PSEB Notes

This PSEB 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure

→ A pure substance consists of only one type of particle.

→ Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure form of matter known as a substance.

→ The mixture is obtained by mixing one or more pure elements and/or compounds.

→ A substance cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any known physical process.

→ Whatever the source of the substance may be, it will always have the same characteristic properties.

→ Homogeneous mixtures may have different separate components.

→ Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their respective constituents by simple physical methods.

→ A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

→ Alloy is a solid solution and the air is a gaseous solution.

→ The component of a solution which is generally in small amounts and is dissolved into another component is called the solute.

→ The component of a solution that dissolves the other component is called the solvent.

→ This component is generally present in large amounts.

→ Air is a mixture of gas. A solution of sugar in water is solid in a liquid solution. A solution of iodine in alcohol is known as ‘tincture of iodine.

→ Aerated drinks are gas in liquid solutions.

→ A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

→ The particles of the solution are smaller than 1 nm (10^-9 m) in diameter.

→ Depending upon the amount of solute present in the solution, it can be called a dilute, concentrated or saturated solution.

→ The different substances have different solubilities in the given solvent at the same temperature.

→ Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture and the particles of a suspension can be seen with a naked eye.

→ In the suspension, the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.

→ The suspended particles have sizes of more than 100 nm.

→ The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread throughout the solution.

→ The scattering of a beam of light is called the Tyndall effect.

→ The size of colloidal particles lies between 1 to 100 nm and they can’t be seen with the naked eye.

→ The colloidal particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration but can be separated by ultracentrifugation.

→ The volatile component of a solution (solvent) can be separated from the non-volatile component (solute) by the method of evaporation.

→ The cream is separated from milk by a centrifugal machine.

→ Ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene, and anthracene can be separated by sublimation.

→ The process of separation of coloured components of a mixture is known as chromatography.

→ The crystallization method is used to purify solids.

→ Crystallization technique is better than simple evaporation technique.

→ Colour, hardness, rigidity, fluidity, density, melting point, boiling point, etc. are the physical properties.

→ Chemical change brings a change in the chemical properties of a matter and we get new substances.

→ A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction.

→ Robert Boyle was the first scientist to use the term element in 1661.

→ An element is a basic form of matter that cannot be broken down into simple substances by chemical reactions.

→ Elements can be normally classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

→ Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

→ Metalloids show the properties of metals as well as non-metals.

→ Pure substances can be elements.

→ The process of separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.

→ The different gases in the air and different components of petroleum can be separated by fractional distillation.

→ Mixtures are of two types:

• Homogeneous mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures

→ Pure Substance: It is a material containing particles of only one kind having a definite set of properties. Pure substances include elements and compounds.

→ An Element is a pure substance that is made up of only one kind of particle called atoms.

→ It can neither be built up nor broken down into two or simpler substances by any known physical or chemical methods, e.g., copper, silver, etc.

→ A compound is a pure substance that is obtained by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio by mass, e.g., water, ammonia, etc.

→ Mixture: It is a material obtained by mixing two or more substances in any proportion without any chemical change taking place.

→ The solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose composition can be changed within certain fixed limits.

→ A binary solution is a solution having two components.

→ The solute is the minor component of a solution whereas solvent is the major component of a solution.

→ The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present per unit volume or per unit mean of solvent or solution.

→ A saturated solution is one that does not dissolve any more of the solute at a given temperature and pressure.

→ Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particles have a size of more than 100 nm.

→ These particles are called colloidal particles and constitute the dispersed phase whereas the medium in which colloidal particles are dispersed constitutes the dispersion medium.

→ Suspensions: Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles that are visible to naked eyes form suspensions.

→ Physical Change: It is a temporary change in which only the physical properties of substances change and can be reversed.

→ Chemical Change: It is a permanent change in which the chemical properties of substances change and there is a change in composition and cannot be reversed.

→ Filtration: The process of separation of an insoluble solid component of a mixture from a liquid component is called filtration.

→ Evaporation: It is the slow process of conversion of liquid into a gaseous state (vapour) at a temperature below its boiling point.

→ Distillation: It is the process of conversion of liquid into a gaseous state by heating it to the boiling point and condensing the vapour to get pure liquid.

→ Fractional distillation: It is the process of separating two miscible liquids having different boiling points by distillation using a fractionating column.

→ Chromatography: It is the process of separation of dissolved components of a mixture by adsorbing on a suitable substance (called adsorbent).

This PSEB 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings

→ Matter: It is anything that occupies space, has mass, and can be judged by any one or more of the known five physical senses.

→ Early Indian philosophers classified matter into five basic elements called Panch Tatva. These are air, earth, fire, sky, and water.

→ Modern-day scientists have classified matter on the basis of its physical properties and chemical nature.

→ The matter is made up of extremely small particles and there are vacant spaces in them.

→ Particles of matter are always in motion and have kinetic energy.

→ The speed of particles increases with the increase in temperature.

→ The mixing up of particles of different substances is called diffusion.

→ All matter is made up of a large number of extremely small particles called molecules.

→ The material represents a particular kind of matter.

→ Material can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

→ Homogeneous material is a material that has a uniform composition throughout. It consists of a single phase.

→ Heterogeneous material is a material that does not have a uniform composition throughout. It consists of two or more phases.

→ The substance is a homogeneous material that is made up of only one kind of atom or material. (Substance always refers to pure substance).

→ Based upon its physical state, there are three states of matter, i.e. solid, liquid, and gas.

→ There are two new states of matter. These are plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate.

→ Solid: It is that state of matter which has a definite mass, volume, and shape.

→ Liquid: It is that state of matter which has a definite mass and volume but has no definite shape.

→ Gas: It is that state of matter which has a definite mass but has neither definite shape nor definite volume.

→ The forces of attraction between the particles are maximum in solids, intermediate in liquids, and maximum in gases.

→ The vacant spaces between the constituent particles and kinetic energy of particles are minimum in the case of solids, intermediate in liquids, and maximum in gases.

→ The arrangement of constituent particles is most ordered in the case of solids, in the case of liquids the layers can slip over each other while in the case of gases, there is no order, particles can move randomly.

→ The different states of matter are interconverted by changing temperature or pressure or both.

→ Melting point is the temperature at which solid changes into a liquid state.

→ The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into vapour under atmospheric pressure. At boiling point, vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure.

→ Boiling is a bulk phenomenon as it involves the whole of the liquid.

→ The rate of evaporation depends upon the surface area, temperature, humidity, and wind speed.

→ The slow passing out of molecules of a liquid into a gaseous state at a temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

→ Evaporation causes cooling. It is a surface phenomenon.

→ Boiling is a fast process whereas evaporation is a slow process.

→ Sublimation is the process due to which a solid directly changes into the gaseous state on heating and a gaseous state directly changes into a solid-state on cooling without changing into the liquid state.

→ Vapour is a substance that exists in the gaseous state at a temperature lower than the boiling point of its liquid state.

→ Temperature on Kelvin scale = 273 + Temperature on centigrade scale. (T K = 273 + t°C) Water freezes at 0°C or 273 K.

→ Water boils at 100°C or 373 K.

→ Units of Latent heat of fusion are kJ/kg or kcal/kg

→ Units of Latent heat of vaporisation are kJ/kg or kcal/kg

→ \(\frac{F-32}{9}=\frac{C}{5}\)
F = Temperature on Fahrenhiet scale.
C = Temperature on Centigrade scale.

Some measurable quantities and their units are:

Quantity	Unit	Symbol
Temperature	kelvin	K
Length	metre	m
Mass	kilogram	kg
Weight	newton	N
Volume	cubic metre	m3
Density	kilogram per cubic metre	Kg m-3
Pressure	pascal	Pa

→ Matter: It is anything that occupies space, has mass, and can be judged by any one or more of the known five physical senses.

→ Panch Tatva: Indian philosophers classified matter into our basic elements called Panch Tatva. These are air, earth, fire, sky, and water.

→ Diffusion: It is the property of the mixing of particles of two or more substances.

→ Solid: It is that state of matter which has a definite mass, volume, and shape.

→ Liquid: It is that state of matter which has a definite mass and volume but has no definite shape.

→ Gas: It is that state of matter which has a definite mass but has neither definite shape nor definite volume.

→ Density: It is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

→ Melting point: It is the temperature at which solid changes into the liquid state.

→ Fusion: It is the process of conversion of a solid into a liquid.

→ Solidification or freezing: It is the process of conversion of a liquid into a solid.

→ Sublimation: It is the process due to which a solid directly changes into the gaseous state on heating and a gaseous state directly changes into the solid state on cooling without changing into a liquid state.

→ Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at its melting point.

→ Latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure and at its boiling point.

→ Boiling is a bulk phenomenon as it involves the whole of the liquid.

→ Boiling point: It is the temperature at which a liquid changes into vapour under atmospheric pressure.

→ Evaporation: The slow passing out of molecules of a liquid into a gaseous state at a temperature below its boiling point.

→ Dry Ice: Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice.

→ Freezing point: It is the temperature at which a liquid substance changes into a solid substance.

→ Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG): When butane is subjected to the action of high pressure, it is liquid to give LPG which is used as a fuel.

→ Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): When natural gas is subjected to the action of high pressure it gets liquified to give CNG which is used as a fuel for automobiles.

→ Vapour: It is a substance that exists in the gaseous state at a temperature lower than the boiling point of its liquid state.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 11 Plant Clinic will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 11 Plant Clinic

→ A plant clinic is a place where diagnosis and remedial measures for diseased plants, nutrient deficiency, insect attack, etc. are provided to the farmers.

→ A plant clinic is a centre where diagnoses of diseased plants are done and their treatment is done.

→ Punjab Agricultural University established a central plant clinic at Ludhiana in the year 1993.

→ Plant clinics are running at 18 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) in various districts and four at regional research stations Abohar, Bathinda, and Gurdaspur and Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana.

→ When the number of insects increased upto a specific number or affects a specified number of plants of the crop.

→ A spray of pesticides should start after this level has reached.

→ This way crops, as well as farmers, will get some benefit. This process is called the economic threshold level.

→ Farmers can resolve their problems by dialing phone no. 0161-240-1960 with extension no. 417. Mobile number is 9463048181.

→ By sending pictures of diseased or affected plants via email to the plant clinic, the problem can be resolved and e-mail is planted [email protected]. WhatsApp can also be used to get quick solutions.

→ Some equipment is required at the plant clinic are the microscope, magnifying lenses, chemicals, incubator, scissors, knife, computer, photo camera, projector, books, etc.

→ Some chemicals which are used at plant clinics are formalin, copper acetate, acetic acid, alcohol, etc.

→ Computer, scanners, etc. are also an important part of the plant clinic.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 10 Beneficial and Harmful Animals in Agriculture will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 10 Beneficial and Harmful Animals in Agriculture

→ 98% of Bird species found in India are beneficial for the farmers.

→ Friendly birds are Lapwing, Myna, Drongo, Blue Joy, Cattle Egret, Hoopoe, Owl, etc.

→ These birds eat insects and rats.

→ Rats damage crops to a greater extent.

→ Rats live in burrows.

→ There are eight species of rodents and mice found in the fields of Punjab Indian, gerbil, Indian mole rat, Indian bush rat, a soft furred field rat, short-tailed mole rat, house mouse, brown spiny mouse, field mouse.

→ Crops get damaged mainly at the time of sowing and maturity.

→ To catch rats, at least 16 traps per acre must be placed at different locations in the field.

→ Kill the rats by drowning in water and the interval between two trappings in the same location should not be less than 30 days.

→ Rats are given poisonous bait for killing.

→ Poisonous baits are made up of zinc phosphide, bromadiolone, etc.

→ Poisonous baits and dead Rats should be buried under the earth.

→ Poisonous baits are harmful to human beings, therefore the use of bait should be done carefully.

→ Rats are the prey for owls, kites, hawks, falcons, eagles, snakes, cats, mongoose, jackals, etc.

→ If zinc phosphide is to be used twice then the gap between j two uses should be atleast two months.

→ Rat killing campaign should be at village level.

→ Nearly 300 species of birds are found in Punjab, only very few of these are harmful to the plants.

→ The rose-ringed parakeet (Parrot) is a most harmful bird. It can damage nearly all the crops.

→ Pigeons, Doves, and Weaver birds damage paddy worth rupees 2 crores in a year.

→ Scarecrows and false gun-shots are used to scare the birds.

→ Hang dead crow on a stick in the crop field, this keeps the parrots, myna, and crows away.

→ Sow the less costly crops like dhaincha and millet near the costly crops to save the crops from birds.

→ Birds prefer millet and dhaincha and thus reduce the bird pressure from the main crop.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Certified Seed Production will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 9 Certified Seed Production

→ Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat were Lerma Roso, Sonora-64.

→ Farmers are not aware of the genetic basis of the seeds and therefore do not have proper and full knowledge about seeds.

→ Physical factors of seed quality are- moisture content, size, colour, seed weight, broken seeds, free from weed, seeds, free from garbage and free from seeds of other crops,

→ Hereditary traits move on from seed to the crop and to the next crop. These are also called genetic qualities.

→ New improved varieties of wheat which are disease resistant and have high yield are – W.H. 1105, PBW 621, H.D. 2967, PBW 677.

→ Minimum field and seed standards for various crops are given in the book published by PAU, ‘Package of Practices’.

→ Always purchase certified seeds from some reliable firm,

→ Those seeds which are produced according to the standards set by Punjab State Seed Certification Agency and also under their

→ Certified seeds of rice should not be less than 98% in purity, should not be less than 80% in germination, and moisture content I should be more than 13%.

→ Certified seeds of wheat should not be less than 98% in purity, should not be less than 85% in germination, and moisture content should not be more than 12%.

→ Certified seeds have tags fixed on them. A blue and green. Blue is from the government and green is from producing company.

→ “Seed act 1966” was enacted in 1966.

→ According to this act, seeds can be categorized into four categories. Nucleus seeds (primary), Breeder seeds, Foundation seeds, Certified seeds.

→ There is a golden tag attached to the breeder seed bags, a white tag to the foundation seed bag, and certified seeds have the Blue tag attached to the bag at the time of packing.

→ If seeds are not certified but conform to all seed standards then these are called T.L. (truthfully labelled) seeds.

→ Seed production occupation is a boon for farmers and a way of prosperity.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries

→ Students should develop in them some skills required in industries and occupations (vocational subjects) along with traditional education.

→ After harvesting, there is nearly a 10% loss in the crops.

→ In fruits and vegetables, this loss is 30-40%.

→ Farmers are growing new crops, like turmeric, chilies, etc.

→ Processing of crops at a small scale or at a farmer’s level is the need of the hour.

→ Agricultural-based occupations are poultry farming, Dairy fanning, Mushroom cultivation, Honey production, etc.

→ The agro-processing complex can be used to process rice, wheat, oilseeds, spices, pulses, cotton, etc. One can earn from 10 to 50 thousand rupees per month.

→ P.A.U. has developed a machine to wash and polish turmeric and it can wash 2.5 to 3.0 quintal turmeric in an hour.

→ 15-20 kg turmeric powder can be obtained from 100 kg of fresh turmeric.

→ Mentha oil is used in medicines, perfumes, cosmetics, etc.

→ 10-12 kg Gud can be prepared from one quintal sugarcane.

→ A solar drier is used to dry vegetables.

→ Various types of dehydration and freezing plants are available for fruits and vegetables e.g. blancher, pre-cooler, slicer, dehydrated, freezing unit, etc.

→ There are Krishi Vigyan Kendras at various districts established by P.A.U., Ludhiana which provide training for such ventures.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development

→ In India two-third of its population lives in villages and depends on agriculture.

→ Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of our country.

→ Nearly 54% of labour force is engaged directly in the agricultural sector.

→ During the year 2012-13, the share for GDP from the Agriculture sector was 13.7%.

→ 70 million families are in the business of dairy farming in our country.

→ Raw-material used in many basic industries are obtained from the agriculture sector. e.g. cotton for the textile industry, sugarcane for the sugar industry, jute for the jute industry.

→ There is one more sector after agriculture and industry, which is the service or tertiary sector which adds to the economy of the country.

→ Our country based on population is the second-largest in the world.

→ Nearly 60% of the household consumption comes from the agriculture sector.

→ Grain production in India in 1950-51 was 51 million tons which increased to 264 million tons in 2013-14.

→ In 2012, the buffer stock of food grain was 82 million tons.

→ Govt, of India, passed the food security act in the year 2013, which recommends 5 kg of grains per person per month for 75% rural population and 25% urban population.

→ In the year 2012 India was first in the export of rice by leaving behind Thailand.

→ India is in 10th place in the world in the export of grains and agricultural produce.

→ In the year 2013-14, the trade balance of India was surplus by 25 billion dollars.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Agroforestry will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Agroforestry

→ According to National Forest Policy 1988, forests should occupy nearly 20% of the area in plain states.

→ In Punjab, more area is occupied by agricultural crops and therefore area left under forests and trees is only 6.49%.

→ In agroforestry, crops and trees are grown simultaneously in the same field.

→ The objective of Agroforestry is to cater to the needs of farmers and also to help in maintaining the natural sources.

→ Main models of Agroforestry are-Boundary plantation, intercropping in block plantation.

→ On the basis of climate whole Punjab is divided into three agroclimatic zones.

→ In sub-mountainous zone agricultural practices depend on rainfall.

→ Trees that are grown in the sub-mountainous zone are Ber, Toot, Nim, Tahli, Amla, Phali, Dhak, Dek, Harar, Behra, Aijun, Mango, Kachnar, Bel, Khair, Kikar.

→ Hedges of Jatropha, Karonda, Ipomea is used around the orchards in the sub-mountainous zone.

→ In the central plain region Poplar, Eucalyptus, Dek, etc. trees are grown.

→ In the South-Western zone Kikar, Tahli, Nim, Jamun, Mango, Dhrek, Toot trees are grown.

→ Poplar is very successful in the Bet area. It is used in the manufacturing of plywood, Matchbox sticks, packing cases.

→ Poplar and Eucalyptus are cultivated in Punjab for commercial agroforestry.

→ Clones of poplar are PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, PL-6, PL-7, L-47/88, L-48/89.

→ Poplar trees become ready in 5 to 7 years for harvesting.

→ Eucalyptus is used in the paper industry. Building material as long logs of wood.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Plantation of New Orchards will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Plantation of New Orchards

→ Fruits contain nutrients that are essential for the health of the body. e.g. vitamins, minerals, protein, etc.

→ The area occupied by fruit trees is 76500 hectares.

→ Punjab is divided into three zones based on climate sub-mountainous zone, central zone, arid-irrigated zone.

→ Depending upon planting time fruit plants are categorized as evergreen fruit plants and deciduous fruit plants.

→ Evergreen fruit plants are planted in February-March and September-October.

→ Deciduous fruit plants are planted in winter when in a dormant stage.

→ Suitable soil for orchards should be deep, well-drained, loamy, and fertile.

→ Fruit plants should not be planted in waterlogged, marshy saline, or acidic soils.

→ The underground water level should be below 3 m of depth for the cultivation of fruits plants. The level should not be fluctuating.

→ Make pits that are 1 m deep and with a diameter of 1 m.

→ To save plants from termites use lindane or chlorpyrifos.

→ The life cycle of fruit plants is many years.

→ Always plant improved and new varieties of fruit plants for orchards as recommended by agricultural experts.

→ Fruit plants should always be planted at proper spacing so that plants can get the proper amount of sunlight, fertilizers, and water.

→ There are three layout patterns (planting system) for establishing orchards -square, filler (diagonal or quincunx), hexagonal system.

→ Obtain plants from P.A.U., Department of Horticulture, government-approved nurseries for establishing orchards.

→ Vegetative growth of fruit plants mainly takes place from February to April.

→ Fruit plants should be trained at the initial years of plantation to give them proper shape and structure.

→ When plants grow pruning becomes necessary.

→ Do not pull the fruits from the branch during harvesting.

This PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Winter Vegetables will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Winter Vegetables

→ Vegetables are an essential part of the human diet.

→ Vegetables contain carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins, etc.

→ According to dieticians, an adult should take 284 grams of vegetables.

→ Vegetables mature in a short duration and 2-4 crops can be taken in one year.

→ Vegetable yield is 5-10 times more than rice-wheat crop rotation therefore one can earn more by growing vegetables.

→ Sandy loam or clayey loam soils are suitable for growing vegetables.

→ For root vegetables like radish, carrot, turnip, etc., sandy loam soil is suitable.

→ Fertilizers are of two types Organic and chemical fertilizers.

→ Organic manures keep the chemical and physical structure of the soil.

→ Chemical fertilizers are manufactured in factories, these contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash.

→ Seed can be sown in two ways.

• directly
• by raising nursery (transplanted crop)

→ Carrot, radish, fenugreek, coriander, potato, etc. are sown directly.

→ Vegetable which is grown by transplanting is Cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, broccoli, onion, lettuce, etc.

→ Irrigate the vegetable crops before wilting.

→ Treat vegetable seeds by Captan or Thiram it helps in preventing attacks of insects and diseases.

→ Rabi or winter vegetables are -Carrot, radish, pea, cauliflower, cabbage, potato, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, etc.

→ Varieties of carrots are – Desi and European.

→ Varieties of radish are – Punjab pasand, Pusa chetki, Japanese white.

→ Pea is a cool-season crop. It contains protein in large quantities.

→ For growing cauliflower 15-20 degree centigrade temperature is required.

→ Varieties of cauliflower are-Giant snowball, Pusa snowball-1, Pusa snowball k-1.

→ An early variety of cabbage can be grown directly.

→ Varieties of Chinese cabbage-Chini sarson-1 and saag sarson.

→ Improved varieties of Broccoli-Punjab Broccoli-1. Its yield is 70 Quinta per acre.

→ Varieties of potato are Kufri Surya, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Pushkar, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri sindhuri, Kufri Badshah.