Class 9 – Page 11 – PSEB Solutions

PSEB 9th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

September 30, 2024September 29, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Computer Book Solutions Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Computer Science Chapter 1 MS Excel Part-I

Computer Guide for Class 9 PSEB MS Excel Part-I Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

1. An Excel Workbook consists of ………………………
(a) Worksheets
(b) Rows
(c) Columns
(d) Formulas
Answer:
Worksheets

2. The actual value of a cell is displayed in …………………….. bar.
(a) Title
(b) Menu
(c) Formula
(d) None of these
Answer:
Formula

3. …………………….. Formatting applies one or more rules to any cells you want.
(a) Formula
(b) Function
(c) Conditional
(d) None of these
Answer:
Conditional

4. Format Command is available on ………………… Tab.
(a) Home
(b) Insert
(c) Data
(d) Formulas
Answer:
Home

5. All Formulas must begin with an ………………………… sign.
(a) Sigma
(b) Plus
(c) Equal
(d) None of these
Answer:
Equal

6. A data in your worksheet can be arranged in an order using ………………………
(a) Formula
(b) Function
(c) Filter
(d) Sorting
Answer:
Sorting

7. Sort & Filter command is available on ……………………Tab.
(a) Home
(b) Insert
(c) Data
(d) Formulas
Answer:
Data

2. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Formatting?
Answer:
Formats are changes that are made to Excel worksheets in order to enhance their appearance and/or to focus attention on specific data in the worksheet. Formatting changes the appearance of data but does not change the actual data in the cell, which can be important if that data is used in calculations. For example, formatting numbers to display only two decimal places does not shorten or round values with more than two decimal places. To actually alter the numbers in this way, the data would need to be rounded using one of Excel’s rounding functions.

Question 2.
Define Number Format in Excel.
Answer:
By applying different number formats, you can change the appearance of a number without changing the number itself. A number format does not affect the actual cell value that Excel uses to perform calculations. The actual value is displayed in the formula bar. By applying different number formats, you can display numbers as percentages, dates, currency, and so on.

Question 3.
What are the standard operators used in simple formulas?
Answer:
Excel uses standard operators for formulas, such as a plus sign for addition (+), a minus sign for subtraction (-), an asterisk for multiplication (*), a forward slash for division (/), and a caret (Λ) for exponents.
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All formulas in Excel must begin with an equals sign (=). This is because the cell contains, or is equal to, the formula and the value it calculates.

Question 4.
What is a cell reference?
Answer:
A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used in a formula so that Microsoft Office Excel can find the values or data that you want that formula to calculate.
In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer to :

Data from one cell on the worksheet.
Data is contained in different areas of a worksheet.
Data in cells on other worksheets in the same workbook.

Question 5.
What are the parts of a Function?
Answer:
The order in which you insert a function is important. Each function has a specific order—called syntax — which must be followed in order for the function to work correctly. The basic syntax to create a formula with a function is to insert an equals sign (=), function name (SUM, for example, is the function name for addition), and argument. Arguments contain the information you want the formula to calculate, such as a range of cell references.
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Question 6.
Define Sorting.
Answer:
Sorting is a common spreadsheet task that allows you to easily reorder your data. The most common type of sorting is alphabetical ordering, which you can do in ascending or descending order.
To sort in alphabetical order :

Select a cell in the column you want to sort (In this example, we choose a cell in column A).
Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on the Home tab.
Select Sort A fo Z. NOWT the information in the Category column is organized in alphabetical order.

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You can sort in reverse alphabetical order by choosing Sort Z to A in the list.

Question 7.
Define Filter.
Answer:
The basic Excel filter (also known as the Excel Autofilter) allows you to view specific rows in an Excel spreadsheet while hiding the other rows in the worksheet. When a filter is added to the header row of a spreadsheet, a drop-down menu appears on each cell of the header row. This provides you with a number of filter options that can be used to specify which rows of the spreadsheet are to be displayed.

3. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are Merge and Centre? Write down the steps to merge a group of cells.
Answer:
If you go to the Home menu in the ribbon and look in the Alignment grouping of commands, you will see a small icon in the lower, right-hand corner called Merge and Center. This command does just what it implies. It not only merges the cells into one larger cell, but it also centers the text. Merge and Center improves the appearance of a title or header by centering the text over a particular section of the spreadsheet. If you click on the More icon to the Merge and Center command, you will see other Merge options.

The first one is Merge Across. This will merge multiple cells and more than one row at the same time. The text will remain left-justified.
Then there are Merge Cells. This will merge multiple cells on one row and will keep the text left-justified.
Finally, you have Unmerge Cells, which will undo the merged cells.

Let’s take a look at an example using the Merge and Center command. Imagine you are a painting contractor for residential homes. You created a spreadsheet to include several different costs for work requested by a new client. You have everything formatted nicely. The title, which includes the name of the client, the estimated number, and street address has been entered into cell Al. It would be nice if we could quickly and easily center the title across the top of the spreadsheet. Here are the steps.

Highlight the cells you want to merge. (In our example, Al through FI),
Go to the Home menu in the ribbon.
Look in the Alignment grouping of commands.
Click on Merge and Center.

Just like that, your title is centered and the cells have been merged into one larger cell. The benefit? Well, besides it looks better, you can make changes to the cells below and the title will remain centered: For instance, you can add a column (or delete one) and your title will not be affected. One important note about the Merge command: merging cells can delete data. Only the data in the upper-left cell will be kept once the cells have merged. Do not place data in every cell if you plan on merging multiple cells into one larger cell.

Question 2.
What is Conditional Formatting? Write down the steps to create a conditional formatting rule.
Answer:
Conditional formatting in Excel enables you to highlight cells with a certain color, depending on the cell’s value.
Highlight Cells Rules
To highlight cells that are greater than a value, execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:A10.
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2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, Highlight Cells Rules, Greater Than…
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3. Enter the value 80 and select a formatting style.
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4. Click OK.
Result. Excel highlights the cells that are greater than 80.
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5. Change the value of cell A1 to 81.
Result. Excel changes the format of cell A1 automatically.
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Question 3.
What is a cell? How can we insert a new cell in our current worksheet?
Answer:
A cell is an intersection between a row and a column on a spreadsheet that starts with cell Al. Below is an illustrated example of a highlighted cell in Microsoft Excel; the cell address, cell name, or cell pointer “D8” (column D, row 8) is the selected cell and the location of what is being modified.
Insert Cells into an Excel Worksheet
Having to insert extra cells to an Excel worksheet from time to time is a common practice: data gets forgotten and must be added, space must be made for new data, or existing data gets moved about when the sheet is reorganized.
Whatever the reason, there is, as is the case with all Microsoft programs, more than one way to accomplish the task of inserting cells to an Excel worksheet.
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Question 4.
What is a Formula? Write down the steps to create a simple Formula in Excel.
Answer:
A formula is an expression that calculates the value of a cell. Functions are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel. For example, cell A3 below contains a formula that adds the value of cell A2 to the value of cell A1.
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Steps to create a simple formula in MS Excel
You can create a simple formula to add, subtract, multiply or divide values in your worksheet. Simple formulas always start with an equal sign (=), followed by constants that are numeric values and calculation operators such as plus (+), minus (-), an asterisk(*), or forward-slash (/) signs.
For example, when you enter the formula =5+2*3, Excel multiplies the last two numbers and adds the first number to the result. Following the standard order of mathematical operations, multiplication is performed before addition.

On the worksheet, click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
Type the = (equal sign) followed by the constants and operators that you want to use in the calculation.

You can enter as many constants and operators in a formula as you need, up to 8192 characters.

Question 5.
What is a Function? Write down the steps to create a basic Function in Excel.
Answer:
In Excel, a function is a preset formula used for calculations. Like formulas, functions begin with the equal sign ( = ) followed by the function’s name and its arguments. The function name tells Excel what calculation to perform. The arguments are contained inside round brackets. For example, the most used function in Excel is the function, which is used to add together the data in selected cells.

The SUM function is written as –
= SUM (D1: D6 )
Here the function adds the contents of cell range D1 to D6 and displays the answer in cell D7.

The parts of a function :
The order in which you insert a function is important. Each function has a specific order called syntax—which must be followed in order for the function to work correctly. The basic syntax to create a formula with a function is to insert an equals sign (=), function name (SUM, for example, is the function name for addition), and argument. Arguments contain the information you want the formula to calculate, such as a range of cell references.
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PSEB 9th Class Computer Guide MS Excel Part-I Important Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks

1. Format Cell window contains …………………… Labs.
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 8
Answer:
(b) 6

2. Excel has ……………………. Number formats.
(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 12
Answer:
(d) 12

3. Insert/Delete dialog box has ………………. options.
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 7
Answer:
(a) 4

4. Workbook contains sheets by default.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

5. Arranged data in ascending or descending order is called …………………
(a) Formatting
(b) Splitting
(c) Sorting
(d) Replacing
Answer:
(c) Sorting

6. Cell address used in the formula is called ……………………………………..
(a) Function
(b) Formula
(c) Address
(d) Reference
Answer:
(d) Reference

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Microsoft Excel?
Answer:
Microsoft Excel is an electronic worksheet developed by Microsoft, to be used for organizing, storing, and manipulating.

Question 2.
What is a ribbon?
Answer:
The ribbon runs on the top of the application and is the replacement for the toolbars and menus. The ribbons have various tabs on the top, and each tab has its own group of commands.

Question 3.
How can I hide or show the ribbon?
Answer:
Use the CTRL and FI key to toggle & show or hide the ribbon.

Question 4.
How can you wrap the text within a cell?
Answer:
You have to select the text you want to wrap, and then click wrap text from the home tab and you can wrap the text within a cell.
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Question 5.
Is it possible to prevent someone from copying the cell from your worksheet?
Answer:
Yes, it is possible. In order to protect your worksheet from getting copied, you need to go into Menu bar >Review > Protect sheet > Password. By entering the password, you can secure your worksheet from getting copied by others.

Question 6.
How you can sum up the Roi4p and Column number quickly in the excel sheet?
Answer:
By using the SUM function you can get the total sum of the rows arid columns, in an excel worksheet.

Question 7.
How you can add a new excel worksheet?
Answer:
To add a new Excel worksheet you have to insert a worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen.

Question 8.
How you can resize the column?
Answer:
To resize the column you have to change the width of one column and then drag the boundary on the right side of the column heading to the width you want. The other way of doing it is to select the Format from the home tab, and in Format, you have to select AUTOFIT COLUMN WIDTH under the cell section. On clicking on this the cell size will get formatted.

Question 9.
What are three report formats that are available in Excel?
Answer:
The three report formats in Excel are :

Compact
Report
Tabular

Question 10.
How would, you provide a Dynamic range in the “Data Source” of Pivot Tables?
Answer:
To provide a dynamic range in the “Data Source” of Pivot tables, first, create a named range using offset function and base the pivot table using a named range created in the first step.

Question 11.
Is it possible to make a Pivot table using multiple sources of data?
Answer:
If the multiple sources are different worksheets, from the same workbook/then it is possible to make a Pivot table using multiple sources of data.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do you create formulas in Excel?
Answer:
Create a simple formula in Excel with constants and calculation operators.
To create a simple calculation, click the cell in which you wish to enter the formula and type an equal sign. Enter the constants and operators that you wish to use in the calculation within the cell. Use the plus sign for addition, a minus sign for subtraction, the backslash for division, and the asterisk for multiplication. For instance, to add ten and ten in a cell, enter “=10+10” within the desired cell and press the Enter key.

Question 2.
Write the various steps for inserting a single cell into a worksheet.
Ans. The first example will insert a single cell to column A in order to make room for the month of March. To do this April will be shifted downward to cell A4.

Click on cell A3 to make it the active cell
Right-click on cell A3 to open the right-click menu
Click on Insert in the right-click menu to open the Insert cells dialog box
Click on the Shift cells down option in the dialog box
Click OK to add the one cell to the worksheet and to close the dialog box
Cell A3 should now be blank and April should be located in cell A4
Type March into cell A3

Question 3.
Write the various steps for inserting multiple cells into a worksheet.
Answer:
The second example will insert two additional cells to row two in order to make room for February and June in cells A2 and B2. In the process, October will be shifted to cell C3.

Drag select cells A2 and B2 in the worksheet to highlight them
Right-click on cells B2 to open the right-click menu
Click on Insert in the right-click menu to open the Insert cells dialog box
Click on the Shift cells right option in the dialog box
Click OK to add the two cells to the worksheet and to close the dialog box
Cells A2 and B2 should now be blank and October should be located in cell C3
Type February into cell A2 and June into cell B2.

Question 4.
Discuss the cell reference in Excel.
Answer:
For many spreadsheets, you won’t want to go back to the original formula to change all the information you’re working with. This is where cell references come in handy. By entering a reference to another cell on the worksheet, you can tell the formula to work its calculation with whatever number is placed in that cell. The formula can then be changed quickly by trying out different numbers in the reference cell.

To reference a cell, simply enter the location of the call as designated by its column and row; for example, A1 is the cell in the top left corner of the spreadsheet. To reference a cell on another worksheet within the same workbook, type the name of the worksheet followed by an exclamation point, then the location of the cell. So Sheet !A1 would refer to the A1 cell on the worksheet titled “Sheet.” If you want to reference a range of cells, use a colon between the first and last cell of the range. The formula =SUM(A1:A12) will calculate the total sum of all the figures in the range from A1 down to A12.

Question 5.
Demonstrate the use of AutoSum in Excel.
Answer:
Using AutoSum to select common functions
The AutoSum command allows you to automatically return the results for a range of cells for common functions like SUM and AVERAGE.

Select the cell where the answer will appear (E24, for example).
Click the Home tab.
In the Editing group, click the AutoSum drop-down arrow and select the function you want (Average, for example).

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 5 The French Revolution

September 30, 2024September 29, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 5 The French Revolution Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 5 The French Revolution

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB The French Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
The burden of financial activities of the state during the old Regime was borne by the :
(a) Church
(b) Nobles
(c) Third Estate
(d) The King.
Answer:
(c) Third Estate.

Question 2.
Austrian Princess Marie Antoinnette was the Queen of which ruler of France?
(a) Louis III
(b) Louis XIV
(c) Louis XV
(d) Louis XVI.
Answer:
(d) Louis XVI.

Question 3.
Napoleon crowned himself the Emperor of France in :
(a) 1805
(b) 1804
(c) 1803
(d) 1806.
Answer:
(b) 1804.

Question 4.
When was ‘Tennis Court Oath’ taken in France?
(a) 14th July, 1789
(b) 20th June, 1789
(c) 4th August, 1789
(d) 5th May, 1789.
Answer:
(b) 20th June, 1789.

Question 5.
In context of France what was the ‘Convention’?
(a) A French School
(b) Newly Elected Assembly
(c) The Club
(d) A women Organization.
Answer:
(b) Newly Elected Assembly.

Question 6.
Which was the idea promoted by Montesquieu?
(a) Divine Right
(b) Decentralisation of Power
(c) The Social Contract
(d) Balance of Power.
Answer:
(b) Decentralisation of Power.

Question 7.
In the history of France which period is known as Reign of Great Terror?
(a) 1792-93
(b) 1774-76
(c) 1793-1794
(d) 1804-1815.
Answer:
(c) 1793-1794.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
The device used by French for beheading a person was known as __________
Answer:
guillotine

Question 2.
Bastille was stormed in the year __________ A.D.
Answer:
1789

Question 3.
In 1815 A.D. Napoleon was defeated in the battle of __________
Answer:
Waterloo

Question 4.
__________ was the leader of Jacobin Club.
Answer:
Robespierre

Question 5.
The book ‘Social Contract’ was written by __________
Answer:
Rousseau

Question 6.
Marseillaise was composed by __________
Answer:
Roger de L’lsle.

III. Match the Columns :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Fortress Prison	(i) Guillotine
2. Tax levied by Church	(ii) Jacobin
3. To behead a person	(iii) Rousseau
4. A club of French middle class	(iv) Bastille
5. The Social Contract	(v) Tithe

Answer:

A	B
1. Fortress Prison	(iv) Bastille
2. Tax levied by Church	(v) Tithe
3. To behead a person	(i) Guillotine
4. A club of French middle class	(ii) Jacobin
5. The Social Contract	(iii) Rousseau

IV. Differentiate between :

Question 1.
First estate and Third estate
Answer:
(a) First estate. The first estate included two types of clergy i.e. the higher clergy and the lower clergy. The higher clergy included Archbishops, Bishops and Abbots. They were powerful, wealthy and did not pay any taxes. The lower clergy lived in the monasteries and conducted the spiritual services. They had quite a low income.

(b) Third estate. Common people were included in third estate and constituted around 97% of the total population. They paid all the taxes. Major businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, artisans, landless labourers, servants etc. were included in this.

Question 2.
Tithe and Taille.
Answer:
Tithe and Taille. Tithe was a tax collected by the Church. It was one tenth of the total income. Taille was a tax paid by the people directly to the state. Its percentage changed from year to year.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When did the French Revolution occur?
Answer:
In 1789 A.D.

Question 2.
Who was the leader of Jacobin Clubs?
Answer:
M. Robespierre.

Question 3.
What was Directory?
Answer:
Directory was the Council of five members.

Question 4.
Which Estate used to pay taxes in the French Society?
Answer:
The Third Estate.

Question 5.
What was the tax paid directly to the state?
Answer:
Taille was the tax paid directly to the state.

Question 6.
Which classes were exempted from paying taxes?
Answer:
First estate i.e. the Clergy and the second estate i.e. the Nobility.

Question 7.
How many types of taxes were paid by peasants?
Answer:
Peasants had to pay two types of taxes, Tithe and Taille.

Question 8.
Name the National Anthem of France.
Answer:
Marseillaise.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was the French society divided before the French Revolution?
Answer:
Before the French Revolution, French Society was divided into three classes- First Estate i.e. the Clergy, Second Estate i.e. Mobility and Third Estate i.e. the General Public :

The First Estate included the Clergy. They did not pay any taxes. They were on the higher posts even without having the ability.
The Second Estate included major Nobles who had large pieces of land.
The Third Estate included lawyers, doctors, teachers etc. They did not get any of the higher posts even if they had the ability to do so.
Common public was also included in this. They had to pay taxes to the state as well as to the Church. They had to do begar and were exploited from many years.

Question 2.
Describe the role of Women in the French Revolution.
Answer:
At the time of French Revolution, no government considered women as active citizens but they played a very important role in the revolution.

Most of the women of the third estate worked as flower-sellers, fruit and vegetable venders, seamstresses for their livelihood. Many females worked as servants in the houses of the rich people. Most of the women had no access to education or professional training. They started many movement for their rights. At the time of revolution, Olympe de Gouges was one of the politically active women. She protested against the Constitution and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. That’s why she was executed. During the Reign of Terror, many female representatives were executed.

Almost after 150 years, in 1940 A.D. many laws were made for bringing reforms in their lives. According to a law, government schools were opened up and schooling was made compulsory for women.

Question 3.
Describe in brief about the famous writers philosophers who influenced the French’Revolution.
Answer:

In his work Two Treatises of Government’, John Locke critisized the divine rights of kings.
Rousseau continued the same ideas. He asserted the doctrine of popular sovereignty. He wrote a book called ‘The Social Contract’.
Montesquieu in his book, ‘The Spirit of Laws’ proposed a division of power within the government between legislature, executive and judiciary.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Monarchy?
Answer:
Monarchy is the system of government in which king has all the rights and he acts as a dictator who believes in divine rights of the king. There was monarchy in France and its ruler Louis XVI had all the rights which were not opposed by any one. He did not care about the Constitution and public welfare. Even for years, he did not call the country’s Parliament. When he called the Parliament, that was only to impose taxes. This incident became the reason of the revolution.

Question 5.
What is National Constitutional Assembly?
Answer:
The French King got afraid after observing the rebellious power of his subjects. He gave sanction to the National Assembly arid also accepted the control of Constitution on his power. In 1791, the National Assembly prepared the sketch of the Constitution. Its major objective was to limit the powers of king. Now powers were divided among the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. So, powers were not concentrated in few hands. Consequently, the Constitutional Monarchy was established in France.

VII. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Answer:
France was a strong and powerful state in the 18th century. She had vast territories in North America and islands in the West Indies. But the French Revolution was brewing while the war of American independence was going on. The conditions in France on the eve of revolution presented a dismal picture.

The following were the chief causes of the French Revolution :
1. Social Causes. The French Revolution was an uprising of the French people against autocracy and aristocracy. The French society was a feudal one ridden with inequalities. The clergy and the nobles belonged to the privileged class. They led a life of luxury and exploited the common people. The peasants and workers, which consisted of the vast population, were compelled to live a wretched life. They were forced to pay heavy taxes and to do forced labour. The middle class comprising lawyers, doctors, teachers, traders and petty government officers were wealthy and wise. But they were deprived of the political rights. They had to suffer humiliation at the hands of clergy and nobles.
The social inequalities and luxurious life of the clergy and nobles created discontentment and restlessness among the common people.

2. Political Causes. The kings of France were absolute rulers. They believed in the Theory of Divine rights of Kingship. They claimed themselves to be the representatives of God on earth. On the eve of the revolution, Louis XVI was the king of France. He was an empty headed despot. He and his queen Marie Antoinette were extravagant in nature. They squandered the state revenue on luxuries and wasteful festivities. The high government posts were auctioned. Corruption, maladministration and inefficiency reigned supreme. There were different laws in different areas and absence of any uniform system made the confusion worse confounded. People were really fed up with such a rotten system of government.

3. Economic Causes. The shattered economy of France proved a major cause of the revolution. Due to the prolonged wars and extravagant habits of the Royal Family, the French Government reached a state of bankruptcy. The clergy and nobility were able to pay taxes, but they were completely exempted from all the taxes. The common people were too poor to pay taxes. The corrupt system of taxes made the people unhappy.

4. Psychological Causes. In the second part of the 18th century, there was an intellectual “Renaissance in France. The Great French philosophers like Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire exploited the social shortcomings. They fanned the flame of revolution. The American Revolution and Declaration of Independence by the American revolutionaries roused the people of France to overthrow the oppressive king and his nobility.

5. Immediate Cause. In 1788 A.D. there spread a severe famine in many parts of France. People suffering from hunger assembled in streets of Paris. The state treasury had fallen empty. Emperor Louis XVI was compelled to summon a meeting of the Estate General in 1789 after a lapse of 175 years. The First Estate and Second Estate i.e. the clergy and nobility refused to have a common meeting with the Third Estate. It generated much excitement and common people lost their temper. With the meeting of Estate General on the 5th May, 1789 the French Revolution began.

Question 2.
Explain the phases of the French Revolution.
Answer:
The French Revolution was the greatest event of the modern age. It was not only an internal event of France but also an international revolution. It not only affected the French society but the whole humanity was affected by this. After centuries, there came a respect for human values, medieval feudal system was shaken up and democracy started replacing the monarchy. The concept of liberty, equality and fraternity was spread everywhere.

The French Revolution started in 1789 A.D. and lasted till the decline of Napoleon.

Its different phases are given ahead :
1. Tennis Court and the Fall of Bastille. On 14th July 1789, angry mob attacked the Bastille prison at Paris. This prison was the symbol of the autocratic powers of monarchy. On the same day, the king ordered the army to enter the city. A rumour spread that the king was about to order the army to fire the people. So, around 7000 men and women assembled in front of the town hall. They organised a public army. In search of arms, they forcibly entered the public buildings. So, hundreds of people stormed into the prison of Bastille where they expected lot of arms and ammunition. In this conflict, the commander of Bastille died. Political prisoners were released although they were only seven in number. Fortress of Bastille was destroyed.

2. Constitutional Monarchy in France (National Assembly). The French king Louis XVI got afraid on seeing the power of his subjects. So, he gave sanction to the National Assembly and accepted to limit his powers by the Constitution. In 1791, the National Assembly prepared the sketch of Constitution. It major objective was to limit the powers of king. Now powers were divided among the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. So, powers were not concentrated in few hands. Consequently, the Constitutional Monarchy was established in France.

3. Reign of Terror-Jacob in Clubs. The members of the Jacobin Clubs belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society. They included small shopkeepers, pastry cooks, shoemakers, printers, daily wage workers etc. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre. The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those who were seen as the enemies of Republic eg nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods, they were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If they were found guilty, they were guillotined. Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. That’s why his reign is known as the Reign of Terror.

4. The Directory Rules France. After the fall of Jacobin’s government, National Assembly, in 1795 A.D., formed a Constitution for France. Under this Constitution, the rule of France was given in the hands of Directory. On 26 October, 1795, the first meeting of the Directory was called and with this, the National Convention got dissolved. Directory ruled on France for four years. During these four years, it faced a number of problems. The political failure of Directory paved way for the emergence of military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.

5. The Period of Napoleon. In 1799, Napoleon overthrew the government of Directory and became the First Council. He got dictatorial powers. Then he conducted plebiscite and 99.9% voters voted in his favour. He won a number of wars and was able to do peaceful treaties with his enemies.

All this proved that he was an able dictator. From 1799 to 1804, he implemented many reforms.

He abolished all the privileges based on birth. He established equality before law and secured the right to property.
He simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
He removed guild restrictions in the towns.
He introduced uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency.
He made Napoleonic code of conduct.

6. Napoleon Became King. By 1804, Napoleon was seemingly not satisfied with the post of First Council. So, he again conducted plebiscite and got the right to do what he wanted. In December, 1804, he declared himself as the king of France.

Question 3.
What was the impact of the French Revolution?
Answer:
The French Revolution produced effects not only on France, but also on the whole of Europe. It gave new ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity to the world. It put an end to the old regime and the existing social order and laid the foundations of democracy, nationalism and socialism. Let us see how it affected France itself and also other countries of the world. The French Revolution was significant not only in context of France but also it left its impact on the whole world.

The revolution was a powerful reaction against anomalies, deformities and fundamental faults inherent in old system of France.

Its effects on France are given below :

Establishment of democracy. Monarchial system came to an end and democratic system was established in its place.
Feudalism ended forever. The land of the nobles was sold at cheap rates to the peasants.
End of discrimination. The social, economic and political discrimination came to an end forever.
Organization of a new society. A new society was organized in France. This society was organized on the basis of liberty, fraternity and equality.
Reforms in National Assembly. The powers of the National Assembly were increased. The new laws and taxes were passed by this assembly. Now, similar laws applied to everyone.
Rights of Clergy. The Rights of the clergy were reduced. Their authority was now only confined to the Church.

Question 4.
What was the condition of women of the Third Estate before 1789 A.D.?
Answer:
Most of the women of the Third Estate worked as flower sellers, fruit and vegetable vendors, seamstresses etc. for their livelihood. Many females worked as servants in the houses of the rich people. Most of the women had no access to education or professional training. Only girls of Noble families or the girls of rich families of the third estate studied in convent. Later on they got married. Working women had to care for their families.

During the early years, the revolutionary government passed many laws to improve their condition. According to one law, government schools were established and school education was made compulsory for all the girls.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide The French Revolution Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
What is Bastille?
(a) Fort
(b) Palace
(c) Jail
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Jail.

Question 2.
Give the date of the French Revolution
(a) 14 July 1789
(b) 16 July 1756
(c) 15 August 1947
(d) 14 July 1776.
Answer:
(a) 14 July 1789.

Question 3.
Who was Louis XVI?
(a) King of France
(b) King of Britain
(c) A Baron,
(d) An artist of France.
Answer:
(b) King of France.

Question 4.
What was the Tithe?
(a) Farmer
(b) Tax
(c) Artist
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Tax.

Question 5.
What was the Taille?
(a) Tax paid to the church
(b) Tax paid to the state
(c) Tax paid for the use of land
(d) Unit of currency.
Answer:
(b) Tax paid to the state.

Question 6.
What was the population of France in 1789?
(a) 123 million
(b) 225 million
(c) 28 million
(d) 30 million.
Answer:
(c) 28 million.

Question 7.
Who was J.J. Rousseau?
(a) King
(b) Philosopher
(c) An aristocrat
(d) Clergy.
Answer:
(b) Philosopher.

Question 8.
Who wrote the “Two Treatises of Government”?
(a) Rousseau
(b) John Locke
(c) Montesquieu
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) John Locke.

Question 9.
Who wrote “The Spirit of Laws?”
(a) Rousseau
(b) John Locke
(c) Montesquieu
(d) Adam Smith.
Answer:
(c) Montesquieu.

Question 10.
Who was the queen of France on the eve of French Revolution?
(a) Marie Antoinnette
(b) Maria Theressa.
(c) Marie Belchant
(d) Aquiva Monessert.
Answer:
(a) Marie Antoinnette.

Question 11.
Who was the king of France at the time of its revolution?
(a) Louis Philip
(b) Louis XIV
(c) Louis XVI
(d) Louis XVIII.
Answer:
(c) Louis XVI.

Question 12.
Who said, “Man is born free yet he is everywhere in chains.”?
(a) Montesquieu
(b) Rousseau
(c) John Locke
(d) Adam Smith
Answer:
(b) Rousseau.

Question 13.
When and where was Estates-General convened?
(a) 14 June 1789, Paris
(b) 14 July 1789, Paris
(c) 17 May 1789, Versailles
(d) 17 Sept. 1789, Versailles.
Answer:
(c) 17 May 1789, Versailles.

Question 14.
Who said, “I am France, my will is Law”?
(a) Marie Antoinnette
(b) Louis XIV
(c) Louis XVIII
(d) Louis XVI.
Answer:
(d) Louis XVI.

Question 15.
Which was the period of Reign of Terror?
(a) 1793-94 A.D.
(6) 1789-90 A.D.
(c) 1790-91 A.D.
(d) 1791-92 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1793-1794 A.D.

Question 16.
Who opposed the Divine Right Theory of Kingship?
(a) Voltaire
(b) Montesquieu
(c) Jacobins
(d) Louis XVI.
Answer:
(b) Montesquieu.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Before the French Revolution, the________family ruled France.
Answer:
Bourbon

Question 2.
__________ is a form of government in which the country is ruled by the king.
Answer:
Monarchy

Question 3.
Archbishops, Bishops and Abbots were the __________ part of the estate.
Answer:
First

Question 4.
The second estate controlled __________% of the total land.
Answer:
30

Question 5.
__________raised voice against arbitrary and tyrannical rule and propounded the concept of democracy.
Answer:
Rousseau

Question 6 .
__________was a kind of tax paid to the church.
Answer:
Tithe.

True/False:

Question 1.
Montesquieu challenged the Divine Right of the Kings.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
On 20th June 1788, the third estate met at an indoor Tennis Court.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
The drafting of a written Constitution was completed in 1791.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
The song ‘Marseillaise’ was composed by Roger de L’lsle.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
Voltaire was the leader of Jacobins.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
16,000 to 40,000 people were killed during the Reign of Terror.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When did the French Revolution take place?
Answer:
In 1789 A.D.

Question 2.
Which group had special privileges in France before the French Revolution?
Answer:
Feudal Lords.

Question 3.
Who was the ruler of France at the time of French Revolution? To which dynasty did he belong?
Answer:
Louis XVI of*the Bourbon dynasty.

Question 4.
Who were the most powerful groups in the French Society?
Answer:
Nobility and the Clergy.

Question 5.
Who had the highest authority in the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer:
The Pope.

Question 6.
What was the name of the French Parliament?
Answer:
Estate General.

Question 7.
Where did Louis XVI live? ‘
Answer:
At Versailles.

Question 8.
Which type of administrative system France had at the time of French Revolution?
Answer:
Autocratic Monarchy.

Question 9.
Name two philosophers who gave birth to the French Revolution.
Answer:
Rousseau and Montesquieu.

Question 10.
On which thing Rousseau gave lot of stress?
Answer:
He gave stress on equality among humans.

Question 11.
Name the book written by Rousseau.
Answer:
The Social Contract.

Question 12.
Name the book written by Montesquieu.
Answer:
The Spirit of Laws.

Question 13.
Who was Marie Antoinnette?
Answer:
Wife of Louis XVI.

Question 14.
How much of the total land of France was under the control of Church?
Answer:
One fifth of the total land.

Question 15.
Who occupied the most important positions in army and in the state before the French Revolution?
Answer:
Nobles.

Question 16.
Who is known as the King of Philosophers?
Answer:
Voltaire.

Question 17.
Give one effect of the French Revolution on France.
Answer:
The fall of autocratic monarchy.

Question 18.
Name three concepts of the French Revolution.
Answer:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

Question 19.
When was the name of National Assembly kept as the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
9th July, 1789.

Question 20.
What was the motive of calling National Assembly?
Answer:
To impose taxes.

Question 21.
Name one financial reform done by Turgot.
Answer:
Reducing the number of government officials.

Question 22.
Which meeting was called by Louis XVI before calling the meeting of Estate General?
Answer:
Parliament of Paris.

Question 23.
Why was the Parliament of Paris called?
Answer:
To impose taxes.

Question 24.
When was the meeting of Estate General called?
Answer:
17 July, 1789.

Question 25.
Which oath was taken by the representatives of the third estate at Tennis Court?
Answer:
To form the Constitution.

Question 26.
Who made the Declaration of Men and Citizens in France?
Answer:
National Assembly.

Question 27.
Give the date of the fall of Bastille.
Answer:
14 July, 1789.

Question 28.
Which event is known as the beginning of the French Revolution?
Answer:
The fall of Bastille.

Question 29.
Who was the commander-in-chief of the National Guard?
Answer:
Lafayette.

Question 30.
Who brought the king from the Versailles to Paris?
Answer:
A mob of women.

Question 31.
When was the draft of the Constitution of National Assembly completed?
Answer:
In 1791 A.D.

Question 32.
Which ideology did the members of Jacobin Clubs follow?
Answer:
Republican ideology.

Question 33.
When did the people of Paris surround the King’s palace first time?
Answer:
On 20th June 1792 A.D.

Question 34.
When did the people of Paris second time surround the King’s palace?
Answer:
10th August, 1792 A.D.

Question 35.
Under whose rule the King was arrested?
Answer:
Under the rule of Convention.

Question 36.
What was the major work of the Convention in France?
Answer:
Abolition of Monarchy.

Question 37.
With which name the incident of the killing of king and others is known as?
Answer:
September Massacre.

Question 38.
Which type of system was established in France by the National Convention?
Answer:
Republican System.

Question 39.
What punishment was given to Louis XVI by the National Convention?
Answer:
Death Sentence.

Question 40.
When was Louis XVI sentenced to death?
Answer:
In 1793 A.D.

Question 41.
Name the two major political clubs during the times of National Convention.
Answer:
Breton Club and Jocobin Club.

Question 42.
Which Committee was formed by the National Convention to face the internal enemies?
Answer:
Public Defence Committee.

Question 43.
Which new method of measurement was adopted by the National Convention?
Answer:
Decimal system.

Question 44.
For how many years the ‘Reign of Terror’ remained in France?
Answer:
One year.

Question 45.
Which political party established the ‘Reign of Terror’ in France?
Answer:
Jacobin Party.

Question 46.
When was Revolutionary court established?
Answer:
In 1793 A.D.

Question 47.
Which political party had a great impact on the Paris Commune?
Answer:
Jacobin Party.

Question 48.
Who was the leader of the Jacobins?
Answer:
Robespierre was the leader of the Jacobins.

Question 49.
Who said, “May my blood assure the happiness of French people!”
Answer:
Louis XVI.

Question 50.
Which was the tax levied on peasants and collected by the Churches?
Answer:
In the was the tax levied on peasants and collected by the Churches.

Question 51.
Who wrote ‘The Spirit of Laws’?
Answer:
Monstesquieu wrote ‘The Spirit of Laws’.

Question 52.
Who was Olympe de Gouges?
Answer:
She was a brave lady who laid down her life while fighting for the rights of women in France.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which groups got advantages of the French Revolution? Which groups were forced to abdicate the power and which groups were discouraged by its results?
Answer:
(i) Labour class and the peasant class was greatly advantaged by the revolution. Its reason was that it was the most exploited class. People who favoured liberty and equality were also happy.
(ii) Nobility had to abdicate the power. Monarchy came to an end. Feudal Lords and the Church officials also had to abdicate their privileges.
(iii) Upper Class or the Elites and the followers of Monarchy were discouraged with the revolution.

Question 2.
Explain the economic condition of France at the time of French Revolution.
Answer:
1. Heavy debt on treasury. The rulers of France were very spendthrift. Louis XV spent money lavishly. As a result, the treasury became empty and France came under heavy debt. During the period of Louis XVI, the situation further deteriorated. As a result, France was gripped by revolution. Someone had remarked aptly, “The fiscal causes lay at the root of the revolution.”

2. Tax collection poorly administered. Not only the taxes were levied unfairly, they were also not collected in a proper manner. Anybody who bade to give the highest amount of money to king was given the right to collect taxes. The tax collectors collected maximum taxes from the people and transferred a very little amount to the government. This system of collection of the revenue was a source of great trouble for the peasants.

3. Taxes distributed unfairly. The common people of the country were poor but they had to bear the entire burden of taxes. On the other-hand, the nobles were a rich class and could pay taxes but they were free from taxes. This unfair distribution of taxes had made the people very unhappy.

4. Extravagance in the court. The rulers of France were extravagant and sensual. They were given to luxury and comfort. Louis XTV emptied the treasury because of his extravagant habits. After him, Louis XV involved himself in wars. He was followed by Louis XVI who did not lag behind in living a life of luxury. As a result of this, the French government was rendered penniless.

Question 3.
Who was Robespierre? Why is his time period known as the Reign of Terror?
Answer:
Robespierre ruled France from 1793 to 1794. He followed a policy of severe control and punishment. All those whom he saw being enemies of the Republic-ex nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his party who did not agree with his methods-were arrested, imprisoned and tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them guilty they were guillotined. He pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. That’s why his time period is known as the ‘Reign of Terror’.

Question 4.
What were the political causes of the French Revolution?
Answer:
1. Arbitrary rulers. The kings of France were absolute rulers. They believed in the theory of Divine Right of Kingship. They claimed to be the representatives of God on the earth. Therefore, they did not consider that they had any duty towards the people. Their courtiers had signed and stamped but unfilled papers. They had just to write down the name of the person to be sent to jail. Thus, innumerable people were passing through miserable time in the French government. The people were really fed up with this form of government.

2. Inefficiency and corruption in the administration. The country was in the grip of corruption. The government offices were sold. The rulers were unintelligent and incompetent. The people of France wanted to end this corrupt rule.

3. Centralization of powers. All the political powers were in the hands of the king. All the representative bodies in the country had either ended or were a tool in the hands of the king. The king imposed taxes on the people at his own will. He also spent the money collected through taxes as he liked. Because of this centralisation of powers, there was a great resentment among the people.

4. No uniform system of law and order. The laws of the country were not uniform. There were different laws working in different parts of the country. In all, there were about 400 laws in operation in France. There were separate laws for the rich and the poor. The revolution could hardly be prevented in the country where no regard was shown to the law or the legal system.

Question 5.
Give reasons of the fall of Bastille and what were its results.
Answer:
As the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting the Constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. A severe winter led to bad harvest, the price of bread rose and bakers exploited the situation and hoarded supplies.
After spending many hours in long queues at the bakery, crowds of angry women attacked the bakery shops. At the same time, the king ordered troops to move into Paris.
On 14th July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille. Guards of fort opened doors after the battle of 5 hours. Crowds entered the fort and made free all the captives.
It destroyed the autocracy of king and people emerged victorious. This event is famous as the Fall of Bastille in the history of France. This historical event is known as first blow to French ancient system.

Question 6.
How did the revolution spread in the whole France with the advent of National Assembly?
Answer:
While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a Constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. A severe winter led to a bad harvest, the price of bread rose, most of the times bakers exploited the situation and hoarded supplies. People had to spend hours in long queues at the bakery. Finally angry women entered the shops and took away whatever they wanted. At the same time, the king ordered the army to move into Paris. Finally, the angry mob, on 14th July, stormed and destroyed the Bastille.

In villages, rumours spread that the lords of the manor had hired bands of brigands who were on their way to destroy the ripe crops. Fear spread among the peasants and they seized hoes and pitchforks in many districts and even attacked chateaux. They looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial dues. Many nobles fled from their homes and many migrated to neighbouring countries.

Question 7.
A decree was passed by French National Assembly on the night of 4th August, 1789. What were its three main points?
Answer:
After the French Revolution, National Assembly was constituted and it gave a decree on the night of 4th August, 1789. Main points of this decree were :

This decree abolished the feudal system of obligations from the France.
Before revolution, members of clergy enjoyed many privileges. But with the decree, members of clergy were forced to give up their privileges.
Tax collected by the church, Tithe, was abolished and the land owned by the church*was taken away by government.

Question 8.
What was the condition of slavery in France during 18th and 19th centuries? Explain any three conditions.
Answer:
1. There was not much opposition to slavery in France during 18th century.
There had been a long discussion in the National Assembly that the basic rights of citizens should be given to the French people and the people living in their colony or not. But due to the fear of opposition by the traders engaged in slave trade, National Assembly did not pass any law. ’

2. It was finally the Convention which in 1794 made a law to free all slaves in the French colonies. But it was a short term measure as ten years later, Napoleon re-introduced slavery. Plantation owners were given freedom to make negroes as slaves in pursuation of their economic interests.

3. Finally slavery was abolished in French Colonies in 1848 A.D.

Question 9.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte? Which reforms did he introduce?
Answer:
Napoleon Bonaparte was the king of France. He declared himself as the French King in 1804 A.D. Before this, he was the First Council of Directory.

Reforms: Napoleon considered himself as a moderniser of Europe. So, he brought many reforms :

He introduced many laws for the protection of property.
He introduced a uniform gystem of weights and measures provided by the decimal system.

Question 10.
Why were the females disappointed with the French Constitution of 1791 A.D.? Which reforms were introduced by the revolutionary government to bring reforms in their lives?
Answer:
Women were disappointed with the French Constitution of 1791 A.D. because they were reduced to a status of passive citizens. But they continued with their demands of right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office. Only then, their interests would be represented in the new government.

Laws made by the Revolutionary Government. For bringing change in the lives of females, revolutionary government brought many reforms :

Schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
Now their fathers could no longer force them to marry against their will. Marriage was made a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law.
Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both women and men.
Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small business.

Question 11.
Who were Jacobins? Why were they called Sans-Culottes?
Answer:
The members of the Jacobin clubs mainly belonged to the best prosperous classes of society. They included small shopkeepers, shoemakers, watchmakers, pastry makers, printers, servants and daily wage workers. Their leader was Maximilion Robespierre. A large group among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers. This was to set themselves different from other sections of society especially nobles, who wore knee breeches. It was a •method of proclaiming the end of the power wielded by the wearers of knee breeches. Such Jacobins were called as Sans-Culottes which literally means those without knee breeches. Such men wore red cap in addition which symbolised victory. However, women were not allowed to do the same.

Question 12.
How was Republic System established in France in place of Constitutional Monarchy?
Answer:
During the summer of 1792, the Jacobins planned an armed rebellion of a large number of Paris people who were angry with the short supplies and high prices of food. On August 10, they stormed the palace of the Tuileries, killed the king’s guards and kept the king as hostage for many hours. Later the Assembly voted to imprison the King’s family. New elections were held. From now on all men of 21 years and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote.

The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. On 21st September 1792, it abolished the monarchy and declared France a Republic.

Question 13.
What were the effects of revolution on France?
Answer:

New Society organized. A new society was organized in France. This society was organized on the basis of liberty, fraternity and equality.
Discrimination ended forever. The social, economic and political discrimination came to an end forever.
Reforms made by National Assembly. The powers of the National Assembly were increased. The new laws and taxes were passed by this assembly. Now, similar laws applied to everyone.
Democratic system established. Monarchial system came to an end and democratic system was established in its place.
End of Feudalism. The land of the nobles was sold at cheap rates to the peasants.
Reduction in the rights of Clergy. The rights of the clergy were reduced. Their authority was now only confined to the Church.

Question 14.
Discuss some of the basic rights of women set forth in ‘Olympe de Gouges’.
Answer:

Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights.
The goal of all political associations is the preservation of the natural rights of woman and man. These rights are liberty, property, security and above all resistance to oppression.
The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation, which is nothing but the union of woman and man.
The law should be the expression of the general will, all-female and male citizens should have a say either personally or by their representatives in its formulation.
No woman is an exception if she is accused, arrested and detained in cases determined by law. Women, like men, should obey this rigorous law.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy’today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution.
Answer:
The National Assembly drafted a Constitution. The Constitution began with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law, were established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights. That is, they belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken away. Still the rights which were provided by the French Revolution, are present in different forms in the Constitution of India.

The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen :

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and inalienable rights of man; these are liberty, property, security and resistance of oppression.
The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation; no group or individual may exercise authority that does not come from the people.
Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others.
The law has the right to forbid only actions that are injurious to society.
Law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to participate in its formation, personally or through their representatives. All citizens are equal before it.
No man may be accused, arrested or detained, except in cases determined by the law.
Every citizen may speak, write and print freely; he must take responsibility for the abuse of such liberty in cases determined by the law.
For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenses of administration a common tax is indispensable; it must be assessed equally on all citizens in proportion to their means.
Since property is a sacred and inviolable right, no one may be deprived of it, unless a legally established public necessity requires. In that case, a just compensation must be given in advance.

Question 2.
Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain.
Answer:
The Constitution of 1791 vested the power to make laws in the National Assembly, which was indirectly elected. That is, citizens voted for a group of electors, who in turn chose the Assembly. Not all citizens, however, had the right to vote. Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of the labourer’s wage were given the status of active citizens, and they were entitled to vote. The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens. To qualify as an elector and then as a member of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the highest bracket of taxpayers.

The revolutionaries issued a Declaration of Human Rights to make people conscious of their rights and duties. The Declaration had 17 sections. It said that all men are free and equal. The people are sovereign and law is the expression of theft will. Administrators can use only the authority legally invested in them. The Declaration granted personal freedom as well as freedom of expression and speech. In the later years, this Declaration became a charter of liberalism. Whenever people talk about human rights, they are reminded of this Declaration.

But this Declaration does not guarantee universal adult franchise. Women too did not have voting rights and they were considered inferior in every aspect. The classification between active and passive citizens was also against the spirit of humanity. The fate of the common people did not change much; they remained at the subsistence level of existence.

Question 3.
How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?
Answer:
The revolution was thrown into oblivion within five years and the French citizens easily accepted Napoleon as their sovereign ruler. From a close study of contemporary events, it seems that at that crucial moment, perhaps, France had no alternative except Napoleon.

Prices of commodities were escalating, currency was devaluating and economic condition was deteriorating. The public of France had become so frustrated due to economic misery that it was willing to forsake lofty ideals and values for the sake of redemption from this pitiable condition.

The Constitution implemented by the National Convention was contrary to the spirit of revolution. Members of the Convention were selfish. They were interested in remaining glued to power. The formation of Directory was a stupendous mistake in the Constitution. All directors brawled with one another. War was the only remedy to cure the fog of dejection. During the reign of Directory, Napoleon spearheaded the wars against Italy and Austria in which he reaped marvellous success. By the time he established peace in Paris, people began to treat him as an epitome of order and discipline. He earned the reputation of a competent ruler and was considered invincible. He was averse to the extremities committed during revolution but he did not overlook its achievements. Hence he endeared himself to everyone by his achievements.

The bourgeoisie (middle class) in France wanted stability and permanancy which only Napoleon could give. He was considered to be the only alternative because all efficient people were killed during the period of revolution.
The Monarchists relied on Napoleon for the revival of age-old system. Neutral persons saw in Napoleon the possibility of peace and order. Intellectual republicans envisaged danger for the republic; but they preferred the rule by an intelligent individual to that of a gang of conspirators.

Incidents which occurred afterward proved that he rapidly brought adverse circumstances under control and made France a centre of glory and power in Europe and all these achievements bear testimony to the inevitability of his reign in France.

Question 4.
How did National Assembly in France come into existence?
Answer:
National Assembly in France came into existence with the Tennis Court Oath. The representatives of Third Estate considered themselves as spokesmen for the whole nation. On 20th June, they assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles. They decleared themselves as National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had drafted a Constitution for France that would limit the powers of the king. They were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes. Mirabeau was born in a noble family but believed that there is a need to do away the special privileges of few classes. He brought out a journal and delivered powerful speeches to the crowds assembled at Versailles. Abbe Sieyes, originally a priest, wrote an influential pamphlet called “What is the Third Estate?’

Faced with the power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would from now on be checked by a Constitution.

Question 5.
How did Robespierre try to bring equality in the French society?
Answer:
Robespierre tried to bring equality in the French society through following reforms :

Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and price.
Meat and bread were rationed.
Peasants were forced to transport their grains to cities and sell it at the price fixed by the government.
The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden. All citizens were required to eat the equality bread, a loaf made of whole wheat.
Efforts were made to bring equality through forms of speech and addresses. Instead of traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam), all French men and women were henceforth Citoyen and Citoyenna (citizen).
Churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into barracks or offices.

Question 6.
What were the main features of French Constitution of 1791?
Answer:

The Constitution gave powers to National Assembly to make laws and the National Assembly was indirectly elected.
Citizens were given the right to vote and choose the Assembly. But all the citizens were not given the right. Only men of age of more than 25 years who paid taxes equal to minimum 3 days of a labourer’s wage were given this right. Rest of the men and all women were classed as passive .citizens.
If anyone wanted to become the member of Assembly, then he must belong to the highest bracket of tax payers.
The Constitution declared the rights of men and citizens. Rights like right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law were made as natural rights of person and they could not be taken away. State should protect all such rights.

Question 7.
Which important law was passed in France after the fall of Bastille? What is its importance?
Answer:
After the storming of Bastille, during the summer of 1789 A.D., one important law came into effect and that was the abolition of censorship. In the old regime i.e. under the rule of kings, all written material and cultural activities-books, news, papers, plays could be published and performed only with the approval of the king. Now under the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens, it was proclaimed that freedom of speech and expression is a natural right. Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where they travelled quickly into the rural areas. They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France. Freedom of the press also meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each side tried to convince the other about its position through newspapers. Plays, songs and festive processions attracted many people. This was one of the way, they could grasp and identify with ideas such as liberty or justice that political philosophers wrote about at length in texts which only a few educated people could read.

Question 8.
Why did the French King Louis XVI call the meeting of Estate General? What was the position of different Estates?
Answer:
There was growing debt on France and that is why the French king needed money. So he decided to impose new taxes on the people. Under the old Regime, French King was not allowed to impose taxes on its own. He had to call the meeting of Estate General to take its permission to impose new taxes. Estate General was a political body in which all the three estates used to send their representatives. But the king decided to call the meeting. Its last meeting was called in 1614 A.D.

On 5th May, 1789, Louis XVI called the meeting of the Estate General to pass the proposals for new taxes. A resplendent hall in Versailles was prepared to host the delegates. The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back. The third estate was represented by the educated and prosperous members. Peasants, artisans and women were not allowed to enter the assembly. But their problems and demands were written in around 40,000 letters which the representatives had brought with them.

Question 9.
Describe the role of philosophers in the French Revolution.
Answer:
1. Montesquieu (1689-1755). Montesquieu was a famous and great philosopher of his time. He was vehementely opposed to the Divine Right Theory of Kingship and was in favour of the blemishes of the monarchial system. His ideas gave impetus to the revolutionary sentiments.

Montesquieu initiated a philosophic movement, a chain of criticism which were to strike at the root of ancient regime in France. He stood for the constitutional form of government. He believed in the supremacy of law and the separation of the three organs of the government. His book “The Spirit of Laws” awakened the French society and created the atmosphere for the revolution.

2. Voltaire (1694-1778). Voltaire attacked the vices of. the society, the church and the blind faith. He gave the church the name of an ‘Infamous Thing’. He instigated the people to ask for reform.

Voltaire attacked the traditions, beliefs and abuses in verse, prose, history, drama and romance. The church in France was the main target of his attack. He declared, “Since we are all steeped in errors and follies we must forgive each other, worship God and be a good man.”

3. Rousseau (1712-1778). Rousseau gave his ideas in his book ‘The Social Contract’. He propounded that the people are the real masters of the state and the king rules with their consent. Thus under the influence of the writings of Rousseau, the people of France began to agitate for a revolution. Somebody has rightly said, “But for Rousseau, there had been no French Revolution.”

He declared that all political organizations were tyrannical and open to abuses. “Man was born free but he was everywhere in chains.” He propounded the idea of the sovereignty of the people.

4. Other Philosophers. Besides these, there were other philosophers such as Diderot, Quesnay, etc. who fanned flames of new ideas.

Map Activity:

On the following map of Europe mark the following countries and their capitals
(i) Portugal
(ii) France
(iii) Italy
(iv) Spain
(v) Austria
(vi) England.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 5 The French Revolution 1

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Story of a Village

September 30, 2024September 29, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Story of a Village Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Story of a Village

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Story of a Village Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Human wants are ___________
Answer:
Unlimited

Question 2.
___________ bears risk.
Answer:
Entrepreneur

Question 3.
___________ is a natural factor of production.
Answer:
Land

Question 4.
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during a year is known as ___________
Answer:
Multiple cropping

Question 5.
Some labourers who migrate from one state to other state for work are called ___________
Answer:
Migrant Labourers

Question 6.
Punjab is known as ___________ of country.
Answer:
Food Basket.

II. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which factor of production is immobile?
(a) Land
(b) Labour
(c) Capital
(d) Entrepreneur.
Answer:
(a) Land

Question 2.
Economic activity which is concerned with increasing utility or value of the goods and services is called :
(a) Production
(b) Consumption
(c) Distribution
(d) Labour.
Answer:
(a) Production

Question 3.
Extraordinary increase in agriculture production especially in wheat and rice is called
(a) Green Revolution
(b) Wheat Revolution
(c) Rice Revolution
(d) White Revolution.
Answer:
Green Revolution

Question 4.
What is the currency of England known ___________ as?
(a) Rupees
(b) Dollar
(c) Yen
(d) Pound.
Answer:
Pound.

III. True/False :

Question 1.
Supply of land is limited.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Limited wants of human beings are satisfied by unlimited resources.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Supply of labour cannot be increased or decreased.
Answer:
False.

Question 4.
Entrepreneur bears risks.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Work done by machines and animals is called labour.
Answer:
False.

Question 6.
When price of goods in the market is high then the demand for these goods is also high.
Answer:
False.

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions :

Question 1.
What is the meaning of economics?
Answer:
Economics is the study of unlimited human wants and the activities done to satisfy these wants through limited resources.

Question 2.
Which is the main productive activity of the villages of India?
Answer:
Farming is the main productive activity of the villages of India.

Question 3.
Name two sources of irrigation in the villages.
Answer:

Tubewells,
Canals.

Question 4.
What is the meaning of labour in Economics?
Answer:
In economics labour means all human efforts, physical as well as mental, done for the sake of monetary gain.

Question 5.
The activity done by a mother while teaching her son is considered labour or not.
Answer:
This activity is not considered as labour because it is not done for the sake of monetary gain.

Question 6.
In what form do the labourers get their wages?
Answer:
The labourers get their wages in form of cash or kind such as rice or wheat.

Question 7.
Give two non-farm activities done by the villagers of a village.
Answer:
Following are the two non-farm activities :

Dairy,
Poultry farming.

Question 8.
From where do the large and small scale farmers get capital needed for farming?
Answer:
The large farmers get capital needed for farming out of their own savings from farming while small farmers have to take loans on high ratess of interest from the large farmers.

Question 9.
Write any one feature of land.
Answer:
Land is a free gift of nature.

Question 10.
Why do labourers migrate from one state to other state?
Answer:
Labourers migrate from one state to other state in search of work for their livelihood.

Question 11.
Why do farmers burn Stubble?
Answer:
Formers burned stubble after harvest to dispose of the left over straw and to control disease and past problems of the field. They used to improve the health of the field.

V. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Why do we study Economics?
Answer:
We study economics because it is a science concerned with the allocation of scarce means of resources in such a manner that consumers can maximize their satisfaction, producers can maximize their profits and society can maximize its social welfare. So by studying economics we can satisfy our unlimited wants with limited and scarce resources.

Question 2.
What is an economic activity? Give one example.
Answer:
An activity which is carried out by a person to satisfy his unlimited wants by using limited and scarce resources is known as economic activity. This activity is undertaken to earn wealth.
Example : A teacher is teaching in a school.

Question 3.
Explain the difference between economic and non-economic activities.
Answer:
Economic activities are those activities which are concerned with consumption, production, exchange and distribution of wealth.

Non-Economic activities are undertaken for the welfare of a country, family well being, social cause, health, entertainment etc. Economic activities are undertaken to earn wealth but the non-economic activities are undertaken not for earning wealth.

Question 4.
Explain two different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land.
Answer:
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during a year is known as multiple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. This is possible by electric tubewells and continuous power supply being provided to the farmers.

The other way of increasing production from the same piece of land is by using modem farming methods such as use of high-yielding varieties of seeds, adequate amount of chemical or bio fertilizers, pesticides, improved agricultural implements etc.

Question 5.
What is Multiple cropping? Explain it.
Answer:
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during a year is known as mulitple cropping. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. This is possible by electric tubewells aifd continuous power supply being provided to the farmers. A small water cannal also passes by the fields which provides water for agriculture. With the help of multiple cropping system, the farmers are able to grow three crops in a year. Due to developed irrigation system and good electricity supply, no land is left idle.

Question 6.
What is Green Revolution? How was it possible?
Answer:
An extraordinary increase in agricultural production especially in wheat and rice is known as Green Revolution. The year 1966-67 was the initial year of Green Revolution. This was made possible due to the adoption of new techniques of HYV seeds, more use of chemical fertilizers, more irrigations facilities etc. Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out the modern farming methods.

Question 7.
What are the adverse effects of modern farming methods and tube- well irrigation on land?
Answer:
Land being a natural resource, the modern farming methods have reduced its soil fertility. By the use of modern farming methods total crop yield may increase in the initial stage but it will gradually decrease with increased use of chemical fertilizers.

The water level below the ground is reducing by the continuous use of water for irrigation by tubewells. Every year the farmers of Punjab have to dig their tubewells deeper. In these conditions there is a fear of complete loss of water in the next 20 years.

Question 8.
Why do the quality of soil deteriorate due to fuming of agricultural waste in the fields?
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that the quality of soil deteriorate with the burning of agricultural waste in the fields. Actually soil contains many practicles, nutrients and living organisms which are required for the continuity of productivity of soil. If farmers with burn agricultural waste in the fields, all those nutrients, living organisms etc. will also remain no more. It will reduce the feltility of soil and there is a danger of becoming that land into a barren land. So, agricultural waste must not be burnt. Some other way out should be devised you its disposal.

Question 9.
In what way is the land distributed amongst the farmers of a village?
Answer:
In this village, unfortunately not all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation. Only about 20 families own majority of the land in the village and 100 families own medium size agriculture fields. Some families own very small size fields. There are 50 such families who own no agriculture land at all. They earn their living by working in the fields of other families.

Question 10.
Give two sources of labour for farming in the village.
Answer:
Farmers themselves provide the labour required for farming. Besides this, some landless families work as labourers in the fields of big landlords to earn their living.

Some farm labourers of other states such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have also migrated to this village to work in the fields of landlords. These are called migrant labourers.

Question 11.
What are the main features of labour?
Answer:
The main features of labour are :

Labour is the only active factor of production.
Supply of labour can be increased or decreased.
Labour is available in abundance in India.
Labour means all human efforts done for the sake of monetary gain.
Labour can be bought or sold.
Labour is mobile.

Question 12.
How do the small farmers arrange capital needed for farming?
Answer:
The small farmers arrange capital needed for farming by taking loans on high rates of interest from the large scale farmers or the village money lenders or the traders. Sometimes they have to mortgage their houses or small land holdings to repay the loans. If they are unable to repay the loans, their property is seized. Sometimes they also arrange capital needed for farming from institutional sources.

Question 13.
What do the large-scale farmers do with the surplus farm products?
Answer:
The large-scale farmers sell the surplus farm products in a near by Mandi (market). The large-scale farmers supply crops to the market. They earn a lot by selling a part of these products and use the savings for lending to small farmers who are in need of loan. They also use a part of the savings to arrange for working capital for farming in the next season which increases their fixed capital.

Question 14.
What are the different non-farm activities being carried out in the rural areas of India?
Answer:
The different non-farm activities being carried out in the rural areas of India are dairy, poultry farming, keeping of bees, some families work as carpenters, weavers and some are even running small general stores in their houses. Some families are producing jaggery and sell them to the traders. Some very poor families earn their livelihood by ferrying people and goods from one place to another through rickshaws, tongas, bullock carts etc. At present, the non-farm sector in the village is not very large. Out of every 100 workers in the rural areas in India, only 24 are engaged in non-farm activities.

Question 15.
What can be done so that non-farm production activities can be started in villages?
Answer:
Non-farm production activities require little land. At present, the non-farm sector in the village is not very large. Out of every 100 workers in the rural areas in India, only 24 are engaged in non-farm activities. People can set up non-farm activities either from their savings or by taking loans. As more villages get connected to towns and cities through good roads, transport and telecommunication, it is possible that the opportunities for non-farm activities in the village would increase in the coming years.

VI. Intext Questions and Answers:

Question 1.
Visit your nearby fields, talk to some farmers and try to find out.
The kind of farming methods that the farmers are using i.e., traditional or modern or both and the reasons for using these methods.
Answer:
In my nearby fields some farmers having low small holding were using traditional methods of farming but some farmers with larger size of holding were also using modern farming methods. Farmers with smaller size of holding were not able to adopt modern methods of farming due to their low income level. On the other hand, farmers with larger size of holding were able to adopt modern methods of farming due to their high level of income.

Question 2.
What are the main sources of irrigation being used in the village?
Answer:
In my village most of the farmers are dependent on rain for irrigating their fields. But some big farmers are using tubewells and pump sets for irrigation.

Question 3.
Kinds of crops sown by the farmers and also the time of sowing and harvesting of these crops.
Answer:
The farmers of my village sow both Kharif and Rabi crops. In Kharif season crops of maize, sunflower and rice are sown and harvested before winter. They sow wheat, barley, gram, mustard in winter and harvest in the month of April.

Question 4.
Name the fertilizers and pesticides used by the farmers.
Answer:
Fertilizers

Urea
Vermicompost
Gypsum

Pesticides

Emanectin Benzoate
RDX Bio Pesticide
Bifenthrin 2.5% EC
Star one.

Question 5.
Visit your village’s field or a near by village’s field and find out whether the farmers are burning the stubble in the filed and if they are doing so then explain to them about the bad consequences of doing so.
Answer:
I visited my near by village’s field and found that farmers were in hury to prepare the field for next crop, specially after harvesting rice crop and before sowing of wheat crop. The farmers were forced to burn the stubble due to non-availability of any quick solution for the management of solid waste. I explained them about the bad consequences of doing so, as burning of stubble leads to serious environment pollution as well as ecological imbalance. Due to increase in temperature of top soil, different kinds of bacteria, fungi, friendly beasts die and important minerals of the soil are destroyed.

Question 6.
Why do farmers with small land holdings have to work in the fields of big landlords as labourers?
Answer:
The farmers with small land holdings have to work in the fields of big land¬lords as labourers because they have to give up their land to big landlords for repayment of their loans taken from the big landlords. So they have to work as labourers in the fields of big landlords to earn their living.

Question 7.
Do the farm labourers get employment for the whole year?
Answer:
No, the farm labourers do not get employment for the whole year. They are employed on a daily basis or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, sowing etc. Thus they are seasonally employed.

Question 8.
In what form do the farm labourers get their wages?
Answer:
The farm labourers get their wages in cash or in kind. For example rice, wheat etc.

Question 9.
Who are migrant labourers?
Answer:
Some farm labourers of other states migrate to the village to work in the fields of landlords. These are called mirgant labourers.

Question 10.
Why do labourers migrate? Discuss with your teachers.
Answer:
Labourers migrate due to the non-availability of work at their own place of living. We often see some people from other states to come to our place of living in search of work. They are called migrant labourers.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Story of a Village Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Which one is the function of money?
(a) Medium of Exchange
(b) Measure of Value
(c) Store of Wealth
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 2.
Which one is not a part of goods?
(a) Physical
(b) Equilibrium
(c) Perishable
(d) Durable.
Answer:
(b) Equilibrium.

Question 3.
Which one is a reward of Entrepreneur?
(a) Profit
(b) Reject
(e) Wages
(d) Interest.
Answer:
(a) Profit.

Question 4.
Interest is given for:
(a) Land
(b) Entrepreneurship
(c) Capital
(d) Labour.
Answer:
(c) Capital,

Question 5.
The income received by a firm from selling its product is known as the ___________ of the firm.
(a) Revenue
(b) Utility
(c) Demand
(d) Cost.
Answer:
(a) Revenue.

Question 6.
Scarcity signifies the __________________ of supply relative to demand.
(a) Shortage
(b) More
(c) Equal
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Shortage.

Question 7.
State the formula to calculate Average Income.
(a) $\frac{\text { Output }}{\text { Total Income }}$
(b) $\frac{\text { Total Income}}{\text { Output }}$
(c) Total Income × Output
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) $\frac{\text { Total Income}}{\text { Output }}$

Question 8.
Which one is the feature of Perfect Competition?
(a) Homogeneous product
(b) Same price
(c) Perfect knowledge
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(b) Same price.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
All those items which fulfill the human wants are called ___________
Answer:
Goods

Question 2.
___________ cost is the overall cost per unit of output.
Answer:
Average

Question 3.
Under Perfect Competition, AR and MR happen to be ___________ to each other.
Answer:
Equal

Question 4.
Factors of production are of types.
Answer:
Four

Question 5.
___________ signifies a market situation in which there is a large number of sellers of a homogeneous product.
Answer:
Perfect Competition

Question 6.
Economic rent is the price paid for the use of ___________
Answer:
Land

Question 7.
___________ signifies the shortage of supply relative to demand.
Answer:
Scarcity

Question 8.
___________ is a basic unit of production which utilizes Various means of production to produce.
Answer:
Firm

Question 9.
___________ is a market in which there is a single seller.
Answer:
Monopol

Question 10.
___________ is that power of a commodity which statisfies human wants.
Answer:
Utility.

True/False:

Question 1.
Currency of USA is Dollar.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Teacher teaching his son at home is an economic activity.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Supply of land is unlimited.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
One acre is equal to 8 kanals.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Only 40% of the total cultivated area is irrigated in our country.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Punjab is a land of five rivers.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Underground water level in Punjab is increasing.
Answer:
False

Question 8.
In India about 70% of the farms are even less than 2 hectares.
Answer:
True

Question 9.
Labour cannot be bought or sold.
Answer:
False

Question 10.
Capital involves depreciation.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Utility.
Answer:
Utility may be defined as the want-satisfying power of a commodity.

Question 2.
Define Marginal Utility.
Answer:
Marginal utility is the addition in total utility when one more unit of the commodity is consumed.

Question 3.
Define Goods.
Answer:
In the words of Marshall, “All those items which fulfil human wants are called Goods in Economics.”

Question 4.
Explain Intermediate Goods and Final Goods.
Answer:
Intermediate goods are those goods which are used in the production of other goods. Final goods are used for consumption.

Question 5.
Define Capital Goods.
Answer:
Those goods which help in the production of other goods are called capital goods e.g., raw material, machinery, etc.

Question 6.
Distinguish between Goods and Services.
Answer:
Those items which can be seen, touched and transferred from one place to another are called goods whereas services cannot be seen, touched and transferred.

Question 7.
Define Wealth.
Answer:
All those goods and services which possess the qualities of utility, scarcity and transferability are called wealth.

Question 8.
Explain the term Scarcity.
Answer:
Scarcity signifies the shortage of supply relative to demand.

Question 9.
Are BA, degree and Business Goodwill, Wealth?
Answer:

The degree of BA is not wealth because it lacks the attribute of transferability.
Credibility (goodwill) of business is wealth because it possesses all the three attributes of wealth i.e., utility, scarcity and transferability.

Question 10.
Define Money.
Answer:
Money is anything which is generally acceptable as a medium of exchange and acts as a store of value.

Question 11.
What do you mean by the term demand?
Answer:
Demand for anything is the amount of it which a consumer is willing and able to buy at a given price during some specified period of time.

Question 12.
What do you mean by the term Supply?
Answer:
Supply of a commodity is that amount of it which a seller is willing to sell at a given price during some specified period of time.

Question 13.
Define Monetary Cost.
Answer:
Monetary cost signifies that aggregate money expenditure which is incurred on the production of a specified quantity of commodity.

Question 14.
Define Marginal Cost.
Answer:
Marginal cost is the addition in total cost when one more unit of the commodity is produced.

Question 15.
What do you mean by Average Cost?
Answer:
Average cost is the overall cost per unit of output. It can be obtained by dividing the total cost by the corresponding output.

Question 16.
Define Revenue.
Answer:
The income received by a firm from selling its product is known as the revenue of the firm.

Question 17.
Define Marginal Revenue.
Answer:
Marginal revenue is the addition in total revenue when one more unit of the output is sold.

Question 18.
Define Price.
Answer:
The amount of money paid for a unit of a commodity is called its price.

Question 19.
Explain the relationship between Marginal Revenue and Average Revenue under perfect competition.
Answer:
Under perfect competition, AR and MR happen to be equal to each other.

Question 20.
Explain the relationship between Marginal Revenue and Average Revenue under Monopoly.
Answer:
Under monopoly, AR slopes downward from left to right and MR also slopes downward from left to right and lies below AR.

Question 21.
Define Perfect Competition.
Answer:
Perfect competition signifies a market situation in which there is a large number of sellers of a homogeneous product and price is determined by the industry.

Question 22.
Define Monopoly.
Answer:
It is a market situation in which there is a single seller selling a commodity which has no close substitutes.

Question 23.
Define Market.
Answer:
By the term ‘market’, we mean the whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in such a free intercourse with one another that the prices of the same goods tend to equalise, easily and quickly.

Question 24.
What do you understand by factors of production?
Answer:
Those goods or services which help in the production of wealth are called agents or factors of production.

Question 25.
Define Land.
Answer:
By the term land is meant not only land in the strict sense but whole of the material or the other forces which nature gives freely for man’s aid in land and water, in air, light and heat.

Question 26.
What do you mean by Labour?
Answer:
In Economics labour implies all such physical or mental exertion which is undertaken in order to earn income.

Question 27.
Define Capital.
Answer:
In the words of Marshall, “Capital consists of those kinds of wealth, other than the free gifts of nature, which yield income.”

Question 28.
What do you mean by Entrepreneur?
Answer:
An entrepreneur is one who combines other factors of production (Land, Labour and Capital), makes economic decisions and bears risks of business.

Question 29.
Give traditional definition of Rent.
Answer:
According to the classical economists, rent is the price paid for the use of land.

Question 30.
Give modern definition of Rent.
Answer:
Economic rent is a surplus return to any factor of production whose supply is less than perfectly elastic.

Question 31.
Define Wages.
Answer:
In Economics, wage means the payment or reward to the workers in return for all mental or physical exertions.

Question 32.
What do you mean by Real Wages?
Answer:
Real wage includes money wage and other tangible as well as intangible benefits that accrue to a worker for his services.

Question 33.
What do you mean by Money Wages?
Answer:
Money wages are those which are paid to the workers in terms of money.

Question 34.
Define Interest.
Answer:
Interest is the payment by the borrower to the lender for the use of a sum of money over a specified period of time.

Question 35.
Distinguish between Gross Interest and Net Interest.
Answer:
Gross interest is the total amount received by the owner of capital by way of interest. Net interest, on the other hand, is the payment made to the capitalist purely for the use of capital.

Question 36.
What do you mean by the term Profit?
Answer:
Profit is the residual payment which is left as the producer’s income after all other payments have been met.

Question 37.
Distinguish between Gross Profit and Net Profit.
Answer:
Gross Profit = Total Revenue – Total Explicit Costs
Net Profit = Total Revenue – Total Costs (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)

Question 38.
Define Gross Profit.
Answer:
Gross profit is the amount which an entrepreneur receives when all the expenses of production like rent, wages, interest, expenses on raw material, cost of fuel and power, etc. are deducted out of the total revenues of the firm.

Question 39.
What do you mean by Net Profit?
Answer:
Net profit is the reward or payment purely for the services of an entrepreneur.
Net Profit = Gross Profit – Implicit Cost – Insurance and Depreciation.

Short Answer Type Questions
Answer the following questions within 50-60 words :

Question 1.
Define Utility. Explain its features.
Answer:
Definition of Utility. Utility is that power of a commodity which satisfies human wants.

Features of Utility: Utility has the following features:

Utility is Subjective. Utility is subjective because it deals with the mental satisfaction of a man.
Utility is Relative. Utility of a commodity is not always consistent. It changes with time, place and individual.
Utility differs from usefulness.
Utility is not concerned with Good and Bad.

Question 2.
Explain Total Utility and Average Utility with the help of the examples.
Answer:
The total utility is derived from the consumption of different quantities of a commodity. For example, you consume 6 Bananas at one sitting. The sum of the utilities you got from the consumption of these 6 Bananas will be called the total utility.

Average utility is derived by dividing total utility with number of units consumed.
For example, by the consumption of 10 Rasgullas at one sitting a person gets 50 units of utility. Then the average utility will be 5 units.
Average utility = $\frac{\text { Total utility }}{\text { No. of units consumed }}$
A.U. = $\frac{50}{10}$ = 5 units.

Question 3.
Define Goods and give its classification.
Answer:
Definition of Goods. In the words of Dr. Marshall, “Goods are desirable things. All things that satisfy human wants are called goods.”

Classification of Goods. The goods can be classified in the following ways :

Public Goods: All those goods which are owned by the government are called public goods such as Roads, Parks, etc.
Private Goods: All those goods which are owned by an individual privately are called private goods such as a pen, a shirt, etc.
Economic Goods: Economic goods are’ those which are in limited supply, so they command prices.
Non-Economic or Free Goods: Free goods are those which are unlimited in supply and which don’t have any price.
Consumer Goods: Consumer goods are those which satisfy the consumer’s wants directly.
Producer Goods: Producer goods are those goods which help in the production of other goods.
Perishable Goods; These are the goods which perish in a short time and can be used only once.
Durable Goods: These are the goods which can be used for a long period of time.
Intermediate Goods: These goods are purchased for resale.
Final Goods: These goods are purchased for final consumption and not for resale.
Natural Goods: All those goods which are produced by nature are called natural goods such as land, forest, minerals etc.
Man Made Goods: All those goods which are produced by man are called man made goods such as furniture, cloth etc.

Question 4.
Define Money. What are the main functions of money?
Answer:
Definition of Money. In the words of Crowther, “Anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange and at the same time acts as a measure and a store of value.”

Functions of Money. The main functions of money are as below :

Medium of Exchange: Every commodity is bought and sold with money.
Measure of value: To measure the value of all goods and services, money is used.
Standard of Deferred Payments: Money also facilitates borrowing and lending.
Store of Value: It is very convenient to store wealth in terms of money.
Transfer of Value: With the help of money it is very easy to transfer wealth from one place to another.

Question 5.
What do you mean by demand? Explain the term demand with the help of a table and a diagram.
Answer:
Meaning of Demand. In the words of Benham, “The demand for anything at a given price is the amount of it which will be bought per unit of time at that price.”

Explanation: The term demand can be explaind with the help of following :
Demand Schedule: Demand schedule is a schedule which establishes a relationship between price and quantity bought.

Demand Schedule

Price (₹)	Quantity Demanded (kg.)
1	40
2	30
3	20
4	10

It is clear from the above table that as the price of the commodity rises, its quantity demanded falls.

Demand Curve is the graphic presentation of demand schedule.
Clearly, when price is Re. 1, quantity demanded is 40 kg. and when price rises to Rs. 4, quantity demanded falls to 10 kg. The demand curve DD slopes downward from left to right which indicates that with the fall in price, quantity demanded rises and with rise in price, quantity demanded decreases.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Story of a Village 1

Question 6.
Define Supply. Explain the term diagram.
Answer:
Definition of Supply. Supply of a commodity is the amount of it which a seller is willing to sell at a given price during some specified period of time.

In the words of Thomas, “The supply of good is the quantity offered for sale in a given market at a given time at various prices.”

Explanation. The term supply can be explained in the following way :
Supply Schedule. Supply schedule is a schedule which establishes a relationship between price and quantity supplied.

Supply Schedule

Price of X per unit(₹)	Quantity Supplied of X (kgs.)
1	0
2	10
3	20
4	30

Clearly with the increase in price of X, quantity supplied of X rises and with the decrease in price, quantity supplied decreases.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Story of a Village 2
Supply Curve. Supply curve is the graphic presentation of supply schedule. In the figure, SS is the supply curve which is positively sloped indicating thereby that when price rises, supply rises and vice-versa.

Question 7.
Define Cost. Explain the concepts of Total Cost, Marginal Cost and Average Cost.
Answer:
Definition of Cost: Cost signifies that aggregate money expenditure which is incurred on the production of a specified quantity of a commodity.

Total Cost: Total cost signifies the total expenditure incurred on the production of a specified quantity of commodity.

Average Cost: Average cost is the overall cost per unit of output.
Average Cost = $\frac{\text { Total cost }}{\text { No. of units of output }}$

Marginal Cost. Marginal cost is the addition in total cost when one more unit of the commodity is produced. Thus MC_n = TC_n – TC_n-1
MC_n = Marginal cost of nth unit
TC_n = Total cost of n units
TC_n-1 = Total cost of (n – 1)th unit.

Question 8.
Define Revenue. Explain Total Revenue, Marginal Revenue, and Average Revenue.
Answer:
Definition of Revenue. In the words of Dooley, “The revenue of a firm is its sales, receipts or income.”
Total Revenue. The whole income received by the seller from selling a given amount of the product is called total revenue.
Marginal Revenue. Marginal revenue is the addition in total revenue when one more unit of the product is sold. In other words :
MR_n = TRn – TR_n-1
MR_n = Marginal revenue of nth unit
TR_n = Total revenue of n units
TR_n-1 = Total revenue of (n – 1) units.

Average Revenue: Average revenue is nothing but the per unit revenue.
Average Revenue = $\frac{\text { Total revenue }}{\text { Total output sold }}$

Question 9.
Define Firm. Explain the functions of a firm as a Producer.
Answer:
Definition of Firm. In the words of Watson, “A firm is a unit engaged in the production for sale at a profit and with the objective of maximizing the profit.”

Functions of Firm as a Producer. As a producer, firm produces and sells goods and services. A firm tries to minimise its production cost and hence intends to get maximum profits. As a producer, firm and entrepreneur may be used interchangeably. All the major decisions are taken by the entrepreneur.

Question 10.
Define Market. What are the main features of Market?
Answer:
Definition of Market. According to Cournot, “Economists understand by the term ‘Market’ not any particular market place in which things are bought and sold, but the whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in such a free intercourse with one another that the prices of the same goods tend to equalise easily and quickly.”

Features of Market: The main features of market are as follow :

Region. Market, in Economics, does not refer to a particular place, rather it refers to the whole of the region where buyers and sellers are in contact with one another and exchange the goods and the services.
One Commodity. There is a certain commodity which has to be transacted between the buyers and sellers.
Buyers and Sellers. Both buyers and sellers are important and integral parts of a market.
Free Competition. There should be free competition among the buyers and sellers in a market.
Tendency towards the same price. As the buyers and sellers are in free competition with one another, the price of a commodity tends to be the same over the whole of the region.

Question 11.
What do you understand by the term Equilibrium? Explain its features.
Answer:
Meaning of Equilibrium. Equilibrium is a state in which forces making for change in opposing directions are perfectly in balance so that there is no tendency to change.

Features: State of equilibrium is marked by the following features :

The opposing forces e.g., demand and supply are equal to each other.
No tendency towards change.
Economic units are either getting maximum profits or incurring minimum losses.
Equilibrium is a tendency.
Equilibrium has nothing to do with morality.

Question 12.
Define perfect competition. Explain its features.
Answer:
Definition of Perfect Competition. Perfect competition signifies a market situation in which there is a large number of buyers and sellers of a homogeneous product. Firm under perfect competition is a price-taker and not a price-maker.

Features of Perfect Competition: Perfect competition is characterised by the following features :

Large number of buyers and sellers.
Homogeneous Product.
Perfect knowledge.
Freedom of entry and exit of firms.
Same price.
Perfect mobility of factors of production.
Absence of selling and transport costs.
Same Average and Marginal Revenue.

Question 13.
Define Monopoly. Explain its features.
Answer:
Definition of Monopoly. Monopoly signifies a market situation in which there is a single seller of a particular product.

Features of Monopoly: The monopoly market has the following main features :

Single seller and large number of buyers.
Restriction upon entry of new firms.
No close substitutes.
Control over price.
Different Average and Marginal Revenue curves.

Question 14.
What are the economic activities? What are their major types?
Answer:
Meaning of Economic Activities. Economic activities are those activities which are related with the consumption, production, exchange and distribution of wealth. Earning of money income is the basic objective of all economic activities.

Kinds or Types of Economic Activities: Prof. Boulding has divided economic activities into following parts :

Consumption. Consumption is one of the basic economic activities. Consumption is the direct and final use of goods and services in satisfying the wants of human beings.
Production. The process of creating utility or increase in utility is called as production.
Exchange. Exchange is that economic activity which is related with the sale and purchase of commodities.
Distribution. Distribution is concerned with the determination of the prices of factors of production.

Question 15.
Distinguish between economic activities and non-economic activities.
Answer:
Any activity undertaken with a view to earn income is called economic activity. On the contrary, if the same activity is undertaken for the sake of entertainment or from religious point of view or with a view to serve the nation or on account of affection, love, sacrifice or sympathy then it will be called non-economic activity.

Question 16.
Define Land. What are its main features?
Answer:
Definition of Land. Land is a factor which is freely available from nature. Main Features of Land.

The main features of land are as follow :

Supply of land is fixed.
Land is a primary factor of production.
Land is immobile.
Land differs infertility.
Land is limited.
Value of land depends upon its fertility.
Land is a free gift of nature.

Question 17.
Define Labour. What are its main features?
Answer:
Meaning of Labour. In Economics, labour implies all such physical or mental exertion which is undertaken in order to earn income.

Features of Labour:
Labour has the following features :

Labour differs inefficiency.
Labour is mobile.
Labour is human factor which is an active factor.
Labourer sells his labour and himself.
Labour is perishable.

Question 18.
Define Capital. What are its main features?
Answer:
Definition of Capital. Capital is that part of wealth which yields income and is helpful in production e.g. Machines, fertilizers, seeds and tractors, etc.

Characteristics of Capital: Main features of capital are as follow :

Capital is a passive factor of production.
Capital is productive.
Capital is highly mobile.
Capital is man-made.
Capital is depreciated with use.
Capital is stored up labour.
Supply of capital can be varied.

Question 19.
Explain the term entrepreneur. Discuss its functions.
Answer:
An entrepreneur is a person who starts a business, exercises control over it, makes innovations, undertakes risk and takes upon himself the responsibility of profit or loss. That is why he is rightly called as the captain of industry.

Functions of an entrepreneur :

To prepare a plan of production.
Scale of production.
Ideal proportion of factors of production.
Decision regarding the location of production unit.
Selection of item.
Distribution of reward.
Risk-bearing.

Question 20.
What do you mean by Rent?
Answer:
Meaning of Rent. According to Prof. Caver, “Rent is the price paid for the use of land only.” However, according to the modern economists, rent is not associated with land a/one.According to the them, rent is the difference between the actual earning and transfer earning of a factor. In other words,
Rent = Actual Earning – Transfer Earning.

Question 21.
Define Wages. Distinguish between Real wages and Nominal wages.
Answer:
Definition of Wages. In Economics, wages mean the payment or reward given to the workers in return for all mental or physical exertions.

Nominal or Money wages. Money wages refer to the amount of wages paid in terms of money. Money wages may be given daily, weekly, fortnightly or monthly.

Real wages. Wages received by a worker in the form of goods and services can be regarded as real wages. In other words,
Real wages = Money wages + other facilities

Question 22.
Define Interest. Distinguish between Gross Interest and Net Interest.
Answer:
Definition of Interest. Interest is the payment by the borrower to the lender for the use of a sum of money over a specified period of time.

Gross Interest. Gross interest is the total amount received by the owner of capital by way of interest.
Net Interest. Net interest is the payment made to the capitalist purely for the use of capital (or money). In the words of Chapman, “Net interest is the payment for the loan of capital, when no risk, no inconvenience and no work is entailed on lender.”

Question 23.
What do you mean by Profit? Distinguish between Gross Profit and Net Profit.
Answer:
Meaning of Profit. Profit is the reward which an entrepreneur gets for bearing the risk of business.

Distinction Between Gross Profit and Net Profit:
The surplus, which we get after deducting explicit costs out of total revenues of the firm, is called gross profit. Similarly, the surplus left after deducting both explicit and implicit costs out of total revenues of the firm is called net profit. In other words,
Gross Profit = Total Revenue – Explicit Costs
Net Profit = Total Revenue – (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)
Or
Net Profit = Gross Profit – Implicit Cost – Insurance and depreciation.

Question 24.
Explain the standard unit of measuring land in Punjab.
Answer:
In Punjab the standard unit of measuring land is hectare. One hectare is equal to the area of half acre. One acre is equal to 8 kanals, one kanal is equal to 20 marlas and one maria is equal to 25 sq. yards. In other Indian villages, local units such a bigha, guintha etc. area also in use.

Question 25.
What is the situtation of irrigation in India and Punjab? Explain in brief.
Answer:
Not all villages in India have such high levels of irrigation. Coastal regions in our country are well irrigated due to heavy rains. Plateau regions have low levels of irrigation. Only 40 per cent of the total cultivated area is irrigated in our country. Even today, farming is largely dependent on rainfall. Punjab, being a land of five rivers, irrigation through canals, tubewells and pumping sets is commonly being used.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is market? Give main bases of distribution of market.
Answer:
Market. Market is that whole area where buyers arid sellers come in close contact. Basis of classification of market. Market can be divided in following parts :

Perfect competitive
Monopoly
Monopolistic competition.

Following are the basis of this distribution :
1. Number of buyers and sellers in Market. If number of purchasers and sellers is very high in the market then it is market of perfect competition or monopolistic competition. But in monopolistic competition number of sellers remains less than perfect competition. If there is only sellers of commodity in market and number of buyers is high then it will monopolistic market. If there are little (some) sellers of commodity then it will oligopolistic market.

2. Nature of Commodity. If commodity selling in market is same or homogeneous then it will be position of perfect competitive market, and product differentiation in its opposition is considered the base of monopolistic competition.

3. Degree of Price control. If a firm has full control on the price of selling commodity in market then it will be monopolistic. If control is partial then it will be monopolistic competition and its control is zero then it will be perfect competition.

4. Knowledge of the Market. If sellers and purchasers have full knowledge of situation of market then it will be perfect competition. In its opposite imperfect knowledge is speciality of monopoly and monopolistic competition.

5. Mobility of Factors. Production factors have full mobility in situation of perfect competition. But mobility of factors is general in other forms of market.

Question 2.
Define money. Explain its main functions.
Answer:
Money is any commodity a metal or even piece of paper which is generally acceptable by people as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, store of value, and transfer of value.

The function of money: The following are the functions of money:

Money as a medium of exchange. Goods and services are exchanged with money. So money acts as a medium of exchange.
Measurement of value. The price of the goods and services is fixed in terms of money. So money measures the value of any commodity and service.
Store of wealth. Money acts as a store of wealth. In the barter system, it was very difficult to store perishable goods. But now money has solved this problem.
Standard of deferred payment. If we want to repay our loan we can return it in money term. So money acts as a standard of deferred payment.
Transfer of value. Money can transfer value from one place to another.
Money also acts as a unit of account, basis of credit, measurement of productivity, measurement of utility, basis of the income distribution, and as a liquid form of wealth.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom

September 28, 2024September 27, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
The name of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s mother was .
(a) Bibi Bhani
(b) Shabrai Devi
(c) Bibi Amro
(d) Bibi Anokhi.
Answer:
(a) Bibi Bhani.

Question 2.
The name of the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji was
(a) Mahadev
(b) Arjan Dev
(c) Prithichand.
Answer:
(c) Prithichand.

Question 3.
In which fort Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji?
(a) Gwalior
(b) Lahore
(c) Delhi
(d) Jaipur.
Answer:
(a) Gwalior.

Question 4.
Where did Khusrau meet Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
(a) Goindwal
(b) Hargobindpur
(c) Kartarpur
(d) Santokhsar.
Answer:
(a) Goindwal.

Question 5.
When was Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred by Jahangir?
(a) 24 May, 1606 A.D.
(b) 30 May, 1606 A.D.
(c) 30 May, 1581 A.D.
(d) 24 May, 1675 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 30: May 1606. A.D.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s period was from __________ upto
Answer:
1581-1606 A.D.

Question 2.
In 1590, Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji constructed a sarovar __________
Answer:
Tarn Taran.

III. Match the Columns:

Question 1.

A	B
1. Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dey Ji	(i) Jahangir
2. MiriPiri	(ii) 30th May, 1606
3. Saint Mian Mir	(iii) Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji
4. Khusrau	(iv) Foundation stone of Harmandir Sahib Ji

Answer:

A	B
1. Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dey Ji	(ii) 30th May, 1606
2. MiriPiri	(iii) Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji
3. Saint Mian Mir	(iv) Foundation stone of Harmandir Sahib Ji
4. Khusrau	(i) Jahangir

IV. Differentiate between:

Question 1.
Miri and Piri.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Sahib put on two swords which he called one of Miri and the other of Piri. His sword of Miri symbolized his leadership of the Sikh followers in worldly affairs. The Piri sword represented his leadership of the Sikhs in spiritual affairs.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
When and who laid the foundation of Harmandir Sahib Ji?
Answer:
The foundation of Harmandir Sahib Ji was laid by a famous Sufi Saint Mian Mir in 1588 A.D.

Question 3.
To whom Guru Arjan Dev Ji got dictate Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 4.
When was the compilation of Adi Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji completed?
Answer:
In 1604 A.D.

Question 5.
Who was the leader of Naqshbandi?
Answer:
Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.

Question 6.
Who was the first Granthi of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 7.
What do you mean by Daswandh?
Answer:
The meaning of Daswandh is each Sikh must give one tenth of his income in the name of Guru.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
To whom did Sri Guru Ram Das Ji give Guruship and when?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji wanted to give Guru Gaddi to one of his three sons. Guru Ji thought about it. Out of all three one (Mahadev) was a Faqir. He had no interest in worldly affairs. So Guru Ji did not give him Guru Gaddi. Guru Ji’s second son Prithi Chand was also considered incapable because he was not fit for Guru Gaddi. Under these circumstances, Guru Ji declared his younger son Arjan Dev as his successor in 1581 A.D.

Question 2.
Describe the Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The Mughal Emperor Akbar had very cordial relations with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. However, Jahangir the next Mughal emperor abandoned the policy of toleration after the death of Akbar. Jahangir was on the look out for an oppourtunity to give mortal blow to Sikh religion. In the meantime, Prince Khusro, the son of Jahangir, revolted against his father. After being defeated at the hand of his father, Khusro came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Sahib blessed him. Jahangir imposed a fine of two lakh rupees on Guru Sahib on the charge of helping rebellious Khusro. Guru Sahib showed his inability to pay. As a result, Guru Sahib was detained and subjected to severe torture. It infuriated the Sikhs. The Sikhs learned that the only course then left open to them was to rise in arms for the protection of their religion.

Question 3.
What do you mean by religious intolerance of Jahangir?
Answer:
Unlike Akbar, Emperior Jahangir was a fundamentalist Muslim. He wanted to spread his religion. But people of all the religions and castes were very much influenced with the teachings and generosity of Sikhism and were adopting Sikhism. Jahangir did not tolerate the growing influence of Sikhism and started doing jealousy with Sikhism. That is why he martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 4.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he turn against Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Chandu Shah was a high ranking official of the Mughal administration in Punjab. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had declined to marry the daughter of Chandu Shah to his own son on the suggestion of Sikh Sangat. Chandu Shah felt insulted and tried to instigate Akbar against Guru Sahib with the motive of taking revenge. Akbar held Guru Sahib in high esteem and considered himself as a friend of Guru Sahib. Akbar did not give any importance to the grumbling of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah did not stop conspiring against Guru Sahib. After the death of Akbar, Chandu Shah instigated Jahangir and convinced him that Guru Sahib had helped the rebellious Prince Khusro. Jahangir had already decided to end the religious movement of Guru Sahib. The instigation by Chandu Shah further provoked Jahangir to take a strong step against Guru Sahib.

Question 5.
What was the immediate cause of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom?
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji took place in May 1606 A.D. The major reason behind this martyrdom was Jahangir’s fundamentalist religious policy. He wanted to curb the growing popularity of Sikhism. Guru Ji gave blessings to Khusro, son of Jahangir. It was considered a political crime. Moreover, the compilation of Sri Adi Granth Sahib Ji by Guru Arjan Dev Ji further increased the suspicion of Jahangir. The opponents of Guru Ji told Jahangir that lot is written in Sri Adi Granth Sahib against Islam. So, Jahangir called Guru ji to his court. He ordered Guru Ji to write something on prophet Mohammad but Guru Ji refused his order. So Jahangir issued an order to put Guru Sahib to death by torture.

Question 6.
What was the role of Masand System in the development of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The Masand System played an important role in the development and organisation of the Sikh religion. The importance of the Masand System for Sikh religion was as under :
1. The system ensured regular and fixed donations for the Guru Gaddi. .With a fixed income from donations, Guru Sahib was able to undertake much constructive work for the development of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev Ji not only built tanks at Amritsar and Santokhsar, but also built new cities, constructed ponds, dug wells, etc.

2. Masand System, not only ensured fixed donations, but also helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion more enthusiastically. Earlier, the work of spread of religion was done through Manji system. It was confined only to the Punjab during those days. However, Guru Arjan Dev Ji appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It helped in the spread of Sikh religion even outside.

3. Guru Sahib started holding his own court when he had an assured income through Masand System. The Masands and the devoted Sikhs brought donations and gifts to the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji on every Baisakhi day and bowed their heads before him to seek his blessings. Gradually, the court of Guru Sahib acquired the status of a court of an emperor for the Sikhs and Sikh Sangat started calling Guru Arjan Dev Ji as Sachcha Padshah (The True Emperor) out of love and devotion for him.

VII. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the development of Sikh religion? Discuss in detail.
Answer:
The history of Sikh religion entered a new phase with the coming of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to Guru Gaddi. It was the result of his efforts that Sikhs were blessed with Harmandir Sahib Ji and numerous other places of pilgrimage. Not only that, the Sikhs got their first sacred and divine book when Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled the Adi Granth Sahib. The Hindus had their Ramayana, the Muslims their Quran Sharif, the Christians their Bible, and the Sikhs their Guru Granth Sahib Ji.

A brief description of the activities and contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji is given as follows :
1. Construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib: Guru Arjan Dev Ji completed the work of construction of Amritsar and Santokhsar Sarovars after the expiry of Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Sahib constructed Sri Harmandir Sahib in the midst of Amritsar Sarovar. Guru Sahib constructed a door each in all the four directions of Sri Harmandir Sahib. These four doors convey the message that Sri Harmandir Sahib is open to all the religions, castes and tribes without any discrimination. Guru Sahib told his followers that a pilgrimage to Sri Harmandir Sahib would bestow the benefit of 68 places of pilgrimage of the Hindus. In this manner, Sri Harmandir Sahib became one of the most sacred and important religious places.

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran. Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Tarn Taran as well. The city was founded in the heart of Majha region. It is also an important place of pilgrimage like Amritsar for th§ Sikhs. Guru Ji also constructed many other buildings and Sarovars.

3. Construction of Baoli at Lahore. On his tour to Lahore, Guru Arjan Dev Ji got constructed a Baoli in the Dubbi Bazaar. The Baoli soon became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs of the surrounding region..

4. Foundation of Hargobindpur and Chheratta. Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Hargobindpur on the banks of river Beas to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji. Apart from this he also got a well dug at Chheratta near Amritsar in order to provide water to the local people. Guru Sahib also arranged for six pulleys to draw water from the well and the area is known after those pulleys as Chheratta.

5. Foundation of Kartarpur. In 1593, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Kartarpur and also built a Sarovar in Kartarpur which is called Gangsar.

6. Improvement in the Masand System. Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to improve Masand system. Guru Sahib instructed the Sikh followers to deposit one- tenth (Daswandh) of their annual income with the Masands. The Masands deposited the collections in the main treasury (Guru Ki Golak) at Amritsar on every Baisakhi day. The Masands appointed their representatives to collect donations. Those representatives were called Sangatias. The one-tenth donation was called Daswandh. Apart from the work of collection of Daswandh, the Masands also spread the message of Sikh religion.

7. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji bestowed upon the Sikhs a sacred and religious book by compiling the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled Adi Granth Sahib at Ramsar. Bhai Gurdas Ji assisted Guru Sahib in its compilation. The work of compilation was completed in 1604. Guru Sahib included the hymns of first four Gurus, followed by the hymns of Bhakti saints and finally the sayings of Bhatt Bahiyan. Guru Arjan Dev Ji also included his own Vani in the holy book.

8. Encouraged Horse Trade. Guru Arjan Dev Ji encouraged the Sikhs to start trading in horses. The Sikhs were benefited from the trading in horses in the following ways :
(1) Trading in horses was the most profitable business in those days. As a result, the Sikhs became very rich by trading in the horses. They contributed Daswandh regularly out of their income from this trade.
(2) The Sikhs became fully trained in making selection of good horses. It helped them in the long run in organising a Sikh cavalry.

9. Spread of Religious Teachings. Guru Arjan Dev Ji made many people his followers by his religious teachings. Guru Sahib impressed the people with his ideals, teachings, amiable personality, sweet temper, and toleration. Many Muslims also joined the Sikh religion under the influence of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Thus the Sikh religion progressed tremendously under the spiritual leadership of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Adi Granth Sahib, the most sacred book of the Sikhs, was compiled, the cities like Tarn Taran, Kartarpur,® Hargobindpur, were founded and the Sikh religion was blessed with Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Question 2.
What were the reasons behind Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom? Discuss.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was one of those great saints of the world who sacrificed their lives for the sake of their religion. The circumstances which were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Sahib were as follows :
1. Fanaticism of Jahangir. Jahangir became the Mughal Emperor in 1605. He hated the Sikhs. He had similar feelings for Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He wanted that either Guru Sahib should become a Musalman or else be put to death. He definitely played a big role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Hostility of Prithia. Guru Ram Das Ji had appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor to Guru Gaddi because Guru Sahib was convinced of his intelligence and ability. Prithia, the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, did not relish the decision of Guru Ram Das Ji. Then Prithia started conspiring against Guru Arjan Dev Ji in league with the governor of Punjab and his finance minister Chandu Shah. It is true that Prithia had died before the martyrdom of Guru Sahib but it was he who had done the maximum damage to Sikh religion by infusing hatred in the hearts of Mughals against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Splendour of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s Court. The Sikhs had grown rich by the blessings of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Sangat set up a magnificent court for Guru Sahib, where Guru Sahib continued with his religious activities. The Sangat started addressing Guru Sahib as “Sachcha Padshah” out of love and devotion for him. Jahangir could not tolerate the rising strength of Sikh community within his empire. Hence, the Emperor decided to act against Guru Sahib.

4. Case of Prince Khusro. Khurso, the eldest son of Emperor Jahangir, was once even considered for succession to the throne of Mughal Empire by Akbar himself. Prince Khusro revolted against his father Emperor Jahangir. The Mughal army chased him. Khurso came to Punjab and sought shelter with Guru Sahib whom he considered as a friend of his grandfather Akbar. Guru Sahib, a saintly figure, expressed good wishes for Khusro. However, the Mughal Emperor took this act of Guru Sahib as a political offence and decided to sentence Guru Ji to death.

5. Hostility of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah was a high ranking official of the Mughal administration in Punjab. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had declined to marry the daughter of Chandu Shah to his own son on the suggestion of Sikh Sangat. Chandu Shah felt insulted and tried to instigate Akbar against Guru Sahib with the motive of taking revenge. Akbar held Guru Sahib in high esteem and considered himself as a friend of Guru Sahib. Akbar did not give any importance to the grumbling of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah did not stop conspiring against Guru Sahib. After the death of Akbar, Chandu Shah instigated Jahangir and convinced him that Guru Sahib had helped the rebellious Prince Khusro. Jahangir had already decided to end the religious movement of Guru Sahib. The instigation by Chandu Shah further provoked Jahangir to take a strong step against Guru Sahib.

6. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had compiled the Adi Granth Sahib. The enemies of Guru Sahib told Jahangir that Guru Sahib had included such matter in the holy book which was against Islam. Jahangir asked Guru Sahib to remove all such matter from Adi Granth Sahib, which was supposed to be against Islam. Guru Sahib clearly told Jahangir that he was not going to delete anything from the Adi Granth Sahib as there was no such matter in it which could be considered against any religion. Then Jahangir proposed to Guru Sahib to add something in Adi Granth Sahib in praise of Prophet Muhammad. Guru Sahib refused to oblige Jahangir and told him that nothing could be entered in the Adi Granth except as directed by the Divine Voice itself. Jahangir was infuriated by such a reply.

7. Penalty imposed on Guru Sahib. The religious fanaticism of Jahangir reached its peak due to the reasons given above. Jahangir issued an order to put Guru Sahib to death by torture. Later, he changed his own orders and asked the Guru Sahib to pay a penalty of two lakh rupees. Guru Sahib refused to pay even a single paisa as penalty and claimed that all the money with him was meant only for the poor and orphans. Jahangir was enraged and again issued orders for the torture and execution of Guru Sahib.

Martyrdom. Guru Sahib was subjected to horrible physical torture. Guru Sahib was made to sit on red-hot iron plate and then hot sand was poured on his body. Guru Sahib was also made to enter boiling water. Finally, in May 1606 Guru Sahib was martyred. According to Sikh scholars, when Guru Sahib was being tortured, one day Guru Sahib expressed a desire to take bath in a river. When Guru Sahib entered the river Ravi, he suddenly disappeared.

Question 3.
What were impacts of Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in Sikh religion? Discuss.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji caused fundamental changes in the attitude of the Sikhs.
1. Guru Sahib had left a parting message for his son Guru Hargobind that read,
“The day is approaching fast when Good and Evil will clash Let him (Guru Hargobind Ji) sit fully armed on the throne and maintain army to the best of his ability.” The last message of Guru Sahib was the starting point of the military policy of “the Sikhs. The Sikh religion of ‘Saints’ became the religion of ‘Saint Soldiers’ (Sant Sipahi) with rosary in one hand and a sword in the other.

2. Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Sikhs and the Mughals had very cordial relations. However, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji injured the religious feelings of the Sikhs and they developed ill-will against the Mughal rule in their hearts.

3. The Sikh religion became more popular due to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Sikh followers of Guru Sahib were now all out to sacrifice their lives for the cause of their religion. There is no doubt that the martyrdom of Guru Sahib had given a new direction to the history of Sikh religion. ‘

4. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave birth to .militant spirit among the Sikhs. The Sikh community was transformed into a sect of aggressive fighters for the cause of religion from being a community of pious and peace loving people. They had been transformed into Sant Sipahis.

5. Earlier, the Mughals and the Sikhs had very cordial relations but the martyrdom of Guru Sahib had hurt their religious sentiments and they became the bitter enemies of the Mughal rule.

6. The martyrdom of Guru Sahib raised the prestige and popularity of the Sikh religion. The Sikhs were bent upon the protection of their religion by all means.
Indeed, the martyrdom of Guru Sahib turned a new leaf in the history of Sikh religion. It transformed peace loving saintly Sikhs into Sant Sipahis. “The martyrdom of Guru Sahib convinced the Sikhs that they must arm themselves and fight if they want to live.”

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Sri Adi Granth Sahib was compiled by __________
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji (b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji (d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
__________ was appointed the first Granthi of Harmandir Sahib.
(a) Bhai Prithia Ji
(b) Sh. Mahadev Ji
(c) Baba Buddha Ji
(d) Natha Mai Ji.
Answer:
(c) Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 3.
Chheratta was founded by
(a) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 4.
Two swords of Miri and Piri were put on by _________________
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(6) Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 5.
Which Guru got martyred during the times of Jahangir?
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(6) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Guru Hargobind Sahib spend last 10 years of his life at __________ in preaching religion.
Answer:
Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 2.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born at __________
Answer:
Goindwal Sahib.

Question 3.
__________ was the first Guru who got martyrdom.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 4.
The construction work of Harmandir Sahib was completed in __________ A.D.
Answer:
1601.

Question 5.
__________ was the sixth Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When and who laid the foundation of Harmandir Sahih?
Answer:
The foundation of Harmandir Sahib was laid in 1589 A.D. by the famous Sufi Saint Mian Mir.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of keeping four doors at Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
It means that this place is equally open for all the classes, castes and religions.

Question 3.
When and which city was founded hy Guru Arjan Dev Ji between Ravi and Beas?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. between Ravi and Beas.

Question 4.
Name four cities founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Tarn Taran, Kartarpur, Hargobindpur and Chheratta.

Question 5.
What is meant by Daswandh?
Answer:
It means that every Sikh will keep one tenth of his income in the name of the Guru.

Question 6.
Write about the Baoli Sahib (water source) of Lahore.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji had constructed a large well (Baoli) in Dubbi Bazaar in Lahore. It became a place of pilgrimage for his Sikh followers.

Question 7.
What was the need of compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji wanted that his Sikhs should be benefited from the true and divine hymns of Guru Sahiban for which he found it necessary to make available a true and sacred religious book.

Question 8.
Write two advantages of trading in horses during Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s times.
Answer:
(1) The Sikhs became very rich by trading in horses and donations to the Guru also increased.
(2) It also helped in destroying the caste system among the Sikhs.

Question 9.
Write two social reforms brought about by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
(1) Guru Sahib tried to encourage widow remarriage.
(2) Guru Sahib prohibited the use of liquor and intoxicants by his Sikh followers.

Question 10.
Write about the relationship between Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar had very friendly relations with Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 11.
Why did Jahangir want to kill Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:

The Mughal Emperor Jahangir was jealous of the rising popularity of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
He was perturbed (troubled) by the fact that like the Hindus, many Muslims were coming under the influence of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 12.
Write the importance of the swords of ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji put on two swords and called them ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’. The ‘Miri’ sword represented the leadership of Guru Hargobind Ji over the Sikhs in their worldly affairs. The sword ‘Piri’ indicated the leadership of Guru Sahib in spiritual matters of the Sikhs.

Question 13.
Describe the royal symbols used by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji put on a Crest (Kalgi), Umbrella (Chatra), and the two swords as his royal symbols. Guru Hargobind Ji kept 52 bodyguards. Guru Sahib also adopted the title ‘Sachcha Padhshah’ (True Emperor) and sat on a throne.

Question 14.
How did Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji fortify the city of Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji raised a thick wall all around the city of Amritsar. Guru Sahib also constructed a fort called ‘Lohgarh’ within the city and garrisoned it.

Question 15.
How and where did Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji spend his last ten years?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji spent the last ten years of his life at Kiratpur. Guru Sahib devoted his time to popularise the teachings of the Sikh religion.

Question 16.
Which Sikh Guru got martyrdom during the reign of Jahangir?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 17.
Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 18.
Who constructed Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 19.
Which cities were founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur.

Question 20.
With which system is Daswandh related?
Answer:
Daswandh is related with the Masand system.’

Question 21.
When was the compilation work of Sri Adi Granth Sahib Ji completed? ’
Answer:
In 1604 A.D.

Question 22.
Who compiled Sri Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 23.
When Guru Arjan Dev Ji got martyrdom?
Answer:
In 1606 A.D.

Question 24.
Which Guru adopted two swords called Miri and Piri?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 25.
Name the Pathan army General of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Painda Khan.

Question 26.
Which Guru constructed Akal Takht, fort of Lohgarh and organised the Sikh army?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 27.
Which Guru fortified Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 28.
Who gave the land for the city of Kiratpur?
Answer:
Raja Kalyan Chand.

Question 29.
Which Mughal emperor imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior fort?
Answer:
Jahangir.

Question 30.
Describe any one difficulty which Guru Arjan Dev Ji encountered on coming to Guru Gaddi.
Answer:
Guru Sahib faced animosity and opposition of his eldest brother Bhai Prithia.

Question 31.
Write the name of Guru Sahib who was the first martyr.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 32.
Write any one effect of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji provoked the Sikhs to rise in arms.

Question 33.
Which two persons had assisted Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the execution of his plans for the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Bhai Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 34.
When was the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib completed?
Answer:
In 1601 A.D.

Question 35.
What were the representatives of Guru Arjan Dev Ji called?
Answer:
The representatives of Guru Arjan Dev Ji were called the Masands.

Question 36.
Who completed the work of compilation of ‘Adi Granth Sahib’?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 37.
Where was Adi Granth Sahib placed?
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib was placed in Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.

Question 38.
From whom did Guru Hargobind Ji receive the training in the use of arms and knowledge of religion?
Answer:
Bhai Buddha Ji.

Question 39.
How many hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev ji, Guru Amar Das Ji and Guru Ram Das Ji have been included in Sri Adi Granth Sahib?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji-976, Guru Angad Dev Ji-61, Guru Amar Das Ji-907, Guru Ram Das Ji-679.

Question 40.
Write any one cause for the adoption of “New Policy” by Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
For self-defence of the Sikh community.

Question 41.
Which four places emerged as sacred cities for the Sikh religion by the time of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Goindwal, Amritsar, Tarn Taran and Kartarpur.

Question 42.
Which four Sikh institutions had played major role in the consolidation and progress of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The institutions of Pangat, Sangat, Manji System and Masand System. Question 5. Write the names of any four commanders of Guru Hargobind Ji. Answer:Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Pheru, Bhai Jetha and Bhai Paida.

Question 43.
Which two singers were instructed by Guru Hargobind Ji to sing heroic deeds songs (vir rasa) on high notes in his presence?
Answer:
Nathamal and Abdullah.

Question 44.
Write any one cause which resulted in the confinement of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Jahangir was irritated by his ‘New Policy’.

Question 45.
Why was the title of “Bandi Chhor Baba” (a holy deliverer) given to Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Guru Sahib got released 52 Rajput chiefs imprisoned in the Gwalior Fort.

Question 46.
How many battles were fought between the Sikhs and the Mughals during the period of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Three battles.

Question 47.
Write the names of four main missionary preachers of the period of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Almast, Phul, Gonda and Balu Hassan.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji had raised Sri Harmandir Sahib in the centre of the Sarovar Amritsar after the final union of Guru Ram Das Ji with the Divine Power. Sufi fakir, Mian Mir laid the foundation stone of Sri Harmandir Sahib in 1589. Guru Sahib had constructed doors in each of the four directions of Sri Harmandir Sahib. It was done to declare that the doors of Sri Harmandir’Sahib were open to the people of all the castes and religious without distinction. Bhai Budda Ji supervised the work of construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib and completed it in 1601. In 1604, Adi Granth Sahib was placed in Sri Harmandir Sahib and Bhai Budda Ji was appointed as the first Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Question 2.
What do you know about Tarn Taran Sahib?
Answer:
The town of Tarn Taran was founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Tarn Taran has great significance in the history of Sikhs. Tarn Taran is an important place of pilgrimage like Amritsar for the Sikhs. A large number of Sikh pilgrimage come to Tarn Taran and take bath in the Sarovar. It was because of Tarn Taran that the Jats of Majha region of Punjab adopted Sikh religion during the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Jats of the Majha region proved to be most courageous and fearless while fighting against the Mughals in the battles. Indu Bushan Banerjee remarks that the history of the Sikhs took a new turn with the entry of the Jats into Sikh religion.

Question 3.
What were the benefits of the Masand System for the Sikh religion?
Answer:
The Masand System played an important role in the development and organisation of the Sikh religion. The importance of the Masand System for Sikh religion was as under :
1. The system ensured regular and fixed donations for the Guru Gaddi. With a fixed income from donations, Guru Sahib was able to undertake much constructive work for the development of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev Ji not only built tanks at Amritsar and Santokhsar, but also built new cities, constructed ponds, dug wells, etc.

2. Masand System not only ensured fixed donations but also helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion more enthusiastically. Earlier, the work of spread of religion was done through Manji system. It was confined only to the Punjab during those days. However, Guru Arjan Dev Ji appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It helped in the spread of Sikh religion even outside.

Question 4.
Describe the organisation of the army by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji raised an army for self-defence. There were a number of armed soldiers and volunteers in his army. Many courageous and war-loving young men of Majha region joined his army. According to one record, there were 60 musketeers, 300 horse riders, and 800 horses in his army. There were also five hundred volunteers who were paid nothing as salary and even then, they loved to be in his army out of their devotion to Guru Sahib. The army was divided into five sections (jathas). The five famous commanders (Jathedars) were Bidhi Chand, Perana, Jetha, Paida and Langha. Apart from this army, there was a separate company of Afghan (Pathan) soldiers, headed by Painda Khan.

Question 5.
Write about the daily life of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji had changed his life style according to his ‘New Policy’. According to his new daily routine, after taking his bath early morning, Guru Sahib visited Sri Harmandir Sahib to give religious instruction. After the discourse, the Langar was served every day. After the Langar, Guru Sahib used to take rest for some time before leaving for hunting. Guru Hargobind Ji had instructed Abdul and Nathmal to sing songs of heroism (songs of vir rasa) on high notes in order to infuse courage into the Sikh Sangat. Guru Sahib organised special troupes of singers (Dhadis). In this manner, Guru Sahib created a new awareness among the Sikhs and created in them the spirit of courage.

Question 6.
What do you know about the ‘Akal Takht’?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji used to give religious instructions at Sri Harmandir Sahib. Guru Sahib had constructed a new building called ‘Akal Takht’ (the Throne of Supreme God) in the western part of the premises of Sri Harmandir Sahib to give advice to the Sikhs in the worldly matters. There was raised a platform about 12 feet high. Guru Sahib used to solve the military and political problems of the Sikhs while sitting there. Guru Sahib also listened to heroic songs (songs of vir rasa) from his followers at Akal Takht. Guru Sahib also imparted physical training to his Sikh followers near Akal Takht.

Question 7.
What is the importance of the Adi Granth Sahib in the history of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib provided the strong foundation for the Sikh religion. Adi Granth Sahib became the most reliable and holy book of the Sikhs. All the social ceremonies concerning the life of the Sikhs, like birth, marriage, initiation to adulthood, death, etc. were performed in divine presence of the Adi Granth Sahib. The Sikhs who had deep faith in the holiness of Adi Granth Sahib, developed a feeling of being one with the fellow believers, giving rise to class consciousness and ultimately to the rise of a distinct Sikh Panth. Later, the holy book was raised to the status of Guru itself and the holy book became the Guru of the Sikh religion. The Sikhs and numerous other people believe that the hymns of Guru Granth Sahib are divine utterances.

Question 8.
Write the historical significance of Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib is the holy book of the Sikhs. It was not written with any historic perspective or motive. However, it has great historical importance also. It is one of the major sources of political, social, religious, economic and cultural history of the 16th and the 17th century Punjab. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had severely condemned the rule of Lodhis and oppression of Babur over the people of Punjab in his sayings. It is a source of information about the dominance of caste system, the exploitation of women, and other shortcomings of Indian society like irrational customs, rites and traditions during those days. The religion had lost its sanctity. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had declared “No one is a Hindu or a Muslim,” suggesting that religion had lost its actual meaning and people were treading a wrong path.

Question 9.
Write down any four causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The circumstances which led to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji were as follows:
1. Intolerant Religious policy of Jahangir. Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor, was hostile to Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was planning to convert him to Islam or to kill him.
2. The Enmity of Prithia. Guru Ram Das Ji had appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor because Guru Sahib was much impressed with the intelligence and ability of Bhai Arjan Dev Ji. However, Bhai Prithi Chand did not like his decision. Prithi Chand started conspiring against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
3. The Grandeur of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s court. The Guru Sahib held a splendid court. The Sangat had also increased the grandeur of his court and out of their respect and love for him had started addressing him as their “Sachcha Padshah”. The Mughal emperor could not tolerate all these developments so he decided to take some severe action against him.
4. Penalty imposed on Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Jahangir imposed a penalty on Guru Sahib and detained him. The fanaticism of Jahangir crossed all limits and he passed the orders to execute Guru Sahib by inflicting tortures on his person.

Question 10.
What was the reaction against the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji caused fundamental changes in the attitude of the Sikhs.
1. Guru Sahib had left a parting message for his son Guru Hargobind that read, “The day is approaching fast when Good and Evil will clash Let him (Guru Hargobind Ji) sit fully armed on the throne and maintain army to the best of his ability.” The last message of Guru Sahib was the starting point of the military policy of the Sikhs. The Sikh religion of ‘Saints’ became the religion of ‘Saint Soldiers’ (Sant Sipahis) with rosary in one hand and a sword in the other.

Question 11.
Write any four important aspects of the personality and character of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was a man of high character and pleasing manners. The four main aspects of his personality are as under :
1. Guru Sahib was a successful organiser and religious leader. Guru Sahib vigorously spread the message of Sikh religion and gave an organised form to the Sikh community by making necessary reforms in the Masand System.
2. Guru Sahib was a great builder. Guru Sahib completed the work of building the city of Amritsar, constructed Sri Harmandir Sahib, and founded cities like Tarn Taran, Hargobindpur etc. Guru Sahib also constructed a Baoli at Lahore.
3. Guru Sahib completed the work of compilation of Adi Granth Sahib.
4. Guru Sahib was a great social reformer. Guru Sahib encouraged widow remarriage and checked the use of intoxicants among the Sikhs. Guru Sahib also established a centre where free medicines and clothes were provided to the sick.

Question 12.
Name any four causes which forced Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt the “New Policy”.
Answer:
1. Hostility and Interference of the Mughals. The Mughal Emperor Jahangir adopted the policy of oppression towards Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Consequently, it became necessary for the next Guru Sahib, Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt New Policy for the defence of the Sikh religion.

2. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. It became clear to the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji that they had to bear the arms along with the rosaries for the protection of Sikh religion. Hence, Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the New Policy with the same aim in view.

3. Parting Message of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. In his last message, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had instructed the Sikhs to bear arms. Hence, Guru Hargobind Ji started imparting the training in arms along with spiritual knowledge to the Sikhs.

4. Entry of the Jats in Sikhism. Guru Hargobind Ji was encouraged to adopt the new policy on the entry of Jats in the Sikh religion. The Jats were freedom loving by nature and had great aptitude for fighting battles.

Question 13.
Write briefly the contribution of Guru Hargobind Ji to Sikhism.
Answer:
1. Guru Sahib put on two swords when he occupied Guru Gaddi. One sword represented his Miri and the other his Piri. With that, Guru Sahib became the political leader as well as a religious guide of the Sikhs.
2. Guru Sahib also erected a new building near Sri Harmandir Sahib. The new building is called Akal Takht. Guru Sahib imparted the training in arms to the Sikhs.
3. Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior. Soon after, he learnt that he had taken a wrong decision. He released Guru Sahib. However, Guru Sahib persuaded Jahangir to release all the Rajput kings imprisoned in the Gwalior fort.
4. Guru Sahib also fought battles with the Mughals.- The Mughal emperor Shahjahan sent army against Guru Sahib three times. Guru Sahib fought against them very bravely. The Mughal army lost all the three battles.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the origin, development and merits of the Masand System.
Answer:
Origin of the Masand System : Guru Ram Das Ji, the fourth Guru of the Sikhs, started the Masand System. He felt the need for more money when he was looking after the work of digging of Amritsar Sarovar and Santokhsar Sarovar. Guru Ram Das Ji did not have enough resources. Therefore, Guru Sahib deputed his trusted followers in different directions of the country to collect funds from his Sikh devotees. They were called the Masands or Ram Dasis. These followers were the close confidants of Guru Ram Das Ji. Wherever those followers or Masands went, they collected the donations and spread the message of Sikh religion.

Progress of the Masand System : Guru Arjan Dev Ji made improvements in the Masand system and made it an institution that was more effective. Before the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the donations to earlier Guru Sahiban were not fixed and were irregular. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had started construction work of many buildings and Sarovars for which he required a fixed and regular inflow of cash. Apart from this, it had become difficult to collect the donations from numerous Sikh followers whose number had increased manifold. Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave a proof of his superior managing skill by providing the solution for the existing problems of organization of the Sikh religion.

Guru Sahib improved the organization of Masand system by taking the following measures :
1. Guru Sahib fixed the amount of donation to be made by his Sikh devotees to him. Guru Sahib enjoined upon his devotees to donate one-tenth of their annual income for the maintenance of Langar.

2. Guru Sahib appointed his representatives, who were called the Masands for the collection of Daswandh from his Sikh devotees. The Masands deposited the collections in the treasury of Guru Sahib (Guru Ki Golak) at Amritsar on Baisakhi day every year. The receipts were issued to the Masands for the donations received at Amritsar.

3. The Masands had appointed their representatives who were called the Sangtias, to collect the Daswandh. The Sangtias collected the Daswandhs from far off places and deposited them in the treasury of the Guru.

4. The Sangtias and Masands considered it a sin to use even a single penny out of the donations for personal use. Guru Sahib had already ordained on this issue that whosoever embezzled the money of Daswandh, would become the victim of physical sufferings.

5. The Masands did not confine their activities only to the collection of Daswandhs, they also employed their energies for spreading the message of the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib ensured at the time of appointment of a Sikh as a Masand that, he had a high moral character and deep faith in the Sikh religion.;

Importance and Benefits of the Masand System : The Masand system played an important role in building and consolidation of the Sikh religion. The importance of Masand System for the Sikh religion can be given as follows :
1. The donations to Guru Gaddi became fixed and regular. It helped Guru Sahib to continue with his construction work. Guru Sahib founded not only the Sarovars at Amritsar and Santokhsar but also built many cities, ponds, wells etc with the regular donations. The constructive work of Guru Sahib contributed in a significant way to the spread and popularity of Sikh religion.

2. On the one hand, the Masand System ensured a regular income to the Guru Ji and on the other, it popularised the Sikh religion in an effective manner. Earlier, Manji System carried out the work of spread of the Sikh religion. The Manji system had confined its activities to the Punjab region. Guru Sahib appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It resulted in the spread of Sikh religion in other parts of the country because the Masands collected not only the Daswandh but also devoted their energies for spreading the message of Sikh religion.

3. Guru Sahib started holding his own court with the regular donations received in the form of Daswandh. The Masands and devoted Sikhs brought donations and gifts to the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji on every Baisakhi and bowed their heads before him to seek his blessings.

Question 2.
Describe the ‘New Policy’ of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Hargobind Ji adopted a ‘New Policy’. The main feature of his new policy was to make the Sikhs peace loving as well as courageous and fearless.

The main features of the ‘New Policy’ of Guru Hargobind Ji are the following :
1. The Royal Insignias and the title of ‘Sachcha Padshah’: Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the title of ‘Sachcha Padshah’ and put on a number of royal insignias in line with his ‘New Policy1. Guru Sahib started wearing princely dress and discontinued using the saintly headgear and woollen beads (sayli) which were the symbols of saints and fakirs. Guru Sahib put on two swords and a crest (Kalgi) in place of woollen beads (sayli) and saintly headgear. Guru Sahib also kept bodyguards for self-defence just like the princes of the contemporary times.

2. Miri and Piri : Guru Hargobind Ji had become the military leader of the Sikhs besides being their spiritual leader. From then onwards, Guru Sahib was ‘Mir’ (Military Commander) and ‘Pir’ (Religious Leader) of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib put on two swords to represent his new role as ‘Mir’ and ‘Pir’ of his Sikhs. Guru Sahib named one sword as ‘Piri’ and the second as ‘Miri’. Guru Sahib gave special attention to the physical fitness of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib encouraged his Sikh followers to take exercise regularly, to participate in wrestling bouts, to go on hunting and to receive training in horse riding. Guru Sahib thus transformed his saintly followers into saint soldiers by adopting his ‘New Policy’.

3. Construction of Akal Takht : Guru Hargobind Ji took upon himself the responsibility of guiding the worldly activities of his Sikh followers apart from his role of being their true Guru in the sphere of spiritual life. Guru Sahib imparted spiritual knowledge at Sri Harmandir Sahib. In order to guide the Sikhs in their worldly affairs, Guru Sahib built Akal Takht (Throne of Supreme God—The Timeless) near Sri Harmandir Sahib. Guru Sahib listened to the military and political problems of the Sikhs while sitting on a raised platform 12 feet high at the Akal Takht.

4. Raising of Army : Guru Hargobind Ji raised an army for self-defence of the Sikhs. There were numerous professional soldiers and volunteers in his army. The fearless and courageous Jats of Majha region volunteered to join his army. According to one estimate, Guru Sahib had 800 horses, 300 horse riders, and 60 musketeers. Guru Sahib was served by a contingent of 500 such volunteers who did not seek any salary. Besides this army, Guru Sahib was also served by a separate contingent of Afghan (Pathan) soldiers headed by Painda Khan.

5. Keeping of Horses and Arms : Guru Hargobind Ji took special measures to make his ‘New Policy’ successful. Guru Sahib advised his Sikh followers to make donations of horses and arms as far as possible. Consequently, Guru Sahib collected many horses and a large number of arms.

6. Fortification of Amritsar : Guru Hargobind Ji raised a thick wall around the city of Ramdaspur (Amritsar) for its defence and security. The fort of Lohgarh was built and stocked with armaments and other military provisions.

7. New Daily Routine : Guru Hargobind Ji also made changes in his daily routine. According to his ‘New Policy’ his new daily routine was that after taking his bath early in the morning, Guru Sahib visited Sri Harmandir Sahib to give religious instruction. After the discourse, the Langar was served every day under his supervision. After the Langar, Guru Sahib used to take rest for some time before leaving for hunting. Guru Hargobind Ji had instructed Abdul and Nathamal to sing songs of heroism (songs of vir rasa) on high notes in order to infuse courage in the Sikh Sangat. Guru Sahib organised special troupes of singers (Dhadis). In this manner, Guru Sahib raised a new awareness among the Sikhs and made them brave and fearless.

8. Inculcated the spirit of Self-Defence : The core of the ‘New Policy’ was to inculcate the spirit of self-defence among his Sikh followers. Therefore, the aim of raising the army was neither to grab the land of others nor to intimidate any one. No doubt, Guru Sahib valiantly fought battles against the Mughals, but in no way, those battles were motivated by any lust for territory. Rather they were’genuine efforts for self-defence and survival.

Question 3.
Besides adopting the New Policy what other measures were taken by Guru Hargobind Ji for the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji was the only son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Guru Sahib. Guru Hargobind Ji was bom on June, 1595 in village Wadali in District Amritsar. Guru Sahib was a precocious child. Guru Sahib became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of his father, the fifth gum, Gum Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 and successfully guided the course of Sikh religion upto 1645. Gum Sahib made significant contribution to the development of Sikh religion by adopting the ‘New Policy’ and winning battles against the Mughals.

A brief survey of the contribution of Gum Hargobind Ji to Sikhism is given as under :
1. Stay at Kiratpur : The king of Kahlur, Raja Kalyan Chand, was a follower of Guru Sahib. The Raja had given land to Guru Gaddi. Guru Sahib built a city called Kiratpur on that land. Guru Sahib made the city his abode in 1635. Guru Sahib lived the last ten years of his life at Kiratpur and spent his time in spreading the message of Sikh religion.

2. Conversion of Hill Chiefs to Sikhism. Guru Hargobind Ji converted many people from hilly regions to Sikh religion. Many hill chiefs had accepted Sikhism under his influence. However, the people of hilly region did not continue.to follow the Sikh religion for a long period. The royal families reverted to their old practices of idol worship and other related ceremonies. Such practices were not permitted by Sikh religion.

3. The Religious Tours of Guru Hargobind Ji. Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor, became a friend of Guru Hargobind Ji when he released Guru Sahib from his confinement in Gwalior fort after realising his mistake. Guru Sahib undertook religious tours during that period of peace. Guru Sahib first visited Amritsar and then Lahore. At Lahore, Guru Sahib raised Gurudwara Dera Sahib in the memory of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. From Lahore, Guru Sahib went to Kashmir passing through Gujranwala and Bhimbar (Gujarat). Guru Sahib had made many followers in Kashmir. Guru Sahib inaugurated ‘Sangat’ in Kashmir. Bhai Sewa Das was deputed as representative of Guru Sahib in the ‘Sangat’.

Guru Sahib visited Nankana Sahib also. On his return journey from there, Guru Sahib spent some time at Amritsar. Guru Sahib also visited Nanakmatta (Gorakhmatta) in Uttar Pardesh. The yogis at Nanakmatta ran away from the city on seeing the grandeur of the entourage of Guru Hargobind Ji. Guru Sahib stayed there for some time to propagate the message of Sikh religion and reactivated the Sangat system. On his way back to Punjab, Guru Sahib also toured Malwa region of Punjab. Guru Sahib returned to Amritsar after staying for sometime at Dharauli Bhai (Ferozepur).

4. Deputed Religious Preachers : Guru Hargobind Ji remained involved in the battles upto 1635. Due to his pre-occupation, Guru Sahib deputed his eldest brother Bhai Gurditta (a saintly person with a big following) for preaching and spreading Sikh religion. Bhai Gurditta sent his four representatives named Bhai Almast, Phul, Gauda, and Balu Hasan for this task. Almast spread the message of Sikh religion in Nanakmatta and Dacca; Gauda and Phul in Doab and Malwa and Balu Hasan in Kashmir, Hazara, and Pathohar. Guru Sahib also sent Bhai Bidhi Chand to Bengal, Bhai Gurdas to Kabul and then to Benaras for preaching the Sikh faith.

5. Appointment of Guru Har Rai Ji as Successor: Guru Hargobind appointed his grandson Har Rai (son of Bhai Gurditta) as his successor before joining the Divine Power.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

September 28, 2024September 27, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 3 Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581)

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which Guru Ji started the construction work of the Baoli at Goindwal
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji.
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji
(d) Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
(a) Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What was the total number of Manjidars?
(a) 20
(b) 21
(c) 22
(d) 23.
Answer:
(c) 22.

Question 3.
To which Guru Sahib did Mughal flmperor Akbar come to meet at Goindwal Sahib?
(a) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(b) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji
(d) Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 4.
Where did Bhai Lehna Ji go to see Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
(a) Shri Amritsar Sahib
(b) Kartarpur
(c) Goindwal
(d) Lahore.
Answer:
(b) Kartarpur.

Question 5.
To which of his sons did Guru Ram Das Ji entrust the Gurugaddi?
(a) Prithichand
(6) Mahadev
(c) Arjundev
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Arjundev.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji wrote __________ in Gurmukhi script.
Answer:
Bal Bodh

Question 2.
__________ used to visit Haridwar for taking dip in the holy Ganga.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 3.
__________ constructed Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 4.
Shri Guru Ram Das Ji established __________city.
Answer:
Ramdaspur (Amritsar)

Question 5.
The Bani ‘Laavan’ is the famous composition of Guru __________
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

III. Match the following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Baba Buddha Ji	(i) Amrit Sarovar
2. Masand System	(ii) Shri Guru Ram Das Ji
3. Bhai Lehna Ji	(iii) Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji
4. Manji System	(iv) Shri Guru Amar Das Ji

Answer:

A	B
1. Baba Buddha Ji	(iv) Shri Guru Amar Das Ji
2. Masand System	(ii) Shri Guru Ram Das Ji
3. Bhai Lehna Ji	(iii) Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji
4. Manji System	(i) Amrit Sarovar

Differentiate between the following :

Question 1.
Sangat and Pangat
Answer:
Sangat: Sangat is the group of the followers of the Guru who sit together to follow the preachings of the Guru.
Pangat: According to Pangat, all the followers of the Guru used to eat collectively the food made in the common kitchen.

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Lehna was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Gurmukhi?
Answer:
The meaning of Gurmukhi is the words uttered by the Guru. Presently all the religious books of the Sikhs are in this language.

Question 3.
Who was known as a Manjidar?
Answer:
The head of the Manji was known as a Manjidar. They acted as a bridge between Guru Ji and the Sikh Sangat.

Question 4.
What was the old name of Amritsar?
Answer:
The old name of Amritsar was Ramdaspura.

Question 5.
What was the real name of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Jetha Ji was the real name of Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 6.
What do you understand by Masand System?
Answer:
Guru Ramdass Ji needed a large amount of money to complete the construction work of ponds (Sarovars) of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Therefore, Guru Sahib started Masand System. Guru Sahib deputed his trusted Sikh devotees to go to far off places to spread the message of Sikh religion and collect donations. Such devotees were called Masands. These Masands successfully spread the message of Sikhism and collected large donations. This system played a major role in the spread of Sikh religion to far off places. The Masand system proved to be a link between the Sikh devotees and Guru Sahib and established an emotional bond between them.

V. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Manji System.
Answer:
The Manji System was founded by Guru Amar Das Ji. The number of the Sikh followers had increased immensely by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. However, Guru Amar Das Ji was very old and it was difficult for him to visit his large spiritual empire of Sikh followers in order to spread his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his spiritual empire into 22 regions called the Manjis. Each Manji was further divided into Pidees. The Manji System had great significance in the history of Sikh religion.

Question 2.
What was the contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji in the development of Gurmukhi Script?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurumukhi Script. In order to popularise Gurmukhi, Guru Sahib wrote Bal Bodh to help the children learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi. The Gurmukhi was a common language of the people of the region. It helped in the promotion of Sikh religion. All the religious literature of Sikhism is written in Gurmukhi script.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the social reforms of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ji did the following social reforms :

Guru Amar Das Ji criticised the caste system. Guru Ji believed that caste based differences were against the wishes of the Supreme God. That’s why the langar system of Guru Ji does not keep any discrimination of caste system.
Another social evil of Sati system prevailed during those days. Guru Ji strongly opposed the evil of Sati System.
Guru Ji strongly criticised the Purdah system prevalent among the women. Guru Sahib considered purdah as the main hindrance in the development of society.
Guru Ji was against the use of intoxicants. That is why Guru Ji instructed the Sikhs to remain away from the intoxicants.

Question 4.
Write a note on the founding of Amritsar.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded Ramdaspura. This city is now called Amritsar. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the work of digging of two sarovars (ponds) called Amritsar and Santokhsar in 1577 A.D. Guru Sahib found that it was difficult to look after the work of construction of the ponds from Goindwal. Hence, Guru Sahib decided to camp at the site of construction at Amritsar. His followers started visiting him at his camping sight and some of them also stayed there, which led to the rise of a small township. This township was lovingly named Ramdaspur, Guru Ram Das Ji tried to provide all the amenities to his followers who were staying there because of their devotion to him. Guru Sahib also established a small market there. That market became popular as ‘Market of Guru Ji’ or ‘Guru ka Bazaar’. In this manner, the city became an important place of pilgrimage and trading centre for the Sikhs and contributed in a significant way to the growth of Sikh religion.

VI. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Shri Guru Angad Dev Ji contributed significantly towards the development of Sikhism. Discuss.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikh religion in 1539 after Guru Nanak Dev Ji. His period proved to be a blessing for the Sikh religion.

Guru Sahib contributed to the development of the Sikh religion in the following manner :
1. Improvement in Gurmukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvement, in Gurmukhi script in order to popularise Gurmukhi. Guru Sahib wanted to help the children learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi. The Gurmukhi was a common language of the people of the region. It helped in the promotion of Sikh religion. All the religious literature of Sikhism is written in Gurmukhi script.

2. The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write the Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the sayings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to follow the true path shown by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib himself also wrote Vani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

3. The Langar System. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the Langar system with full devotion. Langar was served to all the people without any distinction based on caste system. It helped in decreasing the feelings of inequality based on caste system and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.

4. Separating the Udasis from the Sikhs. The elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Sri Chand had established the Udasi sect. He’had popularised asceticism (Sanyas). The idea of asceticism was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to his followers that the Sikh religion is a religion of householders. There was no place for ascetics (Sanyasis) in it. Guru Sahib declared that those Sikhs, who believed in asceticism, were not true Sikhs. In this manner, by separating Udasis from the Sikh community, Guru Sahib strengthened the Sikh religion.

5. Laid the foundation of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

6. Enforced Discipline. Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained strict discipline in his Sikh community. He turned out Bhai Satta and Bhai Balwand out of Sikh Sangat for breaking discipline. However, on the request of Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. This episode served as a warning to the indisciplined elements in the Sikh community.

It is true that Guru Angad Dev Ji had given a distinct identity to the Sikh religion by making improvements in Gurumukhi script. The Sikh followers got their own separate script and language. The langar system freed the Sikh religion from the influence of caste system. It helped Sikh religion to establish its own separate identity different from the Hindu religion. All the credit goes to Guru Angad Dev Ji for all such developments which made Sikh religion a distinct religion.

Question 2.
What is the contribution of Shri Guru Amar Das Ji towards the development of Sikh religion?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji occupies an important place in the history of Sikh religion. The seeds of the religion which Guru Nanak Dev Ji had sowed, sprouted during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji raised a fence around the new religion and saved it from getting absorbed into Hindu religion. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh community to adopt new customs and traditions in their social life, which developed the real traits of Sikh religion. They were different from the social customs and .traditions of the Hindu religion. No doubt, Guru Sahib was a great divine soul. Payne, a scholar, called him an aggressive reformer. Another scholar has praised Guru Sahib as a genius and a man of justice. It is a historical fact that it was during his period that Sikh religion established its distinctive identity.

A brief survey of the work of Guru Amar Das Ji is as follows :
1. Construction of Baoli at Goindwal. Guru Amar Das Ji completed the construction work of Baoli at Goindwal which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib said that a Sikh could get freedom from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh forms of lives by reciting the hymns of Jupji Sahib on each step. The Baoli of Goindwal became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

2. Langar System. Guru Amar Das Ji also made the Langar system popular which helped further in the spread of Sikhism. Guru Sahib made some more rules for Langar System. As per the new rules, whosoever wanted to earn the benefit of participation in Sangat, he must partake Langar with the rest of the Sangat before joining it in the presence of Guru Sahib. While partaking food in the Langar, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishs, Shudras, Kings, common men and people of all castes and tribes sat in one row and partook food.

Langar system propagated the message of Sikh religion in a more forceful and effective manner. It ended the discrimination based on castes. It developed the feelings of unity and equality in the Sikh Sangat. As a consequence, it bound the Sikhs into a strong bond of unity.

3. Collection of the Sayings of Guru Sahiban. Guru Angad Dev collected the true Vani’ of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and added his own Vani’ also. Guru Angad Dev Ji entrusted the sacred collection to Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji also composed his ‘Vani’ and added to the collection. In this manner, the true ‘Vani’ was preserved in a pure form and later found place in the ‘Adi Granth Sahib’. The grandson of Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji accomplished the ultimate task.

4. Manji System. The number of followers of Sikhism had increased manifold by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji found it difficult to reach all his disciples who were spread over a large area. Guru Sahib divided his spiritual territory into 22 regions. Each region was called a ‘Manji’. Each Manji was a centre of religious preaching and Guru Sahib appointed learned and reliable Sikh devotees to control each Manji.

The establishment of Manji system was an important step in the systematic organisation of the Sikh religion. G.C. Narang in his book ‘Transformation of Sikhism’, remarks that the introduction of Manji System by Guru Sahib, had strengthened the Sikh religion and contributed to the spread of Guru’s divine message in different regions of the country in a more effective way.

5. Separation of Sikhs from the Udasis. The Udasi sect of Bhai Sri Chand had also become popular in the early period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Guru-gaddi. There was a possibility of Sikh religion losing its identity by being merged with the Udasi sect. It is recognised by. many historians that Guru Amar Das Ji had judged the situation and strongly spoken against the main principles of asceticism of Udasi sect, which were against the principles of Sikh religion as founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh Sangat to understand clearly that they would not be able to become true Sikhs, if they adopted the principles of Udasi sect. In this manner, because of the efforts of Guru Amar Das Ji, the Sikh religion maintained its separate identity and flourished.

6. Separate Sikh Ceremonies. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to discontinue useless customs and traditions. Among the Hindus, it was a tradition of weeping and crying over the death of one’s near ones. Guru Sahib advised his disciples to meditate on God in such situations in one’s life instead , of performing useless ceremonies and rites. Guru Sahib also started a new ceremony for marriage, which was called Anand Karaj.

7. Composition of Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib composed a new Vani which is called ‘Anand Sahib’. Anand Sahib ended the importance of Vedic hymns for the Sikhs and gave them their own sacred literature.

Thus, the period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Guru-gaddi and his sacred literature occupy the most important place in the history of Sikh religion. Guru Sahib constructed a Baoli, introduced Manji System, elaborated the Langar System, and introduced new traditions and customs in the Sikh religion which was well-organised during his days.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of Shri Guru Ram Das Ji towards the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
The fourth Guru Sahib of Sikh religion was Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Sahib made the contribution to the growth of Sikh religion given ahead :
1. Laid the foundation of Amritsar City. Guru Ram Das Ji laid on the land bought during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji, the foundation of a city called Ramdaspur. Presently, it is called Amritsar. In 1577, when Guru Sahib started construction work on the two ponds (Sarovars) called Amritsar and Santokhsar, he found that it was not easy to supervise the construction of ponds from Goindwal. Guru Sahib encamped at the construction site. His Sikh devotees also came after him and pitched their tents around the ponds.

The camping place developed into a small settlement. That settlement became popular as Ramdaspur. Guru Sahib wanted to provide every facility to his devotees who had followed him to the place out of love for him. Guru Sahib, therefore, invited 52 merchants belonging to 52 different trades and provided all the things required by the settlers. They set up a type of Bazaar which is now called Guru Ka Bazaar. The city soon acquired the status of an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. They stopped visiting the places of Hindu pilgrimage.

2. Introduction of Masand System. Guru Ram Das Ji needed a large amount of money to complete the construction work of ponds (Sarovars) of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Therefore, Guru Sahib started Masand System. Guru Sahib deputed his trusted Sikh devotees to go to far off places to spread the message of Sikh religion and collect donations. Such devotees were called Masands. These Masands successfully spread the message of Sikhism and collected large donations. This system played a major role in the spread of Sikh religion to far off places. The Masand system proved to be a link between the Sikh devotees and Guru Sahib and established an emotional bond between them.

3. End of the Conflict with the Udasis. Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji had separated Udasi sect from the Sikh community but Guru Ram Das Ji adopted a kind attitude towards the Udasi sect. According to a tradition, once Bhai Sri Chand, the founder of Udasi sect came to meet Guru Ram Das Ji. During his meeting, Bhai Sri Chand asked Guru Sahib that why he had kept a long beard. Guru Sahib gave an answer full of humility when he said that his beard was meant to dust the feet of great personalities like Bhai Sri Chand. Bhai Sri Chand was highly impressed by the answer of Guru Sahib and he accepted Guru Sahib as superior to him. In this manner, the conflict between the Udasi sect and the Sikh community ended. It immensely helped in the spread of Sikh religion.

Question 4.
How did Sikhism flourish with the establishment of the new cities and the new traditions by the Gurus?
Answer:
The Guru Sahiban founded many cities for the spread of the Sikh religion and prosperity of their devotees. One of the main aims of founding the new cities was to provide separate places of pilgrimage to the Sikhs which could be exclusively used by them for the fulfilment of their religious needs.

They created a spirit of unity among them. A brief survey of the cities founded during the Guru periods is as given ahead :
1. Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. The city started developing as a religious centre since 1546, the year of its foundation. Guru Sahib entrusted the development of the city to his follower Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji had constructed Baoli Sahib during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Gradually, Goindwal became an important religious centre for the Sikhs. Presently, it is one of the most important and sacred religious places for the Sikhs.

2. Ramdaspur. Guru Ram Das Ji laid the foundation of Ramdaspur. Presently, it is called Amritsar. In 1577, Guru Sahib started work on the two ponds (Sarovars) called Amritsar and Santokhsar. Guru Sahib found that it was not easy to supervise the work of construction of the ponds from Goindwal. So Guru Sahib camped at the construction site. His Sikh devotees also came after him and pitched their tents around the ponds. The camping place developed into a small settlement. That settlement became popular as Ramdaspur. Guru Sahib was anxious to provide every facility to his devotees who had followed him to the place out of love for him. Guru Sahib, therefore, invited 52 merchants belonging to 52 different trades, and provided all the necessary things of daily life to the settlers. A type of bazaar sprang up which is now called Guru Ka Bazaar. The city soon became an important centre of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. They stopped visiting the places of Hindu pilgrimage.

3. Tarn Taran. Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of the city of Tarn Taran in the region surrounded by the rivers Beas and Ravi. Guru Sahib had laid its foundation in 1590. The city of Tarn Taran has great importance in the history of Sikhs. Tarn Taran is a very important centre of pilgrimage just like Amritsar. Thousands of Sikh pilgrims come to take a dip in the Sarovar (tank) at Tarn Taran regularly. The city attracted the Jats of Majha region who hecame the followers of the Sikh religion. The Jats of Majha region recorded their name in the history of the region for their valour and courage which they demonstrated in the battles from time to time.

4. Kartarpur. In 1593, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city in Jalandhar Doab and named it Kartarpur, meaning a ‘City of God’. Guru Sahib also got dug a well at Kartarpur which became popular as Gangsar. The city became a major centre of preaching of Sikh religion for Jalandhar Doab region.

5. Hargobindpur and Chheratta. In order to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city on the banks of river Beas and called it Hargobindpur. In addition to that, Guru Sahib got dug a well near Amritsar to overcome the shortage of water in the region. Guru Sahib got manufactured six pulleys (rehat) to draw water from the well. Therefore, the city became popular as Chheratta while referring to the six pulleys. Gradually, the settlement at Chheratta grew into a city and it still reminds us of the activities of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

6. Chak Nanaki. Guru Hargobind Ji laid the foundation of Chak Nanaki near Kiratpur. Guru Sahib had bought land for this city on June 19, 1665 for Rs. 500.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581) Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which Guru laid the foundation of Baoli at Goindwal?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of
(a) Amritsar
(b) Jalandhar
(c) Kiratpur Sahib
(d) Goindwall Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Amritsar.

Question 3.
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru in A.D.
(a) 1479
(b) 1539
(c) 1548
(d) 1670.
Answer:
(b) 1539.

Question 4.
Guru Angad Dev Ji left this world in A.D.
(a) 1552
(b) 1538
(c) 1546
(d) 14 1$,
Answer:
(a) 1552.

Question 5.
Guru Amar Das Ji left this world in A.D.
(a) 1564
(b) 1538
(c) 1546
(d) 1574.
Answer:
(d) 1574.

Question 6.
Which Guru Sahib made Guru-gaddi hereditary?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
(d) Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
The earlier name of Guru __________ was Bhai Lehna.
Answer:
Angad Sahib

Question 2.
__________ was the fourth Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji

Question 3.
Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of
Answer:
Goindwal

Question 4.
The Mughal Emperor met Guru Amar Das Ji at Goindwal.
Answer:
Akbar

Question 5.
__________ was the third Guru of Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji

Question 6.
Udasi Sect was started by __________ the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Answer:
Baba Srichand

Question 7.
Manji System was established by __________
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the Guru who was earlier known as Bhai Lehna Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Lehna Ji was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Question 2.
Define Langar System.
Answer:
The Langar System or Pangat refers to that tradition by which all the people without any distinction, like caste, religion, etc. sat in one row and partook food. Guru Amar Das Ji had made a rule according to which no body would come in his presence without first partaking food in the Pangat.

Question 3.
Name the Guru who laid the foundation of Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev ji laid the foundation of a large well (Baoli) in Goindwal.

Question 4.
Name the Guru whom Akhar visited.
Answer:
Akbar Met Guru Amar Das Ji at Goindwal.

Question 5.
Write two objectives of the Masand System.
Answer:
The two aims of Masand System were as follows :
1. To collect the donations for the development work relating to Sikh religion.
2. To organise the Sikhs.

Question 6.
Who was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs? Which city was founded by him?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs and Guru Sahib built the city of Ramdaspur (Amritsar).

Question 7.
What do you know about Langar System?
Answer:
The Langar System or Pangat was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the system with full devotion. This system proved to be a powerful agency for popularising the Sikh religion.

Question 8.
What was preached by Guru Angad Dev Ji to the Sikhs through the Sangat System?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the message of peace and brotherhood and dealt a severe blow to the caste system among the Sikhs.

Question 9.
What was the contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji towards Langar system?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji further promoted the Langar system or Pangat, which was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This system worked with the voluntary support of his Sikh followers. Bibi Khiwi, wife of Guru Angad Dev Ji, managed the Pangat System with full devotion.

Question 10.
Write about the wrestling grounds established by Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji believed that the physical fitness was essential for the intellectual development of the Sikhs. That’s why he established wrestling grounds.

Question 11.
What do you know about Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
The city of Goindwal is situated on the bank of river Beas. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed here a baoli, a large oblong tank of water. In the course of time, Goindwal became an important centre of Sikh pilgrimage.

Question 12.
Write the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about Caste System.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was strongly against untouchability and discrimination based on Caste System (Jati System).

Question 13.
What were the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about the Sati System?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the practice of Sati.

Question 14.
How was Goindwal Sahib founded by Guru Amar Das Ji? How was it different from other religious places?
Answer:
Goindwal was different from the other religious places in many ways.

The city was built with the voluntary service (Kar sewa) of the Sikhs.
The Sikh devotees had no faith in the worship of any god or goddess or any priest in the city.

Question 15.
What reforms did Guru Amar Das Ji introduce for marriage, birth and death ceremonies?
Answer:

Guru Amar Das Ji replaced the ceremony of Pheras (going around the fire pit in Hindu marriage) with the ceremony of Lavan in Sikh marriage.
Guru Sahib started the ceremony of singing the ‘Anand Vani’ at the time of birth and marriage.

Question 16.
Write about the importance of Ramdaspur or Amritsar.
Answer:
The Sikhs got their own city of pilgrimage and an important business centre with the founding of Ramdaspur or Amritsar.

Question 17.
Write about the importance of the meeting between Guru Ram Das Ji and the Mughal emperor Akbar.
Answer:
Friendly relations developed between Guru Ram Das Ji and Akbar when Akbar met Guru Sahib at Goindwal.

Question 18.
Name the parents of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
The name of father of Guru Angad Dev Ji was PheTuman and name of the mother was Sabrai Devi.

Question 19.
To whom was Bhai Lehna married?
Answer:
Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji) was married to Bibi Khivi.

Question 20.
Who established the Udasi Sect?
Answer:
Baba Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, established the Udasi Sect.

Question 21.
Which place was the centre of religious activities of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Khadoor Sahib in Amritsar district.

Question 22.
Where and when was Guru Amar Das Ji born?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was born in 1479 A.D. in village Basarke in district Amritsar.

Question 23.
Describe one difficulty which Guru Amar Das Ji faced on occupying Guru-gaddi.
Answer:
He was faced with the opposition of Bhai Dattu and Bhai Dasu.

Question 24.
How many children did Guru Amar Das Ji have?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had two sons and two daughters.

Question 25.
How many steps were constructed in the Baoli (Large Well) at Goindwal?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji got constructed 84 steps in the Baoli at Goindwal.

Question 26.
Which Guru Sahib had started Manji System?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had started the Manji System.

Question 27.
Write about any one major contributions of Guru Amar Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji got completed the construction of Goindwal.

Question 28.
Which three festivals were selected by Guru Amar Das Ji for the Sikh community to celebrate?
Answer:
Baisakhi, Maghi, and Diwali.

Question 29.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji make the final union with the Divine Power?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji made the final union with the Divine Power in 1574.

Question 30.
Who had made the Guru-gaddi hereditary?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji declared that after Guru Ram Das Ji, the Guru-gaddi will be hereditary.

Question 31.
What was the name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
The name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji was Bibi Bhani.

Question 32.
Write about any one important contribution made by Guru Ram Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded and developed the holy city of Amritsar.

Question 33.
What was the earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar?
Answer:
The earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar was Ramdaspur.

Question 34.
Write the names of two Sarovars (Large ponds) constructed by Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji got dug two Sarovars namely Santokhsar and Amritsar.

Question 35.
By what name did the bazaar founded by Guru Ram Das Ji around Amritsar become famous?
Answer:
“Guru ka Bazaar”.

Question 36.
Who started Langar System?
Answer:
Langar system was started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. .

Question 37.
Name the fourth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 38.
Which Guru started the Masand System?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 39.
For which two occasions, Guru Amar Das Ji started new special customs?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji started the ceremony of singing the ‘Anand Vani’ at the time of birth and marriage.

Question 40.
Write any one work done by Guru Amar Das Ji to spread Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji started the construction work of a Baoli in Goindwal.

Question 41.
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to celebrate which three festivals?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to celebrate Baisakhi, Maghi and Diwali. .

Question 42.
Where did the Sikhs collect to celebrate their festival during the times of Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
They collected at Goindwal.

Question 43.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji leave this world?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji left this world in 1574 A.D.

Question 44.
To which family did Guru Amar Das Ji give Guru-gaddi?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji gave Guru-gaddi to the Sodhi family of Guru Ram Das Ji and Bibi Bhani Ji.

Question 45.
Name the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Bibi Bhani was the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 46.
Give the names of the sons of Guru .Ram Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji had three sons—Prithi Chand, Mahadev and Arjan Dev.

Question 47.
Write any one function done by Guru Ram Das Ji to spread Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded the city of Amritsar which became the most important pilgrimage place of the Sikhs.

Question 48.
What was the earlier name of Amritsar?
Answer:
Ramdaspur was the earlier name of Amritsar.

Question 49.
What was the reason behind founding ‘Guru ka Bazaar’ by Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
Guru Ji wanted to make Amritsar self-reliant. So, Guru Ji invited 52 different traders and founded this Bazaar.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Guru Angad Dev Ji separate the Sikhs from the Udasi Sect?
Answer:
Bhai Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, had founded the Udasi sect. He praised the life of an ascetic (monk or sanyasi). This idea of spiritual ascetic life was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that the Sikh religion was a religion of the householders and not of the monks who broke the family ties for their spiritual life.

There was no place for ascetics in the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib also declared that a Sikh who adopted a life of an ascetic was not a true Sikh. In this manner, Guru Sahib separated the Sikhs from the Udasis and consolidated the foundations of Sikh religion.

Question 2.
What reforms were introduced in marriage ceremonies by Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
At the time of Guru Amar Das Ji, the influence of caste system was dominating the people of Punjab. The people considered it against their religion to marry outside one’s own caste. Guru Sahib believed that such a tradition had divided the people. Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to break the caste barriers and permitted inter-caste marriages. Guru Sahib also reformed the marriage ceremonies. Guru Sahib started the ceremony of Lavan in place of Pheras. Bhai Jetha Ji (Guru Ram Das Ji) wrote the Lavans on the advice of Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 3.
Describe the Baoli Sahib (water source) at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji completed the work of construction of the Baoli at Goindwal, which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib told his Sikh followers that whosoever would recite the hymns of ‘Jupji Sahib’ with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh types of lives (Yonis) and achieve Moksha (Salvation). Indu Bushan Banerjee says that the Baoli played a significant role in the history of Sikh religion. The Baoli of Goindwal became a popular place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. The Gurudwara Baoli Sahib stands there. ,

Question 4.
Write about the Anand Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had composed fresh Vani called Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib had composed the Anand Sahib at the time of birth Of his grandson named Anand. It has forty hymns. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed his Sikh followers to sing Anand Sahib on the happy occasions in their fives like birth, marriage or any other similar occasion. After the composition of Anand Sahib, the need of Vedic hymns for Sikh community completely ended. The Sikhs sing the hymns of Anand Sahib on the occasions of happiness in their fives upto this day.

Question 5.
Write about the agreement between the Sikhs and the Udasis.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji had successfully kept the Sikhs away from the Udasi sect. However, Guru Ram Das Ji adopted an attitude of humility and kindness towards the Udasis. It is said that once Bhai Sri Chand, the organiser of the Udasi sect came to meet Guru Ram Das Ji. On meeting Guru Sahib, Bhai Sri Chand asked, “Why have you kept such a long beard 7” Guru Sahib humbly replied, “It is meant to clean the feet of great persons like you.” The answer touched the heart of Bhai Sri Chand and the overwhelmed Bhai Sri Chand immediately accepted the superiority of Guru Ram Das Ji. In this manner, the decades long conflict between the Udasis and the Sikhs ended.

Question 6.
Describe the Baolis (water sources) constructed during the times of Guru Sahibs.
Answer:
During the period of Sikh Guru Sahiban, the following large wells (Baolis) were constructed.
1. The Baoli at Goindwal: The construction of Baoli at Goindwal was completed by Guru Amar Das Ji. The foundation stone of the Baoli was laid by Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps leading to the water level in the large well. Guru Sahib further instructed his Sikh followers that whosoever recited the hymns of Jupji Sahib with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths.

2. The Baoli at Lahore : Guru Arjan Dev Ji constructed a large well in Dubbi Bazaar at Lahore. The Baoli at Lahore became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

Question 7.
Throw light on any four measures taken by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikhs after Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s demise in 1539. His period proved to be a blessing for the rise of Sikhism.

Guru Sahib contributed to the rise of Sikhism by doing the following works :

Improvement of Gurmukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurmukhi script. In order to popularise Gurmukhi, Guru Sahib wrote ‘Bal Bodh’ to help children to learn the alphabet of Gurmukhi.
The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and other Writings. Guru Angad
Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write a Janam-Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to know the true instructions of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji also wrote his own Vani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Langar System. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued Langar system with full devotion. It helped in reducing the ill-feelings based on caste system among the people and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.
Founding of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

Question 8.
How was the institution of Guru and Sikh (Guru and his follower) established?
Answer:
A brotherhood of Sikh community had been fully evolved before the final union of Guru Nanak Dev Ji with the Divine Power. Guru Nanak Dev Ji took special care to perpetuate the Sikh community. Guru Sahib appointed his most devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor before he breathed his last. Bhai Lehna ascended the Guru-gaddi under the name Guru Angad Dev Ji after the final union of Guru Nanak Dev Ji with the Divine Power. In this manner, Guru-Sikh tradition was evolved and gradually it was firmly established. The tradition of Guru Panth (Guruship of Guru-gaddi) became the most revered institution in the history of Sikh religion.

Question 9.
Why had Guru Nanak Dev Ji appointed Bhai Lehna to Guru-gaddi in place of his own sons by completely setting aside their claims?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji had two sons, named Baba Sri Chand and Baba Lakshmi Chand. Guru Sahib did not appoint either of them to Guru-gaddi. Guru Sahib preferred to appoint his devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor to Guru-gaddi.

Guru Sahib had special reasons to turn down the claims of his sons to Guru-gaddi, which were as follow :
1. A perfect householder’s life for a Sikh was one of the important principles of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. However, Baba Sri Chand was an ascetic and Baba Lakshmi Chand was too worldly. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna had sincerely followed the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and lived a life of a perfect householder.

2. The humility and service to the Guru with complete devotion were the core principles of the creed of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Baba Sri Chand was devoid of these very qualities in his personality. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna was a perfect model of humility and complete surrender to Guru Sahib.

3. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not believe in the superiority of the Vedas, Shashtras and the Brahmin class. Guru Sahib did not consider Sanskrit as a sacred language. However, Baba Sri Chand Ji had deep faith in Sanskrit language, the Vedas and the Shastras.

Question 10.
Describe the position of Langar System and its importance during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
The expansion and promotion of Langar System by Guru Angad Dev Ji had beneficial results. The Langar System became an important and effective method of propagation of Sikh religion. Secondly, it turned up as an institution for the shelter of the poor people and thirdly, it became a powerful agency for preaching and popularity of the principles of Sikh religion. There were already numerous similar institutions which worked on charity of some individuals but Langar system was probably the first institution of its own kind which depended on the collective donations and gifts of the whole Sikh community. It ended the feelings of high and low rooted in the principles of caste system and inculcated the feelings of unity and brotherhood among the members of the Sikh community.

Question 11.
Which incident of the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji revealed Guru Sahib as a strict disciplinarian?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji set an effective example of discipline in the Sikh community for his devotees. According to the oral history, there were two famous players of Rabab (a string musical instrument) named Satta and Balwant in the service of Guru Sahib. Both of them became proud of their artistic skills and started overlooking the instructions of Guru Sahib. They also started boasting that the popularity of Guru Sahib was due to their mastery over ragas and way of singing of the Guru Vani. They even went to the extent of claiming that the popularity of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was due to the melodies of Mardana. Guru Sahib banished them from his place due to their indiscipline and overbearing attitude. However, on the pleading of his devoted follower Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. It left a deep impression on the minds of the Sikhs. Consequently, the importance of discipline was honoured in Sikh religion very strictly.

Question 12.
How did Guru Amar Das Ji become the follower of Guru Angad Dev Ji? How had Guru Amar Das Ji received the Guru-gaddi?
Answer:
Before adopting Sikh religion, Bhai Amar Das, one day got a chance to listers to divine Vani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, which was being sung by Bibi Amro, the daughter of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was so impressed and captivated by the divine hymns that he immediately sought the audience of Guru Angad Dev Jf and adopted Guru Angad Dev Ji as his Guru. From then onwards, Guru Amar Das Ji stayed with Guru Angad Dev Ji at Hradoor Sahib from 1541 to 1552 and devoted himself completely to the service of Guru Angad Dev Ji. During the chilly winter of Punjab plains, Bhai Amar Das Ji used to fetch water in an earthen pitcher from the river Beas for the bath of Guru Angad Dev Ji early in the morning.

Once on his way back to Guru Sahib’s house, Bhai Amar Das Ji stepped on a thorn and stumbled. The pitcher fell making a loud noise. A sleeping woman, a wife of a washerman on the way side of his path, was awakened from her sleep and lamented with a taunt that the old man might be the homeless Amro. Guru Angad Dev Ji learnt about this” episode. Guru Sahib immediately called Bhai Amar Das Ji in his presence and ordained, “From now on Amar Das shall not remain homeless, rather he shall be a shelter to numerous homeless.” In March 1552, Guru Angad Dev Ji appointed Guru Amar Das Ji as his successor. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji became the third Sikh Guru.

Question 13.
Describe the progress of Langar System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced some new rules for Langar system. According to the new rules, no one was expected to join the Sangat of Guru Sahib without partaking food in the Langar. The women, who served in the Langar, were not allowed to observe Purdah. It is said that even Emperor Akbar took food in the Langar following all the rules before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji. The Langar was open to people from all the sections of the society without any consideration of religion, caste and tribe.

The Brahmans, Kshtriyas, Vaish, lower castes and people of all other castes sat together and partook food served equally to all. It gave a strong blow to the caste, colour, and racial considerations, which were quite dominating at that time. It developed the feeling of equality among the followers of Guru Sahib. No doubt, Langar system had definitely bound the Sikh community in a common bond of unity and brotherhood and developed the feeling of equality among them thereby.

Question 14.
Describe the progress of Manji System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced the Manji System. The number of the Sikhs had increased tremendously by his times. However, Guru Sahib was quite advanced in age and he, therefore, found it difficult to peach his Sikhs spread far and wide in order to preach his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his religious domain into 22 provinces. Each province was called ‘Manji’. Each ‘Manji’ was further divided into local centres called ‘Piris’. The Manji System played an important part in the history of Sikh religion. G.C. Narang is of the view that the contribution of Guru Sahib Ji to Manji System consolidated the base of Sikh religion and facilitated in a great way the spread of Sikh religion in all parts of the country.

Question 15.
“Guru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer.” Give any four arguments in support of this statement.
Answer:

Guru Sahib strongly criticised the principles of Caste system. Guru Sahib declared that the class differences were totally unacceptable to Supreme God. Ther ” re, no caste or class considerations were observed in Langar System.
The practice of Sati was very common in the times of Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib strongly condemned the evil of Sati.
Guru Sahib also denounced the prevailing Purdah system in very strong terms. Guru Sahib considered Purdah a great hindrance in the growth of society.
Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to keep away from the use of intoxicants.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the social reforms introduced by Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
During the times of Guru Amar Das Ji, the society was suffering from many social evils. Guru Amar Das Ji was fully aware df those shortcomings and brought about numerous social reforms.

The main achievements of Guru Amar Das Ji in the field of social reforms are as follow :
1. Criticism of Caste System. Guru Amar Das Ji made efforts to end the evils in the society caused by caste system. Wherever Guru Sahib went, he criticised the differences among the social groups based on caste system. Guru Sahib was of the view that those caste differences were against the wishes of Supreme God and a hindrance in the way of social development. The 19th century leaders of social reform movements had the same views and all their activities to reform social condition were similar to what Guru Amar Das Ji did in the 16th century.

2. Opposed to Untouchability. Guru Amar Das Ji made successful efforts to end untouchability. No untouchability or Jati considerations were permitted and observed in the Langar. People of all castes, tribes and social status sat together and partook food with brotherly feelings. It is said that Emperor Akbar and Raja of Hamirpur partook food in the Langar according to the rules laid down by Guru Amar Das Ji.

3. Supported Widow Remarriage. Widow remarriage was not permitted during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. The widows were forced to live a miserable life after the death of their husbands. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly supported widow remarriage and tried to secure a respectable position for women in the society.

4. Condemnation of the Practice of Sati. Another most shameful social evil was the custom of Sati. The historians believe that it was Guru Amar Das Ji who had raised a voice of protest against the custom of Sati for the first time in the history of India. Even Akbar borrowed the idea of taking some measures against the practice of Sati from Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib declared that a woman was not a true Sati who had burnt herself alive on the pyre of her husband. Guru Sahib opined that a true Sati could be a woman who lived her life in the memory of her dead husband. For that, the widow should lead a highly moral life and purity and spend her time in praying to God.

5. Criticism of Purdah System. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the Purdah System prevalent among the women. Guru Sahib considered purdah as the main hindrance in the development of society. Guru Sahib did not permit purdah for women who volunteered to serve the Langar and wanted to participate in Sangat.

6. Criticism of the Use of the Intoxicants. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to remain away from the intoxicants. In one of his ‘Shabads’, Guru Sahib has strongly criticized the use of liquor. Guru Amar Das Ji guided his followers to pray for forgiveness and become addicted to the spirit of Name. Guru Sahib condemned the addiction to intoxicants. Guru Sahib suggested an alternative of seeking enjoyment in social service.

7. Promotion ojf Brotherhood among the Sikhs through New Festivals.
Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikh Sangat to celebrate three main festivals, i.e. Maghi, Diwali, and Baisakhi in a new way. On the advice of Guru Sahib, the Sikh Sangat used to gather around the house of Guru Sahib and celebrated those festivals as he directed. This reform played a major role in uniting the Sangat in a strong bond of brotherhood.

8. New Ceremonies concerning Birth and Death. Guru Amar Das Ji also started new and distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death for the Sikhs. Those ceremonies are different from the ceremonies of the Hindus. There was no need of the assistance of the Brahmins in performing those ceremonies. These reforms played a major role in imparting a separate identity to the Sikh religion.

It is a historical fact that the reforms undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji had given new strength to the Sikh religion.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Physical Education-Its Aim and Objectives

September 28, 2024September 27, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 1 Physical Education-Its Aim and Objectives Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Physical Education Chapter 1 Physical Education-Its Aim and Objectives

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is aim of Physical Education?
Answer:
Aim of Physical Education is to a such atmosphere which is suitable to a person for harmonioes development.

Question 2.
What is Physical Education?
Answer:
Physical Education is that Education which make a person physically fit. Mently sound through exercise.

Question 3.
Name any two objectives of Physical Education.
Answer:

Physical development
Mentle development.

Question 4.
Give any two contribution of Physical Education for the development of a person and society.
Answer:

Proper use of leisure time
Realisation of aim of life
Social feeling.

Question 5.
Which are the objectives which are attain in the field of sports. Name any two.
Answer:

Tolerance
Discipline
Character development.

Question 6.
Mention the quality which are introduced in sports and game.
Answer:
Quality of Leadership.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 1 Physical Education-Its Aim and Objectives

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Physical Education?
Answer:
Physical Education deals with the knowledge pertaining to human body. It gives direction in the development and growth of the body and its means Physical Exercises.

Question 2.
Define Physical Education according to D. Oberteuffer.
Answer:
D. Oberteuffer says: “Physical education is the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through movement.”

Question 3.
Define Physical Education according to J.F. Williams and R. Cassidy & J.B. Nash.
Answer:
According to J.F. Williams:
“Physical education is the sum of men’s physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes.” According to R. Cassidy, “Physical education is the sum of change in the individual caused by experiences which bring in motor activity.” J.B. Nash thinks, “Physical education is that phase of the whole field of education that deals with big muscle activities and their related responses.”

Question 4.
What is the aim of Physical Education?
Answer:
“The aim of Physical Education’ is to influence the experiences of persons to the extent that each individual within the limits of the capacity may be helped to adjust sucessfully in society, to increase and improve his wants and to develop the ability to satisfy his wants.”

Question 5.
Write the objectives of Physical Education according to J.B. Nash.
Answer:
J.B. Nash has given the following four objectives of Physical Education:

Neuro-muscular Development
Emotional Development
Interpretative Development
Organic Development.

Question 6.
Write the objectives of Physical Education according to Laski.
Answer:
According to Laski:
Physical Education has the following five objectives:

Physical Aspect of Development.
Emotional Aspect of Development.
Social Aspect of Development.
Intellectual Aspect of Development.
Neuro-muscular Aspect of Development.

Question 7.
“Games make good leaders.” How?
Answer:
Games develop good leadership qualities in man. The field of Physical Education is quite vast. In games the students get opportunities to work as captain, secretary, referee or umpire. He behaves according to his aptitude in these situations. As a captain he directs his team mates and as an umpire and referee he gives in partial judgements. He organises his team very well as a secretary. All these things develop in him the qualities of a good leader.

Qualities of good character are a must for a leader:
He should have the qualities of discipline, punctuality, sympathy, love, equality in attitude towards others. One learns all these qualities by taking part in games.Games also make a person active and smart also.All these things indicate how games develop leadership qualities.

Question 8.
How can Leisure Time be usefully spent? Describe in brief.
Answer:
It has been rightly said, “An idle brain is devil’s workshop.” It is often observed that an idle man indulges in mischiefs. Sometimes an idle man starts indulging in such activities that cannot be accepted socially or ethically. It is due to the fact that the man has idle time but he does not know how to make use of it.

The misuse of free time leads him astray and he is struck in different problems. If a man Knows the proper use of time he can achieve heights of glory. Many inventions have been made by the people who knew the art of making proper use of time. In this way many inventions are the contribution of free time.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Physical Education? Mention its Aim.
Answer:
Physical Education:
Physical Education deals with the knowledge-pertaining to human body. It gives direction in the development and growth of the body, and its means are physical exercises. Many scholars have given definitions about this subject, some of which are given below:

1. D. Oberteuffer says:
“Physical education is the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through movement.”

2. According to R. Cassidy:
“Physical education is the sum of change in the individual caused by experiences which bring in motor activity.”

3. J.B. Nash thinks:
“Physical education is that phase of the whole field of education that deals with big muscle activities and their related responses.”

4. According to J.F. Williams:
“Physical education is the sum of men’s physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes.”

5. In the words of Charles A. Bucher:
“Physical education is an integral part of total education process in a field of endeavour which has as its aim the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities, which have been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes.”

6. J.R. Sharman thinks:
“Physical education is that part of education which takes place through activities which involve that motor mechanism of the human body and which results in the individual’s formulating behaviour patterns.” According to the definition provided by Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation, “Physical Eudcation is education. It is education through physical activities for the development of the total personality of the child to its perfection in body, mind and spirit.”

7. In the words of A.R. Wayman:
“Physical Education is that part of Education which has to do with the development and training of the whole individual through physical activities.”
The following points emerge from the study of above-mentioned definitions:

Physical education is an integral part of education.
Physical activities are the medium of Physical Education.
The aim of Physical Education is not merely to make human body healthy and beautiful but also to ensure all-round development of human personality.
Today’s physical education is planned and organised on scientific lines.

Question 2.
Describe the main objectives of Physical Education.
Answer:
Difference in the terms ‘Aim’ and ‘Objectives’:
It is essential to differentiate ‘aim’ from ‘objectives’ before we understand them individually. Generally, aim and objective are treated as synonyms,, but in fact these two terms are not synonyms. There is a distinct line that divides the two, and brings out the difference in their meanings. “Aim” is the final goal whereas ‘objective’ is a definite and distinct stage. If our aim is the top-most floor, then the objective constitutes small stages in the way to this floor, and by crossing these stages we reach the destination.

So we can say that in climbing the staircase to our destination objective serves as stairs. When the aim of Physical Education is to produce superior citizens, its objective is to keep them physically healthy. Among its others objectives are to inculcate good habits in man and to endow him with traits of good character. In order to realize the aim of total development of a man’s personality, his physical, mental and moral development are the essential objectives.

Aim of Physical Education:
Different scholars have expressed their opinions in their own way about the aim of Physical Education. The opinion of some of these scholars are as follows :

1. Views of J.F. Williams:
“Physical Education should aim to provide the skilled leadership, adequate facilities and ample time. For affording full opportunity for individuals and groups to participate in situation that are physically wholesome, mentally stimulating and satisfying and socially sound.”

2. Views of J.R. Sharman:
“The aim of Physical Education is to influence the experiences of persons to the extent that each individual within the limits of his capacity may be helped to adjust successfully in society, to increase and improve his wants and to develop the ability to satisfy his wants.” Views of Central Advisory Board of Physical Education. “The aim of Physical Education is to make every child physically, mentally and constitutionally fit and also to develop in him such personal and social qualities as will help him live happily with others and build him up as a good citizen.”

3. Views expressed in Conference of Principals of Physical Training Colleges. “Physical Education should aim to provide opportunities that will make the children and youth of India physically, mentally and constitutionally fit and develop in them the skills and attitudes conducive to long, happy and creative living in a changing society.”

Conclusion:
From the above-mentioned definitions we arrival the conclusion that the aim of Physical Education is the total development of man. Almost all scholars agree that through the medium of Physical Education such qualities should be inculcated in man that may ensure his physical, mental and emotional development.

Objectives of Physical Education:
As has already been mentioned, aim is the final goal for the realization of which there are some objectives. Generally, the aim is one whereas to realize that aim there may be more than one objectives. So Physical Education has only one aim man’s total all-round development, but there are many objectives to realize this aim.

Different scholars have expressed different views about the objectives of Physical Education. The views of some prominent scholars are given ahead:
1. According to Laski.
Physical Education has the following five objectives:

Physical Aspect of Development.
Emotional Aspect of Development.
Social Aspect of Development.
Intellectual Aspect of Development.
Neuro-muscular Aspect of Development.

2. J.B. Nash has given the following four objectives of Physics Education:

Neuro-muscular Development
Emotional Development
Interpretative Development
Organic Development.

3. Another scholar named Buck Walter has divided the objectives. Physical Education into three main categories.
They are as follows:

Health
Ethical Character
Worthy Use of Leisure.

4. Renowned scholar H.C. Buck has categorized the objectives Physical Education as follows:

Organic Development
Development of Neuro-muscular Co-ordination
Development of Right Attitude towards Play and Physical Activities
Development of Right Social Attitude and Conduct
Development of Correct Health Habits.

In similar says, many other scholars have expressed their opinion about the objectives of Physical Education. Among these scholar the prominent are H. Clark, Hetherington, Wood, Cassidy etc.

Conclusion:
A study of all the above-mentioned views given by differer scholars about the objectives of Physical Education make if clea that Physical Education has the following four main objectives:

Physical Development Objectives
Mental Development Objectives
Motor Development Objectives
Social Development Objectives.

Question 3.
What are the objectives of Physical Education the we acquire in game and sports.
Answer:
1. Physical Development Objectives:
Those objectives included in this category by which man develops physically b making his body strong, healthy and attractive. He does physical activities and takes active part in games in order to achieve these objectives.

2. Mental Development Objectives:
Those objectives fall under this category by which mental tension and stress are removed from the child’s mind. Children are trained to think properly. Moreover, they are given training in overcoming and solving various problems and obstacles that come in their way of achieving some aim.

3. Motor Development Objectives:
Those objectives are included in this category by which man becomes capable of doing physical activities easily and without exerting too much.

4. Social Development Objectives:
Those objectives are included in this category by which qualities like leadership, tolerance, co-operation, boldness, self-discipline and self-expression are developed in a person. Such qualities enable one to become an ideal citizen and useful member of society.
PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Physical Education-Its Aim and Objectives 1

Character Formation or Moral Development:
Playground is a school for character formation-
In the playground the players abide by the rules of the game. They learn to lead a good life and become refined personalities. If the umpire gives a decision that is not liked by them even then they continue with the game and never indulge in bad behaviour. The qualities like discipline, abiding by the rules, love and co-operation are learnt in the playground. It results in character formation and moral development.

5. Neuro-muscular Co-ordination:
It is essential to conduct our daily activities in an organised manner so that neuro-muscular co-ordination develops. Physical education helps in it.

6. Prevention from Diseases:
An important aim of physical education is to protect students from diseases. Many of the diseases result from ignorance. The students are educated about the causes of many diseases. This can protect them from many diseases. To conclude we can say that Physical Education is very useful for the all round development, citizenship, human values and national integration.

Question 3.
What are the objectives of Physical Education that one acquires in the game of hockey?
Answer:
There are many aims of physical education that the students learn from hockey ground. This helps him to achieve great success and lead an enjoyable life. Following objectives of Physical Education are achieved in a hockey ground:

1. Tolerance:
We learn the lesson of tolerance in the hockey playground. All the players want their team to win. But sometimes, in spite of their best efforts, the opposite team wins the match. In such kind of a situation, the members of the defeated team do not lose heart. They remain in high spirits. They treat victory and defeat in the same way. They gain practical training of tolerance.

2. Discipline:
Students learn to live in discipline. They come to know that discipline is the key to success. They remain in discipline. They abide by the commands of the captain and happy accept the decisions of the referee. Even at the face of imminent depat. They do not indulge in indiscipline.

3. Character Development:
Participation in the game of hockey inculcates a sense of discipline, co-operation and tolerance in the students. It helps in the development of their character. They sacrifice their personal interests for the common cause.

4. Development of Personality:
Taking part in the game of hockey develops certain qualities in the students that help in the development of their personality. The qualities of co-operation and tolerance develop in them and their body also becomes attractive and healthy. All these are the qualities of a good personality.

5. Creation of Good Citizens:
The qualities of discipline, duty, tolerance etc. develop in the students in the hockey playground. These qualities help them in becoming good citizens.

6. Co-operation:
The player in the game of hockey co-operates with his fellow players. He does not force his own views on others-rather politely puts his Views to develop consensus. It develops a sense of co-operation.

7. National Spirit:
Hockey playground is the place where the players take part in the game irrespective of his caste, religion or creed. No player is turned out of the playground on the basis of his religion. It helps develop national spirit.

8. Self-Confidence:
A feeling of self-confidence develops in the students by taking part in the game of hockey. Only a confident player having a lot of patience can win this game. It proves the development of these qualities in the students by taking part in the game of hockey.

9. Spirit of giving equal importance of victory or defeat:
The game of hockey develops the spirit of giving equal importance to victory or defeat. We should not make fun of the opposite team. And we should not be carried away by our success. The defeated team should be encouraged.

10. Spirit of Sacrifice:
The spirit of sacrifice is very essential in the game of hockey. When we play for our school, college, state or country we give the credit of victory to these institutions. Games always demand sacrifice. Duke of Wellington- after defeating Napolean in the battle of Waterloo, said, “The Battle of Waterloo was won at the playing-fields of Eton and Harrow.” It proves that games help in producing good leaders.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Qualities of Sports and Sportsmanship

September 28, 2024September 27, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 2 Qualities of Sports and Sportsmanship Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Physical Education Chapter 2 Qualities of Sports and Sportsmanship

Very Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Write any two advantages of Sports.
Answer:
Make a person physically fit and mantly sound.

Question 2.
Write about the behaviour of sportsman. Write two lines.
Answer:
Accept defeat with honour and dignity everybody considers equals.

Question 3.
Mention any two qualities of a sportsperson.
Answer:

Co-operation
Tolerance.

Question 4.
Defeat and victory are equal. What it is called?
Answer:
Qualities of players.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 2 Qualities of Sports and Sportsmanship

Question 5.
How the quality of order and abide by comet.
Answer:
To participate in game.

Question 6.
The quality of self confidence and responsibility. What an able a person.
Answer:
Good citizenship.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write two qualities of sportsman.
Answer:

Spirit of Discipline
Tolerance
Spirit of sacrifice.

Question 2.
Describe two values of sports.
Answer:

Sound health
Good citizenship
Full control over emotions.

Question 3.
What do you understand by “sportsmanship”?
Answer:
‘Sportsmanship’ and ‘sportsman’ are important words related to games. Sportsmanship is the spirit with which a sportsman takes part in a game from beginning to the end. Sportsmanship is the collection of those qualities that are essential for a sportsman. For example it is essential for a player to be healthy, lively, disciplined, co-operative, active and obedient to the captain of his team.

Question 4.
What system of behaviour is accepted by a sportsman?
Answer:
System of behaviour for a sportsman accepted internationally by sportsmen has following features:

The decisions of the authorities are accepted to be correct and final.
The rules of the games are in fact the consensus of good people.
The greatest assurance is the best and clean performance of the teams.
Accept defeat with grace.
Treat victory in a natural way.
Acknowledging others virtues gives you respect.
Finding excuses for defeat or bad performance is not good.
A nation or team is respected according to behaviour.
Teams coming from outside should be respected.
Treat all teams equal.

Question 5.
How can the audience become good sportsmen?
Answer:
Following qualities are essential for the audience to become good sportsmen:

They should not obstruct the appreciation of good performance of the players.
If the decision goes against their wishes, they should not say anything against the Judge.
If the team supported by them is weak, they should not expect to win because only that team can win which has the qualities of good sportsmanship and strength.
They should not quarrel with other spectators simply for supporting the other team.
If the team they are supporting faces defeat they should not indulge in bad behaviour such as throwing filth in the ground or trying to stop the game so that it may end without any decision.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Values of Sports.
Answer:
Values of Sports:
Sports have attraction for man due to their values.Following are the reasons for the emphasis being given on sports:

1. Sound Health:
Health is invaluable. A sound mind lives in a sound body. Tiredness, idleness remain away from a healthy man.
All the parts of one’s body are activated by jumping, running and other activities related to sports. All the vital parts of body like heart, lungs etc. start functioning well. Thus sports make one active and smart.

2. Sound Body:
Games and Sports develop sound body. Different sports provide strength to different parts of the body. Sports help in increasing height. The co-ordination of muscles and nerves makes a man look attractive.

3. Full Control over Emotions:
For a balanced and successful life full control over emotions is necessary. If the emotions are not controlled the emotions like anger, sadness and pride may destroy man’s personality. Sports keep human mind free from everyday worries, keep him happy and provide control over emotions.

4. Development of Sound Reason:
Man has to face many problems in life. Sound reasoning is needed to face these problems. Sports help in the development of sound reason. During the game a sportsman has to face different problems and situations. He has to take quick decisions and find quick solutions. Delay in such cases may turn the whole situation upside down. One learns to solve one’s problems. This develops sound reason.

5. Development of Character:
A man of character is respected every where. He does not come under the influence of temptations. Sometimes players are offered pecuniary rewards for victory or defeat. But a good player avoids this. If a sportsman indulges in such activities that prove disloyal to his team he is disliked and becomes hatable in the eyes of his fellow sportmen and the audience. No player tries to play foul in front of the public and in the presence of referees. All these things develop qualities of good character.

6. Development of strong Will-Power:
Sports strengthen will power. It enables the sportsman to work with concentration and acheive new heights of glory. Sportsman tries to achieve success and he tries hard for it. This becomes his habit to work with single minded devotion for success in life also. In this way sports develop strong will-power.

7. Development of the feeling of Brotherhood:
Sports help in the development of brotherhood. Sportsmen play in groups and it makes him behave properly according to the expectations of the group. He has to give up those habits that do not correspond with the expectations of the group. Apart from this playing in a group
has an impact on each other. This develops a feeling of love and brotherhood among the members of the group. This moulds their nature according to the group and they command respect in life.

8. Self-expression:
Sports provide an opportunity to the player to express their views without inhibitions. In the playground the players demonstrate their feats and personal qualities in front of the spectators. The expression of these qualities is possible in the playground only.

9. Leadership:
A good leader in sports develops into a good leader in life also. A good leader brings good name to his nation. On the other hand a bad leader endangers the interests of his country. We get disciplined, controlled, self-sacrificing, co-operative soldiers and good officers who sacrifice everything for the country. Therefore the Duke of Wellington, after Napolean’s defeat in the battle of Waterloo, said, “The battle of Waterloo was won at the playing-fields of Eton and Harrow.”

10. Proper Use of Leisure Time:
After day’s work one has ample free time. It becomes a problem to make the proper use of this spare time. If we do not make proper use of this time naturally we indulge in mischief. An idle mind is devil’s workshop. Sports and games help us in making the proper use of this free time. Sports not only help in spending free time usefully but also develop good health.

11. Spirit of Competition and Co-operation:
Competition is the basis of progress and co-operation is the means to great achievements. Every man has the feelings of competition and co-operation. The development of these feelings bring progress in society and take a country to the road to progress. Sports develop these feelings. A great competition takes place in the games of hockey, cricket, football etc. The teams try hard to win the match. The co¬operation of all the players is required to win the match. The efforts of only a single player cannot win the game. In order to develop the feeling of competition and co-operation, games have an important role to play.

12. Free from Casteism and Development of International Understanding:
Games and sports free us from the differences of casteism that cause a great hurdle in the progress of a country. The players belonging to different castes are there in every team. Their living together and making joint efforts to win the game abolish the differences based on casteism. In international competitions the players of different countries participate and have an active interaction with one another. A feeling of friendship develops and it paves way for international co-operation.

13. Spirit of Discipline:
The players remain in discipline and do there duty in the playground. We can say that a man or a player remaining in discipline in the playground develops a habit of discipline in life also.

14. Tolerance:
Games and sports develop a feeling of tolerance in players. We exchange our views with others. A feeling of co-operation and tolerance develops in us.

15. Good Citizenship:
Sports develop the qualities of a good citizen in the players. The players live in discipline, abide by the rules of the games and co-operate with other players. This makes them develop into good citizens.
In short we can say that sports develop the feelings of co-operation brotherhood, good leadership, equality etc. They help us in becoming good citizens.

Question 2.
What do you understand by ‘Sportsmanship’? What should be the qualities of a good sportsman?
Answer:
Meaning of Sportsmanship:
Many of the words from English language have been adopted by Indian languages. ‘Sportsmanship and ‘sportsman’ are important words related to games. Sportsmanship is the spirit with which a sportsman takes part in a game from beginning to the end. Sportsmanship is the collection of those qualities that are essential for a sportsman. For example it is essential for a player to be healthy, lively, disciplined, co-operative, active and obedient to the captain of his team. The collection of these qualities is known as sportsmanship.

Qualities of a Sportsman:

1. Spirit of Discipline:
The greatest quality of a sportsman is to remain in discipline and abide by the rules of the game. A person having this quality can be called a good sportsman.

2. Tolerance:
One of the important qualities of sportsmanship is tolerance. One faces different situations in games. Victory enthralls and defeat disappoints. But a good sportsman is that who encourages the defeated team and accepts his own defeat with a smiling face and congratulates the victorious team.

3.Spirit of Co-operation:
The spirit of co-operation is the third major quality of sportsman. This feeling keeps the players together and makes them work hard to win the game. A good sportsman co-operates with players, captain, coach, the referee and even the players of the opposite team.

4. No Difference between Victory and Defeat:
Every sportsman tries to win the game and makes every possible effet to achieve success. He can be called a good sportsman if he plays not only to win the game but only to demonstrate a good game. If he wins he should not make fun of the defeated team. In case of defeat he should not be disappointed. A good sportsman treats the defeated players not as inferiors rather he considers them his equals.

5.Ability of Obedience and Order:
A good sportsman should have the ability to obey the commands and in certain cases issue commands. In some cases players lose self-control and disobey their captain. They are not true sportsmen.

6.Spirit of Sacrifice:
The aim of a sportsman is to achieve success for his team. He does not play for his self-interest. It is another quality of a sportsman. A player gives the credit of success to his school, college, state and country.

7. Spirit of Brotherhood:
A good sportsman does not give importance to the differences on the basis of caste, creed, religion, language, region etc. He treats all the players in the same way.

8. Spirit of Competition:
Spirit of competition is essential in a good sportsman. This spirit makes him work hard. In fact the key to progress is the spirit of competition. But this spirit of competition should be free from prejudice and maliee.

9. Spirit of Punctuality:
Sportsman respect the sense of punctuality and make maximum use of each and every opportunity. Every record in a game is valuable. A minor negligence may turn victory into defeat.
PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Qualities of Sports and Sportsmanship 1

10. Spirit of being Active and Alert: A sportsman always remains active and smart. He does not lose any opportunity.

11. Spirit of Self-Confidence:
Without self-confidence nobody can play a game well. Every player has self-confidence and faith in his ability. The self- confidence of the Japanese won them maximum medals in 1974 Asian Games. In 1978 they again got the first position. In the same way they won in 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.

12. Spirit of Responsibility: The sense of responsibility is a must for a sportsman. He should not behave in an irresponsible way. A minor irresponsible act on his part may bring defeat.

13. Knowledge of New Rules:
A sportsman should be aware of the latest rules of games and sports. Every year new rules and regulations are framed. A sportsman should be aware of them.In short, we can say that sportsmanship is not a single unit rather a collection of good elements and a sportsman should have the qualities of discipline, tolerance, self confidence, self-sacrifice and co-operation.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Effects of Intoxicants on Sports Performance

September 28, 2024September 27, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 3 Effects of Intoxicants on Sports Performance Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Physical Education Chapter 3 Effects of Intoxicants on Sports Performance

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of two intoxicants.
Answer:

Wine
Hashish.

Question 2.
Name any two systems which are being effected by intoxicants.
Answer:
On Digestive system and circulatory system.

Question 3.
Write any two harms of intoxicants.
Answer:

Face becomes pale.
Disturbance of Mantle concentration.

Question 4.
Write any two harm of sports person of intoxicants.
Answer:

Carelessness and irresponsibility.
End of Sportsmanship

Question 5.
Intoxicants causes depart in sport. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 6.
Alcohol effects on brain. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

PSEB 9th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 3 Effects of Intoxicants on Sports Performance

Question 7.
Chewing Tobacco causes weak eyesight. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Question 8.
Smoking causes cancer or not.
Answer:
Causes cancer.

Question 9.
Use of Tobacco does not causes cough and the consumption of tobacco is not prone to T.B. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Wrong.

Question 10.
Under the influence of intoxicants player become careless. (Right or wrong)
Answer:
Right.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Prepare a list of intoxicants.
Answer:
List of Intoxicants:

Alcohol
Opiumh
Tobacco
Bhang
Hashis
Snuff
Caffeine
Adernwin.

Question 2.
Describe how intoxicants effect on digestion and memory or thinking of a person.
Answer:
Effect on Digestion:
Intoxicants have highly adverse effect on digestive system. They are highly acidic in nature. As a result of acidic characteristic, the working capacity of liver decreases, and our suffers from many stomach ailments.

Effect on Memory:
Under the influence of intoxicants person cannot speak properly. He only stammers. He loses self-control. He cannot properly judge the changed conditions during the play, and fails to exploit such situations.

Question 3.
Intoxicants cause defeat in sports. How?
Answer:

Intoxicated players fail to assess the ever changing condition during the play, and become the cause of their team’s defeat in the end. .
An intoxicated player becomes careless and irresponsible.
If anybody is found having played under the influence of some intoxicants, he may be debarred from play, his reward is cancelled. In this way victory turns into defeat.

Question 4.
What are the effects of Alcohol on our body? Discuss harm of alcohol.
Answer:
Effects of Alcohol on Health:
Alcohol is a liquid intoxicant. It is legally binding to write on each bottle of alcohol-“Drinking is injurious to health.” Even then more and more people are becoming addict to alcohol, and seem to ignore the statutory warning totally. Thus, more and more such people are becoming prey to many diseases. Their lungs get defected. The liver is damaged. Age declines. Alcohol, in fact, adversely affects all parts of the body. At first man takes alcohol, then alcohol begins to take (consume) him.

Alcohol has several bad effects, some of which are listed below:

Alcohol affects the brain first of all. Nervous system gets affected and the brain weakens. The thinking power or faculty declines.
The kidneys in the body weaken.
Alcohol becomes a hindrance in the production of digestive juices, as a result of which digestion worsens.
Respiration increases, and one catches diseases pertaining to respiratory system.
Blood vessels expand under the influence of regular drinking. Brain has to exert more, and one may suffer a heart attack any moment.
Regular drinking decreases the work-capacity of muscles. The body gets weakened to face the attack of disease germs.
The studies have revealed that a drunkard works less than a normal person. A drunkard also catches various diseases sooner than a normal individual.
Drinking is a social evil as it ruins home, health and wealth.

Question 5.
What is the effects of cigarettes and tobacco on our body? What are the harms of smoking?
Answer:
Effect of Smoking on Health:
In our country smoking and taking tobacco has become a habit and a fashion. There are several ways to consume tobacco such as smoking cigarettes, bidis, cigars, hubble-bubble, etc. Tobacco is also eaten in many forms such as eating “paan”, tobacco mixed with lime, “jarda”, etc. There is a dangerous toxic substance called Nicotine in tobacco. There are other toxins like ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. Nicotine has its adverse effect on the head which begins to feel giddy, and then the heart is badly affected.

The harms of tobacco on health are as under:

Eating or taking tobacco weakens eyesight.
It increases heart beat. One catches heart diseases which often prove fatal.
Studies have revealed that tobacco consuming contracts blood vessels.
Tobacco benumbs the body tissues. One does not have good sleep and ultimately suffers from sleeplessness.
Stomach begins to remain upset with tobacco consumption.
Tobacco also causes cough, and the consumer of tobacco is prone to lung diseases like T.B.
The possibility of catching cancer increases with the excessive use of tobacco, particularly the cancer of lungs and throat.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are intoxicants? Discuss their harms.
Answer:
Intoxicants and their Abuses:
Ever since time immemorial man has been using intoxicants. He was of the opinion that their use was helpful in removing some diseases and in making one feel fresh. But later on the harmful effects of intoxicants came to light. In today’s world, many types of intoxicants have come into use and are easily available. The sports world, in particular, feels concerned and worried. There is no doubt that man can work overtime by consuming some intoxicants, but in the long run overwork results in his fast decay and death.

Among these intoxicants some are worse than leprosy. Such intoxicants as alcohol, tobacco, opium, hashish, bhang, etc. are very harmful to ones’ health. Everybody takes part in some sports for his recreation. He has goodwill and sense of co-operation, and thinks of the well-being of all on the other hand, an intoxicant cannot think of anybody and anything else except his own self, and sometimes not even about his own well-being.

Such a person is a burden on society. He becomes a thorn in the flesh of others. Not only does he make his own life sorrowful but also makes others sorrowful, and turns the life of his family and relatives into a virtual hell. The fact is that intoxicants had highly injurious .effect on one’s health. The use of intoxicants makes one catch diseases of liver, lungs, heart, blood, digestive system, etc. It is not good for players in particular.

Harms of Intoxicants:
Those players who use intoxicants develop the following defects-

The face turns pale.
One’s steps stagger.
The mental balance is lost.
The playfield turns into a battlefield.
Digestion gets defective.
Acidic elements decrease the efficiency of liver.
Many stomach ailments are caught.
The working capacity of muscles decreases.
The player fails to show good performance on the playfield.
One catches such dreadful diseases as cancer, asthma etc.
The memory of the player suffers.
Intoxicated players fail to assess the ever-changing conditions during the play, and become the cause of their team’s defeat in the end.
An intoxicated player becomes careless and irresponsible.
Body loses the needed co-ordination.

Question 2.
Mention the adverse effects of intoxicants on the players and their games.
Answer:
The adverse effects of intoxicants on the players and their game are as under:
1. The Lack of Bodily co-ordination and Agility:
The player under the effect of an intoxicant loses his usual agility and physical co-ordination. These are essential qualities for a good game of hockey, football, etc.

2. The Lack of Mental balance and Concentration:
A slight mistake of a player may prove to be very harmful to the team. An intoxicated player cannot play with concentration. Therefore, he commits such mistakes as result in the team’s defeat.

3. Carelessness and Irresponsibility:
An intoxicated player is extremely careless and carefree. He fails to judge his own strength and efficiency. Sometimes such a player receives such an injury that he has to repent later throughout his life.

4. The Loss of the Spirit of Sportsmanship:
The intoxicated player loses his sense of sportsmanship. As he is in semi-conscious state, he has no self-control. He loses his balance of mind, becomes self-willed and plays as he wishes without paying any heed to what his team-mates say or desire.

5. The Lack of Tolerance:
An intoxicated player often expresses his unhappiness over the decisions of the umpire or referee. He has no control on his reasoning, so he behaves indecently.

6. Disobedience of Rules: Such a player often disobeys rules of the game.

7. Turning of Playground into a Battlefield:
A player under the influence of intoxicant turns the playground into a battlefield.
International Olympic Committee has banned the use of intoxicants during games. If anybody is found having played under the influence of some intoxicant, his medal or reward is cancelled. Therefore, players should try to avoid all kinds of intoxicants, show their best performance and brings laurels to their country.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 Population

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Population Textbook Questions and Answers

Map Work :

Question 1.
Show in the outline map of India :
(i) State and Union territory with highest population.
(ii) State and Union territory with lowest population.
(iii) State and UTs with population density more than 1000 per square km.
(iv) State and UTs with population density less than 100 per square km.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of India Map.

Question 2.
(i) Prepare a chart of occupational structure of Punjab with the help of your teacher and put on the wall of your classroom.
Answer:Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.
(ii) Prepare a chart of sex ratio of Punjab (district wise) and discuss with your subject teacher.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Objective Type Questions :

Question 1.
Which state has highest population as per census 2011 among the followings :
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Bengal
(d) Kerala.
Answer:
(6) Bihar.

Question 2.
Shifting the place of the residence is known as :
(a) Dwelling
(b) Independence
(c) Urbanisation
(d) Migration.
Answer:
(d) Migration.

Question 3.
What percentage of Population was agricultural workers in Punjab as per census 2011?
(a) 35.5
(b) 40.5
(c) 30.5
(d) 27.5
Answer:
(a) 35.5.

Question 4.
What is meant by female foeticide?
Answer:
Killing of female foetus in the womb of mother is called female foeticide. It reduces sex ratio in the country.

Question 5.
Which factors are necessary to find out the nations socio-economic development?
Answer:
Literally, health, income etc. are the necessary elements to know about the social and economic developoment of the country.

Question 6.
How percentage of increase in population is calculated?
Answer:
It can be calculated by a formula :
$\frac{\text { No. of Literate persons }}{\text { Total population }}$ × 100

Question 7.
When do we celebrate the World Population Day?
Answer:
World Population Day is celebrated on 11 July.

Short Answer Questions :

Question 1.
Write a note on the position of India in terms of population in the world?
Answer:
According to Census survey of 2011, India’s population was 1,21,05,69,5.73 means more than 121 crore. If we look at the expected data of 2016, it has reached upto 132 crores. Presently, the total population of the world is 742 crore. India’s geographical area is 32 Lakh 87 thousand sq. km. and India is at seventh place in the world. But India’s place is second from population’s aspect and around 17.2% people of the world live in India. It means every sixth person in the world is Indian.

Question 2.
The citizen of Punjab shall be on what rank, in terms of density of population, literacy rate and sex ratio.
Answer:

Punjab is at 15th place from populations aspect and its population is 2,77,43,338.
The Density of population in Punjab was 551 persons per sq. km. in 2011 which was 484 persons in 2001.
Sex ratio in India was 1000 : 895 in 2011 which is actually quite less. Child sex ratio in Punjab was 1000 : 846 in 2011.
Punjab’s literacy rate is 75.8% and it holds 15th place in India.

Question 3.
What are the main reasons of migration?
Answer:

Migration in search of employment.
Migration to find land for agriculture.
Migration for religious freedom.
Migration in the hope of more income.
Migration due to some pressure or any other reason.
People migrate for political freedom.
Migration to do marriage.
Rural people migrate to urban areas in search of better facilities.

Question 4.
How do we calculate literacy rate? How Punjab is behind many states in India in terms of literacy rate?
Answer:
According to Census of India, one who can* read and write in any Indian language is a literate person. In 1991, it was decided that children below the age of 7 years will be considered illiterate. This decision was followed even in 2Q01 and 2011 Census. There is a formula to know about literacy rate and this is :
Literacy Rate = $\frac{\text { No. of Literate persons }}{\text { Total population }}$ × 100

If we look at Punjab’s position in terms of literacy rate then Punjab is at 14th place as its literacy rate is 75.8%. It is quite less in comparison to many other states such as Kerala (94%), Mizoram (91.3%), Goa (88.7%), Tripura (87.2%) etc.

Question 5.
Write a note on the distribution of rural-urban population in Punjab?
Answer:
Total population of Punjab is 2,77,43,338 out of which 1,03, 99,146 persons live in urban areas and 1,73,44,192 persons live in villages. In this way 37.5% people live in towns and 62.5% people live in villages. Urban population in 2001 was 33.9% which increased to 37.5% in 2011. Actually due to many factors, urban population is increasing such as more facilities, more opportunities of education and employment. During this period, there came great urbanisation in Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district in which 54.8% people live in cities. In Taran Taran, only 12.7% live in urban areas and 87.3% people live in villages. So, we can say that gradually urban population is increasing.

Question 6.
Describe the National Population Policy 2000.
Answer:
While keeping in mind many objectives, Indian Government in 2000, made National Population Policy whose major aims are given below :

Compulsory and free education upto the age of 14 years.
To reduce the number of students who leave their education at primary and secondary level.
To reduce infant mortality rate upto 30 per 1000.
To reduce maternal mortality rate less than 100 per 1,00,000.
To give preference to small family.
To encourage girls to not to marry before the age of 18.
To give stress on delievering children from trained individuals.
To achieve the target of stable population till 2045.

Long Answer Questions :
Answer the following questions in detail :

Question 1.
What are the -specific problems adolescents may face?
Answer:
When a child crosses the age of 10 years, he enters the adolescent age. This age remains till 19 years. In this age, many physical and mental changes come in a child because of which he/she faces many problems which are given below :

Child Marriage. This custom still prevails in many parts of the country and children with less than prescribed age group gets married. It reduces their physical and mental development. They are even unable to get proper education.
Child Labour. A large portion of Indian population still lives below poverty line. That’s why children are forced to do any work to maintain their ‘house. They come under pressure in very early age to earn money when there is a time to take education.
Drug Addiction. In this age, children very quickly adopt a wrong path and many children become drug addicts. Their future gets spoiled.
Inadequate Diet. This is the age when children need good and healthy diet for proper physical and mental development. But due to poverty or any other reason, they are unable to get nutritious diet. It creates an obstacle in their allround development.
Problem of Dropouts from Schools. This is the age when children take education and make their future. But it has been seen many parents withdraw their children from schools even before secondary level. They are forced to earn money which becomes a major problem for them.

Question 2.
Discuss situation of India and Punjab from migration point of view.
Answer:
Population of an area never remains the same. Birth rate and death rate plays an important role in increasing or decreasing population. But migration also plays an important role in this. But question arises that what is Migration? Actually the meaning of migration is when people leave one place to another place to live over there. This mobility or movement can be temporary as well as permanent
1. India’s Position. There is no denying the fact that many Indians migrate to foreign countries. North Indians prefer to migrate to the countries such as U.S.A., Canada, England, Australia, Germany etc. South Indians prefer to migrate to Gulf Countries. Actually everyone wants to earn more money and that’s why they migrate to western countries. The value of currency of western countries is much higher as compared to Indian currency. Consequently, Indians get attracted towards these countries. Doctors, Engineers, I.T. Professionals always try to migrate to earn more money. That’s why many Indians migrate each year to different countries.

2. Punjab’s Position. Like other Indians, Punjabi’s also prefer to mirgrate. A number of males of Jalandhar Doab region have already migrated to western countries and then they took their families with them. Their favourite destinations are Australia, U.S.A. Canada and England. They get attracted towards Dollars and leave no earth and stone to migrate from India.

If Punjabis are migrating to other countries then many people are also coming to Punjab. These are .those migrated labourers who come from the states like U.P. Bihar etc. to earn more money. They either work in industries or in agricultural fields. In 2011, around 21,30,262 people came to Punjab which become 8.7% of the total population of Punjab.

Question 3.
Describe the population density of India.
Answer:
The distribution of population in India is very unequal. According to 2011 census the total population of India is 121 crores and the density of population is 382 persons per sq. kilometre. The density of population varies according to relief, climate and the agricultural productivity of the land. The density of population depends on the amount of rainfall. The areas of sufficient rainfall can support a large number of people.

1. Densely populated areas. These areas have a density of more than 400 persons per sq. kilometre. The high density areas makes a girdle round the Deccan plateau. Right from Satluj-Beas plain to Brahmaputra valley, the density of population is very high.
(а) West Coastal Plain. Kerala has 860 persons per sq. kilometre density of population.
(b) The East Coastal Plain. Tamil Nadu has a density of 555 persons per. sq. kilometre.
(c) The Northern Plain. It includes West Bengal (1028), Bihar (1106) , Uttar Pradesh (829), Punjab (551).
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 1

Factors favouring high density.

Sufficient rainfall
Fertile river valleys and deltas
2 to 3 crops of rice in a year
Healthy climate
Rich in minerals and power resources.

2. Moderately populated areas. These include the areas with a density between 200 to 400 persons per sq. kilometre. These areas are surrounded by Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. Haryana (573) Maharashtra (365), Andhra Pradesh (308), Karnataka (349), Gujarat (308), Orissa (270), Goa (394), Assam (398) have a moderate density.

Factors for moderate density.

Agriculture is not developed due to thin and rocky soils.
Rainfall is uncertain
Means of transportation are not developed.
Some areas have high density of population due to irrigation, lava soils and mineral resources.

3. Sparsely Populated Areas. These areas have a density less than 200 persons per sq. kilometre.
(a) North-Eastern India. This region includes Meghalaya (132), Manipur (115), Nagaland (119), Sikkim (86) and Arunachal (17).
(b) Rajasthan Desert. Rajasthan has a density of 200 persons per sq. kilometre.
(c) Western Himalayas. It includes Jammu and Kashmir (124), Himachal Pradesh (123).

Question 4.
Discuss Indian population from health and population fronts.
Answer:
1. Health. Health is considered as one of the important aspect of population structure which affects the development process of a country. Due to continuous government efforts, people’s health is continuely improving. In 1951, death rate was 25 per 1000 but in 201 h, it reduced to 7.9 per thousand. In the same way average age in 1951 was 36.7 years which also increased to 65.2 years in 2011.

This important change came due to many factors such as health of people, security from many diseases, using modern facilities etc. Government has opened up thousands of hospitals, dispensaries, health centres to provide better health services to the people. Even then health is a major cause of concern for us. Per capita calorie consumption is still quite less. A large portion of our population is still unable to get nutritious food. Clean drinking water and basic health facilities are still a distinct reality for large number of people. To remove such problems, a proper population policy is required.

2. Occupation. The percentage of working population in economy is an important indicator of development. Division of population on the basis of different occupations is called occupational structure. People are actually engaged in different occupations which are divided in three parts—primary, secondary and tertiary.
(а) Primary occupations. It includes agriculture, pastoralism, fishing, mining etc.
(b) Secondary occupations. It includes industries, construction etc.
(c) Tertiary occupations. It includes those people who give their services to the people such as administration, banking, insurance sectors etc.

The proportion of people engaged in different occupations is different in developed and developing countries. In developed countries, more people are engaged in secondary and tertiary sectors. But in developing countries, more people are engaged in primary sector. In India, 53% people are engaged in primary sector, 13% in secondary sector and 20% in tertiary sector. During recent times, this number has witnessed a continues change due to development of industrialization and urbanization.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Population Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
India stands at___________place in the world from population point of view.
(a) Second
(b) Fourth
(c) Fifth
(d) Ninth.
Answer:
(a) Second.

Question 2.
How much of India’s population lives in Punjab?
(a) 1.3%
(b) 2.3%
(c) 3.2%
(d) 1.2%.
Answer:
(b) 2.3%.

Question 3.
How much of India’s population lives in rural areas?
(a) 70%
(b) 75%
(c) 78%
(d) 68%.
Answer:
(d) 68%.

Question 4.
Punjab’s densities of population in 2011 was
(a) 888
(b) 944
(c) 551
(d) 933.
Answer:
(c) 551.

Question 5.
In 2011, how many females were there behind every 1000 males?
(a) 943
(b) 933
(c) 939
(d) 894.
Answer:
(a) 943.

Question 6.
Which Indian state has highest density of population?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Bihar
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
(b) Bihar.

Question 7.
Which Indian state has least density of population?
(a) Mizoram
(b) Sikkim
(c) Arunachal Pradesh
(d) Nagaland.
Answer:
(c) Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 8.
What was sex ratio of Punjab in 2011?
(a) 943
(b) 866
(c) 872
(d) 895.
Answer:
(d) 895.

Question 9.
Which Indian district has highest population?
(a) Thane
(b) Uttar Chaubis Pargana
(c) Dibang Ghati
(d) Anjah.
Answer:
(a) Thane.

Question 10.
Which of these is the reason of migration?
(a) Search of employment
(b) Religious Freedom
(c) Political Freedom
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
In 2011, India’s total urban population was ___________
Answer:
35 crore

Question 2.
In rural areas, the percentage of labourers is _________
Answer:
40%

Question 3.
In 2011, India’s density of population was _________ persons per sq.km.
Answer:
382

Question 4.
The percentage of labourers in India is _________
Answer:
37.50

Question 5.
_________ state has maximum percentage of labourers.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh

Question 6.
The population in the age group of 15-65 years is
Answer:
58.4.

True/False :

Question 1.
India holds first place in the world from population point of view.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Population in mountainous and desert regions is quite dense.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
In poor countries, more population comes in the age group of 10-14 years.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
India’s sex ratio is quite less.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
Natural growth in population depends upon the difference in birth rate and death rate.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by Density of Population?
Answer:
An average number of people living in square kilometres is known as density of population.

Question 2.
Which is the major factor affecting population distribution in India?
Answer:
Agricultural productivity.

Question 3.
Name any two parts of India with a dense populations.
Answer:
Upper Ganga Valley and Malabar region.

Question 4.
Which areas of India has less density of population?
Answer:
North-eastern states, western Rajasthan, few parts of Gujarat etc.

Question 5.
What are the adverse consequences of increasing population in urban areas?
Answer:
Pressure on available resources and public facilities.

Question 6.
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
Number of females after every 1000 males in any area is called sex-ratio.

Question 7.
What is meant by working population?
Answer:
Working population is that population which is engaged in different occupation to earn money.

Question 8.
What is dependent population?
Answer:
All those children and old age persons come in dependent population who cannot earn and are dependent on working population.

Question 9.
Give reason of decreasing death rate.
Answer:
The spread of health services by the government.

Question 10.
Name the Indian state with least population.
Answer:
Sikkim.

Question 11.
What is the density of population in India?
Answer:
382 persons per sq.km.

Question 12.
What is the density of population in West Bengal?
Answer:
1028 persons per sq.km.

Question 13.
Which state has highest density of population?
Answer:
Bihar.

Question 14.
Which state has highest population in India?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh.

Question 15.
What is density of population in Delhi?
Answer:
11297 persons per sq.km.

Question 16.
What was sex ratio in India in 2011?
Answer:
943 persons after every 1000 males.

Question 17.
Which state in India has highest literacy rate?
Answer:
Kerala.

Question 18.
Which state has lowest density of population?
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 19.
What is the most important and valuable resource of a country?
Answer:
The people of the country healthy, mentally as well as physically is the biggest natural source of a country.

Question 20.
What were the causes of slow increase in population before independence?
Answer:
The causes of this normal growth are epidemics, wars and famines which increase death rate.

Question 21.
What was the population of India in the year 1901?
Answer:
The population of India was 23,83,96,327 (23.8 Crore) in the year 1901.

Question 22.
What is the population of India in the year 2011?
Answer:
The population of India was 121 crores in the year 2011.

Question 23.
What is rank of India in the world from the point of view of populations?
Answer:
India ranks second in world (after China) in the view of population.

Question 24.
Write the name of the states with highest and lowest population.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh has the highest population (19.9 crore) and Sikkim has the lowest population to (6 lakh) in India.

Question 25.
Name the states which have a population of more than 5 crores.
Answer:
There are 10 states of India in which population is more than 5 crores.

Question 26.
What was the population of Punjab in the year 2011 and what is the rank of Punjab from the population point of view?
Answer:
The population of Punjab was 2.77 crores in the year of 2011 and Punjab ranks 15th in the country in the view of population.

Question 27.
What percentage of population of India lives in Punjab?
Answer:
Almost 2.3 percent of total population of country live in Punjab.

Question 28.
How many cities are there in India with a population of more than one lakh?
Answer:
There are 302 cities in India with the population of more than one lakh.

Question 29.
How much per cent of population of our country live in plains?
Answer:
40% of population of the country lives on the plains.

Question 30.
How much percentage of population of the country lives in villages?
Answer:
More than 68% of population of the country lives in the villages.

Question 31.
What is the average density of population in our country?
Answer:
The average density of population in India is 382 persons per square kilometres.

Question 32.
Name the states having highest and lowest density of population.
Answer:
Bihar is the state with highest density of population (1102) and Arunachal Pradesh is the state with lowest density of population (17) in India.

Question 33.
What is the density of population in Punjab?
Answer:
The density of population is 551 persons per square kilometre in Punjab. Question 34. Which union territory has the highest.density of population? Answer:National Capital Area Delhi has the largest density of population (11297).

Question 35.
Name the elements that determine the age structure.
Answer:
The factors which determine the age structure are :

Fertility
Mortality
Migration.

Question 36.
What is percentage of population that fall in the 0-14 years age group in our country?
Answer:
37.2% of population is found in the country with the age of 0-14 years.

Question 37.
What percentage of population falls in the 15-64 years age group in our country?
Answer:
58.4% of population is found in the country with the age group of 15-65 years.

Question 38.
What do you understand by sex ratio?
Or
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
The number of women per thousand men is sex ratio.

Question 39.
What is sex ratio of the population of the year 2011?
Answer:
The sex ratio is 943 females for 1000 males in India according to 2001 census.

Question 40.
What are the rural and urban sex ratio?
Answer:
The sex ratio is 939 in rural areas and is 894 per thousand men in urban areas in the year of 2011.

Question 41.
Give two reasons decreasing sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Female foeticide and lower status of females in India.

Question 42.
What is birth rate?
Answer:
Number of births behind every 1000 persons in a particular area is called birth rate.

Question 43.
What is death rate?
Answer:
Number of deaths behind every 1000 persons in a particular area is called birth rate.

Question 44.
What is migration?
Answer:
When a person leaves his geographical area moves to other area to live is called migration.

Question 45.
What is adolescent age?
Answer:
Age between 10-19 years is called adolescent age.

Question 46.
Give one problem of adolescent age.
Answer:
Many physical changes come in this age and children feel quite awkward.

Question 47.
Why migrant labourers come to India?
Answer:
To earn money by working in industries and in agricultural fields.

Question 48.
From which states did migrant labourers come to Punjab?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal etc.

Question 49.
Which district of India have highest and lowest population?
Answer:
Highest Population: Thane (Maharashtra)- 1,10,60,148 persons.
Lowest Population: Dibang Ghati (Arunachal Pradesh)-8004 persons.

Question 50.
What is literacy rate in India?
Answer:
In 2011, literacy rate in India was 74.04%.

Question 51.
Which district of Punjab has highest sex ratio?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur-1000: 961.

Question 52.
Which district of Punjab has highest literacy rate?
Answer:
Hoshiarpur-84.16%.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Census Survey? Write a note on it.
Answer:
Indian government conducts counting of population after every ten years which is called census survey. In this, information is collected about the age, sex, house, literacy rate etc. First census in India was held in 1872 and after this, census is held in the first year of each decade. The census of 2011 was 15th census survey in which? 2200 crore were spent and 27 lakh officer conducted this survey.

Question 2.
What is the difference between Regional distribution of Population and density of population?
Answer:
Distribution of population refers to a place or area, but density of population refers to a ratio. Distribution reflects a pattern of population. It shows Whether population is scattered or concentrated at a place. But density of population shows size of population ratio between men and land.

Question 3.
What are the factors that affect the distribution of population?
Answer:
Population in India is not evenly distributed many factors are responsible for this.

Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.
Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In northern India the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.
Climate. Wherever the climate is congenial the density of population will be high. In Assam even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always there is an epidemic form.
Developed means of transportation. With the development of means of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal is the development of means of transportation.

Question 4.
Why is India known as country of villages?
Answer:
There is no doubt that India is a country of-villages.

Most of people live in villages.
3/4th of population lives in rural areas.
There are more than 5 lakh and 50 thousand rural settlements but 71% of urban population lives in 302 towns.
About 40.1% of labourers live in rural areas and 30.2% of labourers live in urban areas.

Question 5.
What are characterisitc features of regional distribution of population?
Answer:
Characteristics :
1. The distribution of population is uneven in India. There is dense population in river valleys and coastal plains. There is space population in hilly, deserts areas and drought affected areas, 16% of the area of the country, in the Northern plains only 3% people of India live. 94% of population lives on an area of 18% in plains. Only 2% population lives on an areas of 6% in Rajasthan.

2. Most of the people live in villages. Only 31% people live in urban areas.

3. A large part of minorities live in sensitive border area. Along the N.W. border of India. Sikhs in Punjab and Muslims in J & K. form a majority community. Along the borders of China and Burma, in the North East, mostly Christians are found. It has created many political economic and social problems.

4. On the one hand, there is concentration of population in river valleys and coastal areas but deserts, hilly areas are sparsely populated. It looks like a demographic divide.

Question 6.
What do you mean by density of population? Tell something about density of population in India.
Answer:
Persons living in a square kilometre is called density of population. How many persons live in a particular area, will be known only by looking at density of population. According to Census survey of 2011, population density in India was 382 persons per sq.km. There are many Indian states where density of population is quite high such as Bihar (1106), West Bengal (1028), Kerala (860), Uttar Pradesh (829), Punjab (551) etc. But there are few states in which there is quite less density of population such as Nagaland (119), Sikkim (86), Mizoram (52), Arunachal Pradesh (17) etc. Delhi’s density of population is 11297 which is highest among all the union Territories.

Question 7.
Write a note on population Growth.
Answer:
Population of a place or a country never remains the same but it changes from time to time. That’s why when positive changes come at a particular place on a particular time, it is called population growth. This population growth can be due to many reasons such as birth rate, death rate, migration of people etc. The population growth of India between 2001 to 2011 was 17.68% and that of Punjab was 13.9%. Population growth can be calculated with a formula :
Population Growth = $\frac{\text { Pure growth in Ten Years }}{\text { Total population }}$ × 100

Question 8.
Name few factors responsible for population growth.
Answer:
Many factors are responsible for population growth such as:

If birth rate is more than death rate then population increases.
If girls get married at an early age then there is a possibility of population growth.
If climate is positive for life then also there will be an increase in population.
Universality of marriage is also responsible for population growth.

Question 9.
Write a note on Age composition.
Answer:
The process of dividing population of a place, state or country in different age groups is called age composition. Generally, whole of the population is divided in three groups. In first group, people with the age of 0-14 years are included. In the second group, people with the age of 15-84 years are included which is known as working class. Third group includes people with the age of 65 years or above which is known as dependent group. First and third group are dependent upon second group for their needs. Dependency ratio can be expresses with a formula :
Dependency Ratio = $\frac{\text { No. of children }+\text { No. of old Age people }}{\text { No. of Adults }}$ × 100

Question 10.
What is sex-ratio? Explain sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Number of females behind 1000 males in a particular area is known as sex ratio. In 2011, sex ratio in India was 1000 : 943 means there were 943 females behind every 1000 males. Sex ratio in India was always low. Only Kerala (1084) and Puducherry (1037) has positive sex ratio but it is negative in other states. In Punjab (895) and Haryana (879), it was quite less. If we want to know about the status of women in any society, we must look in for sex ratio of that place. But during last few decades, it is continuely improving due to official efforts.

Question 11.
What are the causes of low sex Ratio in India?
Answer:
The sex ratio of India is 943 per thousand males. There is a general declining trend in sex ratio. The ratio in 1901 was 972. It was declined to 934 in 1981. This decline has been due to social evils in our society.

In our society, female child is neglected. Male population dominates in our society. There is high death rate among females. Death rate is particularly high among married women. Women labour migrates to some mining and industrial centres. It also results in declining sex ratio.

Question 12.
What is the Sex ratio of States of North India?
Answer:
There is an adverse sex ratio in Northern India. The number of females is less than that of males. It is clear from sex ratio in Bihar (916), Rajasthan (926), Punjab (895), U.P. (898), and Haryana (877). (The lowest Sex Ratio in India).

Question 13.
What is the importance of Economic Structure of population?
Answer:
Importance

We come to know the percentage of people engaged in productive \york.
It shows the cultural composition of population which determines the stage of development of a country.
It marks the backward areas of the country so that proper planning can be done.

Question 14.
Why is it necessary to study the structure of population?
Answer:
It is necessary to study the structure of the population of a country due to :
1. We need different components of population such as age structure, sex ratio, occupational structure for the economic and social planning of a country.

2. The different aspects of population have a close relationship with developoment on the one hand. These are affected by population and on the other hand these affect population and development. For example, if the percentage of children and old age people is high in age structure, a country has to spend more on education and health facilities. On the other hand, a high percentage of working age group encourages the economic development of a country.

Question 15.
What are the importance of study of age structure?
Answer:
These are the advantages of study of age structure of population :
1. By determining the 0-14 age group the govt, knows that there is need of expenditure on education, health and social services. So new schools, health centres and community centres are opened.

2. We know the number of eligible voters in the country which is vital for a democracy. There should be 58% voters per age group, but actually there are 60% of voters in the country.

Question 16.
Write about the needs of adolescents in adolescent age.
Answer:

Adolescents must get good and balanced diet.
They must be given proper environment and proper education.
They must be informed about physical changes.
Parents and society must talk with them with great love and affection.
Efforts must be made to save them from drug addiction.
They must be provided with proper guidance for a good future.

Question 17.
What is the role of society, teachers and parents in making future of adolescents?
Answer:

Parents can provide good education and environment to their children to give them a bright future.
Parents can show them the way to make their children better citizens, to remain away drugs etc.
Teachers can motivate their students to become good citizens by giving them proper education.
Social, Religious and Political leaders can motivate their students to move on a right path.

Question 18.
Write a note on gender based structure of Punjab.
Answer:
Punjab’s total population is 2,77,43,338 out of which 1,46,39,465 are males and 1,310,3873 are females. Their sex ratio is 1000 : 895. It means that after every 1000 males, there are 895 females which is quite less. This is 875 in cities and 907 in village which is little bit more in comparison to 2001. Sex ratio of Hoshiarpur district (961) is at the top and then it comes Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (954)), Jalandhar (915) and Roop Nagar (915). Bathinda (868) has the lowest sex ratio. Then it comes the number of Fathegarh Sahib (871). During last decade, this sex ratio has increased due to strict official efforts.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 2

Question 19.
Throw a light on the occupational structure in Punjab.
Answer:
Agriculture is the major occupation of the people of Punjab and that’s why most of the population is engaged in agriculture or related acitvities. Out of total workers of Punjab, 35.5% are engaged in agriculture or related activities 3.9% people are engaged in household industries. Rest of the 60.5% people are engaged in other activities. In the districts of Sri Muktsar Sahib and Mansa, most of the workers are engaged in agriculture but in Ludhiana and Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, very few people are engaged in agriculture but rest are busy in industrial and service sector. A number of Punjabi’s have migrated to other countries in search of employment.

Question 20.
Give cause of Declining Sex Ratio.
Answer:

People want to have a boy child and they never hesitate to abort the female foetus. It leads to decline in sex ratio.
Sex ratio declines with increase in female foeticide.
Sex ratio declines with the custom of killing new born girls i.e. female infanticide.
Emigration of males from one place to another also leads to decline in sex ratio.
In traditional societies birth of girl is considered as a curse because of which boys are preferred over girls. It also leads to decline in sex ratio.

Question 21.
Give consequences of Declining Sex Ratio.
Answer:

Declining Sex ratio leads to increase in violence against women.
The custom of polyandry encouragement with declining sex ratio.
Declining sex ratio leads to lower social status of women.
Health of women deteriorates with it.
Trade of women also takes place with declining sex ratio.

Question 22.
Which are the states those have high density of population?
Answer:
There is dense population in Northern plains, western coastal plain, Eastern Coastal plain (Deltas). These area have fertile soils and facilities of irrigation. So the population is dense. As we go westward, the rainfall goes on decreasing and the density of population also decreases. That is why the density of population in West Bengal is greater than that in Haryana and Punjab. Kerala has also high density because two or three crops can be grown due to high rainfall.

Question 23.
What are the causes of high density of population in plains?
Answer:
The density of population is high in plains. This is due to :

The Northern plain is fertile.
It has high rainfall.
It has many big industrial centres.
The means of transport are developed.
Coastal plain has the facilities of fishing and foreign trade.

Question 24.
What are the areas of low density of population?
Answer:
Thar Desert, Eastern Himalayas and Chotta Nagpur plateau are sparsely populated areas.

The soils are infertile or sandy or stony.
The means of transport are not developed.
The climates is not healthy. It is either too hot or too cold. Himalayas get heavy rainfall.
Industries are not developed in these areas except Chotta Nagpur plateau.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in detail the state wise structure of sex ratio in India.
Answer:
Sex ratio means the number of females per 1000 males. Now a days, women have equal rights with men. In developed countries, the number of women is equal to number of men. In some countries sex ratio is 1050. The average sex ratio in developing countries is 964. In India, in 2011, sex ratio was 940, and is one of the lowest in the world.

State-wise sex ratio. Sex ratio is not uniform in all states. Only one state, Kerala, has sex ratio of 1084 and Puducherry (1036) (Above the average). In other states, sex ratio is less than average.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 3
It is clear that Northern States have low sex ratio and it is a matter of concern.

Question 2.
List factors influencing distribution of population.
Answer:
The following factors influence the distribution of population :
1. Fertility of the soil. The states in which there is a large fertile area, the density of population is high. U.P. and Bihar are such states.

2. Amount of rainfall. The density of population is higher in regions of abundant rain. In northern India, the amount of rainfall goes on decreasing from east to west. The density of population also goes on decreasing in the same direction.

3. Climate. Wherever the climate is congenial, the density of population will be high, In Assam even though there is abundant rainfall but the density of population is low because the climate is unhealthy. The malaria is always in an epidemic form.

4. Developed means of transportation. With development of means of transportation the business makes rapid progress and the density of population increases. The reason for high density of population in U.P., Bihar and West Bengal is the development of means of transportation.

5. Industrial development. At places where the factories are located, the density of population also increases. The reason is that people like to live in those areas where industrial development takes place. They can carry on their business more easily in such areas, and they have better chances of earning more money. That is why the density of population is high in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

Question 3.
Write an essay on problem of population increase in India and also enlighten the solution to this problem.
Answer:
India’s population is growing rapidly, and creating some problems.
1. Low standard of living. Indian people have low standard of living as compared that of Europeans. About 48% people live below poverty line. They do not have full meals. It results in low production capacity.

2. Deforestation. The forests are cleared rocklessly to meet the growing needs. It has resulted in problems of soil erosion floods, pollution and loss of forest- wealth.

3. Lack of pastures. India has only 4% land under pastures. If this land is used for other purposes, it will result in shortage of fodder for cattles.

4. Pressure on population. Land is a limited source and cannot be increased. It is leading a pressure of population on land. It will decrease the productivity of the land.

5. Lack of minerals. Industries are developed to meet the growing needs of people. So more minerals are used. These reserves will exhaust soon.

6. Environment. Population growth has an adverse effect on environment. Clear water and air is a problem. Oxygen is also decreasing.

Solutions:

Family planning should be adopted,
People should be explained the significance of small families by films, songs, plays,
Illiteracy should be abolished so that people should understand harms of growing population.
Female education should be increased, marriageable age of girls be increased.

Question 4.
Write a note on population distribution in Punjab.
Answer:
Punjab’s total population is 2,77,43,338 and this population lives in 12,581 villages and 217 big small cities. Few areas of Punjab has more concentration of population and few areas have less concentration. Cities like Ludhiana and Amritsar have more population i.e. 16 Lakhs and 11 Lakhs respectively. But the population of few cities is in thousands. On the basis of population density Punjab can be divided in four parts and these are :
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Population 5
1. Areas with less density of population. In first category, those districts are included where population density is less than 400 persons per square kilometre. Sri Muktsar Sahib is included in this category whose population density is 348 which is quite less than other districts.

2. Moderate density of population. Those districts are included in this category which has a population density of 401-500 persons per sq. km. It includes many districts such as Taran Taran, Hoshiarpur, Faridkot, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Moga, Faridkot, Barnala, Bathinda, Sangrur, etc.

3. More density of population. The third category includes the districts of Patiala, Fatehgarh Sahib, and Roop Nagar where the density of population is between 501-600 persons per sq. km.

4. Extreme Density of population. It includes such districts whose density of population is more than 600 persons per sq. km. The districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar are included in this category. Ludhiana’s density of population is 978 which is the highest in Punjab. Then comes the number of Amritsar (928) Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (909) and Jalandhar (836).

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Geography Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Geography Source Based Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Read the following quotes carefully and answer the given questions : The Indian Republic is a large country with a large geographical spread. India is a distinct geographical unit, in which a distinct culture has developed. It is the seventh largest country in the world. Where as in terms of population, it ranks second in the world after China. It is clear from this that 17.5% (2011 data) population is on 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world. On the northern border of China, there are mountain ranges of the Great Himalayas which extend parallel to each other. She makes India a separate territory from Asia. The vast fertile plains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers provide food security to our country. The peninsular plateau is a storehouse of natural minerals. Surrounded by many major rivers, lakes and vast oceans on all three sides of the world, India holds the status of an independent landform or subcontinent.
(A) What is the place in the world in terms of area and population of India?
Answer:
India ranks seventh in the world in terms of area. In terms of population, India is second.

(B) Why is India called the sub-continent?
Answer:
India is located to the South of the continent of Asia. Part of Asia is a distinct geographical entity. It is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayan mountains. India has been given the status of a sub-continent due to its’ features. The Indian sub-continent consists of countries other than India including Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives etc.

Question 2.
Plains of Punjab-Haryana-These plains are spread over an area of about 640 Kilometres from northwest to south-east. Their average width is up to 300 km. The total area of this ground is up to 1.75 lakh km. This plain is made up of alluvial deposits of Indus and its tributaries: Sutlej, Beas and Ravi. There are five Doabs of this ground, including Bist Doab (Beas and Sutlej), Bari Doab (Beas and Ravi), Rachna Doab (Ravi and Chenab), Chaj Doaba (Chenab and Jehlum) and Sindh-Sagar Doab (Jehlum, Chenab and Sindhu (middle) area of the river).
(A) Write about the extension of the plain of Punjab-Haryana?
Answer:
The plain of Punjab-Haryana has spread about 640 km from North-West to South-East. Its average width is 300 km. Its total area is 1.75 lakh square kilometres.

(B) How did these plains become? Write the names of its doabs.
Answer:
This plain is formed by the accumulation of alluvium of Indus and its tributaries; Sutlej, Beas and Ravi. There are five Doabs of this plain, Bist Doab (Beas and Sutlej), Bari Doab (Beas and Ravi), Rachna Doab (Ravi and Chenab), Chaj Doab (Chenab and Jehlum) and Sindh-Sagar Doab (Jehlum, Chenab and Indus River of middle area.)

Question 3.
The plains of the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers are one of the largest plains in the world. These plains are about 2,400 km long and 150 to 130 km wide. These plains are made of alluvial soil. In millions of years, this fertile plain has been created due to the deposition of alluvium in a very large basin situated in Giripad, Himachal. Many plains are also built-in these plains such as Alluvial fans, alluvial cone, crooked or meandering rivers, natural leaves, flood plains etc. Most of the Terai Region of Punjab, Uttarakhand has been cut into forests and made into arable land.
(A) How was India’s vast northern plains formed?
Answer:
The vast plains of India have been formed by the deposition of alluvial soil brought by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. These deposits occurred in a huge basin in Girpad in the Himalayas.

(B) Name the main landforms of these plains.
Answer:
Many landscapes are found in these plains, like alluvial fans, alluvial cone, meanders, crooked or erosive flow, rivers, natural leaves, flood plains etc. Most of the Terai Region of Punjab, Uttarakhand has been cut into forests and made into arable land.

Question 4.
A network of rivers and canals flowing in an area is called water flow. Nature has given India hundreds of big and small rivers. It is very important for students to understand some facts related to water flow, such as Doab, water separator and drainage pattern etc. The area between the two rivers is called Doab. Any elevated area, such as a mountain or high land that divides two water streams, is called a water divide. The water flowing over any part of the earth creates many different forms which are called drainage forms.
(A) What is the meaning of water flow?
Answer:
The network of rivers and canals flowing in an area is called water flow. This means that the network of all the rivers or canals flowing in a particular area is called water flow.

(B) Who is called Doab?
Answer:
The area between two rivers is called Doab. This means that the area or plain between two rivers is called Doab.

(C) Explain the meaning of water divide.
Answer:
The elevated area, such as a mountain or a high land that divides two water streams is called a water divide.

Question 5.
Rivers have been of great importance throughout human history. The Indus Valley civilization is an example of this. Water has attracted humans since ancient times. Our life depends on water only. The survival or absence of population is dependent on water. Folk songs, stories, folk-dances, agriculture are all dependent on water. Water is the most important natural resource. For livelihood, water is very important everywhere in agriculture, irrigation, hydroelectric construction, industiral area, construction and homes. Internal water ways are possible only due to rivers.
(A) What is the importance of rivers in our life?
Answer:

Rivers give us drinking water. This water is purified to make it potable.
Many multipurpose projects are put on these rivers which not only provide electricity but also provide water for irrigation.
Many civilizations flourish on the banks of these rivers. Indus valley civilization is an example of this.
Rivers bring alluvial soil from the mountains in which our plains become fertile.

(B) What is an internal waterway?
Answer:
Many rivers flow in India and many of these rivers go and merge in some sea. But there are some rivers that cannot reach the sea and dissolve on the way. All these are called internal waterways.

Question 6.
Human life is greatly influenced by climate. Man is completely subject to climate at every stage of life, including food, clothes, design of homes, health work, employment etc. In cold climate regions, hot things are used in food such as tea, coffee and hot food. Colder substances like lassi, ice, sorket etc. are used more, in countries with hot climate. Warm clothes such as coats, sweaters (Woollen garments), jackets, blankets etc. are used in cold countries. Homes are open and ventilated in areas with hot climates. The roofs of houses in hilly areas are sloping. Fruits like apples, almonds, cherries in cold winter. Climate and crops of sugarcane, cotton, rice, jute etc. are grown in hot climatic regions.
(A) How is human life affected by climate?
Answer:
Human life is greatly influenced by climate such as:

Our food habits are affected by climate such as hot things are eaten in cold areas,
Our clothes are also affected by climate such as wearing warm clothes in cold areas,
The structure and size of our houses are also affected by climate such that houses in hot areas are open and ventilated,
People living in cold and mountainous areas are physically stronger.

(B) Which crops grow in cold and hot climate areas?
Answer:

Fruits like apple, almond, cherry are grown in cold climate areas.
Crops like cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, jute etc. are grown in areas with hot climate.

Question 7.
Natural vegetation is a boon for humans or for the provincial economy. There is an acute need for its protection and development. We are aware that the situation of Punjab in this region is not favourable as only 6.07 percent of the forests are found here. The other part of the ground is being used’for the development of agriculture, industry, roads and railways, villages and cities. In terms of population, the area of Punjab is much less than the average of the country. The state’s population and pollution rate are constantly increasing. Therefore, there is a great need to increase the area under vegetation. To accomplish this goal, more and more trees should not be planted in the arable land.
(A) What is the benefit of natural vegetation to us?
Answer:

We get oxygen from natural vegetation which gives us clean air.
We get many types of wood from natural vegetation which makes our furniture.
Many types of herbs are found from natural vegetation which are used in making many types of medicines.
There is no land degradation due to natural vegetation.

(B) Why should we increase the area of natural vegetation?
Answer:

We should increase natural vegetation to increase fresh air.
It is necessary to increase the forests to meet its wood requirements.
It is necessary to increase the area of natural vegetation to save land degradation.
To give good life to the coming generations, natural vegetation needs to be more and more.

Question 8.
If we want to live our life comfortably and think the same for future generations then we should protect our forests properly. Planting of plants is called afforestation. We can plant saplings or barren land or non-agricultural land without converting them into forests. You can improve the deteriorating state of forests by planting 311 social forests, agricultural forests, commercial forests. The government should make every effort to awaken the people regarding the importance of forests and cooperation for their protection. Laws should be strictly enforced by the Forest Department and punish the culprits for cutting down trees, either illegally or without adopting the right method.
(A) What are the benefits of forests?
Answer:

Forests control the climate compact, forests prevent temperature rise in summer and increase the temperature in winter.
The roots of dense forests help in reducing the speed of flowing water, thus reducing the speed of flowing water, thus reducing the outbreak of floods.
The roots of trees strengthen the soil tightness and prevent soil erosion.
The soil gets green manure in the form of bacteria due to dry leaves falling.

(B) How can we save the dwindling forests?
Answer:

We can imporove the deteriorating state of forests continuously by dividing forests into different parts.
People should be awakened from time to time for the benefits and care of the forests.
Cutting of forests should be declared as a legal offence and strict punishment should be given to those who cut down trees without proper law.
People should be constantly encouraged to plant new trees.

Question 9.
In our country, the girl is worshipped on one side and on the other side, she tries to take away her right to live. But now the time has come when we have to get rid of the priority of men and children have to understand the gift of nature without any gender discrimination. In future, we can not imagine a society without women. Misconceptions about women need to be changed. By punishing the guilty, the law has to be strictly enforced. We must end shameful and illegal acts such as female feticide and forced abortions.
(A) What is the meaning of female feticide?
Answer:
When it is found out about a pregnant woman that she is having a daughter in her womb, she is killed in the womb or the woman is miscarried. This process is called female feticide.

(B) Why female feticide is done?
Answer:

Dowry has to be given at the time of marriage of the girl. That’s why people don’t want girls. So they commit female feticide.
It is written in religious texts that to attain liberation one must have a boy. So they kill the female fetus.
Use of modern techniques has promoted female feticide.
People also commit female feticide in order to gain respect in society.