PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 1
Fill in the blanks in the following table, given that a is the first term, d the common difference and a the nth term of the
AP:

PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 1

Solution:
(i) Here a = 7, d = 3, n = 8
∵ an = a + (n – 1)d
∴ a8 = 7 + (8 – 1)3
= 7 + 21 = 28.

(ii) Here a = – 18, n = 10, an = 0
∵ an = a + (n – 1)d
∴ a10 = – 18 + (10 – 1)d
or 0 = – 18 + 9d .
or 9d = 18
d = \(\frac{18}{2}\) = 2.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

(iii) Here d = – 3, n = 18, an = – 5
∵ an = a + (n – 1)d
∴ a18 = a + (18 – 1)(-3)
or -5 = a – 51
or a = – 5 + 51 = 46.

(iv) Here a = – 18.9, d = 2.5 an = 3.6
∵ an = a + (n – 1)d
∴ 3.6 = – 18.9 + (n – 1) 2.5
or 3.6 + 18.9 = (n – 1) 2.5
or (n – 1) 2.5 = 22.5
or n – 1 = \(\frac{22.5}{2.5}\)
or n = 9 + 1 = 10.

(v) Here a = 3.5, d = 0, n = 105
∵ an = a + (n – 1) d
∴ an = 3.5 + (105 – 1) 0
an = 3.5 + 0 = 3.5.

Question 2.
Choose the correct choice in the following and justify:
(i) 30th term of the AP: 10, 7, 4, …………….. is
(A) 97 (B) 77 (C) – 77 (D) – 87

(ii) 11th term of the AP: – 3, – \(\frac{1}{2}\), 2, ………. is
(A) 28 (B) 22 (C) – 38 (D) – 48\(\frac{1}{2}\)

Solution:
(i) Given A.P. is 10, 7, 4 ……………
T1 = 10, T2 = 7, T3 = 4
T2 – T1 = 7 – 10 = – 3
T3 – T2 = 4 – 7 = – 3
∵ T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = – 3 = d(say)
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Now, T30 = 10 + (30 – 1)(-3)
= 10 – 87 = – 77
∴ Correct choice is (C).

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

(ii) Given A.P. is – 3, –\(\frac{1}{2}\), 2, ……….
T1 = – 3 T2 = –\(\frac{1}{2}\), T3 = 2, …………..
T2 – T1 = –\(\frac{1}{2}\) + 3 = \(\frac{-1+6}{2}=\frac{5}{2}\)
T3 – T2 = 2 + \(\frac{1}{2}\) = \(\frac{4+1}{2}=\frac{5}{2}\)
∵ T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = \(\frac{5}{2}\) = d(say)
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Now, T11 = -3 + (11 – 1) \(\frac{5}{2}\)
= -3 + 10 × \(\frac{5}{2}\) = – 3 + 25 = 22
∴ Correct choice is (B).

Question 3.
In the following APs, find the missing terms in the boxes:
(i) 2, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, 26
(ii)PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, 13, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, 3
(iii) 5,PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, 9
(iv) – 4, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, 6
(v) PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, 38, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 2, – 22
Solution:
Let a be the first term and ‘d’ be the common difference of given A.P.
(i) Here T1 = a = 2
and T3 = a + 2d = 26
or 2 + 2d = 26
or 2d = 26 – 2 = 24
or d = 12
∴ Missing term = T2 = a + d = 2 + 12 = 14.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

(ii) Here, T2 = a + d = 13 ……………(1)
and T4 = a + 3d = 3 …………….(3)
Now, (2) – (1) gives

PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 3

Substitute this value of d in (1), we get
a – 5 = 13
a = 13 + 5 = 18.
∴ T1 = a = 18
T3 = a + 2d = 18 + 2(-5)
= 18 – 10 = 8.

(iii)Here T1 = a = 5
and T4 = a + 3d = 9
or a + 3d = \(\frac{19}{2}\)
or 5 + 3d = \(\frac{19}{2}\)
or 3d = \(\frac{19}{2}\) – 5
or 3d = \(\frac{19-10}{2}=\frac{9}{2}\)
or d = \(\frac{9}{2} \times \frac{1}{3}=\frac{3}{2}\)
T2 = a + d = 5 + \(\frac{3}{2}\)
= \(\frac{10+3}{2}=\frac{13}{2}\)
T3 = a + 2d = 5 + 2(\(\frac{3}{2}\)) = 5 + 3 = 8.

(iv) Here T1 = a = —
T6 = a + 5d = 6
or -4 + 5d = 6
or 5d = 6 + 4
or 5d = 10
or d = \(\frac{10}{2}\) = 2
Now, T2 = a + d = -4 + 2 = -2
T3 = a + 2d = – 4 + 2(2)
= – 4 + 4 = 0
T4 = a + 3d = – 4 + 3(2)
= – 4 + 6 = 2
T5 = a + 4d = – 4 + 4(2)
= – 4 + 8 = 4

(v) Here T2 = a + d = 38 ………….(1)
and T6 = a + 5d = -22 ……………(2)
Now, (2) – (1) gives

PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 4.

Substitute this value of d in (1), we get
a + (-15) = 38
a = 38 + 15 = 53
∴ T1 = a = 53
T3 = a + 2d = 53 + 2(-15) = 53 – 30 = 23.
T4 = a + 3d = 53 + 3(-15) = 53 – 45 = 8
T5 = a + 4d = 53 + 4(-15) = 53 – 60 = – 7.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 4
Which term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, 18, …………… is 78?
Solution:
Given A.P. is 3, 8, 13, 18, ………….
T1 = 3, T2 = 8, T3 = 13, T4 = 18
T2 – T1 =8 – 3=5
T3 – T2= 13 – 8=5
T2 – T1 = T3 – T,= 5 = d (say)
Using, Tn = a + (n – I) d
or 78 = 3 + (n – 1) 5
or 5(n – 1) = 78 – 3 = 75
or n – 1 = 15
or n = 15 + 1 = 16
Hence, 16th term of given AP. is 78.

Question 5.
Find the number of terms in each of the following APs:
(i) 7, 13, 19,…, 205
(ii) 18, 15\(\frac{1}{2}\), 13, ………….., – 47
Solution:
(i) Given A.P. is 7, 13, 19, …………..
T1 = 7, T2 = 13, T3 = 19
T2 – T1 = 13 – 7 = 6
T3 – T2 = 19 – 13 = 6
T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = 6 = d(say)
Using formula, Tn = a + (n – 1) d
205 = 7 + (n – 1) 6
or (n – 1) 6 = 205 – 7 = 198
or (n – 1) = \(\frac{198}{6}\)
or n – 1 = 33
n = 33 + 1 = 34
Hence, 34th term of an AP. is 205.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

(ii) Given A P. is 18, 15\(\frac{1}{2}\), 13, …………..
T1 = 18, T2 = 15\(\frac{1}{2}\) = \(\frac{31}{2}\), T3 = 13
T2 – T1 = \(\frac{31}{2}\) – 18 = \(\frac{31-36}{2}=-\frac{5}{2}\)
T3 – T2 = 13 – \(\frac{31}{2}\) = \(\frac{26-31}{2}=-\frac{5}{2}\)
∵ T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = \(\frac{-5}{2}\) = d (say)
Using formula. Tn = a + (n – 1) d
– 47 = 18 + (n – 1) \(\frac{-5}{2}\)
or (n – 1) (\(\frac{-5}{2}\)) = – 47 – 18
or (n – 1) (\(\frac{-5}{2}\)) = – 65
or n – 1 = – 65 × – \(\frac{2}{5}\)
or n – 1 = 26
or n = 26 + 1 = 27
Hence, 27th term of an A.P. is – 47.

Question 6.
Is – 150 a term of 11, 8, 5, 2….? why?
Solution:
Given sequence is 11, 8, 5, 2, ………..
T1 = 11, T2 = 8, T3 = 5, T4 = 2
T2 – T1 = 8 – 11 = – 3
T3 – T2 = 5 – 8 = – 3
T4 – T3 = 2 – 5 = – 3
T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = T4 – T3 = – 3 = d (say).
Let – 150 be any term of given A.P.
then Tn = – 150
a+(n – 1)d = – 150
or 11 +(n – 1)(- 3) = – 150
or (n – 1)( – 3) = – 150 – 11 = – 161
or n – 1 = \(\frac{161}{3}\)
or n = \(\frac{161}{3}\) + 1 = \(\frac{161+3}{3}\)
n = \(\frac{164}{3}\) = 54\(\frac{2}{3}\),
which is not a natural number.
Hence, – 150 cannot be a term of given A.P.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 7.
Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and 16th term is 73.
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and 4d’ be the first term and common difference of given A.P.
Given that T11 = 38
a +(11 – 1) d = 38
[∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d]
a + 10 d = 38
and T16 = 73
a + (16 – 1) d = 73
[∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d]
a + 15 d = 73
Now, (2) – (1) gives

PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 5

Substitute this value of d in (1), we get
a + 10 (7) = 38
or a + 70 = 38
or a = 38 – 70 = – 32
Now, T31 = a + (31 – 1) d
= – 32 + 30 (7) = – 32 + 210 = 178.

Question 8.
An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the 291h term.
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of given A.P.
Given that, T3 = 12
a + (3 – 1) d = 12
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
or a + 2d = 12 ………………(1)
and Last term = T50 = 106
a + (50 – 1) d = 106
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
a + 49 d = 106 ……………(2)
Now, (2) – (1) gives

PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 6

Substitute this value of d in (1), we get
a + 2(2) = 12
or a + 4 = 12
or a + 12 – 4 = 8
Now, T29 = a + (29 – 1) d
= 8 + 28 (2) = 8 + 56 = 64.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 9.
If the 3rd and 9th tenus of an A.P. are 4 and – 8 respectively, which term of this A.P. is zero.
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of given AP.
Given that: T3 = 4
a + (3 – 1) d = 4
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
a + 2d = 4 …………..(1)
and T9 = – 8
a + (9 – 1) d = 8
and T9 = – 8
a + (9 – 1)d = 8
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
or a + 8d = – 8
Now, (2) – (1) gives

PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 7

Substitute this value of d in (1), we get
a + 2(- 2) = 4
or a – 4 = 4
or a = 4 + 4 = 8
Now, Tn = 0 (Given)
a + (n – 1) d = 0
or 8 + (n – 1)(- 2)=0
or -2 (n – 1) = – 8
or n – 1 = 4
or n = 4 + 1 = 5
Hence, 5th term of an AP. is zero.

Question 10.
The 17th term of an A.P. exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of given A.P.
Now, T17 = a + (17 – 1) d = a + 16 d
and T10 = a + (10 – 1) d = a + 9 d
According to question
T17 – T10 = 7
(a + 16 d) – (a + 9 d) = 7
or a + 16 d – a – 9 d = 7
7 d = 7
or d = \(\frac{7}{7}\) = 1
Hence, common difference is 1.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 11.
Which term of the A.P. 3, 15, 27, 39, …………. will be 132 more than its 54th term?
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of given A.P.
Given A.P. is 3, 15, 27, 39, …
T1 = 3, T2 = 15, T3 = 27, T4 = 39
T2 – T1 = 15 – 3 = 12
T3 – T2 = 27 – 15 = 12
:. d=T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 =12
Now, T54 = a + (54 – 1) d
= 3 + 53 (12) = 3 + 636 = 639
According to question
T = T54 + 132
a + (n – 1)d = 639 + 132
3 + (n – 1)(12) = 771
(n – 1) 12 = 771 – 3 = 768
or n – 1 = \(\frac{768}{12}\) = 64
or n = 64 + 1 = 65
Hence, 65th term of A.P. is 132 more than its 54th term.

Question 12.
Two APs have the same common difference. The difference between their 100th terms is 100, what is the difference between their 1000th terms?
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of first AP.
Also, ‘A’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of second A.P.
According to question
[T100 of second A.P.] – [T100 of first A.P.] = 100
or[A +(100 – 1)d] – [a +(100 – 1)d] = 100
or A + 99d – a – 99d = 100
or A – a = 100
Now, [T1000 of second A.P.] – [T1000 of first A.P.]
= [A + (1000 – 1) d) – (a + (1000 – 1) d]
= A + 999 d – a – 999 d
= A – a = 100 [Using (I)].

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 13.
How many three-digits numbers are divisible by 7?
Solution:
Three digits numbers which divisible by 7 are 105, 112, 119 , 994
Here a = T1 = 105, T2 = 112, T3 = 119 and Tn = 994
T2 – T1 = 112 – 105=7
T3 – T2 = 119 – 112=7
∴ d = T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = 7
Given that, Tn = 994
a + (n – 1) d = 994
or 105 + (n – 1) 7 = 994
or (n – 1) 7 = 994 – 105
or (n – 1) 7 = 889
or n – 1 = \(\frac{889}{7}\) = 127
or n = 127 + 1 = 128.
Hence, 128 terms of three digit number are divisible by 7.

Question 14.
How many multiples of 411e between 10 and 250?
Solution:
Multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250 are 12, 16, 20, 24, … 248
Here a = T1 = 12, T2 = 16, T3 = 20 and Tn = 248
T2 – T1 = 16 – 12 = 4
T3 – T2 = 20 – 16 = 4
∴ d = T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = 4
Given that, Tn = 248
a + (n – 1) d = 248
or 12 + (n – 1)4 = 248
or 4(n – 1) = 248 – 12 = 236
or n – 1 = \(\frac{236}{4}\) = 59
or n = 59 + 1 = 60
Hence, there are 60 terms which are multiples of 4 lies between 10 and 250.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 15.
For what value of n, are the n terms of two A.P.s 63, 65, 67, …………. and 3, 10, 17, …………….. equal?
Solution:
Given A.P. is 63, 65, 67, ……………..
Here a = T1 = 63, T2 = 65, T3 = 67
T2 – T1 = 65 – 63 = 2
T3 – T2 = 67 – 65 = 2
∴ d = T2 – T1 = T3 – T2 = 2
and second A.P. is 3, 10, 17, …
Here a = T1 = 3, T2 = 10, T3 = 17
T2 – T1 = 10 – 3 = 7
T3 – T2 = 17 – 10 = 7
According to question.
[nth term of first A.P.] = [nth term of second A.P.]
63 + (n – 1)2 = 3 + (n – 1) 7
or 63 + 2n – 2 = 3 + 7n – 7
or 61 + 2n = 7n – 4
or 2n – 7n = – 4 – 61
– 5n = – 65
n = \(\frac{65}{5}\) = 13.

Question 16.
Determine the AP. whose third term is 16 and 7 term exceeds the by 12.
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of given A.P.
Given that T3 = 16
a + (3 – 1) d = 16
a + 2d = 16
According to question
T7 – T5 = 12
[a + (7 – 1) d] – [a + (5 -1) d] = 12
a + 6 d – a – 44 = 12
2d = 12
d = \(\frac{12}{2}\) = 6
Substitute this value of d in (1), we get
a + 2(6) = 16
a = 16 – 12 = 4 .
Hence, given A.P. are 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, ………….

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 17.
Find the 20th term from the last term of the AP: 3, 8, 13, ………., 253.
Solution:
Given A.P. is 3, 8, 13, …………., 253
Here, a = T1 = 3, T2 = 8, T3 =13 and Tn = 253
T2 – T1 = 8 – 3 = 5
T3 – T2 = 13 – 8 = 5
∴ d = T2 – T1 = T3 – T1 = 5
Now, Tn = 253
3 + (n – 1)5 = 253
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
(n – 1) 5 = 250
n-1 = \(\frac{250}{5}\) = 50
n = 50 + 1 = 51
20th term from the end of AP = (Total number of terms) – 20 + 1
= 51 – 20 + 1 = 32nd term
∴ 20th term from the end of AP
= 32nd term from the starting
= 3 + (32 – 1)5
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1)d
= 3 + 31 × 5
= 3 + 155 = 158.

Question 18.
The sum of the 4th and 8th term of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6’ and 10th terms is 44. FInd the first three terms of the A.P.
Solution:
Let ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of given A.P.
According to 1st condition
T4 + T8 = 24
a + (4 – 1) d + a + (8 – 1) d = 24
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
or 2a + 3d + 7d = 24
2a + 10d = 24
a + 5d = 12 …………(1)
According to 2nd condition
T6 + T10 = 44
a + (6 – 1) d + a +(10 – 1) d = 44
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
2a + 5d + 9d = 44
2a + 14d = 44
a + 7d = 22
Now (2) – (1) gives

PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2 8

Substitute this value of d in (I). we get
a + 5(5) = 12
a + 25 = 12
a = 12 – 25 = -13
T1 = a = -13
T2 = a + d = 13 + 5 = -8
T2 = a + 2d = – 13 + 2(5) = – 13 + 10 = -3
Hence, given A.P. is -13, -8, -3, ……………

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 19.
Subba Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of ₹ 5000 and received an increment of ₹ 200 each year. In which year did his income reach ₹ 7000?
Solution:
Subba Rao’s starting salary = ₹ 5000
Annual increment = ₹ 200
Let ‘n’ denotes number of years.
∴ first term = a = ₹ 5000
Common diflerence = d = ₹ 200
and Tn = ₹ 7000
5000 + (n – 1) 200 = 7000
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
(n – 1) 200 = 7000 – 5000
or (n – 1) 200 = 2000
or n – 1 = \(\frac{2000}{200}\) = 10
or n = 10 + 1 = 11
Now, in case of year the sequence are 1995. 1996, 1997, 1998, ……………
Here a = 1995, d = 1 and n = 11
Let Tn denotes the required year.
∴ Tn = 1995 + (11 – 1) 1
= 1995 + 10 = 2005
Hence, in 2005, Subba Rao’s salary becomes 7000.

PSEB Solutions PSEB 10th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions Ex 5.2

Question 20.
Ramkali saved ₹ 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her weekly saving by ₹ 1.75. If in the nth week, her weekly saving becomes ₹ 20.75, find n.
Solution:
Amount saved in first week = ₹ 5
Increment in saving every week = ₹ 1.75
It is clear that, it form an A.P. whose terms are
T1 = 5, d = 1.75
∴ T2 = 5 + 1.75 = 6.75
T3 = 6.75 + 1.75 = 8.50
Also. Tn = 20. 75 (Given)
5 + (n – 1) 1.75 = 20.75
∵ Tn = a + (n – 1) d
or (n – 1) 1.75 = 20.75 – 5
or (n – 1) 1.75 = 15.75
or (n – 1) = \(\frac{1575}{100} \times \frac{100}{175}\)
or n – 1 = 9
or n = 9 + 1 = 10
Hence, in 10th week, Ramkali’s saving becomes ₹ 20.75.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 1.
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which F Q, R and S are midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively (see the given figure 1). AC is a diagonal. Show that:
(i) SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) AC
(ii) PQ = SR
(iii) PQRS is a parallelogram.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 1
Answer:
In ∆ DAC, S and R are the midpoints of DA and DC respectively.
Through C draw a line parallel to AD which intersects line SR at T.
In ∆ DRS and ∆ CRT
∠ DRS = ∠ CRT (Vertically opposite angles)
∠ RSD = ∠ RTC (Alternate angles formed by transversal ST of DS || TC)
DR = CR (R is the midpoint of DC.)
∴ ∆ DRS ≅ ∆ CRT (AAS rule)
∴ DS = CT and SR = RT (CPCT)
As S is the midpoint of DA, we have DS = SA.
∴ SA = CT
And, by construction, SA || CT.
∴ Quadrilateral SACT is a parallelogram.
∴ ST || AC
∴ SR || AC ………… (1)
Now, SR = RT gives SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ST
In parallelogram SACT, ST = AC.
∴ SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC ……………. (2)
Taking (1) and (2) together,
SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC ….. Result (1)
Similarly, in ∆ ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively. ,
∴ PQ || AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
Now, SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
∴ PQ = SR …… Result (ii)
Similarly, SR || AC and PQ || AC.
∴ PQ || SR
Thus, in quadrilateral PQRS, PQ = SR and PQ || SR.
Hence, by theorem 8.8, PQRS is a parallelogram. … Result (iii)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 2.
ABCD is a rhombus and F Q, R and S are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 2
ABCD is a rhombus and F Q, R and S are the midpoints of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
∴ In ∆ ABC, PQ || AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC.
∴ In ∆ ADC, SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC.
Hence, in quadrilateral PQRS, PQ || SR and PQ = SR.
∴ Quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram.
Now, since ABCD is a rhombus, AC and BD bisect each other at right angles at M.
∴ ∠ AMB = 90°
Now, AC || PQ and MN is their transversal.
∴ ∠ AMN + ∠ MNP = 180° (Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
∴ ∠ AMB + ∠MNP = 180°
∴ 90° + ∠ MNP = 180°
∴ ∠ MNP = 90°
In ∆ ABD, P and S are the midpoints of AB and AD respectively.
∴ PS || BD and NP is their transversal.
∴ ∠ DNP + ∠ NPS = 180°
∴ ∠ MNP + ∠ NPS =180°
∴ 90° + ∠ NPS = 180°
∴ ∠ NPS = 90°
∴ ∠ SPQ = 90°
Thus, in parallelogram PQRS, one angle ∠P is a right angle.
Hence, quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 3.
ABCD is a rectangle and P, Q, R and S are midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rhombus.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 3
Since ABCD is a rectangle, its diagonals are equal.
∴ AC = BD
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD
In ∆ ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively.
∴ PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC
Similarly, in ∆ ADC, SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC; in ∆ ABD, SP = \(\frac{1}{2}\) BD and in ∆ BCD, QR = \(\frac{1}{2}\) BD.
Now, PQ = SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC, SP = QR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD and \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD
Hence, in quadrilateral PQRS,
PQ = QR = RS = SP
Thus, all the sides of quadrilateral PQRS are equal.
Hence, quadrilateral PQRS is a rhombus.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 4.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC, BD is a diagonal and E is the midpoint of AD. A line is drawn through E parallel to AB intersecting BC at F (see the given figure). Show that F is the midpoint of BC.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 4
Answer:
Suppose line EF drawn through E and parallel to AB intersects BD at M.
EF || AB and AB || DC
∴ EF || DC
Trapezium ABCD is divided into two triangles, ∆ ABD and ∆ BCD, by diagonal BD.
In ∆ ABD, E is the midpoint of AD and a line through E and parallel to AB intersects BD at M.
Hence, by theorem 8.10, M is the midpoint of BD.
Now, in ∆ BCD, M is the midpoint of BD and a line through M and parallel to CD intersects BC at F.
Hence, by theorem 8.10, F is the midpoint of BC.
Note: The following result about the length of EF can also be derived:
EF = \(\frac{1}{2}\)(AB + CD)
Moreover, if X and Y are the midpoints of the diagonals of above trapezium ABCD, then XY = \(\frac{1}{2}\)|AB – CD|.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 5.
In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the midpoints of sides AB and CD respectively (see the given figure). Show that the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 5
Answer:
E and F are the midpoints of AB and CD respectively.
∴ AE = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB and CF = \(\frac{1}{2}\)CD
In parallelogram ABCD, AB = CD and AB || CD.
∴ AE = CF and AE || CF
Hence, quadrilateral AECF is a parallelogram.
∴ AF || EC
∴ AP || EQ
In ∆ ABP E is the midpoint of AB and EQ || AR
∴ Q is the midpoint of PB. (Theorem 8.10)
∴PQ = QB …………… (1)
Similarly, in ∆ DQC, F is the midpoint of DC and FP || CQ.
∴ P is the midpoint of DQ. (Theorem 8.10)
∴ DP = PQ …………….. (2)
From (1) and (2), DP = PQ = QB.
Moreover, DP + PQ + QB = BD.
Thus, AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 6.
Show that the line segments joining the midpoints of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 6
In quadrilateral ABCD, P Q, R and S are the midpoints of sides AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
In ∆ ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of AB and BC respectively.
∴ PQ || AC and PQ = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC …………….. (1)
In ∆ ADC, S and R are the midpoints of DA and DC respectively.
∴ SR || AC and SR = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC ……………… (2)
From (1) and (2),
PQ = SR and PQ || SR.
Thus, in quadrilateral PQRS, sides in one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel. Hence, quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. [Theorem 8.6]
∴ PR and SQ bisect each other.
Thus, the line segments joining the midpoints of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2

Question 7.
ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A line through the midpoint M of hypotenuse AB and parallel to BC intersects AC at D. Show that:
(i) D is the midpoint of AC.
(ii) MD ⊥ AC
(iii) CM = MA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.2 7
In ∆ ABC, ∠ C is a right angle and M is the midpoint of hypotenuse AB. A line through M and parallel to BC intersects AC at D.
Hence, by theorem 8.10, DM bisects AC.
∴ D is the midpoint of AC. ….. Result (i)
In ∆ ABC, ∠ C is a right angle.
∴ ∠ C = 90°
Now, BC || DM and DC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ MDC + ∠ DCB = 180° (Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
∴ ∠ MDC + 90° = 180°
∴ ∠ MDC = 90°
Thus, MD is perpendicular to AC.
∴ MD ⊥ AC …… Result (ii)
Now, in ∆ ADM and ∆ CDM,
AD = CD (D is the midpoint of AC)
∠ ADM = ∠ CDM (Right angles)
DM = DM (Common)
∴ ∆ ADM ≅ ∆ CDM (SAS rule)
∴ AM = CM (CPCT) ……………. (1)
Now, M is the midpoint of AB.
∴ AM = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB …… (2)
< Prom (1) and (2),
CM = MA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AB …… Result (iii)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 1.
The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3: 5 : 9: 13. Find all the angles of the quadrilateral.
Answer:
Let, ABCD be a given quadrilateral.
∴ ∠A : ∠B : ∠C : ∠D = 3 : 5 : 9 : 13
Sum of ratios = 3 + 5 + 9 + 13 = 30
In quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
∴ ∠A = \(\frac{3}{30}\) × 360° = 3 × 12 = 36°
∴ ∠B = \(\frac{5}{30}\) × 360° = 5 × 12 = 60°
∴ ∠C = \(\frac{9}{30}\) × 360° = 9 × 12 = 108°
∴ ∠D = \(\frac{13}{30}\) × 360° = 13 × 12 = 156°
Thus the angles of the given quadrilateral are 36°, 60°, 108° and 156°.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 2.
If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then show that it is a rectangle.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 1
Answer:
In parallelogram ABCD, diagonals are equal.
∴ AC = BD.
In ∆ DAB and ∆ CBA.
DA = CB (Theorem 8.2)
AB = BA (Common)
DB = CA (Given)
∴ ∆ DAB ≅ ∆ CBA sss rule)
∴ ∠ DAB = ∠CBA (CPCT)
In parallelogram ABCD, AD || BC and AB is their transversal.
∴ ∠ DAB + ∠ CBA = 180°
(Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
Thus, in parallelogram ABCD, two angles ∠A and∠B are right angles. Hence, all the angles are right angle.
Hence, the parallelogram ABCD having equal diagonals is a rectangle.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 3.
Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a rhombus.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 11
Answer:
In quadrilater ABCD. diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at M at right angles.
∴ AM = CM, BM = DM and
∠AMB = ∠CMB = ∠CMD = ∠AMD = 90°.
In ∆ AMB and ∆ CMB,
AM = CM
∠ AMB = ∠CMB
BM = BM (Common)
∴ ∆ AMB ≅ ∆ CMB (SAS rule)
∴ AB = CB (CPCT)
Similarly, proving ∆ BMC ≅ ∆ DMC and ∆ DMA ≅ ∆ BMA, we get BC = DC and DA = BA.
Thus, in quadrilateral. ABCD.
AB = BC CD = DA.
Therefore, quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus.
Thus, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a rhombus.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 4.
Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 2
Answer:
ABCD is a square in which diagonals AC and BD intersect at M.
Every square is a parallelogram.
∴ AC and BD bisect each other. …………… (1)
In ∆ DAB and ∆ CBA,
DA = CB (Sides of a square)
∠ DAB = ∠ CBA (Right angles in a square)
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ DAB ≅ ∆ CBA (SAS rule)
∴ BD = AC (CPCT) ……………….. (2)
Now, in ∆ AMB and ∆ CMB,
AM = CM (BD bisects AC at M).
BM = BM (Common)
AB = CB (Sides of a square)
∴ ∆ AMB ≅ ∆ CMB (SSS rule)
∴ ∠ AMB = ∠CMB (CPCT)
But, ∠ AMB and ∠ CMB form a linear pair.
∴ ∠ AMB + ∠ CMB = 180°
Hence, ∠AMB = ∠ CMB = 90° (3)
(1), (2) and (3) taken together proves that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 5.
Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other at right angles, then it is a square.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 3
Answer:
In quadrilateral ABCD, diagonals AC and BD are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
∴ AC = BD,
MA = MC = MB = MD = \(\frac{1}{2}\)AC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)BD and
∠AMB = ∠CMB= ∠DMC = ∠DMA= 90°.
In ∆ AMB and ∆ CMB,
AM = CM
∠ AMB = ∠ CMB (Right angles)
BM = BM (Common)
∴ ∆ AMB ≅ ∆ CMB (SAS rule)
∴ AB = CB (CPCT)
Similarly, we can prove that BC = DC and
DA = BA.
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD,
AB = BC = CD = DA …………… (1)
Now, in ∆ DAB and ∆ CBA,
DA = C B
BD = AC (Given)
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ DAB ≅ ∆ CBA (SSS rule)
∴ ∠DAB = ∠CBA (CPCT)
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD, ∠A = ∠B.
Similarly, we can prove that ∠B = ∠C and ∠C = ∠D.
Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD,
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D.
Moreover. In quadrilateral ABCD,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
∴ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{4}\) = 90° ……………… (2)
Thus, (1) and (2) taken together proves that in quadrilateral ABCD, all the sides are equal and all the angles are equal.
Therefore, quadrilateral ABCD is a square.
Thus, if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other at right angles, then it is a square.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 6.
Diagonal AC of a parallelogram ABCD bisects ∠A (see the given figure). Show that (i) it bisects ∠C also, (ii) ABCD is a rhombus.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 4
Answer:
Diagonal AC of parallelogram ABCD bisects ∠A.
∴ ∠DAC = ∠BAC …………… (1)
Now, ∠BAC and ∠DCA are alternate angles formed by transversal AC of AB || CD.
∴ ∠BAC = ∠DCA …………… (2)
Similarly, ∠DAC and ∠BCA are alternate angles formed by transversal AC of AD || BC.
∴ ∠DAC = ∠BCA ……………… (3)
From (1), (2) and (3),
∠DCA = ∠BCA.
But, ∠DCA + ∠BCA = ∠BCD (Adjacent angles)
∴ AC bisects ∠C also.
In parallelogram ABCD,
∠A = ∠C (Theorem 8.4)
∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠A = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠C
∴ ∠ DAC = ∠ DCA
∴ In ∆ DAC, DA = DC (Sides opposite to equal angles)
Moreover, in parallelogram ABCD,
AB = CD and BC = DA (Theorem 8.2)
∴ AB = BC = CD = DA
Thus. In parallelogram ABCD, all the sides are equal.
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 7.
ABCD is a rhombus. Show that diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C and diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 5
ABCD is a rhombus
∴ AB || DC, BC || AD and AB = BC = CD = DA.
AB || DC and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠CAB = ∠ACD (Alternate angles)
In, ∆ DAC, CD = DA
∴ ∠ACD = ∠CAD
Then, ∠CAB = ∠CAD
But, ∠CAB + ∠CAD = ∠ DAB (Adjacent angles)
∴ ∠ CAB = ∠CAD = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠DAB
This shows that AC bisects ∠A.
Again, BC || AD and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ BCA = ∠ DAC (Alternate angles)
In, ∆ DAC, DA = DC
∴ ∠ DAC = ∠ DCA
Then, ∠BCA = ∠DCA
But, ∠ BCA + ∠ DCA = ∠ DCB (Adjacent angles)
∴ ∠ BCA = ∠ DCA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠ DCB
This shows that AC bisects ∠C.
Thus, AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C.
Similarly, taking BD as transversal of AB || DC, and BC || AD, it can be proved that BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 8.
ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C. Show that: (i) ABCD is a square. (ii) Diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 6
In rectangle ABCD, AB = CD, BC = AD, AB || CD and BC || AD.
AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C.
∴ ∠DAC = ∠BAC = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠A and
∠ DCA = ∠ BCA = \(\frac{1}{2}\)∠C
Now, AB || CD and AC is their transversal.
∴ ∠ BAC = ∠ DCA (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ DAC = ∠ DCA
Thus, in ∆ DAC, ∠DAC = ∠DCA
∴ AD = CD (Sides opposite to equal angles)
From this, we get AB = BC = CD = DA.
Also, in rectangle ABCD,
∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90°
Hence, ABCD is a square. …..Result (i)
In ∆ BCD, BC = CD
∴ ∠ CBD = ∠ CDB
Moreover, AB || CD and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ CDB = ∠ ABD (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ CBD = ∠ ABD
Now, ∠ CBD + ∠ ABD = ∠ ABC
∴ ∠ CBD = ∠ ABD = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠ ABC
Thus, BD bisects ∠B.
Similarly, diagonal BD bisects ∠ D.
Hence, diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D …….. Result (ii)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 9.
In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are taken on diagonal BD such that DP = BQ (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∆ APD ≅ ∆ CQB
(ii) AP = CQ
(iii) ∆ AQB ≅ ∆ CPD
(iv) AQ = CP
(v) APCQ is a parallelogram.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 7
ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ AD || BC and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ADB = ∠CBD (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ADP = ∠CBQ …………… (1)
Similarly, CD || BA and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ ABD = ∠ CDB (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ABQ = ∠CDP ……………… (2)
In ∆ APD and ∆ CQB,
AD = CB (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
∠ ADP = ∠ CBQ [by (1)]
DP = BQ (Given)
∴ ∆ APD ≅ ∆ CQB (SAS rule) ……. Result (i)
∴ AP = CQ (CPCT) …… Result (ii)
In ∆ AQB and ∆ CPD,
AB = CD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
∠ ABQ = ∠ CDP [by (2)]
BQ = DP (Given)
∴ ∆ AQB ≅ ∆ CPD (SAS rule) …….. Result (iii)
∴ AQ = CP (CPCT) ………….. Result (iv)
Now, in quadrilateral APCQ, AP = CQ and AQ = CP
Hence, by theorem 8.3, APCQ is a parallelogram. ………. Result (v)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 10.
ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and Cg are perpendiculars from vertices A and C on diagonal BD (see the given figure). Show that
(i) ∆ APB ≅ ∆ CQD
(ii) AP = CQ
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 8
Answer:
In parallelogram ABCD, AB || CD and BD is their transversal.
∴ ∠ ABD = ∠ CDB (Alternate angles)
∴ ∠ABP = ∠CDQ ……………. (1)
Now, in ∆ APB and ∆ CQD,
AB = CD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)
∠ ABP = ∠ CDQ [by (1)]
∠ APB = ∠ CQD (Right angles)
∆ APB ≅ ∆ CQD (AAS rule) ………… Result (i)
∴ AP = CQ (CPCT) ……….. Result (ii)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 11.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ DBF, AB = DE, AB || DE, j BC = EF and BC || EF. Vertices A, B and C are joined to vertices D, E and F respectively (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) Quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram
(ii) Quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram
(iii) AD || CF and AD = CF
(iv) Quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram
(v ) AC = DF
(vi) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 9
Answer:
In quadrilateral ∆ BED, AB = DE and AB || DE. Thus, in quadrilateral ABED, sides in one s pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel. Hence, by theorem 8.8, quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram. …… Result (i)
Similarly, in quadrilateral BEFC, BC = EF and BC || EF.
Hence, by theorem 8.8, quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram. …………. Result (ii)
In parallelogram ABED, AD || BE and in parallelogram BEFC, BE || CE Thus, AD and CF both are parallel to BE.
∴ AD || CF ……….(1)
In parallelogram ABED, AD = BE and in parallelogram BEFC, BE = CF.
∴ AD = CF ……… (2)
Taking (1) and (2) together, we get
AD || CF and AD = CF ………. Result (iii)
In quadrilateral ACFD, AD || CF and AD = CF. Hence, by theorem 8.8, quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram. ………. Result (iv)
AC and DF are opposite sides of parallelogram ACFD.
∴ AC = DF ………….. Result (v)
Now, in ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF,
AB = DE (Given)
BC = EF (Given)
AC = DF [by result (v)l
∴ ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF (SSS rule) …… Result (vi)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1

Question 12.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD and AD = BC (see the given figure). Show that:
(i) ∠A = ∠B
(ii) ∠C = ∠D
(iii) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ BAD
(iv) diagonal AC = diagonal BD
[Hint: Extend AB and draw a line through C parallel to DA intersecting AB produced at E.)
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 8 Quadrilaterals Ex 8.1 10
Answer:
AB is extended to E, and AB || CD.
∴ AE || CD
In quadrilateral ADCE, AE || CD and by consturction CE || DA.
∴ Quadrilateral ADCE is a parallelogram.
∴ AD = CE
Moreover, AD = BC (Given)
∴ BC = CE
In ∆ BCE, BC = CE
∴ ∠CBE = ∠CEB
∴ ∠CBE = ∠CEA ………….. (1)
In parallelogram ADCE, AD || CE and AE is their transversal.
∴ ∠ DAE + ∠ CEA = 180° (Interior angles on the same side of transversal)
∴ ∠ DAE + ∠ CBE = 180° [by (1)]
∴ ∠ DAE = 180° – ∠ CBE …………… (2)
Moreover, ∠ ABC + ∠ CBE = 180° (Linear pair)
∴ ∠ ABC = 180° – ∠ CBE …………. (3)
From (2) and (3),
∠ DAE = ∠ ABC
∴ ∠A = ∠B ……… Result (i)
AB || CD and AD is their transversal.
∴ ∠A + ∠D = 180°
∴ ∠D = 180°- ∠A ………….. (4)
AB || CD and BC is their transversal.
∴ ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∴ ∠C = 180°- ∠B
∴ ∠C = 180° – ∠ A [by result (i)] ……… (5)
From (4) and (5),
∠C = ∠D …….. Result (ii)
Draw diagonals AC and BD.
In ∆ ABC and ∆ BAD,
BC = AD (Given)
∠ ABC = ∠ BAD [by result (i)]
AB = BA (Common)
∴ ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ BAD (SAS rule) ………. Result (iii)
∴ AC = BD (CPCT)
Thus, diagonal AC = diagonal BD … Result (iv)
Note: A trapezium in which non-parallel sides are equal is called an isosceles trapezium. As proved above, in an isosceles trapezium, the diagonals are equal and the angles on each parallel side are equal.

PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Maths Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4

1. Find the different set of like fractions:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 1
Solution:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 2

PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4

2. Write any three like fractions of:

Question (i)
(i) \(\frac {2}{5}\)
(ii) \(\frac {1}{4}\)
(iii) \(\frac {11}{6}\)
Solution:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 3

3. Encircle unit fractions:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 4
Solution:
\(\frac{1}{8}, \frac{1}{9}, \frac{1}{7}\)

4. Fill in the boxes with >, < or =

Question (i)
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 5
Solution:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 6

PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4

5. Compare using >, < or =

Question (i)
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 7
Solution:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 8

6. Compare using >, < or =

Question (i)
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 9
Solution:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 10

7. Arrange the following fractions in ascending order:

Question (i)
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 11
Solution:
We know that in fractions having the same denominator the greater the numerator, the greater the value of the fractional numbers. Therefore the given fractions in:
(i) Ascending order is : \(\frac{3}{10}, \frac{5}{10}, \frac{7}{10}\)
(ii) Ascending order is : \(\frac{1}{7}, \frac{4}{7}, \frac{6}{7}\)
(iii) Ascending order is : \(\frac{1}{8}, \frac{3}{8}, \frac{5}{8}, \frac{7}{8}\)
We know that in fractions having the same numerator, the fractions with smaller denominator is greater:
(iv) Ascending order is : \(\frac{5}{9}, \frac{5}{7}, \frac{5}{3}\)
(v) Ascending order is : \(\frac{3}{13}, \frac{3}{11}, \frac{3}{7}\)
(vi) First find L.C.M. of denominators 4, 6, 12. Now, we convert the given fractions into fractions with denominator 12, we have:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 12
(vii) First find L.C.M. of denominators 7, 35, 14, 28. Now, we convert the given fraction into fractions with denominators 140, we have
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 13
(viii) First find HCF of 3, 9, 12, 15. Now we convert the given fractions into fractions with denominator 180, we have:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 14
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 15

PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4

8. Arrange the following fractions in descending order:

Question (i)
\(\frac{5}{9}, \frac{7}{9}, \frac{1}{9}\)
Solution:
If two or more fractions having the same denominator then fraction with greater numerator is greater fraction:
(i) Descending order is : \(\frac{7}{9}, \frac{5}{9}, \frac{1}{9}\)

Question (ii)
\(\frac{3}{11}, \frac{5}{11}, \frac{2}{11}, \frac{7}{11}\)
Solution:
Descending order is : \(\frac{7}{11}, \frac{5}{11}, \frac{3}{11}, \frac{2}{11}\)
If two or more fractions having the same numerator then the fraction with a small denominator is greater.

Question (iii)
\(\frac{2}{7}, \frac{2}{13}, \frac{2}{9}\)
Solution:
Descending order is : \(\frac{2}{7}, \frac{2}{9}, \frac{2}{13}\)

Question (iv)
\(\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{8}, \frac{1}{2}\)
Solution:
Descending order is : \(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{8}\)

Question (v)
\(\frac{1}{6}, \frac{5}{12}, \frac{5}{18}, \frac{2}{3}\)
Solution:
First find L.C.M. of denominators 6, 12, 18, 3.
Now, we convert the given fractions into a fraction with denominator 36, we have:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 16

Question (vi)
\(\frac{3}{4}, \frac{9}{20}, \frac{11}{15}, \frac{17}{30}\)
Solution:
First find L.C.M. of denominator 4, 20,15, 30. Now, we convert the given fractions into a fraction with denominator 60, we have:
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 17
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 18

9. Kasvi covered \(\frac {1}{3}\) of her journey by car, \(\frac {1}{5}\) by rickshaw and \(\frac {2}{15}\) on foot. Find by which means, she covered the major part of her journey.
Solution:
Journey covered by car = \(\frac {1}{3}\)
Journey covered by Rickshaw = \(\frac {1}{5}\)
Journey covered on foot = \(\frac {2}{15}\)
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 19
We observe that \(\frac {5}{15}\) i.e. \(\frac {1}{3}\) is the greatest.
Hence the major part of journey was covered by car.

PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4

10. Father distributed his property among his three sons. The eldest one got \(\frac {3}{10}\), the middle got \(\frac {1}{6}\) and the youngest got \(\frac {1}{5}\) part of the property. State how the property was distributed in ascending order.
Solution:
Property eldest son got = \(\frac {3}{10}\) part
Property middle son got = \(\frac {1}{6}\) part
and Property youngest son got = \(\frac {1}{5}\) part
PSEB 6th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Fractions Ex 5.4 20

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Maths Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4

1. An rectangular park is 80 m long and 65 in wide. A path of 5 m width is constructed outside the park. Find the area of path.
Solution:
Let ABCD be a rectangular park.
Length of the park = 80 m
Breadth of the park = 65 m
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 1
Area of the rectangular park
ABCD = Length × Breadth
= 80 m × 65 m
= 5200 m2
Length of rectangular garden EFGH (including park)
= 80 + 5 + 5
= 90 m
Breadth = 65 + 5 + 5
= 75 m
Area of rectangular path EFGH = 90 × 75
= 6750 m2
Area of the path = Area of rectangular park EFGH – Area of rectangle ABCD
= 6750 – 5200
= 1550 m2

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4

2. A rectangular garden is 110 m long and 72 m broad. A path of uniform width 8 m has to be constructed around it. Find the cost of gravelling the path at ₹ 11.50 per m2.
Solution:
Let ABCD represents the rectangular garden and the shaded region represents the path of width 8 m around the garden.
Length of rectangular garden l = 110 m
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 2
Breadth of rectangular garden b = 72 m
Area of rectangular garden ABCD = (110 × 72) m2
= 7920 m2
Length of rectangular garden including path = 110 m + (8m + 8m)
= 126 m
Breadth of rectangular garden including path = 72m + (8m + 8m) = 88 m
Area of garden including path = (126 × 88) m2
= 11088 m2
Area of path = Area of garden including path – Area of garden
Area of path = (11088 – 7920) m2
= 3168 m2
Cost of gravelling 1 m2 of path = ₹ 11.50
Cost of gravelling 2928 m2 of path = ₹ 3168 × 11.50
= ₹ 36432

3. A room is 12 m long and 8 m broad. It is surrounded by a verandah, which is 3 m wide all around it. Find the cost of flooring the verandah with marble at ₹ 275 per m2.
Solution:
Let ABCD. represents the rectangular floor of room and shaded region represents the verandah 3 m wide all along the outside of a room.
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 3
PQ = (3 + 12 + 3) m
= 18 m
PS = (3 + 8 + 3) m
= 14 m
Area of rectangle ABCD = 1 × b
= AB × AD
= 12 m × 8m
= 96 m2
Area of recangle PQRS = 1 × b
= PQ × PS
= 18 m × 14 m
= 252 m2
Area of verandah = [Area of rectangle PQRS] – [Area of rectangle ABCD]
= (252 – 96) m2
= 156 m2
(Rate of flooting the verandha with marble verandah = ₹ 275 per m2)
Cost of flooring verandah with moble.
= ₹ (156 × 275)
= ₹ 42900.

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4

4. A sheet of paper measures 30 cm × 24 cm. A strip of 4 cm width is cut from it, all around. Find the area of remaining sheet and also the area of cut out strip.
Solution:
Let ABCD represent the sheet of 30 cm × 24 cm and shaded region represents the 4 cm width to be cut
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 4
PQ = (30 – 4 – 4) cm
= 22 cm
PS = (24 – 4 – 4) cm
= 16 cm

(i) remaining sheet
[Area of rectangle ABCD] – [Area of rectangle PQRS]
= (30 × 24 – 22 × 16)
= (720 – 352 = 368) cm2
Area of the cut our strip i.e. area of rectangle PQRS = 22 × 16 cm2
= 352 cm2

5. A path of 2 m wide is built along the border inside a square garden of side 40 m. Find :

Question (i).
The Area of path.
Solution:
Let ABCD be the square park of side 40 m and the shaded region represents the path 2 m wide
EF = 40 m – (2 + 2) m
= 36 m
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 5
Area of square park ABCD = (Side)2
= 40 × 40
= 1600 m2
Area of EFGH = (Side)2
= 36 × 36
= 1296 m2
Area of path = Area of square park ABCD – Area of EFGH
= (1600 – 1296) m2
= 304 m2

Question (ii).
The cost of planting grass in the remaining portion of the garden at the rate of ₹ 50 per m2.
Solution:
Cost of planting grass = 50 per m2
Cost of planting grass 1m2 = ₹ 50
Cost of 1296 m2 = 1296 × 50
= ₹ 64800

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4

6. A nursery school play ground is 150 m long and 75 m wide. A portion of 75 m × 75 m is kept for see-saw slides and other park equipments. In the remaining portion 3 m wide path parallel to its width and parallel to remaining length (as shown in fig). The remaining area is covered by grass. Find the area covered by grass.
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 6
Solution:
Area of school ground
= 150 m × 75 m = 11250 m2
Area kept for see-saw slides and other equipments
= 75 × 75
= 5625 m2
Area of path parallel to width of ground = 75 × 3
= 225 m2
Area common to both paths = 3 × 3
= 9 m2
Total area covered by path
= (225 + 225 – 9)
= 441 m2
Area covered by grass = Area of ground – (Area kept for see-saw slides + area covered by paths)
= 11250 – (5625 + 441)
= (11250 – 6066) m2
= 5184 m2

7. Two cross roads each of width 8 m cut at right angle through the centre of a rectangular park of length 480 m and breadth 250 m and parallel to its sides. Find the area of roads. Also, find the area of park excluding cross roads.
Solution:
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 7
ABCD represent the rectangular park of length AB = 480 m and breadth BC = 250 m. Area of shaded portion i.e. area of rectangle EFGH and PQRS represent the area of cross roads, but the area of square KLMN is taken twice, So it will be subtracted.
Now EF = 480, FG = 8 m, PQ = 250 m, QR = 8 m, KL = 8 m.
Area covered by roads = Area of rectangle EFGH + area of rectangle PQRS – Area of square KLMN
= (EF × FG) + (PQ × QR) – (KL)2
= (480 × 8) + (250 × 8) – (8 × 8)
= 3840 + 2000 – 64
Area of the road = 5776 m2
Area of park excluding cross roads = 250 × 480 – (250 × 8 + 480 × 8 – 8 × 8)
= 114224 m2

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4

8. In a rectangular field of length 92 m and breadth 70 m, two roads are constructed which are parallel to the sides and cut each other at right angles through the centre of field. If the width of each road is 4 m, find.
(i) The area covered by roads.
(ii) The cost of constructing the roads at the rate of ₹ 150 per m2.
Solution:
Let ABCD represents the rectangular field of length ; AB = 92 m and breadth; AD = 70 m. Let the area of shaded portion
i. e. area of the rectangle PQRS and the area of rectangle EFGH represents the area of cross roads.
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 8
But in doing this, area of square KLMN is taken twice which is to be subtracted.
Now PQ = 4 m, PS = 70 m
and EH = 4 m, EF = 92 m
and KL = 4 m, KN = 4 m
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 9
= PQ × PS + EF × EH – KL × KN
= [(4 × 70) + (92 × 4) – (4 × 4)] m2
= (280 + 368 – 16) m2
= (648 – 16) m2
= 632 m2

(ii) Cost of constructing 1 m2 of roads = ₹ 150
Therefore cost of constructing 632 m2 of roads = ₹ (150 × 632)
= ₹ 94800.

9. Find the area of shaded region in each of the following figures.

Question (i).
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 10
Solution:
Length of rectangle ABDC
= 3m + 15m + 3m
= 21 m
Breadth of rectangle ABDC
= 2m + 12m + 2m
= 16 m
Area of rectangle ABDC
= length × breadth
= 21 × 16 m2
= 336 m2
Length of rectangle PQRS = 15 m
Breadth of rectangle PQRS = 12 m
Area of rectangle PQRS = 15 × 12 m2
= 180 m2
Area of shaded region = Area of rectangle ABCD – Area of rectangle PQRS
= 336 m2 – 180 m2
= 156 m2

PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4

Question (ii).
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 11
Solution:
PSEB 7th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 11 Perimeter and Area Ex 11.4 12
SR = PQ = 2.5 m
EH = FG = 4 m
KL = 2.5 m
LM = 4 m
Area of shaded region = [Area of rectangle PQRS] + [Area of rectangle EFGH] – Area of rectangle KLMN
= 40 × 2.5 + 80 × 4 – 2.5 × 4
= 100 + 320 – 10
= 420 – 10
= 410 m2

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2

Question 1.
In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram, AE ⊥ DC and CF ⊥ AD. If AB = 16 cm, AE = 8 cm and CF = 10 cm, find AD.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2 1
Answer:
The area of a parallelogram is the product of its base and the altitude corresponding to that base.
Here, in parallelogram ABCD, the altitude corresponding to base DC is AE and the altitude corresponding to base AD is CF.
∴ ar(ABCD) = DC × AE = AD × CF
∴ DC × AE = AD × CF
∴ AB × AE = AD × CF (∵ AB = DC In parallelogram ABCD)
∴ 16 × 8 = AD × 1O
∴ AD = \(\frac{16 \times 8}{10}\)
∴ AD = \(\frac{128}{10}\)
∴ AD = 12.8 cm

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2

Question 2.
If E, F, G and H are respectively the midpoints of the sides of a parallelogram ABCD, show that ar(EFGH) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABCD).
Answer:
In parallelogram ABCD. E, F, G and H are the midpoints of AB, BC. CD and DA respectively.
Draw GE.
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2 2
In parallelogram ABCD, AB || CD and AB = CD.
∴ BE || CG and BE (\(\frac{1}{2}\) AB) = CG (\(\frac{1}{2}\) CD)
∴ Quadrilateral EBCG is a parallelogram.
∴ GE || BC
Now, ∆ EFG and parallelogram EBCG are on the same base GE and between the same parallels GE and BC.
∴ ar(EFG)= \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (EBCG) ………………. (1)
Similarly, ∆ EHG and parallelogram AEGD are on the same base GE and between the same parallels GE and DA.
∴ ar(EHG) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (AEGD) ……………….. (2)
Adding (1) and (2),
ar (EFG) + ar (EHG) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ar (EBCG) + \(\frac{1}{2}\) ar (AEGD)
∴ ar (EFGH) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) [ar (EBCG) + ar (AEGD)]
∴ ar (EFGH) = \(\frac{1}{2}\) ar (ABCD)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2

Question 3.
p and Q are any two points lying on the sides DC and AD respectively of a parallelogram ABCD. Show that ar (APB) = ar (BQC).
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2 3
Answer:
Here, ∆ APB and parallelogram ABCD are on the same base AB and between the same parallels AB and CD.
∴ ar (APB) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABCD) …………… (1)
Similarly, ∆ BQC and parallelogram ABCD are on the same base BC and between the same parallels BC and DA.
∴ ar (BQC) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABCD) ……………… (2)
From (1) and (2),
ar(APB) = ar(BQC)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2

Question 4.
In the given figure, P is a point in the interior of a parallelogram ABCD. Show that,
(i) ar (APB) + ar (PCD) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABCD)
(ii) ar (APD) + ar (PBC) = ar (APB) + ar (PCD)
[Hint: Through P, draw a line parallel to AB.]
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2 4
Answer:
Through P, draw a line parallel to AB which intersects BC at Q and AD at R.
Now, in quadrilateral ABQR,
AB || QR (By construction)
BQ || AR (In parallelogram ABCD, BC || AD)
∴ Quadrilateral ABQR is a parallelogram.
Similarly, DCQR is a parallelogram.
∆ APB and parallelogram ABQR are on the same base AB and between the same parallels AB and QR.
∴ ar(APB) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABQR) ……………….. (1)
Similarly, ∆ PCD and parallelogram DCQR are on the same base DC and between the same parallels DC and QR.
∴ ar(PCD) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (DCQR) ………………… (2)
Adding (1) and (2),
= ar(APB) + ar (PCD)
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABQR) + \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (DCQR)
∴ ar (APB) + ar (PCD)
= \(\frac{1}{2}\) [ar (ABQR) + ar (DCQR)]
∴ ar (APB) + ar (PCD) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABCD) …………………. (3)
Now, through P, draw a line parallel to AD which intersects AB at S and CD at T.
Then, as above, it can be proved that
ar(APD) + ar(PBC) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABCD) ……………………. (4)
From (3) and (4),
ar (APD) + ar (PBC) = ar (APB) + ar (PCD)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2

Question 5.
In the given figure, PQRS and ABRS are parallelograms and X is any point on side BR. Show that:
(i) ar (PQRS) = ar (ABRS)
(ii) ar(AXS) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (PQRS)
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2 5
Answer:
Parallelograms PQRS and ABRS are on the same base RS and between the same parallels PB and SR.
∴ ar (PQRS) = ar (ABRS) …………….. (1)
∆ AXS and parallelogram ABRS are on the same base AS and between the same parallels AS and BR.
∴ ar (AXS) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (ABRS) ………………… (2)
From (1) and (2),
ar (AXS) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (PQRS)

PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2

Question 6.
A farmer was having a field in the form of a parallelogram PQRS. She took any point A on RS and joined it to points P and Q. In how many parts the field Is divided? What are the shapes of these parts? The farmer wants to sow wheat and pulses in equal portions of the field separately. How should she do it?
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles Ex 9.2 6
By taking any point A on RS and joining it to points P and Q, the field is divided into three triangular parts as ∆ PSA, ∆ APQ and ∆ QRA.
Here, ∆ APQ and parallelogram PQRS are on the same base PQ and between the same parallels PQ and SR.
∴ ar (APQ) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar (PQRS)
∴ ar (PSA) + ar(QRA) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)ar(PQRS)
Thus, ar (APQ) = ar (PSA) + ar (QRA)
Now, as the farmer wants to sow wheat and pulses in equal portions of the field separately.
she has two options as below to do so:
(1) She should sow wheat in ∆ APQ and pulses in ∆ PSA as well as ∆ QRA.
(2) She should sow pulses in ∆ APQ and wheat in ∆ PSA as well as ∆ QRA.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Hindi Grammar upasarg उपसर्ग Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Grammar उपसर्ग

निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से मूल शब्द व उपसर्ग अलग-अलग करके लिखिए।
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग 1
उत्तर:
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग 2

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग

एक वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
उपसर्ग किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसी शब्द से पहले जो शब्दांश जुड़कर उसके अर्थ को बदल देता है या उसमें बदलाव उत्पन्न कर देता है, उसे उपसर्ग कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
हिंदी में उपसर्ग कितने प्रकार के होते हैं?
उत्तर:
हिंदी में उपसर्ग चार प्रकार के होते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
हिंदी के उपसर्गों के प्रकार लिखिए।
उत्तर:

  1. संस्कृत के उपसर्ग
  2. हिंदी के उपसर्ग
  3. विदेशी भाषाओं के उपसर्ग
  4. उपसर्ग की तरह प्रयुक्त होने वाले संस्कृत अव्यय।

प्रश्न 4.
तत्सम उपसर्ग किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
संस्कृत से हिंदी में आए वे उपसर्ग जो तत्सम रूप में प्रयुक्त किए जाते हैं उन्हें तत्सम उपसर्ग कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
तत्सम उपसर्ग के चार उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
अति, अव, आ, उप, अनु, दुर, अभि, अप, प्र, प्रति।

प्रश्न 6.
उपसर्ग की तरह प्रयुक्त किए जाने वाले संस्कृत अव्यय के उदाहरण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अंतर, अ, अध, कु, अलम् पुनर्, सह, सत्, चिर।

प्रश्न 7.
हिंदी के उपसर्गों के उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
अ, अध, अन, उन, अव, दु, कु, चौ, नि, भर, सु।

प्रश्न 8.
उर्दू के उपसर्गों के उदाहरण दीजिए।
उत्तर:
कम, अल, बिला, बे, बा, दर, ना, बद्, गैर, खुश, हर, हम।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग

प्रश्न 9.
खुश, न, सर, हम, हर और कम उपसर्ग किस भाषा से संबंधित हैं?
उत्तर:
ये सभी उर्दू के उपसर्गों से संबंधित हैं।

एक शब्द में उत्तर दीयिजए

प्रश्न 1.
उपसर्ग किसी शब्द में क्या परिवर्तन कर देता है?
उत्तर:
अर्थ।

प्रश्न 2.
उपसर्ग कितने प्रकार के होते हैं?
उत्तर:
चार।

प्रश्न 3.
‘अधि’ उपसर्ग अर्थ को क्या प्रदान करता है?
उत्तर:
श्रेष्ठता।

प्रश्न 4.
‘अनु’ उपसर्ग अर्थ को क्या अर्थ देती है?
उत्तर:
समानता।

प्रश्न 5.
‘उत्’ उपसर्ग अर्थ को क्या प्रदान करती है?
उत्तर:
उच्चता/श्रेष्ठता/उत्कृष्टता।

प्रश्न 6.
‘गैर’ उपसर्ग किस भाषा से संबंधित है?
उत्तर:
उर्दू।

प्रश्न 7.
‘बे’ उपसर्ग किस अर्थ को प्रदान करता है?
उत्तर:
बिना/बगैर।

प्रश्न 8.
‘प्रत्यारोपण’ में किस उपसर्ग का प्रयोग किया गया है
उत्तर:
प्रति।

प्रश्न 9.
‘अधपका’ शब्द में प्रयुक्त उपसर्ग को लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अध।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग

हाँ/नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘चौराह’ में ‘चो’ उपसर्ग का प्रयोग किया गया है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 2.
‘कपूत’ में ‘कपू’ उपसर्ग का प्रयोग किया गया है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 3.
‘चिरस्मरणीय’ में चिर उपसर्ग का प्रयोग है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 4.
‘सच्चरित्र’ शब्द में सत् उपसर्ग का प्रयोग है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 5.
‘तिरोहित’ शब्द में तिर उपसर्ग है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 6.
‘स्वयंभू’ शब्द में ‘स्व’ उपसर्ग है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 7.
‘परदादा’ शब्द में पर उपसर्ग का प्रयोग किया गया है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
उपसर्ग किसी शब्द के ……….. लगकर विशेष अर्थ को प्रकट करता है।
उत्तर:
आगे/शुरू में।

प्रश्न 2.
उपसर्ग के प्रयोग से शब्दांश का ……….. बदल जाता है।
उत्तर:
अर्थ।

प्रश्न 3.
उपसर्ग …………. प्रकार के होते हैं।
उत्तर:
चार।

प्रश्न 4.
संस्कृत से हिंदी में आने वाले रूपों को ………. उपसर्ग कहते हैं।
उत्तर:
तत्सम।

प्रश्न 5.
‘उन’ उपसर्ग ……….. अर्थ को व्यक्त करता है।
उत्तर:
एक कम।

प्रश्न 1.
उपसर्ग किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
उपसर्ग उस शब्दांश को कहते हैं जो किसी शब्द के शुरू में लगकर विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है और उस शब्द का अर्थ ही बदल देता है ; जैसे-‘कर्म’ शब्द का अर्थ है कार्य अथवा काम। इस कर्म से पहले ‘सु’ और ‘कु’ लगाने से नए शब्द बनते हैं-सु + कर्म = सुकर्म तथा कु + कर्म = कुकर्म ! यहाँ ‘सु’ और ‘कु’ लगने से नए शब्द सुकर्म और कुकर्म बनें जिनके अर्थ भी बदल गए हैं। सुकर्म का अर्थ अच्छे कार्य तथा कुकर्म का अर्थ बुरे कार्य हैं। यहाँ ‘सु’ और ‘कु’ उपसर्ग हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
उपसर्ग की परिभाषा दीजिए।
उत्तर:
जो शब्दांश किसी शब्द के पहले जुड़कर नया शब्द बनाते हैं और उसके अर्थ में भी परिवर्तन हो जाता है, उसे उपसर्ग कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
उपसर्ग कितने प्रकार के होते हैं?
उत्तर:
हिंदी में उपसर्ग चार प्रकार के होते हैं:

  1. तत्सम अथवा संस्कृत के उपसर्ग
  2. संस्कृत अव्यय जो उपसर्ग की तरह प्रयोग होते हैं
  3. तद्भव अर्थात् हिंदी के उपसर्ग और
  4. विदेशी भाषाओं उर्दू, फारसी, अंग्रेज़ी से आए हिंदी में प्रचलित उपसर्ग।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग

(क) तत्सम उपसर्ग/संस्कृत के उपसर्ग जो उपसर्ग संस्कृत से हिंदी में आए हैं और अभी भी तत्सम रूप में ही प्रयुक्त किए जाते हैं, उन्हें तत्सम उपसर्ग कहते हैं।

उपसग अर्थ उपसर्ग + मूल शब्द = शब्द रूप
1. अति अधिक, ऊपर, उस पार अति + रिक्त = अतिरिक्त, अति + आचार = अत्याचार, अति + शय = अतिशय, अति + क्रमण = अतिक्रमण, अति + सार = अतिसार, अति + काल = अतिकाल, अति + अधिक = अत्यधिक, अति + अंत = अत्यंत, अति + उत्तम = अत्युत्तम।
2. अधि श्रेष्ठ, ऊपर, समीपता अधि + आत्म = अध्यात्म, अधि + पति = अधिपति, अधि + कार = अधिकार, अधि + भार = अधिभार, अधि + नायक = अधिनायक, अधि + कृत = अधिकृत, अधि + राज = अधिराज, अधि + अयन = अध्ययन, अधि + आदेश = अध्यादेश, अधि + ईश = अधीश, अधि + करण = अधिकरण, अधि + अक्ष = अध्यक्ष।
3. अनु अर्थ पीछे, समान, क्रम, पश्चात्, समानता अनु + करण = अनुकरण, अनु + शासन = अनुशासन, अनु + चर = अनुचर, अनु + रोध = अनुरोध, अनु + सार = अनुसार, अनु + ग्रह = अनुग्रह, अनु + क्रम = अनुक्रम, अनु + शीलन = अनुशीलन, अनु + गामी = अनुगामी, अनु + वाद = अनुवाद, अनु + राग = अनुराग, अनु + ज = अनुज।
4. अप बुरा, अनुचित, हीनता, विपरीत, अभाव, लघुता अप + यश = अपयश, अप + शब्द = अपशब्द, अप + कीर्ति = अपकीर्ति, अप + वाद = अपवाद, अप + हरण = अपहरण, अप + कार = अपकार, अप + कर्ष = अपकर्ष, अप + व्यय = अपव्यय।
5. अभि निकट, समीप, ओर, अधिकता अभि + मान = अभिमान, अभि + भावक = अभिभावक, अभि + नेता = अभिनेता, अभि + यान = अभियान, अभि + शाप = अभिशाप, अभि + आगत = अभ्यागत, अभि + इष्ट = अभीष्ट, अभि + उदय = अभ्युदय, अभि + नव = अभिनव, अभि + मुख = अभिमुख, अभि + योग = अभियोग, अभि + प्राय = अभिप्राय।
6. अव बुरा, नीचे, हीन, पतन, अनादर अव + शेष = अवशेष, अव + गुण = अवगुण, अव + नति = अवनति, अव + हेलना = अवहेलना, अव + गत = अवगत, अव + तार = अवतार, अव + लोकन = अवलोकन, अव + रोहण = अवरोहन, अव + गति = अवगति, अव + नत = अवनत।
7. आ तक, समेत, सीमा, कमी, सीमा आ + रक्त = आरक्त, आ + कर्षण = आकर्षण, आ + दान = आदान, आ + चरण = आचरण, आ + जीवन = आजीवन, आ + मरण = आमरण, आ + रोहण = आरोहण, आ + गमन = आगमन, आ + ग्रह = आग्रह, आ + कृति = आकृति, आ + क्रमण = आक्रमण।
8. उत् / उद्। ऊँचा, श्रेष्ठ, ऊपर, उत्कर्ष, उच्चता उत् + कंठा = उत्कंठा, उत् + पाद = उत्पाद, उत् + थान = उत्थान, उत् + खनन = उत्खनन, उत् + साह = उत्साहे, उत् + कर्ष = उत्कर्ष, उत् + पत्ति = उत्पत्ति, उत् + तम = उत्तम, उत् + गार = उद्गार, उत् + गम = उद्गम, उत् + धार = उद्धार, उत् + चरण = उच्चरण, उत् + लेख = उल्लेख, उत् + घाटन = उद्घाटन, उत् + भव = उद्भव, उत् + लंघन = उल्लंघन।
9. उप निकट, समान, गौण, सहायक, सुदृढ़ उप + कार = उपकार, उप + ग्रह = उपग्रह, उप + चार = उपचार, उप + वन = उपवन, उप + नाम = उपनाम, उप + स्थित = उपस्थित, उप + भेद = उपभेद, उप + करण = उपकरण, उप + संहार = उपसंहार, उप + देश = उपदेश, उप + निवेश = उपनिवेश।
10. दुर / दुस् / दुष बुरा, कठिन दुर् + दशा = दुर्दशा, दुर् + लभ = दुर्लभ, दुर् + आचार = दुराचार, दुर् + गम = दुर्गम, दुर् + गति = दुर्गति, दुर् + गुण = दुर्गुण, दुर् + भाग्य = दुर्भाग्य, दुस् + साध्य = दुस्साध्य, दुस् + साहस = दुस्साहस, दुर् + घटना = दुर्घटना, दुर् + नीति = दुर्नीति, दुस् + शासन = दुश्शासन।
11. निर् / निस् रहित, निषेध, नहीं, बिना निर् + अपराध = निरपराध, निर् + विघ्न = निर्विघ्न, निर् + आदर = निरादर, निर् + गुण = निर्गुण, निस् + फल = निष्फल, निस् + छल = निश्छल, निस् + चय = निश्चय, | निस् + सार = निस्सार, निस् + सहाय = निस्सहाय, निर् + करण = निराकरण, निर् + मल = निर्मल, निर् + दोष = निर्दोष, निर् + जीव = निर्जीव, निस् + संदेह = निस्संदेह।
12. नि नीचे, भीतर, निपुणता, बाहर नि + पात = निपात, नि + बंध = निबंध, नि + युक्त = नियुक्त, नि + युक्ति = नियुक्ति, नि + यम = नियम, नि + वास = निवास, नि + मग्न = निमग्न, नि + रोध = निरोध, नि + रूपण = निरूपण, नि + दान = निदान।
13. परा अधिक, विपरीत, नाश, अनादर परा + जय = पराजय, परा + क्रम = पराक्रम, परा + मर्श = परामर्श, परा + अस्त = परास्त, परा + काष्ठा = पराकाष्ठा, परा + शक्ति = पराशक्ति।
14. परि अधिक, चारों ओर परि + जन = परिजन, परि + पूर्ण = परिपूर्ण, परि + चालक = परिचालक, परि + भ्रमण = परिभ्रमण, परि + कल्पना = परिकल्पना, परि + दर्शन = परिदर्शन, परि + वर्तन = परिवर्तन, परि + वेश = परिवेश, परि + चर्या = परिचर्या, परि+ श्रम = परिश्रम, परि + सर = परिसर, परि + धान = परिधान, परि + भाषा = परिभाषा, परि + ईक्षा = परीक्षा, परि + आवरण = पर्यावरण।
15. प्र अधिक, आगे, ऊपर, यश प्र + सन्न = प्रसन्न, प्र + ताप = प्रताप, प्र + सिद्ध = प्रसिद्ध, प्र + क्रिया = प्रक्रिया, प्र + वाह = प्रवाह, प्र + यत्न = प्रयत्न, प्र + तिष्ठा = प्रतिष्ठा, प्र + योग = प्रयोग, प्र + दूषण = प्रदूषण, प्र + चार = प्रचार, प्र + दत्त = प्रदत्त।
16. प्रति हरेक, सामने, विरोध प्रति + एक = प्रत्येक, प्रति + निधि = प्रतिनिधि, प्रति + कार = प्रतिकार, प्रति + उपकार = प्रत्युपकार, प्रति + वादी = प्रतिवादी, प्रति + क्षण = प्रतिक्षण, प्रति + ध्वनि = प्रतिध्वनि, प्रति + कार = प्रतिकार, प्रति + शत = प्रतिशत, प्रति + वर्ष = प्रतिवर्ष, प्रति + अक्ष = प्रत्यक्ष।
17. वि विरोध, विशेषता, अभाव, हीनता भिन्नता, वि + पक्ष = विपक्ष, वि + कास = विकास, वि + ज्ञान = विज्ञान, वि + कार = विकार, वि + राम = विराम, वि + नय = विनय, वि + नाश = विनाश, वि + राम = विराम, वि + जय = विजय, वि + देश = विदेश, वि + क्रय = विक्रय, वि + मुख = विमुख, वि + भाग = विभाग, वि + फल = विफल, वि + चित्र = विचित्र, वि + भिन्न = विभिन्न, वि + योग = वियोग।
18. सम् अच्छा, संयोग, सहित सम् + कल्प = संकल्प, सम् + चय = संचय, सम् + तोष = संतोष, सम् + पूर्ण = संपूर्ण, सम् + मति = सम्मति, सम् + सार = संसार, सम् + वाद = संवाद, सम् + तोष = संतोष। सम् + पत्ति = संपत्ति, सम + पूर्ण = संपूर्ण।
19. सु सहज, अच्छा सु + पुत्र = सुपुत्र, सु + कवि = सुकवि, सु + जन = सुजन, सु + आगत = स्वागत, सु + वास = सुवास, सु + कन्या = सुकन्या, सु + कुमार = सुकुमार, सु + योग्य = सुयोग्य, सु + चेता = सुचेता।

विशेष:
संस्कृत में कभी-कभी एक से अधिक उपसर्गों का प्रयोग भी किया जाता है ; जैसे-
1. सु + वि + ख्यात = सुविख्यात
2. निर् + अप + राध = निरपराध
3. वि + आ + करण = व्याकरण
4. सम + आ + लोचना = समालोचना

प्रश्न 1.
अव्यय किसे कहते हैं? ये कितने प्रकार के होते हैं?
उत्तर:
जिन शब्दों का लिंग, वचन, कारक, काल आदि के कारण कोई परिवर्तन या विकार नहीं होता उन्हें अव्यय या अविकारी शब्द कहते हैं; जैसे-आज, कल, अहा !, ओ !, हाय !, और, तथा, यहाँ, के ऊपर, की ओर आदि।
अव्यय पाँच प्रकार के होते हैं-क्रिया विशेषण, समुच्चयबोधक, संबंधबोधक, विस्मयादिबोधक और निपात। संस्कृत के कुछ अव्यय भी उपसर्गों की तरह प्रयोग में लाए जाते हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग

(ख) उपसर्ग की तरह प्रयुक्त किए जाने वाले संस्कृत अव्यय
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग 3
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग 4
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग 5
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग 6

तद्भव उपसर्ग / हिंदी के उपसर्ग

उपसग अर्थ उपसर्ग + मूल शब्द = शब्द रूप
1. अ अभाव, निषेध अ + चेत = अचेत, अ + जर = अजर, अ + मर = अमर, अ + टल = अटल, अ + मोल = अमोल, अ + थाह = अथाह, अ + पढ़ = अपढ़, अ + जान = अजान, अ + ज्ञान = अज्ञान, अ + शांत = अशांत।
2. अध आधा अध + खिला = अधखिला, अध + मरा = अधमरा, अध + खाया = अधखाया, अध + पका = अधपका, अध + जल = अधजल, अध + बीच = अधबीच।
3. अन अभाव, निषेध अन + जाना = अनजाना, अन + पढ़ = अनपढ़, अन + होनी = अनहोनी, अन + देखा = अनदेखा, अन + जान = अनजान, अन + बन = अनबन।
4. उन एक कम उन + सठ = उनसठ, उन + तीस = उनतीस, उन + चालीस = उनचालीस, उन + अस्सी = उनासी, उन + पचास = उनचास, उन + साठ = उनसठ।
5. औ/ अव हीनता, निषेध औ + घट = औघट, औ + गुण = औगुन, अव + गुण = अवगुण, अव + हठ = अवहठ, औ + सर = औसर।।
6. कु, क बुरा, हीनता कु + पात्र = कुपात्र, कु + घड़ी = कुघड़ी, कु + चाल = कुचाल, क + पूत = कपूत, कु + पुत्र = कुपुत्र, कु + मार्ग = कुमार्ग, कु + ढंग = कुढंग, कु + चक्र = कुचक्र, कु + कर्म = कुकर्म।
7. दु बुरा, हीन, दो दु + बला = दुबला, दु + काल = दुकाल, दु + रंगा = दुरंगा, दु + साध = दुसाध, दु + नीति = दुनीति, दु + साध्य = दुसाध्य।
8. चौ चार उपसर्ग + मूलशब्द = शब्द रूप चौ + खट = चौखट, चौ + पाई = चौपाई, चौ + गुना = चौगुना, चौ + राहा = चौराहा, चौ + मंज़िला = चौमंजिला, चौ + कन्ना = चौकन्ना, चौ + मासा = चौमासा।
9. नि रहित, नहीं नि + डर = निडर, नि + पूता = निपूता, नि + हत्था = निहत्था, नि + कम्मा = निकम्मा।
10. बिन अभाव, निषेध बिन + देखा = बिनदेखा, बिन + पानी = बिनपानी, बिन + माँगे = बिनमाँगे, बिन + खाया = बिनखाया, बिन + ब्याहा = बिनब्याहा, बिन + चाहे = बिनचाहे, बिन + खिला = बिनखिला, बिन + जाने = बिनजाने।
11. भर पूरा, ठीक भर + पेट = भरपेट, भर + मार = भरमार, भर + पूर = भरपूर, भर + पाई = भरपाई, भर + सक = भरसक।
12. सु /स अच्छा, सहित सु + पात्र = सुपात्र, स + पूत = सपूत, सु + गंध = सुगंध, सु + फल = सुफल, सु + रूप = सुरूप, सु + घड़ = सुघड़, स + हित = सहित, स + जग = सजग, स + गोत्र = सगोत्र, स + रस = सरस, स + हित = सहित।
13. औ हीनता, निषेध औ + गुन = औगुन, औ + सर = औसर, औ + घट = औघट।
14. पर अन्य पीढ़ी का पर + दादा = परदादा, पर + नाना = परनाना, पर + दादी = परदादी।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran उपसर्ग

(ग) उर्दू के उपसर्ग

उपसग अर्थ उपसर्ग + मूल शब्द = शब्द रूप
1. अल निश्चित उपसर्ग + मूलशब्द = शब्द रूप अल + बत्ता = अलबत्ता, अल + बेला = अलबेला, अल + ग़रज = अलग़रज, अल + सुबह = अलसुबह, अल + मस्त = अलमस्त।
2. कम थोड़ा कम + ज़ोर = कमज़ोर, कम + बख्त = कमबख्त, कम + उम्र = कमउम्र, कम + अक्ल = कमअक्ल, कम + सिन = कमसिन।
3. खुश अच्छा खुश + दिल = खुशदिल, खुश + नसीब = खुशनसीब, खुश + मिज़ाज = खुशमिज़ाज, खुश + किस्मत = खुशकिस्मत, खुश + हाल = खुशहाल, खुश + ख्याली = खुशख्याली, खुश + बू = खुशबू।
4. गैर निषेध, भिन्न, बिना गैर + ज़रूरी = गैरज़रूरी, गैर + हाज़िर = गैरहाज़िर, गैर + ज़िम्मेदार = गैरजिम्मेदार, गैर + सरकारी = गैरसरकारी, . गैर + रस्मी = गैररस्मी।
5. दर में दर + कार = दरकार, दर + असल = दरअसल, दर + मियान = दरमियान, दर + किनार = दरकिनार, दर + हकीकत = दरहकीकत।
6. ना अभाव ना + मुमकिन = नामुमकिन, ना + पसंद = नापसंद, ना + राज़ = नाराज़, ना + लायक = नालायक, ना + चीज़ = नाचीज़, ना + समझ = नासमझ, ना + उम्मीद = नाउम्मीद, ना + कारा = नाकारा, ना + काफी = नाकाफी, ना + काबिल = नाकाबिल।
7. ब अनुसार, के साथ ब + दौलत = बदौलत, ब + नाम = बनाम, ब + खूबी = बखूबी, ब + खैरियत = बखैरियत, ब + गैर = बगैर।
8. बद. बुरा बद + इंतज़ामी = बदइंतज़ामी, बद + किस्मत = बदकिस्मत, बद + दुआ = बददुआ, बद + तमीज़ = बदतमीज़, बद + नाम = बदनाम, बद + चलन = बदचलन, बद + बू = बदबू, बद + सूरत = बदसूरत।
9. बा साथ, अनुसार बा + असर = बाअसर, बा + क़ायदा = बाक़ायदा, बा + अदब = बाअदब, बा + इज्जत = बाइज्जत, बा + ज़ब्ता = बाज़ब्ता, बा + वजूद = बावजूद।
10. बे बिना, बगैर बे + आसरा = बेआसरा, बे + क़दर = बेक़दर, बे + अदब = बेअदब, बे + ग़रज = बेग़रज, बे + ऐब = बेऐब, बे + काम = बेकाम, बे + वफ़ा = बेवफ़ा, बे + अक्ल = बेअक्ल, बे + दाग़ = बेदाग़, बे + काम = बेकाम, बे + कसूर = बेकसूर, बे + लगाम = बेलगाम, बे + वजह = बेवजह।
11. बिला बिना, बगैर बिला + कसूर = बिलाकसूर, बिला + वजह = बिलावजह, बिला + लिहाज़ = बिलालिहाज़, बिला + नागा = बिलानागा।
12. ला बिना, नहीं ला + जवाब = लाजवाब, ला + परवाह = लापरवाह, ला + इलाज = लाइलाज, ला + वारिस = लावारिस, ला + चार = लाचार, ला + पता = लापता।
13. सर मुख्य सर + कार = सरकार, सर + पंच = सरपंच, सर + ताज़ = सरताज़, सर + हद = सरहद, सर + फ़रोश = सरफ़रोश, सर + गना = सरगना।
14. हम साथ, समान हम + वतन = हमवतन, हम + साया = हमसाया, हम + शक्ल = हमशक्ल, हम + राही = हमराही, हम + जुल्फ़ = हमजुल्फ़, हम + उम्र = हमउम्र, हम + राज़ = हमराज़, हम + जोली = हमजोली, हम + सफ़र = हमसफ़र।
15. हर प्रत्येक हर + पल = हरपल, हर + दिल = हरदिल, हर + दम = हरदम, हर + साल = हरसाल, हर + रोज़ = हररोज़, हर + घड़ी = हरघड़ी, हर + दिन = हरदिन, हर + हाल = हरहाल।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Hindi Grammar vachan वचन Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Grammar वचन

वचन परिवर्तन कीजिए। एकवचन से बहुवचन बनाइए:
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 1
उत्तर:
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 2

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन

एक वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
वचन किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
शब्द के जिस रूप से उसके एक या अनेक होने का पता लगता है, उसे वचन कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
वचन का संबंध किससे माना जाता है?
उत्तर:
वचन का संबंध गिनती से माना जाता है।

प्रश्न 3.
वचन के कितने प्रकार होते हैं?
उत्तर:
वचन के दो प्रकार होते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
वचन के प्रकार कौन-कौन से होते हैं?
उत्तर:
वचन के दो प्रकार होते हैं-एकवचन, बहुवचन।

प्रश्न 5.
एकवचन किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
शब्द के जिस रूप से किसी एक वस्तु के होने का पता चले, उसे एकवचन कहते हैं। उदाहरण लड़का, पुस्तक।

प्रश्न 6.
बहुवचन किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
शब्द के जिस रूप से किसी वस्तु के एक से अधिक होने का पता चले उसे बहुवचन कहते हैं। उदाहरणलड़के, पुस्तकें।

प्रश्न 7.
वचन की पहचान किनसे होती है?
उत्तर:
वचन की पहचान संज्ञा, सर्वनाम और क्रिया से होती है।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन

प्रश्न 8.
एकवचन वाले शब्द का प्रयोग बहुवचन के रूप में कब-कब किया जा सकता है?
उत्तर:
एकवचन वाले शब्द का प्रयोग सम्मान, अभिमान, स्वाभिमान, अधिकार आदि की स्थिति में बहुवचन के रूप में किया जा सकता है।

प्रश्न 9.
बहुवचन के स्थान पर एकवचन का प्रयोग कब किया जा सकता है?
उत्तर:
बहुवचन के स्थान पर एकवचन का प्रयोग जनता, बारिश, जल आदि के लिए किया जा सकता है।

एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘सभापति पधार चुके हैं’ इस वाक्य में एक बहुवचन के रूप में क्या प्रकट करता है?
उत्तर:
आदर।

प्रश्न 2.
‘हम आपको नौकरी दिला देंगे’-मंत्री जी ने कहा कि इसमें सर्वनाम क्या प्रकट करता है?
उत्तर:
बड़प्पन/महान्।

प्रश्न 3.
सोना बहुत महंगा हो गया है।-‘सोना’ क्या प्रकट करता है?
उत्तर:
धातु का बोध कराता है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘गुड़िया’ का वचन बदलकर लिखिए
उत्तर:
गुड़ियाँ।

प्रश्न 5.
‘माता’ का वचन बदलकर लिखिए
उत्तर:
माताएँ।

प्रश्न 6.
‘दवाइयाँ’ का वचन बदलकर लिखिए। उत्तर-दवाई।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन

प्रश्न 7.
‘रीतियाँ’ का वचन बदलकर लिखिए।
उत्तर:
रीति।

हाँ/नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
शब्द के जिस रूप से उसके एक या अनेक होने का पता चलता है उसे वचन कहते हैं।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 2.
हिंदी में वचन चार प्रकार के होते हैं।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

प्रश्न 3.
वचन की पहचान संज्ञा, सर्वनाम और क्रिया से होती है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 4.
आदर प्रकट करने के लिए एकवचन की जगह बहुवचन का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 5.
दर्शन, हस्ताक्षर, आँसू आदि का प्रयोग बहुवचन में होता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 6.
अधिकार दर्शाने के लिए भी एकवचन की जगह बहुवचन का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
घमंड प्रकट करने के लिए भी ‘मैं’ की जगह ‘हम’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 1.
वचन का संबंध ………….. से होता है।
उत्तर:
गिनती।

प्रश्न 2.
स्वयं को महान् सिद्ध करने के लिए एकवचन की जगह ………….. प्रयुक्त किया जाता है।
उत्तर:
बहुवचन।

प्रश्न 3.
आँसू, प्राण, लोग, हस्ताक्षर, होश, आदि का प्रयोग प्रायः ………… किया जाता है।
उत्तर:
बहुवचन।

प्रश्न 4.
लोहा, सोना, चांदी आदि संज्ञाएँ वचन की दृष्टि से किस प्रकार प्रयुक्त की जाती हैं?
उत्तर:
एकवचन।

प्रश्न 5.
एकवचन से बहुवचन में बदल कर लिखिए
(क) छात्र
(ख) गुरु
(ग) शिक्षक
(घ) टिड्डी।
उत्तर:
(क) छात्र = छात्रगण
(ख) गुरु = गुरुजन
(ग) शिक्षक = शिक्षकवृंद
(घ) टिड्डी = टिड्डीदल।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन

प्रश्न 1.
वचन किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
शब्द के जिस रूप से किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु के एक या अनेक होने का बोध होता है उसे वचन कहते हैं; जैसे-लड़का खेल रहा है।’ ‘लड़के खेल रहे हैं।’ इन वाक्यों में लड़का’ एक की संख्या का तथा ‘लड़के’ एक से अधिक संख्या का बोध करा रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
वचन की परिभाषा दीजिए। उत्तर-शब्द के जिस रूप से उसके एक या एक से अधिक होने का बोध होता है, उसे वचन कहते हैं। प्रश्न 3. वचन के कितने और कौन-कौन से प्रकार हैं?
उत्तर:
हिंदी में वचन दो प्रकार के होते हैं

  1. एक वचन-शब्द के जिस रूप से किसी व्यक्ति अथवा पदार्थ के एक होने का बोध हो, उसे एक वचन कहते हैं; जैसे-लड़का, पुस्तक, नदी, कपड़ा, रानी, बालिका।
  2. बहुवचन-शब्द के जिस रूप से व्यक्तियों अथवा पदार्थों के एक से अधिक होने का बोध हो, उसे बहुवचन कहते हैं; जैसे-लड़के, पुस्तकें, नदियाँ, कपड़े, रानियाँ, बालिकाएँ।

प्रश्न 4.
गणनीय-अगणनीय से क्या तात्पर्य है?
उत्तर:
वचन के साथ गणनीय-अगणनीय भेद जुड़ा है। इसके दो भेद हैं-

  1. गणनीय शब्द-जो शब्द गिनने योग्य व्यक्तियों, प्राणियों, वस्तुओं आदि का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें गणनीय शब्द कहते हैं; जैसे-मनुष्य, मेज़, किताब, पेंसिल आदि।
  2. अगणनीय शब्द-जो शब्द गिने नहीं जा सकते केवल मापा-नापा जा सकता है, अगणनीय शब्द कहलाते हैं; जैसे-दूध, पानी, सोना, आटा आदि।

प्रश्न 5.
वचन की पहचान कैसे होती है?
उत्तर:
वचन की पहचान तीन प्रकार से की जा सकती है
(i) संज्ञा से-संज्ञा शब्दों के प्रयोग से वचन की पहचान की जा सकती है; जैसे-
(क) घोड़ा दौड़ रहा है। (ख) घोड़े दौड़ रहे हैं।
इन वाक्यों में (क) वाक्य में एक ‘घोड़ा दौड़ रहा है, इसलिए यह एक वचन है। (ख) वाक्य में ‘घोड़े दौड़ रहे हैं’ से पता चलता है कि एक से अधिक घोड़े दौड़ रहे हैं, इसलिए यहाँ बहुवचन है।

(ii) सर्वनाम से-सर्वनाम शब्दों के प्रयोग से भी वचन का ज्ञान होता है; जैसे(क) मैं खेल रहा हूँ। (ख) हम खेल रहे हैं।
इन वाक्यों में (क) वाक्य में ‘मैं’ (ख) वाक्य में ‘हम’ पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम उत्तम पुरुष के शब्द हैं जिनमें से ‘क’ वाक्य से एकवचन तथा ‘ख’ वाक्य से बहुवचन का पता चलता है।

(iii) क्रिया से-क्रिया के प्रयोग से भी वचन का बोध होता है; जैसे(क) बालक पढ़ रहा है। (ख) बालक पढ़ रहे हैं।
इन वाक्यों में ‘क’ वाक्य में पढ़ रहा है’ तथा ‘ख’ वाक्य में पढ़ रहे हैं’ क्रियाओं से पता चलता है कि वाक्य ‘क’ में एक बालक तथा ‘ख’ वाक्य में एक से अधिक बालक पढ़ने की क्रिया कर रहे हैं, इसलिए ‘क’ वाक्य एकवचन तथा ‘ख’ वाक्य बहुवचन है।

प्रश्न 6.
वचन परिवर्तन के सामान्य नियमों का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
वचन परिवर्तन के सामान्य नियम निम्नलिखित हैंहिंदी में एक के लिए एकवचन और एक से अधिक के लिए बहुवचन का प्रयोग होता है। इस सामान्य नियम के अतिरिक्त वचन के संबंध में कुछ अन्य नियम भी ध्यान देने योग्य हैं-
(i) सम्मान या आदर देने के लिए एक व्यक्ति के साथ भी बहुवचन का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे-

  • श्री कृष्ण महान् योद्धा भी थे।
  • गांधी जी छुआछूत के विरोधी थे।
  • श्री रामचंद्र वीर थे।
  • पिताजी अमृतसर गए हैं।
  • नेताजी आ रहे हैं।

इन वाक्यों में एक ही व्यक्ति का वर्णन है, परंतु आदर प्रदर्शन के लिए बहुवचन का प्रयोग किया गया है। इसे आदरार्थक बहुवचन कहते हैं।

(ii) हस्ताक्षर, प्राण, दर्शन, होश, लोग शब्द प्रायः बहुवचन में ही प्रयुक्त होते हैं। यथा-

  • उनके हस्ताक्षर तो विचित्र हैं।
  • गुरुजी के दर्शन तो दुर्लभ हैं।
  • मेघा ने उनके आँसू पोंछे।
  • आप लोग कब आए?

(iii) जनता, वर्षा और पानी शब्द एकवचन में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। यथा-

  • सिंहासन खाली करो कि जनता आती है।
  • ऐसी वर्षा हुई कि सारे गाँव में पानी भर गया।
  • जनता ने स्वामीजी की जय-जयकार की।

(iv) कुछ एकवचन संज्ञा शब्दों के साथ गुण, लोग, जन, समूह, वृंद शब्द जोड़कर उनका बहुवचन में प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे

  • छात्रगण खेल की तैयारी में व्यस्त हैं।
  • मज़दूर लोग विश्राम कर रहे हैं।
  • मंत्रिमंडल चुनाव पर विचार कर रहा है।
  • अध्यापक-वृंद विद्यार्थियों को पढ़ा रहा होगा।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन

जिन शब्दों के अंत में जाति, सेना या दल शब्द प्रयुक्त होते हैं उनका प्रयोग एकवचन में होता है। यथा-

  • स्त्री-जाति समझौते में लगी है।
  • सेवा-दल महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य नहीं कर रहा है।
  • जन-समूह प्रदर्शन कर रहा होगा।

(v) व्यक्तिवाचक और भाववाचक संज्ञा शब्द एकवचन में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। जैसे-

  • अनन्या आठवीं कक्षा में पढ़ती है।
  • सत्य की सदा ही विजय होती है।
  • झूठ के कभी भी पाँव नहीं होते।

(vi) जातिवाचक शब्द समूहबोधक होते हुए भी एकवचन में प्रयुक्त होता है। जैसे-

  • सदा से ही मनुष्य स्वार्थी रहा है।
  • बाज़ार में आम आ गया है।
  • मथुरा का पेड़ा सारे देश में प्रसिद्ध है।
  • कुत्ता वफ़ादार होता है।

(vii) अधिकार, अभिमान, स्वाभिमान आदि व्यक्त करने के लिए भी ‘मैं’ एकवचन के स्थान पर ‘हम’ बहुवचन का प्रयोग होता है-

  • हमसे ईमानदार कोई नहीं है।
  • हम तुम्हारा काम कर देंगे।
  • हमारा कहना मान जाओ, नहीं तो पछताओगे।

वचन परिवर्तन

1. अकारांत स्त्रीलिंग संज्ञाओं के अंत में ‘अ’ को ‘एँ’ करके
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 3

2. ‘अकारांत पुल्लिग’ शब्दों के अंत में ‘आ’ के स्थान पर ‘ए’ लगाकर
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 4

अपवाद (i) संस्कृत की कुछ अकारांत संज्ञाएँ एकवचन तथा बहुवचन में एक जैसी रहती हैं। जैसे पिता, नेता, भ्राता, योद्धा, कर्ता आदि।
(ii) आकारांत संबंधसूचक शब्द जैसे–चाचा, मामा, नाना, ताया, फूफा, दादा आदि के रूप बहुवचन में परिवर्तित नहीं होते अर्थात् इनके दोनों वचन एक जैसे ही रहते हैं।

3. ‘अकारांत स्त्रीलिंग’ शब्दों के अंत में ‘एँ’ लगाकर
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 5

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन

4. ‘उकारांत’, ‘ऊकारांत’ एवं ‘औकारांत’ स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों में ‘एँ’ लगाकर
यदि एकवचन में किसी शब्द का अंतिम स्वर ‘ऊ’ हो तो ‘एँ’ जोड़कर बहुवचन बनाते समय ‘दीर्घ’ स्वर ‘ऊ’ को ह्रस्व ‘उ’ में बदल दिया जाता है। जैसे-बहु-बहुएँ आदि।
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 6

5. इकारांत (इ) ईकारांत (ई) स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों के अंत में ‘याँ’ लगाकर:
विशेष : ईकारान्त शब्दों में अंतिम दीर्घ ‘ई’ को बहुवचन बनाते समय ह्रस्व ‘इ’ में बदल दिया जाता है जैसे-नदीनदियाँ, नारी-नारियाँ आदि।
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 7

6. ‘इया’ अंत वाले स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों के अंतिम ‘या’ के स्थान पर ‘याँ’ लगाकर:
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 8

7. कुछ शब्दों के अंत में गण, वृंद, जन, वर्ग, दल, आदि लगाकर बहुवचन रूप बनते हैं। जैसे:
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 9

विशेष: (i) हिंदी में कुछ ‘अकारांत’, ‘आकारांत’ या ‘इकारांत’ आदि शब्द ऐसे हैं जिनका शब्द (विभक्ति चिह्न रहित) स्तर पर एकवचन तथा बहुवचन में एक ही रूप रहता है जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 10

(ii) ‘अ’ और ‘आ’ अंत वाले एकवचन शब्दों के अंतिम स्वर को संबोधन के समय बहुवचन रूप में प्रयुक्त करते समय ‘ओ’ हो जाता है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 11

(iii) कुछ ऐसे भी शब्द हैं जिनका विभक्ति चिह्नों से रहित तथा विभक्ति चिह्नों सहित दोनों तरह बहुवचन बनता है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran वचन 12

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Hindi Grammar ling लिंग Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Grammar लिंग

लिंग परिवर्तन कीजिए
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 1
उत्तर:
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 2

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग

एक वाक्य में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
लिंग किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
संज्ञा के जिस रूप से पुरुष या स्त्री जाति का बोध हो उसे लिंग कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
हिंदी में लिंग कितने प्रकार के होते हैं?
उत्तर:
लिंग दो प्रकार के होते हैं-पुल्लिग, स्त्रीलिंग।

प्रश्न 3.
पर्वतों के नाम किस लिंग से संबंधित होते हैं?
उत्तर:
पर्वतों के नाम पुल्लिंग से संबंधित होते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
किस धातु का नाम स्त्रीलिंग होता है?
उत्तर:
चाँदी का नाम स्त्रीलिंग होता है।

प्रश्न 5.
देशों के नाम किस लिंग से संबंधित होते हैं?
उत्तर:
देशों के नाम पुल्लिंग से संबंधित होते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
ग्रहों में किस ग्रह का नाम स्त्रीलिंग होता है?
उत्तर:
पृथ्वी का।

प्रश्न 7.
प्रायः वृक्ष पुल्लिंग होते हैं। आप ऐसे दो नाम लिखिए जो वृक्ष स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं।
उत्तर:
इमली, नीम।

प्रश्न 8.
सागरों के नाम किस लिंग से संबंधित होते हैं?
उत्तर:
पुल्लिंग।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग

प्रश्न 9.
दो अनाजों के नाम लिखिए जो स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं।
उत्तर:
अरहर, ज्वार, मक्की।

प्रश्न 10.
रत्नों में किस रत्न का नाम स्त्रीलिंग होता है?
उत्तर:
मणि।

प्रश्न 11.
स्त्रीलिंग की पहचान प्रायः किससे होती है?
उत्तर:
स्त्रीलिंग की पहचान प्रायः इकारान्त तत्सम शब्द से होती है।

प्रश्न 12.
नदियों के नाम प्रायः किस लिंग से संबंधित होते हैं?
उत्तर:
नदियों के नाम प्रायः स्त्रीलिंग से संबंधित होते हैं।

एक शब्द में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
किस नदी का नाम पुल्लिंग होता है?
उत्तर:
ब्रह्मपुत्र।

प्रश्न 2.
हिंदी की ईकारान्त संज्ञाएं प्रायः स्त्रीलिंग होती हैं लेकिन आप किसी एक का अपवाद रूप में नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
हाथी।

प्रश्न 3.
‘उ’ अंत वाली तत्सम संज्ञाएं प्रायः किस लिंग से संबंधित होती हैं?
उत्तर:
स्त्रीलिंग।

प्रश्न 4.
तिथियों और नक्षत्रों के नाम प्राय: लिंग से संबंधित होते हैं?
उत्तर:
स्त्रीलिंग से।

प्रश्न 5.
जिस संज्ञा शब्द के अंत में ‘ख’ वर्ण आता है वह लिंग की दृष्टि से प्रायः कैसा होता है?
उत्तर:
स्त्रीलिंग।

प्रश्न 6.
नित्य स्त्रीलिंग का पुल्लिंग किस प्रकार लिखा जाता है?
उत्तर:
‘नर’ लगा कर, जैसे नर कोयला, नर मक्खी।

प्रश्न 7.
नित्य पुल्लिंग का स्त्रीलिंग किस प्रकार लिखा जाता है?
उत्तर:
नित्य पुल्लिंग का स्त्रीलिंग ‘मादा’ लगाकर लिखा जाता है। जैसे-मादा बाज, मादा चीता।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग

हाँ/नहीं में उत्तर दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
‘मादा उल्लू’ नित्य पुल्लिंग होता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 2.
‘नर मकड़ी’ नित्य स्त्रीलिंग होता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 3.
‘बुद्धिमान’ का स्त्रीलिंग है-बुद्धिमती।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 4.
‘वधू’ का पुल्लिंग है-वर।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 5.
‘धात्री’ का पुल्लिंग धात्रा’ होता है?
उत्तर:
नहीं।

निम्नलिखित के लिंग बदल कर लिखिए-

ज्ञानवान, स्वाभिमानिनी, अभिनेता, भर्ता, तेली, चिड़ा, मुन्ना, बेटा, तेजस्वी, सुत, गोप, कुमार, जेठ, भील, ठाकुर, दूबे, चौबे, देवर, हंस, कर्ता।
उत्तर:
ज्ञानवती, स्वाभिमानी, अभिनेत्री, भी, तेलिन, चिड़िया, मुनिया, बिटिया, तेजस्विनी, सुता, गोपी, कुमारी, जेठानी, भीलनी, ठकुराइन, दुबाइन, चौबाइन, देवरानी, हंसिनी, कीं।

प्रश्न 1.
लिंग किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
संज्ञा के जिस रूप से पुरुष अथवा स्त्री जाति का बोध हो, उसे लिंग कहते हैं, जैसे-‘रवि पढ़ता है। रजनी पढ़ती है।’ इन वाक्यों में ‘रवि पढ़ता है’ में ‘रवि’ शब्द पुरुष जाति का बोध कराने से पुल्लिंग है तथा ‘रजनी पढ़ती है’ में ‘रजनी’ शब्द स्त्री जाति का बोध कराने से स्त्रीलिंग है।

प्रश्न 2.
हिंदी में कितने लिंग होते हैं?
उत्तर:
हिंदी में दो लिंग-पुल्लिंग और स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं।
(i) पुरुष जाति का बोध कराने वाले शब्द पुल्लिंग होते हैं जैसे हार्दिक दौड़ रहा है। कुत्ता भौंक रहा है। इन दोनों वाक्यों में ‘हार्दिक’ तथा ‘कुत्ता’ शब्द पुल्लिंग हैं क्योंकि दोनों शब्द पुरुष जाति का बोध कराते हैं।

(ii) स्त्री जाति का बोध कराने वाले शब्द ‘स्त्रीलिंग’ कहलाते हैं; जैसे-बकरी चर रही है। गायिका गा रही है। इन दोनों वाक्यों में ‘बकरी’ तथा ‘गायिका’ शब्द स्त्रीलिंग हैं क्योंकि दोनों शब्द स्त्री जाति का बोध करा रहे हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
हिंदी में लिंग की पहचान कैसे करते हैं?
उत्तर:
हिंदी भाषा में लिंग की पहचान शब्द के अर्थ तथा शब्द के रूप के आधार पर की जाती है। प्राणिवाचक संज्ञा शब्दों का लिंग अर्थ के अनुसार तथा निर्जीव पदार्थों के लिंग की पहचान रूप अथवा लोक-व्यवहार के आधार पर की जाती है। लिंग पहचान के प्रमुख नियम निम्नलिखित हैं-
(i) कुछ प्राणिवाचक संज्ञा शब्द युगल रूप में होते हैं, जिससे उनका लिंग-निर्धारण सहज रूप से हो जाता है ; जैसे-बिल्ला-बिल्ली, माता-पिता, पति-पत्नी, लड़का-लड़की, शेर-शेरनी, नर-नारी, दादा-दादी, चाचा-चाची।

(ii) कुछ संज्ञा शब्द नित्य पुल्लिंग अथवा स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं;
जैसेनित्य पुल्लिंग-खटमल, मच्छर, तोता, गैंडा, पक्षी, खरगोश, चीता, भेड़िया, कौआ।
नित्य स्त्रीलिंग-नँ, मक्खी, मछली, मैना, तितली, कोयल, चील, गिलहरी, चींटी।
इन संज्ञा शब्दों में जाति भेद स्पष्ट करने के लिए उनके आगे ‘नर’ अथवा ‘मादा’ शब्दों का प्रयोग लगाकर करते हैं; जैसे-मादा भेड़िया, नर मछली, मादा चीता, नर चील।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग

(iii) प्राणियों के समूह अथवा समुदाय का बोध कराने वाले संज्ञा शब्द भी व्यवहार के अनुसार पुल्लिंग और स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं; जैसे-
पुल्लिंग-परिवार, समाज, दल, झुंड, मंडल। स्त्रीलिंग-जनता, भीड़, सेना, सभा, मंडली।

(iv) कुछ प्राणिवाचक संज्ञा शब्द केवल स्त्रीलिंग में प्रयुक्त होते हैं; जैसे-संतान, सती, धाय, सवारी, नर्स, सुहागिन, सौतन। इन संज्ञा शब्दों के पुल्लिंग रूप नहीं बनते हैं।

(v) कुछ शब्द उभयलिंगी हैं, जिनका प्रयोग पुल्लिंग तथा स्त्रीलिंग दोनों रूपों में होता है; जैसे-
दही खट्टी है।
दही खट्टा है।

(vi) शरीर के कुछ अंग पुल्लिंग तथा कुछ स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं; जैसेपुल्लिंग-मुँह, कान, हाथ, पाँव, ओठ, नाखून, गाल। स्त्रीलिंग-जीभ, नाक, आँख, बाँह, टाँग, नस, हड्डी।

(vii) वृक्षों के नाम भी पुल्लिंग और स्त्रीलिंग होते हैं; जैसेपुल्लिंग-आम, पीपल, शीशम, नींबू, अशोक, केला, संतरा, कीकर, वट, चीड़, अनार। स्त्रीलिंग-नीम, इमली, लीची, नाशपाती।।

(viii) सामान्य रूप से पुल्लिंग शब्द हैं-
सागर-हिंदमहासागर, प्रशांतमहासागर, अंधमहासागर।
रत्न-हीरा, मोती, पुखराज, नीलम, मूंगा।
अपवाद–मणि। द्रव्य-घी, पानी, तेल, शरबत, दूध।
अपवाद-चाय, लस्सी, कॉफी।
अनाज-जौ, गेहूँ, बाजरा, तिल, चना।
अपवाद-ज्वार, मक्की।
धातुएँ-सोना, लोहा, पीतल, ताँबा, सीसा।
अपवाद-चाँदी।
महीने-चैत्र, वैशाख, सावन, भादों।
दिन-सोम, मंगल, बृहस्पति, शनि, शुक्र।
देश-भारत, जापान, चीन, रूस, अमेरिका।
नक्षत्र-सूर्य, चंद्र, मंगल, शनि, शुक्र।
अपवाद-पृथ्वी।
फल-आम, केला, अमरूद, संतरा, नीबू।
समय सूचक शब्द-दिन, घंटा, सप्ताह, मास, वर्ष।
प्रत्यय जुड़े शब्द-आ-मोटा, आपा-मोटापा, आव-चुनाव, पन-बचपन, ना-खाना, त्व-मनुष्यत्व, दार-पहरेदार, खान-डाकखाना।
वर्णमाला के अक्षर-क, ख, ट, श, ओ।

(ix) सामान्य रूप से स्त्रीलिंग शब्द हैं-
नदियाँ-गंगा, यमुना, कृष्णा, कावेरी, नर्मदा।
अपवाद-ब्रह्मपुत्र।
तिथियाँ-दूज, तीज, पंचमी. नौमी. एकादशी।
भाषाएँ-हिंदी, पंजाबी, गुजराती, मराठी, संस्कृत।
प्रत्यय जुड़े शब्द-आ-लता, इ-शक्ति, ई-मिठाई, इया-चिड़िया, आवट-सजावट, आहट-मुसकराहट, ता-सुंदरता।

(x) विदेशी भाषाओं के शब्दों के लिंग का निर्धारण रूप, अर्थ तथा व्यवहार की दृष्टि से होता है; जैसे-जवाब, मेहमान, अखबार, मज़ा, वक्त, खत (पुल्लिंग); किताब, दीवार, हवा, तलाश, अदालत (स्त्रीलिंग) ; कोट, फ़ोटो, पेन, बूट, बटन (पुल्लिंग), पेंसिल, पैंट, फ़ीस, ट्रेन, बस (स्त्रीलिंग) हैं।

(xi) अकारांत तत्सम शब्द प्रायः पुल्लिंग होते हैं; जैसे-धन, कर्म, नगर, जल, नर।

(xii) आकारांत शब्द प्रायः पुल्लिंग होते हैं; जैसे-कपड़ा, लोटा, आटा, लोहा, दादा, पिता, राजा।

4. कुछ अकारांत पुल्लिग शब्दों में आनी’ या ‘आणी’ प्रत्यय जोड़कर स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों की रचना की जाती है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 3

5. जाति, उपनाम और पदवी बाची शब्दों के अंतिम स्वर के स्थान पर ‘आइन’ प्रत्यय लगाकर स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों की रचना की जाती है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 4

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग

6. कुछ अकारांत या आकारांत पुल्लिग शब्दों के अंतिम ‘आ’ के स्थान पर स्त्रीलिंग में ‘इया’ प्रत्यय लगा दिया जाता है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 5

7. व्यवसाय सूचक (कार्यसूचक) व कुछ अन्य पुल्लिग शब्दों के अंतिम स्वर के स्थान पर ‘इन’ लगाकर स्त्रीलिंग शब्द बन जाता है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 6

8. संस्कृत की कुछ संज्ञाओं में प्रयुक्त अंतिम ‘अक’ के स्थान पर ‘इका’ लगाने से स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों की रचना होती है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 7

9. कुछ संज्ञा शब्दों में अंतिम ‘ता’ के स्थान पर ‘त्री’ लगा देने से स्त्रीलिंग शब्द की रचना होती है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 8

10. कुछ ईकारान्त (पुल्लिग) संज्ञा शब्दों के अंतिम स्वर ‘ई’ के स्थान पर ‘इनी’ या ‘इणी’ प्रत्यय लगाकर स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों की रचना होती है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 9

11. ‘आन’ अंत वाले कुछ पुल्लिग संज्ञा शब्दों के अंत में ‘अती’ अथवा ‘मती’ लगाकर स्त्रीलिंग शब्द बनाया जाता है। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 10

12. सर्वथा भिन्न रूप में बनने वाले स्त्रीलिंग शब्द कुछ पुल्लिग शब्दों के स्त्रीलिंग में विशिष्ट रूप बनते हैं। जैसे-
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 11

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग

13. नित्य पुल्लिग हिंदी में जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग हमेशा पुल्लिग रूप में ही होता है, वे नित्य पुल्लिंग कहलाते हैं। जैसे- खटमल, पक्षी, खरगोश।
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 12
नित्य पुल्लिग की तरह नित्य स्त्रीलिंग शब्दों के आगे ‘नर’ शब्द जोड़कर लिंग दर्शाया जाता है-

14. नित्य स्त्रीलिंग: हिंदी में जिन शब्दों का प्रयोग हमेशा स्त्रीलिंग में ही होता है, वे नित्य स्त्रीलिंग कहलाते हैं। जैसे-कोयल, मछली, मक्खी।
PSEB 9th Class Hindi Vyakaran लिंग 13

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on formation of soil.
Answer:
Formation of Soil: The formation of soil depends on the parent rock material, the climate and topography of the area, the organisms present in the soil and the time over which the soil has been developing. Over long periods of time, thousands and millions of years, the rocks near the surface of the Earth are broken down by various physical, chemical and some biological processes. The end product of this breaking down is the fine particles of soil.

Processes for soil formation:
1. The Sun: The sun heats up rocks during the day so that they expand. At night, the rocks cool down and contract. The unequal expansion and contraction in different parts of the rock results in the formation of cracks and ultimately rocks break up into smaller pieces.

2. Water: Water helps in the formation of soil in two ways:

  1. Water could get into the cracks in the rocks formed due to uneven heating by the sun. If this water freezes, it will widen the cracks.
  2. Fast flowing water carries big and small particles of rock downstream, causing breakdown of rock particles into smaller, finer particles through their abrasive effects.

3. Wind: Strong winds also break down rocks. They also carry sand from one place to the other like the water does.

4. Living organisms: They also influence the formation of soil. While lichens grow on surface of rocks, they release certain substances that cause the rock surface to powder down and form a thin layer of soil. Likewise, small plants like moss and roots of big trees also break the rocks.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 2.
What are the effects of use of fertilizers and pesticides for long period on soil fertility? What are the causes of soil erosion?
Answer:
Effects of excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides:

  1. Use of these substances over a long period of time can destroy the soil structure by killing the soil micro-organisms that recycle nutrients in the soil.
  2. They also kill the earthworms which are instrumental in making the rich humus.
  3. Fertile soil can quickly be turned barren if sustainable practices are not followed.
  4. Major cause of soil pollution is removal of useful components from the soil and addition of other substances, which adversely affects the fertility of the soil and kills the diversity of organisms living in it, is called soil pollution.

Causes of Soil Erosion:

  1. Wind causes soil erosion by carrying away the top loose soil particles.
  2. Rain causes soil erosion on unprotected topsoil by washing it down.
  3. mproper farming or tilling and leaving the field fallow for long time causes soil erosion.
  4. Frequent flooding of rivers causes soil erosion by removing the fertile top soil of the fields near the river banks.
  5. Deforestation also leads to soil erosion.

Question 3.
Why is soil as resource important for mankind? Mention the constituents of soil.
Answer:
Soil is a rich source of minerals and humus. It is important for growing crops. Soil water is used by plants for various functions.
Soil provides support to crops, grassland and forests thus it is an important natural resource.

Components of Soil. Soil is a mixture, it contains:

  1. Small particles of rocks.
  2. Bits of decayed living organisms which is called humus.
  3. Soil also contains various forms of microscopic life.
  4. It contains nutrients and availability of which depends on the rocks from which it was formed.
  5. Soil water – 25% – 35%
  6. Soil air – 15-25 %

Question 4.
Define soil fertility. How can it be maintained?
Answer:
Soil fertility. It is the ability of soil to provide minerals, water and other nutrients to the plants.
Conservation of Soil fertility:

  1. Adding of manure to the soil.
  2. Rotation of crops.
  3. Keeping the land as such without growing any crop.
  4. Addition of fertilizers.

Artificial methods to maintain soil fertility:

  1. Nitrogenous and other fertilizers are added.
  2. For natural restoration of nutrients, soil is kept uncultivated for certain period.

Role of humus:

  1. Humus increases the soil fertility.
  2. Humus has high retaining capacity for water.
  3. It makes the soil porous and allows water and air to penetrate deep.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 5.
What is air pollution? Write the main sources and preventive measures.
Answer:
Air Pollution. Air pollution refers to the release into the atmosphere of materials that are harmful to man, other animals, plants and buildings or other objects.

Sources of Air pollution:
The major sources of air pollution are fossil fuels (coal and petroleum) and industries. Human Sources. Many activities done by man are the main sources of air pollution. These activities can be divided into following categories.

  1. Combustion activities.
  2. Industrial activities.
  3. Agricultural works.
  4. Use of solvents.
  5. Activities concerned with atomic energy.

Preventive measures for air pollution:
To prevent and control air pollution two types of measures can be adopted.
1. Instead of releasing poisonous gases containing various pollutants into the atmosphere they could be destroyed or used by some other measures.
2. Converting harmful pollutants to harmless products and then releasing them into
the atmosphere.

Control measures for minimizing air pollution:
1. Simple combustible solid wastes should be burnt in incinerators.
2. Automobiles must be either made to eliminate the use of gasoline and diesel oil or complete combustion is obtained in the engine so that harmful products are omitted.

Question 6.
Write a few properties of water. Sketch water Cycle.
Answer:
Water is a liquid at room temperature. It is densiest (heaviest) at about 4°C. The dense water sinks and the lighter frozen water (ice) floats, ice also insulates the water below. This enables the aquatic life to survive under the ice in cold weather.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 1

Question 7.
What is nitrogen cycle? Make a simple line sketch to show nitrogen cycle in the biosphere.
Answer:
The nitrogen cycle in the biosphere is regarded as a perfect cycle because the cycling process keeps the overall amount of nitrogen constant in the atmosphere and water bodies. The use of chemical nitrogeneous fertilizers like NPK and urea also help in the maintenance of soil nutrients and nitrogen cycle.

However, some of the nitrogen compounds present in soil get trapped within sedimentary rocks and therefore, they are not available to nitrogen cycle for circulation in the biosphere. However, this loss is compensated by volcanic eruptions and erosions and sedimentary rocks. Both these processes release nitrogen.

Micro-organisms involved in Nitrogen Cycle:

As already learnt, micro-organisms play a very important role in nitrogen cycle in nature. Different organisms are involved in different processes of nitrogen cycle. The main micro-organisms involved in nitrogen cycle are listed below:

Activity:

  1. Nitrogen fixation
  2. Ammonification
  3. Ammonia to nitrites
  4. Nitrification (Nitrites to nitrates)
  5. Denitrification (Nitrates to free Nitrogen)

Organisms:

  1. Rhizobium, blue-green algae
  2. Decay bacteria, fungi
  3. Nitrosomonas
  4. Nitrobacter
  5. Pseudomonas

The nitrogen cycle in the biosphere involves the following steps:

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 2

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 8.
Briefly explain oxygen cycle.
Answer:
Oxygen cycle: Oxygen is very abundant element on earth. It is found in the elemental form in the atmosphere to the extent of 21%. It also occurs extensively in the combined form in the earth’s crust as well as also in the air in the form of carbon dioxide. In the crust, it is found as the oxides of most metals and silicon, and also as carbonate, sulphate, nitrate and other minerals. It is also an essential component of most biological molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and fats (or lipids).

But when we talk of the oxygen cycle, we are mainly referring to the cycle that maintains the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygen from the atmosphere is used up in three processes, namely combustion, respiration and in the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Oxygen is returned to the atmosphere in only one major process, that is, photosynthesis. And this forms the broad outline of the oxygen cycle in nature.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 3

Question 9.
Briefly explain carbon cycle in nature.
Answer:
The Carbon Cycle. Carbon is found in various forms on the earth. It occurs in the elemental form as diamond and graphite. In abiotic environment, carbon is present in the following forms:

  1. as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
  2. as carbonate and hydrogen-carbonate salts in various minerals.
  3. as dissolved carbonic acid and bicarbonates in water.
  4. as fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
  5. Plants utilise the atmospheric carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates, which are taken by herbivores and then pass through small and large carnivores.

Forms of Carbon: Carbon is found in various forms on the earth.

  1. It occurs in the elemental form as diamonds and graphite.
  2. In the combined state, it is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as carbonate and hydrogen-carbonate salts in various minerals.
  3. All life forms are based on carbon-containing molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids and vitamins.
  4. Both plants and animals release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as a product of respiration.
  5. By decomposition of organic wastes and dead bodies by decomposers.
  6. By burning of fossil fuels, like coal, and petroleum.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 4

Question 10.
What are the causes of ozone depletion?
Answer:
Ozone depletion: Recently it was discovered that ozone layer was getting depleted. Various man-made compounds like CFCs (carbon compounds having both fluorine and chlorine which are very stable and not degraded by any biological process) were found to persist in the atmosphere.

Once they reached the ozone layer, they would react with the ozone molecules. This resulted in a reduction of the ozone layer and recently they have discovered a hole in the ozone layer above the Antarctica. It is difficult to imagine the consequences for life on earth if the ozone layer dwindles further, but many people think that it would be better not to take chances. Measures should be taken towards stopping all further damage to the ozone layer.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 11.
Write a note on freshwater resources.
Answer:
Fresh Water Resources:
Fresh water resources range from ponds to lakes and large rivers. It has the following characteristics :
(a) Freshwater is exhaustible, however, it is being made available again by oceans through hydrological cycle.

(b) Out of this three per cent, 77.2 per cent is stored in glaciers and ice caps. And 22.4 per cent is groundwater and soil moisture. Remaining 0.36 per cent is found in lakes, rivers, streams and swamps etc. Out of the total water evaporated from oceans 90 per cent falls on the oceans and remaining 10 per cent falls on the land. This water is utilised by various terrestrial ecosystems.

(c) Freshwater is essential for life on earth as well as for survival of human race.

(d) The total water in hydrosphere is 1.4 billion cubic kilometres (Km3). Total ocean
water is 97%. The ocean water cannot be consumed by human beings. Remaining three percent (freshwater) is available for human consumption. The water resources in India have an average run off in river system of 1,869 km2 and 432 km3 groundwater.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is atmosphere? Name its different layers.
Answer:
Atmosphere: Gaseous envelope surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. Several concentric layers can be identified in vertical profile of atmosphere. Density, temperature and composition differ in these layers. Near the earth’s surface, density is highest and with increase in latitude density decreases. Starting from earth’s surface five concentric layers can be distinguished:

  1. Troposphere
  2. Stratosphere
  3. Mesosphere
  4. Thermosphere
  5. Ionosphere.

Exosphere which forms the outer fringe of atmosphere is highly rarefied and gradually get mixed with other space.

Composition of dry atmosphere:

Components Volume
Nitrogen (N2) 78%
Oxygen (O2) 21%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.03%
Argon 0.93%
Helium, Neon, Ozone, ammonia 0.04%

Helium, Neon and Argon are noble gases.

Question 2.
What is the role of atmosphere in climate control?
Answer:
Role of atmosphere in climate control. Atmosphere covers the earth like a blanket. Air is a bad conductor of heat. The atmosphere keeps the average temperature of the earth fairly steady during the day and even during the course of the whole year. The atmosphere prevents the sudden increase in temperature during the daylight hours.

During the night, it slows down the escape of heat into outer space. Moon, which is about the same distance from the sun that the earth is. Despite that, on the surface of the moon, with no atmosphere, the temperature ranges from -190° C to 110° C.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 3.
What is ozone layer? Write its importance.
Answer:
Ozone layer: It is the protective layer. Ozone in stratosphere is responsible for protecting the earth from high energy ultraviolet radiation. It forms a life-saving screen as it checks the entry of lethal UV- rays. Ozone found in troposphere has warming effect. Ozone is one gas which is harmful as well as useful for human beings.

16th September, 1996 was celebrated as “International Day for the Preservation of Ozone layer”. It was aimed to generate awareness about the dangers of ozone depletion in the stratosphere and it was drawn up by UNEP.

Question 4.
What is meant by ozone shield? How the CFC’s and ozone-depleting substances effect ozone shield?
Answer:
Ozone shield: An equilibrium is established between generation and destruction of O3, leading to a steady-state concentration of ozone layer in the stratosphere between 20 and 26 km above the sea level. The thickness of the vertical column of stratospheric O3 layer, condensed to standard temperature and pressure, average 0.29 cm above the equator and may exceed 0.40 cm above the poles at the end of the winter season. This layer acts as the ozone shield protecting the earth biota from harmful effects of strong UV radiations.

CFC’s produce active chlorine (Cl with CIO radical) in the presence of UV radiations. These radicals catalytically destroy ozone converting it into oxygen. CH4 and N2O also cause ozone destruction.

Question 5.
Write a note on the air pollution caused due to combustion.
Answer:
The mobile combustion sources are the main sources of air pollution especially in the cities. They include the locomotives, automobiles and aircrafts.
The air pollutants from these are:
1. (i) Carbon monoxide (ii) oxides of nitrogen and (in) a mixture of hydrocarbons.
2. The petroleum used as fuel in these sources contains lead as an impurity in the form of tetraethyl lead Pb (C2H5)4, and tetramethyl lead Pb (CH3)4.

Question 6.
Discuss harmful effects of air pollution.
Answer:
Harmful Effects of Air Pollution
1. Air pollution affects the respiratory system causing breathing difficulties and diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, tuberculosis and pneumonia.

2. Burning of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum releases oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. Inhalation of these gases is dangerous. These gases also dissolve in rain to give rise to acid rain.

3. The combustion of fossil fuel also increases the amount of suspended particles in air. These suspended particles could be unbumt carbon particles or substances called hydrocarbons. The presence of high levels of all these pollutants, reduce visibility in cold weather where water also condenses out of air forming smog. Smog is an indication of air pollution.

4. Regular breathing in the polluted air increases allergies, cancer and heart diseases.

Question 7.
What is the role of biotic components in living organisms?
Answer:
The living or biotic components are plants and animals including us and non¬living or physical components are air, water, soil, light and temperature. All these components interact and effect each other, resulting in the establishment of a complex and complete balance in the environment. The environmental components like mountains, rivers, ponds, forests, minerals, coal and even petrol and other natural resources are of great importance to us.

CO2 is fixed in two ways:
1. Green plants convert CO2 into glucose in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll pigments.
2. Many marine animals use carbonates dissolved in sea water to make their shells. Oxygen is required by eukaryotic and many prokaryotic cells. All the cells need oxygen to break down glucose molecules in order to release energy required to carry out this vital functions of life.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 8.
What are aerosols?
Answer:
Aerosols. Aerosols are certain chemicals released in the air with force in the form of mist or vapour. The important source of aerosols is the jet aeroplane emissions in the outer atmosphere. The aerosols contain fluorocarbons which deplete the ozone layer in the atmosphere.

Question 9.
What are acid rains?
Answer:
Acid Rain. It is the rain which contains small amount of acid in it that is formed from the gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides present in polluted air. It causes damage to living and non-living things.

Question 10.
What is smog?
Answer:
Smog. Smoke and fog when combined together forms smog in the presence of sunlight. Various unbumt hydrocarbons produced from the automobile combustion react with oxides of nitrogen to form ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates and aldehydes. They are called photochemical oxidants. Together with smoke and fog they constitute smog which has a harmful effect on humans repiratory and nervous system; it also harm the plants and rubber goods.

Question 11.
Explain the role of sun in soil formation.
Answer:
Role of sun in soil formation:
The sun heats up rocks dtiring the day as a result that they expand. At night, these rocks cool down and contract. Since all parts of the rock do not expand and contract at the same rate, this results in the formation of cracks and ultimately the huge rocks break up into smaller pieces and small pieces further break up into still smaller pieces and fine particles.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 12.
How does water take part in soil formation?
Answer:
Role of water in soil formation:
1. Water enters into cracks formed as a result of uneven heating by sun. As this water freezes, it causes the cracks in the rocks to widen.
2. Flowing water wears away hard rocks over long period of time. The fast flowing water often carries big and small particles of rock downstream. These pieces of rock rub against other rock pieces and the abrasion causes the rocks to wear down into smaller and still smaller pieces.

Question 13.
Discuss the role of wind and living organisms in soil formation.
Answer:
Role of wind in the soil formation. Strong wind rubs against rocks and wear them down. The wind also carries soil particles from one place to another.

Role of living organisms in soil formation:

Living organisms also influence the formation of soil. The lichen that we read about earlier, also grows on the surface of rocks. While growing, they release certain substances that cause the rock surface to powder down and form a thin layer of soil.

Other small plants like moss, are able to grow on this surface now and they cause the rock to break up further. The roots of big trees sometimes go into cracks in the rocks and as the roots grow bigger, the crack further becomes bigger causing the rocks to break down to form soil.

Question 14.
What is the role of atmosphere in movement of air which causes winds?
Answer:
The movement of air causes winds:
1. The atmosphere gets heated from the radiation that is reflected back or re-radiated by the land or water bodies. As a result of heating convection currents are set up in the air. Since land gets heated faster than water, the air over land gets heated faster than the air above water bodies.

2. In coastal regions, during the day, the air above the land gets heated faster and starts rising. So a region of low pressure is created and air over sea moves into this area of low pressure. The movement of air from one region to the other region causes winds.

3. During the day, the direction of wind would be from the sea to the land and at night, both land and sea starts to cool. Since water cools down slower than the land, the air above water would be warmer than the air above land, thus the direction of wind would be from the land to the sea.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 15.
How are rainfall patterns decided?
Answer:

  1. Rainfall patterns are decided by the prevailing wind patterns.
  2. In large parts of India, rains are mostly brought by the southwest or northeast monsoons.
  3. Depressions in the Bay of Bengal have caused rains in some areas, is the common comment during weather ireports.

Question16.
What is the role of atmosphere in causing rain?
Answer:
Role of atmosphere in causing rain:

  1. When water bodies are heated during the day, a large amount of water evaporates and goes into the air.
  2. The wind carries the water vapour to various places.
  3. The air gets heated and rises up carrying the water vapour with it.
  4. As this air rises, it expands and cools causing the water vapour in the air to condense in the form of tiny droplets.
  5. Once the water droplets are formed, they grow bigger by the ‘condensation’ of these water droplets.
  6. When the drops grow big and heavy, they fall down in the form of rain.

Question 17.
Comment “Water is one of the major resources which determine life on land”. List a few other factors also.
Answer:
The availability of water decides not only the number of individuals of each species that are able to survive in a particular area, but it also decides the diversity of life there. Of course, the availability of water is not the only factor that decides the sustainability of life in a region. Other factors like the temperature and nature of soil also matters. But water is one of the major resources which determine life on land.

Question 18.
What is water pollution?
Answer:
Water pollution: Addition of harmful materials to water is termed water pollution. The sources of inland water pollution are community wastewater (sewage) and wastes from industries and agricultural practices. Water pollutants include organic matter, pathogens, chemicals and minerals, solid particles, radioactive wastes and heat.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 19.
What are the sources of water pollution?
Answer:
Sources of Water Pollution:

  1. Agriculture substances such as fertilisers and pesticides are used to increase crop yield, and some amount of these chemicals is washed into the water bodies that pollutes the water.
  2. Sewage from homes and wastes from factories are dumped into rivers or lakes also cause water pollution.
  3. Hot and cold water discharged from industries make a change in temperature, which is harmful for aquatic organisms.
  4. All these affects the balance among various organisms that are found in water bodies.

Question 20.
What are the effects of water pollution?
Answer:
Effects of Water Pollution:

  1. Water pollutants reach the sea directly from the coastal cities and ships, and indirectly with river water from distant places. Oil spilled in tanker accidents is a major threat to ocean life.
  2. The substances like fertilisers and pesticides used in farming, mercury salts used by paper industries could be poisonous. There could also be disease-causing organisms, like the bacteria which causes cholera.
  3. Industrial or household waste reduces the dissolved oxygen in water bodies, thereby affecting the aquatic life.
  4. Aquatic organisms can stay alive in a certain range of temperature. Sudden change in temperature of water bodies is dangerous for aquatic organisms and affects their breeding.

Question 21.
Make a list of various diseases caused by polluted water.
Answer:
Diseases caused by polluted water

  1. Bacterial diseases. Cholera, Typhoid, Diarrhoea, Dysentery.
  2. Viral diseases. Jaundice, Polio etc.
  3. Protozonal diseases. Diseases associated with stomach and intestines eg. Amoebic dysentery, Giardiasis etc.
  4. Helminthic diseases. Infection of some intestinal parasites like Ascaris lumbricodies is through drinking water only.
  5. Guinea worm diseases is through Cyclops present in the drinking water. Through contaminated water they reach to another host i.e. man.

Question 22.
What is greenhouse effect? Show the % age of gases that cause greenhouse effect.
Answer:
Greenhouse effect. Earth’s temperature is maintained by reradiated infra-red radiations by CO2, CH4, O3, NO and NO2 and slightly by water vapours in atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from escaping to outer space, so are functionally comparable to glass panels of a greenhouse and are called greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the process is called greenhouse effect. The CO2 is added to atmosphere mainly by burning fossil fuels, volcanic activities and respiration.
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 5

Question 23.
List Various Measures for Soil Conservation
Answer:
Various Measures for Soil Conservation:

  1. Stopping clear-cutting of forests and overgrazing checks soil erosion by streams and rivers.
  2. Intensive cropping helps in checking soil erosion. A field always under a crop is protected against erosion.
  3. Bunds around the fields contain rain water and check soil erosion besides washing away of minerals.
  4. Irrigation channels in the fields should be so designed as to carry water at a slow speed.
  5. Drainage canals to carry flood water will protect the fields against erosion.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 24.
How will you determine composition of soil?
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 6
Determination of Soil Composition:

  1. Materials required: 150 cc of sifted soil, a measuring glass cylinder of 1 litre capacity, water, glass rod.
  2. Procedure: Take 150 cc of sifted soil in a glass cylinder. Pour about 750 cc of water over it. Stir the soil well with the help of a glass rod. Take out the rod. Allow the particles to settle. Observe after 30 minutes.
  3. Results: The bottom of the cylinder has a layer of coarse sand. A layer of fine sand lies above it. Then there is a layer of silt. Clay lies above silt.

Turbid water occurs above the clay. It contains clay as well as mineral salts. Humus or organic matter floats over the top of turbid water.

Question 25.
Make an outline sketch of nitrogen cycle.
Answer:
Nitrogen Cycle
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 7

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Life exists on which planet?
Answer:
Earth.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 2.
What are the materials required for life?
Answer:
Environment, Heat, Light, Water and food.

Question 3.
What is environment?
Answer:
Environment. The earth and everything which affects the living organisms constitute its environment.

Question 4.
Basic requirment of life are obtained from which sources.
Answer:
Energy from sun and resources present on earth.

Question 5.
What is atmosphere?
Answer:
Atmosphere: It is the multilayered gaseous envelope of air that covers the whole of the planet earth like a blanket.

Question 6.
How much surface of earth is covered by water?
Answer:
About 75 percent.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 7.
How atmosphere covers the earth?
Answer:
Atmosphere covers the earth as a blanket.

Question 8.
What is biosphere?
Answer:
It is the life-supporting zone of earth where the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere interact and make life possible.

Question 9.
What are biotic components of biosphere?
Answer:
All living organisms.

Question 10.
List the abiotic components of bioshphere?
Answer:
Air, water and soil.

Question 11.
Name the gaseous components of atmosphere.
Answer:
Nitrogen, Oxygen, CO2 and Water vapour.

Question 12.
Name the gases present on Venus and Mars planet.
Answer:
95 to 97% CO2.

Question 13.
What is respiration?
Answer:
A process in which O2 is used and CO2 is liberated.

Question 14.
How is CO2 used so that balance is maintained?
Answer:
1. CO2 is used during photosynthesis and carbohydrates are formed.
2. Used as carbonates by marine molluscs.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 16.
How is temperature regulated on earth?
Answer:
Atmosphere regulates the temperature on earth.

Question 17.
What is the minimum and maximum temperature on moon?
Answer:
Minimum temperature = – 190°C
Maximum temperature = 110°C.

Question 18.
What causes wind?
Answer:
Movement of air caused by uneven heating of the atmosphere in different regions of earth.

Question 19.
How are clouds formed?
Answer:
Clouds are formed by condensation of water droplets in the air.

Question 20.
Which wind gets hot : Water to earth surface or from surface of earth to upward.
Answer:
Land (surface of earth) to upward.

Question 21.
During night what is the direction of movement of air?
Answer:
From surface of earth (land) to the sea.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 22.
What is the cause of movement of wind?
Answer:
Interaction of atmospheric components.

Question 23.
List two factors which affect wind.
Answer:
1. Rotation of earth
2. Presence of mountain heights.

Question 24.
What is deforestation?
Answer:
Cutting of trees on large scale is called deforestation.

Question 25.
What is the effect of deforestation?
Answer:
Deterioration of atmosphere.

Question 26.
Is air a good or bad conductor of heat?
Answer:
Air is a bad conductor of heat.

Question 27.
What is the cause of rain on Indian Land.
Answer:
Rain in India is due to monsoon from south-west or east-west direction.

Question 28.
What is smog?
Answer:
Smoke mixed with fog is called smog.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 29.
What does the smog indicate?
Answer:
It indicates pollution of air.

Question 30.
Where is the purest form of water available.
Answer:
Snow/Ice caps.

Question 31.
Write one importance of water for living organisms.
Answer:
All cellular processes take place in water medium in living organisms.

Question 32.
Write one cause of pollution of water in town.
Answer:
Sewage.

Question 33.
What is soil?
Answer:
The top weathered part of earth’s surface is called soil.

Question 34.
What is the role of sun in the formation of soil?
Answer:
Heating of rocks causes cracking and ultimately breaking up into smaller pieces.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 35.
What is the role of wind in soil formation?
Answer:
Wind causes erosion of rocks.

Question 36.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:
Removal of useful components from the soil which affect the fertility of soil is called soil erosion.

Question 37.
What is the importance of soil?
Answer:
Soil supports terrestrial plants and animals and it decides the diversity of life in an area.

Question 38.
How is soil formed?
Answer:
Soil is formed by weathering of rocks.

Question 39.
What are three kinds of water sources?
Answer:
Rainwater, Groundwater and Subsoil water.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 40.
Write one advantage of seawater.
Answer:
It is a house of table salt (common salt).

Question 41.
What are the two types of water resources?
Answer:
1. Freshwater resources.
2. Saltwater (sea) resources.

Question 42.
What are the sources of freshwater?
Answer:

  1. Rainwater
  2. Surface water
  3. Groundwater
  4. Polar ice caps
  5. Ponds and Pools

Question 43.
What do you understand by aquatic habitat?
Answer:
Organisms which are found in water possess aquatic habitat.

Question 44.
How much percent of nitrogen is present in atmosphere?
Answer:
78%.

Question 45.
How is nitrogen used in living organisms.
Answer:
Nitrogen is a component of proteins, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA).

Question 46.
Name two plants which are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
Answer:
Green pea and other leguminous plants.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 47.
Write two uses of mirco-organisms.
Answer:
Micro-organisms act as biofertilizers. They also produce antibiotics.

Question 48.
Name any two natural cycles operating in nature.
Answer:
1. Carbon cycle
2. Nitrogen cycle

Question 49.
Name the gaseous components of biosphere.
Answer:
CO2, O2 and Nitrogen.

Question 50.
Name the source of energy for the process of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Solar energy.

Question 51.
Define biomass.
Answer:
The total weight of a living organism.

Question 52.
Name two nitrifying bacteria.
Answer:
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.

Question 53.
Define pollution.
Answer:
Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, water or land caused by pollutants.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 54.
What are pollutants?
Answer:
The substances causing pollution are termed pollutants.

Question 55.
What are the three major types of pollution?
Answer:
Water, air and soil pollution.

Question 56.
What is soil pollution?
Answer:
Soil pollution is removal of useful components from soil and addition of other substances which adversely affect the soil is termed soil pollution.

Question 57.
Which part of solar radiation is absorbed by ozone layer?
Answer:
UV rays.

Question 58.
Name the major surface water pollutant from farm run off and bathroom water.
Answer:
Phosphorus.

Question 59.
Give the source of pathogens in the water.
Answer:
Domestic sewage.

Question 60.
What is the source of aerosols?
Answer:
Aeroplanes.

Question 61.
Which term is used for pollutants that are degraded by natural means?
Answer:
Biodegradable.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

Question 62.
How can SO2 pollution of air be checked?
Answer:
By using sulphur-free fuel in automobiles.

Question 63.
Mention the regions where rainfall is highest and lowest in India.
Answer:

  • Minimum rainfall: Arid region having rainfall of 20 to 50 cm.
  • Maximum rainfall: Wet region having rainfall of more than 200 cm.