Class 8

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 6 Charge for Love Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 6 Charge for Love

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.
1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

sign board	advertise	intention	set about
sweat	handful	delight	stirring
hobbling	veterinarian	hip socket	brace
twisted	crippled	worth	cents

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2.

Write the meaning of the following phrasal verbs from their context in the given space.

Activity 3

Choose the correct option to answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What did the shop owner write on the sign board ?
(a) ‘Come and Buy Puppies’
(b) Free Puppies
(c) Looking For My Lost Puppy
(d) ‘Puppies for Sale’
Answer:
(d) ‘Puppies for Sale’.

Question 2.
What was the name of the mother of the puppies ?
(a) Holly
(b) Dolly
(c) Paula
(d) Peppy.
Answer:
(b) Dolly.

Question 3.
How many puppies were there to choose from?
(a) three
(b) five
(c) four
(d) one.
Answer:
(b) five.

Question 4.
Which puppy did the boy pick ?
(a) the one with black and white spots
(b) the one with a limp
(c) the one with shaky eyes
(d) the one with big ears.
Answer:
(b) the one with a limp.

Question 5.
Why did the boy pick the puppy with a limp ?
(a) He could empathize with its condition.
(b) The shop owner said he’d give it for free.
(c) He thought it was very cute.
(d) The puppy showed him more affection.
Answer:
(d) The puppy showed him more affection.

Question 6.
Why did the shop owner want the boy to take the puppy for free?
(a) He felt that he should not put a price on love.
(b) He felt that the boy was too small to pay.
(c) The puppy would be a burden on him due to its limp.
(d) He thought that he would have to spend a lot of money on its regular treatment.
Answer:
(d) He felt that he should not put a price on love.

Activity 4.

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who approached the owner of the shop ?
दुकान मालिक के पास कौन गया ?
Answer:
A little boy approached the owner of the shop.

Question 2.
What was the owner charging for healthy puppies ?
दुकान मालिक स्वस्थ पिल्लों का कितना मूल्य ले रहा था ?
Answer:
For healthy puppies the owner was charging from $ 30 to $.50 dollars.

Question 3.
How much money did the boy have ?
लड़के के पास कितने पैसे थे ?
Answer:
The boy had 2.37 dollars.

Question 4.
What problem did the lame puppy have ?
लंगड़े पिल्ले को क्या समस्या थी ?
Answer:
The lame puppy could neither run nor play.

Question 5.
Which puppy was chosen by the little boy and why?
लड़के ने कौन-सा पिल्ला चुना और क्यों ?
Answer:
The boy chose crippled puppy because it showed him more affection.

Question 6.
Why did the shop owner agree to give the puppy for free?
दुकान मालिक पिल्ला मुफ्त में देने को क्यों तैयार हो गया ?
Answer:
He agreed to this because there is no charge for love.

Activity 5.

Put a tick (✓) or a cross (✗) against each sentence.

1. The shop owner wanted to sell kittens. ( )
2. The shop owner wanted to sell puppies. ( )
3. The boy was an athlete and needed a pet to exercise with. ( )
4. One of the puppies was blind. ( )
5. The boy had enough money to buy four pets. ( )
6. The shop owner insisted that the boy might take the puppy for free. ( )
7. The boy had a crippled leg. ( )
8. The boy initially came looking for a horse. ( )
Answer:
1. ✗
2. ✓
3. ✗
4.✗
5. ✗
6. ✓
7. ✓
8. ✗

Comprehension Passage

Dengue is a viral disease. It spreads through the bite of an Aedes mosquito. This mosquito breeds in stagnant water kept in buckets, coolers, pots, etc. Therefore, we must empty all the buckets, coolers, pots so that the larvae of the Aedes mosquito is not able to breed around us. Also, when the mosquito bites a person suffering from dengue, the dengue virus enters the blood of that mosquito. After about one week, when this mosquito bites a healthy person, the dengue virus enters the blood of that person and infects him. The platelet count of that person goes very low. Other symptoms of dengue usually begin to show four to six days after infection. The symptoms last for up to ten days. The symptoms are :

• sudden high fever
• severe headache
• pain behind the eyes
• severe joint and muscle pain
• fatigue
• nausea
• vomiting
• skin rash which appears two to five days after the onset of fever
• mild bleeding (such as nose bleeding, bleeding gums or easy bruising)

You should therefore rest, drink plenty of fluids and see your doctor regularly. The doctor can diagnose dengue infection with a blood test. The best way to prevent the disease is to prevent mosquito bites by wearing long sleeves clothes so that the infected mosquito is unable to bite.

Activity 6.

Answer the following questions on the basis of the above passage.

1. How does dengue spread ?
2. How can you prevent dengue ?
3. What are the symptoms of dengue ?
4. Choose the correct option:
(a) The symptoms of dengue last upto …………… days
(i) two to five
(ii) upto ten
(iii) upto eight
(iv) four to six.

(b) The symptoms of dengue are :
(i) high fever
(ii) severe headache
(iii) fatigue
(iv) all of these.
Answer:
1. Dengue spreads through the bite of Aedes mosquito.
2. We can prevent dengue by not allowing the Aedes mosquito to breed around us. We should also save ourselves.
3. The symptoms are :

• sudden high fever
• severe headache
• pain behind the eyes
• severe joint pain and muscle pain
• fatigue
• nausea
• vomitting
• skin rash which appears two to five days after the onset of fever.
• mild bleeding (nose bleeding or gums bleeding).

4.
(a) (i) two to five.
(b) (iv) all of these.

Learning Language

Past Tense and Future Tense

In this chapter, we will continue with tenses. In the previous chapter, we did the Present tense. Now let’s look at Past tense and Future tense.

Past Tense

The Simple Past Tense or the Past Indefinite is used :

(a) to express that something was done or took place in the past time
Usually adverbs and adverb phrases like ‘yesterday’, ‘ago’, ‘last week’, “last month’, ‘last year’, etc. are associated with Simple Past Tense. For example :

• I saw him yesterday.
• He passed the exam last year.
• She was born in 1990.
• He died in 1992.

(b) to express a habitual action in the past, for example :

• As a child I played cricket.
• I was the captain of my team.

(c) to express an action actually going on at the past time stated, for example :

• While they bathed (were bathing), we fished (were fishing).

Past Continuous Tense

It is used to indicate that the action was still going on in the past time referred to. For example :

• When we reached there, she was singing.
• When you arrived, they were having lunch.
• She was cooking when the telephone rang.

Past Perfect:

Tenselt is used to denote an action which had been completed at some point in the past time before another action was commenced. For example :

• The train had left when we reached the station.
• The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
• The sun had set before we reached home.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

It is used to indicate that an action had continued for a certain time previous to the point of time named

• We had been waiting for you for two hours when you came.
• I had been writing for an hour when you came to see me.

Activity 7.

Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense forms of the words given in the brackets :

Bahadur Singh smiled. He tossed his revolver in the air and …………….. (catch) it by the handle. He …………….. (take) a careful aim at an empty sardine can and ……………… (fire) another six shots. The bullets ……………. (go) through into the earth kicking up whiffs of dust. His Alsatian dog …………….. (begin) to bark with excitement. He ……………. (leap) up with a growl and ……………… (run) down the canal embankment. He …………… (sniff) at the tin and ………………. (take) it up in his mouth and ……..10…… (run) back with it and ……………… (lay) it at his master’s feet.
Answer:
1. caught 2. took, 3. fired, 4. went, 5. began, 6. leapt, 7. ran, 8. sniffed, 9. took, 10. ran, 11. laid.

Activity 8.

Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect forms of the verbs given in the brackets.

1. I ………….. an elephant on the way back home. (see)
2. Did he ……………… a letter to his father ? (write)
3. He ……………… to read when he was three. (learn)
4. When I saw him, he …………. a blue shirt. (wear)
5. ……………… they ……………… out yesterday ? (go)
6. The scooter …………….. a lot of money. (cost)
7. The First World War …………….. in 1919. (end)
8. When I met Aradhya, she ……………… at the bus stop. (wait)
9. Reema . ……….. first in the last test. (not stand)
10. Children ……………. away when they ……………. the policeman. (run, see)
11. The plane ………………. when we reached the airport. (leave )
12. Ramesh …………….. home when I phoned him. (return)
13. …………….. he ……………… his old car before he bought a new one ? (sell).
14. The children ……………… before I came home. (sleep).
15. The film had already begun when we ……………… the theatre. (reach)
16. The teacher … the book before the examination began. (finish)
17. The robber had run away before the police ………………. . (come)
18. Tom ……………… sleepy after having a good lunch. (feel)
19. I …………….. the message before you came. (receive)
20. He ………………. for India last year. (play)
Answer:
1. saw
2. was, writing
3. learnt
4. was wearing
5. Did, go
6. cost
7. ended
8. was waiting
9. did not stand
10. run, saw
11. had left
12. had returned
13. Had, sold
14. had slept
15. reached
16. had finished
17. came
18. felt
19. had received
20. played.

Future Tense

Simple Future Tense:

It denotes an action that is about to take place or an action that will take place in the future. For example :

• I shall do it now. (at once, immediately)
• We shall go there next week.
• Vandana will come here at 6 o’clock.

Future Continuous Tense:

It denotes an action going on at some point in the future timė.
For example :

• She will be singing then.
• I shall be taking my examination tomorrow at this time.

Future Perfect Tense:

It denotes that an action will be completed at some point of time in the future. For example :

• I shall have done my work before you come.
• The play will have begun before you get to the theatre.
• They will have spent all their money by then.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

It indicates that the action, whether finished or unfinished will have been in progress for sometime.
For example :

• We shall have been playing for three hours when you come here.
• Ashok will have been living in Japan for 10 years.

Activity 9

Put the verbs into the correct form (Simple Future).

Use ‘will. Ashu asked a fortune teller about her future. Here is what he told her :

1. You …………… (earn) a lot of money.
2. You ………………. (travel) around the world.
3. You ……………… (meet) lots of interesting people.
4. Everybody ……………… (adore) you.
5. You ….. (not / have) any problems.
6. Many people …………….. (serve) you.
7. They …………….. (anticipate) your wishes.
8. There ……………… (not / be) anything left to wish for.
9. Everything ……………… (be) perfect.
10. But all these things …………….. (happen) only if you marry me.
Answer:
1. will earn
2. will travel
3. will meet
4. will adore
5. will not have
6. will. serve
7. will anticipate
8. will be not
9. will be
10. will happen.

Activity 10.

Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verb given in the brackets.

1. I was not feeling well. So I ……………. much. (not eat)
2. It was so cold at Almora, even water in the taps ……………… (freeze)
3. She assures me that she ………………. me in my work. (help).
4. We ……………… to Mumbai last week. (go)
5. I …………….. Bihar before the earthquake occurred. (leave)
6. He . …… home before the sun sets. (reach)
7. Dinesh ………………. if you invite him. (come)
8. At this time next Monday we ………….. your birthday. (celebrate)
9. When she visits school next month, I ………………. there for 10 years. (teach)
10. The inter school hockey tournament ……………. next Monday. (begin)
Answer:
1. will not eat
2. freeze
3. will help
4. went
5. had left
6. will have reached
7. will come
8. will be celebrating
9. will have been teaching
10. begins/will begin.

Learning to Listen

Activity 11.

You will listen to a voicemail message on your father’s mobile phone. Your father is in Delhi and has forgotten to take his mobile phone. He has another mobile phone with him. Make notes of what you hear. Expand the notes into a proper message that you will send him on his other mobile phone.

Main points of Voicemail Message	Text Message
Mohan Kumar from Bell Digital
Some of our products in the market
Demon in your office
Call when back
Phone No…………….
Send your e-mail
New brochure prices will be sent

I wanted to give you some information about our new products. We would like to give a demonstration of our new products in your office. Could you please call me when you are back in the office ? My phone number is 0-6-0-8-6-5-2-7-8-2-0.

Also, can you please send me your e-mail ? I would send you the new brochure of our company and information about our prices. My e-mail address is Mohan, that’s M-O-H-AN dot K-U-M-A-R at B-E-L-L hyphen D-I-G-I-T-A-L- dot com.

Learning to Speak

Activity 12.

Look at the pictures of food given below. These foods are from different countries. Identify the food and the country it comes from and speak 5 sentences on any one of the foods.

(Teachers must help students to identify the country, if required.)

Learning to Write

Activity 13.

Write a paragraph about the little boy of the story ‘Charge for Love’ to describe his character. You may write about.
1. his love for animals
2. his confidence
3. physical description
4. sympathetic nature
5. his understanding of self-worth.

The little boy is a kind hearted child. He has sympathetic nature. He is affectionate and loves animals. He himself is crippled. So he is very sympathetic toward the crippled puppy. He knows that there are no charges for love. Still he promises to pay the full price of the little dog. He is not ready to take it free of cost. Learning to Use the Language

Activity 14:

Rewrite a part of the story you have read in the form of a short dialogue between the shop owner and the little boy.

Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy

Little boy: Are you selling your puppies ?
Shop owner: Yes son, do you want to buy a puppy?
Little boy: Yes, very much ! How much are you selling them for ?
Shop onwer: From 30 to 50 dollars each.
Little boy: But I have only 2.37 dollars and have a look on them with that.
Shop owner: With pleasure.
Little boy: Please call them out.
Shop owner: Here is Dolly with her four puppies.
Little boy: What is that stressing in the dog house?
Shop owner: It is a little puppy.
Little boy: Why is it hobbling and limpinge
Shop owner: It has no hip socket. It will only limp. It would always be loved.
Little boy: I want that one.
Shop owner: Why child. It will never play with you…
Little boy: Then look here. I am too lame and crippled. I see affection in its eyes.
Shop owner: You can take it free of cost.
Little boy: I will not. I will pay the full amount what it is worth. I can’t lower it price.

Comprehension Of Passages

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) A shop onwer had some puppies he wanted to sell. He painted a sign board to advertise his intention of selling the pups that said : ‘Puppies For Sale’. He set about nailing in on the wall. Boards like this always haye a way to attracting young children. As he was driving the last nail into the post. A boy saw the board and started walking towards the shop. He approached the owner and asked. “How much are you going to sell the puppies for ?”

The shop owner looked down into the eyes of the little boy “Well !” said the shop owner, as he wiped the sweat off the back of his neck. “These puppies come from fine parents and cost a good deal of money. So I will charge anywhere from $30 to $50 for each puppy.”

1. What did the shop owner want to sell ?
दुकान का मालिक क्या बेचना चाहता था ?

2. Why were the puppies costly, according to the shop owner ?
दुकानदार के अनुसार पिल्ले महंगे क्यों थे ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The shop owner did not attend the boy.
(b) The boy wanted to buy a pup.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) A boy saw the board and started walking …………..
(b) He set about nailing it ………………
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) A good deal	purpose
(ii) Intention	clear
	large

Answer.
1. The shop owner wanted to sell some puppies.
2. According to the shop owner, the puppies were costly because they were go the fine breed (नस्ल).
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) A boy saw the board and started walking towards the shop.
(b) He set about nailing it on the wall.
Or
(i) A good deal
(ii) Intention purpose

(2) The little boy pressed his face against the chain link fence. His eyes danced with delight. As the dogs made their way to the fence, the little boy noticed something else stirring inside the doghouse. Slowly, another little ball appeared; this one noticeably smaller.

Down the ramp it slid. Then in an awkward manner, the little pup began hobbling towards others, doing its best to catch up. Immediately the little boy singled out the hobbling and limping puppy and said, “What’s wrong with that little dog ?”

The shop owner explained that a veterinarian had examined the little puppy and discovered that it didn’t have a hip socket. It would always limp. It would always be lame.
“I want the one,” the little boy said, pointing the lame puppy.

The shop owner knelt down at the boy’s side and said, “Son, you want that puppy. It will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs would. So if you really want him, I’ll just give it to you.”

1. What did the little boy notice inside the dog house?
लड़के ने कुत्ता-घर के अन्दर क्या बात नोटिस की ?

2. What was wrong with the little pup ?
छोटे पिल्ले को क्या समस्या थी ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer book :
(a) The little pup slid down the ramp.
(b) The little boy wanted a healthy pup.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Slowly and little ball ……
(b) The little boy’s eyes danced with.
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) appeared	found
(ii) discovered	tested
	emerged.

Answer:
1. The little boy noticed something stirring inside the dog-house.
2. The pup had to hip-socked. So it was lame and could not walk properly.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Slowly another little ball appeared.
(b) The little boy’s eyes danced with delight.
Or
(i) appeared — emerged
(ii) discovered — found.

(3) With tears in his eyes, the shop owner reached down and picked up the little pup. Holding it carefully he handed it on the little boy.
“How much ?” said the little boy.
“No charge, as I said earlier,” answered the shop owner. “These can be no charge for love.”
The little boy got quite upset. He looked straight into the store owner’s eyes, and pointing his finger at him and said, “You are right. There is no charge for love but I cannot lower its wroth by taking it without charge as if it was less than other puppies because it may not run as fast as them. This little dog is worth every bit as much as all the other dogs. I don’t want you to give him to me free of cost. I’ll pay the full price. I’ll give you $2.37 now and 50 cents a month until I have paid in full.”

1. Why did the shop owner want to charge nothing for the little pup ?
दुकानदार छोटे पिल्ले का कुछ भी मूल्य क्यों नहीं लेना चाहता था ?

2. Did the boy buy the pup free of cost ?
क्या लड़के ने पिल्ला मुफ्त में खरीदा ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) They did not want to lower the worth of the pup.
(b) The boy paid $ 50 for the little pup.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The shop owner reached down and ….
(b) The little boy got ………..
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two)
Revealed, Twisted, Straight.
Answer:
1. He said that there is no charge for love.
The boys wanted to buy that pup out of love.
2. No, he promised to pay its full price.
3.
(a) True
(b) False.
4.
(a) The shop owner reached down and picked up the little pup.
(b) The little boy got quite upset.
Or
revealed – showed, twisted – bent, straight – directly.

Use of words and phrases in sentences

1. Set about – (started) – He set about his work carefully.
2. Revealed – (came to light) – At last the truth was revealed.
3. Upset – (rejected) – He was upset when he lost his job.
4. Understand – (to know) – I don’t understand what you want.
5. Handful – (in a less quantity) – Please give me a handful of sugar.
6. Crippled – (disabled) – Many people became crippled in the war.
7. Wiped – (cleared) – He wiped dirt off his body.
8. Worth – (value) – What is this beautiful picture worth.
9. Stirring – (movement – I can see some stirring in the tree.
10. Delight – (joy) – Helping the needy gives me delight.

Word Meanings

Charge for Love Summary in Hindi

A shop owner……….. looked.” he said.
एक दुकानदार के पास कुछ पिल्ले (कुत्ते के बच्चे) थे। वह उन्हें बेचना चाहता था। उसने पिल्लों को बेचने की अपनी इच्छा जाहिर करने के लिए एक साइन बोर्ड बनाया। इसमें लिखा था ‘बिक्री के लिए पिल्ले’। वह इसे दीवार पर कीलों द्वारा लगाने के लिए चल पड़ा। इस प्रकार के बोर्ड सदा छोटे बच्चों को आकर्षित करते हैं। जैसे ही वह

विज्ञापन पर आखिरी कील गाढ़ रहा था, एक बच्चे ने बोर्ड को देखा और दुकान की ओर चल पड़ा। वह मालिक के पास पहुंचा और पूछा, “आप पिल्लों को कितने में बेचना चाहते हैं।” . दुकान के मालिक ने नीचे झुक कर छोटे बच्चे की आंखों में देखा। उसने अपनी गर्दन के पीछे से पसीना पोंछते हुए कहा, “तो सुनो! ये पिल्ले अच्छी नस्ल के हैं और ये काफी कीमती हैं।

इसलिए मैं प्रत्येक का लगभग 30 से 50 डालर के बीच मूल्य लूंगा। बच्चे ने एक क्षण के लिए अपना सिर नीचे कर लिया। तब उसने अपने जेब में नीचे तक हाथ डाला और मुट्ठी भर खुले पैसे निकाल कर दुकान मालिक को आगे बढ़ा दिए। वह बोला, “मेरे पास 2.37 डालर हैं। क्या ये उन्हें देखने भर के लिए काफी हैं ?”

“Sure, said the shop owner …………. that little dog” ?

दुकान मालिक ने कहा, “निस्संदेह ! उसने एक सीटी बजाई। उसने आवाज़ लगाई डॉली यहां आओ।” डॉली कुत्ता-घर से निकली और ढलान पर दौड़ते हुए आगे आई। उसके पीछे-पीछे चार छोटे-छोटे फर वाले गोले आए। – छोटे बच्चे ने अपना चेहरा चेन वाली बाड़ से दबा लिया। उसकी आंखों में खुशी छा गई। जैसे ही कुत्ते बाड़ की ओर चले, छोटे बच्चे का ध्यान-कुत्ता घर में होने वाली कुछ और हलचल पर गया।

धीरे-धीरे एक और छोटा गोला दिखाई दिया, यह काफ़ी छोटा था।वह ढलान पर सरकने लगा। फिर एक अजीब तरीके से वह छोटा पिल्ला लंगड़ाकर अपनी पूरी कोशिश के साथ दूसरों के साथ मिल जाने के लिए चल पड़ा।तुरंत ही छोटे बच्चे ने लंगड़ाते हुए और लड़खड़ाते पिल्ले को चुन लिया और कहा, “उस छोटे कुत्ते को क्या हुआ है ?”

The shop owner ………… a big metal brace.

दुकान मालिक ने विस्तार से बताया कि एक पशु-चिकित्सक ने छोटे पिल्ले की जांच की थी। उसे पता चला कि उसकी हिप सॉकेट नहीं है। यह सदा लंगड़ा कर चलेगा। यह सदा लंगड़ा रहेगा। छोटे बच्चे ने लंगड़े पिल्ले की ओर इशारा करते हुए कहा, “मुझे वही-चाहिए।” दुकान मालिक बच्चे की ओर झुका और बोला, “बेटे, तुम्हें वह पिल्ला चाहिए। यह कभी भी तुम्हारे साथ भाग और खेल नहीं सकेगा जैसा कि ये दूसरे कुत्ते कर सकेंगे। इसलिए यदि तुम्हें सच में यही चाहिए तो मैं तुम्हें ऐसे ही दे दूंगा।”

इसके साथ ही वह छोटा बच्चा बाड़ से पीछे हटा, नीचे आया और अपनी एक टांग की पतलून को ऊपर की ओर मोड़ने लगा। यह करते हुए उसने दिखाया कि उसकी टांग के दोनों ओर स्टील-ब्रेसं (पट्टी) को विशेष रूप से बनाए गए जूते से जोड़ा गया था। उस समय उसकी हैरानी और भी बढ़ गई जब छोटा बच्चा अपनी दूसरी टांग की पतलून को ऊपर मोड़ने लगा। वह अपनी बुरी तरह से मुड़ चुकी अपंग बाईं टांग जो कि एक बड़ी मेटल ब्रेस की मदद से जुड़ी हुई थी, दिखाना चाहता था।

Looking up at ……………… paid in full.”

दुकान मालिक को देखते हुए उसने कहा, “आपने देखा श्रीमान, मैं स्वयं ठीक ढंग से भाग नहीं सकता और इस असहाय छोटे पिल्ले को भी कोई चाहिए होगा जो उसे समझ सके।” दुकान मालिक की आंखों में आंसू आ गए, वह नीचे आया और उसने छोटे पिल्ले को उठाया। उसने उसे छोटे बच्चे को पकड़ाते हुए कहा, ध्यानपूर्वक पकड़ना। छोटे बच्चे ने कहा, “कितने?” दुकान मालिक ने उत्तर दिया, “जैसा कि मैंने पहले कहा था कोई मोल नहीं। प्यार का कोई मोल नहीं।”

छोटा बच्चा परेशान हो उठा। उसने सीधा स्टोर मालिक की आंखों में देखा और उसकी ओर अंगुली करके कहा, “आप ठीक कह रहे हैं। प्यार का कोई मोल नहीं होता। परन्तु मैं इसको बिना मोल के लेकर इसका महत्त्व कम नहीं करना चाहता क्योंकि यह दूसरे पिल्लों के जैसे तेज़ नहीं भाग सकता। इस छोटे कुत्ते का उतना ही महत्त्व है जितना अन्य सभी कुत्तों का है। मैं नहीं चाहता कि आप इसे मुझे बिना मूल्य के दे दो। मैं इसका पूरा मूल्य दूंगा। मैं 2.37 डालर आपको अभी दूंगा और 50 सेंट हर महीने दूंगा जब तक कि मैं इसका पूरा मूल्य न दे दूं।”

Retranslation from english to hindi

1. A shop owner wanted to sell some puppies. — दुकानदार कुछ पिल्ले बेचना चाहता था।
2. He set about nailing it on the wall. — वह इसे दीवार पर कीलों द्वारा लगाने के लिए चल पड़ा।
3. These puppies come from fine parents. — ये पिल्ले अच्छी नस्ल के हैं।
4. The boy dropped his head for a moment. — बच्चे ने एक क्षण भर के लिए अपना सिर नीचे कर लिया।
5. He pulled out a handful of change. — उसने मुट्ठी भर खुले पैसे निकाले।
6. Is that enough to take a look ? — क्या ये उन्हें देखने भर के लिए काफी हैं ?
7. He let out a whistle. — उसने सीटी बजाई।
8. His eyes danced with delight. — उसकी आंखों में खुशी छा गई।
9. The little boy noticed something else stirring inside the doghouse. — छोटे बच्चे का ध्यान कुत्ता-घर में होने वाली किसी अन्य हलचल पर गया।
10. Down the ramp it slid. — वह ढलान पर सरकने लगा।
11. It didn’t have a hip socket. — उसकी हिप सॉकेट नहीं है।
12. It would always be lame. — यह सदा लंगड़ा कर चलेगा।
13. It will never be able to run and play with you — यह कभी भी तुम्हारे साथ भाग और खेल नहीं सकेगा।
14. The little boy got quite upset. — छोटा बच्चा परेशान हो उठा।
15. I don’t want you to give him to me free of cost.– मैं नहीं चाहता कि आप इसे मुझे बिना मूल्य के दे दो।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.4

Question 1.
Amina thinks of a number and subtracts \(\frac {5}{2}\) from it. She multiplies the result by 8. The result now obtained is 3 times the same number she thought of. What is the number?
Solution:
Let the number be x.
Subtracting \(\frac {5}{2}\) from it, we get, x – \(\frac {5}{2}\)
By multiplying this result by 8,
we get 8 (x – \(\frac {5}{2}\))
According to the condition,
8(x – \(\frac {5}{2}\)) = 3x
∴ 8x – 20 = 3x
∴ 8x = 3x + 20 [Transposing (-20) to RHS]
∴ 8x – 3x = 20 (Transposing 3x to LHS)
∴ 5x = 20
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{5}=\frac{20}{5}\) (Dividing both the sides by 5)
∴ x = 4
Thus, the number though of by Amina is 4.

Question 2.
A positive number is 5 times another number. If 21 is added to both the numbers, then one of the new numbers becomes twice the other new number. What are the numbers?
Solution:
Let the smaller number be x
∴ The greater number is 5x
On adding 21 to both the numbers,
we get (5x + 21) and (x + 21)
According to the condition,
5x + 21 = 2 (x + 21)
∴ 5x + 21 = 2x + 42
∴ 5x = 2x + 42 – 21 (Transposing 21 to RHS)
∴ 5x = 2x + 21
∴ 5x – 2x = 21 (Transposing 2x to LHS)
∴ 3x = 21
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{21}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 7
The smaller number x = 7
The greater number = 5x = 5 × 7 = 35
Thus, the required numbers are 7 and 35.

Question 3.
Sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. When we interchange the digits, it is found that the resulting new number is greater than the original number by 27. What is the two-digit number?
Solution:
Let the digit at the units place be x.
Then, the digit at the tens place = (9 – x)
The original number = 10(9 – x) + x
= 90 – 10x + x
= 90 – 9x
On interchanging the digits, the new number =10x + (9 – x)
= 10x + 9 – x
= 9x + 9
According to the condition,
New number = Original number + 27
∴ 9x + 9 = (90 – 9x) + 27
∴ 9x + 9 = 90 – 9x + 27
∴ 9x + 9 = 117 – 9x
∴ 9x = 117 – 9x – 9 (Transposing 9 to RHS)
∴ 9x = 108 – 9x
∴ 9x + 9x = 108 [Transposing (-9x) to LHS]
∴ 18x = 108
∴ \(\frac{18 x}{18}=\frac{108}{18}\) (Dividing both the sides by 18)
∴ x = 6
∴ Original number = 90 – 9x
= 90 – 9(6)
= 90 – 54 = 36
Thus, the original number is 36.

Question 4.
One of the two digits of a two-digit number is three times the other digit. I If you interchange the digits of this two-digit number and add the resulting number to the original number, you get 88. What is the original number?
Solution:
Let the digit at units place be x and the digit at tens place be 3x.
The number = 10 (3x) + x
= 30x + x
= 31x
On interchanging the digits, the number – 10x + 3x = 13x
According to the condition,
31x + 13x = 88
44x = 88
∴ \(\frac{44 x}{44}=\frac{88}{44}\) (Dividing both the sides by 44)
∴x = 2
The number = 31x = 31 × 2 = 62
Thus, original number is either 62 or 26.

Question 5.
Saroj’s mother’s present age is six times ; Saroj’s present age. Saroj’s age five years from now will be one third of his mother’s present age. What are their present ages?
Solution:
Let Saroj’s present age be x years and mother’s present age be 6x years
After 5 years:
Saroj’s age will be x + 5 years
Mother’s age will be 6x + 5 years
According to the condition,
\(\frac {1}{3}\) (Mother’s present age) = Saroj’s age after 5 years
∴ \(\frac {1}{3}\)(6x) = x + 5
∴ 2x = x + 5
∴ 2x – x = 5 (Transposing x to LHS)
∴ x = 5
Saroj’s present age = x = 5 years
Mother’s present age = 6x = 6 × 5
= 30 years
Thus, present ages of Saroj and her mother are 5 years and 30 years respectively.

Question 6.
There is a narrow rectangular plot, reserved for a school, in Mahuli village. The length and breadth of the plot are in the ratio 11 : 4. At the rate ₹ 100 per metre it will cost the village panchayat ₹ 75,000 to fence the plot. What are the dimensions of the plot ?
Solution :
Length : Breadth = 11 : 4
Let the length be 11x metres.
Then, the breadth = 4x metres.
Perimetre = 2 (length + breadth)
= 2 (11x + 4x)
= 2 (15x) = 30x
Cost of fencing = ₹ 100 × 30x
= ₹3000 x
But, the cost of fencing = ₹ 75,000 (Given)
∴ 3000 x = 75000
∴ \(\frac{3000 x}{3000}=\frac{75000}{3000}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3000)
∴ x = 25
Length = 11x
= 11 × 25
= 275 metres
Breadth = 4x
= 4 × 25
= 100 metres
Thus, the length and breadth of the rectangular plot are 275 metres and 100 metres respectively.

Question 7.
Hasan buys two kinds of cloth materials for school uniforms, shirt material that costs him ₹ 50 per metre and trouser material that costs him ₹ 90 per metre.
For every 3 metres of the shirt material he buys 2 metres of the trouser material. He sells the materials at 12% and 10 % profit respectively. His total sale is ₹ 36,600. How much trouser material did he buy?
Solution:
Let the length of cloth for trousers be 2x metres
Then, the length of cloth for shirts = 3x metres
Cost of trouser’s cloth = 2x × ₹ 90
= ₹ 180x
Cost of shirt’s cloth = 3x × ₹ 50
= ₹ 150x
10 % profit is made on trouser’s cloth.
If C.E of trouser’s cloth is ₹ 100, then S.E is ₹ 110.
S.E of trouser’s cloth at 10 % profit = ₹\(\frac {110}{100}\) × 180x
= ₹ 198x
12 % profit is made on shirt’s cloth. If C.P of shirt’s cloth is ₹ 100, then S.P is ₹ 112.
S.P of shirt’s cloth at 12 % profit = ₹\(\frac {112}{100}\) × 150x
= ₹ 168x
∴ Total S.P = ₹ 198x + ₹ 168x
= ₹ 366x
But the total S.P. = ₹ 36,600 (Given)
366x = 36600
∴ \(\frac {112}{100}\) (Dividing both the sides by 366)
∴ x = 100
Cloth for trousers = 2x = 2 × 100 = 200
Thus, he bought 200 metres of cloth for trousers.

Question 8.
Half of a herd of deer are grazing | in the field and three fourths of the remaining are playing nearby. The rest 9 are drinking water from the pond. Find the number of deer in the herd.
Solution:
Let the total number of deer be x.
Number of deer grazing in the field = \(\frac{x}{2}\)
Remaining deer = x – \(\frac{x}{2}\) = \(\frac{x}{2}\)
Deer playing near by = \(\frac {3}{2}\) × (Remaining no. of deer)
= \(\frac {3}{4}\) × \(\frac{x}{2}\)
= \(\frac{3 x}{8}\)
Number of deer drinking water = 9
∴ Total number of deer = \(\frac{x}{2}\) + \(\frac{3 x}{8}\) + 9
∴ \(\frac{x}{2}\) + \(\frac{3 x}{8}\) + 9 = x
\(\frac{x}{2}\) + \(\frac{3 x}{8}\) = x – 9 (Transposing 9 to RHS)
\(\frac{x}{2}\) + \(\frac{3 x}{8}\) -x = -9 (Transposing x to LHS)
\(\frac{4 x+3 x-8 x}{8}\) = -9 (LCM = 8)
∴ \(\frac{-x}{8}\) = -9
∴ \(\frac{-x}{8}\) × 8 = -9 × 8 (Multiplying both the sides by 8)
∴ -x = – 72
∴ x = 72 [∵ Multiplying both sides by (- 1)]
Thus, total number of deer in herd is 72.

Question 9.
A grandfather is ten times older than his granddaughter. He is also 54 years older than her. Find their present ages.
Solution:
Let the present age of granddaughter be x years.
Grandfather’s age is 10x years.
Fresent age of daughter + 54 = Grandfather’s age
∴ x + 54 = 10x
∴ 10x = x + 54 (Interchanging the sides)
∴ 10x – x = 54 (Transposing x to LHS)
∴ 9x = 54
∴ \(\frac{9 x}{9}=\frac{54}{9}\) (Dividing both the sides by 9)
∴ x = 6
Granddaughter’s age = x = 6 years
Grandfather’s age = 10x = 10 × 6 = 60 years
Thus, granddaughter’s age is 6 years and grandfather’s age is 60 years.

Question 10.
Aman’s age is three times his son’s age. Ten years ago he was five times his son’s age. Find their present ages.
Solution :
Let the present age of son be x years
Then, the present age of Aman = 3x years
Ten years ago their ages:
Son’s age was (x – 10) years
Aman’s age was (3x – 10) years
5 × (Son’s age 10 years ago) = Aman’s age 10 years ago
∴ 5 (x – 10) = (3x – 10)
∴ 5x – 50 = 3x – 10
∴ 5x = 3x – 10 + 50 [Transposing (-50) to RHS]
∴ 5x = 3x + 40
∴ 5x – 3x = 40 (Transposing 3x to LHS)
∴ 2x = 40
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{40}{2}\)(Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = 20
Son’s present age = x = 20 years
Aman’s present age = 3x = 3 × 20
= 60 years
Thus, present ages of Aman and his son are 60 years and 20 years respectively.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Voice Messages Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Voice Messages Writing

1.

Main Point of Voicemail Message

Message

Call from Ramesh Nagar Need two wheeler Not big budget Mobile No …………..

Manju : Hello, this is Manju. Thanks for calling. I’m not at home so please leave a message and I’ll call you back. Preeti : Hello, Manju this is Preeti calling from Ramesh Nagar. Your neighbourer Mr. Mbhan gave me your number. He said you are interested in selling your two wheeler. I was in need of second hand two wheeler. I can’t afford a big budget. Your two wheeler will serve my purpose. I am free on Sunday. Could I come to have a look of .the two wheeler. Thanks a lot. I look forward to hear from you. My Mobile No. is 98102-70 …….

2.

Main Point of Voicemail Message

Message

Business man or service man Location Number of rooms Minimum rent

Gurvinder : Hello, this is Gurvinder. Thanks for calling. I’m not at home so please leave a message and I’ll call you back. Ravinder : Hi, Gurvinder this is Ravinder calling from your society. You uncle Mr. Ramesh Singh gave me your number. He told that you wish to let your house on rent. I have some interested parties with me. They are either business man or service man. Call me back when free. My number is 99012……. Would you please tell me about number of rooms, location of the house, distance of the nearest market, interstate bus stand and railway station. Is there a public park near it ? What would be the minimum rent ? Thanks a lot. I look forward to hear from you.

3.

Main Point of Voicemail Message

Message

Calling from Hi-tech Washing powder, Washing soap etc. Brochure on table Live demo

Rohan : Hello, this is Rohan. Thanks for calling. I’m not at home so please leave a message and I’ll call you back. Rahul : Hi, Rohan this is Rahul calling from Hi-Tech company. Your friend Alka gave me your number. She said you could help me. I wanted to give you some information about our new products like washing powder, washing soap, hair oil etc. I have left the brochure showing the products and their prices on your table. We can give you live demo at your office when you come back. So please call me back. My Mobile No. is 70127-50 Thank you very much. I look forward to hear from you.

4.

Main Point of Voicemail Message

Message

Calling from Dubey Builders Two rooms, three rooms or one room set Fully or semi furnished Visiting card

Jagdish : Hello, this is Jagdish. Thanks for calling. I’m not at home so please leave a message and I’ll call you back. Sunil Dubey : Hi, Jagdish this is Sunil Dubey calling from Dubey Builders Ludhiana. Your nephew Rohan gave me your number. He told that you need a house on rent. We have developed a new colony with two rooms set, three rooms set or single room set houses. They are fully furnished or semi furnished houses. Some are still vacant you can hire one as per your needs. I have left my visiting card with, the receptionist. Please call me when you are back. Thank you. Looking forward to hear from you.

5.

Main Point of Voicemail Message

Message

Deals in two wheelers sale/purchase All companies products Activa in good condition Going on reasonable price Mobile No. 78402-70 ………

Naveen : Hello, this is Naveen. Thanks for calling. I’m not at home so please leave a message and I’ll call you back. Rakesh : Hi, Naveen this is Rakesh calling from Ludhi colony. Your cousin amrit gave me your number. He said you want to purchase a second hand two wheeler. I deal is second hand two wheelers. I have products of almost all companies in my stock, Activa, Splender, Gusto, Hero Glamer, Bajaj Pulser and so on. Could you call me when you are back. I would like to give you the (demo) demonstration of the Activa which is in very good condition and going on reasonable price. My Mobile No. is 78402-70 ……….. . Thanks a lot. I look forward to hear from you.

6.

Main Point of Voicemail Message

Message

Geetanajli from Smith & Smith Decorator Deals in decoration of houses, shops and offices Decoration as per the customers demand.

Sita : Hello, this is Sita. Thanks for calling. I’m not at home so please leave a message and I’ll call you back. Geetanjali : Hi, Sita this is Geetanjali calling from Smith and Smith Decorators. Your cousin Parul gave me your number. She said you want to renovate your office. We deal in the decoration of houses, shops and offices. We can beautifully decorate your sales office from inside and can give it a look of commercial centre from outside to attract the customers attention. Some changes can be incorporated in it to make it easy approachable. Every thing can be discussed in details. Just give me a missed call. My Mobile No. is 88112-30 ………. . Thanks a lot. I look forward to hear from you.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Tenses Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Tenses

Tense शब्द लातीनी भाषा के शब्द tempus से बना है जिसका अर्थ है समय (Time) । अर्थात् Tense हमें किसी कार्य या घटना के समय या काल का ज्ञान कराता है। नीचे दिए गए वाक्य पढ़ें:

1. I play some game daily.
2. I played cricket yesterday.
3. I shall play hockey tomorrow.

पहले वाक्य के verb (play) से Present Time का बोध होता है। दूसरे वाक्य के verb (played) से Past. Time का बोध होता है। तीसरे वाक्य के verb (shall play) से Future Time का बोध होता है। इस तरह-
(1) जिस verb से Present Time का बोध होता है, वह Present Tense कहलाता है-
I take bath in the morning.
I go for a walk in the evening.

(2) जिस verb से Past Time का बोध होता है, वह Past Tense कहलाता है
I took bath in the,morning.
I went for a walk in the evening.

(3) जिस verb से Future Time का बोध होता है, वह Future Tense कहलाता है
I shall take bath in the morning.
I shall go for a walk in the evening.
इस प्रकार तीन मुख्य Tenses हैं-

1. The Present Tense
2. The Past Tense
3. The Future Tense.

अब यह जान लेना भी आवश्यक है कि प्रत्येक काल में कार्य अथवा क्रिया (verb) की स्थिति भिन्न-भिन्न होती है। हो सकता है कि काम चल रहा हो। यह भी सम्भव है कि कार्य पूरा हो चुका हो अथवा किसी अनिश्चित (indefinite) स्थिति में हो। इस तरह कार्य की मुख्य रूप से चार अवस्थाएं होती हैं। हम यूं भी कह सकते हैं कि प्रत्येक मुख्य Tense के चार रूप होते हैं और कुल मिला कर 12 Tenses होते हैं। यहां हम इन सभी Tenses का अलग-अलग अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Simple Present Tense
OR
Present Indefinite Tense
Present Indefinite or Simple Present Tense का प्रयोग होता है-
(i) किसी आदत का वर्णन करने के लिए; जैसे,
He takes bath daily.
He goes for a walk everyday.

(ii) किसी सर्वमान्य सत्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे,
The sun rises in the east.

(iii) किसी कहानी में किसी बीती हुई घटना को बताने में; जैसे,
The brave dog now kills the snake and waits for his master to come.

(iv) भविष्य में होने वाली किसी घटना को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो किसी योजना अथवा व्यवस्था का भाग हो; जैसे,
Our examination begins on Monday.

(v) Time तथा Condition की Clauses में साधारण Future Tense के स्थान पर; जैसे,
If it rains, we shall not go out for a walk.

(vi) कथनों को व्यक्त करने के लिए ; जैसे,
They say, “To err is human.

(vii) किसी ऐसी स्थिति को दर्शाने के लिए जो न बदलने वाली हो; जैसे,
Our house faces the east.

2. Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग होता है-
(i) किसी ऐसे विशेष कार्य को प्रकट करने के लिए जो अभी पूरा न हुआ हो अथवा जारी हो; जैसे,
My brother is singing a song.

3. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) ऐसे कार्य को प्रकट करने के लिए जो भूतकाल से अब तक जारी हो; जैसे,
I have never tasted tea. (I still do not drink it.)

(ii) किसी ऐसे पूर्ण कार्य अथवा घटना को प्रकट करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में विशेष समय को लेकर वर्तमान काल तक किया जाए; जैसे,
There have been two accidents on the road during 1984.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
यह Tense उस कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रयोग होता है जो अतीत में किसी समय आरम्भ हुआ हो और अब भी चल रहा हो। समय को व्यक्त करने के लिए for (अनिश्चित समय) और since (निश्चित समय) का प्रयोग करते हैं; जैसे-
The match has been going on for an hour.
The man has been waiting for a reply.
You have been wasting your time since morning.

5. Past Indefinite Tense
OR
Simple Past Tense
Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) भूतकाल की किसी आदत, लोकप्रिय कार्य अथवा सर्वमान्य तथ्य को प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे,
People then believed that the sun moved round the earth.

(ii) ऐसे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए जिस में भूतकाल में काफी समय लगा हो परन्तु जो अब समाप्त हो चुका हो; जैसे-
He lived in Delhi for ten years. (but he does not live there now)

(iii) भूतकाल में पूरे किए गए किसी कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए। इस प्रकार प्रायः बीते हुए समय को व्यक्त . करने के लिए किसी Adverb या Adverb phrase का प्रयोग किया जाता है: जैसे,
My father left for Delhi yesterday.

Note 1. कभी-कभी समय की अभिव्यक्ति Adverb की बजाये भाव (समय का) से भी हो सकती है; जैसे
I bought this watch in Mumbai.

Note 2. क्रमबद्ध घटनाओं में भी Time के Adverb की आवश्यकता नहीं पड़ती; जैसे,
He came. He saw. He conquered.

(iv) किसी प्रश्न का उत्तर देने में; जैसे,
How did he go to school ?
Answer:
He went on foot.

6. Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(i) किसी ऐसे कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी विशेष समय पर किया जा रहा हो, भले। ही कार्य करने का समय बताया गया हो, या न बताया गया हो; जैसे,-
At 7 a.m. this morning I was reading the newspaper.

7. Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
(1) भूतकाल में एक साथ घटित होने वाले कार्यों में से पहले पूरा होने वाले कार्य के लिए; जैसे,
The patient had died before the doctor came.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense इस Tense का प्रयोग किसी ऐसे कार्य या घटना का वर्णन करने के लिए किया जाता है जो अतीत में किसी एक निश्चित समय (Point of Time) तक या किसी अवधि (Period of Time) में जारी रहे; जैसे,-
The phone had been ringing for a minute before Ram lifted it. वाक्य में स्पष्ट है कि जब राम ने फोन उठाया तब उससे पहले एक मिनट तक फोन की घण्टी बजती रही थी।

9. Future Indefinite Tense Simple Future Tense का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में अभी किया जाना है; जैसे,
I shall finish the work tomorrow.
Tomorrow will be Monday.

10. Future Continuous Tense:
Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस कार्य को करने के लिए किया जाता है जो भविष्य में किसी समय चल रहा हो; जैसे,
I shall be writing the letters then.
When I reach the station, the train will be moving.

11. Future Perfect Tense

• They will have heard the news by the time you reach.
• The teacher will have taken the roll-call before you enter the class.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense का प्रयोग ऐसे कार्य का उल्लेख करने के लिए होता है जो भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय के बाद भी जारी रहने का बोध कराता है; जैसे-

• The students will have been studying History since morning.
• He will have been studying Law for two years by next April.

Exercises From Board’s Grammar (Solved)

I. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Present or Present Continuous forms of the verbs given in the brackets:

1. The population of India ……………. very fast. (increase)
2. Water ……………. at 0° Celsius. (freeze)
3. The sun ……………. in the West. (not rise)
4. ……………. you ……………. Mr. Jain? (know)
5. ……………. he ever ……………… cricket? (play)
6. The Ganges …………… into the Bay of Bengal. (flow)
7. Why …………….. you ……………… this ? (eat)
8. She …………….. a bath. (have)
9. I …………… cricket everyday, but today I …………… tennis.. (play)
10. She usually ……………. a skirt but today she ……………… trousers. (wear)
Hints:
1. is increasing
2. freezes
3. does not rise
4. Do, know
5. Does, play
6. flows
7. are, eating
8. is having
9. play, am playing
10. wears, is wearing.

II. Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous forms of the verbs given in brackets:

1. Someone ……………. the window. (break)
2. Rita …………….. her pen. (lose)
3. The train ……………… just ………….. at the platform. (arrive)
4. We …………….. many medals. (win)
5. I ………. for a house for two months. (search)
6. …………. he ……………. a beard ? (grow)
7. ……………. you ……………. the Bible ? (read)
8. ……….. my uncle for months. (not visit)
9. She ……………… to China twice. (be)
10. We ……………. already ……………… our breakfast. (have)
Hints:
1. has broken
2. has lost
3. has, arrived
4. have won
5. have been searching
6. Has, grown
7. Have, read
8. have not visited
9. has been
10. have, had.

III. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets:

Sher Singh smiled. He tossed his revolver in the air and ………… (catch) it by the handle. He ………… (take) careful aim at an empty sardine tin and …….3….. (fire) another six shots. The bullets ……4….. (go) through into the earth kicking up whiffs of dust. His Alsatian dog …….5….. (begin) to bark with excitement. He ………… (leap) up with a growl and ………… (run) down the canal embankment. He …….8….. (sniff) at the tin and …….9….. (take) it up in his mouth and …….10….. (run) back with it and ……. 11…. (lay) it at his master’s feet.
Hints:
1. caught
2. took
3. fired
4. went
5. began
6. leapt
7. ran
8. sniffed
9. took
10. ran
11. laid.

IV. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past or Past Perfect forms of the verbs given in the brackets:

1. The plane ……………. When we reached the airport. (leave)
2. Ramesh …………… home when I phoned him. (return)
3. …………… he ……………. his old car before he bought a new one ? (sell)
4. The children ……………. before I came home. (sleep)
5. The film had already begun when we …………….. the theatre. (reach)
6. The teacher ……………. the book before the examination began. (finish)
7. The robber had run away before the police. (come)
8. Tom …………. sleepy after having a good lunch. (feel)
9. I ……………. the message before you came. (receive)
10. He ……………… for India last year. (play)
Hints:
1. had left
2. had returned
3. Had, sold
4. had slept
5. reached
6. had finished
7. came
8. felt
9. had received
10. played.

V. Correct the following sentences:

1. The rain has stopped yesterday.
2. He had been born in 1950.
3. He is suffering from fever since last night.
4. Stephenson has invented the steam engine.
5. He will reach home before the storm will come.
6. I left Bihar before the earthquake occurred.
7. She will reach the station before the train will go.
8. The great reformer had died in 1977.
9. I waited at home for her since 9 o’clock.
10. She finished her dinner when I saw her.
Hints:
1. The rain stopped yesterday.
2. He was born in 1950.
3. He has been suffering from fever since last night.
4. Stephenson invented the steam engine.
5. He will have reached home before the storm comes.
6. I had left Bihar before the earthquake occurred.
7. She will have reached the station before the train goes.
8. The great reformer died in 1977.
9. I had been waiting at home for her since 9 o’clock.
10. She had finished her dinner when I saw her.

Errors in the Use of Tenses

The Simple Past is often used wrongly for the Present Perfect Tense; as,

Incorrect : He did not write the letter yet.
Correct : He has not written the letter yet.
Incorrect : We did not hear from him for a week.
Correct : We have not heard from him for a week.
Incorrect : I lived in Ambala since 1990.
Correct : I have lived in Ambala since 1990.

The Present Perfect is often used wrongly for the Simple Past; as,

Incorrect – Columbus has discovered America.
Correct – Columbus discovered America.
Incorrect – Babar has won the First Battle of Panipat.
Correct – Babar won the First Battle of Panipat.
Incorrect – The servant has not answered when called.
Correct – The servant did not answer when called.

The Present Perfect Tense में Past Time को व्यक्त करने वाला adverb या कोई अन्य शब्द प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता जैसे-

Incorrect – I have made a call to him yesterday.
Correct – I made a call to him yesterday.
Incorrect – A new bookshop has been opened last Monday.
Correct – A new bookshop was opened last Monday.
Incorrect – I have finished my work last night.
Correct – I finished my work last night.

The Past Perfect is often used wrongly for the Simple Past; as,

Incorrect – I had visited her yesterday.
Correct – I visited her yesterday.
Incorrect – He had gone to Kolkata last year.
Correct – He went to Kolkata last year.
Incorrect – We had gone for a picnic last Sunday.
Correct – We went for a picnic last Sunday.
Incorrect – Nehru had died in 1964.
Correct – Nehru died in 1964.

The Simple Past is often used wrongly for the Past Perfect; as,

Incorrect – The patient died before the doctor came.
Correct – The patient had died before the doctor came.
Incorrect – The train left before we bought the tickets.
Correct – The train had left before we bought the tickets.
Incorrect – I finished my work before my father came.
Correct – I had finished my work before my father came.

The Past Perfect or Perfect Continuous, and not the Simple Past or Past Continuous, is used to express something that continued up to a past time after beginning at a still earlier time; as,

Incorrect – He told me that he was ill for four days.
Correct – He told me that he had been ill for four days.
Incorrect – She was writing a novel for six weeks when I visited her.
Correct – She had been writing a novel for six weeks when I visited her.

The Simple Future is often used wrongly for the Future Perfect; as;

Incorrect – We shall reach home before the sun will set.
Correct – We shall have reached home before the sun sets.
Incorrect – I shall leave for Ludhiana by the time he will come.
Correct – I shall have left for Ludhiana by the time he comes.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Idioms and Phrases Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Vocabulary Idioms and Phrases

1. Act up to (के अनुसार काम करना)- He always acted up to his promise.
2. Bear away (जितना)- She won the race and bore away the prize.
3. Break in (सिधाना)- The trainee is breaking in the horse.
4. Break into (सेंध लगाना)- Last night three thieves broke into his house.
5. Break off (सम्बन्ध विछेद करना)- He has broken off with his religion.
6. Break out (भड़काना फूटना भड़क उठना)- The Second World War broke out in 1939. Cholera has broken out in London.
7. Break up (समाप्त होना)- The meeting broke up at 5 p.m.
8. Bring up (पालना)- He was brought up by his uncle.

9. Bring round (होरा में लाना)- The doctor soon brought the patient round.
10. Bring to book (दण्ड देना)- The police brought the pick-pocket to book.
11. Call on (किसी व्यक्ति से भेंट करना)- I called on him last evening.
12. Call in (बुला भेजना)- Call in the doctor at once.
13. Carry on (जारी रखना)- Carry on with your work.
14. Carry out (आज्ञा पालन करना)- We should carry out the orders of our teacher.
15. Come of (सम्बन्ध रखना)- He comes of a noble family.
16. Come off (होना)- My brother’s marriage comes off next Monday.
17. Do away with (मार देना समाप्त करना)- The woman did away with her step-son. We should do away with old customs.
18. Draw near (समीप आना)- My examination is drawing near.
19. Fall back upon (आश्रय होना)- He has nothing to fall back upon in old age.
20. (a) Fall off (झड़ जाना)- Tree leaves fall off in autumn.
(b) Fall upon (झपटना)- The lion fell upon the mouse.
21. Fall out (झगड़ना)- He always falls out over trifles.
22. Get into (पूरी तरह फिट आना)- I can’t get into this shirt. It is very tight.
23. Get on (चल निकलना)- How are you getting on in your school ?
24. Get through (उत्तीर्ण होना)- He got through the examination.
25. Get rid of (छुटकारा पाना)- I want to get rid of my servant.
26. Give away (बांटना)- The president gave away the prizes.
27. Give in (पराजित होना)- The soldiers fought bravely but gave in at last.
28. Give up (छोड़ना)- Give up your bad habits.
29. Go through (पढ लोना)- She has gone through the book.
30. Keep away (अनुपस्थित रहना)- Do not keep away from the school.
31. Keep on (जारी रखना)- He kept on laughing.
32. Keep one’s word (वचन पूरा करना)- He always keeps his word.
33. Lay by (बचाना)- Always lay by something for a rainy day.
34. Look after (देखभाल करना)- The mother looks after the children.
35. Look for (खोजना)- She is looking for her missing ring.
36. Look down upon (घृणा करना)- Don’t look down upon the poor.
37. Look upon (समझना)- I always look upon her as my sister.
38. Look into (जाँच करना)- The police is looking into the matter.

39. Make away with (मार देना)- The robbers made away with the rich men.
40. Make out (समझना)- I cannot make out the meaning of this sentence.
41. Make up (कमी पूरी करना)- Try to make up your deficiency in English.
42. Pass away (स्वर्गवास होना)- His father passed away last night.
43. Put off (स्थगित करना)-The meeting was put off to some later date.
44. Put out (बुझाना)- Put out the fire.
45. Put up with (सहन करना)- I cannot put up with this insult.
46. Run down (स्वास्थ्य गिरना)- He has run down on account of overwork.
47. Run over (कुचला जाना)- The child was run over by a car.
48. See off (विदा करना)- I went to the railway station to see my mother off.
49. Send for (बुला भेजना)- His father sent for the doctor.
50. Set off (चल पड़ना)- He set off for Delhi in no time.
51. Set out (चल पड़ना) – His father set out on a long journey.
52. Stand by (साथ देना)- Always stand by your friends in need.
53. Take after (राक्ल मिलना)- The child takes after his mother.
54. Take for (भूल से किसी को और कोई समझना)- I took the rope for a snake.
55. Turn down (रह करना)- He turned down my request.
56. At first sight (पहली नज़र में)- They fell in love at first sight.
57. At sea (कोरा)- He is at sea in English.
58. At home in (निपुण)- He is at home in Mathematics.
59. In course of (समय पाकर)- You will know everything in course of time.
60. In order to (क़े लिए)- He went there in order to see his brother.
61. In spite of (के बावजूद)- In spite of his hard work, he failed in the examination.
62. In search of (की खोज में)- He wandered here and there in search of water.
63. At arm’s length (परे)- Keep that man at arm’s length.
64. To and fro (इधर-उधर)-The people were moving to and fro on the platform.
65. At any rate (चाहे कुछ भी हो)- You must finish your work today at any rate.
66. To the backbone (पूर्णतया)- He is a patriot to the backbone.
67. To live from hand to mouth (जो कमाया सो खा लेना) He lives from hand to mouth.
68. To make up one’s mind (निशचय करना)- I have made up my mind to work hard.
69. To make good the loss (क्षतिपूर्ति करना)- He is trying to make good the loss he has suffered.
70. All in all (कर्ता धर्ता)- The principal is all in all in the school.
71. Fair and square (ईमानदार)- I am fair and square in my dealings with everybody.
72. Ups and downs (उतार चढ़ाव)- The old man has seen many ups and downs in his life.
73. In full swing (पूरे योवन पर)- The fair was in full swing.

74. Out of pocket (धन की कमी धन हानि खर्च किया हुआ धन)- I can’t go out; I am out of pocket right now.
75. At sixes and sevens (बिखरी हुई)- Everything in the house was at sixes and sevens.
76. Part and parcel (आवश्यक अंग)- Air is a part and parcel of our life.
77. Every inch (पूर्णतया)- He is every inch a patriot.
78. Hard up (हाथ तंग होना)- I am hard up these days.
79. In a fix (दुविधा में)- I am in a fix to know what to do.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Voice (Active and Passive Voice) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Voice (Active and Passive Voice)

अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में Voice (वाच्य) दो प्रकार की होती है-
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice

1. Active Voice : जब किसी वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) कार्य करता है तो वाक्य का Verb, Active Voice में होता है।
2. Passive Voice : जब किसी वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) कार्य नहीं करता है बल्कि उस पर कार्य किया जाता है तो वाक्य का Verb, Passive Voice में होता है।
Example : The hunter killed the lion. शिकारी ने शेर को मारा।
The lion was killed by the hunter. शेर शिकारी द्वारा मारा गया।

नोट-विद्यार्थियों को Verb की तीसरी फ़ार्म लगाना कभी नहीं भूलना चाहिए। Let, hit, cut आदि शब्दों की फ़ार्म लगाते समय विशेष सावधानी बरतनी चाहिए।
Imperative तथा To + 1st form वाले वाक्य में Be का प्रयोग होता है।

“Active से Passive बनाने की विधि

1. Verb ‘Be’ के सैंप

2. Verb की तीसरी फ़ार्म
Note-पुस्तक में Verb की forms दी गई हैं। विद्यार्थियों को चाहिए कि वे इन्हें अच्छी तरह याद कर लें।

3. Subject और Object का आपसी परिवर्तन

(B) नोट : “You’ और ‘It’ subject और object दोनों रूपों में नहीं बदलते।
2. Possessive Case of Pronoun में भी कोई परिवर्तन नही होता जैसे-
1. My brother = by my brother
2. Our teacher = by our teacher

Be के रूप का प्रयोग

की फ़र्म रूप का चुनाव करने से पूर्व हमें दिया गए वाक्य में verb को देखना चाहिए verb की फ़र्म या tense के आधार पर ही हम be की फ़र्म लागयोंगे (i) यदि दिए गए वाक्य में verb की पहली फ़र्म (present Indefinite tense) हो तो Passive Voice बनाने के लिए Be की पहली फ़ार्म अर्थात् is, am, are में से किसी एक का प्रयोग किया जाएगा; जैसे,-

(1) Auxiliary Verbs
Rule. Can, could, may, might, shall, should आदि वाले वाक्यों को passive voice में बदलने के लिए can, could, may, might, shall, should आदि के पश्चात् ‘be’ तथा क्रिया (Verb) की तीसरी फ़ार्म लगाई जाती है।

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. I can solve this sum.	This sum can be solved by me.
2. You may take this pen.	This pen may be taken by you.
3. She may catch the train.	The train may be caught by her.
4. They might miss the bus.	The bus might be missed by them.
5. You should obey the rules.	The rules should be obeyed by you.
6. They must take exercise.	Exercise must be taken by them.
7. I cannot do it.	It cannot be done by me.
8. He might not win the race.	The race might not be won by him.
9. We must not tell a lie.	A lie must not be told by us.
10. One should do one’s duty.	Duty should be done.

(2) Verbs having Prepositions
Note. कुछ क्रियाओं के बाद at, on, in आदि Prepositions दी होती हैं। Passive Voice बदलते समय Prepositions of का स्थान नहीं बदलता है। उन्हें verbs के साथ ही रखा जाना चाहिए।

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. He knocked at the door.	The door was knocked at by him.
2. He does not care for you.	You are not cared for by him.
3. They laughed at the poor man.	The poor man was laughed at by them.
4. She sent for me.	I was sent for by her.
5. The dog barked at them.	They were barked at by the dog.
6. I was waiting for him.	He was being waited for by me.
7. She did not listen to me.	I was not listened to by her.
8. They aimed at the lion.	The lion was aimed at by them.

(3) Prepositions other than ‘By Rule. कुछ वाक्यों में क्रिया (Verb) की तीसरी फ़ार्म के पश्चात् by’ के स्थान पर कोई अन्य Preposition लगती है जैसे to, at, in, with आदि।

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. He knows me.	I am known to him.
2. The news shocked him.	He was shocked at the news.
3. His work satisfied me.	I was satisfied with his work.
4. Your habits worry me.	I am worried at your habits.
5. This jug contains milk.	Milk is contained in this jug.
6. You cannot please him.	He cannot be pleased with you.
7. Your answer does not satisfy me.	I am not satisfied with your answer.
8. The news surprised me.	I was surprised at the news.

(4) It is time से आरम्भ होने वाले वाक्य

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. It is time to open the shop.	It is time for the shop to be opened.
2. It is time to write our letters.	It is time for our letters to be written.
3. It is time to read the newspaper.	It is time for the newspaper to be read.
4. It is time to take tea.	It is time for tea to be taken.
5. It is time to close the shop.	It is time for the shop to be closed.
6. It is time to pray to God.	It is time for God to be prayed to.
7. It is time to ring the bell.	It is time for the bell to be rung.

(5) Interrogative Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. Does she tell a story?	Is a story told by her ?
2. Do you play football ?	Is football played by you ?
3. Did you read the letter ?	Passive Voice Was the letter read by you ?
4. Will you help me ?	Shall I be helped by you ?
5. Is she singing a song ?	Is a song being sung by her ?
6. Have you finished your work ?	Has your work been finished by you?
7. When does he take tea ?	When is tea taken by him ?
8. What is he doing ?	What is being done by him ?
9. Why were you making a noise ?	Why was a noise being made by you ?
10. Who teaches you English ?	By whom are you taught English ?

(6) Imperative Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. Shut the windows.	Let the windows be shut.
2. Post this letter.	Let this letter be posted.
3. Show me your book.	Let your book be shown to me.
4. Change your clothes.	You are advised to change your clothes. Or Let your clothes be changed.
5. Write it clearly.	Let it be written clearly.
6. Always speak the truth.	You are advised always to speak the truth.
7. Work hard.	You are advised to work hard.
8. Never tell a lie.	You are advised never to tell a lie.
9. Let me finish it.	Let it be finished by me.
10. Tell him to keep quiet.	Let him be told to keep quiet.
11. Do not run fast.	You are advised not to run fast. Or You are forbidden to run fast.
12. Do not steal things.	You are advised not to steal things. Or Let things be not stolen.

(7) Typical Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. The rose smells sweet.	The rose is sweet when (it is) smelt.
2. Sit down.	Be seated.
3. You have to do it.	It has to be done by you.
4. They say that honesty is the best policy.	It is said that honesty is the best policy.
5. God helps those who help themselves.	Those who help themselves are helped by God.
6. We elected him President.	He was elected President by us.
7. One should do one’s duty.	Duty should be done.
8. Someone has picked his pocket.	His pocket has been picked.
9. He has to pay the fine.	The fine has to be paid by him.
10. I hope to stand first.	It is hoped that I shall stand first.

Exercises (Solved) Change the voice:

I. 1. Harish plays cricket.
2. She likes singing.
3. We fly kites.
4. Meera helps the poor.
5. I open an account in the bank.
6. Hamid does his homework.
7. The boys watch television.
8. The cobbler mends my shoes.
9. She hates liars.
10. Children like sweets.
Answer:
1. Cricket is played by Harish.
2. Singing is liked by her.
3. Kites are flown by us.
4. The poor are helped by Meera.
5. An account is opened in the bank by me.
6. His homework is done by Hamid.
7. Television is watched by the boys.
8. My shoes are mended by the cobbler.
9. Liars are hated by her.
10. Sweets are liked by children.

II. 1. Rama lost his book.
2. They welcomed me.
3. Mina wrote a letter.
4. Mohan did not sing a song.
5. Radha did not drink coffee.
6. Harish did not paint a picture.
7. Did the boys fly kites ?
8. Did you close the door ?
9. Did Kavita help you?
10. The Prime Minister honoured Kapil Dev.
Answer:
1. His book was lost by Rama.
2. I was welcomed by them.
3. A letter was written by Mina.
4. A song was not sung by Mohan.
5. Coffee was not drunk by Radha.
6. A picture was not painted by Harish.
7. Were kites flown by the boys ?
8. Was the door closed by you ?
9. Were you helped by Kavita ?
10. Kapil Dev was honoured by the Prime Minister.

III. 1. Manohar will solve the sums.
2. You will miss your bus.
3. The teacher will punish the boys.
4. The doctor will examine the patient.
5. The children will enjoy this game.
6. You will join the party.
7. He will not cook the food.
8. She will not wash the clothes.
9. Will they elect the President ?
10. Will she speak the truth?
Answer:
1. The sums will be solved by Manohar.
2. Your bus will be missed by you.
3. The boys will be punished by the teacher.
4. The patient will be examined by the doctor.
5. This game will be enjoyed by the children.
6. The party will be joined by you.
7. The food will not be cooked by him.
8. The clothes will not be washed by her.
9. Will the President be elected by them?
10. Will the truth be spoken by her?

IV. 1. The leader is making a speech.
2. They are playing hockey.
3. Șudhir is telling a story.
4. Pakistan is making an atom bomb.
5. The girls are making chairs.
6. The workers are not repairing the road.
7. We are not taking exercise.
8. I am not favouring you.
9. Are they knocking at the door?
10. Is he serving his country?
Answer:
1. A speech is being made by the leader.
2. Hockey is being played by them.
3. A story is being told by Sudhir.
4. An atom bomb is being made by Pakistan.
5. Chairs are being made by the girls.
6. The road is not being repaired by the workers.
7. Exercise is not being taken by us.
8. You are not being favoured by me.
9. Is the door being knocked at by them?
10. Is his country being served by him ?

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.3

Solve the following equations and check your results :

Question 1.
3x = 2x + 18
Solution:
3x = 2x + 18
∴ 3x – 2x = 18 (Transposing 2x to LHS)
∴ x = 18

Check:
LHS = 3x = 3 × 18 = 54
RHS = 2x + 18
= 2(18) + 18
= 36 + 18 = 54
LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 2.
5t – 3 = 3t – 5
Solution:
5t – 3 = 3t – 5
∴ 5t – 3t – 3 = – 5 (Transposing 3t to LHS)
∴ 2t – 3 = -5
∴ 2t = – 5 + 3 (Transposing -3 to RHS)
∴ 2t = – 2
∴ \(\frac{2 t}{2}=\frac{-2}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ t = – 1

Check:
LHS = 5t – 3
= 5 (- 1) – 3
= – 5 – 3 = -8
RHS = 3t – 5
= 3 (- 1) – 5
= – 3 – 5 = – 8
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 3.
5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
Solution:
5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
∴ 5x + 9 – 3x = 5 (Transposing 3x to LHS)
∴ 2x + 9 = 5
∴ 2x = 5 – 9 (Transposing 9 to RHS)
∴ 2x = -4
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{-4}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
x = – 2

Check:
LHS = 5x + 9
= 5 (-2) + 9
= – 10 + 9 = -1
RHS = 5 + 3x
= 5 + 3 (-2)
= 5 – 6 = -1
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 4.
4z + 3 = 6 + 2z
Solution:
4z + 3 = 6 + 2z
∴ 4z + 3 – 2z = 6 (Transposing 2z to LHS)
∴ 2z + 3 = 6
∴ 2z = 6 – 3 (Transposing 3 to RHS)
∴ 2z = 3
∴ \(\frac{2 z}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ z = \(\frac {3}{2}\)

Check:
LHS = 4z + 3
=4 (\(\frac {3}{2}\)) + 3
= 6 + 3 = 9
RHS = 6 + 2z
= 6 + 2(\(\frac {3}{2}\))
= 6 + 3 = 9
LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 5.
2x – 1 = 14 – x
Solution:
2x – 1 = 14-x
∴ 2x – 1 + x = 14 (Transposing -x to LHS)
∴ 3x – 1 = 14
∴ 3x = 14 + 1 (Transposing -1 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 15
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{15}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
x = 5

Check:
LHS = 2x – 1
= 2 (5) – 1
= 10 – 1 = 9
RHS = 14 – x
= 14 – 5 = 9
LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 6.
8x + 4 = 3(x – 1) + 7
Solution:
8x + 4 = 3(x – 1) + 7
∴ 8x + 4 = 3x – 3 + 7
∴ 8x + 4 = 3x + 4
∴ 8x + 4 – 3x = 4 (Transposing 3x to LHS)
∴ 5x + 4 = 4
∴ 5x = 4 – 4 (Transposing 4 to RHS)
∴ 5x = 0
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{5}=\frac{0}{5}\) (Dividing both the sides by 5)
∴ x = 0

Check:
LHS = 8x + 4
= 8 (0) + 4
= 0 + 4 = 4
RHS = 3 (x – 1) + 7
= 3(0 – 1) + 7
= 3 (-1) + 7
= – 3 + 7 = 4
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 7.
x = \(\frac {4}{5}\) (x + 10)
Solution:
x = \(\frac {4}{5}\) (x + 10)
∴ x = \(\frac{4 x}{5}+10 \times \frac{4}{5}\)
∴ x = \(\frac{4 x}{5}+8\)
∴ x – \(\frac{4 x}{5}\) = 8 (Transposing \(\frac{4 x}{5}\) to LHS)
∴ \(\frac{5 x-4 x}{5}\) = 8 (LCM = 5)
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) = 8
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) × 5 = 8 × 5 (Multiplying both the sides by 5)
∴ x = 40

Check:
LHS = x = 40
RHS = \(\frac {4}{5}\) (x + 10)
= \(\frac {4}{5}\) (40 + 10)
= \(\frac {4}{5}\) (50)
= 4 × 10 = 40
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 8.
\(\frac{2 x}{3}+1=\frac{7 x}{15}+3\)
Solution:
\(\frac{2 x}{3}+1=\frac{7 x}{15}+3\)
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{3}\) = \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) + 3 – 1 (Transposing 1 to RHS)
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{3}\) = \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) + 2
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{3}-\frac{7 x}{15}\) = 2 (Transposing \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) to LHS)
∴ \(\frac{2 x \times 5-7 x}{15}\) (LCM = 15)
∴ \(\frac{10 x-7 x}{15}\) = 2
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{15}\) = 2
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) = 2
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) × 5 = 2 × 5 (Multiplying both the sides by 5)
∴ x = 10

Check:
LHS = \(\frac{2 x}{3}\) + 1
= \(\frac{2(10)}{3}\) + 1
= \(\frac{20}{3}\) + 1 = \(\frac{23}{3}\)
RHS = \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) + 3
= \(\frac{7(10)}{15}\) + 3
= \(\frac {14}{3}\) + 3
= \(\frac {23}{3}\)
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 9.
2y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\) – y
Solution:
2y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\) – y
∴ 2y + y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\) (Transposing -y to LHS)
∴ 3y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\)
∴ 3y = \(\frac{26}{3}-\frac{5}{3}\) (Transposing \(\frac {5}{3}\) to RHS)
∴ 3y = \(\frac{26-5}{3}\)
∴ 3y = \(\frac {21}{3}\)
∴ 3y = 7
∴ \(\frac{3 y}{3}=\frac{7}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ y = \(\frac {7}{3}\)

Check:
LHS = 2y + \(\frac {5}{3}\)
= 2(\(\frac {7}{3}\) ) + \(\frac {5}{3}\)
= \(\frac{14}{3}+\frac{5}{3}\)
= \(\frac{14+5}{3}\)
= \(\frac {19}{3}\)
RHS = \(\frac {26}{3}\) – y
= \(\frac{26}{3}-\frac{7}{3}\)
= \(\frac{26-7}{3}\)
= \(\frac {19}{3}\)

Question 10.
3m = 5m – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
Solution:
3m = 5m – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
∴ 3m – 5m = –\(\frac {8}{5}\) (Transposing 5m to LHS)
∴ -2m = –\(\frac {8}{5}\)
∴ 2m = \(\frac {8}{5}\) [Multiplying both the sides by (-1)]
∴ \(\frac{2 m}{2}=\frac{8}{5} \times \frac{1}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ m = \(\frac {4}{5}\)

Check:
LHS = 3m
= 3(\(\frac {4}{5}\))
= \(\frac {12}{5}\)
RHS = 5m – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= 5(\(\frac {4}{5}\)) – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= 4 – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= \(\frac{20-8}{5}\)
= \(\frac {12}{5}\)
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को पढ़ो और इन वाक्यों में दिये गए italicised (तिरछे) शब्दों के प्रयोग पर विचार करो-

1. (a) (i) I saw the girls jumping.
(ii). I did not see the dancing girl.

(b) (i) He got his shoes mended.
(ii) He is a worried man now.

2. (i) I went to see the match.
(ii) We go home to take rest.

3. (i) Dancing is an art.
(ii) She enjoys dancing.

सभी italicised शब्द ऐसे शब्द हैं जो अपने आप में किसी वाक्य का Predicate नहीं बन सकते। हम ऊपर दिए गए किसी भी वाक्य का italicised शब्द के साथ predicate नहीं बना सकते। अर्थात् ‘I jumping’, ‘I dancing’ आदि predicate नहीं बना सकते, इस प्रकार के Verbs को Non-Finite Verbs कहते हैं। इसके विपरीत वे Verbs या Verb Phrases जो किसी वाक्य के Predicate बन सकते हैं, Finite Verbs कहलाते हैं।

एक अन्य परिभाषा

Italicised शब्दों पर Tense, Person अथवा Number का कोई प्रभाव दिखाई नहीं देता। अर्थात् जिन Verbs पर Tense, Person के Number का प्रभाव नहीं होता, Non-Finite Verbs कहलाते हैं। Tense अथवा Subject बदलने के पश्चात् भी इन Verbs का रूप नहीं बदलता। इसके विपरीत Finite Verbs का रूप Tense तथा Person के अनुसार बदल सकता है। आओ वाक्यों पर पुनः विचार करें-
1. (a) I saw the train moving.
I see the train moving.
He sees the train moving.

(b) He got his watch repaired.
He gets his watch repaired.
They will get their watches repaired.

2. (i) I want to see the match.
(ii) He wants to see the match.
(iii) We wanted to see the match.

3. (i) She enjoys dancing.
(ii) She will enjoy dancing.
(iii) They enjoyed dancing.

अतः स्पष्ट है कि Finite Verbs (underlined) का परिवर्तन होने पर भी Non-finite Verbs में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता।

पूर्ण स्पष्टीकरण
अब दाईं तथा बाईं ओर दिए गए शब्द-समूहों का अध्ययन करो। आप देखेंगे कि Non-finites किस प्रकार Predicate का रूप धारण नहीं कर सकते।

Finite Verbs:
He takes tea.
He can drive well.
They have gone home.
The dog was beaten by the boys

Non-Finite Verbs:
He taking tea.
He to drive well.
They going home.
The dog beaten by the boys.

बाईं ओर के सभी शब्द समूह वाक्य हैं। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि इनके Verbs Predicate का काम करते हैं परन्तु दाईं ओर के Verbs Non-Finites हैं। क्योंकि Non-Finites स्वयं Predicate का निर्माण नहीं करते, इसलिए दाईं ओर के शब्द-समूह वाक्य नहीं हो सकते।

Non-Finites का वर्गीकरण-
(1) Present Participle
(2) Past Participle

1. (a) (i). I saw the girl jumping. (Present Participle)
(ii) I did not see the dancing girl. (Present Participle)

(b) (i) He got his shoes mended. (Past Participle)
(ii) He is a ‘worried man now. (Past Participle)

2. (i) I want to see the match. (Infinitive)
(ii) We go home to take rest. (Infinitive)

3. (i) Dancing is an art. (Gerund)
(ii) She enjoys dancing (Gerund)

I. The Infinitive

I. Infinitive का प्रयोग Noun के रूप में हो सकता है।
1. Verb के Subject के रूप में:

• To forgive is divine.
• To drive a car requires skill.
• To err is human.

2. Object के रूप में:

• She wishes to rise higher in life.
• No one likes to die.
• I want to learn music.

3. Complement के रूप में:

• This house is to let.
• He seems to act well.
• Her desire was to do good.

4. Preposition के Object के रूप में:

• He was about to speak.
• The match was going to start.
• She was about to die.

5. Noun या Pronoun के Apposition के रूप में:

• It is easy to advise others.
• It is bad to find faults with others.
• It is good to help the poor.

II. Infinitive का प्रयोग adjective के रूप में भी हो सकता है।

1. Bere 2017 बताने के लिए

• He got up to ask a question.
• I went to see the Principal.
• He studied to become a doctor.

2. Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता बताने के लिए

• My decision to go is final.
• I have no friends to talk to.
• The topics to be written are known to all.

3. Preposition या Object की विशेषता बताने के लिए

• He is too old to walk.
• She is too young to understand.
• They are too busy to attend the function.

4. verb या complement की विशेषता बताने के लिए

• To tell the truth, I hate shirkers.
• To sum up, he is the best of friends.
• To say in a few words, Mohan achieved the object of his life.

Bare Infinitive या बिना to के Infinitive

इसका प्रयोग होता है:
1. bid, feel, hear, know, let, make, notice, observe, see, watch if Verbs

• I made him give up smoking.
• He bade me open the window.
• I let the boy go.

2. shall, will, would, should, do, have may, must, can, could if Auxiliaries as:

• You may leave now.
• I do not like him.
• You must not disobey your parents.

3. ‘had better’, ‘had rather’, ‘would rather’, ‘had sooner:

• You had better leave this place.
• I would rather starve than beg.
• He would rather solve the problem better.

4. but’, ‘than’s are:

• We could not but laugh.
• He did more than help his friend.

II. The Gerund

The Gerund का निर्माण Verb की पहली फार्म + ing से होता है। Gerund का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित ढंग से हो सकता है।

1. Verb के Subject के रूप में :

• Swimming is a good exercise.
• Speaking is easier than writing.
• Dancing is an art.

2. Verb के Object के रूप में:

• I hate waiting at bus stops.
• He likes reading novels.
• She stopped playing.

3. Preposition के Object के रूप में:

• I am tired of thinking.
• He is thinking of leaving this place.
• He started his journey after resting for an hour.

4. Verb at Complement के रूप में:

• Thinking is doing.
• Talking to him is wasting time.
• Seeing is believing

5. Absolute construction के रूप में:

• Speaking the truth being his habit, we like him.
• Reading the books being his hobby, we appreciate him.

Note : यदि Gerund से पहले कोई noun या pronoun आये तो उसका Possessive रूप ही प्रयोग करना सकता है।

• He stopped my going there.
• He likes my doing this job.
• I do not like Ram’s coming here.

6. Noun Compounds as party के रूप में:

• He bought a new dining table.
• The dancing girl was full of thrill.
• She wastes hours before her looking glass.

Note : निचे कुछ विशेष verbs दिए गए है जिनके साथ Gerund का प्रयोग होता है

• He avoided seeing the Principal.
• He admitted telling a lie.
• She denied using force.
• He dislikes deceiving people.
• I enjoy playing with children.
• He cannot help laughing.
• I don’t mind waiting for an hour.
• I missed seeing that film.
• He postponed his going to Delhi.
• She stopped going there.
• I suggest going for a walk.

III. Participle (Present and Past)

Present Participle : Present Participle का निर्माण verb की पहली फार्म तथा ing से होता है।
Note : Present Participle तथा Gerund दोनों का निर्माण ‘ing’ से होता है; प्रतनु दोनों में अत्नर है (i) Participle adjective के रूप में प्रयोग होता है
उदाहरण:
I like new coat.
I like shining-coat.
यहाँ ‘shining new की तरह adjective का काम कर रहा है। इसलिए यह Participle है।

(ii) Gerund noun के रूप में प्रयुक्त होता है। इसलिए यह वाक्य में वे सभी स्थान ले सकता है जो Noun के होते है; जैसे
Swimming is an exercise. (Subject के रूप में)
I like swimming. (Object के रूप में)

Present Participle का प्रयोग
1. Present Participle का प्रयोग subject के बाद आने वाले Noun के Adjective के रूप में होता है:

• His speech was expressing.
• Her lectures were interesting.
• The results were encouraging.

2. जब दो कार्य एक ही Subject द्वारा एक के बाद एक किए जायें, तो पहले कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए Present Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जैसे,

• Seeing his father, the boy ran away.
• She entered, closing the door behind her.
• Crying, she went to qazi.

3. जब दो साथ-साथ हों तो उनमें से एक को Present Participle दुरा यक्त किया जाता है:

• He went into the room singing.
• He came to me running.
• The birds flew away chirping.

4. Present Participle ‘Object complement’ के रूप में भी कार्य कर सकता है:

• We found him studying in his room.
• The doctor found the patient sitting up in bed.
• I saw him watering the plants in his garden.

5. Present Participle का प्रयोग absolutely’ भी होता है; जैसे,

• The weather being fine (having been fine), we decided to go out for a walk.
• The dinner being over, the guests started leaving.
• The song being over, the dancers stopped dancing.

6. कभी- कभी Present Participle का प्रयोग Perfect Participle के रूप में होता है। ऐसा तब किया जाता है जब यह व्यक्त करना हो कि दूसरा कार्य आरम्भ होने से पूर्व पहला कार्य पूरा हो चुका था; जैसे,

• Having seen my sister off, I came home.
• Having done her homework, she went out to play.
• Having seen the film, they went out to a restaurant.

7. Perfect Participle का प्रयोग Passive constructions में भी होता है; जैसे,

• Having been betrayed once, he did not fall into the trap again.
• Having been defeated several times, the army finally surrendered.
• Having been insulted twice, I never went to see him again.

Past Participle : Past Participle verb की तीसरी फार्म होती है।
Past Participle का प्रयोग
Past Participle का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित प्रकार से होता है

1. Adjective के रूप में; जैसे

• His spoken English is much better than his written English.
• The written words have much weight.
• The planned object was achieved.

2. Passive भावना को यकत करने के लिए; जैसे

• The Chief Minister arrived, accompanied by the Minister for Education.
• Shot by an arrow, the bird fell to the ground.
• Disgusted, he left his home.

3. Subject complement के रूप में; जैसे

• They grew tired.
• We were left bored.
• Don’t be disappointed.

4. Object complement के रूप में; जैसे

• I got a new shirt made.
• We got a new home built.
• He had his hair cut.

Combination of Sentences

(Using Non-Finites)
Participle, Infinitive या Gerund (Non-finites) की सहायता से दो वाक्यों को जोड़ कर एक वाक्य भी बनाया जा सकता है।

1. Infinitive के प्रयोग द्वारा
(1) Separate : We go to a cinema. We see a movie.
Combined : We go to a cinema to see a movie.

(2) Separate : The principal called Mrs. Sharma. She would teach English.
Combined : The principal called Mrs. Sharma to teach English.

(3) Separate : I shall go to the market. I shall buy rice.
Combined : I shall go to the market to buy rice.

(4) Separate : She is very poor. She cannot pay her fee.
Combined : She is too poor to pay her fee.

(5) Separate : I want to go to my brother. I shall assist him.
Combined :: I want to go to my brother to assist him.

(6) Separate : I go to the playground. I play there.
Combined : I go to the playground to play.

(7) Separate : I bent. I picked the ball.
Combined : I bent to pick the ball.

2. Participle के प्रयोग द्वारा

(1) Separate : He picked up his umbrella. He went out.
Combined : Picking up his umbrella, he went out.

(2) Separate : The thieves ran away. They saw the policeman.
Combined : Seeing the policeman, the thieves ran away.

(3) Separate : The students stopped talking. They saw the headmaster.
Combined : Seeing the headmaster, the students stopped talking.

(4) Separate : He lost his book. He began to cry.
Combined : Having lost his book, he began to cry.

(5) Separate : He picked the pocket. He ran away.
Combined : Having picked the pocket, he ran away.

(6) Separate : The old lady was helped by the little boy. She was able to cross the road.
Combined : Helped by the little boy, the old lady was able to cross the road.

(7) Separate : I saw some monkeys. They were jumping from branch to branch.
Combined : I saw some monkeys jumping from branch to branch.

(8) Separate : We watched a cricket match. It was being played in our school.
Combined : We watched a cricket match being played in our school.

(9) Separate : I met a girl. She was weeping in the street.
Combined : I met a weeping girl in the street.

(10) Separate : We heard a noise. It was coming from a nearby house.
Combined : We heard a noise coming from a nearby house.

3. Gerund के प्रयोग द्वारा

(1) Separate : Mohan waits for the bus everyday. He can’t bear it.
Combined : Mohan can’t bear waiting for the bus everyday.

(2) Separate : Gopal watches hockey matches. He likes it.
Combined : Gopal likes watching hockey matches.

(3) Separate : Kamla writes stories. She is very fond of it.
Combined : Kamla is very fond of writing stories.

(4) Separate : He helped my brother. I appreciate it.
Combined : I appreciate his helping my brother.

(5) Separate : I avoided Ram. I did not meet him.
Combined : I avoided meeting Ram.

(6) Separate : He was seeing the match. He saw it for some time.
Combined : He went on seeing the match for some time.

(7) Separate : The bird spread the wings. It flew away.
Combined : The bird flew away by spreading the wings.

(8) Separate : You go there. I do not approve of it.
Combined : I do not approve of your going there.

Exercises (Solved) (With Hints) Set-I

Combine the following sentences in each pair using participle:

1. He took aim. He shot the tiger.
2. He hurt his foot. He stopped.
3. He was unwilling to go any further. He returned home.
4. They saw the uselessness of punishment. They changed their way.
5. He was tired of failure. He went to another city.
6. I received no answer. I knocked it second time.
7. He felt tired. He laid his work aside.
8. I went to Delhi last year. I wished to see a doctor.
9. He lost money. He gave up gambling.
10. He gave up the job. He was not satisfied with the salary.
11. He went straight on. He met Ram on the path.
12. A dog stole a piece of meat. He went outside the city to enjoy it.
13. The magician took pity on the mouse. He turned it into a cat.
14. My sister liked the book. She bought it at once.
15. The letter was badly written. I had great difficulty in reading it.
16. The hungry fox saw some grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
17. I was walking along the bank. I saw a dead snake.
18. He ran at top speed. He got out of breath.
19. He jumped up. He ran away.
20. He was tired. He sat down to rest.
21. He finished his dinner. He went out for a walk.
22. He felt sleepy. He went to bed.
23. He aimed at the bird. He shot an arrow.
24. He failed in the examinations. He gave up studies.
25. He ran after the thief. He caught him.
Hints:
1. Taking aim
2. Having hurt
3. Unwilling
4. Seeing the
5. Tired of
6. Having received
7. Feeling tired
8. Wishing to
9. Having lost
10. Dissatisfied with
11. Going
12. Having stolen, the dog went
13. Taking pity, the magician turned
14. Having liked, my sister bought it
15. The letter being badly written.
16. The hungry fox saw some grapes hanging
17. Walking along the bank
18. Running at
19. Jumping up
20. Being tired
21. Having finished
22. Feeling sleepy
23. Aiming at the bird
24. Having failed
25. Running after.

Set-II
Combine the following sentences by using infinitives:

1. I went to the playground. I wanted to see the match.
2. I worked very hard. I wanted to assist him.
3. I want to go to my brother. I want to assist him.
4. I won a scholarship. I had to work very hard for it.
5. She is very poor. She cannot pay her fee.
6. He is very selfish. He will not help you.
7. I shall go to the market. I shall buy sugar.
8. I was trying to lift the box. He helped me.
9. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
10. Everyone should do his duty. The country expects this of everyone.
11. He must apologise to me. This is the only way to escape punishment.
12. I shall succeed. I am sure of it.
13. He will stand first. He is hopeful of it.
14. You will catch the train. You need not run for it.
15. She visits the poor. It is in this way that she can help.
16. He took out the knife. His object was to stab the passer-by.
17. I am very tired. I cannot work.
18. The hunter took up his gun. He wanted to shoot the tiger.
19. He bought a box. He needed it for keeping ornaments in it.
20. The king was very pleased. He heard of the success of his army.
21. This load is very heavy. I cannot lift it.
22. He heard the happy news. He was overjoyed.
23. The problem was difficult. It could not be solved.
24. My friend has gone to Delhi. He will attend a wedding there.
25. This book is very expensive. I cannot buy it.
26. We go to a cinema. We see a movie there.
27. We telephoned the airport. We wanted to ask for some information.
28. The school appointed Miss Sheela. She would teach English.
29. I wanted to meet my parents. I returned home.
30. He wanted to learn the art of bowling. The coach taught him.
31. We bow before our teacher. We respect him.
32. She bought a car. She would travel fast.
33. They use kerosene. They would/will cook their food.
Hints:
1. playground to see
2. hard to assist
3. brother to assist him
4. very hard to win a scholarship
5. too poor to pay her fees
6. too selfish to help
7. market to buy
8. He helped me lift
9. afraid to speak the truth
10. expects everyone of us to do our duty
11. to escape punishment
12. sure to succeed
13. he hopes to stand
14. run to catch
15. She visits the poor to help them
16. knife to stab
17. too-to
18. his gun to shoot
19. a box to keep
20. pleased to hear
21. too heavy for me to
22. overjoyed to hear
23. too difficult to be
24. gone to Delhi to attend
25. too expensive for me to
26. to a cinema to see
27. the airport to ask
28. appointed Miss Sheela to teach
29. home to meet
30. taught him to learn
31. our teacher to respect
32. a car to travel fast
33. use kerosene to cook

Exercises From Board’s Grammar (Solved)

1. Pick out Infinitives in the following sentences:
1. To lie is a sin.
2. I saw him enter.
3. She let me watch the film.
4. He promised to come.
5. To forgive is divine.
6. He is too weak to walk.
7. I don’t know where to go.
8. It is shameful to cheat your friend.
9. I watched her dance.
10. Straw is used to make paperboard.
Answer:
1. To lie
2. enter
3. watch
4. to come
5. To forgive
6. to walk
7. to go
8. to cheat
9. dance
10. to make.

II. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank spaces with appropriate non-finite forms:

1. (Err) is human, (forgive) is divine.
2. You ought (get) up earlier.
3. It is easy (make) mistakes.
4. Why not (take) the day off?
5. He made me (repeat) the lessons.
6. You needn’t (say) anything.
7. I am sorry (disappoint) you.
8. He heard a cock (crow) in the neighbouring village.
9. Would you (like) (come) in my car?
10. He will be able (swim) very soon.
Answer:
1. To err, to forgive.
2. to get
3. to make
4. take.
5. repeat
6. say
7. to disappoint
8. crow.
9. like, to come.
10. to swim.

III. Combine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence each using too / enough + infinitive:

1. You are very young. You can’t have a gun.
2. He is very ill. He can’t eat anything.
3. The coffee is strong. It won’t keep us awake.
4. Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police.
5. He was furious. He couldn’t speak.
6. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.
7. It is very cold. We can’t bathe.
8. It is very cold. We can’t go out.
9. The fire isn’t very hot. It won’t boil water in a kettle.
10. I am rather old. I can’t walk that far.
Answer:
1. You are too young to have a gun.
2. He is too ill to eat anything.
3. The coffee is not strong enough to keep us awake.
4. Tom was foolish enough to tell lies to the police.
5. He was too furious to speak.
6. You are thin enough to slip between the bars.
7. It is too cold for us to bathe.
8. It is too cold for us to go out.
9. The fire isn’t hot enough to boil water in a kettle.
10. I am too old to walk that far.

IV. Pick out gerunds in the following sentences:

1. Gambling is a bad habit.
2. She enjoys sleeping.
3. Old men enjoy gossiping.
4. I hate waiting.
5. Stealing is a crime.
6. He is fond of walking.
7. I am good at spelling.
8. We took part in boating.
9. My sister does not like cooking.
10. She is fond of dancing.
Answer:
1. Gambling.
2. sleeping.
3. gossiping.
4. waiting.
5. stealing
6. walking
7. spelling
8. boating.
9. cooking
10. dancing.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 5 The Punjab: A Glimpse Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 5 The Punjab: A Glimpse

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the words as used in the lesson (adjective/noun / verb, etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings

recognize	pavilion	zest	invasion
brutal	procession	irrigate	melodious
shrine	pilgrimage	architect	manufacture

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2

Match the words under column A with their antonyms (विपरीतार्थक) under column B.

S. No.	A	B
1	exit	fail
2	lead	south
3	raise	lower
4	order	follow
5	broad	slavery
6	north	narrow
7	famous	request
8	succeed	disperse
9	freedom	entrance
10	assemble	notorious

Answer:
1. exist – entrance
2. lend – follow
3. raise – lower
4. Order – request
5. broad – narrow
6. north-south
7. famous – notorious
8. succeed – fail
9. freedom – slavery
10. assemble – disperse.

Activity 3.

The sentences given below have two blanks each. Two words are given in the brackets after each sentence.

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct word from the brackets.

1. With a …………… face she said, “My purse is ………………. (empty, black)
2. ………….. children have …………… hands. (small, little)
3. That ……………. young man has a ……………. wife. (handsome, beautiful)
4. The …………….. old man spoke in a ……………..voice. (feeble, weak)
5. The of ………….. of our school is a man of …………….. (principal, principles)
6. You should live in ……………. because …………… is strength. (union, unity)
7. He is a …………….. man with a round face and a …………….. forehead. (tall, high)
Answer:
1. blank, empty
2. little, small
3. handsome, beautiful
4. weak, feeble
5. principal, principles
6. unity, union
7. tall, high.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 4.

Answer each question briefly.

a.. What is special about Bhangra ?
भांगड़ा नृत्य के बारे में विशेष क्या है ?
Answer:
The Bhangra dance is full of energy. It shows the great zest for life of the Punjabis.

b. Why do you think that the Punjabis are self-respecting people ?
आप ऐसे क्यों सोचते हैं कि पंजाबी लोग स्वाभिमानी लोग हैं ?
Answer:
We can say that because Punjabis would never beg or show their back in battle field.

c. What was Punjab’s role in the struggle for India’s Independence ?
भारत के स्वतन्त्रता संघर्ष में पंजाबियों का क्या योगदान था ?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha and many other Punjabis sacrificed their lives for the sake of their motherland.

d. What did General O’Dwyer do at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar ?
जनरल ओ’डायर ने अमृतसर के जलियांवाला बाग़ में क्या किया ?
Answer:
On April 13, 1919 about 20,000 people had gathered here for a public meeting.General Dyer ordered his riflemen to fire at the crowd.

e. Which states have benefitted from the Bhakra-Nangal Project ?
भाखड़ा-नंगल परियोजना से किन राज्यों को लाभ पहुंचा है ?
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat have benefitted from this Project.

f. If. What is the religious importance of Anandpur Sahib ?
आनंदपुर साहिब का क्या धार्मिक महत्त्व है ?
Answer:
In Anandpur Sahib the Khalsa was founded by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Lakhs of Sikhs gather here every year to celebrate the founding of the Khalsa.

g. Where is Chandigarh situated ? What is it known for ?
चंडीगढ़ कहां स्थित है ? यह किस लिए प्रसिद्ध है ?
Answer:
Chandigarh is situated at the foot of the Shivalik Hills. It is known for its “rose gardens.

h. What are Jalandhar and Ludhiana famous for ?
जालन्धर और लुधियाना किस बात के लिए प्रसिद्ध हैं ?
Answer:
Jalandhar is famous for its sports goods while Ludhiana is famous for its woollen hosiery industry.

i. Who compiled the holy Sri Guru Granth Sahib ?
पवित्र श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब का संकलन किसने किया ?
Answer:
Sri Guru Arjun Dev Ji, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs, compiled Sri Guru Granth Sahib.

j. What do you know about the holiest shrine of the Sikhs ?
आप सिक्खों के सबसे पवित्र धार्मिक स्थल के विषय में क्या जानते हैं ?
Answer:
Golden Temple of Amritsar is the holiest shrine of Sikhs. It is built in the middle of a tank. It has a golden dome on the top.

Activity 5

Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for the following statements in the given space.

a. General O’Dwyer lived in Jallianwala Bagh. — False
b. Le Corbusier was a great Indian architect. — False
c. Bhagat Singh was hanged on 13 April 1919. — False
d. The Golden Temple has a tank all around it. — True
e. India became an independent country in 1947. — True
f. The Punjabis have faced many foreign invasions. — True
g. Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa in 1669.– False
h. Lala Lajpat Rai is known as Shaheed-e-Azam of India .– False
i. The Bhakra Dam is 518 feet high and 740 feet wide. — False
j. Fifty per cent of India’s hosiery industry is in Ludhiana. — False
k. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of India in 1953. — True
I. Chandigarh is situated on the left bank of the Sutlej River.– False

Activity 6

Tick (√) the correct choice to complete each sentence.

Question 1.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in ……
(a) 1919
(6) 1928
(c) 1947
(d) 1926.
Answer:
(a) 1919. (√)

Question 2.
The reorganisation of Punjab took place in …….
(a) 1947
(b) 1950
(c) 1966
(d). 1953.
Answer:
(c) 1966. (√)

Question 3.
Kulu and Manali are parts of …
(a) Haryana
(b) Himachal Pradesh
(c) Jammu and Kashmir
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(b) Himachal Pradesh. (√)

Question 4.
Sri Guru Arjun Dev was …………….. of the Sikhs.
(a) the fifth Guru
(b) the sixth Guru
(c) the fourth Guru
(d) the tenth Guru.
Hint :
(a) the fifth Guru. (√)

Learning Language

Subject-Verb Agreement

1. A verb must agree with its subject, number and person i.e. when the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular. When the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. For example :
1. He plays cricket.
2. They play cricket.
3. I am sad.
4. We are sad.
5. A girl is running.
6. Girls are running.
7. A list of boys was prepared.
8. One of my friends has gone to the USA.

Let us look at some more aspects of how the verb should agree with the subject in a sentence.

2. If the subject consists of two or more singular nouns or pronouns joined by ‘and, It take a plural verb.
For example :
(i) Jolly and John were two brothers.
(ii) The poet and the dramatist are being honoured. (Two separate persons).
(iii) Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi are the most important cities of India.
(iv) He and I were present.

Exceptions:
(a) If the nouns refer to the same person or thing or express one idea, the verb is singular.
For example :
(i) The poet and dramatist is being honoured. (same person – one only)
(ii) My friend, philosopher and guide was invited to preside over the function. (same person one only)
(iii) Rice and curry is his favourite dish.
(iv) Slow and steady wins the race.
(v) Bread and butter is wholesome food.

(b) If two singular subjects joined by ‘and are qualified by ‘each’ or ‘every they take a singular verb.
For example :
(i) Every man and every woman desires happiness.
(ii) Each hour and each minute is important.

3. Sigular subjects connected by ‘or’, ‘either – or’ and ‘neither – nor,’ are following by singular verb.
For example :
(a) No prize or trophy was given to him.
(b) Either Minesh or Parag has won the prize.
(c) Neither Sanjeev nor Amit has gone to school today.

4. When the subjects connected by ‘or’ or ‘nor are of different numbers, the plural subject should be written in the last and it is followed by a plural verb.
For example :
(a) Either Raghu or his parents are to blame.
(b) Neither Parul nor her friends have joined the college.
(c) Neither the headmaster nor the teachers were present there.

5. When the subjects connected by ‘nor’ or ‘or’ ate of different persons, the verb agrees in person with the subject nearest to it.
For example :
(a) Neither you nor Rosy is responsible for our defeat.
(b) Neither you not Rahul seems to be interested in this plan.
(c) Neither Neelu nor I have any money to buy a house.

6. When the subject consists of two nouns or pronouns joined by ‘with’ or ‘as well as’, the verb agrees with the first of them.
For examples :
(a) All the students with their teacher, were present at the show.
(b) He with all his friends, was ready to do or die.
(c) They as well as I are sick of his behaviour.
(d) Good leaders as well as a responsible public are essential for the success of democracy

7. When two subjects are connected by ‘not only … ‘but also’, the verb agrees with the second subject.
For example :
(a) Not only the master but his servants have also been badly wounded.
(b) Not only the soldiers but the captain has also been arrested.

8. When the subject is the formal ‘there’, the verb agrees with the real subject that follows it.
For example :
(a) There is no hope of his success.
(b) There were many difficulties to be removed.

9. ‘Either’, ‘neither’, ‘each, “.everyone’, ‘one of the take a singular verb.
For example :
(a) Neither of the two books was interesting.
(b) Everyone of these workers is an expert.
(c) One of the students is differently abled.
(d) Each of these two girls is intelligent.
(e) Either of these two boys is fit for this work.

10. Nouns which are plural. in form but singular in meaning should be followed by singular verbs.
For example :
(a) Mathematics is my favourite subject.
(b) Politics is a dirty game.
(c) The wages of sin is death.
(d) The news is too good to be true.
(e) Gulliver’s Travels’ is an interesting book.

11. Collective noun (crew, jury, committee) is followed by a singular verb when the group is thought of as a single unit. But when individual members of the group are referred to, the plural verb is used.
For example :
(a) A committee was appointed to suggest some reforms.
(b) The committee were divided on the issue.
(c) The jury was unanimous in its verdict.
(d) The jury were divided in their opinions.

12. When the subject of a verb is a relative pronoun, the verb agrees in number and person with the antecedent of the relative pronoun.
For example :
(a) The boy, who always stands first, is my son.
(b) The time, which is lost, is lost forever.
(c) I, who am your friend, will certainly help you.
(d) This is one of the most interesting books that have (not has) ever appeared.

13. When the subject is a sum of money considered as a whole, a singular verb is used. If the subject is a sum of money and it refers to the notes or coins considered separately, a plural verb is used.
For example :
(a) Hundred rupees is not a small amount.
(b) Hundred rupees were found in his purse.
(c) Five thousand rupees is a good price for this camera.
(d) There were fifty rupees in his pocket.
(e) There are ten silver rupees in my box.

Activity 7.

Select the correct verb from the brackets to fill in the blanks.

1. The tallest of these boys ………………. next door to me. (live, lives)
2. All the players in my team ……………… done well. (has, have)
3. The toys that were bought by Anil … ………….. really useful. (are, is)
4. He ……………… regularly. (walk, walks).
5. Slow and steady …… ………… the race. (win, wins)
6. Time and tide ……………… for none. (wait, waits)
7. Oil and water ……………. mix. (does not, do not).
8. Tobacco and alcohol ……………. injurious to health. (is, are)
9. Either Ashok or Rakesh ………………. done this mischief. (has, have)
10. Either you or he ……………… mistaken. (is, are)
11. Neither the judge nor the witnesses ……………… him. (believe, believes)
12. Neither the Captain nor the soldiers …………… been arrested. (has, have)
13. Either he or I …………….. wrong. (am, are)
14. He as well as you ………………. innocent. (is, are)
15. Each day and each hour …………….. its own importance. (has, have)
16. Either of these two proposals ………………. acceptable to me. (is, are)
17. The jury ………………. divided in their opinion. (was, were)
18. The assembly ………………. in session. (is, are).
19. I am the one who ……………. always stood for justice. (has, have)
20. This is one of the most difficult lessons that ……. …….. been taught. (has, have)
Answer:
1. lives
2. have
3. are
4. walks
5. wins
6. wait
7. do not
8. are
9. has
10. is
11. believe
12. been arrested
13. am
14. is
15. has
16. is
17. were
18. is
19. have
20. has.

Activity 8.

Listen to the words spoken by your teacher. Each word will be spoken twice. You will repeat after her/him. The teacher must check the pronunciation from the dictionary.
Answer:
1. February
2. Wednesday
3. Clothes
4. Desk
5. Library
6. Suite
7. April
8. Arithmetic
9. Bear
10. Plumber
11. Cleanliness
12. Creature
13. Debris
14. Depot
15. Develop
16. Hotel
17. Photography
18. Democracy
19. Police
20. Tortoise

Learning to Write

Paragraph Writing

A paragraph is a group of sentences that are written on a topic. It requires unity, order, coherence amnd completeness of an idea. When we write a paragraph, we should focus on one idea. Let us write a paragraph on a ‘A Picnic’ we went for.

A School Picnic
Picnic — Look forward to — all excited — woke up early – packed food — reached in time — teachers accompanied — bus started — enjoyed – reached the spot – took swings – high spirits —- took lunch — great fun — journey back — reached home – a day worth – remembering.

Picnic is one thing that we all always look forward to. This time, it was announced that we would go on a school picnic to the local city garden. We were all very excited.

On the day of the picnic, I woke up early. My mother packed a lot of food items for me and my friends. We reached school in time to board the bus. Our English teacher and sports teacher were accompanying us. The bus started at 8 a.m. We enjoyed the journey and had great fun singing songs.

Finally, we reached the garden. It was very peaceful there. The weather was also very pleasant. We got busy on swings and started running and playing. We were all in high spirits. In the afternoon, we had lunch. We shared our food with each other. After lunch, our teachers made us play many games. It was fun. We laughed and enjoyed ourselves. Soon it was evening and time to go back. We boarded the bus again and reached home by 7. It was a memorable day and I am going to cherish it forever.

Activity 9.

Write a paragraph on Our School Library using the hints given below :
Answer:
School a temple of learning–library the most useful place a big library in my school – more than 50,000 books – kept subjectwise – story books and comics-newspapers and magazines – librarian very helpful and kind – enjoy going to the library

Our School Library

A school is a temple of learning. A library is an altar in it. My school too has a big library. It is housed in a cornor. It has about 50,000 books in it. The books are kept subject-wise. They are kept in almirahs with glass-panes. The library has a number of newspapers and magazines too.

They are in Punjabi, Hindi and English. We can borrow books from the library. But no student can keep a book for more than fifteen days. The librarian is very helpful, kind and gentle. But he is very strict. He maintains perfect silence and discipline in the library. We go to the library thrice a week. We read newspapers and magazines. The library is really very useful to all of us.

Activity 10.

Write a paragraph on ‘An Indian Farmer’ looking at the hints given below :
Answer:
India land of villages–agriculture major profession-agriculture is lifeline of Indian economy-keeps the Indian economy prospering – the citizens with food-grows food grains, vegetables and fruits-grows cotton – works from morning to evening-provides employment – 40% of Indian farmers – requires a lot of labour – difficult task requires discipline and patience-grows crops for our country – crop is his wealth – important place in society – backbone of India – very useful member of the society

An Indian Farmer India is a land of villages. Most of the villagers are farmers. Therefore agriculture plays the most important role in the Indian economy. It is called the lifeline of Indian economy. It keeps the economy of the country prospering. Agriculture provides the citizens with food. About 40% of Indian farmers get their livehood. It provides employment directly through farming to many other people also. On the whole Indian farmer and farming together keep our economy alive. Farmers work hard (Hera) labour in their fields and grow various crops. Therefore, Indian farmer enjoys an important place in the society. He is the backbone of India.

Comprehension of Passage

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) According to the history of Punjab, the Punjabis have faced all the foreign invasions boldly. During the struggle for India’s freedom, Punjab gave the country great heroes. They included patriots such as Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha and many others. We call Lala Lajpat Rai Sher-e-Punjab and Bhagat Singh Shaheed-e-Azam. All these brave sons of Punjab sacrificed their lives for their country. Lala Lajpat Rai died as a result of the brutal lathi charge while he was leading a procession against the British in 1928. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged for raising their voice against the British cruelties. Bhagat Singh was just 26 years old then.

1. What led to Lala Lajpat Rai’s death?
लाला लाजपत राय की मृत्यु किस कारण हुई ?

2. Name three freedom fighters who were hanged.
तीन स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के नाम बताओ जिन्हें फांसी दी गई।

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Bhagat Singh was 16 years old when he was hanged.
जब भगत सिंह को फांसी दी गई उस समय उनकी आयु केवल 16 साल थी।

(b) Lala Lajpat Rai died in 1928.
तीन स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के नाम बताओ जिन्हें फांसी दी गई

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai was leading a procession
(b) Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged for ……….
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) crueltics	photographs
(ii) portraits	patriots
	atrocities

Answer:
1. The British lathi-charge on Lalaji led to his death.
2. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai was lending a procession against the British in 1928.
(b) Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged for raising voice against the British cruelties.
Or
(i) cruelties – atrocities
(ii) portraits – photographs.

(2) Mr Mathew told Chinta. ‘This is the famous Jallanwala Bagh of Amritsar and these are Bullet marks. On 31 April 1919, a crowd of around 20,000 people had gathered for a public meeting here. They included men, women and children. The British General O’Dwyer came there with his armed soliders. He blocked all the exit point. Then he ordered his men to start firing without giving any warning to the people gathered there. About 1000 people were killed and more than 1500 were wounded.”

1. What happened in Jalliandwala Bagh on April 13, 1919 ?
13 अप्रैल 1919 को जलियांवाला बाग में क्या घटना घटी

2. For what purpose had the people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh ?
लोग जलियांवाला बाग में किस उद्देश्य से इकट्ठे हुए थे ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :

(a) The park had no exit.
पार्क से बाहर जाने का कोई रास्ता नहीं था।

(b) The British General O’Dwyer came there with his riflemen.
ब्रिटिश जनरल डायर अपने बंदूकधारियों के साथ वहां आया।

4. Complete the following sentence according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Dyer blocked …………
(b) The crowd gathered at the Bagh included ………….
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) blocked	injured
(ii) wounded	closed
	killed

Answer:
1. On 13 April, 1919, the British General O’Dwyer ordered his riflemen to fire at the crowd. About 1000 people were killed and more than 1500 were wounded.
2. The people had gathered for a public meeting.
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) Dyer blocked all the exist points.
(b) The crowd gathered at the Bagh included men, women and children.
Or
(i) blocked – closed
(ii) wounded – injured.

(3) “Sir, they say this temple is surrounded by water”, said Chintu. “Yes, it is built in the middle of a square tank. To reach the temple, there is a 60-metre long marble path. This path has marble railings on both sides. The temple is double-storeyed. It has a golden dome on the top. The marble slabs used in the construction of the temple have on them fine artistic engravings. The inner walls are decorated with precious stones. They have on them priceless paintings and other works of art. On the ground floor, under the dome-shaped roof lies Sri Guru Granth Sahib. It is the holy book of the Sikhs.” explained Mr. Mathew. “Do you know it was Sri Guru Arjun Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs, who compiled this holy book ?” asked Mr. Mathew.

1. How can the temple be reached ?
मंदिर तक कैसे पहुँचा जा सकता है ?

2. What lies on the ground floor, under the dome-shaped roof?
गुम्बदाकार छत के नीचे भूतल पर क्या विराजमान है ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book
(a) Marble slabs have been used for the decoration of the temple.
मंदर की सजावट के लिए संगमरमर की पट्टिकाएं प्रयोग में लाई गई हैं।

(b) The path has a marble railing on one side.
मार्ग के एक ओर संगमरमर का जंगला है।

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Sri Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by ……..
(b) The inner walls of the temple are decorated with …………
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) decorated	destroyed
(ii) precious	beautified
	Costly

Answer:
1. It can be reached by a 60-metre long marble path.
2. Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikhs, lies on the ground floor under the dome-shaped roof.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Sri Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by Sri Guru Arjun Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.
(b) The inner walls of the temple are decorated with precious stones.
Or
(i) decorated – beautified
(ii) precious – costly.

(4) Mr Mathew replied, “Yes, this is Chandigarh. This beautiful city is situated at the foot of the Shivalik Hills. It was designed by a famous French architect, Le Corbusier. Being very close to the hills, Chandigarh has a calm and pleasant atmosphere. The Rose Garden of Chandigarh is world famous. The city was formally declared open in October 1953 by Dr Rajendra Prasad, the former President of India.“

1. Where is Chandigarh situated ?
चण्डीगढ़ कहां स्थित है ?

2. When and by whom was it formally declared open ?
इसका औपचारिक रूप से शुभारम्भ कब और किसके द्वारा किया गया ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Chandigarh has a calm and pleasant atmosphere.
चण्डीगढ़ का वातावाण शान्ति और सुटावाना है

(b) Stone gardens of Chandigarh are world famous. :
चण्डीगढ़ के पत्थर के बाग जगत् प्रसिद्ध हैं।

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Le Corbusier was
(b) Chandigarh is a ………….
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) pleasant	well-known
(ii) famous	fine
	helpful

Answer:
1. Chandigarh is situated at the foot of the Shivalik Hills.
2. It was formally declared open in October 1953 by the then President of India,Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Le Corbusier was a famous French architect.
(b) Chandigarh is a beautiful city.
Or
(i) pleasant-fine.
(ii) famous-well-known.

Use‌ ‌of‌ ‌Words‌ ‌and‌ ‌Phrases‌ ‌in‌ ‌Sentences‌ ‌

1. alms (charity, small, amounts received by way of begging) – The beggar stretched his hand out for alms.
2. celebrate – (engage in festivities) – I celebrated my birthday in a hotel.
3. compile – (to collect and arrange into a book) -Sri Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by Sri Guru Arjun Dev Ji.
4. curb (put control or check on, obstruct) – His arrest curbed his liberty in a big way.
5. distributary-(a narrow waterway to distribute canal or river water for irrigation, छोटी नदी/वितरिका A network of distributaries irrigates the fields in this state
6. executed – (done to death/hanged,) – The murderer was executed on Sunday.
7. exuberance (lively spirit, ) – The Bhangra shows the exuberance of the people of Punjab.
8. invasion – (attack) -India faced many invasions by the foreigners.
9. mowed down – (killed,) – Hundreds of freedom fighters were mowed down in the firing.
10. prominent – (well known) – My uncle is a prominent political figure.
11. precious – (of great value) – Gold is a precious metal.
12. recognize – (identify/know somebody again) – Do you recognize this picture ?
13. successive – (continuously/one after the other) – He had to keep awake for three successive nights.
14. vigorous – (fast and active/full of spirit and movement) – He made vigorous efforts to achieve his goal.
15. vitality – (liveliness) – The dance was full of life and vitality.

Word Meanings

The Punjab: A Glimpse Summary in Hindi

Balle, Balle ! …………… in the pavilion.

बल्ले, बल्ले ! ओह् बल्ले बल्ले ! मि० मैथ्यू अपने छात्रों को अमृतसर की यात्रा पर ले गए। मि० मैथ्यू ने पंजाब पैवेलियन (पंडाल) के सामने भांगड़ा नर्तकों की ओर इशारा करते हुए कहा, “बच्चो, तुम पंजाब के इस प्रसिद्ध लोकनृत्य को अवश्य पहचान गए होंगे।”
बच्चों ने उत्तर दिया, “हाँ, श्रीमान् जी, हम यह लोक नृत्य इस वर्ष के गणतंत्र दिवस के समारोह में देख चुके हैं।” मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “यह नृत्य जोश से भरा है। यह पंजाबियों के जीवन के प्रति अति उत्साह को दर्शाता है। पंजाबी स्वाभिमानी और बहुत ही परिश्रमी लोग होते हैं। तुम इन्हें गलियों में भीख माँगते नहीं देखोगे। वे बहुत बहादुर लड़ाई के मैदान में कभी भी अपनी पीठ नहीं दिखाते।

पंजाब के इतिहास के अनुसार पंजाब के लोगों ने सभी विदेशी आक्रमणकारियों का दृढ़ता से सामना किया । भारत के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में पंजाब ने देश को महान नायक दिए। उनमें लाला लाजपत राय, भगत सिंह, सुखदेव, ऊधम सिंह, करतार सिंह सराभा जैसे तथा कई अन्य देशभक्त शामिल थे। हम लाला लाजपत राय को शेर-ए-पंजाब तथा भगत सिंह को शहीद-ए-आजम कहकर पुकारते हैं। पंजाब के इन सभी वीर पुत्रों ने अपनी मातृभूमि के लिए अपने प्राणों की आहुति दे दी। लाला लाजपत राय की मृत्यु 1928 में अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध एक जलूस का नेतृत्व करते समय उन पर किए गए निर्दयतापूर्ण लाठीचार्ज के परिणामस्वरूप हुई। भगत सिंह, सुखदेव और राजगुरू को अंग्रेजों के अत्याचारों के विरुद्ध आवाज़ उठाने पर फांसी पर लटका दिया गया। भगत सिंह उस समय केवल 26 वर्ष के थे। बच्चो! तुम पंडाल में इन सभी स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के चित्र देखोगे।”

“Sir, what is ….. work of the Punjabis.”

चिंटू ने पूछा, ” श्रीमान् जी, यह भवन, कौन सा है जिसकी दीवारें पूरी तरह निशानों से भरी पड़ी हैं ?” मि० मैथ्यू ने चिंटू को बताया, “यह अमृतसर का प्रसिद्ध जलियाँवाला बाग़ है और ये गोलियों के निशान हैं। यहाँ 13 अप्रैल, 1919 को लगभग 20,000 लोगों की एक भीड़ सार्वजनिक सभा के लिए यहां एकत्रित हुई थी। इसमें स्त्री, पुरुष तथा बच्चे शामिल थे। ब्रिटिश जनरल ओ’डायर अपने बन्दूकधारियों के साथ वहाँ पहुँचा। उसने बाहर निकलने के सभी रास्ते बंद कर दिए। बिना कोई चेतावनी दिए उसने अपने बंदूकधारियों को भीड़ पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दे दिया। लगभग एक हज़ार लोग मारे गए और पंद्रह सौ से अधिक लोग घायल हुए।”

मि० मैथ्यू ने अपने छात्रों को 1947 के बटवारे के बारे में बताया। उन्होंने बताया “पंजाब को 1947 में भारत की स्वतंत्रता की पूर्व संध्या के समय अनेक कष्ट उठाने पड़े। यहाँ भयंकर खून-खराबा हुआ। हज़ारों लोगों को अपने घरों को छोड़ना पड़ा और शरणार्थियों की तरह रहना पड़ा। फिर भी, वीर पंजाबियों ने कड़ा परिश्रम किया और जीवन की नये सिरे से शुरुआत की। उन्होंने राज्य के पुनर्निर्माण में एक महान् भूमिका निभाई। उन्होंने कड़ी मेहनत और कृषि कौशल से पंजाब को भारत का अन्न भण्डार बना दिया। वे देश में हरित क्रांति लाए। शीघ्र ही भारत एक विकासशील देश बन गया और इसका मुख्य कारण पंजाबियों का कड़ा परिश्रम है।

“Sir wasn’t Punjab. ………….. modern India.”

राजू ने पूछा, “श्रीमान् जी, क्या उस समय पंजाब का विभाजन फिर से नहीं किया गया था जब इसमें से हरियाणा राज्य का निर्माण किया गया था ?” मि० मैथ्यू ने बताया, “राजू, तुम ठीक कह रहे हो। 1966 में पंजाबी भाषा और हिन्दी भाषा के आधार पर पंजाब राज्य का पुनर्गठन किया गया। पंजाब के कुछ पहाड़ी क्षेत्र जैसे कि लाहौल-स्पीति, कुल्लू एवं मनाली की घाटियाँ, कांगड़ा, डल्हौज़ी और शिमला हिमाचल प्रदेश के साथ मिला दिए गए। चण्डीगढ़ को पंजाब एवं हरियाणा दोनों की सांझी राजधानी बना दिया गया। उसे केंद्र शासित प्रदेश घोषित कर दिया गया।”

“पुनर्गठित पंजाब नवंबर 1966 में अस्तित्व में आया। अब इसके पश्चिम में पाकिस्तान, उत्तर में जम्मू और कश्मीर, उत्तर-पूर्व में हिमाचल प्रदेश और दक्षिण में हरियाणा और राजस्थान हैं।”राजू ने कहा, “श्रीमान् जी, यहाँ एक बांध का मॉडल (नमूना) है। मेरे विचार से यह प्रसिद्ध भाखड़ा बांध है।”

मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “राजू, तुम ठीक कह रहे हो। यह बांध 740 फुट ऊँचा है। इसकी लम्बाई 518 मीटर है और यह 9 मीटर चौड़ा है। इसके जलाशय जिसे गोबिन्द सागर के नाम से जाना जाता है, इसमें 9 बिलियन क्यूषिक मीटर पानी इकट्ठा किया जा सकता है। इसका उपयोग हिमाचल प्रदेश, पंजाब तथा हरियाणा की 10 मिलियन एकड़ भूमि की सिंचाई के लिए किया जाता है। भाखड़ा और नंगल विद्युत केंद्रों में पैदा होने वाली बिजली को हिमाचल प्रदेश, पंजाब, हरियाणा, राजस्थान और गुजरात राज्यों को दिया जाता है। पंडित नेहरू ने भाखड़ा बांध को आधुनिक भारत का मंदिर कहा है।”

“Sir, I can ………………….. asked Mr. Mathew.?”

विक्की ने कहा, “श्रीमान् जी, मुझे गुरूवाणी के मधुर स्वर सुनाई दे रहे हैं। पास में अवश्य ही कोई गुरुद्वारा होगा।”मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “ठीक है, हम अमृतसर के श्री दरबार साहिब के निकट हैं। यह सिखों का सबसे पवित्र धार्मिक स्थल है।”
चिंटू ने कहा, “कहते हैं कि यह मंदर जल से घिरा हुआ है।” मि० मैथ्यू ने बताया, “हां, यह एक वर्गाकार सरोवर के बीच में बना है। मंदर में पहुँचने के लिए 60 मी० लम्बा संगमरमर का मार्ग बना हुआ है। इस मार्ग के दोनों ओर संगमरमर की रेलिंग (जंगला) है। मंदर दो मंजिला है। इसके शीर्ष पर एक सुनहरी गुंबद है। मंदर के निर्माण में लगाई गईं संगमरमर की पट्टिकाओं पर कलात्मक नक्काशी की गई है। अंदर की दीवारें कीमती पत्थरों से सुसज्जित हैं। उन पर अनमोल चित्रकारी और अन्य कलाकारियां की गई हैं। भूतल पर गुंबदाकार छत के नीचे ‘श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब’ विराजमान हैं। यह सिक्खों का पवित्र ग्रंथ है। मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “क्या आप जानते हैं कि इस पवित्र पुस्तक का संकलन सिखों के पाँचवें गुरु अर्जुन देव जी ने किया था ?”

“Anandpur Sahib ……… President of India.”

“आनंदपुर साहिब सिखों का एक अन्य तीर्थ-स्थल है। इसकी स्थापना श्री गुरु तेग बहादुर जी ने की थी। यह सतलुज नदी के बायें किनारे पर स्थित एक छोटा सा शहर है। यहां हर साल लाखों सिख ‘खालसा’ जिसकी स्थापना 1699 में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने की थी, का स्थापना दिवस मनाने के लिए इकट्ठे होते हैं।” राजू ने पूछा, “श्रीमान् जी, इधर देखो। यह सुन्दर ढंग से नियोजित एक शहर का नमूना है। इसमें बहुत से बाग़ हैं। क्या यह चण्डीगढ़ नहीं है ?”

मि० मैथ्यू ने उत्तर दिया, “हाँ, यह चण्डीगढ़ ही है। यह सुंदर शहर शिवालिक पहाड़ियों की तलहटी में स्थित है। इसका नमूना प्रसिद्ध फ्रांसीसी वास्तुकार ली कॉरबुज़िअर ने तैयार किया था। पहाड़ियों के बहुत अधिक निकट होने के कारण चण्डीगढ़ का वातावरण शांत और सुहावना है। चण्डीगढ़ के रोज़ गार्डन्ञ् संसार भर में प्रसिद्ध हैं। इस नगर का औपचारिक रूप से शुभारंभ भारत के तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति डा. राजेन्द्र प्रसाद ने अक्तूबर 1953 में किया था।”

“Sir, there are …………………….. on their faces.

” विक्की ने कहा, “श्रीमान जी, यहाँ खेलों का सामान बेचने वाली कुछ दुकानें हैं। मैं क्रिकेट का बल्ला और गेंद खरीदना चाहता हूँ।” मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “परन्तु खरीदने से पहले, क्या तुम मुझे बता सकते हो कि पंजाब के किस शहर में यह सामान बनाया जाता है ?” विक्की ने उत्तर दिया, “नहीं, श्रीमान् जी।” मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “अच्छा, तो सुनो, यह जालंधर है। यह देश में खेलों का सामान बनाने वाले प्रमुख केंद्रों में से एक है। वहां, दूसरी दुकान में ऊनी हौजरी का सामान है। वह लुधियाना से है। हमारे हौजरी उद्योग का 95 प्रतिशत भाग लुधियाना में है। क्या तुम हौजरी का कुछ सामान भी खरीदना पसंद करोगे ?” चिंटू ने कहा, “नहीं, श्रीमान् जी, क्या खरीदा जाये, मैं उसका निर्णय नहीं ले सकता। ऐसी खरीददारी मेरे मातापिता करते हैं।” मि० मैथ्यू ने मिठाई की दुकान की ओर बढ़ते हुए कहा, “अच्छा, बच्चो, शायद तुम अमृतसर की यह जलेबियाँ चखना पसंद करोगे।” सभी बच्चे अपने चेहरों पर मुस्कान बिखेरे उनके पीछे-पीछे चलने लगे।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. This dance is full of energy. — यह नृत्य जोश से भरा हुआ है।
2. The country was partitioned. — देश का बंटवारा कर दिया गया।
3. About 1000 people were killed. — लगभग 1000 लोग मारे गए।
4. Punjab suffered a lot. — पंजाब को बहुत अधिक हानि उठानी पड़ी।
5. You are right. — आपकी बात ठीक है।
6. It is the holiest shrine of the Sikhs. — यह सिखों का सबसे पवित्र धार्मिक स्थल है।
7. This temple is surrounded by water. — यह मंदर जल से घिरा है।
8. It has a number of gardens. — इसमें कई बाग हैं।
9. The temple is double storeyed. — मंदर दो-मंजिला है।
10. They are from Ludhiana. — वे लुधियाना के रहने वाले हैं।
11. It is a small town. — यह एक छोटा सा शहर है।
12. I can hear the melodious strains of Gurbani.– मुझे गुरूवाणी के मधुर स्वर सुनाई दे रहे हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.2

Question 1.
If you subtract \(\frac {1}{2}\) from a number and multiply the result by \(\frac {1}{2}\), you get \(\frac {1}{8}\). What is the number?
Solution:
Let the required number be x.
By subtracting \(\frac {1}{2}\) from x, we get x-\(\frac {1}{2}\) and by multiplying this result by \(\frac {1}{2}\),
we get \(\frac {1}{2}\)(x – \(\frac {1}{2}\))
But, the result is \(\frac {1}{8}\)
\(\frac {1}{2}\)(x – \(\frac {1}{2}\)) = \(\frac {1}{8}\)
∴ \(\frac {1}{2}\)(x – \(\frac {1}{2}\)) × 2 = \(\frac {1}{8}\) × 2 (Multiplying both the sides by 2)
∴ x – \(\frac {1}{2}\) = \(\frac {1}{4}\)
∴ x = \(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\) (Transposing –\(\frac {1}{2}\) to RHS)
∴ x = \(\frac{1+2}{4}\) (LCM = 4)
∴ x = \(\frac {3}{4}\)
Thus, the required number = \(\frac {3}{4}\)

Question 2.
The perimeter of a rectangular swimming pool is 154 m. Its length is 2 m more than twice its breadth. What are the length and the breadth of the pool?
Solution:
Perimeter of the pool = 154 m
Let breadth = x metres
Length is 2 m more than twice its breadth.
Length = 2 (breadth) + 2
= (2x + 2) metres
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (length + breadth)
2 (length + breadth) = Perimeter
∴ 2[(2x + 2) + x] = 154
∴ 2 [2x + 2 + x] = 154
∴ 2 (3x + 2) = 154
∴ \(\frac{2(3 x+2)}{2}=\frac{154}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ 3x + 2 = 77
∴ 3x = 77 – 2 (Transposing 2 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 75
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{75}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3) x — 25
Breadth = 25 m
Length = 2x + 2
= 2 (25) + 2
= 50 + 2
= 52 m
Thus, the length of the pool is 52 m and its breadth is 25 m.

Question 3.
The base of an isosceles triangle is \(\frac {4}{3}\) cm. The perimeter of the triangle is 4\(\frac {2}{15}\) cm. What is the length of either of the remaining equal sides?
Solution:
Base of an isosceles triangle = \(\frac {4}{3}\) cm
Let the length of each of the equal sides = x cm
Perimeter of the triangle = \(\frac {4}{3}\) + x + x
= \(\frac {4}{3}\) + 2x
Perimeter of the triangle = 4\(\frac {2}{15}\) cm (Given)
∴ \(\frac {4}{3}\) + 2x = 4\(\frac {2}{15}\)
∴ \(\frac {4}{3}\) + 2x = \(\frac {62}{15}\)
∴ 2x = \(\frac{62}{15}-\frac{4}{3}\)(Transposing to RHS)
∴ 2x = \(\frac{62-20}{15}\) (LCM = 15)
∴ 2x = \(\frac {42}{15}\)
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{42}{15} \times \frac{1}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = \(\frac {21}{15}\)
∴ x = \(\frac{7 \times 3}{5 \times 3}\)
∴ x = \(\frac {7}{5}\)
∴ x = 1\(\frac {2}{5}\)
Thus, the required length of either of the remaining equal sides is 1\(\frac {2}{5}\) cm.

Question 4.
Sum of two numbers is 95. If one exceeds the other by 15, find the numbers.
Solution:
Let the smaller number be x
∴ The greater number = x + 15
Their sum is 95.
∴ x + (x + 15) = 95
∴ x + x + 15 = 95
∴ 2x + 15 = 95
∴ 2x = 95 – 15 (Transposing 15 to RHS)
∴ 2x = 80
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{80}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = 40
The smaller number = x = 40
The greater number = x + 15 = 40 + 15 = 55
Thus, 40 and 55 are the required numbers.

Question 5.
Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 3. If they differ by 18, what are the numbers ?
Solution:
Ratio of the two numbers = 5 : 3
Let the two numbers be 5x and 3x.
Difference = 18
∴ 5x – 3x = 18
∴ 2x = 18
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{18}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = 9
∴ Greater number = 5x = 5 × 9 = 45
Smaller number = 3x = 3 × 9 = 27
Thus, 45 and 27 are the numbers.

Question 6.
Three consecutive integers add up to 51. What are these integers ?
Solution:
Let the consecutive integers be, x, x + 1 and x + 2.
Their sum is 51.
∴ x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 51
∴ x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 51
∴ 3x + 3 = 51
∴ 3x = 51 – 3 (Transposing 3 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 48
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{48}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 16
∴ First number = x = 16
Second number = x + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17
Third number = x + 2 = 16 + 2 = 18
Thus, the required consecutive integers are 16, 17 and 18.

Question 7.
The sum of three consecutive multiples of 8 is 888. Find the multiples.
Solution:
Let the three multiples of 8 be x, x + 8, and x + 8 + 8 = x + 16.
Their sum is 888.
∴ x + (x + 8) + (x + 16) = 888
∴ x + x + 8 + x + 16 = 888
∴ 3x + 24 = 888
∴ 3x = 888 – 24 (Transposing 24 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 864
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{864}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 288
∴ First number = x = 288
∴ Second number = x + 8 = 288 + 8 = 296
Third number = x + 16 = 288 + 16 = 304
Thus, the required three consecutives multiples of 8 are 288, 296 and 304.

Question 8.
Three consecutive integers are such that when they are taken in increasing order and multiplied by 2, 3 and 4 respectively, they add up to 74. Find these numbers.
Solution:
Let the three consecutive integers be, x, (x + 1) and (x + 2).
According to the condition,
∴ 2 × (x) + 3 × (x + 1) + 4 × (x + 2) = 74
∴ 2x + 3x + 3 + 4x + 8 = 74
∴ 9x + 11 = 74
∴ 9x = 74 – 11 (Transposing 11 to RHS)
∴ 9x = 63
∴ \(\frac{9 x}{9}=\frac{63}{9}\) (Dividing both the sides by 9)
∴ x = 7
∴ First integer = x – 7
Second integer = x + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8
Third integer = x + 2 = 7 + 2 = 9
Thus, the required integers are 7, 8 and 9.

Question 9.
The ages of Rahul and Haroon are in the ratio 5 : 7. Four years later the sum of their ages will be 56 years. What are their present ages?
Solution:
Ages of Rahul and Haroon are in the ratio of 5 : 7.
Let their present ages be 5x and 7x years.
∴ 4 years later,
the age of Rahul will be 5x + 4 years and the age of Haroon will be 7x + 4 years.
According to the condition,
(5x + 4) + (7x + 4) = 56
∴ 5x + 4 + 7x + 4 = 56
∴ 12x + 8 = 56
∴ 12x = 56 – 8 (Transposing 8 to RHS)
∴ 12x = 48
∴ \(\frac{12 x}{12}=\frac{48}{12}\) (dividing both the sides by 12)
∴ x = 4
Present age of Rahul = 5x = 5 × 4
= 20 years
Present age of Haroon = 7x = 7 × 4
= 28 years
Thus, present age of Rahul is 20 years and that of Haroon is 28 years.

Question 10.
The number of boys and girls in a class are in the ratio 7 : 5. The number of boys is 8 more than the number of girls. What is the total class strength?
Solution:
Number of boys : Number of girls = 7 : 5
Let the number of boys be 7x, and the number of girls be 5x.
According to the condition
7x = 5x + 8
∴ 7x – 5x = 8 (Transposing 5x to LHS)
∴ 2x = 8
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{8}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = 4
Number of boys = 7x = 7 × 4 = 28
Number of girls = 5x = 5 × 4 = 20
Total class strength = 28 + 20 = 48
Thus, total class strength is 48.

Question 11.
Bharat’s father is 26 years younger than Bharat’s grandfather and 29 years older than Bharat. The sum of the ages of all the three is 135 years. What is the age of each one of them ?
Solution:
Let the age of Bharat be x years,
His father’s age = (x + 29) years
His grandfather’s age = x + 29 + 26
= (x + 55) years
Sum of their ages is 135 years.
∴ x + (x + 29) + (x + 55) = 135
∴ x + x + 29 + x + 55 = 135
∴ 3x + 84 = 135
∴ 3x = 135 – 84 (Transposing 84 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 51
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{51}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 17
Bharat’s age = x = 17 years
His father’s age = x + 29
= 17 + 29
= 46 years
His grandfather’s age = x + 55
= 17 + 55
= 72 years
Thus, Bharat’s age is 17 years, his father’s age is 46 years and his grandfather’s age is 72 years.

Question 12.
Fifteen years from now Ravi’s age will be four times his present age. What is Ravi’s present age?
Solution:
Let Ravi’s present age be x years.
4 times his present age be 4x years.
15 years from now his age be x + 15 years.
According to the condition, x + 15 = 4x
∴ 4x = x + 15 (Interchanging both the sides)
∴ 4x – x = 15 (Transposing x to LHS)
∴ 3x = 15
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{15}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 5
Thus, Ravi’s present age is 5 years.

Question 13.
A rational number is such that when you multiply it by \(\frac {5}{2}\) an\(\frac {2}{3}\) add g to the product, you get –\(\frac {7}{12}\). What is the number ?
Solution:
Let the required rational number be x.
We get \(\frac{5 x}{2}\) by multiplying x with \(\frac {5}{2}\)
By adding \(\frac {2}{3}\) to it we get \(\frac{5 x}{2}+\frac{2}{3}\)
But, the result is \(\frac {-7}{12}\)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2}+\frac{2}{3}=\frac{-7}{12}\)
\(\frac{5 x}{2}=-\frac{7}{12}-\frac{2}{3}\) (Transposing \(\frac {2}{3}\) to RHS)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2}=\frac{-7-8}{12}\) (LCM = 12)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2}=\frac{-15}{12}\)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2} \times \frac{2}{5}=\frac{-15}{12} \times \frac{2}{5}\) (Multiplying both the sides by \(\frac {2}{5}\))
∴ x = –\(\frac {1}{2}\)
Thus, the required rational number is –\(\frac {1}{2}\).

Question 14.
Lakshmi is a cashier in a bank. She has currency notes of denominations ₹ 100, ₹ 50 and ₹ 10, respectively. The ratio of the number of these notes is 2 : 3 : 5. The total cash with Lakshmi is ₹ 4,00,000. How many notes of each denomination does she have?
Solution:
Let the number of
₹ 100 notes be 2x,
₹ 50 notes be 3x,
₹ 10 notes be 5x.
Value of ₹ 100 notes = 2x × 100 = ₹ 200x
Value of ₹ 50 notes = 3x × 50 = ₹ 150x
Value of ₹ 10 notes = 5x × 10 = ₹ 50x
According to the condition, value of
₹ 200x + ₹ 150x + ₹ 50x = ₹ 4,00,000
∴ 200x + 150x + 50x = 4,00,000
∴ 400x = 400000
∴ \(\frac{400 x}{400}=\frac{400000}{400}\)
∴ x = 1000
Number of ₹ 100 notes = 2x
= 2 × 1000
= 2000
Number of ₹ 50 notes = 3x
= 3 × 1000
= 3000
Number of ₹ 10 notes = 5x
= 5 × 1000
– 5000
Thus, Lakshmi has 2000 notes of ₹ 100, 3000 notes of ₹ 50 and 5000 notes of ₹ 10.

Question 15.
I have a total of ₹ 300 in coins of denomination ₹ 1, ₹ 2 and ₹ 5. The number of ₹ 2 coins is 3 times the number of ₹ 5 coins. The total number of coins is 160. How many coins of each denomination are with me?
Solution:
Let the number of ₹ 5 coins be x.
Then, the number of ₹ 2 coins = 3x
Total number of coins = 160
Number of ₹ 1 coins = 160 – 3x – x
= 160 – 4x
Now, value of
₹ 5 coins = ₹ 5 × x = ₹ 5x
₹ 2 coins = ₹ 2 × 3x = ₹ 6x
₹ 1 coins = ₹ 1 × (160 – 4x)
= ₹ (160 – 4x)
According to the condition,
5x + 6x + (160 – 4x) = 300
∴ 5x + 6x + 160 – 4x = 300
∴ 11x – 4x + 160 = 300
∴ 7x + 160 = 300
∴ 7x = 300 – 160 (Transposing 160 to RHS)
7x = 140
∴ \(\frac{7 x}{7}=\frac{140}{7}\) (Dividing both the sides by 7)
∴ x = 20
Number of
₹ 5 coins = x = 20
₹ 2 coins = 3x = 3 × 20 = 60
₹ 1 coins = 160 – 4x
= 160 – 4 × 20
= 160 – 80
= 80
Thus, I have 20 coins of ₹ 5, 60 coins of ₹ 2 and 80 coins of ₹ 1.

Question 16.
The organisers of an essay competition decide that a winner in the competition gets a prize of ₹ 100 and a participant who does not win gets a prize of ₹ 25. The total prize money distributed is ₹ 3000. Find the number of winners, if the total number of participants is 63.
Solution:
Let the number of winners be x
∴ Number of participants who are not winners = (63 – x)
Prize money given to winners = x × ₹ 100 = ₹ 100x
Prize money given to non-winner
participants = ₹ 25 × (63 -x)
= ₹ 25 × 63 – ₹ 25x
= ₹ 1575 – ₹ 25x
According to the condition
100x + 1575 – 25x = 3000
∴ 75x + 1575 = 3000
∴ 75x = 3000 – 1575 (Transposing 1575 to RHS)
∴ 75x = 1425
\(\frac{75 x}{75}=\frac{1425}{75}\) (Dividing both the sides by 75)
∴ x = 19
Thus, the number of winners are 19.