणा-पत्र जारी करना चाहिए।

2. Where is Science Taking Us ?

1. What is the meaning of life?
जीवन का क्या अर्थ है ?

2. Where are we all going ?
हम सब कहां जा रहे हैं ?

3. What drives men ever forward to work ?
कौन-सी चीज़ मनुष्यों को काम करने के लिए हमेशा प्रेरित करती रहती है ?

4. Let’s concentrate on material things.
आइए, हम भौतिक चीजों पर अपना ध्यान एकाग्र करें।

5. Each individual has six hundred human slaves in his machines.
प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के पास उसकी मशीनों के रूप में छ: सौ गुलाम हैं।

6. What are the consequences of this abnormal power ?
इस असामान्य शक्ति के क्या परिणाम हैं?

7. This would have been one of the greatest triumphs of science.
यह विज्ञान की महानतम विजयों में से एक होती।

8. We will need all our creative powers.
हमें अपनी सभी सृजनात्मक शक्तियों की आवश्यकता होगी।

9. Modern drug adds a little more to the average span of life.
आधुनिक दवाई जीवन की औसत अवधि को थोड़ा और बड़ा देती है।

10. Man is struggling in a sort of vicious circle.
मनुष्य एक प्रकार के दुष्चक्र में संघर्ष कर रहा है।

11. Aims seem to be obvious.
लक्ष्य स्पष्ट लगते हैं।

12. Man needs more than food, shelter and clothing.
मनुष्य को रोटी, कपड़ा और मकान से कुछ ज्यादा चाहिए।

3. Secret of Happiness

1. Destiny has its own strange ways.
भाग्य के अपने ही निराले ढंग होते हैं।

2. The average man uses but twenty percent of his brain power.
एक औसत व्यक्ति अपने मस्तिष्क की शक्ति का केवल बीस प्रतिशत ही इस्तेमाल करता है।

3. It is a source of inward power.
यह आंतरिक शक्ति का एक स्त्रोत है।

4. It touches every one of us in some way.
यह हम में से प्रत्येक को किसी न किसी रूप में प्रभावित करता है।

5. Fears of one kind and another haunt us.
एक या दूसरी किस्म के डर हमें निरन्तर सताते रहते हैं।

6. Fear lays its paralyzing hand upon an individual.
भय व्यक्ति पर अपना अशक्त बना देने वाला हाथ रख देता है।

7. Bring them out into the light of day.
उनको दिन की रोशनी में ले आइए।

8. Most of the things one fears never happen.
अधिकतर चीजें, जिनसे व्यक्ति डरता है, कभी घटित होती ही नहीं।

9. I sat transfixed, rooted to my chair.
मैं जड़ हो कर अपनी कुर्सी से जकड़ा हुआ बैठा रहा।

10. I leaped to the door and flung it open.
मैं दरवाज़े की तरफ झपटा और इसे एक झटके के साथ खोल दिया।

11. Kagawa, a preacher and social worker, once visited our country.
कगावा, जो एक उपदेशक तथा समाज सेवक था, एक बार हमारे देश में आया।

12. Kagawa had discovered a priceless secret.
कगावा ने एक अमूल्य रहस्य का भेद पा लिया था।

13. His eyesight was threatened.
उसकी आंखों की रोशनी खतरे में पड़ गई थी।

14. There is the real escape from fear.
भय से छुटकारा पाने का एक वास्तविक तरीका

15. Confidence, not fear, will be yours forever.
आत्मविश्वास, न कि भय, सदा के लिए आप का हो जाएगा।

4. A Gift for Christmas

1. The next day would be Christmas.
अगले दिन क्रिसमस का त्योहार था।

2. You see signs of poverty wherever you turn your eyes.
जिस तरफ भी आप नज़र घुमाएंगे, आपको ग़रीबी के चिन्ह नज़र आएंगे।

3. She stood by the window.
वह खिड़की की बगल में खड़ी हो गई।

4. She had been saving every penny she could for months.
वह कई महीनों से प्रत्येक वह पैनी बचाती आ रही थी जिसे वह बचा सकती थी।

5. Rapidly she pulled down her hair.
शीघ्रता से उसने अपने बाल खोल कर नीचे किए।

6. She put on her old brown jacket.
उसने अपनी पुरानी भूरी जैकेट पहन ली।

7. The shop was located on the second floor.
दुकान दूसरी मंजिल पर स्थित थी।

8. Della ran up the stairs.
डैला भागती हुई सीढ़ियों के ऊपर गई।

9. Take your hat off and let me have a look at it.
अपना हैट उतारो और मुझे इन्हें एक नज़र देखने दो।

10. Della spent the next two hours in the stores eagerly.
डैला ने अगले दो घंटे बहुत व्यग्रता से दुकानों में बिताए।

11. There was no other like it in any of the stores.
इसके जैसा कोई अन्य किसी भी दुकान में नहीं था।

12. She looked at the reflection in the mirror.
उसने दर्पण में अपने प्रतिबिम्ब को देखा।

13. The tiny curls made her look like a schoolboy.
उन छोटे-छोटे छल्लों के कारण वह एक स्कूली लड़के के जैसी दिख रही थी।

14. She turned white for just a moment.
वह केवल एक पल के लिए सफ़ेद पड़ गई।

15. The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it.
दरवाज़ा खुला और जिम ने अंदर कदम रखा और इसे बंद कर दिया।

16. He needed a new overcoat.
उसे एक नए ओवरकोट की जरूरत थी।

17. Jim’s eyes were fixed on Della.
जिम की नज़र डैला पर टिकी थी।

18. Della got off the table and moved towards him.
डैला मेज़ से नीचे उतरी और जिम की तरफ बढ़ी।

19. Jim looked about the room curiously.
जिम ने उत्सुकतापूर्वक कमरे में इधर-उधर देखा।

20. Jim seemed to wake up at last, and to understand.
अन्त में मानो जिम जाग उठा हो और समझने लगा हो।

21. Della’s white fingers quickly opened the package.
डैला की सफ़ेद अंगुलियों ने तेजी से पैकेट को खोला।

22. Della jumped up like a little cat.
डैला एक छोटी बिल्ली की भांति उछल पड़ी।

23. Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present.
जिम ने अभी अपना सुंदर उपहार नहीं देखा था।

24. Jim sat down on the couch.
जिम सोफे पर बैठ गया।

5. Some Glimpses of Ancient Indian Thought and Practices

1. In desperation and anxiety, the gods went to Lord Vishnu.
निराशा और चिंता में देवतागण भगवान् विष्णु के पास गए।

2. Ashtavakara entered the portals of the palace hall.
अष्टवक्र ने महल के सभा-भवन में प्रवेश किया।

3. This put the entire assembly to shame.
इस बात ने पूरी सभा को लज्जित कर दिया।

4. The demons were having an upper hand.
असुरों का पलड़ा भारी हो रहा था।

5. I feel ashamed of being invited to this assembly of skinners.
चर्मकारों की इस सभा में निमन्त्रित किए जाने पर मुझे लज्जा आ रही है।

6. The Home-Coming

1. Everyone supported the proposal.
प्रत्येक ने सुझाव का समर्थन किया।

2. He appeared like a young philosopher.
वह एक छोटे दार्शनिक के जैसा लग रहा था।

3. His courage failed him at the crisis.
उस संकटपूर्ण स्थिति में उसकी हिम्मत उसका साथ छोड़ गई।

4. The other boys shouted themselves hoarse with delight.
अन्य लड़कों का खुशी से चिल्लाते हुए गला बैठ गया।

5. The first act of the drama was over.
नाटक का प्रथम अंक समाप्त हो गया।

6. A boat came up to the landing.
घाट पर एक नाव आ कर रुकी।

7. Phatik’s patience was already exhausted.
फटिक का धैर्य पहले ही समाप्त हो चुका था।

8. Phatik looked sheepish and ashamed.
फटिक लजित और मुंह छिपाता हुआ लगने लगा।

9. She recognized her brother.
उसने अपने भाई को पहचान लिया।

10. The next few days were full of rejoicing.
अगले कई दिन हंसी-खुशी में बीत गए।

11. The widowed mother readily agreed.
विधवा मां तुरन्त सहमत हो गई।

12. मां के लिए यह एक बड़ी भारी राहत वाली बात थी।
It was an immense relief to the mother.

13. बिशम्बर को सचमुच दो बार सोच लेना चाहिए था।
Bishamber should really have thought twice.

14. There is no worse nuisance than a boy at the age of fourteen.
चौदह साल के लड़के से बढ़ कर कोई अन्य परेशानी नहीं होती है।

15. A young lad most craves recognition and love.
एक जवान लड़का अपने मन में पहचान और स्नेह की अत्यधिक इच्छा रखता है।

16. He gaped and remained silent.
वह मुँह खोले देखता रहता और खामोश बना रहता।

17. एक दिन उसने अपनी पूरी हिम्मत जुटाई।
One day, he summoned up all his courage.

18. Wait till the holidays come.
छुट्टियां होने तक प्रतीक्षा करो।

19. It was still raining and the streets were flooded.
वर्षा अब भी हो रही थी और गलियों में पानी भरा हुआ था।

20. He was wet through from head to foot.
वह सिर से पांव तक पूरी तरह भीगा हुआ था।

21. Throughout the night, the boy was delirious.
लड़का रात भर बड़बड़ाता रहा।

7. The Making of the Earth

1. The earth goes round the sun.
पृथ्वी सूर्य के चारों तरफ घूमती है।

2. The other planets have also got their satellites.
अन्य ग्रहों के भी अपने-अपने उपग्रह हैं।

3. Solar means belonging to the sun.
सौर का अर्थ होता है, सूर्य से संबंध रखने वाला।

4. The planets are really quite tiny like our earth.
वास्तव में (तारों की तुलना में) ग्रह हमारी पृथ्वी की ही भांति बहुत छोटे होते हैं।

5. We see it as a great ball of fire.
हम इसे आग की एक विशाल गेंद के रूप में देखते हैं।

6. The sun is millions of miles away.
सूर्य हम से लाखों मील दूर है।

7. Our earth also shot out from the sun.
हमारी पृथ्वी भी सूर्य से छिटक कर अलग हो गई।

8. It is full of glaciers and ice fields.
यह हिमनदियों और बर्फ के मैदानों से भरपूर है।

9. All the water-vapours in the air condensed into water.
हवा में विद्यमान सारे जल-वाष्प घने हो कर पानी बन गए।

8. The Rule of the Road

1. A stout old lady was walking with her basket.
एक हृष्ट-पुष्ट बूढ़ी महिला अपनी टोकरी उठाए हुए चली जा रही थी।

2. I have liberty to be indifferent to you.
मुझे आज़ादी है कि तुम्हारी उपेक्षा करूं।

3. I got into a railway carriage at a country station.
मैं एक ग्रामीण स्टेशन से रेल के डिब्बे में सवार हुआ।

4. I think I could enjoy a really good novel.
मेरे विचार से मैं वास्तव में ही किसी अच्छे उपन्यास का आनंद ले सकता था।

5. He had not the social sense.
उसमें सामाजिक बुद्धि नहीं थी।

6. He was not ‘a clubbable’ man.
वह किसी संगति में बैठने की बुद्धि नहीं रखता था।

7. He has no right to sit in his front room.
उसे कोई अधिकार नहीं है कि वह अपने आगे वाले कमरे में आ कर बैठ जाए।

8. You are interfering with the liberties of your neighbours.
आप अपने पड़ोसियों की स्वतन्त्रताओं में विघ्न डाल रहे है।

9. Clash of liberties seems to defy compromise.
आज़ादियों की भिड़न्त में कोई समझौता कर पाना असम्भव हो जाता है।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Translation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Translation

Translate the following sentences into-English :

Modal-related Sentences

1. मैं यह प्रश्न हल कर सकता हूं।
I can solve this question.

2. आपको किसी अच्छे डाक्टर को दिखाना चाहिए।
You must consult some good doctor.

3. हमें अपने माता-पिता का कहना मानना चाहिए।
We ought to obey our parents.

4. हो सकता है, आज रात वर्षा हो।
It might rain tonight.

5. वह यहां रहा करता था।
He used to live here.

6. मेहनत करो, ऐसा न हो कि फ़ेल हो जाओ।
Work hard, lest you should fail.

7. हमें अपने देश की सेवा करनी चाहिए।
We should serve our country.

8. सबको एक न एक दिन मरना ही है।
Everybody has to die one day or the other

9. काश! मैं अमीर होता।
Would that I were rich!

10. मेरी क्या मज़ाल कि मैं आपका अपमान करूं।।
How can I dare to insult you?

Tense-based Sentences :

11. हम क्रिकेट खेलते हैं।
We play cricket.

12. मेरी घड़ी सही समय नहीं देती है।
My watch does not keep correct time.

13. पृथ्वी सूर्य के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती है।
The earth revolves round the sun.

14. वे कब सोते हैं?
When do they sleep?
(or) When do they go to bed?

15. मैं पत्र लिख रहा हूं।
I am writing a letter.

16. लड़के शोर मचा रहे हैं।
Boys are making a noise.

17. क्या चपड़ासी घंटी बजा रहा है?
Is the peon ringing the bell ?

18. आप अपनी किताबें क्यों खराब कर रहे हो?
Why are you spoiling your books ?

19. मैंने अपना काम समाप्त कर लिया है।
I have finished my work.

20. उसने इस पाठ की दोहराई नहीं की है।
He has not revised this lesson.

21. क्या वर्षा ऋतु शुरू हो गई है?
Has the rainy season set in ?

22. वह कभी भी आगरा नहीं गया है।
He has never visited Agra.
(or) He has never been to Agra.

23. सुबह से बूंदा-बाँदी हो रही है।
It has been drizzling since morning.

24. मैं दस वर्ष से इस स्कूल में पढ़ा रही हूं।
I have been teaching in this school for ten years.

25. क्या सुबह से मूसलाधार वर्षा हो रही है?
Has it been raining in torrents since morning ?
(or) Has it been raining cats and dogs since morning ?

26. क्या माली सुबह से पौधों को पानी नहीं दे रहा है?
Has the gardener not been watering the plants since morning ?

27. मैं कल अपने मित्र के घर गया।
I went to my friend’s house yesterday.

28. वे कल बाज़ार नहीं गए थे।
They did not go to the market yesterday.

29. क्या आपने अपना समय बर्बाद किया?
Did you waste your time ?

30. हम चाय पी रहे थे।
We were drinking tea.

31. वे क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहे थे।
They were not playing cricket.

32. क्या वे स्कूल जा रहे थे? ।
Were they going to school ?

33. मेरे स्कूल पहुंचने से पहले घंटी बज चुकी थी।
The bell had rung before I reached the school.

34. क्या डॉक्टर के आने से पहले रोगी मर चुका था?
Had the patient died before the doctor arrived ?

35. लड़के दो दिन से नाचने का अभ्यास कर रहे थे।
Boys had been practising the dance for two days.

36. क्या वह काफी समय से पुस्तक लिख रहा था?
Had he been writing a book for a long time ?

37. वे पतंगें उड़ाएंगे।
They will fly kites.

38. क्या वे कल. स्कूल आएंगे?
Will they come to school tomorrow?

39. वे अपना पाठ याद कर रहे होंगे।
They will be learning their lesson.

40. क्या तुम्हारी माता जी खाना बना रही होंगी?
Will your mother be cooking food?

41. मैं तब तक सड़क पार कर चुका होऊँगा।
I will have crossed the road by then.

42. क्या वह मुझसे पहले स्कूल पहुंच चुका होगा?
Will he have reached the school before me?

43. मैं दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा होऊँगा।
I will have been studying for two hours.

44. क्या वह जालंधर में 1995 से रह रहा होगा?
Will he have been living in Jalandhar since 1995?

45. धोबी सुबह से कपड़े नहीं धो रहा होगा।
The washerman will not have been washing the clothes since morning.

Imperative Sentences

46. कभी झूठ मत बोलो।
Never tell a lie.

47. बुरी संगत से बचो।
Avoid bad company.

48. शोर मत मचाओ।
Do not make a noise.

49. सदैव सत्य बोलो।
Always speak the truth.

50. चुप रहो।
Keep silence.

51. उसको बोलने दो।
Let him / her speak.

52. मुझे जाने दो।
Let me go.

53. आओ, सैर के लिए चलें।
Come, let us go for a walk.

54. आओ; धूप में बैठे।
54. Come, let us sit in the sun.

55. मेरे लिए पानी का गिलास मँगवा दीजिए।
Get me a glass of water.

56. अपना समय बर्बाद न करें।
Do not waste your time.

57. मेरी बात सुनो।
Listen to me.
(or)
Listen to what I say.

58. बकवास मत करो।
Don’t talk nonsense.
(or)
Don’t talk rot.

59. यह पत्र डाक में डाल दो।
Post this letter.

60. अपनी किताबें खोलो।
Open your books.

Non-activity Sentences

61. आज मौसम बहुत सुहावना है।
The weather is very pleasant today.

62. आज बहुत गर्मी है।
It is very hot today.

63. आज बहुत ठंड है।
It is very cold today.

64. मैं एक विद्यार्थी हूँ।
I am a student.

65. आज हवा बंद है।
It is close today.

66. यह खबर सच है।
This news is true.

67. दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है।
Delhi is the capital of India.

68. हमारी कक्षा में दस लड़कियाँ हैं।
There are ten girls in our class.

69. भारत त्योहारों की भूमि है।
India is a land of festivals.

70. मैं आज अच्छा महसूस नहीं कर रही हूँ।
I am not feeling well today.

Proverbs

71. हाथी के दांत खाने के और दिखाने के और। |
All that glitters is not gold.

72. जो गरजते हैं, वो बरसते नहीं। .
Barking dogs seldom bite.

73. घर का जोगी जोगड़ा और बाहर का जोगी सिद्ध।।
A prophet is not honoured in his own country.

74. धोबी का कुत्ता, न घर का न घाट का।
No man can serve two masters.

75. जैसा बोओगे, वैसा ही काटोगे।
You reap what you sow.

76. थोथा चना, बाजे घना।
Empty vessels make much noise.

77. जैसा देश, वैसा भेष।
While in Rome, do as the Romans.

78. परोपकार घर से ही शुरू होता है।
Charity begins at home.

79. अपना-अपना, पराया-पराया।
Blood is thicker than water.

80. चोर-चोर मौसेरे भाई।
Birds of a feather flock together.

Idiomatic Sentences

81. मेरे पिता जी मेरे घर के कर्ता-धर्ता हैं।
My father is all in all in my home.

82. मेरी बेटी मेरी आंखों का तारा है।
My daughter is the apple of my eye.

83. यह घर दोनों भाइयों के झगड़े का कारण है।
This house is the bone of contention between the two brothers.

84. उसका भाषण गांव वालों की समझ से बाहर था।
His lecture was beyond comprehension for the villagers.

85. अपने काम से काम रखो।
Mind your own business.

86. जिंदगी फूलों की सेज नहीं है।
Life is not a bed of roses.

87. इधर-उधर की मत हांको, अपने काम पर ध्यान |
Don’t beat about the bush, come to the point.

88. भारत दिन दुगनी रात चौगुनी उन्नति कर रहा है।
India is progressing by leaps and bounds.

89. उसने अपनी सौतेली माता जी की मृत्यु पर झूठे आंसू
He shed crocodile tears on the death बहाए। of his stepmother.

90. उसको कम सुनाई देता है।
He is hard of hearing.

Interrogative Sentences

91. आप क्या चाहते हो?
What do you want ?

92. पौधों को पानी कौन दे रहा है?
Who is watering the plants ?

93. वह सुबह से कहां है?
Where is he since morning ?

94. वोट कैसे डाले जाते हैं ?
How are votes cast ?

95. आपने आने में इतना विलंब क्यों किया? ।
Why are you so late ?

Exclamatory Sentences

96. कितने सुंदर दिन हैं!
How pleasant the days are !

97. बच्चा कितना होशियार है!
How intelligent the child is

98. खेद है! भारत मैच हार गया।
Alas ! India has lost the match.

99. श्रीमान जी, शुभ सवेर।
Sir, good morning.
(or)
Good morning, sir.

100. वह कितना मासूम लगता है!
How innocent he looks!

Miscellaneous Exercise

1. प्रकृति के नियमों को कौन बदल सकता है ?
Who can change the laws of nature ?

2. उसने सभी को निमंत्रित कर लिया।
He invited one and all.

3. शान्त हो जाएं और धैर्य रखें।
Be quiet and have patience.

4. इस दफ्तर में कोई पद खाली नहीं है।
There is no vacancy in this office.

5. वह मेरा चचेरा भाई है।
He is my cousin.

6. वे एक ही थाली के चट्टे-बट्टे हैं।
They are chips of the same block.

7. कितना सुन्दर दृश्य है !
What a beautiful scene it is!

8. मेरा नौकर वह चिट्ठी डाक में डाल चुका है।
My servant has posted that letter.

9. परमात्मा पर भरोसा रखो।
Trust in God.

10. क्या बच्चों में मिठाई बांटी जाएगी ?
Will sweets be distributed among the children?

11. डूबते को तिनके का सहारा।
A drowning man catches at a straw.

12. क्या उसने अंग्रेज़ी में अपनी कमी पूरी कर |
Has he made up his deficiency in ली है ?

13. यदि वह सच बोलेगा तो मैं उसे माफ कर दूंगा।
If he speaks the truth, I will forgive him.

14. सुन्दरता को गहनों की आवश्यकता नहीं।
Beauty needs no ornaments.

15. बुरी संगति से अकेला भला।
Batter alone than in bad company.

16. मनुष्य स्वयं ही अपने भाग्य का निर्माता है।
Man is the architect of his own fate.

17. भगवान करे कि आप परीक्षा में सफल हों!
May you succeed in the examination !

18. कल आपने कितनी देर तक काम किया ?
How long did you work yesterday?

19. मैं आपकी सहायता अवश्य करूंगा।
I will definitely help you.

20. वह एक सफल कलाकार है।
He is a successful artist.

21. मैं उसे धोखा नहीं दे सकता।
I can’t deceive him.

22. वह काम ढूँढ रहा है।
He is in search of a job.

23. क्या आप दुःख-सुख में मेरा साथ देंगे ?
Will you stand by me through thick and thin ?

24. लोकतन्त्र में लाभ भी हैं और नुकसान भी।
Democracy has its merits as well as demerits.

25. मैं थक कर चूर हो गया हूं।
I am dead tired.

26. यह बस दिल्ली को जाएगी।
This bus will go to Delhi.

27. वह किराए के मकान में रहता है।
He lives in a rented house.

28. कमरे में उस समय कोई नहीं था।
There was no one in the room at that time.

29. लड़के भिखारी के पीछे भागे।
Boys ran after the beggar.

30. मैं इस वर्ष दसवीं की परीक्षा दे रहा हूँ।
I am taking the Matriculation Examination this year.

31. The Indian team has already won three matches.
भारतीय टीम तीन मैच पहले ही जीत चुकी है।।

32. They have been waiting for the result since noon.
वे दोपहर से परिणाम की प्रतीक्षा कर रहे हैं।

33. I know him well.
मैं उसे अच्छी तरह जानता हूँ।

34. Women are in no way inferior to men.
स्त्रियां पुरुषों से किसी तरह भी हीन नहीं हैं।

35. He had no excuse for coming late.
उसके पास देरी से आने का कोई बहाना नहीं था।

36. Good health is the key to success.
अच्छा स्वास्थ्य सफलता का रहस्य है।

37. Banks are closed on holidays.
बैंक छुट्टी वाले दिनों में बन्द रहते हैं।

38. I had sent a message to my friend.
मैंने अपने मित्र को एक सन्देश भेजा था।

39. Where there is smoke, there is fire.
जहां धुआं हो, वहां आग ज़रूर होती है।

40. He gave his coat to be ironed.
उसने अपना कोट इस्तरी कराने के लिए दिया।

41. I am on the lookout for a job.
मैं नौकरी की तलाश में हूं।

42. He spread mischievous lies about me.
उसने मेरे बारे में शरारत-पूर्ण बातें फैलाई।

43. He often suffers from giddiness.
उसे साधारणत: चक्कर आते रहते हैं।

44. I am not even on speaking terms with him.
मेरी उससे बोलचाल नहीं है।

45. To err is human.
मनुष्य ग़लती का पुतला है।

46. He will reach here next week in connection with his business.
वह अगले सप्ताह अपने व्यापार के सम्बन्ध में यहां पहुंच जाएगा।

47. He was sentenced to three years of rigorous imprisonment.
उसे तीन वर्ष की सख्त सजा मिली।

48. He is a jolly fellow.
वह खुशमिजाज है।

49. Two of a trade seldom agree.
कुत्ते का कुत्ता बैरी।

50. Nothing succeeds like success.
चलती का नाम गाड़ी।

51. He has left bag and baggage
वह अपना सारा समान ले कर चला गया है।

52. Since when have you known him?
आप उसे कब से जानते हैं ?

53. His trousers have got torn.
उसकी पतलून फट गई है।

54. Time is a great healer.
समय सब घावों का मरहम है।

55. Do not find fault with others.
दूसरों में दोष मत निकालो।

56. Music is the language of the soul.
संगीत आत्मा की आवाज़ है।

57. He has spoken ill of you.
उसने तुम्हारी निंदा की है।

58. We do not sell on credit.
हम उधार नहीं बेचते।

59. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
मित्र वह जो दुःख में काम आए।

60. We must help the needy.
हमें ज़रूरतमंदों की मदद करनी चाहिए।

61. I don’t like your childish habits.
मुझे आपकी बच्चों जैसी आदतें पसंद नहीं हैं।

62. Change is the law of Nature.
परिवर्तन प्रकृति का नियम है।

63. Women are respected in India.
भारत में स्त्रियों का सम्मान किया जाता है।

64. He takes after his father.
उसकी शक्ल उसके पिता जी से मिलती है।

65. My friend stood by me through thick and thin.
मेरे मित्र ने दुःख-सुख में मेरा साथ दिया।

66. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
डावांडोल की मिट्टी खराब।

67. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
नौ नकद न तेरह उधार।

68. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
नाच न जाने आंगन टेढा।

69. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
नीम हकीम खतरा-ए-जान।

70. A bad man is better than a bad name.
बद अच्छा, बदनाम बुरा।

71. Prevention is better than cure.
इलाज से परहेज़ अच्छा।

72. Happiness lies in contentment.
सुख नाम संतोष का।

73. Handsome is that handsome does.
सुन्दर वह जो सुन्दर काम करे।

74. Honesty is the best policy.
ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी नीति है।

75. Health is the greatest wealth.
स्वास्थ्य ही सबसे बड़ा धन है।

76. Hunger is the best sauce.
भूख में चने भी बादाम।

77. Pride hath a fall.
अभिमान का सिर नीचा।

78. Riches change hands
दौलत आनी-जानी चीज़ है।

79. Self-praise is no recommendation.
अपने मुँह मियां मिठ्ठ।

80. Something is better than nothing.
सारी नहीं तो आधी सही।

81. Slow and steady wins the race.
सहज पके सो मीठा होय।

82. To live in Rome and fight with Pope!
समुद्र में रह कर मगरमच्छ से वैर!

83. To make a .mountain out of a molehill.
राई का पहाड़ बनाना।

84. The match ended in a draw.
मैच बराबर रहा।

85. He has no ear for music.
उसे संगीत का शौक नहीं है।

86. Nehru’s name is a household word.
नेहरू जी का नाम हर एक की जुबान पर है।

87. His arm was dislocated.
उसकी बाजू (भुजा) उतर गई।

88. He had a fracture in his arm.
उसकी बाजू (भुजा) टूट गई।

89. There was a pin-drop silence in the hall.
हॉल में बिल्कुल सन्नाटा था।

90. He is bent upon mischief.
वह शरारत पर तुला हुआ है।

91. What brings you here ?
आपका यहां कैसे आना हुआ?

92. Bill sticking is prohibited here.
यहाँ इश्तिहार लगाना मना है।

93. There is a screw loose in his brain.
उसके दिमाग में कुछ खराबी है।

94. This cloth will wear well.
यह कपड़ा अच्छा चलेगा।

95. How did you come by this book?
यह पुस्तक आपके हाथ कैसे लगी ?

96. Nip the evil in the bud.
बुराई को आरम्भ में ही दबा दो।

97. He always blows his own trumpet.
वह हमेशा अपनी ही डींग मारता है।

98. The railway compartment was packed to suffocation.
रेलगाड़ी का डिब्बा खचाखच भरा हुआ था।

99. Do not poke your nose into the affairs of others.
दूसरों के मामलों में टांग न अड़ाएं।

100. Your visits are few and far between.
आप ईद के चांद हो गये हैं।

101. It is only hearsay.
यह तो केवल सुनी-सुनाई बात है।

102. His tricks won’t succeed here.
उसकी दाल यहां नहीं गलेगी।

103. He lives like a lord.
वह बड़े ठाठ से रहता है।

104. All his plans ended in smoke.
उसकी सभी आशाओं पर पानी फिर गया।

105. Never spend beyond your means.
कभी भी अपनी आय से अधिक खर्च न करो।

106. It is not like good people to backbite others.
दूसरों की चुगली करना अच्छे लोगों का काम नहीं।

107. Do not tamper with electricity.
बिजली से छेड़खानी न करो।

108. He indulges in tall talk.
वह बड़ी-बड़ी गप्पें हांकता है।

109. Exercise is a panacea for all ills.
व्यायाम सौ दवाइयों की एक दवा है।

110. People ran pell-mell there.
वहां भाग-दौड़ मच गई।

111. There is no stir in the air.
नाम-मात्र भी हवा नहीं है।

112. Please sup with me this evening.
आज शाम का खाना आप मेरे साथ खाइए।

113. He took my remarks ill.
उसने मेरी बात का बुरा मनाया।

114. This question is beyond my comprehension.
यह प्रश्न मेरी समझ से बाहर है।

115. यह बात किसी से छुपी नहीं है।
This is an open secret.

116. आप मेरी आंखों में धूल नहीं झोंक सकते।
You cannot throw dust into my eyes.

117. यह समाचार जंगल की आग की तरह फैल गया।
This news spread like wildfire.

118. You should feel ashamed of yourself.
चुल्लू भर पानी में डूब मरो!

119. Strange are the ways of God!
भगवान के खेल न्यारे हैं!

120. Change is the order of the world.
संसार परिवर्तनशील है।

121. अच्छे आदमी भगवान को जल्दी प्यारे हो जाते हैं।
Good men die early.

122. You are suffering from mania.
आपके सिर पर तो भूत सवार है।

123. Bad luck is dogging his footsteps.
दुर्भाग्य उसके पीछे पड़ा हुआ है।

124. He is no match for you.
आपके साथ उसका कोई मुकाबला नहीं।

125. You look much run down.
आप बड़े कमज़ोर हुए दिखाई देते हैं।

126. I always call a spade a spade.
मैं सदा खरी-खरी बात सुना देता हूं।

127. He does not look his age.
वह अपनी उमर का नहीं लगता है।

128. I cannot stand such an intense heat.
मैं इतनी सख्त गर्मी सहन नहीं कर सकता।

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Map Questions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class History Map Questions

Battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji:

Question 1.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab show any five places of battles of the pre-Khalsa and post-Khalsa period of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on these battles.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab show any five places of Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s battles in the given outline map of Punjab.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the battles as shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show five important places where the battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji were fought.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 100 words about these battles.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show five battle places of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
(b) Explain these battle places in about 20-25 words each.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab showing the rivers depict five places of the battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each about these battles.
Answer:
Guru Gobind Singh Ji held the Guruship from 1675 to 1708 A.D. He had to fight many battles against the Hill Chiefs and the Mughals. The battles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji are divided into two phases—the battles of pre-Khalsa period and the battles of post-Khalsa period.

Battles of Pre-Khalsa Period:

1. Battle of Bhangani 1688 A.D.: The Hill Chiefs were alarmed to see the military preparations of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Consequently, they under the combined leadership of Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur and Fateh Shah, the ruler of Srinagar attacked on September 22, 1688 A.D. the Sikh army at Bhangani. Pir Buddhu Shah of Sadhaura rendered valuable help to Guru Gobind Singh Ji in this battle. The armies of Hill Chiefs were forced to flee the field. This grand victory indeed infused a new spirit among the Sikhs.

2. Battle of Nadaun 1690 A.D.: After the battle of Bhangani, the Hill Chiefs refused to pay the annual Khiraj (tax) to the Mughals. Therefore, an army under the command of Alif Khan was sent against the Hill Chiefs. He attacked the army of Bhim Chand at Nadaun on March 20, 1690 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji sided with Bhim Chand in this battle. Their joint army pushed back the Mughal army. Alif Khan had to run away from the battlefield to save his life. After this battle, the Hill Chiefs again made a treaty with the Mughals.

Battles of Post-Khalsa Period:

3. First Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib, 1701 A.D. : Guru Gobind. Singh Ji laid the foundation of Khalsa Panth at Sri Anandpur Sahib in 1699 A.D.-As a result, people started coming to the fold of Sikhism in a large number. The Hill Chiefs saw in it, a great danger to their freedom. So, Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur asked Guru Gobind Singh Ji to vacate the fort of Anandpur Sahib. When Guru Gobind Singh Ji declined to do so, Bhim Chand along with a few other Hill Chiefs invaded the fort of Anandpur Sahib in 1701 A. D. When they got no success they made peace with Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

4. Battle of Nirmoh, 1702 A.D.: After the first battle of Anandpur Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh Ji went to a village, Nirmoh near Kiratpur Sahib. Joining hands with the Mughal army, Bhim Chand attacked the army of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The Sikhs, under the command of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, gave a crushing defeat to the joint army.

5. Second Battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib, 1704 A.D.: The Hill Chiefs wanted to take revenge from Guru Gobind Sir gh Ji for their insult due to continuous defeats. Thus, they attacked the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib for the second time, in collaboration with Mughal forces in 1704 A.D. The Sikhs put up strong resistance from within the fort. The royal army took false vows to assure Guru Gobind Singh Ji that they would not cause any harm, if he left the fort. So Guru Gobind Singh Ji decided to leave the fort.

6. Battle of Shahi Tibbi, 1704: As soon as, Guru Gobind Singh Ji came out of the fort, the royal army pursued them hotly. Consequently, there was confusion and consternation. A battle took place at Shahi Tibbi, where Bhai Udai Singh put up strong resistance along with his 50 companions and ultimately became martyrs.

7. Battle of Chamkaur Sahib, 1704 A.D.: Guru Gobind Singh Ji reached the fortress of Chamkaur Sahib along with his 40 Sikhs on 21st December, 1704 A. D. No sooner, did they reach there, a huge Mughal army besieged them on 22nd December, 1704 A.D. A pitched battle took place. In this battle, Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, the two elder sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji fought with unparalleled example of bravery and ultimately became martyrs.

8. Battle of Khidrana, 1705 A.D.: On December 29,1705 A.D., Wazir Khan, the Mughal Faujdar of Sirhind, attacked Guru Gobind Singh Ji with a large army. In this battle, the Sikhs gave a crushing defeat to the Mughals. Those 40 Sikhs, who had parted company with Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the second battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib, also fought in this battle and became martyrs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji accorded them the boon of Mukti (salvation) on the request of their leader Maha Singh. As a result, Khidrana acquired the name of Sri Muktsar Sahib.

Important Battles of Banda Singh Bahadur:

Question 2.
(a) On the outline map of Punjab, show five places of military exploits of Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Explain these places in about 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab fill the places of five important battles of Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the places shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab show five battle places of Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Explain these battles in about 20-25 words each.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, showing rivers depict five important places of the Banda Singh Bahadur.
(b) Explain these places in about 20-25 words each.
Answer:
Banda Singh Bahadur fought many battles against the Mughals during 1709 to 1715 A.D. During these battles, Banda Singh Bahadur showed such feats that the Mughals began to tremble, on hearing his name. The main battles of Banda Singh Bahadur were as follows :

1. Attack on Sonepat : First of all Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Sonepat with his 500 Sikhs in November 1709 A.D. The ruler of Sonepat was so afraid of the Sikhs that he ran away to Delhi without facing them. This victory greatly enhanced the morale of the Sikhs.

2. Conquest of Samana : The executioners of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and the younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji lived in Samana. Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Samana and slaughtered many Muslims. After this, he thoroughly plundered the whole town. It was the first and important conquest of Banda Singh Bahadur.

3. Conquest of Kapuri: The ruler of Kapuri, Qadam-ud-Din was very cruel. He ill-treated the Hindus. So, Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Kapuri, put to death Qadam-ud-Din and conquered the town.

4. Conquest of Sadhaura: Usman Khan the ruler of Sadhaura was notorious for his tyranny. He was a sworn enemy of the Hindus. He tortured and got Pir Buddhu Shah killed for he had helped Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the battle of Bhangani. In order to settle the score for this insult, Banda Singh Bahadur attacked Sadhaura and slaughtered a large number of Muslims. That is why, the place came to be known as Qatalgarhi.

5. Battle of Ropar: Banda Singh Bahadur was making preparations to attack Sirhind. Several Sikhs from Malwa and Majha joined under the banner of Banda Singh Bahadur. When Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind, came to know about it, he ordered Sher Mohammad Khan and Nawab of Malerkotla to take steps against these Sikhs. A pitched battle took place at Ropar in which the Sikhs defeated the Mughals.

6. Conquest of Sirhind: Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind had got the two younger sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, of Guru Gobind Singh Ji killed by bricking them alive in the wall. So, Banda Singh Bahadur wanted to teach him such a lesson which should be remembered by the Muslims for a long time. On May 22, 1710 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadur attacked the army of Wazir Khan at Chappar Chiri. The Sikhs massacred the Muslims to such an extent that they shuddered at the very thought of it. Wazir Khan was killed and hanged on a tree upside down. Plundering and massacre stalked the whole Sirhind on May 24,1710 AD. This glorious conquest further boosted the morale of the Sikhs.

7. Conquest of Ganga Doab: Encouraged by the conquests of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs of most areas in Ganga Doab i.e. Saharanpur, Behat and Jalalabad etc. revolted against the tyranny of the Muslims. Banda Singh Bahadur availed himself of this opportunity and brought this region under his control.

8. Battle of Rahon: Shamas Khan, the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab, was a cruel ruler. Fed up with his tyranny, the Sikhs revolted against him. Shamas Khan declared Jihad (religious war) against the Sikhs. In October ,1710, the the armies of Shamas Khan and Banda Singh Bahadur clashed at Rahon and a bloody battle ensued. The Sikhs came out victorious in this battle.

9. Attack of Mughals on Lohgarh: The increasing power of Banda Singh Bahadur was a challenge for Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah. He sent a large army of 60,000 to Punjab under the command of Munim Khan to crush the power of Banda Singh Bahadur. This army suddenly besieged Banda Singh Bahadur in his capital, Lohgarh. Though the Mughal army took control of Lohgarh but it could not capture Banda Singh Bahadur.

10. Battle of Gurdas Nangal: In 1715 A.D. the newly appointed Governor of Punjab, Abdus Samad Khan made a surprise attack on the Sikhs at Gurdas Nangal. Banda Singh Bahadur was besieged along with some of his companions in the haveli of Duni Chand. Ultimately Banda Singh Bahadur had to give in.

Ranjit Singh’s Kingdom:

Question 3.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the places of five battles of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
(b) Explain each battle place in about 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the places of five important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on these conquests.
Or
Question 4.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the following places of battles of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

• Lahore
• Amritsar
• Kashmir
• Multan
• Peshawar

(b) Write an explanatory note of about 25-25 words each on places shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, showing the rivers depict five places where Maharaja Ranjit Singh won the battles.
(b) Explain these five battles in about 20-25 words each.
Answer:
Undoubtedly Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the greatest ruler of Punjab. By his ability and efforts, he converted his small kingdom into a vast empire during his reign (1799-1839). His main conquests are mentioned below :

1. Conquest of Lahore, 1799 A.D.: The first and the most important conquest of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the conquest of Lahore. The three Bhangi Sardars and Sahib Singh, Mohar Singh, and Chet Singh jointly ruled Lahore. People were very unhappy due to their tyrannical rule, so they invited Ranjit Singh to take over Lahore. Deeming it a golden chance, Ranjit Singh invaded Lahore and occupied it on July 7, 1799 A.D.

2. Conquest of Amritsar, 1805 A.D.: The city of Amritsar was very important for the Sikhs from a religious point of view. It was considered the Mecca of the

Sikhs. It was also the most famous trade centre. In order to be an emperor of the Punjab, the control over Amritsar was essential. In 1805 A.D. Ranjit Singh invaded Amritsar and defeated Mai Sukhan, the widow of Gulab Singh. In this way, Amritsar was conquered.

3. Conquest of Kasur 1807 A.D.: Nizam-ud-Din, the ruler of Kasur had accepted the subordination of Ranjit Singh. After his death in 1807 A.D. his successor Qutub-ud-Din refused to accept the suzerainty of Ranjit Singh. Consequently, Ranjit Singh invaded Kasur, defeated Qutab-ud-Din and occupied Kasur. After this, Ranjit Singh defeated Ahmad Khan the ruler of Jhang and annexed it to his kingdom.

4. Conquest of Sialkot, 1808 A.D.: Jiwan Singh was the ruler of Sialkot. Maharaja Ranjit Singh asked him to hand over the fort in exchange for a Jagir. When, Jiwan Singh refused to oblige, Maharaja Ranjit Singh invaded Sialkot in 1808 A.D. and beseized Sialkot.

5. Conquest of Kangra, 1809 A.D.: In 1809 A.D. the Gurkhas of Nepal surrounded the fort of Kangra. Sansar Chand, the ruler of Kangra sought assistance from Maharaja Ranjit Singh against the Gurkhas. He promised to hand over the fort of Kangra to Maharaja Ranjit Singh for this help. The army of Ranjit Singh made the Gurkhas flee from Kangra. But, now, Sansar Chand dilly-dallied in handing over the fort to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. At this, Ranjit Singh imprisoned Anurodh, the son of Sansar Chand. Being helpless, he handed over the fort of Kangra to Ranjit Singh.

6. Conquest of Gujarat, 1809 A.D.: Sahib Singh Bhangi was the ruler of Gujarat. He kept hatching conspiracies against Ranjit Singh. Therefore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh deputed Faqir Aziz-ud-Din to invade Gujarat. He defeated Sahib Singh and conquered Gujarat.

7. Conquest of Jammu, 1809 A.D.: Jai Singh ruled over Jammu. When he died in 1809 A.D., Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent an army under the command of Diwan Bhawani Das to conquer Jammu. He easily took the control of Jammu.

8. Conquest of Attock in 1813 A.D.: Maharaja Ranjit Singh had secured the famous fort of Attock from Jahandad Khan in exchange for a Jagir. This fort was very important from the geographical point of view.

9. Conquest of Multan, 1818 A.D.: Multan was very important from trade and geographical point of view. Sind could be easily conquered by having a control over Multan. The Maharaja had to attack seven times to conquer Multan. Every time, Muzaffar Khan the ruler of Multan evaded Maharaja Ranjit Singh by offering him a heavy ransom. In 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh resolved to make a conquest of Multan. He sent a vast army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand. After a pitched battle the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered Multan. It was indeed one of the important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

10. Conquest of Kashmir, 1819 A.D.: The valley of Kashmir was famous for its scenic beauty and trade. Ranjit Singh tried to conquer it in 1813 and 1814 A.D. but did not succeed. The conquest of Multan greatly encouraged Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He sent a huge army under the command of Misar Diwan Chand to conquer Kashmir. This army defeated Jabbar Khan, the ruler of Kashmir and occupied Kashmir in 1819 A.D.

11. Conquest of Dera Ghazi Khan, 1820 A.D.: Maharaja Ranjit Singh sent a military expedition under the command of Jamadar Khushal Singh to conquer Dera Ghazi Khan. This army defeated Zaman Khan the ruler of Dera Ghazi Khan and took control of this state.

12. Conquest of Peshawar, 1834 A.D : Peshawar was an important region from the geographical point of view. In his first expedition in 1818 A.D. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had defeated Yar Mohammad Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan but he resolved not to include Peshawar in his empire. In 1823 A.D., Azim Khan, a minister of Afghanistan took over the control of Peshawar. Maharaja Ranjit Singh defeated him in a pitched battle of Naushehra and again got control over Peshawar. He annexed Peshawar to his empire in 1834 A.D.

Extent of the Empire:

The empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh extended from Ladakh in the North to Shikarpur in the South and from the Sutlej in the East to Peshawar in the West.

The First Anglo-Sikh War:

Question 5.
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, show five places of the battles of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the battles of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, show the location of the battles of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each on the places as shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, Show five battle places of the First Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Explain five battle places in 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of the Punjab, showing rivers depict five places of the First Anglo-Sikh War on the map of Punjab.
(b) Write in about 20-25 words each about the spots shown in the map.
Answer:
The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought during the period of Lord Hardinge in 1845-46 A.D. During this War the Sikhs fought valiantly, but they had to face defeat due to the treachery of their leaders. This War was fought at the following main places :

1. Battle of Mudki: First battle between the English and the Sikhs was fought at Mudki, about 20 miles away from Ferozepur, on December 18, 1845 A.D. Lai Singh commanded the Sikh army. On the other side, Lord Hugh Gough was commanding the British troops. It was a bloody and fierce battle. Due to the treachery of Lai Singh, the Sikhs had to face defeat. Although the British became victorious in this battle, they realised that facing the Sikhs was not a child’s play.

2. Battle of Ferozeshah: The second important battle between the British and the Sikhs was fought on December 21, 1845 A.D. The Sikh army was commanded by Lai Singh and Teja Singh in this battle. On the other hand, the British army was led by the experienced generals like Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. In the beginning of this battle, the Sikh soldiers launched a stunning attack on the English army. It was getting ready to surrender before the Sikh army. But here again due to the treachery of Lai Singh and Teja Singh the Sikhs were defeated.

3. Battle of Baddowal: The third battle between the British and the Sikhs was fought at Baddowal, 18 miles away from Ludhiana on January 21, 1846AD. Sardar Ranjodh Singh Majithia was leading the Sikh army in this battle and Harry Smith commanded the British army. In this battle the Sikhs routed the British and they fled to Ludhiana.

4. Battle of Aliwal: Harry Smith wanted to take revenge of his defeat at Baddowal. Brigadier Wheeler, along with several soldiers joined Harry Smith which boosted the latter’s morale. He attacked the Sikh army under the command of Ranjodh Singh at Aliwal on January 28,1846 A.D. It was a terrible battle. Due to the treachery of Ranjodh Singh the British won this battle. The Sikh army suffered a heavy loss of life (3500) in this battle.

5. Battle of Sobraon: The last and the most decisive battle of the First Anglo- Sikh War was fought at Sobraon. It was fought on February 10, 1846 A.D. The Sikh troops were commanded by Lai Singh and Tefa Singh. On the other hand the British troops were commanded by experienced generals like Huge Gough and Lord Hardinge. The fierce attack launched by the Sikhs on the British caused consternation in their camp. At this juncture Lai Singh and Teja Singh, who were secretly in league with the British took to their heels leaving the Sikh army in the lurch. Sham Singh Attariwala came forward and commanded the Sikh-army. He showed rare feats of bravery but was ultimately killed. In this battle, the Sikhs suffered a humiliating defeat.

The First Anglo-Sikh War came to an end on March 9,1846 A.D. with the Treaty of Lahore. On December 16,1846 A.D. a new Treaty of Bhairowal was imposed on the Punjab. Although Punjab was not annexed to the British Empire, these treaties reduced the sovereignty of Punjab to a great extent.

The Second Anglo-Sikh War:

Question 6.
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the location of battles fought during the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Write an explanatory note in about 20-25 words each Punjab on the battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War as shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the places of battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
(b) Explain these battle places in about 20-25 words.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, showing the rivers depict battle places of the Second Anglo-Sikh War on the map of Punjab.
(b) Write in about 20-25 words each about the spots shown in the map.
Or
(a) On the given outline map of Punjab, show the following places of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

• Ram Nagar
• Chillianwala
• Multan
• Gujarat.

(b) Write in about 70-75 words about the spots shown in the map.
Answer:
The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought during the period of Lord Dalhousie in 1848-49 A.D. The Sikhs had to face defeat at the end of this war. Consequently, the rule of the Sikhs in Punjab came to an end and the rule of the British began.

1. Battle of Ram Nagar: The first battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought at Ram Nagar on November 22, 1848 A.D. Lord Hugh Gough commanded the British troops, while the Sikh troops were commanded by Sher Singh. In this battle two famous British generals, Havelock and Cureton were killed. Though Ram Nagar was not a battle of great consequence, yet the Sikh victory in it gave them the much-needed boost to their morale.

2. Battle of Chillianwala: The battle of Chillianwala was one of the most important battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It was fought on January 13, 1849 A.D. Lord Hugh Gough commanded the British troops, while the command

troops had to taste such a humiliating disaster at the hands of the Sikhs, that its echoes were heard in England. The British casualties included 132 officers and other ranks. Lord Gough was held responsible for their worst defeat and it was decided to send Sir. Charles Napier from England to replace him.

3. Battle of Multan: In Multan, Diwan Moolraj raised the banner of revolt against the British. In order to capture the fort of Multan, the British army under the command of General Whish laid siege to it. Sher Singh too joined hands with Diwan Moolraj. As the victory was not in sight, General Whish played a trick. He created a rift between Sher Singh and Moolraj by throwing forged letters in their camps. As a result, Sher Singh left Diwan Moolraj in the lurch. Consequently, Mootraj could not face the onslaught of the British army single-handed. On January 22, 1849 A.D. Diwan Moolraj surrendered unconditionally. This victory of Multan boosted the morale of British soldiers.

4. Battle of Gujarat: The battle of Gujarat was the last and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In this battle, the Sikh army was commanded by Sher Singh, Chattar Singh, and Bhai Maharaj Singh. On the other hand, the British army was led by Lord Hugh Gough. This battle was fought on February 21, 1849 A.D. Since heavy artillery was used in this battle from both sides, this battle is also known as the Battle of Guns. The Sikh army soon ran short of ammunition. As a consequence, their guns were rendered useless. Seeing this golden opportunity, the British forces launched a fierce attack on the Sikh army. It created confusion and chaos among the Sikh soldiers. They lost 3000 to 5000 soldiers in this battle. On March 10, 1849 A.D. Chattar Singh and Sher Singh surrendered before General Gilbert. On March 14, the remaining Sikh soldiers also surrendered.

On March 29, 1849, A.D. Punjab was annexed to the British empire. Thus, the Sikh empire established by Maharaja Ranjit Singh through indefatigable efforts came to an end.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class History Source Based Questions

Physical Features of Punjab and their Influence on Its History:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The holy land of Punjab, the territory of five rivers has, undoubtedly, contributed to a great extent in diversified fields, not only to India but to the world also. About love to five thousand years ago, the Indus Valley Civilisation or Harappa civilisation was born, in areas around Punjab which were one of the oldest civilisations of the world. The great characters of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata belonged to Punjab. The great Mahabharata war was also fought on this land and Lord Krishna delivered his spiritual message i.e. the Gita here.

This land has the honour of giving birth to great scholars like Kautilya, Charka and Panin the great Sanskrit scholar. Due to the economic position of Punjab, most of the foreign invaders invaded Punjab through the North-West frontier Chandragupta Maurya and Harsh Vardhana had started these campaigns in Punjab and were able to establish a vast empire.

1. Harappan civilisation was born at which place?
2. The characters of which epics were related to Punjab?
3. Lord Krishna gave the message ……………….. at which place?
4. The foreign invaders who attacked India came from which side of Punjab?
5. Panini was the scholar of which subject?
Answer:
1. Harappan civilisation was born in areas around Punjab.
2. The great characters of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata were related to Punjab.
3. Lord Krishna gave the message of Gita in the land of Punjab.
4. The foreign invaders who invaded India came from the North-West frontier of Punjab.
5. Panini was a great Sanskrit scholar.

2. Punjab has been known by various names during different periods of history. It was called ‘Sapta Sindhu’ in the Rigvedic period, on the basis of the seven rivers that flowed in this land. They were : Sindhu (Indus), Vitasta (Jhelum), Asikni (Chenab), Parushni (Ravi), Vipasha (Beas), Sutudri (Sutlej) and Saraswati. The rivers Sindhu and Saraswati were the outer boundaries of Punjab. It is called ‘Panchnada’ in the Epics and the Puranas. ‘Panchnada’ means the land of five rivers. The Greeks named it ‘Pentapotamia’ ‘Penta’ means five and ‘Potamia’ means river. So, the Greeks also called it the land of five rivers. The territory of Afghanistan and Baluchistan were annexed to Punjab during the Maurya period. Thus its north-western boundary stretched up to the Hindukush. As Tak’ tribe ruled this vast land for centuries, therefore Punjab was called Tak Desh’.

1. By what name Punjab was known during the Rigvedifc Age?
2. What is meant by Panchnada?
3. Who gave the name of Pentapotamia to Punjab?
4. Why was Punjab called ‘Tak Desh’?
5. Which of the following river flows from Punjab?

• Beas
• Ganga
• Yamuna
• None of the above.

Answer:
1. Punjab was known by the name of Sapta Sindhu during the Rigvedic Age.
2. Panchnada means the land of five rivers.
3. The name of Pentapotamia was given to Punjab by the Greeks.
4. Punjab was called Tak Desh because it was ruled by the Tak tribe for centuries.
5. Beas.

3. The Himalayas are situated to the north of Punjab. ‘Himalaya’ means ‘abode of snow5. Its tops remain covered with snow throughout the year. It stretches from Assam in the east to Afghanistan in the west. Its length is 2500 kilometres and the breadth ranges from 240 kilometres to 320 kilometres. On the basis of its height, the Himalayas can be divided into three parts. The first part, the Greater Himalayas, consists of those high peaks whose height is 20,000 ft. or above. Mount Everest, the world’s highest peak. Its height is about 29,028 feet or 8848 metres.

1. What is meant by the Himalayas?
2. What is the length and breadth of the Himalayas?
3. Which is the highest peak of the Himalayas?
4. Write any one advantage of the Himalayas.
5. The height of Mount Everest is a metre.
Answer:
1. the Himalayas means the abode of snow.
2. The length of the Himalayas is 2500 kilometres and the breadth ranges from 240 kilometres to 320 kilometres.
3. The highest peak of the Himalayas is Mount Everest.
4. It acted as a watchman both for the Punjab and India for centuries.
5. 8848.

4. The Plains constitute the largest and most important region of Punjab. It is rightly called Virtual Punjab. This part is located between the rivers of Indus and Jamuna. It is considered one of the best fertile plains in the world. Its average height from the sea level is less than 1000 feet. Five great rivers of Punjab (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum) flow in this very part. The land of this area is very fertile, it receives ample rainfall and the means of transport are fairly developed. So, the population of this area is very dense.
1. Where are the Plains of Punjab located?
2. Which is considered the best fertile plains in the world?
3. Name the rivers of Punjab.
4. Why the population of Punjab is very dense?
5. The population of Punjab is very
Answer:
1. The Plains of Punjab is located between the rivers Indus and Jamuna.
2. The best fertile Plain in the world is Punjab Plains.
3. The five great rivers of Punjab are Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum.
4. It land is very fertile.
5. dense.

5. As a result of its geographical location, the Punjab has been the gateway of India for many centuries. There are a number of passes (Khyber, Koorram, Tochi, Bolan etc.) in the nerth-west of the Punjab which were easy to cross. So, the foreign invaders kept attacking by entering through these passes for centuries. The Aryans, Iranians, Greeks, Kushanas, Hunas, Turks, Mughals and Durranis invaded India crossing through these passes. First of all these invaders had to fight with the people of the Punjab. They could go further only after defeating the Punjab. So, the Punjab has been called the gateway of India.

1. Why is Punjab called as the gateway of India?
2. Which is the most important pass -located in the north-west of the Punjab?
3. Why the foreign invaders kept invading India through the passes?
4. Which foreign invaders invaded Punjab first of all?
5. Which foreign invaders were the first to invade Punjab?

• Iranians
• Aryans
• Greeks
• Kushanas.

Answer:
1. Punjab is called as the gateway of India because the foreign invaders invaded Punjab first of all.
2. Khyber is the most important pass located in the north-west of the Punjab.
3. Because it was easy to cross the passes.
4. The Aryans, Iranians, Greeks, Kushanas, Hunas, Turks, Mughals and Durranis were the first to invade Punjab.
5. Aryans.

Sources of the History of the Punjab:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. A good knowledge of the sources of the history of a country is in dispensable for a thorough understanding of its history. This knowledge is as much essential for the students of history as are surgical instruments for a doctor to undertake an operation. However, we had many difficulties regarding the sources of the history of Punjab. The Punjab remained the arena of battles in the 18th century. That is why, even the Sikhs could not have any time for writing their own history in this period of anarchy and confusion as they were fighting a battle of life and death for their very existence. Thus, most of the available sources of the history of the Punjab relate to the nineteenth century when Maharaja Ranjit Singh established an independent Sikh kingdom.

1. Why are the sources indispensable for the students of history?
2. Which problems do we confront while writing the history of Punjab? Mention any one.
3. In which century did Punjab became an arena of battles?
4. In which century did Maharaja Ranjit Singh establish an independent Sikh Kingdom?
5. The most of the available sources of the history of the Punjab relate to the ………….
Answer:
1. The sources are indispensable for the students of history to know the culture and civilisation of any country.
2. The available sources of the history concerning the period of the Gurus are very few.
3. The Punjab remained the arena of battles in the 18th century.
4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh established an independent Sikh Kingdom in Punjab in the 19th century.
5. 19th Century.

2. The Adi Granth Sahib Ji is the most sacred and authentic scripture of Sikhism. Guru Aijan Dev Ji compiled this great holy scripture in 1604 A.D. In it the hymns of the first five Sikh Gurus are compiled. Later on during the times of Guru Gobind Singh Ji the hymns of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji were also included in it and Adi Granth Sahib Ji was given the status of Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Although the Adi Granth Sahib Ji or Guru Granth Sahib Ji was not compiled for any Historical purpose, yet its thorough study gives us most valuable information regarding the political, religious, social and economic life of the people of those days.

1. When was Adi Granth Sahib Ji was compiled?
2. The Adi Granth Sahib Ji was compiled by ……………
3. Which Guru Sahib gave the status of Guru Granth Sahib to Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
4. The Banis of how many Guru Sahibs are given in Guru Granth Sahib Ji?
5. Write any one significances of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Answer:
1. Adi Granth Sahib Ji was compiled in 1604 A.D.
2. Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
3. Adi Granth Sahib Ji was given the status of Guru Granth Sahib Ji by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
4. The Bams of six-Guru Sahibs are given in Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
5. It gives the message of universal brotherhood of mankind.

3. Dasam Granth Sahib Ji is another holy scripture of Sikhism. It is the compilation of the writings of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and his court poets. This holy scripture was compiled by Bhai Mani Singh Ji in 1721 A.D. The Dasam Granth was primarily compiled to awaken heroic sentiments among the Sikhs so that they were able to fight against political injustice and religious intolerance. It is a work of 18 compositions of which ‘Jaap Sahib’, ‘Akal Ustat’, ‘Chandi Di Var’, ‘Chaubis Avtar’, ‘Shabad Hazare’, ‘Shastra Nama’, ‘Bachitar Natak’ and ‘Zafamama’ are worth noting. ‘Bachitar Natak’ and ‘Zafamama’ are the most significant firom the historical point of view. ‘Bachitar Natak’ is the autobiography of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. ‘Zafamama’ (letter of victory) was written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Dina. It is a letter written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Persian language.

1. By whom was Dasam Granth Sahib compiled?
2. When was Dasam Granth Sahib compiled?

• 1604 A.D.
• 1701 A.D.
• 1711 A.D.
• 1721 A.D.

3. What is Bachitar Natak?
4. What is the name of letter written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb?
5. What is written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Zafamama?
Answer:
1. Dasam Granth Sahib was compiled by Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
2. 1721 A.D.
3. Bachitar Natak is the name of autobiography of Gum Gobind Singh Ji.
4. The name of the letter written by Gum Gobind Singh Ji is Zafamama.
5. In it the account of the atrdCmes of Aurangzeb is given.

4. Bhai Gurdas Ji was the son of Bhai Datar Chand Bhalla, a brother of Guru Amar Das Ji. He was a contemporary of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Guru Hargobind Ji. He composed 39 Vars. These Vars are considered the key to understand Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The Vars Nos. 1 and 11 are considered important from the historical point of view. The first Var contains a very detailed description of the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Besides, we get a glimpse of Guru Angad Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Guru Hargobind Ji’s life from this Var. In the eleventh Var, we get information of the important Sikhs and places connected with the first six Gurus.

1. Who was Bhai Gurdas Ji?
2. How many vars are composed by Bhai Gurdas Ji?
3. The var contains very detailed description of the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
4. Which is called the key of Guru Granth Sahib Ji?
5. What is the importance of Bhai Gurdas Ji?
Answer:
1. Bhai Gurdas, Ji was the son of Bhai Datar Chand Bhalla, a brother of Guru Amar Das Ji.
2. Bhai Gurdas Ji composed 39 vars.
3. First.
4. The vars of Bhai Gurdas Ji is called the key of Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
5. From these we get valuable imformation of the first six Gurus, important Sikhs and places.

5. The stories relating to the birth and life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are called Janam Sakhis. Many such Janam Sakhis were written in the seventeenth and ‘ eighteenth centuries. They were written in the Punjabi language. They, were compiled for the faithful and not for students of history. Though they are a mixture of facts and fiction, yet they provide valuable information about the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

1. What is meant by Janam Sakhis?
2. In which language Janam Sakhis were written?
3. Write the names of any two Janam Sakhis.
4. Write anyone demerit of Janam Sakhis.
5. Many Janam Sakhis were written in the ……………. and …………….
Answer:
1. By Janam Sakhis we meant the stories relating to the birth and life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
2. The Janam Sakhis were written in Punjabi language.
3. Puratan Janam Sakhi and Janam Sakhi of Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
4. The events narrated in them are not in chronological order.
5. 17th and 18th centuries.

6. Hukamnamas were those orders or proclamations that were issued by the Sikh Gurus or by the members of their families to the Sikhs from time to time. In majority of such Hukamnamas demands were made to supply grains for the Langar (common kitchen), to donate money for building religious places and to bring horses and arms for battles. These Hukamnamas were compiled by the famous historian Ganda Singh. 89 Hukamnamas are available upto this day. Of these, 34 Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Gobind Singh Ji and 23 Hukamnamas were issued by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. These Hukamnamas provide very valuable information about the political, religious, economic and literary history of the period of the great Gurus.

1. What is meant by Hukamnamas?
2. Why were Hukamnamas issued?
3. Which famous historian of Punjab compiled Hukamnamas?
4. Give any one significance of Hukamnamas.
5. How many Hukamnamas are available upto this day? 1

• 23.
• 24
• 79
• 89.

Answer:
1. Hukamnamas were those orders or proclamations that were issued by the Sikh Gurus or by the members of their families to the Sikhs from time to time.
2. Hukamnamas were issued to demand the supply of grains for the Langar, to donate money for construction of religious places and to bring horses and arms for battles.
3. Ganda Singh.
4. We get valuable information about Guru Sahibs.
5. 89.

Political, Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab in the Beginning of the 16th Century:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. After the death of Bahlol Lodhi, his son Sikandar Lodhi succeeded to the throne of Delhi Sultanate. He ruled upto 1517 A.D. The Muslim historians speak very highly of Sikandar’s love of justice, wisdom and benevolence. However, his kindness and love of justice was confined, to the Muslims only. He hated the Hindus. He adopted a very harsh and cruel policy towards them. He demolished many famous Hindu temples and built mosques over them. He forbade the barbers to shave the beards and heads of the Hindus. He started converting them to Islam by force. He got a Brahman named Bodhan murdered because he had described Hinduism as good as Islam.

1. Who was Sikandar Lodhi?
2. When did Sikandar Lodhi sit on the throne?

• 1485 A.D.
• 1486 A.D.
• 1487 AJX
• 1489 A.D.

3. How was Sikandar Lodhi in the eyes of Muslim historians?
4. Which one step was taken by Sikandar Lodhi against the Hindus?
5. Why was a Brahman named Bodhan was murdered?
Answer:
1. Sikandar Lodhi was the Stdtan of Delhi. He ruled from 1489 A.D. to 1517 A.D.
2. 1489 A.D.
3. He was a justice-loving and benevolent Sultan.
4. He had demolished many Hindu temples.
5. He had described Hinduism as good as Islam.

2. In the beginning of the sixteenth century the condition of the subjects was also very deplorable. The rulers used to indulge in luxuries and merry-making. Extravagant parties had become a daily routine of the court. As a cousequence none had time to take care of the public. As a consequence of this, the government officials became corrupt. Bribery was common. Not to speak of the Sultan, even Qazis and Ulemas took bribe and delivered justice accordingly. All sorts of atrocities were let loose on the Hindus. They were being converted to Islam by force. Those who refused were put to death.

1. What was the condition of subjects in the beginning of the 16th century?
2. What was the character of the government officials in the beginning of the 16th century?
3.. How did Sultan, Qazis and Ulemas deliver justice in the beginning of the 16th century?
4. What was the policy adopted against the Hindus in the beginning of the 16th century?
5. In the 16th century the ruling class used to indulge in ……………. and …………….
Answer:
1. In the beginning of the 16th century the condition of subjects was very pitiable.
2. At that time the government officials had become very corrupt.
3. At that time Sultan, Qazis and Ulemas deliver justice by taking bribe.
4. At that time all sorts of atrocities were let loose on the Hindus.
5. Luxuries, merry-making.

3. The social condition of the Punjab in the beginning of the sixteenth century was also very deplorable. The society was divided into two major classes, namely the Hindus and the Muslims. The Muslims enjoyed many privileges,1 because they belonged to the ruling class. On the other hand, the Hindus, who formed the majority of population, were deprived of almost all the rights. They were called ‘Kafirs’ and ‘Zimmies’. Jaziya and the pilgrimage tax were forcibly charged from the Hindus. The Muslims subjected the Hindus to so much atrocity that a large number of them were compelled to embrace Islam. The condition of women in the society was not good. The moral character of the public had fallen to the lowest ebb.

1. Why was the social condition of Punjab in the beginning of the 16th century was called deplorable?
2. Who were deprieved of their rights in the beginning of the 16th century?
3. Who were called ‘Kafirs’?
4. What was Jaziya?
5. The Muslims belonged to the …………… class.
Answer:
1. The social condition of Punjab in the beginning of the 16th century
was called deplorable because the muslims let loose atrocities on the Hindus and the condition of women was pitiable.
2. Hindus were deprieved of their rights in the beginning of the 16th century.
3. All Non-Muslims were called Kafirs.
4. Jaziya was a tax imposed upon the Hindus.
5. ruling.

4. No remarkable progress was made in the field of education in the beginning of the sixteenth century. Ulemas and Maulvis taught the Muslims. They held classes in mosques, maktabs and madarasas. The government gave them grants. Primary education was given in the mosques and maktabs whereas higher education was provided in the madarasas. Madarasas were usually situated in cities. Lahore and Multan were the well-known centres of education for the Muslims in the Punjab.

1. Why no remarkable progress was made in the field of education in the beginning of the 16th century?
2. Whether the Maulvis taught the Muslims?
3. Where was elementary education given to the Muslims?
4. Which was the one famous centre of education of the Muslims in the beginning of the 16th century?
5. Madarasas were usually situated in ……………..
Answer:
1. Because it was not the responsibility of the government to provide education to the public.
2. Yes, the Maulvis used to provide education to the Muslims.
3. The elementary education to the Muslims was provided in the mosques and maktabs.
4. In the beginning of the 16th century the one famous centres of education was Lahore.
5. cities.

5. In the beginning of the 16th century, this sect had become very popular. The Sufi saints were known as Shaikhs or Pirs. They believed in the Allah. They did not repose faith in any other power except Allah. According to them, Allah is omnipotent and omni- present. One could realise Allah only through Pir or Guru. They did not believe in fake externalities. They started the tradition of Qawalis. They considered service of mankind as service to God. They did not believe in caste-system. They respected other faiths.

1. To which sect Sufism was related Shaikhs?
2. By which other name Sufi Shaikhs were known?
3. What is the ideology of Sufi Shaikhs called?
4. Write any one principle of Sufism.
5. According to Sufis one could realise Allah through.

• Pir
• Qawali
• Dargah
• All of the above.

Answer:
1. Sufism was a sect related with Islam.
2. Sufi Shaikhs are also known as Pirs.
3. The ideology of Sufi Shaikhs is called as Tasawnf.
4. They believed in one Allah.
5. Pir.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s Life and his Teachings:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the Questions that follows:

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikhism1. At the time of his birth in the fifteenth century A.D., there was chaos all around. People had become very -’’pprstitious. They were stumbling in the darkness of ignorance. Impiety, falsehood and corruption were rampant everywhere. People had forgotten the essence of religion and it had been reduced to mere rituals and vain show. The rulers and the officials had no longer any concern about public welfare and remained busy in merry-making. In such a deplorable state of affairs, Guru Nanak Dev Ji showed a path of truthfulness and knowledge to the humanity.

1. Who was the founder of Sikhism?
2. What was the condition of society at the time of the birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
3. What was the attitude of rulers and the officials towards subjects at the time of birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
4. Which path was shown to the humanity by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
5. People had forgotten the of religion.
Answer:
1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikhism.
2. At that time people had become very superstitious.
3. At the time of birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji the attitude of rulers and the officials towards subjects was atrocitious.
4. Guru Nanak Dev Ji showed the path of truthfulness and knowledge to the humanity.
5. essence.

2. After attaining enlightenment in 1499 A.D., Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not stay for a long time at Sultanpur Lodhi. So, he set out on long travels in India and in foreign countries. He spent about 21 years in these travels. These travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are known as Udasis because he wandered like an Udasi (unconcerned, unattached) during these years and renounced his home and family. We had to face some difficulties regarding the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

1. Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji attain enlightenment?
2. What is meant by Udasis?
3. Which was the one difficulty being faced regarding the Udasis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
From where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji start his Udasis? , When did Guru Nanak Dev Ji attained enlightenment?

• 1469 AJD.
• 1479 A.D.
• 1489 A.D.
• 1499 A.D.

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji attained enlightenment at Sultanpur Lodhi.
2. By Udasis we meant the travels of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
3. We get no contemporary sources regarding Udasis.
4. Guru Nanak Dev Ji started his Udasis from Saidpur.
5. 1499 A.D.

3. When Guru Nanak Dev Ji reached Saidpur at the end of 1520 A. D., Babar attacked this town with a view to occupy it. The Mughal army put to death thousands of innocent people during this attack. Saidpur was looted heavily and the houses were set on fire. Women were dishonoured. Thousands of men, women and children were taken prisoners. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was also arrested along with them. But when Babar came to know that Guru Nanak Dev Ji was a great saint, he himself came for his Darshan. He was so much impressed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s personality that he set free not only Guru Nanak Dev Ji but many other prisoners also. Guru Nanak Dev Ji writes about the cruelties of Babar in Babar Vani.

1. When did Babar attack Saidpur?
2. What did the army do at Saidpur?
3. Was Babar imprisoned Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Saidpur?
4. What did Babar do when he came for the Darshan of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
5. How did the army of Babar treat the women in Saidpur?

• It illtreated the women
• It respected the women.
• It imprisoned the women.
• None of the above.

Answer:
1. Babar attacked Saidpur in 1520 A.D.
2. The army of Babar sacked Saidpur on an extensive way.
3. Yes, Babar did imprison Guru Nanak JDev Ji at Saidpur.
4. When did Babar have the Darshan of Guru Nanak Dev Ji he was greatly impressed. So he ordered the release of Guru Nanak Dev Ji along with other prisoners.
5. It illtreated the women.

4. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded a town named Kartarpur (the abode of God) at the banks of the Ravi river in 1521 A.D. and spent the last 18 years of his life at this place. He started the institutions of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’ during this period. ‘Sangat’ meant the congregation held daily to listen to the Bani (hymns) of Guru Ji. Everybody could join it without any consideration of caste or sex. The ‘Name’ of only one God was recited in it. Similarly ‘Pangat’ meant to sit in a queue and to partake langar (food). No discrimination of any kind regarding caste or religion, high or low was made in the ‘langar’. These two institutions proved very helpful in spreading the message of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Besides, he composed 976 Sabads, which also proved extremely helpful for the spread and development of Sikhism.

1. What is meant by Kartarpur?
2. Which two institutions were founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Kartarpur?
3. How many hymns were composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
4. Write the names of any two main Banis of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
5. When was Kartarpur founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji?

• 1501 A.D.
• 1511 A.D.
• 1521 A.D.
• 1531 A.D.

Answer:
1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded Kartarpur in 1521 A.D.
2. Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded two institutions named Sangat and Pangat.
3. Guru Nanak Dev Ji composed 976 hymns.
4. The two main Banis composed by Guru Nanak Dev Ji are Japji Sahib and Asa di Var.
5. 1521 A.D.

Development of Sikhism Under Guru Angad Deli Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Before meeting Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Lehna Ji used to visit Jawalamukhi ‘ (in Kangra district) every year along with a group of devotees (Jatha) but his search for truth did not culminate in success. One day he heard in Khadur Sahib, the recitation of ‘Asa Di Var’ from Bhai Jodha Ji, who was a devotee of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Bhai Lehna Ji was so much impressed by it that he decided to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Thus, when he set out for the pilgrimage of Jawalamukhi with his group of devotees next year,he stopped on the way at Kartarpur to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He was so much overwhelmed by the great personality and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji that he became a follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. He spent his life in the service of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

1. Bhai Lehna Ji was the devotee of which goddess before he met Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
2. At Khadur Sahib Bhai Lehna Ji heard the recitation of Asa Di Var from whom?
3. What did Bhai Lehna Ji decide after he heard the recitation of Asa Di Var?
4. Why did Bhai Lehna Ji became the follower of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
5. At which place Bhai Lehna Ji met Guru Nanak Dev Ji?

• At Kartarpur
• At Jawalamukhi
• At Kiratpur
• At Amritsar.

Answer:
1. Bhai Lehna Ji was the devotee of Mata Durga before he met Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
2. At Khadur Sahib Bhai Lehna Ji heard the recitation of Asa Di Var from Bhai Jodha Ji.
3. After listening the recitation of Asa Di Var Bhai Lehna Ji decided’to meet Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
4. Bhai Lehna Ji was greatly impressed by the personality and teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
5. At Kartarpur.

2. It is true that Gurmukhi existed before Guru Angad Dev Ji, but anybody could be confused very easily by reading it. Therefore, Guru Angad Dev Ji improved and polished it. Now it became very easy even for common people to understand it. All the religious books of Sikhism were written in it. Its very name ‘Gurmukhi’ (an utterance of words frem the Guru’s mouth) reminded the Sikhs of their duties towards the Guru and constantly kept alive in their minds the consciousness that they were something distinct from the common mass of Hinduism. This script was also instrumental-in rapid spread of education, among the Sikhs. Besides, the introduction of this script gave a severe blow to the Supremacy of the Brahmans, who recognised Sanskrit as the only religious language.”

1. Gurrmukhi script was popularised by which Guru Sahib?
2. Which script wa prevalent before Gurnukhi script?
3. What is meant by Gurmukhi?
4. What is the importance of Gurmukhi script?
5. All the reIigius books of Sikhism were written in …………….
Answer:
1. Gurmukhi script was popularised by which Guru Sahib?
3. By Gurmukhi we meant the utterance of words from the Gurus mouth.
4. It led to the rapid spread of education among the Sikhs.
5. Gurmukhi.

3. The construction of a Baoli at Goindwal Sahib was started in 1552 A.D. and it was completed in 1559 A.D. Guru Ji had two objectives in its construction. First, he wanted to give the Sikhs a separate place of pilgrimage so that they could be separated from the Hindus. Secondly, he wanted to solve the water problem of the people of that place. Eighty four steps were built to reach the Baoli. After its construction was over. Guru Amar Das Ji declared, “Whoever would attentively and reverently repeat the Japji on every step after a bath in the baoli would escape from the wandering in the wombs of the 84 lakhs of living creatures.”

The construction of Baoli Sahib proved a very important step in the development of Sikhism.

1. Which Guru Sahib had constructed the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
2. When was the construction of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib started?

• 1552 A.D.
• 1559 A.D.
• 1562 A.D.
• 1569 A.D.

3. How many years were spent in building Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
4. How many stairs were built to reach at the bottom of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib?
5. How did the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib prove an important step in the consolidation of Sikhism?
Answer:
1. The Baoli at Goindwal Sahib was constructed by Guru Amar Das Ji.
2. 1552 A.D.
3. Total of 7 years were spent in building Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
4. A total of 84 stairs were built to reach at the bottom of Baoli.
5. It gave a. new boost to Sikhism.

4. The establishment of Manji system was one of the most important works of Guru Amar Das Ji. During his Guruship, the number of the followers of Sikhism had increased considerably. Thus, it became impossible for Guru Amar Das Ji to reach every Sikh. So, he established twenty two Manjis to convey the message of Sikhism living in far off areas. The head of every Manji was called Manjidar. This post was given only to a very pious Sikh. The area of propaganda of the Manjidar was not limited to any specific area. He could visit any place for propaganda at his will.

1. By which Guru Sahib Manji system was established?
2. How many Manjis were established?
3. Who was the head of Manji?
4. What was the one main function of the Manjidar?
5. The area of ‘propaganda of the Manjidar was not limited to any specific ……………..
Answer:
1. Manji system was established by Guru Amar Das Ji.
2. A total of 22 Manjis were established.
3. Manjidar was the head of Manji.
4. He used to preach Sikhism.
5. area.

5. The most important contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji towards the Sikh Panth was the foundation of Ramdaspura. After assuming the Guruship, he himself settled here. In 1577 A.D. he founded Ramdaspura. He settled fifty two other traders, belonging to different trades, at this place in order to make it popular and attract people. It soon became a famous trade centre. Guru Ram Das Ji planned to construct two sarovars (tanks) Amritsar and Santokhsar at Ramdaspura. The digging of Amritsar sarovar was started first. Baba Buddha Ji was entrusted to look after this project. Later on the name of Ramdaspura came to be known as Amritsar.

1. Ramdaspura was established by which Guru Sahib?
2. Ramdaspura was later on came to known by which other name?
3. What was the name given to the market for the traders of Ramdaspura?
4. What was the importance of Ramdaspura?
5. When was Ramdaspura founded?

• 1571 A.D.
• 1573 A.D.
• 1575 A.D.
• 1577 A.D.

Answer:
1. Ramdaspura was established by Guru Ram Das Ji.
2. Ramdaspura later on came to be known as Amritsar.
3. ‘Guru Ka Bazaar’ was given the name for the traders of Ramdaspura.
4. It gave the Sikhs their most sacred religious place.
5. 1577 A.D.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji and his Martyrdom:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging of Amrit Sarover and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. After this, he started the construction work of Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) in Amrit Sarovar. Its foundation was laid on 13th January, 1588 A.D. by a very famous Sufi saint, named Mian Mir. According to Sikh tradition, the Sikhs suggested to Guru Arjan Dev Ji that the temple should be higher than the surrounding buildings. But Guru Sahib said, “He who is humble shall be exalted.” That is why the building of the temple was kept lower as compared to the other buildings. Another distinguishing feature of Harmandir Sahib was that it has four doorways, one on each side.

1. By which Guru Sahib Ha rmandir Sahib was constructed?
2. Who laid the foundation of Harmandir Sahib?
3. The foundation of Harmandir Sahib was laid in ………………
4. How many doors were kept for the entry in the Harmandir Sahib?
5. What wais the importance of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
1. Harmandir Sahib was constructed by Guru Aijan Dev Ji.
2. The foundation of Raima p dir Sahib was laid by Sufi Saint Mian Mir.
3. 1588 A.D.
4. Four doors were kept for the entry in the Harmandir Sahib.
5. It gave the Sikhs their most sacred religious place.

2. Development of Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Aijan Dev Ji. This system was founded by Guru Ram Das Ji. The word Masand has been derived from the Persian word ‘Masnad’ which means high place. As the representatives of Guru Ji used to sit on a higher place than others, so they were called as Ms sands. With the passage of time, the number of Sikhs had increased considerably. As a consequence, Guru Ji needed money for Langar and other development programmes. It was enjoined upon every Sikh to give Daswandh of his total income to Guru Sahib. For collecting this money from Sikhs, he appear red very responsible persons called Masands.

1. Which Guru Sahib had founded the Masand System?
2. Masand is the word of which language?
3. What is meant by Daswandh?
4. What was the importance of Masand system?
5. During whose Guru pontificate the development of Masand system took place?

• Guru Ram Dss Ji
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji
• Guru Hargobmd Ji
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Answer:
1. The Masand system was founded by Guru Ram Das Ji.
2. Masand is the word of Persian language.
3. Daswandh means l/10th of the total income.
4. It spread the message of Sikhism far and wide.
5. Guru Aijan Dev Ji.

3. Jahangir was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. So, he could not bear to see any other religion more prosperous than Islam. He could not tolerate the growing popularity of Sikhs in Punjab. So, he was looking for a chance to hamper their development. He wanted to put a stop to all this. In his book Tuzak-i-Jahangiri, he has himself written, “In Goindwal on the banks of the river Beas lived a Hindu named Arjan in the garb of‘Pir’ or ‘Shaikh’.

By his ways and manners he captured the fancy of many of the simple hearted Hindus and even many ignorant Muslims. He had loudly sounded the drum of his being Pir and a holy person. They called him Guru and from all sides innocent and foolish people crowded to manifest their complete faith in him. For three or four generations they had kept their shop warm. Many times I thought of putting a stop to this vain affair or to bring him
to Islam.”

1. What was the name of autobiography of Jahangir?
2. Why was Jahangir against Guru Arjan Sahib?
3. To whom did Jahangir call the shop of liar?
4. When Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred?
5. Guru Arjab Dev Ji was martyred at …………………
Answer:
1. Tuzak-i-Jahangiri was the name of autobiography of Jahangir.
2. He was not ready to tolerate the spread of Sikhism day by day.
3. Jahangir’called the peachings of Guru Arjan Dev Ji as the shop of liar.
4. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on 30th May, 1606 A.D.
5. Lahore.

Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Slkhism:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. At the time of assuming Guruship, Guru Hargobind Ji decided to wear the swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri was a symbol of temporal power and the sword of Piri a symbol of religious leadership. It meant that henceforth, Guru Hargobind Ji would lead his followers in temporal matters in addition to the religious matters. Guru Hargobind ji enjoined on his Sikhs to recite the name of God on one hand, and to wear arms for self-defence on the other. In this way, Guru Hargohind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint soldiers. This policy of Miri and Piri as adopted by Guru Hargobind Ji exercised a deep impact on the Sikh History.

1. When did Guru Hargobind Ji sat on Gurgaddi?
2. Which title was assumed by Guru Hargobind Ji?
3. Miri sword was the symbol of which power?
4. Piri sword was the symbol of …………. power.
5. Which Guru Sahib had declared the Sikhs as Saint Soldier? 1
Answer:
1. Guru Hargobind Ji sat on Gurgaddi in 1606 A.D.
2. Guru Hargobind Ji assumed the title of Sacha Padshah.
3. The sword of Miri was the symbol of temporal power, religious.
4. Guru Hargobind Ji had declared the Sikhs as Saint Soldier.

2. The construction of Akal Takht proved very helpful in the evolution of the New Policy. In fact, it was a great task of Guru Hargobind Ji. The construction of Akal Takht was begun by Guru Hargobind Ji in front of Harmandir Sahib in 1606 A.D. This stupendous task was completed in 1609 A.D. Inside it was built a -12 feet high rostrum, which was like a throne. Guru Hargobind Ji used to guide the political and military affairs of the Sikhs by occupying the throne.

1. What is meant by Akal Takht?
2. In which city Akal Takht Sahib was built?
3. Why was Akal Takht Sahib built?
4. What functions were carried by Guru Hargobind Ji at Akal Takht Sahib? Write any one. ”
5. When was the construction of Akal Takht Sahib started?

• 1605 A.D.
• 1606 A.D.
• 1607 A.D.
• 1609 A.D.

Answer:
1. Akal Takht meant seat of the Almighty.
2. Akal Takht Sahib was built in Amritsar.
3. Akal Takht Sahib was built to guide the political and military affairs of the Sikhs.
4. Guru Hargobind Ji gave military training to the Sikhs.
5. 1606 A.D.

3. Soon after the battle of Amritsar, second battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira (near Bathinda). The immediate cause of this battle was two horses named Dilbag and Gulbag. Two Masands named Bakht Mai and Tara Chand were bringing these horses from Kabul to present them to Guru Hargobind Sahib. On the way the Mughals dispossessed them of these horses and sent them to the royal stable.

Bhai Bidhi Chand Ji, a devotee of Guru Ji could not tolerate it. He went in disguise of a grass cutter and brought out both the horses from the royal stable and sent them to Guru Hargobind Ji. When Shah Jahan heard this news, he became very angry. He immediately sent a large army under the command of Lala Beg and Qamar Beg to crush the power of the Sikhs. A fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of life and both their commanders were killed.

1. When was the battle of Lahira took place between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
2. Write the names of those two horses which led to the battle of Lahira.
3. Which Sikh devotee brought out both the horses from the royal stable?
4. Which two Mughal commanders were killed in the battle of Lahira?
5. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of ……………
Answer:
1. The battle of Lahira took place between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals in,1634 A.D.
2. Dilbagh and Gulbagh were those two horses which led to the battle of Lahira.
3. Bhai Bidhi Chand Ji was the name of Sikh devotee who brought out both the horses from the royal stable.
4. Lala Beg and Qamar Beg were the two commanders who were killed in the battle of Lahira.
5. life.

Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Guru Har Rai Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1645 to 1661 A.D. His pontificate is considered peaceful in Sikh History. In order to preach Sikhism, Guru Har Rai Ji travelled to different parts of the Punjab i.e. Jalandhar, Amritsar, Kartarpur, Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Patiala, Ambala, Kamal and Hissar. Besides, he sent his preachers outside Punjab. During his journey to the Malwa region, Guru Sahib blessed Phul that he would become great and his descendants would rule. This prophecy of Guru Sahib turned out to be true. Dara Shikoh, the elder son of Shah Jahan was a devoted follower of Guru Har Rai Ji. In 1658 A.D. he was defeated by Aurangzeb. Thereafter, Dara Shikoh visited Guru Har Rai Ji to seek his blessings.

Guru Heir Rai Ji boosted his morale. After Aurangzeb firmly established himself on the throne he summoned Guru Har Rai Ji to Delhi. Guru Har Rai Ji sent his elder son Ram Rai to Delhi. In order to save himself from Aurangzeb’s wrath he wrongly interpreted a hymn of Adi Granth Sahib. Consequently, the Guru Ji declared Ram Rai unfit for Guruship and nominated his younger son Har Krishan Ji as the next successor of the Sikhs.

1. When Guru Har Rai Ji ascended the Gurgaddi?
2. Which places of Punjab were visited by Guru Har Rai Ji for preaching Sikhism? Name any two.
3. Name the devotee who was blessed by Guru Har Rai Ji.
4. Who was nominated the successor of Guru Har Rai Ji?
5. Who was the oldest son of Shah Jahan?

• Dara
• Shujha
• Aurangzeb
• Murad

Answer:
1. Guru Har Rai Ji ascended the Gurgaddi in 1645 A.D.
2. The four places of Punjab visited by Guru Har Rai Ji for preaching Sikhism were Jalandhar and Amritsar.
3. Guru Har Rai Ji blessed his devotee Phul that his descendants would rule.
4. Guru Har Rai Ji nominated Guru Har Krishan Ji as his successor.
5. Dara.

2. Guru Har Krishan Ji was the younger son of Guru Har Rai Ji. His pontificate began in 1661 A.D. Thus, he became the 8th Guru of the Sikhs. At the time of his assumption of Guruship he was only five years old. That is why Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as the Child Guru (Bal Guru) in Sikh History. Ram Rai, the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji stoutly opposed him. He considered himself to be the real claimant of Guruship. He tried his best to wrest Guruship from his brother but when he did not succeed, he sought help from Aurangzeb, who called Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. He stayed at the house of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. Cholera and small pox had broken out in Delhi in those days. Guru Har Krishan Ji devoted himself to the help of the sick, the poor and the orphAnswer: He himself became a victim of sma – pox and was taken ill. He breathed his last on March 30, 1664 A.D., but befo v that he uttered the words Baba Bakala’ which meant that his successor would found at Bakala.

1. Who was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs?
2. Guru Har Krishan Ji sat on Gurgaddi in ……………
3. Why is Guru Har Krishan Ji called as ‘Ral Guru’?
4. Who was Ram Rai?
5. Which service was rendered by Guru Har Krishan Ji in Delhi?
Answer:
1. Guru Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.
2. 1661 A.D.
3. Because he was only of .five years when he ascended the Gurgaddi.
4. Ram Rai was the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji.
5. In those days cholera and small-pox had broken out in Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji served the Sikhs, the poor and the orphans with open heart.

Guru Tech Bahadur Ji and his Martyrdom:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was the ninth Sikh Guru. He held the Guruship from 1664 A.D. to 1675 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib undertook tours to various places in and outside Punjab, to spread Sikhism and to remove prevalent blind faiths and superstitions among the masses. At that time, Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb ruled over India. He was a staunch Sunni Muslim. He had spread terror in the whole country with a view to convert Hindus into Muslims. Kashmiri Pandits were the worst sufferers of his persecutions. For the protection of Hindu religion, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji courted martyrdom on 11th November, 1675 A.D. at Delhi. This unique martyrdom of Guru Sahib had far reaching impacts.

It marked the beginning of a new era, not only in the history of Punjab, but also in the history of India. The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji kindled such a spark, which soon assumed the shape of a big flame, which eventually reduced the powerful Mughal empire to ashes. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his martyrdom for the protection of the Hindu religion Therefore he is known in History as ‘Hind Di .Chadar’.

1. When dud Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji ascend the Gurgaddi?
2. What were the objectives of the travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
3. Which Mughal emperor gave order to martyr Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
4. Where was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was Martyred?

• Lahore
• Delhi
• Amritsar
• None of the above.

5. Why is Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji called ‘Hind Di Chadar’?
Answer:
1. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji ascended the Gurgaddi in 1664 A.D.
2.

• To preach Sikhism.
• To remove superstitious prevalent among the people.

3. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb gave order to martyr Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
4. Delhi.
5. Because Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his martyrdom for the protection of Hindu religion so he is called as ‘Hind Di Chadar’.

2. The Pandits living in Kashmir were firm believers in their religion and culture. The Hindus all over India revered them. Aurangzeb thought if these Kashmiri Pandits were converted to Islam the Hindus living in other parts of India would readily follow their example. With this object in view Aurangzeb appointed Sher Afghan as the Governor of Kashmir. Sher Afghan forced the Pandits to embrace Islam. He offered them the choice between Islam and death. They were tortured and brutally killed everyday in large numbers. When they found no way out to save their faith, a sixteen member deputation led by Pandit Kirpa Ram met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Chakk Nanaki, (Sri Anandpur Sahib) on 25th May, 1675 A.D. They sought Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s help.

1. Who was Sher Afghan?
2. Why was Sher Afghan infamous?
3. Under whose leadership a deputation of Kashmiri Pandits came to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji for help?
4. At which place the Pandits of Kashmir met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

• Lahore
• Amritsar
• Chakk Nanaki
• Jalandhar.

5. What is the modern name of Chakk Nanaki?
Answer:
1. Sher Afghan was the governor of Kashmir.
2. He had inflicted great atrocities on Kashmiri Pandits.
3. A deputation of Kashmiri Pandits under the leadership of Pandit Kjrpa Ram had met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Chakk Nanaki for help.
4. Chakk Nanaki.
5. The modern name of Chakk Nanaki is Sri Anandpur Sahib.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji: The Foundation of Khalsa, his Battles and his Personality:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The Battle of Bhangani was the first battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Hill Chiefs. It took place on September 22, 1688 A.D. Many factors were responsible for this battle. Firstly, the Hill Chiefs were alarmed to see the military activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Their freedom seemed to be jeopardised. Secondly, the Hill Chiefs deemed the reforms of Guru Gobind Singh Ji an interference in their religious matters. Thirdly, these Hill Chiefs used to harass the Sikh Sangat. Fourthly, the Mughal government was also instigating these Chiefs to take steps against Gum Ji.

The allied forces of Hill Chiefs under the command of Bhim Chand, the ruler of Kahlur and Fateh Shah, the ruler of Kashmir attacked Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s army at Bhangani on September 22, 1688 A.D. Pir Buddhu Shah of Sadhaura rendered valuable help to Guru Gobind Singh Ji in this battle. The Sikhs bravely resisted the allied forces and became victorious in this battle. This victory boosted the morale of the Sikhs and Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s fame reached far and wide. The Hill Chiefs deemed it wise to shun Guru Ji’s opposition and establish amicable relations with him.

1. Which was the first battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Hill Chiefs?
2. Write any one cause of the battle of Bhangani.
3. When was the battle of Bbangani fought?

• 1686 AD.
• 1687 A.D.
• 1688 AD.
• 1699 A.D.

4. In the battle of Bhangani who provided help to Guru Gobind Singh Ji?
5. What was the significance of the victory of Sikhs in the battle of Bhangani?
Answer:
1. The first battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Hill Chiefs is the battle of Bhangani.
2. The Hill Chiefs were alarmed on seeing the war preparations of the Sikhs.
3. 1688 A.D.
4. In the battle of Bhangani Guru Gobind Singh Ji was provided help by Pir Buddhu Shah.
5. As a result of the victory of the Sikhs in the battle of Bhagani the fame of Gum Gobind Singh Ji spread far and wide.

2. On the day of Baisakhi in 1699 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji held a congregation at Kesgarh at Sri Anandpur Sahib. 80000 Sikhs attended the congregation. When all the people sat down, Guru Ji appeared on the stage. With his sword unsheathed—he spoke, “Is there any Sikh who would sacrifice his life for Dharma?” His words numbed the audience. When Guru Sahib repeated his call for the third time, Bhai Daya Ram Ji offered himself for sacrifice.

Guru Ji repeated this process for four more times. Bhai Dharara Das Ji, Bhai Mohkam Chand Ji, Bhai Sahib Chand Ji and Bhai Himmat Rai Ji were thus selected. Guru Gobind Singh Ji selected the ‘Panj Payaras’, the five beloveds. Guru Sahib gave the Nectar of Immortality (Khande Ka Pahul) to the five beloved ones and then begged to be baptised by them. Guru Sahib gave the name of Khalsa i.e. pure to the love beloved ones. He said Khalsa is in Guru and the Guru is in Khalsa therefore, Guru Gobind Singh Ji is also called ‘Aape Gur Chela’. In this way, Guru Gobind Singh Ji laid the foundation of the Khalsa.

1. What is meant by Khalsa?
2. Who was the first to offer his head to the Guru?
3. Which was the unanimous name given to those who offered their heads?
4. Who is called ‘Aape Gur Chela’?
5. Which of the following offered his head?

• Dharm Das
• Mohkam Chand
• Sahib Chand
• All of the above.

Answer:
1. Khalsa meant pure.
2. Bhai Daya Ram Ji was the first to offer his head.
3. Five beloved ones.
4. Guru Gobind Singh Ji is called ‘Aape Gur Chela’.
5. All of the above.

3. After the creation of the Khalsa in 1899 A.D., people .in a large number had started adopting Sikh religion. This increasing strength of Guru Sahib gave sleepless nights to the Hill Chiefs. Raja Bhim Chand of Kahlur, in whose dominion Sri Anandpur Sahib fell, told Guru Gobind Singh Ji to vacate Sri Anandpur Sahib. Guru Sahib flatly refused to oblige him. He held the view that Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had purchased that land by. .making proper payment for it. So, Bhim Chand in collusion with some other Hill Chiefs attacked the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib in 1701 A.D.

The siege continued for days together. Although the number of the Sikhs inside the fort was very small yet they strongly resisted the joint forces of the Hill Chiefs. When the Hill Chiefs lost hope of victory, they compromised with Guru Sahib. This compromise was only a pretense on the part of the Hill Chiefs.

1. When was the first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib fought?
2. Who was Bhim Chand’?
3. Write anyone cause of the first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
4. Bhim Chand in collusion with some other Hill Chiefs attacked the fort of Sri Anandpur Sahib in …………….
5. What was the result of the first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib?
Answer:
1. The first battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib was fought in 1701 A.D.
2. Bhim Chand was the ruler of Kahlur.
3. The Hill chiefs were not prepared to see the war preparation of the Sikhs.
4. 1701 A.D.
5. The Hill Chiefs had entered into a treaty with Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

4. The battle of Khidrana was the last decisive battle fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughal forces. After facing many hardships in the forests of Machhiwara, Guru Sahib reached Khidrana. When the Mughal forces came to know of it, the Nawab of Sirhind Wazir Khan planned to attack Khidrana. On 29th December, 1705 A.D., Wazir Khan, under the command of a huge army attacked Guru Sahib at Khidrana. The Sikhs showed exemplary bravery in the battle. They inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mughal forces as a result of which they took to their heels.

In this way, Guru Sahib won a glorious victory in this last battle. In this battle, those 40 Sikhs also fell martyrs who had deserted Guru Sahib in the second battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib. Impressed by the sacrifice made by them, and on the request of their leader Maha Singh, who was struggling with life, Guru Sahib tore the Bedawa, which they had written at Sri Anandpur Sahib. He also gave them the boon of Mukti (salvation).

1. Which was the last battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals?
2. Who was the Nawab of Sirhind?
3. Which Sikhs had got martyrdom in the battle of Khidrana?
4. When was the battle of Khidrana fought?

• 1699 A.D.
• 1701 A.D.
• 1703 A.D.
• 1705 A.D.

5. What is the modern name of Khidrana?
Answer:
1. The last battle to be fought between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Mughals was the battle of Khidrana.
2. The Nawab of Sirhind was Wazir Khan.
3. In the battle of Khidrana those 40 Sikhs were martyred who had given bed away to Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the second battle of Sri Anandpur Sahib.
4. 1705 A.D.
5. The modern name of Khidrana is Sri Muktsar Sahib.

5. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a poet and laureate of exceptional order. His poetry is unexcelled for its freshness and vigour. It remains unsurpassed in any language in proclaiming the supreme holiness and majesty of God. The scenes of the battles are recaptured in a very vivid manner. For its intellectual sweep and rhythm, his poetry is so different from the literary creation of the period. In his compositions, Guru Gobind Singh Ji made use of languages like Arabic, Persian, Punjabi, Hindi, Sanskrit etc. Among his compositions Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak, Zafamama, Chandi Di Var and Akal Ustat are very prominent.

These compositions are so thrilling that they have the power to infuse a new life even among the dead. It gave the message of universal brotherhood of mankind. It also inspires to boldly face the prepetrators of cruelity.

1. Write the names of any four famous compositions of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
2. What is Bachitar Natak?
3. Which letter was written by Guru Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb?
4. What was explained in Zafamama?

• The atrocities of Aurangzeb
• The battle between Aurangzeb and Dara.
• The religious policy of Aurangzeb.
• All of the above.

5. Write any one feature of the literature of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
1. The names of four famous compositions of Guru Gobind Singh Ji were Jaap Sahib, Bachitar Natak, Zafamama and Chandi Di Var.
2. Bachitar Natak is the name of autobiography of Gum Gobind Singh Ji.
3. The name of letter written by Gum Gobind Singh Ji to Aurangzeb was Zafamama.
4. The atrocities of Aurangzeb.
5. It gave the message of universal brotherhood of mankind to humanity.

Banda Singh Bahadur:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Banda Singh Bahadur, whose first name was Lachhman Dev was a resident of Rajauri village in district Poonch of Kashmir. His father was a poor peasant. His heart was moved when he hunted down a pregnant she-deer. As a result he turned a bairagi. He changed his name from Lachhman Dev to Madho Das. He obtained teaching in occultism (Tantric Knowledge) from a saint of Panchvati, named Aughar Nath. Staying there for some time, Madho Das came to Nanded. It was at Nanded that a meeting took place between him and Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1708 A.D.

A discussion took place between Madho Das and Guru Gobind Ji. In this meeting Madho Das was so much impressed by the personality of Guru Gobind Singh Ji that he became his Banda (slave). Guru Gobind Singh Ji administered him Amrit and gave him a new name—Banda Singh Bahadur. In this way, Banda Bairagi became a Sikh.

1. What was the childhood name of Banda Singh Bahadur?
2. Which incident had a deep impact on the mind of Banda Singh Bahadur?
3. At which place the meeting between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Banda Singh Bahadur were held?
4. When was a meeting held between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Banda Singh Bahadur?

• 1705 A.D.
• 1706 A.D.
• 1707 A.D.
• 1708 A.D.

5. How did Banda Bairagi become a Sikh?
Answer:
1. The childhood name of Banda Singh Bahadur was Lachhman Dev.
2. By hunting she deer which was pregnant had a deep impact on the mind of Banda Singh Bahadur.
3. Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Banda Singh Bahadur had met at Nanded.
4. 1708 A.D.
5. Guru Gobind Singh Ji had baptised Madho Das. Thus Banda Bairagi had become a sikh.

2. Wazir Khan, the Faujdar of Sirhind had got the two younger sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, of Guru Gobind Singh Ji killed by bricking them alive in the wall. So, Banda Singh Bahadur wanted to teach him such a lesson which should be remembered by the Muslims for a long time. On May 12, 1710 A.D., Banda Singh Bahadur attacked the army of Wazir Khan at Chapar Chiri.

The Sikhs massacred the Muslims to such an extent that they shuddered at the very thought of it. Wazir Khan was killed and hanged on a tree upside down. Massacre stalked the whole Sirhind on May 14, 1710 A.D. This glorious conquest further boosted the morale of the Sikhs.

1. Who was Wazir Khan?
2. Why did Banda Singh Bahadur attack Sirhind?
3. At which place Wazir Khan was killed by the Sikhs?
4. When was the battle of Chapar Chiri fought?

• 1706 A.D.
• 1708 A.D.
• 1709 A.D.
• 1710 A.D.

5. Who became victorious in the battle of Chapar Chiri?
Answer:
1. Wazir Khan was the Nawab of Sirhind.
2. Banda Singh Bahadur wanted to avenge the martyrdom of two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji who were bricked alive in a wall at Sirhind.
3. Wazir Khan was killed at Chapar Chiri by the Sikhs.
4. 1710 A.D.
5. The Sikhs became victorious in the battle of Chapar Chiri.

3. Abdus-Samad-Khan besieged Banda Singh Bahadur at Gurdas Nangal in April 1715 A.D. This siege continued for eight months. Gradually provisions ran out and condition of the Sikhs grew critical. At this juncture, Baba Binod Singh advised Banda Singh Bahadur to escape from the haveli but Banda Singh Bahadur refused to do so. So, Binod Singh escaped from the haveli with his companions. At last Banda Singh Bahadur had to give in on December 7, 1715 A.D.

1. Who was Abdus Samad Khan?
2. At Gurdas Nangal Banda Singh Bahadur had faced the Mughal forces from which Haveli?
3. For what time the battle of Gurdas Nangal lasted?
4. Which companion of Banda Singh Bahadur had left him during the battle of Gurdas Nangal?
5. When was Banda Singh Bahadur arrested?

• 1705 AJD.
• 1710 A.D.
• 1711 A.D.
• 1715 A.D.

Answer:
1. Abdus Samad Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. At Gurdas Nangal Banda Singh Bahadur had faced the Mughal forces from the haveli of Duni Chand.
3. The battle of Gurdas Nangal lasted for 8 months.
4. During the battle of Gurdas Nangal Baba Binod Singh, a companion of Banda Singh Bahadur had left him.
5. 1715 A.D.

Abdus Samad Khan, Zakariya Khan and Mir Mannu: Their Relations with the Sikhs:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow:

1. After the issuance of the royal edict, Abdus Samad Khan had started torturing the sikhs in various ways. Hundreds of innocent Sikhs were daily arrested and brought to Lahore. They were tempted to embrace Islam in exchange for their life but the Guru’s Sikhs preferred death to this type of life. The executioners killed such Sikhs after subjecting them to untold tortures. In order to escape this bloody policy of Abdus Samad Khan, many Sikhs took shelter in the Lakhi jungles and in the Shivalik hills. There they had to face many hardships. They had to go without food for days together or feed on tree leaves and roots.

The Mughal officials started committing harshness on women and children, who were left behind. In this way during the early years of Abdus Samad Khan’s rule, this policy paid rich dividends. Feeling happy with him Farrukh Siyar honoured him with the title of “Sword of the State”.

1. Who was Abdus Samad Khan?
2. After the issuance of the royal edict …………… had started torturing the sikhs daily martyred?
3. Where were Sikhs daily martyred?
4. What steps were taken by the Sikhs to escape the tyranny of Abdus Samed Khan?
5. With which title Farrukh Siyar honoured Abdus Samed Khan?
Answer:
1. Abdus Samed Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. Abdus Samad Khan.
3. The Sikhs were daily martyred at Lahore.
4. To escape the tyranny of Abdus Samad Khan the sikhs took shelter in Lakhi jungles and Shivalik Hills.
5. Farrukh Siyar had honoured Abdus Samad Khan with the title of ‘Sword of the State’.

2. Zakariya Khan was greatly disturbed due to the growing activities of the Sikhs. He raised the slogan of ‘Jihad’ to crush the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Muslims gathered under his banner. The command of this army was entrusted to Inayatulla Khan. On the auspicious day of Id, they were given a Haidri flag and it was proclaimed that God would certainly bestow victory on those who fought under this flag. When the Sikhs learnt about it they once again went to their hideouts. One day about seven thousand Sikhs suddenly attacked these Ghazis and caused havoc in their ranks. Thousands of Ghazis were killed. Besides, the Sikhs plundered their possessions.

1. Who was Zakariya Khan?
2. What is meant by Jihad?
3. Who was given the command of Haidri flag?
4. Who was the Subedar of Punjab at the time of the incident of Haidri flag?

• Abdus Samad Khan
• Zakariya Khan
• Mir Mannu
• Ahmad Shah Abdali.

5. Where did the Sikhs took shelter?
Answer:
1. Zakariya Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. Jihad meant religious war.
3. The command of Haidri flag was given to Inayatulla Khan.
4. Zakariya Khan.
5. The Sikhs took shelter in forests and hills.

3. The compromise with the Mughals gave the Sikhs a golden opportunity to organise their power. Nawab Kapoor Singh sent a message to the Sikhs that they should return to their homes from their hideouts in jungles and hills. Thus, the two decade old struggle between the Mughals and Sikhs came to an end. The Sikhs heaved a sigh of relief. In order to strengthen the power of the Sikhs Nawab Kapoor Singh organised them in two groups in 1734 A.D.

These groups were known as Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five groups. Each group comprised 1300 to 2000 Sikhs and had its own leader and banner. The Buddha Dal looked after the religious places and the Taruna Dal fought with the enemies.

1. When was a pact signed between the Mughals and the Sikhs?
2. Who was the Subedar of Punjab when a pact was signed between the Mughals and the Sikhs?

• Ahmad Shah Abdali
• Mir Mannu
• Zakariya Khan
• None of these.

3. Who was Nawab Kapoor Singh?
4. When was Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal formed?
5. Who were recruited in the Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal?
Answer:
1. A pact was signed between the Mughals and the Sikhs in 1733A.D.
2. Zakariya Khan.
3. Nawab Kapoor Singh was a prominent sikh leader of the 18th centuiy.
4. Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal were formed in 1734 A.D.
5. The Sikhs above the age of 40 were recruited in the Buddha Dal and below the age of 40 in the Taruna Dal.

4. The martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji occupies a significant place in the Sikh History. Because of his matchless service to the Sikh Panth, he was greatly respected by the Sikhs. He had been the Head Priest of Harmandir Sahib since 1721 A.D. The Sikhs were greatly perturbed when the soldiers of Zakariya Khan occupied Harmandir Sahib and established army posts to prevent the entry of the Sikhs. In 1738 A-D. Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested Zakariya Khan to allow the Sikhs to enter the Harmandir Sahib on the Diwali festival, he would offer him Rs. 5000.

Zakariya Khan readily accepted the offer. In fact, he hatched a plan. According to this plan he wanted to attack suddenly and completely decimate the Sikhs who were supposed to gather at Amritsar on Diwali.

1. Who was Bhai Mani Singh Ji?
2. To whom Bhai Mani Singh Ji requested to give the Sikhs permission to celebrate Diwali at Amritsar?
3. Bhai Mani Singh Ji offered what amount to Zakariya Khan in case of allowing the Sikhs to enter Amritsar.

• Rs. 2000
• Rs. 3000
• Rs. 4000
• Rs. 5000.

4. When was Bhai Mani Singh Ji martyred?
5. What was the result of the martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh Ji?
Answer:
1. Bhai Mani Singh Ji was the Head Priest of Harmandir Sahib from 1721 A.D.
2. He requested Zakariya Khan, the Subedar of Lahore.
3. Rs. 5000.
4. Bhai Mani Singh Ji was martyred in 1738 A.D.
5. It boosted the morale of the Sikhs.

5. With a view to decimate the Sikhs, Yahiya Khan and Lakhpat Rai raised a huge army. This army, unexpectedly, besieged 15,000 Sikhs at Kahnuwan. The Sikhs escaped from there and took shelter in the hills of Basoli. The Mughal soldiers gave them a hot chase. Here the Sikhs were trapped in a difficult situation. On one side there were high hills, while on the other the river Ravi was in full spate. The Mughal soldiers were chasing them from behind while in front they were faced by the Hill Chiefs and those people, who were their bitter enemies.

The Sikhs were short of food-stuffs. Owing to the shortage of fodder, the horses too were suffering from starvation. In this attack, 7000 Sikhs were martyred and 3000 arrested. These Sikhs were martyred at Lahore. It was the first occasion in Sikh history, when the Sikhs suffered such a heavy loss of life. That is why this event is known as first Ghallughara or small holocaust in history.

1. When did first holocaust take place?
2. Who was the Subedar of Lahore at the time of first holocaust?
3. How many Sikhs were martyred in the first holocaust?
4. Sikhs were arrested during the first holocaust.
5. The first holocaust was known by which other name?
Answer:
1. The first holocaust took place in May 1746 A.D.
2. At the time of the first holocaust Yahiya Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
3. In the first holocaust 7000 Sikhs were martyred.
4. 3000
5. The first holocaust was known as chotta Ghallughara.

Rise of the Dal Khalsa and its Mode of Fighting:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. When the persecution of the Sikhs by Zakariya Khan failed to crush the power of the Sikhs, he compromised with the Sikhs in 1733 A.D. So the Sikhs got a golden opportunity to organise their power. In 1734 A.D. Nawab Kapoor Singh, by merging all small Jathas organised them into two chief Dais. These Dais were named Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal. In the Buddha Dal, Sikhs above 40 years of age were recruited. The function of this Dal was to look after the religious places and to propagate Sikh religion. The chief function of the Taruna Dal was to defend the community and to fight with the enemies.

The Taruna Dal was further divided into five Jathas and each Jatha was placed under an experienced Sikh Jathedar. Each Jatha comprised 1300 to 2000 young men. Each Jatha had its flag and drum. Although, Nawab Kapoor Singh was entrusted with the leadership of Buddha Dal, he acted as a common link between the two Dais. After having been united into two Dais the Sikhs were able to intensify their activities against the government.

1. Who was Zakariya Khan?
2. When was Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal formed?
3. Who formed Buddha Dal and Taruma Dal?

• Banda Singh Bahadur
• Nawab Kapoor Singh
• Guru Gobind Singh Ji
• None of these.

4. Who were included in the Taruna Dal?
5. Who led the Buddha Dal?
Answer:
1. Zakariya Khan was the Subedar of Lahore.
2. Buddha Dal and Taruna Dal was formed in 1734 A.D.
3. Nawab Kapoor Singh. 5:
4. In Taruna Dal the Sikhs below the age of 40 were included.
5. Buddha Dal was led by Nawab Kapoor Singh.

2. On 29th March, 1748 A.D. on the day of Baisakhi the Sikhs gathered at Amritsar. Nawab Kapoor Singh suggested that in view of the hard time ahead, there was a great need for unity and strength of the Panth, Keeping this objective in view, the Dal Khalsa was organised on this day. 65 Sikh Jathas were merged into 12 Jathas. Each Jatha had its own separate leader and flag. Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was appointed the Supreme Commander of the Dal Khalsa. Every Sikh, who had faith in the principles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji was considered to be the member of the Dal Khalsa.

It was imperative for every Sikh to join the Dal Khalsa to face the enemy. It was expected of every Sikh who joined the Dal Khalsa to be expert in both horse-riding and use of weapons. Every member of the Dal Khalsa was at full liberty to join any Jatha. At the time of war, one of the 12 Sardars was selected the Chief of the Dal Khalsa and the other Sardars complied
with his orders.

1. By whom was Dal Khalsa established?
2. When was Dal Khalsa established?

• 1733 A.D.
• 1734 A.D.
• 1738 A.D.
• 1748 A.D.

3. Who was S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
4. Who could be recruited in the Dal Khalsa?
5. Write any one feature of the Dal Khalsa.
Answer:
1. Dal Khalsa was established by Nawab Kapoor Singh.
2. 1748 A.D.
3. S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the Supreme Commander of the Dal Khalsa.
4. In Dal Khalsa every Sikh who had faith in the principles of Guru Gobind Singh Ji could join it.
5. Cavalry was the most important organ of the army of the Dal Khalsa.

Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab under the Mughals:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. In the Mughal period, it wasnot the responsibility of the government to impart education to the people. The Hindus received their early education in the temples, while the Muslims received*! in the mosques. The pupils were also given education about their religions, ’JThe Hindus took more interest in education than the Muslims. No fee was charged from the students. After the completion of studies, the pupils would give some offerings to the teachers. There were centres of higher education at places like Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Jalandhar, Sultanpur, Batala, Ambala, Sirhind in Punjab. The government would give them financial aid. Dining this period no attention was paid to women’s education. Only a few women of upper class families got education. Private arrangement for their education was made at homes.

1. Why was education not developed during the Mughal times?
2. During the Mughal period the Hindus and the Muslims get their early education from where?
3. Write any one feature of the prevelent education during the Mughal times.
4. During the Mughal times what was the status of women education.
5. During the Mughal times the pupils would give some to the teachers after the completion of their studies.
Answer:
1. Because it was not the responsibility of the government to provide education during the Mughal times.
2. During the Mughal times the Hindus ’got their early education in temples and the Muslims got their early education in mosques.
3. At that times no fee was charged from the students.
4. No attention was paid to the women education during the Mughal times.
5. offerings.

2. The chief occupation of the people of Punjab during the Mughal period was agriculture. 80% population of the Punjab was engaged in this occupation. The reason behind this was that the land of Punjab was very fertile and there was no shortage of means of irrigation. The Mughal emperors were well aware of the fact that the prosperity of the empire depended on the economic condition of the. farmers. So, they paid special attention to encourage agriculture. In 1581 A.D., ‘Zabti system’ was enforced in Punjab. Under this system the cultivable land in the Punjab was measured.

On the basis of its fertility, it was classified as Polz, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The government would determine its land revenue on the basis of the fertility of the soil, convenience of irrigation and average output of the previous decade. The maximum revenue of the government was one-third. The government collected its land revenue in kind or cash according to the convenience of the farmers.

1. What was the chief occuption of the people of Punjab during the Mughal period?
2. During the Mughal times what % of people depended upon agriculture?

• 50%
• 60%
• 70%
• 80%.

3. What is meant by Zabti system?
4. Write any two features of agriculture during the Mughal period.
5. How did the government collected its revenue from the farmers during the Mughal times?
Answer:
1. The chief occupation of the people of Punjab during the Mughal period was agriculture.
2. 80%.
3. Zabti system meant the measurement of the cultivated land.
4. The government would determine its land revenue on the basis of fertility of the soil, irrigational facilities and average output of the previous decade.
5. The government collected its land revenue either in kind or in cash taking int6 the convenience of the farmers.

3. Sikhism was founded during the Mughal period,, This religion was founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the 15th century. Guru Nanak Dev Ji condemned the prevailing social evils of the times. He preached the worship of one God and delivered the message of universal brotherhood of*mankind. He founded Sangat and Pangat institutions. The doors of his religion were open for people of all castes and creeds. He showed the right path of knowledge to the people who were groping in the darkness. His nine successors carried forward his message!

The policy of religious tolerance of Mughal emperor Akbar provided a golden opportunity for the Sikh religion to prosper. Tension between the Mughals and the Sikhs started with accession of Mughal emperor Jahangir. The Sikhs were incited due to the martyrdom of Guru Aijan Dev Ji in 1606 A.D. and of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in 1675 A.D. To confront the cruelties of the Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh Ji founded Khalsa Panth in 1699 A.D. The foundation of Khalsa started a new era in the history of Punjab.

1. During which period Sikhism was born?
2. Who was the founder of Sikhism?
3. What do you mean by ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’?
4. When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred?

• 1605 A.D.
• 1606 A.D.
• 1665 A.D.
• 1675 A.D.

5. When was Khalsa Panth founded?
Answer:
1. Sikhism was founded during the Mughal period.
2. Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of Sikhism.
3.

• Sangat means that congregation which listens to the hymns of the Guru.
• Pangat means a group of people sitting in a queue to partake langar.

4. 1675 A.D.
5. Khalsa Panth was founded in 1699 A.D. by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Disintegration of Mughal rule in the Punjab:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Ahmad Shah Abdali ruled from 1747 A.D. to 1772 A.D. He invaded Punjab eight times, during his rule from 1747 to 1767 A.D. In 1752 A.D. after defeating the Mughal Governor, Mir Mannu, he annexed Punjab to Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Governors appointed by him committed innumerable atrocities on the Sikhs. In the big holocaust of 1762 A.D., Abdali brutally martyred a large number of Sikhs. Despite all this, the Sikhs stood firm like a rock.

Through guerilla warfare they never allowed any sigh of relief to Abdali. In 1765 A.D. the Sikhs took possession of Lahore and declared their independence. Despite his best efforts Abdali had failed to crush the power of the Sikhs.

1. Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
2. When did Ahmad Shah Abdali became the king of Afghanistan.

• 1747 A.D.
• 1748 A.D.
• 1752 A.D.
• 1767 A.D.

3. How many times Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Punjab?
4. When did Wadda Ghallughara take place?
5. Why did Ahmad Shah Abdali fail to crush the Sikhs? Write any one cause.
Answer:
1. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the rdler of Afghanistan.
2. 1747 A.D.
3. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Pui\jab for the eight times.
4. Wadda Ghallughara take place in 1762 A.D.
5. The determination of the Sikhs was very strong.

2. Ahmad Shah Abdali reached Delhi in January 1757 A.D. None resisted Abdali in Delhi. In Delhi, he looted enormously. Afterwards, he looted Mathura and Brindaban. Then he marched towards Agra but owing to the outbreak of cholera in the army, he decided to go back to Kabul. On reaching Punjab, he made his son Timur Shah, the Governor of Punjab. He ordered Timur Shah to teach the Sikhs a lesson for their activities. In order to crush the power of the Sikhs, he sent an army to Amritsar under the command of Jahan Khan. A fierce battle was fought near Amritsar between the Afghans and the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikh leader Baba Deep Singh Ji displayed unparalleled heroism.

As tradition goes, he continued to fight the enemy even after his head was severed. He breathed his last after reaching Harmandir Sahib on November 11, 1757 A.D. The martyrdom of Baba Deep Singh Ji infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. The Sikhs started looting the adjoining areas of Lahore. It frightened the Afghans, so much that the gates of Lahore city were closed an hour before nightfall.

1. In 1757 A.D. Ahmad Shah Abdali looted the which cities of India?
2. Why Ahmad Shah Abdali returned from Agra?
3. Who was Timur Shah?
4. When and where did Baba Deep Singh Ji got martydom?
5. The martyrdom of Baba Deep Singh Ji infused a new mong the Sikhs.
Answer:
1. In 1757 A.D. Ahmad Shah Abdali looted the Indian cities of Delhi, Mathura, Brindaban and Punjab.
2. Ahmad Shah Abdali had returned from Agra because cholera had spread in that city.
3. Timur Shah was the son of Ahmad Shah Abdali,
4. Baba Deep Singh Ji got martyrdom in 1757 A.D. at Amritsar.
5. spirit.

3. On 14 January, 1761 A.D. the Marathas attacked the army of Abdali. This was a fearful battle. At the beginning of the battle the Marathas seemed to have the odds in their favour. But when Vishwas Rao was killed by a bullet the whole situation was easily reversed. Sadashiv Rao Bhau got down from his elephant to express sorrow. When the Maratha soldiers saw his palanquin empty on the elephant they thought he had also been killed.

As a result panic spread amongst the Maratha soldiers. Abdali’s soldiers grabbed this golden opportunity and followed them and caused them heavy losses. In this battle nearly all important Maratha leaders and 28,000 Maratha soldiers were killed. Thousands of Maratha soldiers were wounded and thousands were taken prisoners.

1. When was the third battle of Panipat fought?
2. Between whom the third hattle of Panipat was fought?

• Sikhs and Marathas
• Marathas and Abdali
• Sikhs and Abdali
• None of these.

3. Who was Vishwas Rao?
4. Who was Sadashiv Rao Bhau?
5. Write any one result of the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
1. The third battle of Panipat was fought on 14th January, 1761 A.D.
2. Marathas and Abdali.
3. Vishwas Rao was the son of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao.
4. Sadashiv Rao Bhau was the commander in chief of the Marathas during the third battle of Panipat.
5. It resulted in the heavy loss of the Marathas in men and money.

4. Ahmad Shah Abdali captured Lahore without any resistance. Then, he proceeded towards Jandiala. On reaching here, he received the information that the Sikhs had gone from there and gathered at a village Kup near Malerkotla. So, he hurriedly rushed towards Malerkotla. He ordered Zain Khan, the Governor of Sirhind, to reach there with his forces. These joint forces suddenly attacked the Sikhs at village Kup on 5th February, 1762 A.D. At that time the Sikhs were taking their families to some safe place. Their arms and rations were lying at village Garma, which was at a distance of 6 kilometres from there.

The Sikhs while forming a safety circle around their women and children started resisting Abdali’s soldiers. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses in the battle for want of arms. In this battle 25,000 to 30,000 Sikhs were massacred. This loss was too much for the Sikhs. That is why this incident is known as Wadda Ghallughara (Great Holocaust) in the Sikh history.

1. When and where did Wadda Ghallughara take place?
2. Who was responsible for Wadda Ghallughara?
3. Who was the Subedar of Sirhind at the time of Wadda Ghallughara?
4. What were the causes of heavy loss of the Sikhs during Wadda Ghallughara?
5. The Sikhs suffered in the battle.
Answer:
1. Wadda Ghallughara took place on 5th February, 1762 A.D. at Kup.
2. Ahmad Shah Abdali was responsible for Wadda Ghallughara.
3. Zain Khan was the Subedar of Sirhind at the time of Wadda Ghallughara.
4. The Sikhs had very few weapons with them.
5. Heavy losses.

Origin and Growth of the Sikh Misls and their nature of Organization:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Nawab Kapoor Singh was the founder of the Faizalpuria Misl. First of all, he occupied a village named Faizalpur near Amritsar. The name of this village was changed into Singhpur. Therefore, Faizalpuria Misl is also known as Singhpuria Misl. Kapoor Singh was very brave and fearless. It was Bhai Mani Singh, who baptised him. Soon, he became a famous Sikh leader. In 1733 A.D., he received the title of Nawab and an estate which could fetch Rs. 1 lakh as annual income from the Mughal Governor of Punjab, Zakariya Khan. With a view to organise the Sikh power in .1734 A.D.

Nawab Kapoor Singh formed two ‘Jathas’ namely the Buddha Dal and the Taruna Dal. He led both the Dais very ably and intelligently. By founding the Dal Khalsa in 1748 A.D., he rendered a yeoman’s service to the Sikh Panth. In fact, the contribution of Nawab Kapoor Singh to the growth and organisation of the Sikh Panth is remarkable. He passed away in the year 1753 A.D.

1. Who was the founder of the Faizalpuria Misl?
2. By what other name Faizalpuria Mi$l was known?
3. In which year and from when S. Kapoor Singh received the title of Nawab?
4. Write any one achievement of Nawab Kapoor Singh.
5. Dal Khalsa was established in ………………
Answer:
1. The founder of the Faizalpuria Misl was Nawab Kapoor Singh.
2. Faizalpuria Misl was also known as Singhpuria Misl.
3. S. Kapoor Singh was given the title of Nawab in 1733 A.D. by Mughal Subedar Zakriya Khan.
4. He had organised the Buddha Dal and the Taruna Dal in 1734 A.D.
5. 1748 A.D.

2. The founder of the Ahluwalia Misl was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He was the inhabitant of Ahlu village near Lahore. So, this Misl came to be known as the Ahluwalia Misl. Jassa Singh was still very young when his father passed away. 3o, Jassa Singh’s maternal uncle, Bhag Singh brought him up. Nawab Kapoor Singh was greatly impressed by the personality of Jassa Singh. He kept Jassa Singh with him and brought him up as his own son.

Because of his qualities Jassa Singh soon became a famous leaded of the Sikhs. In 1739 A.D. under the leadership of Jassa Singh, the Sikhs attacked Nadir Shah’s army and robbed it of its wealth. In the small holocaust of 1746 A.D. Jassa Singh showed many feats of bravery. As a result, his name and fame spread, far and wide. When the Dal Khalsa was organised in 1748 A.D., Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was made its Commander-in-Chief. By leading the Dal Khalsa ably, he rendered a great service to the Sikh Panth.

Under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, the Sikhs conquered Lahore in 1761 A.D. It was the most significant conquest of the Sikhs. For this reason, the Khalsa Panth honoured S. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by conferring on him the title of Sultan-ul-Quam. In 1762 A.D., at the time of Great Holocaust, Jassa Singh fought very bravely against the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali. In 1764 A.D. Jassa Singh conquered Sirhind and put its ruler, Zain Khan to death. In 1778 A.D. Jassa Singh captured Kapurthala and made it the capital of the Ahluwalia Misl.

1. Who was Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
2. Why was Ahluwalia Misl so called?
3. What was the name of the capital of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?
4. Write any one achievement of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
5. When was Kapurthala occupied by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia?

• 1761 A.D.
• 1768 A.D.
• 1778 A.D.
• 1782 A.D.

Answer:
1. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was the founder of Ahluwalia Misl.
2. Ahluwalia Misl was so called because Jassa Singh Ahluwalia belonged to village Ahlu.
3. Kapurthala was the capital of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.
4. He had ably led the Dal Khalsa.
5. 1778 A.D.

3. Jassa Singh was the most famous leader of the Ramgarhia Misl. Under his leadership, this Misl reached the pinnacle of glory. Jassa Singh at first served under the Faujdar of Jalandhar Doab, Adina Beg. In October 1748 A.D. the forces of Mir Mannu and Adina Beg besieged 500 Sikhs in a surprise attack in the Ram Rauni fort. Jassa Singh’s blood boiled on seeing his brethren in trouble. He left Adina Beg’s job and came to the rescue of the Sikhs. The result of his co-operation was that the lives of 300 Sikhs could be saved. Pleased over it, the Sikhs handed over the Ram Rauni fort to Jassa Singh. Jassa Singh named the fort Ramgarh. From this the Misl came to be known as Ramgarhia Misl.

Taking advantage of the disturbed condition after the death of Mir Mannu in 1753 A.D., Jassa Singh captured Kalanur, Batala, Hargobindpur, Qadian, Urmur Tanda, Dipalpur, Kartarpur and Haripur. Thus, he largely expanded Ramgarhia Misl. He declared Sri Hargobindpur the capital of the Ramgarhia Misl. Jassa Singh did not have cordial relations with the Ahluwalia and tfie Sukarchakia Misls.

1. Who was Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
2. What was the name given to Ram Rauni fort by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
3. What was the name of the capital of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia?
4. Write any one achievement of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
5. Mir Mannu died in ……………..
Answer:
1. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the most famous leader of the Ramgarhia Misl.
2. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia gave the name of Ramgarh to the Ram Rauni fort.
3. Sri Hargobindpur was the name of the capital of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.
4. He saved the Sikhs during the seige of the Mughals of the Ram Rauni fort.
5. 1753 A.D.

4. Ala Singh was the founder of the Patiala House. He was very brave right from the beginning. In 1731 A.D. he gave a crushing defeat to the joint forces of the Faujdars of Jalandhar Doab and Malerkotla. Ala Singh made Bamala the centre of his activities. He founded villages like Longowal, Chhajli, Dirrba and Shoron. During Ahmad Shah Abdali’s first invasion in 1748 A.D., Ala Singh helped the Mughals against him. In view of his services, the Mughal emperor, Mohammad Shah Rangila, presented him a ‘Khillat’ (Robe of Honour). It added to the name and fame of Ala Singh. Soon, Ala Singh defeated the Bhatti brothers who were his bitter enemies and, took possession of their areas of Budhlada, Tohana, Bhattner and Jaimalpur.

In 1761 A.D., Ala Singh helped the Marathas against Ahmad Shah Abdali. Soon, in 1762 A.D. during his 6th invasion Ahmad Shah Abdali attacked Bamala and arrested Ala Singh. Ala Singh saved his life by giving Abdali a huge amount of money. In 1764 A.D. Ala Singh with other leaders of the Dal Khalsa attacked Sirhind. In 1765 A.D., Ahmad Shah Abdali appointed Ala Singh the Governor of Sirhind. The other members of the Dal Khalsa were annoyed with him over this compromise and told him to snap his ties with Ahmad Shah Abdali. But soon after, Ala Singh passed away.

1. Who was Ala Singh?
2. What was the name of the capital of Ala Singh?
3. When was Ala Singh arrested by Ahmad Shah Abdali?
4. Ahmad Shah Abdali had appointed Ala Singh the Subedar of which place?
When was Ala Singh made the Subedar of Sirhind?

• 1748 A.D.
• 1761 A.D.
• 1762 A.D.
• 1764 A.D.

Answer:
1. Ala Singh was the founder of Phulkian Misl in Patiala.
2. Bamala was the capital df, Ala Singh.
3. Ahmad Shah AbdaU had arrested Ala Singh in 1762 A.D.
4. Ahmad Shah Abdali had appointed Ala Singh as the Subedar of Sirhind.
5. 1764 A.D.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Career and Conquests:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions the follow :

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 A.D. in the family of the Sukarchakia Misl Chief, Mahan Singh. Although Maharaja Ranjit Singh was illiterate yet he had acquired deftness in swordsmanship and horse-riding. He had begun to display feats of bravery right from his childhood. In 1797 A.D. when Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakia Misl, the political situation in the Punjab, was in a state of constant turmoil. It was passing through a dark age. By virtue of his ability and bravery Maharaja Ranjit Singh converted his small state into a vast and powerful empire. Ip this way, Maharaja Ranjit Singh translated the dream of Sikh empire into a reality.

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in ……………..
2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to which Misl?
3. What was the political condition of the Punjab in the 18th century?
4. Which werie the two important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. When did Maharcqa Ranjit Singh die?
Answer:
1. 1780 A.D.
2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to the Sukarchakia Misl.
3. The political condition of the Punjab in the 18th century was in a dwindling condition.
4. The two important conquests of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were Lahore, and Peshawar.
5. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had died in 1839 A.D.

2. When Ranjit Singh was only 12 years old, his father Mahan Singh died in 1792 A.D. Since Ranjit Singh was only a minor, the task of state administration passed into the hands of his mother, Raj Kaur. Raj Kaur did not have any administrative skills, so she handed over the charge to her favourite, Diwan Lakhpat Rai. In 1796 A.D. when Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur, his mother-in-law, Sada Kaur too began to take interest in matters of administration. In this way from 1792 A.D. to 1797 A.D. the administration of Sukarchakia Misl remained in the hands of three persons i.e. Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai and Sada Kaur. So, this period is called the period of the Triune Regency.

1. Who was the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
2. Who was Raj Kaur?
3. With whom was Maharaja Ranjit Singh first married?
4. Mehtab Kaur was related with which Misl?

• Sukarchakia Misl
• Kanahia Misl
• Bhangi Misl
• Ramgarhia Misl.

5. Who was Sada Kaur?
Answer:
1. Mahan Singh was the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
2. Raj Kaur was the name of the mother of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur for the first time.
4. Kanahia Misl.
5. Sada Kaur was the mother-in-law of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

3. Before the growth of Ranjit Singh’s power, the Bhangi Misl in the North¬West of the Sutlej river was very powerful. The two most important towns of the Punjab, Lahore and Amyitsar, were under this Misl. Besides these, the areas of Gujarat and Sialkot were also under it. In 1797 A.D., Lahore was jointly being ruled by Chet Singh, Sahib Singh and Mohar Singh, Amritsar by Gulab Singh, Sialkot by Jiwan Singh and Gujarat by Sahib Singh. All these Bhangi rulers were great addicts of ‘bhang (hemp). They spent most of their time in merry¬making. Besides, they had started quarrelling with each other for power. Consequently, the Bhangi Misl had lost much of its previous glory and power. It was heading fast towards its end.

1. Why was Bhangi Misl so called?
2. The Bhangi Misl ruled over which cities?
3. In …………… Lahore was jointly ruled by three Bhangi rulers.
4. What was the nature of the rule of Bhangi rulers?
5. Which Bhangi rulers had started quarrelling with each other?
Answer:
1. The Bhangi Misl was so called because its rulers were addicts of bhang (hemp).
2. The Bhangi Misl ruled over the cities of Lahore, Amritsar, Sialkot and Gujarat.
3. 1797 A.D.
4. The Bhangi rulers used to spent most of their time in merry-making.
5. The ruler of Gujarat Sahib Singh had started fighting with other Bhangi rulers.

4. The founder of the Sukarchakia Misl Charat Singh was the grandfather of Ranjit Singh. He had under him Gujranwala, Eminabad and Sialkot. After the death of Charat Singh in 1774 A.D. he was succeeded by his son, Mahan Singh. He had all the qualities of a great Sardar. He expanded his Misl by conquering the areas of Rasul Nagar and Alipur. After the death of Mahan Singh in 1792 A.D., his son Ranjit Singh became his successor.

Since Ranjit Singh was barely 12 years old at that time, the task of running the administration of the Misl fell into the hands of his mother Raj Kaur, Diwan Lakhpat Rai and mother-in-law, Sada Kaur. When Ranjit Singh grew to be young enough in 1797 A.D. he took over the charge of Sukarchakia Misl independently. He proved to be an able, brave and far-sighted ruler.

1. Who was the founder of Sukarchakia Misl?
2. Which two territories were conquered by Mahan Singh?
3. What was the period of Triune Regency?
4. Ranjit Singh took the independent charge of Sukarchakia Misl in ……………
5. What type of ruler was Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
Answer:
1. The founder of Sukarchakia Misl was Charat Singh.
2. Mahan Singh had conquered Rasul Nagar and Alipur.
3. The period of Triune Regency was from 1792 to 1797 A.D.
4. 1797 A.D.
5. Ranjit Singh proved to be an able, brave and far-sighted ruler.

5. The valley of Kashmir has been famous for its beauty, delicious fruits and prosperous trade since-ancient times. That is why, Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer this province. In this regard, he sent two- expeditions to Kashmir in 1813 and 1814 A.D., but both these expeditions failed to achieve the desired objective. Maharaja Ranjit Singh got a new impetus with the conquest of Multan in 1818 A.D. Therefore, in 1819 A.D., he sent a huge force under the command of Misar Diwan Chand, the victor of Multan, to Kashmir. He succeeded in defeating the Afghan Governor of Kashmir, Jabbar Khan.

The conquest of Kashmir added . to the prestige of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Misar Diwan Chand was honoured with the title of‘Fateh-o-Nusrat Nasib’ (one who is destined to win). The conquest of Kashmir gave a stunning blow to the Afghan power. It boosted the morale of the Sikh forces. Moreover, it proved beneficial to the Maharaja from the commercial point of view.

1. Why did Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Kashmir?
2. When was Rohtas pact signed?
3. Who was the governor of Kashmir at the time first compaign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
4. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquer Kashmir?
5. Who was the Governor of Kashmir at the time of its conquest by Maharqja Ranjit Singh?

• Fateh Khan
• Jabbar Khan
• Nusrat Khan
• Diwan Mohkam Chand.

Answer:
1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Kashmir because of its splendid beauty and prosperous trade.
2. Rohtas pact was signed in 1813 A.D.
3. Ata Mohammed Khan was the governor of Kashmir at the time of first campaign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh to Kashmir.
4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had conquered Kashmir in 1819 A.D.
5. Jabbar Khan.

Anglo-Sikh Relations: 1800-1839:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to bring all the Sikh states under him. So, he invaded the Malwas region twice in 1806 A.D. and 1807 A.D. He conquered many regions. The conversation between Ranjit Singh and Charles Metcalfe in 1808 A.D. failed. Ranjit Singh attacked Malwa for the third time in 1808 A.D. He had occupied some territories of Malwa and collected Nazrana from the rulers. Now the English started military preparations to make Ranjit Singh accept their conditions. As a results, a treaty was sighed between Ranjit Singh and the English. It was known as the Treaty of Amritsar.

1. When did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa for the first time?

• 1805 A.D.
• 1806 AJD.
• 1807 AJD.
• 1808 AU.

2. Why did Maharaja Ranjit Singh attack Malwa?
3. What is meant by Nazrana?
4. Why did the Sardars of Malwa want the help of Britishers?
5. When was the treaty of Amritsar signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Britishers?
Answer:
1. 1806 A.D.
2. The main objective of these attacks was that Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to annex these states into his empire.
3. Nazrana meant the gifts to be given to the Maharaja.
4. The Sardars of Malwa wanted the help of Britishers because they feared that Maharaja Ranjit Singh would annex their states.
5. The treaty of Amritsar was signed between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Britishers on 25th April 1809 A.D.

2. The area of Sind was geographically and commercially very significant. So both, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British were keen in controlling it. In 1831 A.D. the British sent Alexander Bums to gather information about Sind. In order that Maharaja Ranjit Singh might not develop any doubt, he was invited to Ropar to hold a meeting with Governor-General William Bentinck. This meeting was held on 26th October, 1831 A.D. The Britishers very cleverly kept him absorbed in talks. On the other hand, the English sent Col. Pottinger to sign a treaty with the Amirs of Sind. He succeeded in signing a commercial treaty with Sind in 1832 A.D.

1. Why did Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Sind?
2. Who was Alexander Bums?
3. When did a meeting was held between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck?
4. Where was a meeting held between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck.

• At Ropar
• At Amritsar
• At Lahore
• At Delhi.

5. Who succeeded in entering into a commercial treaty between the British and Sind?
Answer:
1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh wanted to conquer Sind becuase it was geographically and commercially very significant.
2. Alexander bums was a British official who was sent to Sind to gather information about Sind.
3. A meeting was held between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck on 26th October, 1831 A.D.
4. At Ropar.
5. Col. Pottinger succeeded in signing a commercial treaty between the Britishers and Sind.

3. The Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under their control. This city was hardly at a distance of 40 miles from Lahore. The English could have a better view of Ranjit Singh’s activities from this place. Besides, the possession of Ferozepur was essential to surround the Punjab. Although the Britishers had been looking towards Ferozepur greedily for a long time,’ they had been postponing its acquisition lest Ranjit Singh should feel annoyed with them.

That is why, the Britishers had been conceding his control over Ferozepur till 1835 A.D. But, by now the situation had changed. -The Britishers did not need Ranjit Singh’s friendship any more. Therefore, they forcibly took possession of Ferozepur in 1835 A.D. In 1838 A.D., the Britishers set up a big military cantonment here. Although Ranjit Singh expressed his resentment over the seizure of Ferozepur and setting up of a military cantonment there by the British, yet they did not bother about it.

1. Why did the Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under these control?
2. The possession of ………………. was essential to surround the Punjab.
3. When was Ferozepur occupied by the Britishers?
4. When a military cantonment was established by the Britishers in Ferozepur?
5. What had Maharcga Ranjit Singh yielded on the question of Ferozepur?
Answer:
1. The Britishers wanted to bring Ferozepur under their control because they could have a better view of Ranjit Singh’s activities from this place.
2. Ferozepur.
3. The Britishers had occupied Ferozepur in 1838 A.D.
4. The Britishers had established a military cantonment in 1838 A.D.
5. Yes, the Maharaja Ranjit Singh had yielded to the British on the question of Ferozepur.

Ranjit Singh’s Relations with Afghanistan and his N.W.F. Policy:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. In 1800 A.D., a war of succession for the royal throne had started in Kabul. Shah Zaman was dethroned and Shah Mehmud became the new king of Afghanistan. He ruled only for three years (1800-03 A.D.). In 1803 A.D., Shah Shuja forcibly took possession of the throne from Shah Mehmud. He ruled till 1809 A.D. He proved to be an unworthy king. It led to chaos-in Afghanistan. On finding this golden opportunity, the Afghan Governors of Attock, Kashmir, Multan and Deraj at declared their independence. Maharaja Ranjit Singh also took advantage of the weakness of the Kabul government and took possession of the Afghan areas like Kasur, Jhang, Khushal and Sahiwal. In 1809 A.D. Shah Shuja was dethroned and Shah Mehmud again became the new king of Afghanistan. Since Fateh Khan had rendered every possible help to Shah Mehmud in getting the royal throne, so he appointed him his Prime Minister.

1. In a war of succession for the royal throne had started in Kabul.
2. When did Shah Mehmud become the ruler of Afghanistan for the first time?
3. What type of ruler was Shah Shuja?
4. Who was Fateh Khan?
5. When was Shah Shuja was dethroned?
Answer:
1. 1800 A.D.
2. Shah Mehmud became the ruler of Afghanistan for the first time in 1800 A.D.
3. Shah Shuja was an incompetent ruler.
4. Fateh Khan was the Wazir (Prime Minister) of Shah Mehmud.
5. Shah Shuja was dethroned in 1809 A.D.

2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh decided to teach Fateh Khan a lesson for his deceit. He at once sent Faqir Aziz-ud-Din to take possession of Attock. The ruler of Attock, Jahandad Khan, handed over the area of Attock to the Maharaja in exchange for an estate of Rs. 1 lakh. When Fateh Khan came to know of it, he lost his temper. He handed over the Kashmir administration to his brother, Azim Khan and himself proceeded with a huge army to drive out the Sikhs from Attock. On July 13, 1813 A.D. a fierce battle was fought at a place called Hazro or Haidru, in which Maharaja Raujit Singh inflicted a crushing defeat on Fateh Khan. It was the first battle fought between the Sikhs and the AfghAnswer: This victory gave a severe blow to the power of the Afghans and enhanced the prestige of the Sikhs.

1. Who was Fateh Khan?
2. Who was the ruler of Attock during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. Which was the first battle fought between the Sikhs and the Afghanis?
4. When was the battle of Hazro fought?

• 1811 AJD.
• 1812 A.D.
• 1813 A.D.
• 1814 A.D.

5. Who become victorious in the battle of Hazro.
Answer:
1. Fateh Khan was the wazir of Shah Mehmud, the ruler of Afghanist.
2. Jahandad Khan was the ruler of Attock during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. The battle of Hazro was the first battle to be fought between the Sikhs and the Afghans.
4. 1813 A.D.
5. The Sikhs became victorious in the battle of Hazro.

3. During the period 1827 A.D. to 1831 A.D., Syed Ahmad a religious leader of the Muslims had created disturbance against the Sikhs in Attock and Peshawar. He belonged to Bareilly. He declared, “God has sent me to conquer Punjab and India, and to drive out the Sikhs from the Afghan territories.” Taken in by his utterances, many Afghan Sardars became his disciples. In no time, he was able to organise a big army. It was a challenge to Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s power. The Sikh forces defeated him first at Saidu and then at Peshawar, but fortunately he escaped both the times. Despite these defeats, he continued his struggle against the Sikhs. At last in 1831 A.D., he died at Balakot while fighting against Prince Sher Singh. In this way a big nuisance for the Sikhs was over.

1. Who was Syed Ahmad?
2. Syed Ahmad was the inhabitant of which place?
3. At which two places the sikh forces had defeated Syed Ahmad?
4. Syed Ahmad was killed where and fighting with whom?
5. When was Syed Ahmad killed?

• 1813 A.D.
• 1821 A.D.
• 1824 A.D.
• 1831 A.D.

Answer:
1. Syed Ahmad was a religious leader of the Muslims.
2. Syed Ahmad was the resident of Bareilly.
3. The Sikh forces had defeated Syed Ahmad at Saidu and Peshawar.
4. Syed Ahmad was killed at Balakot while fighting with prince Sher Singh.
5. 1831 A.D.

4. Dost Mohammad Khan wanted to avenge his humiliation suffered at the hands of the Sikhs. On-the other hand, the Sikhs also wanted to consolidate their position in Peshawar. In order to counter the Afghan invasions, Hari Singh Nalwa got a strong fort constructed at Jamraud. In order to check this operation of Hari Singh N.alwa, Dost Mohammad Khan sent a huge army of 20,000 soldiers under the command of his son Mohammad Akbar and Shamsudin.

This army attacked the fort of Jamraud on 28th April, 1837 A.D. Hari Singh Nalwa was then lying seriously ill at Peshawar. When he heared the news of Afghan attack, he with his 10,000 soldiers attacked the Afghans at Jamraftd with a view to teach them a lesson. Although Hari Singh Nalwa was killed in this battle, the Sikhs caused such a havoc among the Afghans that they never turned their face towards Peshawar thereafter.

1. Who was Dost Mohammad Khan?
2. Who built the Jamraud fort?
3. The fort of Jamraud was attacked on …………..
4. Which general of Maharsya Ranjit Singh was martyred in the battle of Jamraud and when?
5. Who became victorious in the battle of Jamraud?
Answer:
1. Dost Mohammad Khan was the ruler of Peshawar.
2. The fort of Jamraud was built by S. Hari Singh Nalwa.
3. 28th April, 1837 A.D.
4. S. Hari Singh Nalwa was martyred in the battle of Jamraud on 30th April, 1837 A.D.
5. In the battle of Jamraud the Sikhs became victorious.

Civil and Military Administration of Ranjit Singh:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the qu estions that follow :

1. Every word uttered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh was deemed law. In order to get cooperation in running the administration, the Maharaja had appointi jd many ministers, of which prominents were the Prime Minister, Foreign Minister , Diwan, Chief Commander and Deorhiwala. It rested on Maharaja’s will to acct 3pt their advice or not. He had also established 12 departments of daftars for the 5 smooth functioning of administration.

1. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh who was tl ie head of the Central Administration?
2. Who was the Prime-Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. Who was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

• Raja Dhian Singh
• Hari Singh Nalwa
• Faqtiir Aziz-ud-Din
• Diwan Mohkam Chand.

4. How many Daftars were established for the admi nistrative efficiency during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. What is the function of Daftar-i-Taujihat?
Answer:
1. Maharaja himself was the head of Central Administrf ition during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
2. Raja Dhian Singh was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Faqir Aziz-ud-Din.
4. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 12 Daftars were established for the administrative efficiency.
5. Daftar-i-Taujihat maintained the account of royal family.

2. With a view to run the administration efficiently, Mahamja Ranjit Singh had divided his kingdom into four Provinces. The main duty of Nazim was to maintain peace and order in the Suba. For this purpose, he was aillowed to maintain a small force. In addition, he supervised the work of other officials of the Suba. He got the orders of Maharaja implemented in the Suba. He decided the civil and criminal cases. He heard the appeals against the decisions, of the Kardars.

He helped the various Suba officials in the collection of land revenue. He also supervised the work of district Kardars. Thus, the Nazim exercised vast powers in his own Suba. But, he had to seek the prior approval of the Maharaja, before taking any crucial decision about his Suba. The Maharaja could change the Nazim, whenever he wanted.

1. The kingdom of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was divided into how many Subas?
2. Write the names of any two Subas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Who was the head of the Suba during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
4. Write any one function of the Nazim?
5. The Maharaja could…………… the Nazim whenever he wanted.
Answer:
1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had divided his Kingdom into four Subas.
2. The names of the two Subas of Maharaja Ranjit Singh were Suba-i- Lahore and Suba-i-Kashmir.
3. The Nazim was the head of the suba during Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s times.
4. To implement the orders of Maharaja Ranjit Singh under his province.
5. Change.

3. The smallest unit of administration was the village. It was then called Mauza The administration of the village was in the hands of the Panchayat. The Panchayat looked after the people of the village and settled their petty disputes. The people showed great regard for the Panchayat and they mostly accepted its decisions. The Patwari maintained the record of the village land. The Chaudhary would help the government in collecting land revenue. Muqaddam (Lambardar) was head of the village. He worked as a link between the government and the people. The Chowkidar was the watchman of the village. The Maharaja did not interfere in the working of the village.

1. Which was the smallest unit of administration of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
2. What was village called during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. In whose hands the administration of the village was during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
4. Who was Muqaddam during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. Who kept the record of village land during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

• Muqaddam
• Chaudhary
• Patwari
• None of these.

Answer:
1. The smallest unit of administration during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was village.
2. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the village was called Mauza.
3. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the village administration was in the hands of the Panchayat.
4. Muqaddam was head of the village.
5. Patwari.

4. During the period of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the administration of Lahore city was run differently from other cities. The whole city was divided into Mohallas. A Mohalla was under a Mohalladar. The Mohalladar maintained peace and order in his mohalla and looked after the arrangement of cleanliness. The chief official of Lahore city was ‘Kotwal’. Mostly he used to be a Muslim. The chief functions of a Kotwal were to give practical shape to the Maharaja’s orders, to maintain peace in the city, to supervise the work of Mohalladars, to make arrangements for cleanliness in the city, to keep details of the foreign visitors, to supervise trade and industry and to examine weights and measures etc. He used to take necessary action against the guilty persons.

1. Who was the chief official of Lahore city during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
2. Who was appointed on the post of Kotwal during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
3. What was the one main function of Kotwal?
4. Who was the head of Mohalla during the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
5. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the administration of ………………… city was run differently from other cities.
Answer:
1. Dining the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the chief official of Lahore city was Kotwal.
2. During the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Imam Bakhsh was appointed on the post of Kotwal.
3. To maintain peace in the city.
4. Mohalladar was the head of Mohalla dining the times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
5. Lahore.

5. Fauj-i-Khas was the most important and the powerful organ of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army. It was trained under the command of General Ventura. It consisted of four battalions of infantry, two regiments of cavalry, and a troop of artillery. The artillery of Fauj-i-Khas was under the command of General Illahi Bakhsh. It was trained and disciplined strictly on European pattern. In it, very selected soldiers were recruited. Their weapons and horses were, also, of the superior type. That is why this army was called Fauj-i-Khas. It had a separate flag and emblem. It used French words of command. It grew to be the best organised section of the regular army. Even the European officers were amazed to see its performance.

1. Which was the most important and powerful organ of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army?
2. Who was General Ventura?
3. Under whose command was the artillery of Fauj-i-Khas?
4. Write any one feature of Fauj-i-Khas.
5. Fauj-i-Khas used ……………. words of command.
Answer:
1. Fauj-i-KhaS was the most important and powerful organ of Mahara Ranjit Singh’s army.
2. Fauj-i-KhaS was trained under the command of General Ventura
3. The artillery of Fauj-i-Khas was under the command of General Illahi Bakhsh.
4. It was trained and disciplined strictly on European pattern.
5. French.

Character and Personality of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

Note: Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had an unshakable faith in Sikhism. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the Kirtan. He never took any big decision or launched upon any undertaking without seeking guidance from Guru Granth Sahib. After each victory, the’Maharaja paid a thanks giving visit to the Darbar Sahib, Amritsar, and made costly offerings. He spent considerable sums of money on the maintenance of Gurdwaras. He called his government as Sarkar-i-Khalsa and liked to be addressed as Singh Sahib instead of Maharaja.

He considered himself to be the Kukar at the door of the Guru and the Panth. He took pride in proclaiming himself to be the mere drum (Ranjit Nagara) of Guru Gobind Singh. He issued coins in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The words ‘Nanak Sahai’ and ‘Gobind Sahai’. were inscribed on them. The royal seal of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was engraved with the words Akal Sahai.

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh had unshakable faith in Sikhism. Give any one example.
2. What is meant by ‘Kukar’?
3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government by which name?
4. Which words were inscribed on the royal seal of Maharaja Raqjit Singh?
5. The words ………….. and …………. were inscribed on coins.
Answer:
1. Before starting his routine work, he used to listen to the recitation of Gurbani of Guru Nanak Sahib Ji and Kirtan.
2. Kukar meant slave or servant.
3. Maharaja Ranjit Singh called his government as Sarkar-i-Khalsa.
4. ‘Akal Sahai’ were the words inscribed on the royal seals of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
5. Nanak Sahai, Goind Sahai.

2. Although Ranjit Singh was a staunch Sikh, yet he was liberal towards other religions. He kept religious discrimination and communalism at an arm’s length. He knew very well that for the establishment of a strong and enduring empire, the co-operation of people of different religions was essential. By his policy of tolerance, he succeeded in winning over the hearts of the people of different religions. In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit.

In his court, the Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Dogras and Europeans were appointed to the high posts without any discrimination of caste, creed or nationality. For instance, his Foreign Minister Faqir Aziz-ud-Din was a Muslim, his Prime Minister, Dhian Singh was a Dogra, his Diwan Bhiwani Das and his Commander Misar Diwan Chand were Hindus and his General Ventura and Allard were Europeans.

1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was a tolerant ruler. How?
2. Who was Dhian Singh Dogra?
3. Who was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh?
4. Who was Diwan Bhiwani Das?
5 was the Commander-in-Chief of Maharqja Ranjit Singh.
Answer:
1.

• In his empire jobs were given on the basis of merit.
• He respected all the religions.

2. Dhian Singh Dogra was the Prime Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3. Faqir Aziz-ud-Din was the Foreign Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
4. Diwan Bhiwani Das was the Finance Minister of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
5. Misar Diwan Chand.

First Anglo-Sikh War: Causes and Results:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. In 1842 A.D., Lord Ellenborough was appointed the new Governor-General of India in place of Lord Auckland. Lord Ellenborough wanted to erase the disgrace of the defeat which the British had to taste in the First Anglo-Afghan War. empire, it further embittered the Anglo-Sikh relations.

1. Who was Lord Ellenborough?
2. When was Lord Ellenborough appointed the new Governor General of India?

• 1812 A.D.
• 1822 A.D.
• 1832 A.D.
• 1842 A.D.

3. Why did the British want to conquer Sind?
4. When was Sind conquered by the Britishers?
5. What was the consequence of the conquest of Sind by the Britishers?
Answer:
1. Lord Ellenborough was the Governor General of India.
2. 1842 A.D.
3. Because Sind was important from the geographical point of view.
4. The Sind was conquered by the Britishers in 1842 A.D.
5. It resulted in great tension between the Britishers and the Sikhs.

2. The second great’battle between the Sikhs and the British was fought at Ferozeshah or Pheru Shahar on 21st December, 1845 A.D. This place is located at a distance of 10 miles from Mudki. The British were fully prepared for this battle. They had called their forces from Ferozepur, Ambala and Ludhiana to Ferozeshah for attack. The strength of the British soldiers in this battle was 17,000. The British army was commanded by famous and experienced generals like Lord Hugh Gough, John Littler and Lord Hardinge. Qn the other hand, the strength of the Sikh soldiers was about 25,000 to 30,000. The Sikh soldiers were led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh. The Britishers were fully confident of the treachery of the Sikh generals and that they would score* an easy win in the battle. But the Sikhs gave such a baffling rebuff to the British that once it looked that their empire in India had shaken.

1. When was the battle of Ferozeshah fought?
2. Who was Lord Hugh Gough?
3. Who led the Sikh forces in battle of Ferozeshah?
4. The strength of the British soliders in the battle of Ferozeshah was ………….
5. Who was defeated in the battle of Ferozeshah and why?
Answer:
1. The battle of Ferozeshah was fought on 21st December, 1845 A.D.
2. Lord Hugh Gough was the commander in chief of the Britishers.
3. In the battle of Ferozeshah the Sikh forces were led by Lai Singh and Teja Singh.
4. 17000.
5. In the battle of Ferozeshah the Sikhs were defeated.

3. The battle of Sobraon was the last and the most decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. This battle was fought on 10th February, 1846 A.D. Before this battle 30,000 Sikh soldiers had reached Sobraon. In order to give a stiff resistance . to the British, they had started digging up their trenches. Lai Singh and Teja Singh who were commanding the Sikh army were sending every detail of the ’ preparations to the British. In order to face the Sikh army, the British had also made a good preparation. The strength of the British army in this battle was 15,000. Lord Hugh Gough and Lord Hardinge were commanding the British army. On 10th February, 1846 A.D., the Britishers attacked the Sikh army. As a result of the counter attack by the Sikh army, the British xarmy had to retreat. At this time, as pre-planned, at first Lai Singh and then Teja Singh fled away from the battlefield. While going away, Teja Singh sank the boats loaded with powder and ammunition, and also destroyed the Pontoon bridge.

1. Which was the last battle to be fought during the First Anglo-Sikh War?
2. When was the battle of Sobraon fought? 1
3. In the battle of Sobraon the British forces were led by…………..and …………..
4. Who was defeated in the battle of Sobraon? 1
5. Which Sikh leader had shown exemplary bravery in the battle of Sobrabn?
Answer:
1. The last battle to be fought during the First Anglo-Sikh War was the battle of Sobraon.
2. The battle of Sobraon was fought on.10th February, 1846 A.D.
3. Lord Hugh Gough, Lord Hardinge.
4. In the battle of Sobraon the Sikhs were defeated.
5. In the battle of Sobraon S. Sham Singh Attariwala showed an exemplary bravery.

Second Anglo-Sikh War: Causes, Results and Annexation of the Punjab:

Note : Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions that follow :

1. The revolt of Diwan Moolraj of Multan was one of the most -potent causes, which led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Multan was a province of the Lahore Raj. After the death of Sawan Mai, the Nazim (governor) of Multan in 1844 A.D., his son Moolraj was appointed the new Nazim. In 1847 A.D. the British Resident increased the annual revenue payable to the Lahore Darbar by Multan from Rs. 13,47,000 to Rs. 1,97,15,00. On the other hand, the British removed the excise duty on some essential goods and one-third part of Multan was taken from him. Owing to these reasons, Diwan Moolraj was not in position to pay the increased revenue. On being forced by the British Resident, Moolraj tendered his resignation in December, 1847.

In March 1848 A.D. the new Resident, Fredrick Currie, decided to nominate Sardar Kahan Singh as the new Nazim of Multan. In order to take over the charge of Multan, two British officers, Vans Agnew and Anderson were sent alongwith Kahan Singh. Moolraj warmly welcomed them. On 19th April, Moolraj handed over the keys of the fort to Kahan Singh. But the next day on 20th April, some soldiers of Moolraj murdered both the officers and imprisoned Kahan Singh. Fredrick Currie held Moolraj responsible for the revolt of Multan.

1. When was Diwan Moolrqj was appointed as the new Nazim of Multanh?
2. For which one reason Diwan Moolraj had given his resignation?
3. In 1848 A.D. which new Nazim of Multan was appointed by Fredrick Currie?
4. The responsiblity of the murder of which two British officers were put on Diwan Moolrqj by the Britishers?
5. Fredrick Currie held …………….. responsible for the revolt of Multan.
Answer:
1. Diwan Moolraj was appointed as the new Nazim of Multan in 1844 A.D.
The British resident had increased the annual revenue payable to the Lahore Darbar by Multan.
3. Sardar Kahan Singh.
4. Vans Agnew and Anderson.
5. Diwan Moolraj.

2. The battle of Chillianwala was one of the significant battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. This battle was fought on 13th January, 1849 A.D. Lord Gough was of the view that he did not have a strong force to face Sher Singh. So, he was waiting for more reinforcement, but when Lord Hugh Gough came to know that Chattar Singh with his soldiers was coming to the help of Sher Singh, he attacked the soldiers of Sher Singh on 13th January. It was one of the hardest and fiercest battles. The Sikhs fought with great determination and daring. They wrought havoc in the British army. The British lost 695 soldiers, including 132 officers in the battle and 1651 soldiers were wounded. Four British guns were also captured by the Sikhs.

1. Which was the most significant battle of the Second Anglo- Sikh War?
2. When was the battle of Chillianwala fought?
3. Who was Sher Singh?
4. Who was defeated in the battle of Chilianwala?
5. In the battle of ChiUianwala how many British officers were killed?

• 132
• 142
• 695
• 1651.

Answer:
1. The battle of Chillianwala was the most significant battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
2. The battle of Chillianwala was fought on 13th January, 1849 A.D.
3. Sher Singh was the son of S. Chattar Singh, the Nazim of Hazara.
4. In the battle of Chillianwala, the Britishers were defeated.
5. 132.

3. The battle of Gujarat proved to be the most important and decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In this battle, Chattar Singh, Sher Singh and Bhai Maharaj Singh made a united front against the British. In addition, the king of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad also sent 3,000 cavaliers under the command of his son, Akbar Khari to help the Sikhs. In this battle, the Sikhs had a total army of 40,000 soldiers. On the other hand, the English army was still led by Lord Hugh Gough because Sir Charles Napier had not yet reached India. The British army comprised 68,000 soldiers.

In this battle, guns were extensively used by both the sides, because of which this battle is also .famous in history as the Battle of Guns. This battle started at 7.30 a.m. on 21st February, 1849 A.D. The ammunition of the Sikhs was soon exhausted. When the Britishers came to know about it, they made a fierce attack on the Siklis. The Sikh soldiers unsheathed their swords, but they could not resist the guns for long. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses in this battle.

1. battle of the second Anglo-sikh War.
2. When was the battle of Gujarat fought?
3. Who led the British forces during the battle of Gujarat?
4. Why is the battle of Gujarat as the Battle of Guns?
5. Who became victorious in the battle of Gujarat?
Ans.
1. decisive.
2. The battle of Gujarat was fought on 21st february, 1849 A.D.
3. In the battle of Gujarat the British forces were led by Lord Hugh Gough.
4. The battle of Gujarat was known as the battle of guns because guns were extensively used by both the sides in this battle.
5. The Britishers became victorious in this battle.