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Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Westernisation and Sanskritisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Change in the beliefs is a:
(a) Structural change
(b) Cultural change
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both

2. Which of these is a cultural process of change?
Or
Which of these is a change process of Culture?
(a) Westernisation
(b) Sanskritization
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both

3. The process by which those who occupy traditional low positions attempt to gain a higher position in the <caste hierarchy is called as:
(a) Westernisation
(b) Sanskritisatiori
(c) Modernisation
(d) Globalisation
Answer:
(b) Sanskritisation

4. Who have given the statement, “The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rules, and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels-technology, institutions, ideology, values.”
(a) Yogendra Singh
(b) M.N. Srinivas
(c) K.L. Sharma
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) M.N. Srinivas

5. The development of westernization is traced from which period:
(a) Vedic period
(b) Post Vedic period
(c) Mughal period
(d) British period
Answer:
(d) British period

Fill in the Blanks:

1. British and Indians were considered the carriers of ……………….. process.
Answer:
westernization

2. ……………….. means concern for the welfare of all irrespective of caste, religion, economic status, age, and sex.
Answer:
Reform movement

3. For the caste to be dominant, it should have ………………., ………………… and ………………
Answer:
more land, more population, higher status

4. …………………. alone are not the object of imitation.
Answer:
Brahmins

True/False:

1. The form and pace of westernisation of India remains same from region to region and from one section of population to another.
Answer:
False

2. Structural change occurs with the process of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
True

3. Sanskritisation is the process where vertical mobility takes place in which one moves in downward direction.
Answer:
False

4. For a caste to be dominant it should own a sizeable amount of the arable land locally available.
Answer:
True

Match The Columns:

Answer:

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the process called by which one gains higher position in the caste hierarchy?
Answer:
It is known as Sanskritization.

Question 2.
Name one process by which cultural change occurs.
Answer:
Westernization.

Question 3.
Which period can be considered as the indicator of initiation of westernisation?
Answer:
The British period.

Question 4.
By which process upward mobility takes place by the process of imitation?
Answer:
Sanskritization.

Question 5.
Which cultural process works outside the framework of caste?
Answer:
Brahminization.

Question 8.
From which period the origin of westernisation can be traced?
Answer:
The British period.

Question 7.
Who are considered to be the carriers of westernisation process?
Answer:
Soldiers, those people who were at higher posts, traders and owners of plantations, Christian missionaries etc.

Question 8.
Who has used the term Sanskritisation instead of Brahminisation?
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas.

Question 9.
Name any two groups among the British who helped to spread westernization.
Answer:
Educated Indians, social reformers, Christian missionaries, etc.

Question 10.
Name any one criterion to identify the dominant caste by M.N.Srinivas.
Answer:
More population, more holding of arable land etc.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by Westernisation?
Or
Westernization.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas used the word westernisation for the changes which came in Indian society during the British rule. According to him, under the impact of Western culture, ways of living, eating, wearing etc. many changes came in Indian society.

Question 2.
Does westernisation lead to social reforms?
Answer:
Yes, westernisation led to social reforms because after getting western education, many Indian social reformers started doing reforms in Indian society. Consequently many social evils were removed such as Sati system, no widow remarriage etc.

Question 3.
What is meant by Sanskritisation?
Or
Sanskritisation.
Answer:
Sanskritisation is a process in which members of lower caste collectively adopt the traditions, customs, ways of living life etc. of upper caste people. Consequently, after one or two generations, their social status automatically moves in upward direction.

Question 4.
What do you understand by humanitarianism?
Answer:
The meaning of humanitarianism is welfare of all irrespective of their caste, age, gender, religion, economic status etc. During the first half of 19th century, humanitarianism became one of the bases of many reforms brought by the British.

Question 5.
Mention various levels at which changes occurred due to westernisation.
Answer:
The process of westernisation brought many changes such as the caste based differences were reduced, people started getting education, changes came in the people’s ways of living and eating, higher status of women, changes in social institutions etc.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the various pre-requisites for the process of Sanskritisation?
Answer:

• There is positional change in the process of sanskritisation but there is no structural change. Social structure remains the same.
• Imitation is a necessary element in sanskritisation. It means whatever people observe about their ideal caste, they start doing the same thing.
• There is upward mobility in Sanskritisation because when people adopt living style of upper caste after one or two generations their position also changes in society.
• In the process of sanskritisation, social status of an individual changes but it doesn’t mean that his caste will also change. It remains the same.

Question 2.
Explain the process of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas, an Indian sociologist, gave the concept of sanskritisation. He used this word to explain the process of social mobility in traditional social structure. This is the process in which a lower caste, collectively adopts the customs, traditions, living style etc. to achieve higher status in society. With this process, lower caste persons even sacrifice their traditional customs and traditions.

Question 3.
Why is Sanskritization preferred to the term Brahminisation?
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas preferred the word Sanskritization over Brahminisation and there was a reason behind it. Actually in Brahminisation, lower caste people adopt the ways of living, customs, traditions etc. of Brahmins. But this is not the case in sanskritization. In sanskritization, lower castes adopt ways of living of the upper caste living in their area. It can be any of the three upper castes i.e. Brahmin, Kshatriya or Vaishya. In this the model caste can be any of the upper three castes. . So, Sanskritisation is an open and wide concept but Brahminisation is a small ‘ concept.

Question 4.
Give details on the carriers of westernisation process.
Answer:
Along with the British, Indians are also considered carriers of westernization. There were three British groups which helped in the expansion of this process and these were

• Sepoys and those officers who were at higher posts
• Traders and plantation owners
• Christian missionaries. Except these, there were those Indians who were directly or indirectly in contact with the British.

They were:

• Those Indians came in direct contact with the British living style. They either worked at the homes of the British or those who left Hinduism and adopted Christianity.
• Those Indians were indirectly related to the British. They were those who took western education, started doing government jobs, or started trading.

Question 5.
Sanskritisation results only in positional change in the system and does not lead to any structural change. Discuss.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that sanskritisation results only in positional change in the system but not the structural change. In this process, social status of 1 an individual changes but not the caste. It means that one can adopt the living style of his model caste but he cannot be included in that caste. One needs to live whole of his life in the caste in which he is born. Any tribal person can adopt life style of any caste but he cannot be a member of that caste.

Question 6.
Bring out differences between westernisation and sanskritisation.
Answer:

• The process of westernisation is a secular process but in sanskritisation aspect of purity and impurity is quite important.
• There is development and upward mobility in westernization but there is imitation and upward mobility in sanskritization.
• The process of westernization works out of caste based structure but the process of sanskritization works within caste based structure.
• With westernisation, change comes in the status of whole society but in sanskritisation social status of an individual changes.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write note on westernisation and its features.
Or
Discuss the features of westernisation in detail.
Or
Write a note on westernisation.
Or
What is westernisation? Discuss its features.
Answer:
Generally the meaning of westernization’Is taken by impact of western countries over India. England, France, Germany and’U.S.A. are those western countries which greatly influenced Indian society. Educated class of India tries to imitate life style of the people of these countries. Prof. M.N. Srinivas gave a detailed description of westernization. Other Sociologists also tried to explain westernization but they mainly concentrated on giving explanation of impacts of westernization on Indian society. Srinivas wrote a book ‘Social Change in Modern India’ and in this book he wrote, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.”

So from this definition it is clear that the concept of westernization includes the changes which come in institutions, ideology etc. of Indian society and which came due to political and cultural contacts with western countries. Westernization can have many ideals like England, U.S.A. or other European countries.

Features Of Westernization:

1. Continue after Independence. The process of westernization hardly came to an end even when Britishers left our country. This process continuously is going on even after independence. From Modern Indian Culture, ways of living, eating habits, new ways of mannerism, spread of western education etc. we can tell that India is westernizing even in today’s age.

2. Westernization is different from modernization. Yet the process of modernization is encouraged by westernization but these both concepts are different from each other. Wersternization is only related with all those good or bad effects over Indian society which were exerted due to British contacts but the process of Modernization includes positive impacts of western and other countries like England, Germany, France, Russia, U.S.A., Japan, China etc. over Indian society. Except this the impact of modern science and technology, information and science over Indian society is also known as modernization.

3. Impact of the British culture on Indian Society. Westernization is the impact of the British culture over Indian society. Yet India is also influenced by other western countries but the process of westernization does not include the impact of other western countries. To clarify this statement Srinivas has written that, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian Society and Culture as a result of over 150 years of the British rule.”

4. Westernization is not confined to urbanites. Impact of westernization was not confined only to urban areas during British empire. But whoever came in their contact like rural farmers, smaller officials, military men etc. became westernized. It was spread even in rural areas as well.

5. Conscious and Unconscious process. The process of westernization is a conscious as well as Unconscious process. Some of the aspects of culture, like language, technology etc. were consciously adopted by the IndiAnswer: But many westernized ideas, values, eating habits, living habits were unconsciously adopted by the IndiAnswer: Eating by sitting on the dining table, saying good morning or good night etc. are some of its examples.

6. Ethically Neutral. Many good, bad, positive, negative, organizational, disorganizational changes came in Indian society through westernization. Westernization is not related with positive and negative aspects of change. All the changes which come under this concept mean ethically westernization is a neutral concept.

Question 2.
Write a note on Dominant Caste.
Answer:
The concept of dominant caste was given by M.N. Srinivas. He used this term first time in one of his essays, “Essay on the Social System of a Mysore village”. Srinivas created this concept when he was doing study in Rampur village near Mysore city of Karnataka. According to Srinivas, dominant caste is that caste of a village which has:

• Availability of lot of arable land at local level.
• More population.
• Higher status in local hierarchy.

Except these factors, few more new factors are coming forward such as:

• Western education .
• Jobs in administratio
• Urban means of earning.

Srinivas was of the view that the dominant caste was not confined only in Rampur village. It exists in other villages of the country as well. Traditionally, those castes whose population is less, have more money, arable land, political power etc. become dominant castes; in villages. According to him, traditionally upper castes are dominant as western education and other related facilities are easily available to them. During earlier times, there was no importance of caste population but with the advent of universal adult suffrage, many castes have become dominant in their areas.

Srinivas was of the view that many new bases of dominant caste are coming forward but the traditional basis still prevails and castes with more population have not yet become dominant castes. But the given bases of dominant caste are more than enough.

Question 3.
What do you understand by cultural change? Explain two cultural processes of change.
Answer:
Society strives its continuity and existence according to the environmental and conditions of its surrounding people have been descending down from generation to generation with the addition of new ideas and objects. The dynamic process of society enhances culture with refreshment and for every generation a new culture than for the previous. A stagnant society is dead but there is none today how so primitive it may be. Technological developments and social changes in the form of evolution and progress at any rate exist there as the adjustment factors change them according to the environmental conditions. Hence the societies and cultures are undergoing changes which are known as cultural change.

According to Horton and Hunt, “Change in the culture of society is called cultural change.” According to Kingsley Davis, “Cultural change embarrasses occurring in any branch of culture including art, science, technology, philosophy etc. as well as changes in the forms and rules of social organization. It is the modification or discontinuance of existing tried and tested procedures transmitted to us from the culture of the past, as well as the introduction of new procedures.

Two cultural processes:

• Westernization. See Question No. 1.
• Sanskritization. See’Question No. 5.

Question 4.
What do you understand by westernization? Explain its impact on Indian society.
Or
Highlight the impacts of Westernisation.
Answer:
Meaning of Westernization. See Question No. 1.
Impact of Westernization on Indian Society. Westernization has greatly affected our Indian society. None of the corners of our country remained away from the impact of this process. So the impact of westernization over Indian society is given below:

1. Impact on Family. Traditionally joint families exist in our country in which three to four generations live with each other. But westernization encouraged individualism and materialism in our country. It reduced community feeling and sense of sacrifice among the members of the family. Educated youth became conscious about their rights. They started to disobey their elders. Females became conscious to maintain their identity. Joint families started to disintegrate very quickly due to this consciousness among females and youngs. Nuclear families started to replace joint families. In this way structural and functional impacts of westernization were exerted upon family system. Relations, rights and duties of members of the family were also changed.

2. Impact on Marriage. Indian marriage system also came under the influence of westernization. Before the British, many traditional customs prevailed in Indian society like marriage within the caste, restriction on widow remarriage, child marriage, Hypergamy etc. Marriage was considered as a religious sacrament. Rules of Spinda, Gotra and Sparvara were obeyed by the people in marriage and there was no place of thing named divorce. But many changes came in the institution of marriage due to western culture, ideas, views etc. Child marriages were legally stopped, late marriages were started, widow remarriages were started, love marriages and court marriages were started, divorces were increased and polygamy was stopped. Monogamy became ide’al type of marriage. Marriage became a contract due to westernization.

3. Impact on Caste System. Caste system was one of the important bases of Indian society but it. has also been changed due to westernization. The British established large scale industries in India and developed means of transport and communication. With this they made Indians familiar with facilities like post, telegraph, newspapers, press, roads, planes, railways etc. Large scale industries were established and people of different castes started-to work with each other in these industries. They started to use means of transport to move from one place to another. This thing reduced the sense of superiority and inferiority. People of one caste started to adopt occupations of other castes. Money system was started for providing services and people started to take services of other castes. Restrictions of caste system were reduced when they started to work with each other. Impact of caste organisations was reduced. Westernization spread the values of equality and brotherhood. It reduced the discrimination on the basis of caste.

4. Impact on Untouchability. Untouchability was an indispensible part of Indian caste system. But caste discriminations were reduced due to spread of western values of equality, liberty and fraternity. Untouchability was reduced due to a number of reasons like permission to take admission in educational institutions, same educational system for every one, same job for similar capable persons etc. Britishers encouraged industrialization and urbanization. People of different castes started to use all the public places. So untouchability was reduced due to westernization.

5. Impact on Religious Life. Many religious beliefs, superstitions prevailed in Indian society before the advent of the British. But many religious and reform movements were started in India due to the impact of western education and Christian missionaries. That’s why many religious evils and superstitions came to an end. Many people changed their religion and became Christians.” Elements of equalitarianism and humanism were encouraged in Hindu religion. So many evils came to an end due to western impact. With this religious beliefs and impact were also decreased. Fundamentalism of Hindu religion was declined and Indianization of Christianity took place.

6. Change in Status of Women. The status of women was very low when Britishers came to India. Their status was very pitiable due to sati system, purdah system, child marriage, restriction on widow remarriage etc. The British declared sati system illegal and gave permission to widow remarriage. Purdah system also declined due to spread of western education. Westernized women started to wear pent-shirts. Lakhs of women became conscious about their rights and they started to work in offices by leaving their traditional work of taking care of the house.

7. Impact in the Field of Education. We can clearly see the impact of westernization on traditional educational system of India. Gurukul system of education prevailed in Indian society before the advent of the British. But they started western system of education over here. People with knowledge of English language were given preferences in governmental jobs and administrative system. All castes and classes were equally treated. Lord Macaulay started education in English medium over here in 1835. This education brought drastic changes in views, ideas and living style of IndiAnswer: Western education also developed the sense of equality and national unity. Modern education of agriculture, science, medicine, engineering, law etc. is the legacy of the British.

8. Impact on Social Norms and Values. Folk ways, mores, traditions, customs, rules, laws, ways of behaviour, beliefs, values, arts, literature etc. are cultural heritage of Indian society. But many changes came in these cultural elements when Indians came in direct contact with the British and when the British rule established over here. These cultural elements came under the impact of westernization. After that many customs of Indian society were given legal form and many customs were restricted and started. For example sati system was restricted and widow remarriages were started. Even people started to print invitation cards for many occasions of life instead of calling their relatives personally. For example invitation cards of marriages, birth of child, birthdays, anniversaries, etc.

9. Impact on Life Style of the People. Indian life style is very much influenced by westernization. We can see even people of all the castes speaking English in metropolitan cities. In earlier times males used to wear ‘Dhoti Kurta’. But now they wear coat, pants, shirt, tie, jeans etc. Western fashion has completely changed life style of India. Now women wear jeans, pants, sarees, skirts, suits etc. Educated people often follow western culture in every sphere of life. Females are using make up kits to look beautiful. Now things of pleasure like TV, Car, Scooter, DVD, Camera, Mobile etc. are just like necessities of life. People are following everything of western culture in their lives.

10. Impact on Languages. In 1835, Lord Macaulay started English as a medium of education. After this people started to use English language. Yet English language is not a sanctioned language by the Indian Constitution but it has been adopted as a link language. In modern times, most of the schools, colleges, universities, medical colleges, Engineering colleges, management colleges and other professional colleges are using English language as a medium of instruction. Modern democracy, Parliamentary system, modern bureaucracy and the fundamental rights given to citizens are the legacy of English language.

11. Introduction of New Technology. The British used new technology in India. When developed technology was used in India then many changes came in Indian economy and living style of the people. They developed railways, made new roads, developed and encouraged press, made utensils of steel. Many revolutionary changes came in Indian society due to buses, railways, ships, post and telegraph, printing press. People started to eat their food by sitting on dinning tables instead of sitting on the floor and they started to use utensils of steel.

12. Industrialization. When the British established their rule over India, they started to export Indian raw material to England. They started to make things in England and sell those things in India. Things made by machines of high technology were less expensive and of good quality. But Indian made goods were more expensive and were not of good quality because they were made with hands. That’s why Indian industries suffered a gi;eat setback. The British started Zamindari system and their rules of business with which Indian economy weakened to a great extent. Things in these industries were made by machines. Things were made more than the local needs which resulted in the development of International business. But the Indian wealth started to flow towards Britain.

13. Development of New Administrative System. Modern Bureaucracy was introduced in India during British rule. Thousands of new posts were created. Indian Civil Services were started in which higher officials ye re started to be selected through competitive exams. Large structure of bureaucracy wqs introduced.

14. Development of Economic Institutions. Many economic institutions were developed in India during the British rule. Banks were established. Division of labour and specialization were developed. Capitalism was started in India. Problems of agricultural labour and industrial labour were increased. Strikes, lock outs of factories were started. Indian economy was turned towards a new direction with the advent of these economic institutions,

Question 5.
Write a note on Sanskritisation.
Or
What is Sanskritisation?
Or
Write a note on Sanskritisation?
Answer:
Famous Indian Sociologist M.N. Srinivas wrote a book called ‘Social Change in Modern India’ in which he elaborately explained the processes of social change. First of all he explained the process of Sanskritisation in which he said that, through this process, lower castes try to lift themselves up in the social hierarchy. In this book, he also wrote about changes which are coming among lower castes. Actually Srinivas used the word Sanskritisation to explain the process of mobility in traditional Indian social structure. He was of the view that only because of Sanskritisation, mobility started in caste system. According to him mobility was always possible in caste system and especially amo±.g lower and middle castes. Caste system was not so rigid to permanently fix the social status of a person. It could have been changed.

Meaning of Sanskritisation. First of all the word Sanskritisation was used by M.N. Srinivas in his book ‘Society Among the Coorgs’. He wrote this book after studying Coorgs of Mysore. He wrote that lower caste people have started to adopt the life style of upper castes to uplift their social status. Initially Srinivas used the word ‘Brahmanization’ for this process but later on he used the word Sanskritization. Srinivas was of the view that lower caste people have begun using life style of upper castes, with which social status of their children automatically goes upward after one or two generations. It means that when lower caste people start to adopt living style of higher castes then this process is known as the process of Sanskritization. Their status automatically goes upward with this process. In this process, first of all they used to leave their own customs, traditions, values and then they began to adopt the customs, values etc. of higher castes.

Definitions:

1. According to M.N. Srinivas, “Sanskritization is the process by which a low Hindu caste or tribaj or other group changes its customs, ideology and way of life in the direction of a higher and twice born caste.”

2. At another place Srinivas wrote, “Sanskritization means not only the adoption of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas and values which have frequent express in the nest body of Sanskrit literature sacred as well as secular, Karma, dharma, pap, maya, sansar, moksha are examples of some of the most common Sanskrit theological ideas and when a person becomes Sanskritized, these words are used frequently.”

3. According to Dr. Yogendra Singh, “Sanskritization is the process of cultural and social mobility during these periods of relative closure of the Hindu social system. It is an endogamous source of social change. From a psychological point Sanskritization is the culture of higher group. The specific sense of Sanskritization is a unique historical expression of the general process of acculturation as a means of vertical mobility of groups.”

In this way Srinivas was of the view that it is right that people of lower caste adopted the living styles of upper castes but it doesn’t mean that it has changed the caste hierarchy. Yet they started to adopt life style of upper castes and even kept the subnames of higher castes but they could not become the upper castes. Srinivas was of the view that Sanskritization was not confined only among lower Hindu castes but it also took place among the tribes. Bhils, Gonds, Oraons tribes have also tried to adopt this process.

In this way the process of Sanskritization remains in caste system and through this process, people of lower castes try to adopt and imitate the life style, habits, ways of living of higher castes. After one or two generations they become mixed among the people of upper castes. So through this process, people of lower castes try to uplift their social status.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Sanskritisation? Explain its impact.
Or
Give Sanskritisation’s impact on Society.
Or
Explain impact of Sanskritisation.
Answer:
The process of Sanskritization has greatly affected the caste system of the Indian society. This process has reduced the impact of caste system and lower castes tried to uplift their social status with this process. Sanskritization has greatly affected lower castes because of which many changes came in their status and this description is given below:

1. The process of Sanskritisation has increased mobility among lower castes. Census report of 1921 says that many people of North India put sacred thread and started to call themselves Kshatriyas.

2. This process improved the status of lower castes. People of lower castes adopted the traditions, rituals, ideals and life style of higher castes and started to call themselves as members of higher castes. When they were able to achieve wanted place in local caste hierarchy then their position changes automatically.

3. This process has brought changes in occupation status of lower castes. They started to leave those occupations which were considered as impure and started to adopt pure occupations. Yet they were not allowed to adopt pure occupations but due to increasing consciousness towards purity they started to adopt occupations of upper castes.

4. The process of Sanskritization also brought many changes in their culture – folk ways, traditions, customs, beliefs, values, behaviour and mannerism. They started to imitate life style of upper castes with which their life style also changed.

5. Sanskritization has also affected religious life of lower castes. They started to adopt religious rituals of upper castes. Even they started to do yajans, puja etc. They left the impure occupations and adopted pure occupations. They started to celebrate even Hindu festivals as well.

6. Their economic status was also affected by this. They entered the industrial sector and government jobs with which their income was improved. They started to get technical and occupational education and started to achieve higher posts. Their income increased with modern occupations with which their economic status was improved.

7. Social life of lower castes also changed with this. Members of lower castes started to get education to improve their status. They got jobs in industries, offices, administration etc. They started to interact with people of upper castes which resulted in reduction of caste differences.

8. Their ways of living also changed with improvement of economic status, education, use of means of transport, jobs etc. They started to make concrete houses. Even they started to use means of leisure like furniture, chairs, table, TV, Fridge, Fans, Kitchen Gas, A.C. etc.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. On the basis of sex, how many classes are there in society?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer:
(b) Two

2. Word ‘sex’ is a …………….. term.
(a) Social
(b) Biological
(c) Socio-cultural
(d) Political
Answer:
(b) Biological

3. Where is the word ‘Gender’ made?
(a) Home
(b) Society
(c) Country
(d) World
Answer:
(b) Society

4. When the difference is kept on the basis of gender, it is known as
(a) Gender socialisation
(b) Gender equality
(c) Gender discrimination
(d) Gender relation.
Answer:
(c) Gender discrimination

5. Name the book written by ‘Simone de Beauvoir’.
(a) The Second Sex
(b) The Third Sex
(c) The Second Job
(d) The Third Job
Answer:
(a) The Second Sex

6. Radical Feminism gives stress on ……………..
(a) Patriarchy
(b) Matriarchy
(c) Democracy
(d) Monarchy
Answer:
(a) Patriarchy

7. Sex Ratio can be defined as:
(a) Number of males per 1000 females
(b) Number of females per 1000 males
(c) Number of females per 1000 females
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Number of females per 1000 males.

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Two types of sexes ……………. and ……………… are there in the world.
Answer:
male, female

2. Major reason for gender inequality is …………………
Answer:
patriarchy

3. Meaning of ……………… is the authority of father at home.
Answer:
patriarchy

4. Marxist feminism gives stress on the relations between patriarchy and ……………….
Answer:
capitalism

5. ………………. wrote the book ‘The Second Sex’.
Answer:
Simone de Beauvoir

True/False:

1. Liberal feminism says that all humans are important.
Answer:
True

2. Radical feminism says that males play a very important role in oppressing females.
Answer:
True

3. Giving education to children according to their sex is called gender socialisation.
Answer:
True

4. Gender socialisation increases discrimination.
Answer:
True

5. In 2011 there were 914 females (0-6 years) behind every 1000 males.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
Is there any discrimination against women in our society?
Answer:
Yes, there is discrimination against women in our society.

Question 2.
What is Karva Chauth?
Answer:
Females keep a fast for long life of their husband which is known as Karva Chauth.

Question 3.
Whose order is obeyed in patriarchy?
Answer:
In patriarchy, the order of father is obeyed.

Question 4.
What is sex?
Answer:
Sex is a biological word that tells us about the physical differences of male and female.

Question 5.
What is Gender Class?
Answer:
Gender is a word made by society that includes such conditions in which relations of male and female are there.

Question 6.
What do we study in gender relations?
Answer:
In gender relations, we study gender subordination.

Question 7.
On what the base of gender socialisation depends?
Answer:
The base of gender socialisation is if, but, do’s and don’ts.

Question 8.
What is gender socialisation?
Answer:
When society teaches its children to behave according to their sex, it is called gender socialisation.

Question 9.
What is gender discrimination?
Answer:
In different social .sectors, discrimination is made with females by males and this is gender discrimination.

Question 10.
What is Sex ratio?
Answer:
The number of females, in a given area, behind every 1000 males is known as sex ratio.

Question 11.
What is the major reason of decreasing sex ratio?
Answer:
Major reason of decreasing sex ratio is sex based abortion and wish to have a male child.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do we think when we talk about gender relations?
Answer:
Whenever we talk about gender realtions, we think about four things:

• Inequalities between man and woman
• Relation between man power and woman power.
• To analyse the domination of man power over women.
• Women participation in economic and political fields.

Question 2.
What is the difference between Sex and Gender?
Answer:
Sex is a biological concept which shows the physical differences between male an,d female. But Gender is a socially constructed concept which includes all those political, cultural, socio-psychological and economic propositions in which males and females work.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Gender Relations?
Answer:
The meaning of gender relations is such relations between males and females which are based on ideological, cultural, political and economic issues. In this, we study gender domination, issues concerning uplifting status of women and problems related to women.

Question 4.
Which issues do we talk about in gender relations?
Answer:
In gender relations, we talk about many issues such as institutions of marriage and family, relations before mari.age, relations after marriage, issue of homosexuality, issue of transgender etc.

Question 5.
On what the subordination of women is based?
Answer:
In different societies, the subordination of women is based on many issues such as class, caste, religion, education, socio-cultural background etc. The nature of society decides the level of women subordination.

Question 6.
What is meant by Gender Socialisation?
Answer:
The meaning of gender socialisation is that method with which society cares that its children should learn the habits according to their sex. It divides children in different groups according to their sex. In this way society controls human behaviour.

Question 7.
What is meant by Gender discrimination?
Answer:
It means women are treated or behaved with subordination, exclusion and non-participation and they are ignored in many senses. Such behaviour-is known as gender discrimination.

Question 8.
What is meant by sex-ratio?
Answer:
The number of females, in a given particular area, after every 1000 males is known as sex ration. According to census survey 2011, sex ratio in India was 1000: 914 (0-6 years.)

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Gender.
Answer:
In simple words, word Gender is used to explain physical and social differences between male and female. It means that what are the physical differences between male and female which one gets by nature itself and which are social differences which both get while living in society. The word Gender is used to explain such differences.

Question 2.
Gender Discrimination.
Answer:
In common language, there exist few differences between male and female and these differences are given the name of gender discrimination. Two types of humans—male and female, live in this world. Any person can only be identified by looking at his/her physical features that weather a person is male or female. Nature has kept few differences between them. Both male and female have their own physical features. Discrimination can be made between the both on the basis of their sex. In this way, what difference is there between male and female is given the name of gender discrimination.

Question 3.
Social factor of Gender Discrimination.
Answer:
Yet nature has kept few differences between male and female but humans themselves have created few differences between the both. Right from the ancient times, females are discriminated. They were kept away from education and property. They were confined only to four walls of the house. All of their decisions were taken by males and males had complete control over females. Yet these differences are decreasing day by day in modern societies but they still exist in traditional societies.

Question 4.
Natural factor of Gender Discrimination.
Answer:
Nature itself has started this gender discrimination. Man is created by nature itself. Nature has created two types of humans—male and female. Males are given hairs on body, strength, good physical structure but females are given beauty, good behaviour, love, sympathy, softness etc. Males are given hard work like earning bread and butter, doing hard labour but females are given easy works. In this way nature itself has created gender discrimination.

Question 5.
Causes of Gender Discrimination.
Answer:

• Differences given by nature itself.
• Due to the wish of males.
• Due to existence of male dominated societies.
• Due to evils of social institution.
• Due to lack of physical strength among females.

Question 6.
Consequences of Gender Discrimination.
Answer:

• Low social status of females.
• More control of males over society.
• Increase in strength of male dominated society.
• Decrease of sex ratio in society.
• Increase in imbalance of power.

Question 7.
Sex Ratio.
Answer:
In simple words the number of females behind 1000 males in one square kilometre is known as sex ratio. It means that how many females are there behind 1000 males in a particular area. Word sex ratio is one of the demographic features of any country’s population and to know something about any country’s population, knowledge of sex ratio is must. Sex ratio in India in 2001 was 1000: 933 and it was 1000: 943 in 2011.

Question 8.
Causes of lower status of women.
Answer:

• In joint family system, female has to live in many types of restrictions in the four walls of house and her position became lower.
• Position of female became lower due to dominance of males in society and due to patriarchal families.
• Females were not able to get education due to child marriage with which her position deteriorated.
• She was not aware about her rights due to illiteracy and that’s why her status was lower in society.
• She was economically dependent upon males because of which she had to face lower status in the society.

Question 9.
Religious disabilities of women.
Answer:
A female was considered as necessary to complete religious rituals in Vedic age. But with the passage of time, her status changed and her social status became lower. Her religious knowledge came to an end due to child marriage and that’s why she was started to keep away from Yagyas. Because she was unable to get education, that’s why her religious education and knowledge also came to an end. Now she was not allowed to perform Yagyas and religious rituals. Her religious functions came to an end due to the dominance of males. Her religion and duty remains confined only to serve the husband and the family. In this way she was differentiated from religious education because she was considered as impure due to her monthly periods. In this way religious disabilities were slapped on her.

Question 10.
Economic disabilities of women.
Answer:
Females also had to face many economic disabilities. She had the right to keep property in Vedic age but later on this right came to an end. In medieval period she was neither allowed to keep property. She was not given any share in father’s property. Property, in joint family, was in the names of males of the family. It was not given to her at the time of division of property. Her Work was only to serve the family and her husband. She had no freedom related to money. Economically she was dependent upon father, husband and her sons.

Question 11.
Changes which are coming in the status of women.
Answer:

• Females are getting education due to advent of education.
• Females are doing jobs in offices and industries due to industrialisation.
• Her mentality is now changing due to the development of western culture and now she has come to know about her rights.
• Indian government has made many laws to uplift her status and that’s why her status is going higher and higher.
• Now she came out of the four walls of the house due to disintegration of joint families.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the meaning of Gender? Explain it in the form of Social Construct.
Or
Write a note on Gender as a Social Construct.
Answer:
Generally the word gender is used to tell physical and social difference between male and female. It means that what are the physical differences between male and female which are given by nature and which are the social differences which they both get while living in society. Word Gender is used to tell these differences. If we look at its biological aspect then we will come to know that there are many biological differences in male and female like sexual organs or coming out of some parts etc. or ability to do any specific work of male and female.

In this manner if we look from the social point of view then we can see that there are many social differences in males and females. For example, Patriarchal society and Matriarchal society. In Patriarchal society, family takes order from males, every one obeys the eldest male, father earns the money and female takes care of family. Status of female in patriarchal society is very low. Her status is not more than mother of the children 6r a maid. In this way position of father in patriarchal society is very high.

He takes care of the house and nomenclature of the house is on the name of father. Son gets ancestral property from his father. On the other side status of male is lower than that of female in Matriarchal society. Family and society is run by the female. Females have every type of power and authority in this type of society. Female is the wholly incharge of house. Nomenclature’is on the name of mother. Male goes to live to female’s house after marriage. Property in these societies is generally given to daughter or to nephew (Son of the sister).

From this example we can come to know that gender difference is not only on the biological basis but we can see gender difference on the social basis as well. While living in society we can see many examples from which we can come to know about gender difference. But the meaning of gender is different for sociologists. Sociologists are in favour of giving complete explanation of this word and want to know that upto what extent gender behaviour is natural, social or is made by humAnswer: Sociologists take the meaning of gender in two ways.

1. First meaning is that which biological or physical differences are there in males and females. It means that because of which biological or physical differences we can differentiate between males and females. These differences are natural and they are out of control of hum Answer:

2. Second meaning of gender is by cultural and social differences in the roles and behaviour of humAnswer: It means that what are the differences produced by humans while living in society and from which we can come to know about gender difference (Male and Female). These differences are made in society and they are made by humAnswer: .
In this way sociologists take the meaning of gender in two parts. Biological differences are coming in first part which depend upon nature. Socio-cultural differences are coming in second part which are made by humAnswer:

For example females are not allowed to go through the upanayana Samskara to enter into Brahmcharya Ashrama. But here one question arises that the behaviour of male and female is determined by biological factor or is determined by socio-cultural factors? Which factors affect the behaviour of both male and female? Whether male and female are different from each other naturally or difference between them is made in society? Whether males are clever and rational by birth and females are peaceful and tolerable by nature? Whether just males will go out of house to earn money and females will take care of family and children? Why females cannot go out of house to earn money and why males cannot take care of the house? Questions of this nature are very serious and these type of questions should be taken care. While looking at these type of qustions, two views are coming in front of us to solve these questions. Both of these views are given by Naturists and sociologists. These views are given below:

1. Naturists are of the view that if there are any socio-cultural differences in both the sexes then these are because of biological differences. It means that the base of socio-cultural differences in both the sexes is not social but is biological. Which ever differences nature has given to humans, are the basis of socio cultural differences. Males are considered more powerful than females and they are. That is why they take care of the society. Nature has given the functions of producing and upbringing of children to females because they get the qualities of love, tolerance and taking care by nature. There is no need to tell them how to tolerate and to love because these qualities in females are there by birth. In this way the system of division of labour in males and females is coming from ancient times that males will go out of house for work and females will take care of house and children. That is why every person gets some qualities of doing any work by birth and they are doing that work.

This view of Naturists is definitely a part of evolutionary theory of Darwin. But this view has gone even beyond the view of Darwin. Naturists are of the view that every organism goes from a process of evolution means it, moves from smaller to bigger and simplicity to complexity. For example embryo is produced after the mating of male and female and embryo develops in the form of child. In this way every organism starts from the lowest level and goes upto the highest level. Naturists are of the view that biologically male and female are different from each other and they both are living their lives in a different way. But male is more powerful than female and that is why his status is higher than that of female. His authority is there in society and he takes all the major decisions of the family and society.

But here social anthropologists are of the view that there are physical differences in males and females but they have tied physical differences with social roles. According to Murdock, physical difference in male and female is the base of gender division of labour in society. It means that yet there are physical differences in males and females but these physical differences are the base of division of labour in males and females in society. He says that because males are more powerful and females are capable of taking care of childen and this division of labour determines the gender roles. In this way Parsons was of the view that females give love, sympathy and emotional strength to males because they get these traits by birth and these traits play an important role in the socialization of a child. Males are going out for work and females are doing house hold works. According to him there should be clear division of labour among both the sexes so that social system should run smoothly.

But the views of Murdock and Parsons has been criticised. Some Naturists have criticised the view that social roles are determined due to biological differences. They are of the view that both mother and father take care of the house and if need arises they take each other’s role. Today even females are doing functions which were specified only to males like job in military, working in mines or making big buildings. In this way they are of the view that social roles are not determined by biological difference but biological difference plays an important role in the determination of gender role.

2. Sociological View. On the other side, views of sociologists are exactly opposite to Naturists. They completely disapprove the views that biological differences determine the gender role. They says that gender roles are not determined due to biological factors but these are formed in society and are determined by culture. Person has to do many roles while living in society. Yet these roles are given on the basis of gender like father or mother. But most of the roles are given to the person according to the culture of society.

They are of the view that we can see many examples of society that except producing children, no other function is reserved for females. Gender base of femalds cannot prevent them from doing any work and they can do every type of work. Even the role of mother is given tQ them by culture and society. Many examples are there with us which tell us that those children who don’t have mother due to one or another reason, the role of mother is generally fulfilled by Father. In this way sociologists are of the view that social factors play an important role in determining gender role.

Role Of Gender In Social Construct:

Gender roles never come due to biological reasons but they come due to cultural factors. In other words we can say that humans learn to fulfil the roles of male and female while living only in the society. Just after birth, they hardly come to know that he or she is boy or girl. They come to know about their gender only by livng in society and by the ways of behaviour of people towards them. Now we will look it into the form of socialization. Socialization has a great role in making of an animal into a social animal. Both sexes contribute in the socialization of the person. This is known as gender socialization.

Socialization. Socialization is one of the most important concept in sociology. The process of socialization is that process with which a person learns the ways of living and behaving in society. Person learns to play social roles in this process. In this way gender socialization is that process in which males and. females learn to behave according to their sex. It is that process which starts right after the birth of the child and goes on till the death of the person. Our gender role starts at very early stage and child comes to know about playing his role according to his sex. This process has many stages which are given below:

1. Determination of gender based role after sometime of the birth. Even child of 1-2 years of age comes to know about this because members of the society behaves with him or her according to the sex. Even the calling of the children is according to the sex. Behaviour towards the girl is generally very much soft as compared to boys. Boys are considered as powerful and clever as compared to girls. Parents also behave with the children according to the sex yet the difference of behaviour is very less. Children of both the sexes are given different types of clothes to wear. Even the colours of the clothes are also different. Ways of behaviour talking etc. are also different with them. Even punishment to the child is given according to the sex of the child. In this way gender socialization starts after some time of the birth and it goes on for the whole life.

2. Second stage of Gender socialization starts in the childhood when child takes parts in games and play groups. Child takes parts in play groups according to his sex. Girl child plays with other girls and boy child plays with other boys. At this stage, even the difference also comes in playing different games. Boys are playing those games which needs a lot of hard work and girls plays those games which need less hard work. Even boys are motivated to play those games which require a lot of hard work. Even the toys and sporting things given to boys and girls are also different. Boys are given the toys of guns, buses, car and things of out door sport and girls are generally given things of indoor sports. In this way boys and girls start to learn to behave according to their group with which they coine to know about ways of living in society.

3. Third stage of the process of gender socialization is school where child spends very valuable years of his life. This is the time when child goes in either the wrong way or he learns a lot. This process not only goes on in the family but it goes on in the school with great pace. No other means except -school can put a great influence on the gender behaviour of the child. Child sits in the class according to his or her sex. They behave with each other according to his or her sex, Girls sit away from the boys and even talk with them from a distance because they are told to do so.- Boys are generally influenced by female teachers and girls are generally affected by male teachers. In school, they both form their own group which helps in the making of society.

Both learn to work according to their sex. Boys are going out of the house to do some household work and girls are generally working the household work in the house. Girls are taking easy subjects in school i.e. home science, arts etc. and boys are given tough subjects like science, maths, commerce etc. In this way the formation of main elements of making the society starts at this level.

4. Next and the last stage of gender socialization is adult socialization in which both the sexes completely differentiate from each other. Boys are doing powerful works after getting adulthood and girls generally like to do work of less hard work like teaching or work of clerk etc. Females are getting very few higher positions. Females are generally given less pay and less promotions. Females never like to change their jobs very quickly.

In this way both the groups start functioning in a different way on the basis of gender with which society works in a proper way. If there would be no difference between them on the basis of their work then the functions of both the groups will mix with each other and no one would be able to work properly. Social system and structure will be destroyed with this. Then every person will work according to his wish and the division of labour on the basis of gesder qlso come to an end. Males

and females throw their responsibilities on each other and no one would like to take his responsibility. In this way we can say that the gender has a great role in form of social construct and that is why society works very smoothly.

Question 2.
What are the reasons behind the lower status of women?
Answer:
Status of women was sometime better and sometime worse in different ages. It was very good in Vedic Age but slowly and slowly it deteriorated. Aftet Vedic Age especially from Medieval Age to British Age her position was worse. There was not one factor’ responsible for the lower status of women but many factors were there which are given below:

1. Joint Family System. One system of joint family prevailed in Indian society. This custom played a very important role in the pitiable condition of female. Under this system female had no right to keep property and had no any other social right. She was confined only to the four walls of the house. Child marriage and Sati Pratha systems were also given importance in ancient family system because of which her position was lower in the family.

2. Patriarchal Family. We can see most of the families in Indian society as patriarchal family. In.this type of family, every function of the family is being done with the wish of the male. Nomenclature of father is given to the child. Female has to go to her husband’s house after marriage. Right over property, over family matters is of father. In this type of family status of woman is very much lower because males of the family hardly take the advice of the female in any of the matters.

3. Ideal of Kanyadan. Ideal of Kanyadan prevails in Hindu marriage right from the ancient times. Father finds a suitable match for his girl and gives her hand in the boy’s hand as aim or Dann. The custom of Kanyadan performed by father is the symbol of one thing that husband has full right over his wife. In this way, due to the ideal of Kanyadan, her position in the society remains lower.

4. Child Marriage. The custom of child marriage is also responsible for the lower position of women. Due to this custom girl was married to boy at a very young age because of which she was neither been able to get education nor she came to know about her rights. Husbands also control their wives because of which female has to live under the control of her husband.

5. Hypergamy. In the custom of Hypergamy or Kulin Vivaha, girl is to be married either in the family of equal status or in the family of higher status but boys are free to marry even in the family of lower status. That’s why parents were used to marry their daughter in her young age so that she should nor face any problem regarding marriage. In this way girl was forced to live without education and her position remains lower in society.

6. Illiteracy of Women. Condition of Hindu woman was pitiable due to unavailability of education. She was unable to get education due to child marriage and it was the main reason of ignorance towards her rights. She was strangled in the cycle of superstitions, social traditions, evils due to ignorance that she was unable to come out of it. She was given the teaching, right from the childhood that the order of husband for her is just like an order from the god and she had to live her whole life while serving husband and others. Due to all these factors she was unconscious about her rights and her status remained lower the society.

7. Economic Dependency of Women. Male is the head of the family right from the ancient times and he takes care of the family. All the functions of the family are being done by him. Female was not allowed to go out for work because it was considered as the disrespect of the family. That’s why female has to depend, economically, on her husband. That’s why the status of women remained lower in the society.

8. Brahmanism. Some thinkers are of the view that Hindus religion or Brahmanism was the main reason of lower status of woman because whichever social rules and religious rules were made by brahmins, all have given higher status to males and lower status to females. According to Manu, the main function of the woman was to serve her husband. When Muslims had established their supremacy in India then they had no problem in making marital relations with Hindu females. That’s why Hindus had made very strict rules regarding marriage to secure Hindu females from Muslims. Child marriage was encouraged and widow remarriage was restricted because of which the status of women remained lower and lower in the society.

Question 3.
Which disabilities women had to face in life?
Or
Write a detailed note on the major problems faced by women in India.
Answer:
It has been.beleived that males and females are equal in number and they both had got the equal rights in Vedic Age. But the ages were changed with the passage of time and many changes came in the status of women. Status of women deteriorated and she had to face many restrictions. Many disabilities were slapped on her. Then her respect remains only in the form of mother. Some of the disabilities are given below:

1. Religious disabilities. Status of woman was very good in Vedic Age and she hardly faced any disabilities in that age. Woman was considered as very important for religious functions because it was believed that she is very much necessary to complete yajna and other rituals. With this females were getting education and education was based upon religion. That’s why she had complete knowledge of religious books.

But with the passage of time, her status changed and became lower. Her religious knowledge came to an end due to child marriage and that’s why she was started to keep away from Yagayas. Because she was unable to get education, so her religious education and knowledge also came to an end. Now she was not allowed to perform Yagyas and religious rituals. Her religious functions came to an end due to the dominance of males. Her duty remained confined only to serve the husband and the family. In this way she was kept away from religious education because she was considered as impure due to her monthly periods. In this way religious disabilities were slapped on her.

2. Social disabilities. Social disabilities also started for woman with religious disabilities. She hardly got education due to child marriage. She was unable to do any job due to non-availability of education for her and education is considered as necessary to get any job. At the time of education she was married in childhood and that’s why she was unable to get education.

Many social evils also prevailed related to women in our society. First evil was child marriage. She had to marry in her childhood because of which she was not allowed to get any education and was not doing any function out of the house. She was limited only to the four walls of the house.

Purdah pratha also prevailed in our society with child marriage. She was not allowed to come in front of every one. If she was coming then she had to take one long purdah (ghoonghat). Sati pratha was also there in Indian society. If husband of any female was died then living life alone was considered as hell for her. That’s why she had to do Sati and was forced to sit alive on the funeral pyre of her husband. In Vedic age widow remarriages were there but later on they also came to an end. Sati Pratha prevailed in Indian society till 19th century. When Muslims established their empire in India then they started to marry Hindu female. So to save females from Muslims, many restrictions were imposed on her by the upper castes. In this way many social disabilities were imposed on her.

3. Familial disabilities. Women also had to face many disabilities related to family. Yet the status of women of rich families was very good but the status of women of poor families was very bad. Condition of a widow was very pitiable. Wife was considered as servant. She was beaten up by husband even due to small small thing. Her duty was to serve the husband and the family. Father in law and mother in law also commitejl many atrocities on her. She was always dependent upon males. She was dependent upon father before marriage, on husband after marriage and on children in her old age. Patriarchal families were there because of which no advice of women was taken in any decisions of the families. Even the decision of her marriage was taken by her father. In this way she was considered as servant of the family.

4. Economic disabilities. Females also had to face many economic disabilities. She had the right to keep property in Vedic age but later on this right came to an end. In medieval period she was neither allowed to keep property. She was not given any share in father’s property. Property, in joint family, was on the names of males of the family. It was not given to her at the time of division of property. Her work was only to serve the family and her husband. She had no freedom related to money. Economically she was dependent upon father, husband and her sons.

In this way we can see that the women had to face many disabilities in society. Yet there was no such disability to women in Vedic Age and she had a. number of rights in that age. But later on all these rights came to an end and the place of rights was taken away by disabilities.

Question 4.
Which types of efforts were being done after independence for the improvement of status of women?
Or
Highlight the role of legislation in the upliftment of status of women.
Or
Highlight the role of various legislations and government programmes in uplifting their status.
Answer:
Half the population of the country is of women. So it is necessary, for the development of the country, that their condition should also be improved and the evils related to them should also be removed. After independence many provisions were kept in Constitution with which efforts were done to improve the status of women. Many laws were made to uplift her social status. The following efforts were done to improve the status and the welfare of the women.

1. Constitutional Provisions. Many provisions were kept in Constitution to improve the status of women:

• Article 14 of the Constitution says that every one is equal in front of law.
• According to Article 15 (1) of the Constitution there shall be no discrimination with Indian citizen on the bases of religion, caste, sex or living place.
• Article 15 (3) says that the state shall do special efforts for women and children.
• Article 16 says that state shall give equal opportunities to all Indian citizens in the matters of employment and appointments.
• Article 39 (D) of the Constitution says that males and females will get same pay for same work.
• Article 42 of the Constitution says that state shall produce judicial condition of functions and shall provide more and more maternity help.
• Article 51 (A) (E) says that the customs disgracing women’s respect shall be sacrificed.
• Article 243 of the Constitution says that one-third seats in local government- panchayats and municipalities shall be kept reserved.

2. Legislations. Many laws have been made for the security of interests of women and to improve their social status which is given below:

• The Sati Prohibition Act 1829, 1987.
• The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856.
• The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.
• The Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act, 1937.
• The Special Marriage Act, 1954.
• The Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act 1955 and 1967.
• The Hindu Succession Act, 1956.
• The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, 1986.
• The Maternity Relief Act, 1961, 1976.
• The Muslim Women Protection of Right of Divorce, 1986.

Yet many of these laws were made even before independence but they were also amended after independence. Many problems of women came to an end due to these laws like Dowry system, Sati pratha, Child marriage, No Right to keep property etc. These laws have greatly helped in the improvement of status of women.

3. Women Welfare Programmes. Many programmes were started after independence to uplift the status of women whose description is given below:

• International Women Day was celebrated in 1975 and many programmes were started for their welfare.
• DWAKRA programme was started in 1982-83 to strengthen the rural women rom economic point of view.
• Women Development corporation was established in 1986-87 so that the women could get opportunities of employment.
• National Women Commission was reorganized in 1922 so that the attrocities committed on women could be stopped.

4. Women cells were established in the country. These are those organization of women which arranges for the welfare programmes for women in rural areas. 75% of total money spending on these programmes is given by central social welfare board.

5. Many houses have been estabhshed for the working women in cities. Central Social Welfare Board has estabhshed hostels in many cities so that the working women would be able to live in cities.

6. Central Social Welfare Board has started many socio-economic programmes after 1958 in country so that the needy women could be provided the employment. Dairy programmes are also included in this. In this way, many programmes were started after independence so that the social status of women could be uphfted. In this way, we can see a very good future of women in coming days.

Question 5.
Explain the different causes which have brought changes in the status of women and also explain the present status of women.
Answer:
A great change has come in the status of Indian women in today’s age. There is a lot of difference in status of women in present age and pre-independence age. Today she has come out of four walls of the house and is working in the offices, factories. But this change has not come due to one or two reasons, but it has many reasons. The description of these reasons and the present status of women is given below:

1. Improvement in the literacy rate of women. No one was taking care of education of women before independence but Indian government took many steps to uplift the level of education among women. That’s why the level of education among women has been increased to a great extent. The government arranged for free education for girls, given them the scholarships, arranged for free books so that the people could send their girl child to school to get education. In this way, education gradually spread among women and their level and standard of education started to increase. Now girls are getting higher education in every sector. Their age of marriage has also gone up due to education with which, their living standard has been moved in upward direction. Now they are getting education like boys. In this way, the major reason for the change in status of women is the spread of education among them.

2. Industrialization. Industries started to develop very quickly after independence. Females came out of the four walls of the house, due to education, and started going out for a job which resulted in the relaxation of restrictions upon her. Females started to work in offices with males with which the restrictions of caste system came to an end. Love marriages started to increase due to her interaction with others. Her economic dependence upon males was decreased due to her job which resulted in the improvement in her condition. It this way, industrialization played an important role in the improvement of status of women.

3. Western culture. India came in direct contact with the western countries after independence because of which their cultures and ideas also came to our country. Females came to know about their rights and freedom because of which their ideology started to change. That’s why females now are standing with males in every sector. Working women became economically self dependent and a sense of equality, with males, also came in them. Many feminist movements also started because of which consciousness came among them and changes came in their status.

4. Inter caste marriages. Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 1955 which gave the legal sanction to inter caste marriages. Females started to work in offices due to spread of education. She came in contact with other castes due to her job. Love marriages, inter caste marriages were increased very quickly which has resulted in the change in ideology of the people. That’s why her status rose in the eyes of general public and she started to get more respect due to her economic self-dependence. In this way, the custom of dowry was deceased due to intercaste marriages and her position started to change in society.

5. Development in the means of communication and transport. Means of transport and communication started to develop after independence. People started to come in contact with each other. People started to move towards far off cities, by leaving their villages, with which they came in contact with other castes. With this many feminist movements were also started and many laws were made to stop the exploitation of the women. Women started to get education and came out for jobs due to the development in means of transport and ideology of people started to change.

6. Formation of Laws. Many laws were made even before independence to uplift the status of women but they were not properly implemented because our country was under foreign rule. But many changes came in these laws after independence and were strictly implemented. Except these many other laws were also made, like Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu Succession Act, Dowry Prohibition Act to stop the exploitation of women. Due to’ these laws, her exploitation was reduced and she started to feel safe in the changed atmosphere. Now .every one thinks many times before doing the exploitation of women because nowr laws are with women. In this way status of women has also changed due to these laws.

7. Disintegration of joint family. Joint families started to disintegrate because of many reasons like development in means of transport and communication, education, jobs, working in offices, getting job away from the city or the village, industrialization etc. Due to disintegration of joint families, nuclear families came into being which is actually based upon the equality of males and females. Female in joint family is considered only as a servant but the status of a woman is equal to ftiale in a nuclear family where she is standing with males in economic or any other sector. In this way due to the disintegration of joint families and the advent of nuclear family, status of women has been changed to a great extent. In this way after looking at the given description we can say that the status of women has been changed due to these factors and the status of present day’s women is actually equal to males.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 6 Gender Inequalities

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Gender Inequalities Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Gender relations refer to:
(a) Inequality between men and women.
(b) Between male power and female power.
(c) Dominance of male power and female power.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(b) Between male power and female power.

2. Transgender means:
(a) Male
(b) Female
(c) Third Gender
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(c) Third Gender

3. The Sociologist Theory of feminism was given by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Auguste Comte
(c) Weber
(d) Emile Durkheim
Answer:
(a) Karl Marx

4. Gender discrimination is:
(a) Behaviour subordination
(b) Exclusion
(c) Non-Participation
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

5. Sex ratio means:
(а) Number of females per 1000 males
(b) Number of males per 1000 males
(c) Number of children per 1000 females
(d) Number of females and males.
Answer:
(a) Number of females per 1000 males

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. means the rule of the father in a male-dominated family.
Answer:
Patriarch

2. The basic issue associated with …………………. is women subordination.
Answer:
Feminism

3. ……………….. feminism focuses on the universal nature of patriarchy.
Answer:
Marxist

4. The …………………. family is patriarchal.
Answer:
male-dominated

5. The census of India of 2011 reveals that there are …………………… females against 1000 males.
Answer:
943

True/False:

1. Gender socialisation institutionalised women’s subordination.
Answer:
True

2. Sex ratio refers to male per 1000 females.
Answer:
False

3. Transgender refers to the category of persons who have attributes of both male and female.
Answer:
True

4. Liberal feminism believes that all individuals are important and equal.
Answer:
True

Match the Columns:

Answer:

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Which is a socially and culturally constructed process?
Answer:
Gender is a socially and culturally constructed process.

Question 2.
Give the term for a male-dominated family.
Answer:
Patriarchal family.

Question 3.
A number of female children (0-6 years) per 1000 male children is known as?
Answer:
Child sex ratio.

Question 4.
Define the term which refers to the number of females per 1000 males.
Answer:
Sex ratio.

Question 5.
Define Sex.
Answer:
Sex is a biological word that clearly defines the difference between males and females.

Question 6.
Define Gender.
Answer:
Word Gender is made by society. It means that behaviour is made with social customs.

Question 7.
What do you mean by gender relations?
Answer:
Gender relations are the relations between men and women based on ideological, cultural, political and economic issues.

Question 8.
What is patriarchy?
Answer:
It is the social system ruled by the father. His order is followed by all and family runs on his name.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the difference between the term sex and gender?
Answer:
Word sex is a biological term used to show difference between man and woman. Gender is a concept made by society which means that behaviour made with the help of social customs.

Question 2.
What do you mean by gender inequality?
Answer:
In our society, discrimination takes place between man and woman on the basis of sex. Males are given all the rights but females are not given all the rights although they are provided by the Constitution. This is known as gender inequality.

Question 3.
Is gender socialisation a symbol of discrimination?
Answer:
Yes, gender socialisation is actually a symbol of discrimination because right from their childhood, children are taught according to their sex. They are expected to behave according to the rules made for their sex and it clearly shows discrimination.

Question 4.
Is violence against women a consequence of patriarchy?
Answer:
Our social system is patriarchal in nature in which males dominate and take all important decisions of family. Girls are taught that they are weaker than boys and they take advantage of this. Consequently, they commit violence against girls.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the theory of feminism?
Answer:
Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies whose aim was to define, establish and protect political, economic and social rights of women. This also includes the demand of establishing equal chances for them in the educational and employment sector. Major objective of feminist theories was to understand nature and reasons of gender inequality and to explain its effects on the politics of gender discrimination and theories of power equilibrium.

Question 2.
Give examples of gender discrimination in public sphere.
Or
Write some features of gender discrimination in India.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that there exists gender discrimination in public sphere. The meaning of public sphere is politics. If we look at the percentage of female participation in country’s politics then we can easily say that it is quite less. In the Indian Parliament, the number of elected women M.P.’s never exceed 15% of the total membership. This number was less than 12% in first 15 Lok Sabhas. It clearly shows us an example of gender discrimination. A bill to give 33% reservation was introduced in the Parliament long long ago but is yet to get the nod. It also shows us about gender discrimination. One third of the total seats are reserved for women in local self bodies but the actual work is done by their husbands which clearly explains about gender discrimination.

Question 3.
What is the role of caste in gender discrimination?
Answer:
If we look at the histroy of Indian history, we can clearly observe that the major reason of gender discrimination is caste system. When there was no caste system, women had many rights and they enjoyed high status in society. But with the advent of caste system, their social status started declining. In caste system, they were considered impure and many disabilities were attached with them. Their condition further deteriorated with child marriage, caste system etc. During medieval period, caste system imposed many restrictions on females to save them from Muslims. This further deteriorated their condition. Sati pratha and polygamy continued with the work. In this way we can say that caste system played a very important role in increasing gender discrimination.

Question 4.
What is the role of religion in gender discrimination?
Answer:
We cannot deny the role of religion in gender discrimination. Religion played a great role in increasing gender discrimination in society. Due to religion and caste, females were designated as impure. During few days of a month, they were restricted to enter temples or to do religious functions. Such customs are practised even in present age. Even today, there are few temples in which female entry is still banned because of the disabilities attached with them. When foreign invaders attacked India, many religions imposed many restrictions on females and such restrictions are continued till today. Yet, with education, the impact of religion is decreasing but still people do not prefer to work against religion and it becomes one of the reasons of gender discrimination.

Question 5.
Write a note on gender socialisation in Rural India and in Urban India.
Or
Discuss the concept of Gender Socialisation.
Answer:
In gender socialisation, children are told to behave according to their sex. Girls are told to wear proper dress, to have girls as friends and to remain within their limits and are told to maintain family prestige. This becomes one reason of gender discrimination. Gender discrimination lies within the sphere of gender socialisation. This happens a great deal in rural areas because people are less educated and attached with the traditional customs. Yet, the literacy rate in urban areas has moyed upwards, even then girls are told to behave in a specific way so that they must remain within their limits. All this helps in increasing gender discrimination.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Describe important theories of Feminism.
Or
Describe in detail the Marxist theory of Feminism.
Or
Discuss Marxist Feminism.
Or
Discuss Liberal theory of Feminism.
Or
Write note on Radical and Liberal Feminism.
Or
Explain Marxist Feminism Theory.
Answer:
Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies whose aim was to define, establish and protect political, economic and social rights of women. This also includes the demand of establishing equal chances for them in the educational and employment sector. Major objective of feminist theories was to understand nature and reasons of gender inequality and to explain its effects on the politics of gender discrimination and theories of power equilibrium.

Feminism is an ideology in which we can include many views such as Marxist Feminism, Radical Feminism, Liberal Feminism etc. These theories actually stress on patriarchy and form the logic of women’s movement. Major issue of feminism is attached with the subordination of women. Major feminist theories are given below:

1. Marxist Feminism. This theory is derived out of Karl Marx’s socialist theory. This theory tells us that how the female exploitation has been built systematically into the structure of society. He concentrated on the relations between patriarchy and capitalism. According to Marx, women oppression is the consequence of ideological domination which comes out of economic activities. According to Friedrich Engels, great changes came in the status of women development of capitalism and advent of individual property. He believed that female activities were confined only within the family but bourgeoisie .family was patriarchal and based on exploitation since men tried to ensure that property must be passed only to their sons.

2. Liberal Feminism. The followers of radical feminism believed that all the humans are equal. So, they should be equally treated. Mary Wallstonecraft wrote a book called “Vindication of the Rights of Women’ in 1972 and this was the first book of modern feminism which supported the women’s right to vote. Wallstonecraft wrote that if women gained education according to their natural rights, thre will be no importance of gender in political and social sectors.

3. Radical Feminism: This theory concentrates on the universal nature of patriarchy and tells that males play a very important role in oppressing women. Simone de Beauvior wrote a book called “The Second Sex’ in which she wrote that “Women are made, not born.” She believed that with the existence of abortion rights, control on birth rate and end of monogamy will give them more right over their body. Supporters of this theory believed that the basis of women exploitation is their reproductive capacity which is controlled by men. They also believed that patriarchy is not natural or necessary but its roots are attached with biology. Females can get liberation if gender differences could be removed.

Question 2.
Women are not born, they are made.’ Comment.
Answer:
Existentialists have the view that humans are not born but they are the results of our alternatives because we make ourselves with our own means and the means available in society. Simone de Beauvior wrote a book ‘The Second Sex’ in which she gave an unclear picture of human independence that with what disabilities females live due to their body. In this book, she also wrote that how female looks at the changes coming in her body. Here she looks at woman’s body as a facility and disability and female as an independent and a suppressed person. Actually, it depends upon a female that how does she look at herself, as an independent thing or a thing gazed by society.

Few individuals are of the view that a female is a good object whose definition is written by us. De Beauvior takes up the same issue and applies it on the views of women about men. The view about a women is a term defined by males in which she is considered an object and man considers himself a subject. In this way, word ‘women’ is that meaning given by men.

De Beauvoir says that biological condition of women is not against them but is a condition which becomes positive or negative. Biological experiences of women such as pregnancy, periods, changes in body etc. don’t have any meaning of its own but in an opposite society, they are considered a pressure and in patriarchal society, this is seen as a disadvantage for them.

In this way, yet female is born naturally but different views about her are made in different societies. In many societies, she is considered as an object of consumption and has to face many atrocities such as rape, eve-teasing, beating, domestic violence, dowry death etc. All this happens because of social mentality attached with females. That’s why their participation is quite less. Although there are many societies where females are greatly respected and no atrocities are committed against them. Their participation is more in public sphere and they take part in every sphere of life.

In this way, everything depends upon society that how it perceives females. If they are given higher status and will not be considered an object, society will surely do progress. But if everything happens opposite to it, society will not do progress. In this say we can say that a ‘Woman is not born, she is made’.

Question 3.
Is gender inequality raising doubt on India as a democratic society?
Answer:
India is a democratic country in which all the citizens enjoy many rights without any discrimination. One of our fundamental rights is that there exists equality in our country which means that all will be equally treated irrespective of their caste, colour, race, gender etc. But if we look at the actual condition, there is no equality. Discrimination takes place in many spheres especially there exists gender inequality everywhere. We can observe the existence of gender inequality in different spheres and this raises doubts on having a democratic society in our country. We can see many examples of this such as:

1. Females don’t have much participation in the decision making process of our coountry. In rural and even in ifflban societies, females cannot do anything of their own. They do whatever their family wants.

2. Whenever there is a question of caste, kinship or religion, females are victimised. If we look carefully we can say that females are the prisoners of patriarchy. Whenever she is compared with a male, she is always discriminated which is against the spirit of democracy.

3. Females are doing government as well as private jobs. Yet in government sector, they both get same pay for same job but this is not the case in private sector. In private sector, females are given less pay and they are greatly exploited which is actually against our basic rights.

4. Decreasing sex ratio also depicts about gender discrimination. Females are used as a target. In political sector, their participation is not given much importance.

5. The Indian Constitution has given equal rights to females and many laws have been made to give them share in their father’s property. But if she demands her share of property from her brother, she is often criticized and the issue goes to the court.

6. After looking at these examples, we can say that a question can be raised against having a democractic society in India. Unless we make sure of political, social and economic equality, we cannot call India a democratic country in a true sense.

Question 4.
Describe some important features of gender discrimination in political sphere of India.
Answer:
If we look at the Indian politics, we can find many examples of gender discrimination over’here. Some of them are given below:

1. Women participation in the Indian politics is quite low. If we look at the first Lok Sabha elected in 1952 and till 16th Lok Sabha elected in 2014, we can clearly see that their participation is quite low. In the first Lok Sabha, only 22 women members were elected which was around 5%. But in 16th Lok Sabha in 2014, this number rose to 66 which comes around 12.2.%. This clearly shows their less participation in Lok Sabha. Rest will be cleared by the following table:
S.No. Year Number of Women M.P.s Percentage of Women M.P.s

This table clearly shows us the existence of gender discrimination in this sector.

2. Political parties are also not in favour of more participation of women in public life. Maybe the reason for this is our society which is patriarchal and males are not ready to obey the orders given by a female. A bill was introduced in our Parliament to keep one-third of the total seats reserved for women in the elected legislative bodies but is yet to get passed after so many years. This clearly shows how the process of gender discrimination is continuing in public life.

3. It is generally seen that maybe a female becomes one of the important leaders of a party but her participation in the decision-making process is quite less. They are made head of the women wing of the party to manage female related issues. This is also one of the examples of gender discrimination in political parties.

4. There are three levels of government in our country. The central government, state government and local self-government. At the level of local self-government, one-third of the seats are kept reserved for women. But actually, every type of work is done by their husbands. There are very few females who actually try to develop their areas. Here, the major issue comes in front that the women participation in public life and decision-making process is quite less. They cannot openly express themselves and consequently move away from the process of development.

Question 5.
How gender discrimination is a constraint to inclusive growth?
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that gender discrimination is a constraint or an obstacle in the way of inclusive growth. Our society depends upon the mutual co-operation of both the sexes and they are male and female. To run society and for its continuation, their co-operation is required. In the absence of one, society neither can run nor can it continue. Gender discrimination and inclusive growth can be judged on certain aspects such as:

1. During ancient times, division of labour was based on sex. Males arranged for the food and females managed the household, and children. Just because of this cooperation society continued in a better way.

2. In present age, cooperation of both the sexes is very much necessary for inclusive growth because if they will not cooperate, a home cannot develop. In this situation, the development of society is a distant reality.

3. It has been said that the half of world’s population belongs to females. If half of the total population will not be made a part of the development process and will be kept under the four walls of home, income of that society will remain half. It will not be able to fulfill its needs. But if that half population will take part in increasing income of society, then definitely, there will a progress of family, society and country.

Here we can take examples of Indian society and western societies. There is a great deal of gender discrimination in Indian society. That’s why females are unable to use their basic rights* So, they have to spend the whole of their life in the four walls of their house. They are unable to take part in the economic and political field and that’s why there is no all round development of the country. On contrary to this, if we look at western societies, female participation in every field is much more than our society.

They take part in the economic field, take education and earn money which helps in the all-inclusive growth of family, society and country. Just after comparing both societies, we can clearly see the difference. More the gender discrimination, less the growth and less the gender discrimination, more the growth. In this way, we can say that gender discrimination is a constraint in the way of inclusive growth.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 7 Input Devices Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 7 Input Devices

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Input Devices Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
……………. is used to click photos on the computer.
(a) Headphone
(b) Web camera
(c) Speakers
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Web Camera

Question 2.
Bar code Reader consists of ……………
(a) Sensor
(b) Light
(c) Heat
(d) Magnetic.
Answer:
(a) Sensor

Question 3.
………….. is a pointing device.
(a) Headphone
(b) Keyboard
(c) Mouse
(d) Web Camera
Answer:
(c) Mouse

Question 4.
………….. is used to add text and picture in computer.
(a) Printer
(b) Scanner
(c) Speakers
(d) Mouse
Answer:
(b) Scanner

Question 5.
keys are used to. move cursor in all directions.
(a) Arrow
(b) Special
(c) Function
(d) Numeric.
Answer:
(a) Arrow.

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which device is used to capture pictures on the computer?
Answer:
Web Camera.

Question 2.
Which part of Paint window is used to move screen?
Answer:
Window Border.

Question 3.
How many function keys are there on a keyboard?
Answer:
12.

Question 4.
Which device is used to control video games?
Answer:
Joy Stick.

Question 5.
Which keys are used to move cursor?
Answer:
Arrow Keys.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define input devices.
Answer:
Input devices are those devices which are used to enter data and instructions in the computer.

Question 2.
Write the name of any six input devices.
Answer:
The name of 6 input devices are :

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Webcam
5. Light Pen
6. Joy Stick.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Joy Stick.
Answer:
Joy Stick is a pointing device which is used to give input to the computer. A Joy Stick consists of a base and a stick on it. This stick can be moved in all four directions. With the movement of the stick the mouse pointer moves on the computer screen. Joy Sticks are mainly used to play games on the computer.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain any two input devices.
Answer:
The two most commonly used input devices are :
1. Keyboard :
Keyboard is the main input device used in computers. This device is used to enter textual data to the computer. The keyboard is a flat device which has various keys on it. When a key is pressed on the keyboard, it is a special signal to the computer. There are many types of keys available on the keyboard. Also many types of keyboards are available in the market. The user can use the keyboard as per his convenience.

Types of Keys :
Keyboard has the following types of keys. These are :

• Alphabetical Keys
• Numeric Keys
• Functional Key
• Special Keys
• Arrow Keys
• Special Symbols Keys.

2. Mouse :
Mouse is an important input pointing device. It is used to control cursor movements on the screen. It is a small hand holding device. It is also called a pointing device. Generally it has three buttons. It is called a mouse because of its shape. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface. As you move a mouse, the cursor also moves on the screen in the same direction.

3. Mouse Pad :
The pad on which we move the mouse is known as the Mouse pad. Mouse has following three buttons :

• Left Button
• Right Button
• Scroll Button.

Question 2.
Write a note on Bar Code Reader.
Answer:
A Bar code reader (or Bar code scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed bar codes. Like a flat bed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. It is used in shops, stores for different purposes. These are helpful in stores in order to maintain accurate and updated inventory monitoring. They can help to determine the price of an item. It is a fixed input gadget that is used to capture and read information enclosed in a bar code. This device consists of a scanner.

Question 3.
What is Mouse ? Explain the functions of Mouse Buttons.
Answer:
Mouse is an important Input Pointing device. It is used to control cursor movements on the screen. It is a small hand holding device. It is also called a pointing device. Generally it has three buttons. It is called a mouse because of its shape. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface. As you move a mouse, the cursor also moves on the screen in the same direction.

Mouse has following three buttons :

• Left Button
• Right Button
• Scroll Button

(i) Left Button :
Generally left button is used for selecting an item or running a program. When the left button on the mouse is pressed then it is called a “click” operation. When this button is pressed twice, it is called “Double Click”. The programs are opened with double click. While things are selected with a single click.

(ii) Right Button :
When we press the right button, it is called right click. It is used to open a shortcut menu.

(iii) Scroll Button :
It is just like a wheel fixed in the centre of the left and right button of the mouse. It rotates the screen which is called scrolling. It is used to move the screen up and down.

Question 4.
What are pointing devices? Explain with Examples.
Answer:
Pointing devices are those devices which are used to point on screen for or providing instructions to the computer. These devices are used on graphical user interfaces only. Most of these devices control the pointer on the computer screen. These are used to click or select command from the computer screen. There are lot of pointing devices used these days.

Few of these pointing devices are :

• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light Pen

Question 5.
Explain Special Keys and their functions.
Answer:
As the name suggests special keys are used for special purposes. Each special key is used to perform a specal function. Some special keys with their functions are mentioned as under :

Group Activity:

Take the students to computer lab in a group to Identify the Keyboard’s keys. Let’s count and write the no. of keys of given type on your keyboard in a list below :

Answer:

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Input Devices Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
……………… devices gives input to computer.
(a) Input
(b) Output
(c) Process
(d) Control.
Answer:
(a) Input

Question 2.
………………… sends pictures to computer.
(a) Mouse
(b) Web camera
(c) Light Pen
(d) Monitor.
Answer:
(b) Web Camera

Question 3.
…………………….. its used to play video games.
(a) Mouse
(b) Screen
(c) Joy Stick
(d) Keyboard.
Answer:
(c) Joy Stick

Question 4.
……………. is used to enter text.
(a) Mouse
(b) Touch Screen
(c) Keyboard
(d) Light Pen.
Answer:
(c) Keyboard.

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many buttons does a common computer mouse has?
Answer:
Three.

Question 2.
What is Light Pen ?
Answer:
Light pen is an input device which is used to draw on screen.

Question 3.
What is Joy Stick ?
Answer:
Joy Stick is an input device used to control pointer on screen.

Question 4.
What is Touch Screen ?
Answer:
Touch screen is a display screen used to get input using fingers.

Question 5.
Name any 6 input devices.
Answer:
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Touch pad, Bar code reader, Light pen.

Question 6.
What is Biometric ?
Answer:
Biometric is an input device which gets the input from human body.

Question 7.
What is electronic signature pad ?
Answer:
It is an input device which is used to get digital signature of user.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are Input Devices ?
Answer:
An input device is a device which is used to enter data and instructions in the computer, It means input devices read data into a computer system. It allows users to interact with computers and control it.

Question 2.
What is Microphone?
Answer:
Microphone is an input device which is used to input voice or audio in the computer. It is a mic, which is connected to computer using some wire. It is also used to give voice commands to computer.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Web Camera?
Answer:
A web camera is just like a digital camera attached to a computer. It gives pictures and videos as input to the computer. Web Camera is used to click photographs. It works similar to a digital camera, but the web camera saves photos on the computer. Web camera is not an expensive device. We can use this device for video conferencing.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Scanner?
Answer:
Scanner is an input device. It is used to add text and pictures on the computer. It works like a Photostat Machine. Scanner scans a picture or document and gives it to the computer in the form of a digital signal. Scanners are available in many types and shapes in the market.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Keybaord and its Keys.
Answer:
This is main Input Device. A Keyboard is a device with set of keys that enables you to enter text data in to a computer. A keyboard has many buttons which are called keys. A keyboard is used for typing letters, words, numbers and special symbols. It is a standard input device. Number of Keys on a keyboard can be vary among different types of keyboards.

Types of Keys : Keyboard has following types of Keys. These are

Alphabetical Keys (A to Z) : Alphabet keys are used to type characters. These keys are present in the middle of the keyboard. All the keys A to Z are called alphabet keys.

Numeric Keys (0 to 9): The numeric keys are used to type numbers. These keys are present below the functional keys. On the right side of keyboard a special pad is present. It contains 17 keys. This key pad is called numeric key pad.This pad is similar to calculator, because along with numbers it also has mathematical signs and enter key. On the left top of the pad, a key named num lock is also provided. The Key’s of this key pad works if num lock is on. The status indicated by the indicator on the keyboard.

Functional keys (F1 to F12): These are 12 keys. These are from F1 to F12. These are located at the top of the keyboard. The function of these keys can be different for different program. Eg. F1 key is generally used for help

Special Keys: Each special key is used to perform a special function. Some special key with their functions are mentioned as under

Arrow Keys : These are used to move cursor. These are four in number. These can move up, down, left, right. Arrow Keys are used to
move the cursor in all directions.

Special Symbol Keys :
These are special symbols used in typing to represent some special meaning. These symbols are used to represent pause in sentence, full stop, arithmetic operations etc.

Question 2.
Write a note on Bar Code.
Answer:
A Barcode reader (or Barcode scanner) is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones. It is used in shops, stores for different reasons. These are helpful in stores in order to maintain accurate and updated inventory monitoring. They can help to determine the price of an item. It is a fixed input gadget that is used to capture and read information enclosed in a bar code. This device consists of scanner.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Mouse? Explain.
Answer:
Mouse is an important Input device. It is used to control cursor movements on the screen. It is a small hand holding device. It is also called pointing device. Generally it has three buttons. It is called mouse because of its shape. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface. As you move a mouse, the cursor also moves on the screen in same direction

Mouse pad : The pad on which we move the mouse is known as the Mouse pad.

Mouse has following three buttons:

1. Left Button
2. Right Button
3. Scroll Button

Left Button : Generally left button is used for selecting an item or running a program. When left button on mouse is pressed then it is called “click” operation. When This button is pressed twice, it is called “Double Click”. The programs are opened with double click. While things are selected with single click.

Right Button : When we press right button, it is called right-click. It is used to open shortcut Menu.

Scroll Button : It is just like a wheel fixed in the centre of left and right button of mouse. It rotates the screen which is called scrolling. It is used to move screen up and down.

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 8 Output Devices Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Computer Science Chapter 8 Output Devices

Computer Guide for Class 6 PSEB Output Devices Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Monitor is soft and is hard output device.
(a) Printer
(b) Plotter
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Printer

Question 2.
………….. is used to listen to sound of computer
(a) Printer
(b) Speaker
(c) Microphone
(d) Mouse.
Answer:
(b) Speaker

Question 3.
……………. prints output on paper
(a) Printer
(b) Keyboard
(c) Mouse
(d) Speaker.
answer:
(a) Printer

Question 4.
……………. printer prints by joining dots
(a) Dot matrix
(b) Inkjet
(c) Laser
(d) None of these
answer:
(a) Dot Matrix

Question 5.
Monitors are of …………. types.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
answer:
(a) 2

Question 6.
Headphones are also called …………
(a) IPhone
(b) Earphone
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these
answer:
(b) Earphone.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are output devices?
Answer:
Output devices are those devices which are used to get output from the computer.
They can give us soft as well as hard copies of output.

Question 2.
What are Speakers?
Answer:
Speaker is an output device which is used to get sound output from the computer. It is connected to sound card in the computer.

Question 3.
Where is projector used ?
Answer:
Projectors are used to display the output in big size. These are mainly used in meetings or to display presentations to a large number of people. They are also used in the classroom for teaching.

Question 4.
What are the types of printers ?
Answer:
The different types of printers are :

1. Dot Matrix printer
2. Ink printer
3. laser printer.

Question 5.
Write a note on Printer ?
Answer:
Printer is an output device which is used to get a hard copy of the output. They can print black and white as well as in color. There are many types of printers available these days. Printers give the output on paper.

Question 6.
Write the name of any three output devices.
Answer:
The name of three output devices are :

1. Printer
2. Monitor
3. Speaker.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write note on the monitor and its types.
Answer:
Monitor is also called visual display terminal. It is used to get a soft copy of the output. It is the most common output device. It looks like a television screen.

There are different kinds of monitors available these days:

1. Cathode ray tube
2. Flat panel display

1. Cathode ray tube monitor :
These monitors were used in earlier days. These monitors use cathode ray technology to display the information. These look like bulky television sets. The size of these monitors is measured by the diagonal length on the screen. Monitors are available in 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches screens. Initially these were black and white but now colored monitors are also available.

2. Flat panel display monitors:
These are the monitors which have a thin display portion. These are reduced in volume, weight and Pi requirement. These monitors can be hung up on the walls. We can see these monitors on calculators, video games, laptop computers etc. These monitors consume less power. Some examples of flat panel display monitors are LCD, LED and plasma.

Question 1.
Write the difference between Input and Output Devices.
Answer:
Following are the differences between input and output devices :

Input devices:

1. These are used to give input to computer
2. Data and instructions are given as input using these devices
3. Input devices are available in large categories
4. Some common input devices are keyboard, mouse, scanner, web camera

Output devices:

1. These devices are used to get output from the computer
2. After processing information is taken using these devices
3. The categories of availability of in output devices is less
4. The common output devices are printer, monitor, speaker

Activity
Let’s check our knowledge in the form of an activity. Count the devices in your school and fill in the boxes against their names. Also Tick (V) in the related box for each device type:

Answer:

PSEB 6th Class Computer Guide Output Devices Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Speakers give ………….. type of output.
(a) Speed
(b) Light
(c) Sound
(d) Text
Answer:
(c) Sound

Question 2.
Headphone work like ……………..
(a) Monitor
(b) Speaker
(c) Printer
(d) Projector
Answer:
(b) Speaker

Question 3.
displays large images ………………
(a) Monitor
(b) Printer
(c) Projector
(d) Plotter
Answer:
(c) Projector

Question 4.
…………….. prints large images
(a) Printer
(b) Plotter
(c) Speaker
(d) Projector
Answer:
(b) Plotter.

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name different types of output devices.
Answer:
Output devices are of following types:

1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speaker
4. Headphone
5. Plotter
6. Projector.

Question 2.
Name the types of monitors.
Answer:
Monitors are of two types:

1. Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
2. Flat Panel Display Monitor.

Question 3.
Where the projectors are used?
Answer:
Projectors are used to display large display to large number of audience.

Question 4.
Name the types of printers.
Answer:
Printers are of following types:

1. Dot Matrix Printer
2. Inkjet Printer
3. Laser Printer

Question 5.
Writer a note on Plotter.
Answer:
Plotter is an output device which is used to print big sized text and images. It works like printer but on large scale. It is used in CAD. Plotters are of different types.

Question 6.
Name the devices which can be used as both input and output devices.
Answer:
Pendrive, CD, DVD, Modem, Touch Screen.

Question 7.
What are speakers?
Answer:
Speakers are output devices which are used to give audio output. We can listen music, songs etc. using speakers. Speakers are of many types.

Question 8.
What do you mean by headphones?
Answer:
Headphones are output device which work like speakers. They are used by placing in ears. They are also called ear phones.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are printers? Explain three types of printers.
Answer:
Printer prints output on paper. It is a hard output device. The output of printer is permanent. Its output can be preserved. Printers are available with different speed resolution and size in the market. Black and white as well as coloured Printers are available now a days. Coloured printers
give coloured printout.

Printers are of three types:

1. Dot matrix Printer
2. Inkjet Printer
3. Laser Printer

Dot Matrix Printer:
This type of printers prints by joining dots. Its printing cost is very low.Its speed is slow and their printing output is very poor. It produces sound while working. The resolution of its printing is very low

Inkjet Printer:
This type of printer is an example of coloured printer. These printers are having less cost and it does not produce sound while working. Its speed is faster than dot matrix printer. The running cost of this type of printers is very high.

Laser Printer:
This type of printers is both black and white as well as coloured. These printers are very costly. Their speed is very fast as compared to other printers. Their printing quality is very high. They work silently and their running cost is very low. These printers are most widely used due to their less running cost and very high printing quality.

Question 2.
Differentiate between CRT and Flat Panel Display.
Answer:
CRT Monitor:

1. CRT monitors are big in size
2. CRT monitors are heavy
3. They produce large amount of heat.
4. They use more electricity
5. CRT monitors are cheaper

Flat Panel Display Monitors:

1. Flat panel monitors are small in size
2. Flat panel monitors are light weight
3. Flat panel produce very less heat
4. They use less electricity
5. These monitors are costly