Class 8

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Poem 4 My Dear Soldiers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Poem Chapter 4 My Dear Soldiers Question Answers

My Dear Soldiers Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.
1. Meaning of the word as used in the poem (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

defenders	border	deed	windy	scorching
sweltering	treading	marshes	surveillance	vibrate

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2.

Write synonyms of the following words.

(a) very hot – Scorching
(b) protect – defend

Read the following pairs of words carefully.

1. great sons
2. windy season
3. snowy days
4. scorching sun

All the highlighted words are ‘adjectives’ and the partner words are ‘nouns.’ Sometimes adjectives can be changed to nouns. For example ‘beautiful is an adjective. The noun from the adjective ‘beautiful is ‘beauty’

Sr. No.	Adjective	Noun
1.	strong	wind
2.	active	members
3.	rich	people
4.	wise	men
5.	loyal	soldiers
6.	careful	student
7.	kind	person
8.	happy	lad
9.	good	friend
10.	faithful	dog

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 4.

Read the stanza and answer the questions that follow.

A. Oh! Defenders of borders
You are great sons of my land
When we are all asleep in
You still hold on to your deed.
Windy season or snowy days
Or scorching sun’s sweltering rays
You are there guarding all the time awake
Treading the lonely expanses as Yogis.

(a) Name the poet of the poem ‘My Dear Soldiers’.
‘My Dear Soldiers’ कविता के लेखक का नाम बताएं
Answer:
The poet of this poem is A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

(b) Who are being referred to as ‘Defenders of borders’ ?
‘सीमाओं का रक्षक’ किसे कहा जा रहा है
Answer:
Indian soldiers are being referred to Defenders of Borders’.

(c) How do these great sons serve their motherland ?
ये महान सपूत मातृभूमि की सेवा कैसे करते हैं ?
Answer:
They guard the borders of their motherland day and night.

(d) What kind of weather conditions do the soldiers have to face ?
सैनिक किस प्रकार की मौसमी दशाओं का सामना करते हैं ?
Answer:
They face windy and snowy weather.

B. Climbing the heights or striding the valleys
Defending the desert guarding the marshes
Surveillance in seas and by securing the air
Prime of your youth given to the nation!!
Wind chimes of my land vibrate your feat
We pray for you brave men!!
May the Lord bless you all!!

(a) Whom has the poem been addressed to ?
कविता किसे संबोधित की गई है ?
Answer:
The poem is addressed to the Indian soldiers.

(b) What do these great sons sacrifice for the nation ?
ये महान सपूत राष्ट्र के लिए क्या त्याग करते हैं ?
Answer:
They sacrifice their lives and their youth for the nation.

(c) What is the intention of the poet ?
कवि का इरादा क्या है?
Answer:
The poet wishes to tribute to our brave soldiers. He also wishes that they should enjoy God’s blessings.

(d) Explain: ‘Wind chimes of my land vibrate your feat’.
व्याख्या कीजिए : “मेरे देश की पावन की झंकार तुम्हारे कदमों में सुनाई देती है”
Answer:
It means that our soldiers march forward with rhythmical sound.

Learning Language

Formation of Adverbs

A large number of adverbs are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to certain adjectives.

1. Most of the adverbs formed this way are the Adverbs of Manner. For example :

Sl.No	Adjective	Adverb
1.	strong	strongly
2.	faithful	faithfully
3.	sincere	sincerely
4.	quick	quickly
5.	slow	slowly
6.	neat	ready
7.	busy	busily.
8.	happy	happily
9.	true	truly
10.	severe	severely

2. Some adverbs have the same form as the corresponding adjectives. For example :

S. No	Adjective	Adverb
1.	Fie put in a lot of hard work.	He worked hard.
2.	I want a little sugar.	Please move a little.
3.	Fie has high aims.	He aims high in life.
4.	I want an early reply.	Please reply early.

3. Some adverbs are formed by combining a noun and a qualifying adjective. For example : yesterday, otherwise, meanwhile, sometimes.
4. Some adverbs are formed by adding a noun to ‘a’, ‘be’ and ‘to’, etc. For example : today, abreast, ahead, besides, etc.
5. Some adverbs are formed by combining ‘à or ‘be’ and an adjective. For example : aloud, anew, behind, aloud, alone, etc.
6. Some adverbs are formed from participles. For example : wittingly, surprisingly, knowingly, etc.
7. Some adverbs are formed in the following ways. For example : 1… one

1.	one	once
2.	two	twice
3.	three	thrice
4.	four	fourfold
5.	many	manifold

8. There are several adverbs which we used together having been joined together with
conjunctions to form adverbial phrases. For example :
(a) by and by (within a short period)
(b) again and again
(c) far and wide
(d) first and foremost
(e) to and fro
(f) off and on (occasionally) etc.

Activity 5.

Change the following adjectives to adverbs.

S. No.	Adjective	Adverb
1.	bad	badly
2.	angry	angrily
3.	fast	faddy
4.	bold	boldly
5.	brisk	briskly
6.	meek	meekly
7.	nice	nicely
8.	soft	softly
9.	fair	fairly
10.	clean	cleanly

Activity 6.

In the following sentences, same words are used both as an adjective and as an adverb. Underline the word and write whether it is used as an adjective or an adverb.

(a) You gave a beautiful, presentation. — ‘beautiful’ as an adjective
(b) Your work is beautifully presented. — ‘beautifully as an adverb
(c) I get a monthly paycheque. — ‘monthly’ as an adjective
(d) My company pays me monthly. — ‘monthly’ as an adverb
(e) She dressed elegantly. — ‘elegandy’ as an adverb
(f) She looks very elegant in suit.– ‘elegant’ as an adjective
(g) That boy is so loud. — ‘loud’ as an adjective
(h) That boy speaks so loudly. — ‘loudly as an adverb
(i) He is a gentle person. — ‘gently as an adjective
(j) He hugged me gently. — ‘gently’ as an adverb.

Activity 7.

You will tell your partner something that she/he doesn’t know about you. You may talk about one of the following topics.

• your pet
• yourself
• something you have bought
• a neighbour
• a place

While speaking. include two or three lies too. Take turns in speaking. The listener will listen carefully and note down in the notebook what she/he thinks is not true’ or ‘a lie’. When both of you have taken turns in speaking, you will tell your partner what you think was not true in his/her story.

The teacher must go to each bench to ensure that students are using English. Alternatively, the teacher can give two stories with lies which they can read and the partner can point out the lies.

My Pet

I have a pet. It is dog. It is small. But it is very greedy. It can eat one kilo of rice and twelve eggs for a single meal. It eats its rice with a spoon. When I come from outside, it jumps out me and talks to me in English. It scolds me if I reach home late. My father, is very happy with my dog because it helps him in cleaning the house.
Or
A Visit to Simla

I went to Simla for a vacation. It is a very big city. It is a very warm place. I went there on a shop. I did a lot of shopping there. I bought juices from there. I also bought an aeroplane from there and came home on that aeroplane. I keep the aeroplane in my garage and go to my school on my plane everyday.

Learning to Speak (Pairwork)

There are birds of prey that live on high mountains and trees. They have very good eye sight and can see things on the ground while flying in the sky. If they see something that they can eat, they dive like a thunderbolt to catch their prey.

Activity 8.

Think of a wild animal or a bird that you like. Write its different qualities in the mind map given below. Take 2-3 minutes to do this work. You can use the following hints.
(a) kind of bird or animal
(b) its appearance and size
(c) its habitat
(d) its eating habits – herbivorous/carnivorous
(e) some special quality
(f) usefulness of the animal/bird

Now speak for two minutes about the animal or the bird you have made notes on. You can refer to your notes while speaking.
Answer:
Elephant is my favourite animal. It lives in dense forests, mostly in dry-wet areas. It is a royal animal that walks gracefully. It has big body greyish to brown in colour. It is a herbivorous. Sugarcane is its favourite food. It has a trunk and two long teeth. It carries heavy logs of wood. It gives rides too.

Learning to Write

Letter Writing

Letter writing is an important skill. We need to write letters in our daily life. It may be stated that these days people write emails more than letters. However, the art of writing letters and emails is the same though the format is different. Let us look at a complete letter written below:

Write a letter to your younger brother congratulating him on his brilliant success.

A 204 Rishi Apartments
Sector 70
SAS Nagar
June 10, 20…
Dear Harnaaz
Heartiest congratulations on achieving brilliant success in your board examination! I just came to know about it and I am very happy. I hope you are also extremely happy to receive the news of your result. You have stood first in your stater It is the result of your hard work. I am really proud of you. Your parents must also be very happy. If you continue to work hard like this, you will be a successful person in life.
I wish you a lot of success in your future too.
Yours sincerely
Mankeerat.

Activity 9

Now, using the format of letter writing given earlier and the notes written by you in the mind map above, write a letter to your friend telling him/her all about the animal/ bird you wrote about. At the end of the letter, you must write to your friend about why human beings should try to protect birds and animals from getting hunted by poachers.
Answer:
C-203, Sardar Patel Marg
Sector–22
Chandigarh
21 May, 20…..
Dear Divyadeep
India is a land of bio-diversity (जैव – विविधता) We have many kinds of birds and animals wild and domestic. They have different colours, sizes and different food habits. They live in different climatic conditions (जलवायु दशाएं). They are the beauty of our planet. Elephant is a royal animal. He has kingly grace. Bengal Tiger is another wild animal worth mentioning. Lion is the king of forest. Killing of these animals for food and profit is banned. But it is a pity that poachers hunt them for money. They don’t spare even innocent birds like peacock. It must be stopped otherwise our earth will become a poor place to live in.
Yours Sincerely
Jasjeet.

Word Meanings

My Dear Soldiers Poem Summary in English

My Dear Soldiers Summary in English

It is a patriotic poem by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. It is dedicated to the Indian soldiers. They are the great sons of India. Sun or shine they do their duty. They don’t care for hot sun rays or chilly winds. They are awake day and night guarding borders, the sea, the air and marshes.

Our soldiers are true patriots and selfless soldiers. They sacrifice their all for the sake of the country. They die for the sake of their motherland in the prime of their youth. They are worthy of our praise, respect and god’s blessing. Every Indian prays for the glory of our brave soldiers.

My Dear Soldiers Summary in Hindi

यह A.P.J. Abdul Kalam द्वारा लिखी गई देशभक्ति की एक कविता है। यह भारतीय सैनिकों को समर्पित है। वे भारत के महान् सपूत हैं। वे हर मौसम में अपना कर्तव्य निभाते हैं। वे सूर्य की गर्म किरणों या शीतल हवाओं की परवाह नहीं करते। वे हमारी सीमाओं-सागरों, हवाई मार्गों तथा दलदली भूमियों-की रक्षा करते हुए दिन-रात जागते रहते हैं। हमारे सैनिक सच्चे देशभक्त और नि:स्वार्थ सिपाही हैं। वे देश के लिए अपना सब कुछ बलिदान कर देते हैं। वे भरी जवानी में देश के लिए अपने प्राण दे देते हैं। वे हमारी प्रशंसा, हमारे सम्मान और परमात्मा के आशीर्वाद के पात्र हैं। हर भारतीय भारतीय सैनिकों के गौरव के लिए प्रार्थना करता है।

Central Idea of The Poem

This poem sings the glory of our soldiers. They are true patriots who sacrifice their all for the sake of their country. They guard our boundaries day and night. Sun or shine they are alert. Let us pray for their honour and glory.

Class 8 PSEB Solutions Poetry

• Poem 1 The Earth Needs You Question Answer
• Poem 2 Don’t Quit Question Answer
• Poem 3 We Who Love Books Question Answer
• Poem 4 My Dear Soldiers Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 2 The Aged Mother Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Chapter 2 The Aged Mother Question Answers

The Aged Mother Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

despotic	suggestive	failing	prompted	barbarous	abandoning	widowed
humble	reckless	snapped	. hastened	blaze	abolished	frailty

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2

Put a tick on the option that brings out the meaning of the underlined word.

1. It was governed by a despotic leader.
(a) A person who expects everyone to obey all his orders.
(b) A person who loves his people.

2. He had a great dislike for anything suggestive of failing health and strength.
(a) giving an idea of
(b) typical

3. This prompted him to make a cruel law for the province.
(a) encouraged to do something
(b) made a rule

4. Those were barbarous days.
(a) uncivilized
(b) crude

5. The custom of abandoning old people to die was not uncommon.
(a) to leave or desert
(b) to discontinue

6. The narrow road was crossed and re-crossed by many paths made by the hụnters and the woodcutters.
(a) small width
(b) big

7. She stretched forth her hand and snapped the twigs from bushes.
(a) broke
(b) pulled

8. His demand was that his subjects should present him with a rope of ash.
(a) people
(b) studies

9. That very hour the cruel law was abolished.
(a) came to an end
(b) destroyed

10. He realised that old age meant experience of life and not frailty.
(a) physical weakness
(b) strength
Answer:
1. (a) A person who expects everyone to obey all his orders
2. (a) giving an idea of
3. (a) encouraged to do something
4. (a) uncivilized
5. (a) to leave or desert
6. (a) small width
7. (a) broke
8. (a) people
9. (a) came to an end
10. (a) physical weakness.

Learning to Read and Comprehend 

Activity 3:

Rearrange the sentences given below in the correct sequence.

Write the numbers in the given brackets. The first one is done for you.
1. The son decided to take his mother back home.
2. A farmer decided to leave his old mother on the top of a mountain.
3. The governor realized his mistake and abolished the law.
4. Once in Shining, a cruel ruler made a law that all the old people must be put to death.
5. Using the idea of his old and experienced mother, the farmer made a rope of ash.
6. When the farmer turned to go back home, the mother advised him to return home with the help of twigs.
7. Filled with fear, he hid his mother in his home.
8. The mother dropped the small twigs as markers on the way to help her son return home safely.
Answer:
1. Once in Shining, a cruel ruler made a law that all the old people must be put to death.
2. A farmer decided to leave his old mother on the top of a mountain.
3. The mother dropped the small twigs as markers on the way to help her son return home safely.
4. When the farmer turned to go back home, the mother advised him to return home with the help of twigs.
5. The son decided to take his mother back home.
6. Filled with fear, he hid his mother in his home.
7. Using the idea of his old and experienced mother, the farmer made a rope of ash.
8. The governor realized his mistake and abolished the law.

Activity 4.

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

Question 1.
What was the cruel announcement made by the despotic leader ?
तानाशाह नेता द्वारा क्या घोषणा की गई ?
Answer:
It was to put all the aged in the province to death.

Question 2.
Why was the farmer sorrowful ?
Answer:
The farmer was sorrowful because he loved his old mother very much. He did not want to leave her.

Question 3.
What things did the farmer carry to the top of the mountain ?
किसान पर्वत की चोटी पर क्या-क्या चीजें ले गया ?
Answer:
The farmer carried some cooked rice and a pot filled with cold water to the top of the mountain.

Question 4.
What made the mother anxious as they climbed up the mountain ?
पहाड़ी पर चढ़ते समय माँ को किस बात ने चिंतित किया?
Answer:
Many paths to the top of the mountain were unknown to the son. This made the mother anxious. She got worried about her son to lose his way on his return.

Question 5.
What did the mother drop along the way?
माँ ने रास्ते के साथ-साथ क्या गिरा दिया ?
Answer:
The mother dropped twigs along the way.

Question 6.
What was the advice given by the farmer’s mother for the safe return of her son ?
किसान की माँ ने अपने पुत्र की सुरक्षित वापिसी के लिए क्या परामर्श दिया ?
Answer:
She adviced her son to follow the path dotted with piles of twigs.

Question 7.
Where did the farmer hide his mother?
किसान ने अपनी माँ को कहाँ छिपाया ?
Answer:
The farmer hide his mother in a walled closet under their kitchen floor.

Question 8.
When did the Governor realize his mistake ?
गवर्नर को अपनी गलती का अहसास कब हुआ ?
Answer:
The governor realized his mistake when he came to know the truth of real wisdom. He realized that real wisdom comes with a growing age.

Activity 5

Identify the underlined character(s).

1. He gave orders for the aged to be put to death.
2. He considered the order to be the kindest mode of death.
3. She quietly dropped some twigs on the way.
4. Together we will follow the path, together we will die.
5. He listened and meditated in silence.
Answer:
1. The governor of Shining
2. the farmer
3. the farmer’s old mother
4. the farmer and his old mother
5. The governor.

The Determiners

To determine’ means to mark, to fix or to limit. Therefore, a determiner is a word which limits or fixes the meaning of a noun. It is also called a Noun-marker.

‘Determine’ का अर्थ है कुछ निर्धारित करना या सीमित करना। इस तरह Determiner वह शब्द है जो Noun के अर्थ को ‘निश्चित करता है या एक सीमा में बांधता है। इसे Noun-marker भी कहा जाता है।

Examples :
1. He helped his friend.
2. My friend gave me a pen.
In sentence 1. ‘his’ is a determiner. It tells us that ‘he’ helped only ‘his friend and no one else. In sentence

2. the word ‘my’ is a determiner.

Note : A determiner limits or fixes only the noun and not any other part of speech.
For example : Veena is a good girl. In this sentence a refers to the noun ‘girl and the adjective ‘good’ makes no difference to the function of a. Kinds of Determiners.
There are five types of determiners :

1. Articles – a, an, the
2. Possessives – my, our, your, his, her, their, its.
3. Numerals – one, two, three, four, first, second, etc.
4. Quantitative – all, any, little, a little, much, some, etc.
5. Demonstratives – this, that, these, those. 1. Articles
There are two types of articles :
1. Indefinite articles – ‘a’, ‘an’
2. Definite article – the
(a) Indefinite articles : ‘A’and ‘an’ are indefinite articles. They are used before a countable common noun in singular number. They are called indefinite articles because they are used with indefinite names.
Examples : a boy, a pencil, an apple, etc.

Use of ‘a’ and ‘an’
1. ‘An’ is generally used with countable common nouns in singular numbers before words beginning with a vowel sound.
For example : an apple, an egg, an MLA, an umbrella, an incident.

2. If a word begins with a silent h, ‘an’ is used before it.
For example : an hour, an honest man.

3. When a word begins with a vowel letter ‘u’ sounding like ‘you’, ‘& is used before ‘it instead of ‘an’.
For example : a university, a union.

4. If a word begins with a vowel letter é sounding like ‘you’, ‘k’ is used instead of ‘an’.
For example : a European.

5. If a vowel gives the sound of ‘w’, ‘a’ is used.
For example : a one-eyed man, a one-rupee coin.

6. ‘A’ and an’ are used in expressions denoting price, speed, ratio etc.
For example : thirty miles an hour
twenty rupees a day
two of a trade

7. ‘A’ is used in some numerical expressions.
For example :
a great deal, a lot of, a dozen, a hundred

8. ‘A’ is used with few’ and ‘little’.
For example :
I borrowed a few books from him.
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

(b) Definite Article :
“The’ is called the definite article because it points out to a definite person or a thing.
1. I met a boy.
2. The boy told me a story.
3. The story was very interesting.
In the first sentence ‘a boy’ means any boy and not a particular person.
In the second sentence, ‘the boy’ refers to a particular person. Similarly, in the second sentence ‘a story’ means any story. But in the third sentence ‘the story’ means a particular story.

Use of ‘the’
“The’ is used to denote a particular person, place or thing.
For example:
1. He is the boy who won the prize.
2. She has gone to the bus stop.
“The’ is used when a person, place or thing has already been mentioned.
For example :
I bought a bicycle. The bicycle cost me ₹5000.
‘The’ is used to denote the whole class or community.
For example : The dog runs fast.

Special ‘use of the’ :
1. Before the names of rivers, mountain ranges, oceans, groups of islands, bays, descriptive names of states and countries :
the Ganges
the Ravi/Beas
the Shivaliks
the Indian Ocean
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
the Bay of Bengal
the USA

2. Before the names of newspapers, magazines, companies, corporations, organizations :
The Tribune
The Hindustan Times
The Life Insurance
The National Book Trust
The Punjab Roadways

3. Before the names of sacred books :
the Ramayana/the Gita
the Guru Granth Sahib
the Quran
the Vedas
the Bible

4. Before musical instruments :
the sitar
the veena

5. Before the names of unique things :
the sun the moon
the stars

6. Before adjectives in superlative degree :
He is the best doctor of the college.
Mumbai is the biggest city in India.

7. Before adjectives used as nouns :
the sick
the poor

8. As part of the phrase made of the comparative degrees :
The higher we go, the colder it gets.

9. When a family name is used to refer to the whole family:
The Malhotras are a happy family.

The position of the Article
Generally the article is placed before the noun it refers to. But when an adjective or an adverb appears before a noun, the article comes before the adjective or the adverb.
For example :
She is a teacher. (before a noun)
She is a good teacher. (before an adjective)
She is a very good player. (before an adverb)
But when the adjective is preceded by “as,’ ‘so’, ‘too’ and ‘how’, the article is used between :the noun and the adjective.

For example:
so beautiful a house
too hot a day
When the noun is preceeded by ‘such’, both’ and ‘all, the article is placed after them.

For example :
I have not seen such a fool.
Both the brothers were present.
All the boys had left.

2. Possessives
(सम्बन्धवाचक शब्द) my, her, your,his, its, our, their सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम है और इनका प्रयोग एक वचन और बहुवचन दोनों प्रकार को संज्ञाओं के साथ किया जाता है जैसे
These determiners are possessive forms of personal pronouns. They can be used both before singular and plural nouns.
For example :
1 I do not lend my books to anyone.
2. We love our teacher.
3. One should do one’s duty.
4. My mother is a doctor.

3. Numerals
Numerals are words that relate to numbers. There are three types of numerals :
Definite Numerals : They refer to a definite or exact number.
The definite numerals are further divided into two kinds:
a. Cardinals : one, two, three, five, etc.
These words can be used before nouns which are countable :
1. Please bring one pen for me.
2. He gave him ten coins.

b. Ordinals : first, second, third, etc.
These words are used to indicate order:
1. The first book was very boring.
2.He was the last man to come.

Indefinite Numerals : They refer to vague or indefinite number such as “many’, ‘few’;’a . few’, ‘the few’, ‘several, ‘all’, etc.
1. I have many things to do.
2. Several people witnessed the accident.
3. He has few friends in the city. (almost none)
4. He does have a few friends in the city. (a small number)
5. The few friends he has are loyal to him. (whatever small number)

Distributive Numerals :
These words refer to each of a group, such as ‘each’, ‘every’, “either’, ‘neither’ etc.
1. Each of us must do so.
2. Each of the boys must do his duty.
3. Either Gurpreet or Harpreet has won the prize.

4. Quantitatives
Words like some’, ‘any’, ‘little’, ‘much etc. are determiners of quantity.
(a) Some and Any: ‘Some’ has positive implications and any’ has negative implications. · Questions with negative implications also take any’. But questions with positive
implications take ‘some’.

Examples :
1. I want some milk. Is there any milk in the house ?
2. I spent some holidays with my uncle.
3. There is hardly any milk.
4. Did you hear any noise ?
5. Do you want books ? We have some very good books.
6. I don’t have any money with me.
7. I have hardly any money.
8. There was hardly any boy in the school.
9. I can lend you some money.

(b) Much : ‘Much’ is used to denote quantity.
He has much money.
Don’t think about it too much.

(c) Little, a little, the little : ‘Little’ has a negative implication. It means ‘hardly any’. A little means ‘some’. “The little means whatever little exists, but the whole of it.
I want to have some water. But there is little water in the pitcher.
However, there is a little in the bucket.
I have drunk the little water the jug had.

5. Demonstratives
This’, ‘that’, ‘these and those are called Demonstrative determiners. They point out the object denoted by the nouns that follow them. “This and that are singular; ‘these and ‘those are plural. They show which person, place or thing is being talked about.

For example :
1. This book is mine and that is yours.
2. These men are hardworking.
3. Those girls sing very well.

Activity 6

Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

1. I went to …………….. window which commanded a large green garden.
2. I have …………………. work to do…
3. Lookout of the window for ………………… minute.
4. …………… shirt is costly but ……………….. shirt is cheap.
5. ………………….. books she had were all lost.
6. ………………… pen costs two rupees.
7. But I had …………………. idea of all this.
8. He didn’t make . …………….. mistakes in the essay.
9. I borrowed ……………….. books from him.
10. It educates both ……………….. blind and the helpers.
11. We should look into ………………….. depth of the problem.
12. It was ………………….. daring idea.
13. ………………….. boys attended the class.
14. This is …………….. good home for him.
15. ………………… teachers were asked to be present on Sunday.
16. …………………. sum cannot be solved by ……….. silly boys.
17. Besides them stood Pasteur, holding a narrow tube in … ………… hand.
18. They took samples from ………………. brain of a dog that had died.
19. ………….. little knowledge is …………….. dangerous thing.
20. He takes ……………… interest in me.
Answer:
1. the
2. much
3. a
4. this, that/ my, your
5. The
6. My
7. no
8. any
9. some
10. the
11. the
12. a
13. only, A few
14. a
15. only
16. This, the,
17. his
18. the
19. A, a
20. no.

Activity 7 :

Rewrite the following sentences after correcting them by adding/deleting a word wherever necessary in each sentence :

Question 1.
Only few men are honest.
Answer:
Only a few men are honest.

Question 2.
The man is mortal.
Answer:
Man is mortal.

Question 3.
He acted like man.
Answer:
He acted like a man.

Question 4.
Beas flows in Punjab.
Answer:
The Beas flows in the Punjab.

Question 5.
You are in wrong but he is in right.
Answer:
You are in the wrong but he is in the right.

Question 6.
He is by far ablest boy.
Answer:
He is by far the ablest boy.

Question 7.
Nobody likes a person with bad temper.
Answer:
Nobody likes a person with a bad temper.

Question 8.
The iron is useful metal.
Answer:
Iron is a useful metal.

Question 9.
Not word was said.
Answer:
Not a word was said.

Question 10.
He has too high a opinion of you.
Answer:
He has too high an opinion of you.

Question 11.
Learn this poem by the heart.
Answer:
I learn this poem by heart.

Question 12.
Never tell lie.
Answer:
Never tell a lie.

Leaning to Listen

Activity 8.

Listen to your teacher carefully. She/he will tell you a story. Write the story in the given space as you hear it. Listen carefully to the pauses and tone and use appropriate punctuation marks.
Answer:
The Lion and the Boar
It was a hot summer day. A lion and a boar reached a small water body for a drink. They began arguing and fighting about who would drink first. After a while they were tired and stopped for breath, when they noticed vultures above. Some. they realized that the vultures are waiting for one or both of them to fall, to feast on them. The lion and the boar then decided that it were best to make up and be friends than fight and become food for vultures. They drank the water together and went their own ways.

Learning to Speak
Role Play

Making Telephone Calls in Emergency
There are special emergency numbers that you can dial in an emergency. For example, to call the police you need to dial 100 from your phone. Other emergency calls could be made to the ambulance service, fire station, trauma centres, etc. When making such calls, we must give quick and adequate information. Our address or location and our contact details are most important. We must also be able to tell them the reason for our call i.e. what kind of emergency we are dealing with.

Look at the following conversation for proper understanding :

Police station : Hello, this is Mullanpur Police Station.
You : Hello, there is a hit and run case. A boy is lying injured on the road.
Police station : Please give us your location details.
You : I am standing near the main office of Omaxe Township. I will send you my mobile location.
Police station : That will be very helpful!
You : Can you also call an ambulance please ? He needs immediate medical attention.

Activity 9.

Create a dialogue between yourself and the Fire station informing them about the fire near your house. Once you have written the dialogue in your notebooks, practise it with your partner. You must take turn to play both roles.
Answer:

I : Hurry up ! There is a big fire in Sector 11.
Fire station : What is the location ?
I : It is just behind the Rose Model School Building.
Fire station : Worry not! The Fire Brigade reaches within five minutes.
I : How can we help you?
Fire station : Look ! Try to keep the traffic away from the road.

Story Writting

Activity 10

Write a short story. You may use some of the following words and phrases :

• felt scared
• heard the sound in the cupboard
• thought it must be a thief
• might be a killer
• lay still
• could hardly breathe
• felt someone touched my foot
• shouted with fear
• parents came and switched on light
• saw a rat

Begin your story with :
Suddenly, I woke up. It was very dark. I felt there was someone in my room. I tried to guess who it could be. It might be a thief. It could be a killer. I got scared and lay still. I could hardly breathe, out of fear. I felt someone touching my foot. I shouted loudly. At that very moment, my parents came and switched on the light. We all burst into laughter when we saw a rat close to my bed.

Learning to Use the language (Grop Work)

Activity 11

Suppose your classroom has been attacked by a swarm of bees. It is time to go back home. Get into groups of five and think of how you will take your bags from the classroom full of bees. You will get 5 minutes to discuss.
Answer:
When you have finished discussing, your chosen group leader will present your ideas in front of the class. The teacher will observe and discuss good, practical and impractical points.
Group leader : We are going to cover our body with blankets, lying in the emergency room. We will produce smoke by burning a rags. It will make the bees fly away. We will quickly pick up our bags and come out of the room.
Teacher : This method may work successfully. But some bees may not fly away. You must: keep this point in mind.

Comprehension of passage

Read the following passages and answer the questions given below each :

(1) Long, long ago there was a province in Japan called Shining. It was governed by a despotic leader. He was a good warrior but he had a great dislike for anything suggestive of failing health and strength. This prompted him to make a cruel law for the province. The entire province was given strict orders to immediately put all the aged people to death. Those were barbarous days and the custom of abandoning old people to die was not uncommon.

In the same province lived a poor farmer and his aged widowed mother at the foot of the mountain. They owned a bit of land which supplied them with food. They were humble, peaceful and happy. The poor farmer loved his aged mother and dealt with her very tenderly. The order by the despot filled his heart with sorrow. Other people did not think twice about obeying the order of the governor but this farmer was very unhappy. However, he had to obey the order so the farmer prepared for what at that time was considered the kindest way of death.

1. What prompted him to make a cruel law ?
उसे किस बात ने क्रूर कानून बनाने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया ?

2. What was the order given to the people ?
लोगों को क्या आदेश दिया गया

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The order by the despot filled the heart of the farmer with delight.
(b) The mother and the son were humble and peaceful.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The custom of abandoning old people to die was …….
(b) They owned a bit of land which …
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) entire	whole
(ii) barbarous	beautiful
	cruel

Answer:
1. He disliked failing health and strength. This prompted him to make a cruel law.
2. The people were ordered to put all the aged people to death immediately.
3. (a) False, (b) True.
4. (a) The custom of abandoning old people to die was not uncommon.
(b) They owned a bit of land which supplied them with food.
Or
(i) entire — whole
(ii) barbarous — cruel.

(2) Just at sunset, when his day’s work ended, he took some unwhitened rice which was the main food for the poor and cooked it, dried it and tied it in a cloth which he swung in a bundle around his neck along with a pot filled with cool water. Then he lifted his helpless old mother on his back and started on his painful journey up the mountain. The road was long and steep. The narrow road was crossed and re-crossed by many paths made by the hunters and the woodcutters. At some places, they got lost and confused but he did not think about it. He was about to abandon his dear mother so it did not matter. which path he took to reach the mountain top. On he went, climbing blindly upward-ever upward towards the high bare summit known as Obatsuyama, the mountain where the aged were abandoned.

1. Where did he take his old mother?
2. Why was the journey painful ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The name of the high bare summit was Shining.
(b) Unpolished rice was the main food for the people.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) In this bundle, along with rice there was a pot ……..
(b) The summit where …………… was known as obatsuyama.
Or. Write the meaning of the following words in English : (Any two)
helpless, summit, puzzled.
Answer:
1. He took his old mother to the top of a mountain.
2. The journey was painful because it lay through a mountain. The road was long and steep. Beside, the son was carrying his helpless old mother on his back.
3. (a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) In the bundle, along with rice, there was a pot filled with cool water.
(b) The summit where the aged were abandoned was known as obatsuyama.
Or
poor, top, confused.

(3) The eyes of the old mother were not so dim that they could not notice the reckless hastening from one path to another and her loving heart grew anxious. Her son did not know many paths of the mountain and his return might be dangerous so she stretched forth her hand and snapped twigs from bushes as they passed. She quietly dropped a handful every few steps of the way so that as they climbed, the narrow path behind them was dotted with tiny piles of twigs. At last, the summit was reached. Weary and heartsick, the youth gently released his burden and silently prepared a place of comfort as his last duty to the loved one. Gathering fallen pine needles, he made a soft cushion and tenderly lifted his old mother onto it. He wrapped her padded coat more closely about her stooping shoulders and with tearful eyes and an aching heart, he had farewell to his mother.

1. Why did the old mother grow anxious ?
वृद्ध मोँ चिंता में क्यों पड़ गई
2. Why did he prepare a place of comfort ?
उसने आरामदायक स्थान क्यों तैयार किया ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The summit was reached easily.
(b) He had farewell to his mother with tearful eyes.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Gathering fallen pine needles, he made a
(b) The narrow path behind them was dotted with …
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) Weary	softly and slowly
(ii) tenderly	heavy
	tired

Answer:
1. The old mother grew anxious because her son did not know many paths of mountain. So his return might be dangerous.
2. He prepared a place of comfort for his old mother. It was a symbol of his last duty to his loved mother.
3. (a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) Gathering fallen pine needles, he made a soft cushion.
(b) The narrow path behind them was dotted with tiny piles of twigs.
Or
tired
(i) Weary — tired
(ii) Tenderly — softly and slowly.

(4) The entire province of Shining trembled with fear. The order had to be obeyed but how could any one make a rope of ash ? One night, in great distress, the son whispered the news to his hidden’ mother. “Wait”, she said, “Let me think … Let me think”. On the second day, she told him what to do, “Make a rope of twisted straw.” she said. “Then stretch it upon a row of flat stones and burn it on a windless night.” He called the people together and did as she had said. When the blaze died down, there upon the stones, with every twist and fiber showing perfectly, lay a rope of ash.

The governor was pleased at the wit of the youth and praised greatly but he demanded to know where he had obtained his wisdom from. “Alas! Alas!” cried the farmer, “the truth must be told!” and with deep bows, he narrated his story. The governor listened and then meditated is silence. Finally, he lifted his head. “Shining needs more than the strength of youth,” he said gravely. “Ah, how could I have forgotten the well-known saying, “With the crown of snow, there cometh wisdom !” That very hour, the cruel law was abolished as he realised that old age means experience of life and not frailty.

1. What was the order given to the people of Shining ?
Shining के लोगों को क्या आदेश दिया गया था?
2. Who made the rope and how ?
रस्सी किसने बनाई और कैसे ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The entire province of Shining jumped with joy.
(b) “With the crown of snow, there cometh wisdom” is a well-known saying.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Shining needs more than the …………..
(b) That very hour, the cruel law …………….
Or Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two) wit, meditated, gravely.
Answer.
1. The people of Shining given the order of making a rope of ash.
2. The young farmer made the rope. He made it by burning some twisted straw on a windless night.
3. (a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) Shining needs more than the strength of youth.
(b) That very hour, the cruel law was abolished.
Or wit—wisdom, meditated—thought over something deeply, gravely—-seriously.

Use Of Words And Phrases in Sentences

1. Warrior – Arjuna was a great warrior.
2. Abolish – The British government abolished the salt law.
3. Prompt – His cruel nature prompted him to tease the poor beggar.
4. Humble – My father is very humble at heart.
5. Peaceful – The villagers are very peaceful.
6. Boast of – Never boast of your wealth.
7. Summit – The Himalayas have many high summits.
8. Distress – He is in great distress these days.
9. Pleased at – I am pleased at his honesty.
10. Blaze – The sudden blaze almost blinded him.

Word Meaning

The Aged Mother Summary in Hindi

Long, long ago …………………… aged were abandoned.

बहुत समय पहले जापान में शीनिंग (Shining) नामक एक प्रांत था। वहाँ पर एक निरंकुश नेता का शासन था। वह एक अच्छा योद्धा था परन्तु उसे गिरते स्वास्थ्य और ताकत के बारे में कोई भी बात अच्छी नहीं लगती थी। इस बात ने उसे प्रांत के लिए एक क्रूर कानून बनाने के लिए उकसाया। पूरे प्रांत में सभी वृद्धों को तुरन्त मार डालने के सख्त आदेश जारी कर दिए गए। ये बर्बरता के दिन थे और वृद्ध लोगों को मरने के लिए छोड़ देना कोई असामान्य बात नहीं थी। . इसी प्रांत में पहाड़ी के तल पर एक ग़रीब किसान अपनी बूढ़ी विधवा माँ के साथ रहता था। उनके पास भूमि का एक छोटा सा टुकड़ा था जिससे वे जीवनयापन करते थे।

वे विनम्र, शांतिप्रिय तथा खुश थे। गरीब किसान अपनी वृद्ध माँ को बहुत प्यार करता था और वह उसके साथ बहुत ही नम्रतापूर्वक व्यवहार करता था। तानाशाह के आदेश से उसका मन दु:खी हो गया। अन्य लोगों ने शासक के आदेश का पालन करने पर एक बार भी पुनः विचार नहीं किया। परन्तु किसान बहुत ही अप्रसन्न था। फिर भी उसे आदेश का पालन करना था इसलिए किसान ने वह तरीका अपनाने की तैयारी कर ली जो उस काल में मृत्यु का सबसे दयापूर्ण तरीका माना जाता था।

शाम के समय जब दिनभर का कार्य समाप्त हो गया, उसने कुछ कच्चे चावल जो गरीबों का मुख्य भोजन था लिये और उन्हें पकाया। उसने चावलों को सुखाकर एक कपड़े में इनकी गठरी बना कर उसने इन्हें अपने गले में लटका लिया। उसने ठण्डे पानी से भरा एक, बर्तन भी उनके साथ लटका लिया। तब उसने अपनी लाचार बूढ़ी माँ को अपनी पीठ पर उठा लिया और पहाड़ी पर अपनी कष्टभरी यात्रा के लिए चल पड़ा। सड़क लम्बी और सीधी खड़ी थी। संकरी सड़क को जगह-जगह पर शिकारियों और लकड़हारों द्वारा बनाए गए रास्ते काटते रहे।

कुछ स्थानों पर वे उलझ गए और भटक गए परन्तु उसने इस बारे में नहीं सोचा। उसे तो अपनी प्रिय माँ को त्यागना था, इसलिए इस बात का कोई महत्त्व नहीं था कि वह किस रास्ते से पहाड़ की चोटी पर पहुँचे। वह अन्धा-धुंध ऊपर की ओर चढ़ता गया और अधिक ऊपर उस वनस्पति हीन शिखर की ओर जो Obatsuyama के नाम से जाना जाता था। यह वह पर्वत था जहाँ वृद्धों को त्यागा (छोड़ा) जाता था। .

The eyes of the old……….. we will die !”

वृद्ध माँ की आँखें इतनी धुंधली नहीं हुईं थीं कि वे लापरवाही से एक मार्ग से दूसरे मार्ग पर जाते हुए कदमों को न भांप सकें। उसका प्रेम भरा मन चिंतित हो उठा। उसके पुत्र को पर्वत के बहुत से मार्गों की जानकारी नहीं थी और इससे उसकी वापसी खतरनाक हो सकती थी। इसलिए आगे बढ़ते हुए उसने अपने हाथों को फैला लिया और झाड़ियों की टहनियां तोड़ती गई। वह ऊपर चढ़ते हुए थोड़ी-थोड़ी दूरी पर चुपचाप मुट्ठी भर गिराती रही। उनके पीछे के संकरे मार्ग पर टहनियों के छोटे-छोटे ढेर लग गए थे।

अंत में वे शिखर पर पहुँच गए। थके हुए और मायूस नवयुवक ने धीरे से अपने बोझ को उतारा और चुपचाप अपने अंतिम कर्त्तव्य के लिए आराम भरे एक स्थान को तैयार करने लगा। उसने चीड़ के पेड़ की नुकीली पत्तियों को इकट्ठा करके एक मुलायम गद्दी बनाई और अपनी वृद्ध माता को उस पर बिठा दिया। उसने उसके नर्म कोट को उसके झुके कंधों के और अधिक निकट तक कर दिया और रोते हुए तथा दुःखी मन से अपनी माता से अलविदा कहा।

उसकी माँ ने कांपती आवाज़ तथा नि:स्वार्थ प्यार से उसे अंतिम निर्देश दिए। उसने कहा, “पुत्र अपनी आँखें बंद न होने देना । पर्वत का रास्ता खतरों से भरा हुआ है। ध्यानपूर्वक देखना और उस मार्ग पर चलना जहाँ तुम्हें टहनियों के ढेर दिखें। वे तुम्हें और नीचे जाने के परिचित मार्ग पर ले जाएंगे।” पुत्र ने हैरानी भरी नज़रों से पीछे मार्ग की ओर देखा और फिर अपनी लाचार वृद्ध माँ के थके-हारे हाथों को देखा जिनमें उसके प्यार भरे कार्य के कारण खरोंचें आई हुई थीं और जो मैले हो गए थे।

गवर्नर नवयुवक की बुद्धिमता पर खुश था और उसने उसकी भरपूर प्रशंसा की। परन्तु उसने यह जानने की माँग रखी कि उसने यह बुद्धिमता कहाँ से प्राप्त की। किसान चिल्लाया, “अरे मर गए !’ सच्चाई तो बतानी पड़ेगी !” पूरी तरह झुकते हुए उसने सारी कहानी कह सुनाई। शासक ने सुना और फिर खामोश होकर सोचने लगा। अंततः उसने अपना सिर उठाया। उसने गंभीरता से कहा, “शीनिंग (Shining) को नवयुवकों की ताकत से ज्यादा कुछ और चाहिए।”आह, मैं इतनी प्रसिद्ध कहावत कैसे भूल गया कि बुद्धिमता सफ़ेद बालों (उम्र) के साथ आती है।” उसी क्षण उसने क्रूर कानून को समाप्त कर दिया। उसे आभास हो गया कि बुढ़ापा जीवन का अनुभव है न कि निर्बलता।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

वहां पर एक निरंकुश नेता का शासन था। उनके पास भूमि का एक छोटा सा टुकड़ा था जिससे वे जीवनयापन करते थे। वे विनम्र, शांतिप्रिय तथा खुश थे।

1. It was governed by a deposite leader. —- वहां पर एक निरंकुश नेता का शासन था।
2. They owned a bit of land which supplied them with food. —- उनके पास भूमि का एक छोटा सा टुकड़ा था जिससे वे जीवनयापन करते थे।
3. They were humble, peaceful and happy. —- वे विनम्र, शांतिप्रिय तथा खुश थे।
4. The poor farmer loved his aged mother. —- ग़रीब किसान अपनी वृद्ध माँ से बहुत प्यार करता था।
5. However, he had to obey the order. —- फिर भी उसे आदेश का पालन करना था।
6. The road was long and steep. —- सड़क लम्बी और सीधी खड़ी थी।
7. They got lost and confused. —- वे उलझ गए और भटक गए।
8. He was about to abandon his dear mother. —- वह अपनी प्रिय माँ को त्यागने ही वाला था।
9. Her son did not know many paths of mountain.—- उसके पुत्र को पर्वत के बहुत से मार्गों की जानकारी नहीं थी।
10. The youth gently released his burden. —- नवयुवक ने धीरे से अपना बोझ उतारा
11. He wrapped her padded coat more closely. —- उसने उसके नर्म कोट को और अधिक निकट तक कर दिया।
12. The mountain road is full of dangers. —- पर्वत का रास्ता खतरों से भरा हुआ है।
13. The son hid his mother. —- पुत्र ने अपनी माँ को छिपा लिया।
14. The governor was pleased at the wit the youth. —- गवर्नर नवयुवक की बुद्धिमता पर खुश था।
15. Finally, he lifted his head. —- अंतत: उसने अपना सिर उठाया।
16. The cruel law was abolished.—- क्रूर कानून को समाप्त कर दिया गया।

English Guide for Class 8 PSEB Prose

• Value of Money Question Answer
• The Aged Mother Question Answer
• Saint Ravidas Ji Question Answer
• The Old Sage and the Brothers Question Answer
• The Punjab: A Glimpse Question Answer
• Charge for Love Question Answer
• Safety While Driving Question Answer
• Marco Polo Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Poem 3 We Who Love Books Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Poem Chapter 3 We Who Love Books Question Answers

We Who Love Books Class 8 Questions and Answers

Learning New Words

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the poem (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings. familiar timeless.

familiar	timeless	refrain
verse	companions	nourish

Activity 2.

Pick up the rhyming words from the poem and make a list.
Answer:
(a) away — stay
(b) down — gone
(c) again — refrain
(d) me — be/free

Activity 3.

Match the words with their correct synonyms.

S.No.	Word	Synonym
1.	moment	nutrition
2.	modern	high
3.	clever	time
4.	upset	intelligent
5.	nourishment	new
6.	wealthy	lift
7.	garbage	big
8.	infant	story
9.	tall	old
10.	large	unhappy
11.	companion	bowl
12.	secure	friend
13.	thief	known
14.	dish	trash
15.	ancient	burglar
16.	timeless	rich
17.	familiar	safe
18.	raise	permanent
19.	tale	baby
20.	joy	happiness

Answer:
1. moment – time
2. modren – new
3. clever – intelligent
4. upset – unhappy
5. nourishment – nutrition
6. wealthy – rich
7. garbage – trash
8. infant – baby
9. tall – high
10. large – big
11. companion – friend
12. secure – safe
13. thief – burglar
14. dish – bowl
15. ancient – old
16. timeless – permanent
17. familiar – known
18. raise – lift
19. tale – story
20. joy – happiness.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 4.

Read the following stanzas and answer the questions.

A. Some books I’ll never give away.
Though old and worn, their binding torn,
Upon my shelves they’ll always stay,
Alive, still read, still fresh each dawn,
Their magic moments never gone.

(a) Name the poem and the poet.
Answer:
The name of the poem is ‘We Who Love Books and that of the poet is Ruskin Bond.

(b) The poet doesn’t want to part with some books. Where does he keep them?
Answer:
The poet keeps them on his shelves.

(c) What is the condition of the books ?
Answer:
They are old and worn. Their binding is torn.

B. Familiar friends, these timeless tales
Have been with me since I was ten,
And as I turn their pages once again
I feel and love their old refrain.

(a) The poet calls his books ‘familiar friends”. Why does he call them ‘familiar’ ?
Answer:
The poet calls his books ‘familiar friends’ because they have been his friends since he was ten.

(b) What do you understand by the phrase ‘timeless tales’ ?
Answer:
‘Timeless tales’ means untouched by time. They are as fresh today as they  were years ago.

(c) How does the poet feel when he touches and feels the pages of his books ?
Answer:
The poet’s love for their old refrains.

C. Great verse, great thoughts, still stand the test
Of time that’s passing by so fast.
These good companions never fail
To give me joy, to nourish me.
We who love books will always be
The lucky ones’ our minds set free.

(a) According to the poet, what still stand the test of time ?
Answer:
According to the poet great verse and great thoughts still stand the test of time.

(b) What do you think the poet will always get from his good companions ?
Answer:
The poet will always get joy and nourishment from his good friends.

(c) Who according to the poet will always be the lucky ones ?
Answer:
According to the poet, those who love books will always be lucky ones.

Activity 5.
Books have been described using many names and adjectives. In the given table, list all the names and adjectives used by the poet to describe books.
Answer:

Nouns used for books	Adjectives used for describing books
binding	some
friends	old
tales	worn
refrains	torn
verse	fresh, alive, familiar
companions	timeless, great, good

Learning Language

Tenses Tense is the form of a verb used to show the time of an action or a state. The three main tenses are :

• the Present tense
• the Past tense
• the Future tense

Look at the following sentences :

1. I go to school everyday.
2. I went to school yesterday.
3. I shall go to school tomorrow.

• In sentence 1, the verb ‘go’ refers to the present time and is therefore said to be in the present tense.
• In sentence 2, the verb ‘went’ refers to an action that happened in the past time and is therefore said to be in the past tense.
• In sentence 3, the word ‘shall go’ refers to the future time and is therefore said to be in the future tense.

1. Present Tense
Read the following sentences.

• I help my mother every day.
• I am helping my mother.
• I have helped my mother.
• I have been helping my mother since morning.

All the four sentences above refer to the present time and therefore are all in the Present Tense. But there is a distinction in the ways in which the action is taking place.

In Sentence 1, the action is mentioned simply. There is no reference to the completeness or incompleteness of the action. The verb ‘help’ is therefore said to be in the Simple Present Tense or the Present Indefinite Tense.

In Sentence 2, the action mentioned is incomplete. It is still going on. The verb ‘am helping’ is said to be in the Present Continuous Tense.

In Sentence 3, the action is mentioned as finished, complete or perfect. The verb ‘have helped’ is said to be in the Present Perfect Tense.

In Sentence 4, the action is mentioned as having been going on continuously but not completed at the present moment.

The verb ‘have been helping’ is said to be in the Present Perfect Continuous tense. So, the present tense has four forms :

• Simple Present, or Present Indefinite
• Present Continuous or Present Progressive
• Present Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous

2. Past Tense
Just as the present tense has four forms, the past tense also has the following four forms :

1. I helped my mother yesterday. (Simple Past or Past Indefinite)
2. I was helping my mother. (Past Continuous or Past Progressive)
3. I had helped my mother. (Past Perfect)
4. I had been helping my mother. (Past Perfect Continuous)

3. Future Tense
Similarly, the future tense has the following four forms :

1. I shall call. (Simple Future or Future Indefinite)
2. I shall be calling. (Future Continuous or Future Progressive)
3. I shall have called. (Future Perfect)
4. I shall have been calling. (Future Perfect Continuous)

Look at the following chart for understanding forms of Tenses :

Continuous Present Indefinite (Simple Present)

1. to express what is actually taking place now, for example :

• Here comes the bride.
• There goes the bus.

2. to express a habitual action, for example :

• He gets up early in the morning.
• He takes exercise everyday.
• I go to school by bus.

3. to express some universal truth, for example :

• The earth moves round the sun.
• The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
• The soul is immortal.

4. to express a situation or a fact that is permanent, for example :

• My house faces the east.
• This road runs from Ludhiana to Delhi.

5. to express a future action, when the futurity is indicated by them, for example :

• The college reopens next week.
• We leave by the 8.30 a.m. train.

Look at the tables below to understand how the present tense works.

Answer:

When we talk about singular subjects, we add-s/es to the verb. For example ‘he’, ‘she’ ‘iť and other singular subjects such as ‘this toy’, ‘the table etc.

Answer:

More examples :
(a) He drives to work.
(b) She works in an office.
(c) The bank opens at 9:00 a.m.
We do not use ‘be’ verb with the main verb in the simple present tense.
For example :
He works at a bank. (Correct)
He is work at a bank. (Incorrect)

Activity 6.

Underline the correct form of the verb to complete each sentence.
1. Priya love/loves her work.
2. He study/studies agriculture.
3. A salesperson sell/sells products for a company.
4. Sunita work/works in a bank.
5. Nurses help/helps people.
6. We write/writes English books.
7. Your office close/closes at 5:00 p.m.
8. She teach/teaches in a school.
9. I walk/walks to work everyday.
10. I start/starts work at 8:00 a.m. every morning.
Answer:
1. loves
2. studies
3. sells
4. works
5. help
6. write
7. closes
8. teaches
9. walk
10. start.

Present Continuous

It is used to express an action going on at the time of speaking. It is often associated with adverbs and adverb phrases, of present time, such as ‘now’, ‘at present, ‘at this moment’, etc.
For example :

• What are you doing now?
• Mohan is singing a song now.

This tense is sometimes used to mark an action that will happen in the future. For example :

• We are leaving for London tomorrow.
• She’s coming to meet me next week.

Activity 7.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb, Present Continuous or Present Simple.

1. I ……………… (not/belong) to Delhi.
2. Hurry! The bus …………….. (come).
3. Seema is a vegetarian. She ……………. (not/eat) meat
4. I ……………. (look) for a maid.
5. Jayati ……………. (eat) oranges.
6. At the moment, we ……………. (make) a video of the party.
7. I ……………… (know) what Mr Sharma wants to buy.
8. I …………….. (apply) for a job in a school but I don’t know if I will be successful.
9. Vanita ……………. (do) some research in the library.
10. She always ……………… (remember) my birthday.
11. Mr Brown …………… (work) in a supermarket.
12. Look! It ……………. (snow).
13. Do you …………… (know) Helen?
14. Look! That woman ……………. (try) to steal that man’s wallet.
15. The Ganges ……………. (flow) into the Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
1. do not belong
2. is coming
3. does not eat
4. am looking
5. eats
6. are making
7. know
8. am applying
9. is doing
10. remembers
11. works
12. is snowing
13. know
14. is trying
15. flows.

Present Perfect

This tense is used :

1. to express an action that has just been completed, for example :

• The sun has set.
• We have just arrived.

2. to express a past action the results of which still continue, for example:

• I have lived in Mumbai for ten years. (the speaker is still living in Mumbai)
• We have known each other for the past two years.

3. to express a Future Perfect when such words as ‘when’, ‘before’, ‘as soon as’, ’till, ‘after are used before it, for example :

• I shall go there after I have done my work. (as soon as I finish my work)

Present Perfect Continuous

It shows the action that began in the past and is continuing up to the present time, for example :

• I have been standing here for two hours.
• It has been raining since morning.

Note : In the Present Perfect Continuous tense, ‘since’ and ‘for are used to indicate point of time and period of time respectively, for example :

• We have been living here since 1955.
• Meena has been dancing since morning.
• The girls have been playing for three hours.
• It has been snowing for two hours.

Activity 8.

Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous forms of the verbs given in the brackets.

(a) Someone …………… the window. (break).
(b) Reeta …………….. her pen. (lose)
(c) We ……………. many medals. (win)
(d) I …………… for a house for two months. (search)
(e) The train ………….. just …………… at the platform. (arrive)
(f) ……………. he …………….. a beard ? (grow)
(g) …………….. you …………….. the Gita ? (read)
(h) I …………….. my uncle for months. (not visit)
(i) She …………….. to Paris twice. (be)
(j) We ……………. already …………. Our breakfast. (have)
Answer:
(a) has broken
(b) has lost
(c) have won
(d) have been searching
(e) has arrived
(f) Has, grown
(g) Have, read
(h) have not visited
(i) has been
(j) have, had.

Learning to Listen (Pairwork)

Activity 9.

Your teacher will tell you a story. Listen to it carefully and fill in the blanks with the words from the story. For the last paragraph, you will write all the words. The teacher will read the passage twice and the last part of the story will be read three times. Once upon a time, there was a shepherd who bought a …………. of sheep. He also had ……… who helped him to …………… his sheep. When the sheep grew up a little, the ………4…. realised that these sheep just …………….. not stop bleating. All day long, the sheep bleated-”Baaah baaah.” What a deafening sound they made; and they just ignored the ……………. commands. He used all the ……………. he could to get the sheep to listen to him and to his dog, but the …………….. didn’t care. Finally, seeing as the sheep wouldn’t stop …………….. the shepherd decided to at least have some ……10……. with it. He bought an enormous ear and transported it out to his fields on the ……..11….. of his wagon.
Answer:
1. flock
2. dog
3. control
4. shepherd
5. would
6. shepherd’s
7. means
8. sheep
9. bleating
10. fun
11. back

Learning to Speak (Pairwork)

Activity 10.

Take a currency note of any value. Describe the currency note to your partner. You must talk about various things that are there on the note and their colour, size, number, location
(where on the note) etc.
Answer:
Your partner will write/draw all the items that you describe on the currency note. You will take turns in describing. The teacher will look at the notes made by your partner to check whether the description matches with the drawing/writing.

Currency Note : ₹500

• Issued By : Reserve Bank of India
• Guaranteed by : The Central Government
• Colour : Stone grey
• Number : 3 NC 7…… 7
• Size : 63 mm x 150 mm
• Shape : Rectangular

Special feature (Design Elements)

• Picture of Mahatma Gandhi
• Picture of Red Fort (Historical Building)
• Picture of National Emblem
• Symbol of Swachh Bharat

Learning to write (Pairwork)

Activity 11.

Look at the picture below. The pictures are in a sequence. Work together and write a short story based on the pictures.

It was winter. The days were snowy. There was a thick sheet of snow on the earth. Trees was bare. Birds got no shelter, no food. Little Minni and her father came to their help. They took some cardboard and gum. They made a small hut for the birds. They put some food grains in it also. Now the little birds were happy.

Learning to Use the Language (Pairwork)

Read the following poster very carefully.

Activity 12.

Write the dialogue using the hints given in the poster on page

Partner 1 : Engage in a dialogue with your friend to invite him/her over to your home for dinner.
Partner 2 : Decline the invitation after asking questions about the day, time, occasion, etc.
Partner 1 : Hi Ramesh ! You are back to India. I am going to arrange a dinner party tonight. Would you like to come over for that ?
Partner 2 : What is the time? Where are you going to arrange it ? Is this some special occasion ?
Partner 1 : Tonight at 9 p.m. at hotel Sun. Forgot ! It is my birthday today.
Partner 2 : I’d love to come. But I’m afraid I am busy tonight.

Comprehension Of Stanzas

Read the following stanza (extract) and answer the questions given below each :

1. Some books I’ll never give away,
Though old and worn, their binding torn,
Upon my shelves they’ll always stay,
Alive, still read, still fresh each dawn,
Their magic moments never gone.

1. What shows the poet’s love for books ?
क्या बात पुस्तकों के प्रति कवि के प्रेम को व्यक्त करती है ?

2. What do the words ‘Their magic moments’ suggest ?
“Their Magic Moments” शब्द क्या सुझाव देते है?

3. Write in three or four sentences, the central idea of the poem.
तीन या चार पंक्तियों में कविता का केंद्रीय भाव लिखें।
Answer:
1. Some of the poet’s books are old and torn. Still he enjoys reading them everyday.
He keeps them on his shelves.
2. “Their magic moments’ means time for the poet to read his books. He reads them every morning.
3. Read C- ‘Central Idea of the poem.

नोट : अन्य Comprehension Stanzas के लिए Textual Exercises में दिए गए Comprehension का अध्ययन करें।

Word Meanings

We Who Love Books Poem Summary in English

We Who Love Books Summary in English

Books have timeless value. They never become old. They are as fresh today as they were long ago. They are a big source of joy and information. The poet has great love for books. He loves reading books since he was ten. He keeps them on his shelves. Though the binding of some books is torn yet he never parts with them. He still reads them with the same interest. He calls them familiar and good friends.The poet says that great thoughts and great verse never lose their charm. They always stand the test of time. Lucky are those who love books.

We Who Love Books Summary in Hindi

पुस्तकों के महत्त्व की कोई समय सीमा नहीं होती। वे आज भी उतनी ही ताज़ा लगती हैं, जितनी वे बहुत समय पहले थीं। वे खुशी तथा जानकारी का बहुत बड़ा साधन हैं। कवि को पुस्तकों से बहुत अधिक प्रेम है। उसे दस साल की आयु से पुस्तकें पढ़ने से प्रेम है। वह उन्हें अपनी शेल्वज़ पर रखता है। यद्यपि उनमें से कुछ पुस्तकों की सिलाई खुल चुकी है, तो भी वह उन्हें वहां से कभी नहीं हटाता। वह अब भी उन्हें पूरी रुचि के साथ पढ़ता है। वह उन्हें जाने-पहचाने और अच्छे मित्र कह कर बुलाता है। कवि कहता है कि महान् विचारों तथा महान् काव्यांश का आकर्षण कभी समाप्त नहीं होता। वे समय की कसौटी पर खरे उतरते हैं। वे लोग भाग्यशाली हैं, जिन्हें पुस्तकों से प्रेम है।

Central Idea Of The Poem

The poem brings out the pleasure of reading. Love for books is a great blessing. It is a joy for ever. The books have everlasting value. The great thoughts of books are always fresh and stand the test of time. Therefore lucky are those who love books and enjoy books.

Class 8 PSEB Solutions Poetry

• Poem 1 The Earth Needs You Question Answer
• Poem 2 Don’t Quit Question Answer
• Poem 3 We Who Love Books Question Answer
• Poem 4 My Dear Soldiers Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 8 Marco Polo Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Chapter 8 Marco Polo Question Answers

Marco Polo Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

merchant	adventurous	explorer	caravan	fascinated
grandness	luxury	spy	translated	inspired

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2.

Make sentences of the idioms you have studied. (Teachers must help students make sentences.)

English idioms, proverbs and expressions are an important part of everyday English. Idioms are a group of words established by usage and have a different meaning than is apparent from the words, e.g. over the moon, see the light. They come up all the time in both written and spoken English. Let us look at some idioms and their meanings.

S.No	Idiom	Meaning
1.	beat about the bush	avoiding the main topic, not speaking directly about the problem
2.	every cloud has a silver lining	be positive, even difficult times will lead to better days
3.	actions speak louder than words	people’s intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say
4.	add insult to injury	to further add to a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavourable situation
5.	the ball is in your court	it is up to you to take the next decision or step
6.	blessing in disguise	something good that isn’t recognized at first
7.	cry over spilt milk	when you complain about a loss from the past
8.	kill two birds with one stone	to achieve two things with one action
9.	once in a blue moon	happens very rare
10.	turn over a new leaf	to change one’s behaviour usually in a positive way

Sentences :

1. Don’t beat about the bush; come to the point.
2. Don’t be upset. Every cloud has a silver lining in it.
3. We must show our talent in actions. Actions speak louder than words.
4. Don’t hurt his feelings more by adding insult to his injury.
5. Now it is you to save the situation. The ball is in your court.
English education proved blessing in disguise for the Indians:
7. It is foolish to cry over spilt milk. You yourself wasted the money.
8. He killed two birds with one stone by selling his old car at high price.
9. Such achievements are won once in a blue moon.
10. His sudden success turned a new leaf in his life.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3.

Read the lesson and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who was Marco Polo ?
मार्को पोलो कौन था ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was a merchant and an adventurer of Italy.

Question 2.
When and where was Marco Polo born?
मार्को पोलो का जन्म कब और कहां हुआ ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was born in 1524 in Venice.

Question 3.
Why did Marco Polo visit so many cities?
मार्को पोलो ने इतने सारे शहरों की यात्रा क्यों की ?
Answer:
Marco visited so many cities because he wanted to learn about people, their food habits and their culture there.

Question 4.
Who accompanied Marco Polo during his visits ?
मार्को पोलो की यात्राओं में कौन उसके साथ घुमने गया ?
Answer:
His father Niccolo and his uncle Maffeo accompanied Marco Polo during his visits.

Question 5.
Which features of the Chinese cities impressed Marco Polo ?
मार्को पोलो को चीन की किन विशेषताओं ने प्रभावित किया ?
Answer:
The grandness and greatness of the Chinese cities impressed him.

Question 6.
How did he serve the Chinese Emperor ?
उसने चीन के शासक की सेवा किस प्रकार की ?
Answer:
He served the Chinese Emperor as a messenger and as a spy.

Question 7.
After how many years did Marco Pole return to Venice ?
कितने वर्षों के बाद मार्को पोलो वेनिस वापिस लौटा ?
Answer:
Marco Pole returned Venice after 24 years.

Question 8.
What was the effect of the war between Venice and Genoa upon Marco Polo ?
वेनिस और जेनोआ के युद्ध का मार्को पोलो पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा ?
Answer:
Marco Polo was captured and put behind the bars in Genoa prison.

Question 9.
Name the book that contains detailed stories about Marco’s journeys.
मार्को पोलो की यात्राओं के विवरण संबंधी पुस्तक का नाम बताओ।
Answer:
The name of the book is ‘The Travels of Marco Polo.’

Question 10.
Who carried the book, ‘The Travels of Marco Polo’ along with him on his travels ? Why?
‘ट्रैवलज़ ऑफ मार्को पोलो’ नामक पुस्तक को कौन अपनी यात्रा पर साथ ले गया और क्यों ?
Answer:
Christopher Columbus carried this book with him because he was greatly inspired by the book.

Activity 4

Read the story and fill in the blanks.
(a) Marco Polo set out on his first voyage at the age of …….
(b) He visited the holy city of …………….
(c) He was released from the prison in …………..
(d) He was married to ……
(e) Marco Polo passed away on ………….. at the age of …………….
Answer:
(a) 17
(b) Jerusalem
(c) 1299
(d) Donata Badoer,
(e) 8 January, 70.

Activity 5

Imagine that you are a traveller. Write the experiences of your visit to any place in five sentences.
Answer:
Visit to a Jaipur It was Sunday. I with my friend visited Jaipur. We all arrived at Jaipur around 11 a.m. We went straight to a hotel Amer on M.I. Road. After a light breakfast we went to Amber fort. We had a ride on the elephant. It was fantastic! Then we saw the Jantar Mantar. It was brilliant. Around 1 p.m. we came out and went to the hotel. Had our lunch. In the evening we all went to Hawa Mahal and Ram Bagh Place. We meant to Chowkhi Dhani and had an experience of Rajasthan over the years. In this chapter we will do Active and Passive Voice of the Continuous and Prefect form of all the tenses i.e.
(a) Present Continuous Tense
(b) Past Continuous Tense
(c) Present Prefect Tense
(d) Past Perfect Tense
(e) Future Perfect

Tense Present Continuous Tense

Rule : is/am/are + being + 3rd form of the verb
Examples :
Active : He is telling a story.
Passive : A story is being told by him.
Active : She is not reading a book.
Passive : A book is not being read by her.

Activity 6.

Change the voice of the following sentences :

(a) The leader is making a speech.
Answer:
A speech is being made by the leader.

(b) They are playing hockey.
Answer:
Hockey is being played by them.

(c) Sudhir is telling a story.
Answer:
A story is being told by Sudhir

(d) Randhir is cleaning his kitchen.
Answer:
His kitchen is being cleaned by Randhir.

(e) The girls are making chairs.
Answer:
Chairs are being made by the girls.

(f) The workers are not repairing the road.
Answer:
The road is not being repaired by the workers.

(g) We are not taking orders.
Answer:
Orders are not taken by us.

(h) I am not favouring you.
Answer:
You are not being favoured by me.

(i) Are they knocking at the door?
Answer:
Is the door being knocked at by them?

(j) Is he serving his country ?
Answer:
Is his country being served by him ?

Past Continuous Tense

Rule : was/werel + being + 3rd form of the verb
Examples :
Active : The boys were playing football.
Passive : Football was being played by the boys.
Active : The men were not repairing the road.
Passive : The road was not being repaired by the men.
Active : Was Meera singing a song ?
Passive : Was a song being sung by Meera ?

Activity 7.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) They were chasing the thief.
Answer:
The thief was being chased by them.

(b) The boys were making a noise.
Answer:
A noise was being made by the boys.

(c) I was preparing my lesson.
Answer:
My lesson was being prepared by me.

(d) We were helping the poor.
Answer:
The poor were being helped by us.

(e) She purchased a book named “The Patriot’.
Answer:
A book named ‘The Patriot’ was purchased by her.

(f) The children were not reading books.
Answer:
Books were not being read by the children.

(g) He was not closing his shop.
Answer:
His shop was not being closed by him.

(h) The servant was not cleaning the room.
Answer:
The room was not being cleaned by the servant.

(i) They were stealing our books.
Answer:
Our books were being stolen by them.

(j) Who was insulting the beggar?
Answer:
By whom was the beggar being insulted ?

Future Continuous Tense

Note : Sentences belonging to this tense cannot be changed into Passive Voice.

Present Perfect Tense
Rule : has/have + been +3rd form of the verb

Examples :
Active : I have won the match.
Passive : The match has been won by me.
Active : He has not spoken the truth.
Passive : The truth has not been spoken by him.
Active : Has she read the letter?
Passive : Has the letter been read by her ?

Activity 8.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) She has torn my book.
Answer:
My book has been torn by her.

(b) You have cheated everybody.
Answer:
Everybody has been cheated by you.

(c) We have said our prayers.
Answer:
Our prayers have been said by us.

(d) Seema has written a poem.
Answer:
A poem has been written by Seema.

(e) Kavita has missed the bus.
Answer:
The bus has been missed by Kavita.

(f) She has not stolen my camera.
Answer:
My camera has not been stolen by her.

(j) The teacher has not scolded us.
Answer:
We have not been scolded by the teacher.

(h) I have not told the entire story.
Answer:
The entire story has not been told by me.

(i) Have you seen a zoo ?
Answer:
Has a zoo been seen by you?

(j) Has the teacher marked you absent ?
Answer:
Have you been marked absent by the teacher ?

Past Perfect Tense

Rule : had + been + 3rd form of the verb

Examples :

Active : The gardener had watered the plants.
Passive : The plants had been watered by the gardener.
Active : She had not told a lie.
Passive : A lie had not been told by her.
Active : Had our team won the match ?
Passive : Had the match been won by our team ?

Activity 9.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) Abdul had lost his bag.
Answer:
His bag had been lost by Abdul.

(b) He had posted the letter.
Answer:
The letter had been posted by him.

(c) She had made a frock.
Answer:
A frock had been made by her.

(d) I had learnt my lesson.
Answer:
My lesson had been learnt by me.

(e) The gardener had watered the plants.
Answer:
The plants had been watered by the gardener.

(f) We had not plucked the flowers.
Answer:
The flowers had not been plucked by us.

(g) He had not killed the snake.
Answer:
The snake had not been killed by him.

(h) I had not seen a lion before.
Answer:
A lion had not been seen before by me.

(i) Had you hidden the books ?
Answer:
Had the books been hidden by you ?

(j) Had our team won the match ?
Answer:
Had the match been won by our team?

Future Perfect Tense

Rule : will/shall + have + been +3rd form of the verb.

Examples :

Active : They will have taken their lunch.
Passive : Their lunch will have been taken by them.
Active : I shall not have finished my work.
Passive : My work will not have been finished by me.
Active : Who will have done this?
Passive : By whom will this have been done?

Activity 10.

Change the voice of the following sentences.

(a) Radha will have said her prayers.
Answer:
Her prayers will have been said by Radha.

(b) You will have bought a new house.
Answer:
A new house will have been bought by you.

(c) Gurpreet will have painted the doors.
Answer:
The doors will have been painted by Gurpreet.

(d) They will have caught the train.
Answer:
The train will have been caught by them.

(e) Nobody will have betrayed you.
Answer:
You will have been betrayed by nobody.

(f) The tiger will not have killed the deer
Answer:
The deer will not have been killed by the tiger.

(g) I shall have taken my lunch.
Answer:
My lunch will have been taken by me.

(h) Will the letter have been posted by him?
Answer:
Will he have posted the letter?

(i) Will they have checked the accounts ?
Answer:
Will the accounts have been checked by them ?

(j) Will you have received the money?
Answer:
Will the money have been received by you ?

Let’s have a quick revision of Active and Passive voice rules using the table given below.

From Active to Passive 

Tense	Rule	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Indefinite	is/am/are +V3	My mother bakes cakes.	Cakes are baked by my brother.
Present Continuous	is/am/are + being + V3	My mother is baking cakes.	Cakes are being baked by my mother.
Present Perfect	has/have + been + V3	My mother has baked cakes.	Cakes have been baked by my mother.
Past Indefinite	was/were + V3	My mother baked cakes.	Cakes were baked by my mother.
Past Continuous	was/were + being + V3	My mother was baking cakes.	Cakes were being baked by my mother.
Past Perfect	had + been + V3	My mother had baked cakes.	Cakes had been baked by my mother.
Future Indefinite	will/shall + be + V3	My mother will bake cakes.	Cakes will be baked by my mother.
Future Perfect	will/shall + have + been + V3	My mother will have baked cakes.	Cakes will have been baked by my mother.

Learning to Listen

Activity 11.

Listen to the announcements being made on a railway station and fill in the given blanks.

Announcement 1

The announcement was to inform the travellers going to …………… that the ……………. Express departing from …………. will now …………. from platform number …………… at …………… pm and not from platform number …………..
Answer:
1. Jammu
2. Patna Jammu
3. New Delhi
4. depart
5. 13
6.5: 23 pm
7. 10

Announcement 2

(a) What is the announcement about ?
Answer:
It is about the safety of travellers going to Jammu from New Delhi.

(b) How is safety ensured ?
Answer:
It is secured through 24 hour CCTV recording.

(c) Why are the travellers asked not to leave their luggage unattended ?
Answer:
They are advised to do this because unattended luggage may cause disorder and scare.

(d) What will the security service staff do with the unattended luggage ?
Answer:
They will remove it without warning or destroy it.

(e) What are the travellers advised to do on finding a suspicious item ?
Answer:
They are asked to call the staff of the Indian Railways.

(f) What are the train passengers asked to do whilst waiting for the train?
Answer:
They are asked to stand back behind the yellow line.

Learning to Speak (Role Play – Pairwork)

Activity 12

Scene : You are Aryan. Your mother needs money and asks you to get the money from an ATM. She gives you the security PIN along with the ATM card. When you reach the ATM, you forget the PIN. You try to take out the money using the wrong PIN. Your ATM card gets sucked by the machine.

One of you will be Aryan and one will be a bank employee. Aryan will complain to the bank employee regarding the sucked ATM card and request the bank employee to return the card to him. You may use the following words/phrases

(a) wanted to withdraw money
(b) inserted the card
(c) forgot the PIN
(d) account holder
(e) computerized machine
(f) block
(g) my mother’s account
(h) sucked the card
(i) how long
(j) registered address
(k) two weeks Book

Employee : What is your problem ? How can I help you ?

Aryan : The ATM machine has sucked my ATM card.
Book Employee : What did you do there?
Aryan : I wanted to withdraw some money from my mother’s account. I inserted the card in the hole. But I forgot PIN and used a wrong code. Soon my card was sucked up. Book
Employee : When did all this happen?
Aryan : Only 30 mintues before.
Book Employee : It is computerized machine. But don’t worry. Give your complaint in written. Write your registered mobile number and registered address on it. If it is not a fraud case, your card will be back within two weeks.

Learning to Write

Activity 13.

Study the figure below. It is a conversation between a travel agent and his client. Read all the sentences given in the bubbles and mark them with numbers from 1 to 18 in the order they should occur in a conversation.
.

Learning to Use the Language

In our everyday communication the most important element is asking/framing and answering questions. Asking questions is a skill that must be practised all the time. · Look at the table below to understand how questions are framed grammatically.

Activity 14.

You are the monitor of your class and you have to introduce your new teacher to your class fellows. Make a list of questions that you will ask your teacher before you introduce him/her to the class. You can ask questions based on the given hints.

• name of the teacher
• place she/he comes from
• subject she/he teaches
• why she/he was interested in that subject
• what her/his other interests are
• what her/his views are regarding environment/global warming
• what she/he would like to do about it
• what she/he would like to do in the future

You must work in groups and prepare a written list of the questions. Also think of possible answers to the questions. After you have done that, you must practise the interview questions by playing the roles of the monitor and the new teacher and students.

• The monitor will introduce the teacher.
• The students will ask questions from the teacher.
• The teacher will answer the questions.

Answer:
विधार्थी स्वयं करें

List of Questions Monitor

• What is your good name sir/madam?
• Where do you come from?
• Which subjects do you teach?
• What makes you interested in these subjects?
• Would you tell us about some of your other interests?
• What are your views about the burning problems of environmental pollution and global warming?
• How can you help solve these problems?
• What are your future plans about your career?

New Teacher.
Your questions are worth asking. My answers to these questions are.

• My name is Vineete Sharma.
• I am from Ludhiana.
• I have mastery over spoken English and English grammar.
• I am also interested in poetry and writing skill.
• I am also a good speaker and a hockey player.
• Global warming is mainly the result of increasing environmetal pollution.
• It is a big threat to life on our planet.
• I would start a drive to check the problem.
• I would awaken the people too.
• As regards my future plans, I have no clear-cut vision.

Monitor : Dear class-fellows, you can see that you are going to have a great teacher. I hope he can mould us into true citizens and can serve the cause of education a great deal.
Students : Thank you, madam. We promise to fully cooperate with you.

Comprehension Of Passages

Read the following passages and answer the questions given below each :

Marco Polo was a merchant and an adventurer. He travelled with his father and uncle from Venice (Italy) to China. Marco Polo spent 17 years in China before returning to Venice. Let us read and learn more about this adventurous explorer.

Long, long ago when there were no planes and trains, no cars and buses, people had to travel to other countries by ship or caravan. Marco Polo was one such traveller who went to many countries because he wanted to learn about the people, their food habits and their culture.

1. Who accompanied Marco Polo on his travels ?
मार्को पोलो की यात्राओं पर उसके साथ कौन गया ?

2. What did he want to learn during his travels ?
वह अपनी यात्राओं के दौरान क्या सीखना चाहता था ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Marco spent on travelling 17 years in Europe.
(b) Marco Polo was an adventurous explorer.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Marco Polo was one such traveller …….. countries.
(b) Long ago people travelled to other countries by ………….

Match the words with their meaning :

(i) travels	go along
(ii) accompany	journeys
	discoveries

Answer:
1. His father and uncle accompany Marco on his travels.
2. He wanted to learn about the people, their food habits and their culture.
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) Marco Polo was one such traveller who went to many countries.
(b) Long ago people travelled to other countries by ship or caravan.
Or
(i) travels — journeys
(ii) accompany — go along

(2) The wealth and luxury of the Chinese cities impressed Marco Polo. He was fascinated by the grandness and the greatness of Kublai Khan’s court. It was nothing like he had experienced in Europe. The capital city of Kinsay was large but well organised and clean. The roads were wide. All this was well beyond anything he had experienced in Venice.

Everything from the food to the people to the animals, like orangutans and rhinos, were new and interesting. Marco Polo lived in China for many years and learnt to speak the local language. He travelled throughout China. He served as a messenger and spy for the emperor. He visited a lot of countries in Western Asia, North Africa and Southern Europe.

1. What fascinated Marco Polo ?
मार्को पोलो को किस चीज़ ने आकर्षित किया ?

2. Mention any two features of the capital city of Kinsay.
किनजे की राजधानी शहर की कोई दो विशेषताएं बताएं।

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your ansewr-book :
(a) Foods to the people and animals were new and interesting.
(b) Marco Polo lived in China for a few years.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Marco Polo learnt to speak the local language of China for …
(b) He served as messenger and spy for …………..

Match the words with their meaning :

(i) spy	comfort
(ii) luxury	messenger
	detective

Answer:
1. The grandness and greatness of Kublai Khan’s court fascinated Marco Polo.
2.
(a) It was large and well-organised.
(b) It was clean.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Marco Polo learnt to speak local language of China for many years.
(b) He served as messenger and spy for the Emperor.
Or
(i) spy — detective
(ii) luxury — comfort.

(3) After travelling for twenty-four years, Marco along with his father and uncle decided to return to Venice. They had left home in 1271 and finally returned in 1295. A few years after returning home, Venice fought a war with the city of Genoa.

Marco was captured and put in a Genoese prison. He was released from prison in 1299. He became a wealthy merchant. He married a lady named Donata Badoer and had three children. He died on 8 January 1324 at the age of 70 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.

1. When did Marco and his party return home?
मार्को और उसका दल वापिस कब आया ?

2. Where was Marco buried ?
मार्को को कहां दफ़नाया गया ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your ansewr-book :
(a) Marco died in 1295.
(b) He was released from prison in 1299.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) He married a lady named ……….
(b) Venice fought a war with ………….
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two) finally, wealthy, captured
Answer:
1. Marco and his party returned home in 1295.
2. Marco was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) He married a lady named Donata Badoer.
(b) Venice fought a war with the city of Genoa.
or
in the end, rich and prosperous, arrested.

(4) It was in the prison that Marco met a well-known story writer. Marco narrated detailed stories of his journeys to the writer, who wrote all the stories in a book called The Travels of Marco Polo. It became a very popular book. It was translated into many languages and read throughout Europe. It is said that Christopher Columbus, another explorer was greatly inspired by the book. It is believed that he carried it along with him on his travels.

1. Who did Marco meet when he was in prison ?
जब मार्को जेल में था, तो वह किससे मिला ?
2. Which book did Columbus carry along with him on his travels ?
अपनी यात्राओं पर कोलम्बस कौन-सी पुस्तक साथ ले गया ?
3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Christopher Columbus was a story writer.
(b) “The Travels of Marco Polo’ was translated into many languages.
4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The book ‘The Travels of Marco Polo’ was read …………..
(b) Marco narrated …………………. to a writer.
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) well-known	unidentified
(ii) inspired	encouraged
	famous

Answer:
1. In prison, Marco met a well-known story-writer.
2. On his travels, Columbus carried along famous book called ‘The Travels of Marco
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) The book “The Travels of Marco Polo’ was read throughout Europe.
(b) Marco narrated detailed stories of his journey to a writer.
Or
(i) well-known — famous
(ii) inspired — encouraged

Use Of Words And Phrases In Sentences

1. Explorer – (discoverer) – Many explorers lost their lives during third dangerous travels.
2. Culture – (society/civilization) – We love Indian culture and its values.
3. Adventures – (daring deeds) – The adventures of our soldiers are well known.
4. Wealth – (money, property) – He gathered a huge wealth by working hard.
5. Merchant – (trader) – His father is a big cloth merchant.
6. Finally – in the end) – Finally he left his studies and started a business.
7. Prison – (jail) – Gandhiji was put in prison many a time.
8. Captured – (arrested) – The culprit was captured and punished.
9. Inspired – (encouraged) – Inspired by his father he earned a lot of money.
10. Beyond – (out of reach) – To buy this car is beyond my sources.

Word Meanings

Marco Polo Summary in Hindi

Marco Polo was ………….. many adventures.

मार्को पोलो एक व्यापारी और साहसिक पुरुष था। उसने अपने पिता और चाचा के साथ वेनिस (इटली) से चीन की यात्रा की। वेनिस लौटने से पहले मार्को पोलो 17 वर्ष तक चीन में रहा। आओ हम इस साहसिक खोजों के बारे में पढ़ें और उसकी अधिक जानकारी प्राप्त करें।

बहुत समय पहले जब हवाई जहाज, रेलगाड़ियां, कारें तथा बसें कुछ भी नहीं था तो लोगों को दूसरे देशों के लिए समुद्री जहाज़ अथवा काफ़िलों में यात्रा करनी पड़ती थी। मार्को पोलो उन यात्रियों में से एक था जिन्होंने बहुत सारे देशों की यात्रा इसलिए की थी, क्योंकि वे वहां के लोगों, उनके खाने की आदतों और उनके रीति-रिवाजों को जानने के इच्छुक थे।

मार्को पोलो का जन्म 1254 में वेनिस में हुआ। जब वह 17 वर्ष का हुआ तो वह अपनी पहली यात्रा पर अपने पिता निकोलो (Niccolo) और अपने चाचा माफो (Maffeo) के साथ निकला। वह चीन की यात्रा करना चाहता था ताकि उस देश और उसके लोगों के बारे में जानकारी जुटा सके। यात्रा के दौरान वह बहुत से जाने-माने शहरों में गया और उसने येरूशलम के पवित्र शहर सहित बहुत से स्थल देखे। उसने हिंदु-कुश पर्वत, प्रशा और गो-मरुस्थल भी देखे। वह भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार के लोगों से मिला और उसने बहुत से साहसिक कार्य किए।

The wealth and luxury…… …………… ever seen before.

चीनी शहरों की धन संपत्ति और विलासता ने मार्को पोलो को बहुत प्रभावित किया। वह कुबलई खां के दरबार की भव्यता और महानता से बहुत अधिक आकर्षित हुआ। यूरोप में प्राप्त उसके अनुभव के मुकाबले यह कुछ भी नहीं था। राजधानी शहर किनसे (Kinsay) न केवल बहुत ही बड़ा था, बल्कि साफ़-सुथरा और पूर्ण रूप से व्यवस्थित था। – सड़कें चौड़ी थीं। यह सब कुछ तो उसके वेनिस के अनुभव से कहीं अधिक अच्छा था।

लोगों तथा जानवरों जैसे आरंगुटान (गुरिल्ला) और राइनो (गेंडा) को मिलने वाले भोजन तक हर चीज़ नई और रोचक थी। … मार्को पोलो चीन में बहुत वर्षों तक रहा और वहां उसने स्थानीय भाषा को बोलना सीखा। उसने पूरे चीन की यात्रा की। उसने सम्राट का दूत और जासूस बन कर कार्य किया।

उसने पश्चिमी एशिया, उत्तरी अफ्रीका तथा दक्षिणी यूरोप के बहुत से देशों की यात्रा की। – इन यात्राओं के दौरान उसने भिन्न-भिन्न संस्कृतियों, भोजनों और लोगों के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त की। उसने ऐसे बहुत से स्थानों और बहुत-सी चीजों को देखा जो इससे पहले यूरोप में आए किसी भी यात्री ने नहीं देखा।

After travelling ………….. on his travels.

मार्को पोलो ने अपने पिता और अंकल के साथ चौबीस (24) वर्षों की यात्रा के बाद वेनिस वापिस लौटने का फैसला किया। उन्होंने 1271 में अपना घर छोड़ा था और अंततः 1295 में वापिस पहंचे। घर पहुंचने के कुछ ही वर्षों बाद वेनिस का जेनोआ (Ogenoa) के साथ युद्ध छिड़ गया। मार्को को बंदी बना लिया गया और जेनोआ को जेल में डाल दिया गया। उसे 1299 में जेल से रिहा किया गया। वह एक धनी व्यापारी बन गया।

उसने Donata Badoer नाम की स्त्री से विवाह किया और उनके तीन बच्चे हुए। उसका देहांत 8 जनवरी, 1324 को 70 वर्ष की आयु में हुआ और उसे वेनिस की चर्च San Lorenzo में दफ़नाया गया। – जेल में मार्को एक प्रसिद्ध कहानी लेखक से मिला। मार्को ने अपनी यात्राओं की विस्तृत जानकारी लेखक को बताई जिसने “ट्रैवल्स ऑफ़ मार्को पोलो” नामक पुस्तक में सभी कहानियां लिखीं। यह पुस्तक बहुत ही लोकप्रिय हुई।

इसका अनुवाद बहुत-सी भाषाओं में किया गया और यह सारे यूरोप में पढ़ी गईं। ऐसा कहा जाता है कि एक अन्य खोजी क्रिसटोफर कोलम्बस भी इस पुस्तक से बहुत प्रभावित हुआ। ऐसा विश्वास किया जाता है कि वह यह पुस्तक अपनी यात्राओं पर साथ ले गया था।

Translation From English To Hindi

1. Marco Polo was a merchant and an adventurer. — मार्को पोलो एक व्यापारी और साहसिक पुरुष था।
2. He wanted to learn about the people, their food habits and their culture. — वह लोगों के बारे में, उनके खाने की आदतों और उनके रीति-रिवाजों को जानने का इच्छुक था।
3. Marco Polo was born in Venice in 1254.– मार्को पोलो का जन्म 1254 में वेनिस में हुआ।
4. He wanted to visit China. — वह चीन की यात्रा करना चाहता था।
5. He also saw the mountains of Hindu Kush. — उसने हिंदु कुश के पर्वत भी देखे। .
6. He met a lot of different poeple. — वह भिन्न प्रकार के लोगों को मिला।
7. It was nothing like he had experienced in Europe. — यूरोप में प्राप्त उसके अनुभव के मुकाबले यह कुछ भी नहीं था।
8. The roads were wide.– सड़कें चौड़ी थीं।
9. Marco Polo lived China for many years. — मार्को पोलो चीन में बहुत वर्षों तक रहा |
10. They had left home in 1271. — उन्होंने 1271 में अपना घर छोड़ा या
11. He was released from prison in 1299. — उसे 1299 में जेल से रिहा किया गया |
12. It became a very popular book. यह पुस्तक बहुत ही लोकप्रिय हुई।
13. It was translated into many languages. — इसका अनुवाद बहुत – सी भाषाओ में किया गया
14. Marco met a well-known story writer.– मार्को एक प्रसिद्ध कहानी लेखक से मिला

English Guide for Class 8 PSEB Prose

• Value of Money Question Answer
• The Aged Mother Question Answer
• Saint Ravidas Ji Question Answer
• The Old Sage and the Brothers Question Answer
• The Punjab: A Glimpse Question Answer
• Charge for Love Question Answer
• Safety While Driving Question Answer
• Marco Polo Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 4 The Old Sage and the Brothers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Chapter 4 The Old Sage and the Brothers Question Answers

The Old Sage and the Brothers Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook. :
1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

summoned	acquiring	approached	delighted	granted
annoyed	poultry	deny	journey	snatched

Vocabulary Expansion

Look at the following sentences.
(a) I enjoyed the film.
(b) The film gave us a lot of enjoyment.
In the sentence (a) the word enjoyed is a verb and in sentence (b) the word enjoyment is a noun. When you add suffixes such as ‘-ment, ‘-ance’, ‘-age’, ‘-ion’, ‘-ness’, -ať, -ure’, etc. to a word, they become nouns. Sometimes if you remove the suffix from a word, it becomes a noun.

For example :
(a) escaped
If you remove -d’, the word becomes ‘escape’ which is both a noun and a verb.
I had a narrow escape. (noun).
The thief wanted to escape. (verb)

Activity 2.

Let’s do the following activity. Make nouns of the given words.

1. try — trail
2. distract — distraction
3. move — movement
4. educate — education
5. inform — informity
6. agree — agreement
7. pay — payment
8. argue — argument
9. pass — passage
10. bag — baggage
11. marry — marriage
12. refuse — refusal
13. propose — purpose
14. arrive — arrival
15. fail — failure
16. press — pressure
17. confuse — confusion
18. decide — decision
19. revise — revision
20. teach — teaching

Learing to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3

Read the story and answer the following questions.

a. How many sons did the old farmer have ?
किसान के कितने पुत्र थे ?
Answer:
The farmer had three sons.

b. Why did the farmer summon his sons ?
किसान ने अपने पुत्रों को क्यों बुलाया ?
Answer:
The farmer had grown old. He summoned his sons to divide his property among them.

c. What had the farmer decided to do?
किसान ने क्या करने का निर्णय लिया था ?
Answer:
The farmer had decided to give his three sons a field and a house each.

d. How did Harry help the sage ?
हैरी ने सघु की सहायता कैसे की ?
Answer:
Harry gave the sage a Chapatti to eat.

e. What did Harry ask for ?
हैरी ने क्या मांगा ?
Answer:
Harry asked for a big house and ten cows.

f. Why could the sage not cross the river ?
साधु नदी क्यों न पार कर सका ?
Answer:
The sage could not cross the river because there was no boat.

g. How did Sandeep help the sage ?
संदीप ने साधु की सहायता कैसे की ?
Answer:
Sandeep carried the sage on his back across the river.

h. Did all the brothers keep their promise ?
क्या सभी भाइयों ने अपना वचन निभाया ?
Answer:
No, only Sandeep kept his promise.

i. Why did the sage snatch away the gifts from Harry and Raman ?
साधु ने हैरी तथा रमन से उपहार क्यों छीन लिए ?
Answer:
The sage snatched away the gifts from them because they did not keep their promise.

j. What do you learn from this story?
आपको कहानी से क्या शिक्षा मिलती है ?
Answer:
One must keep one’s promise. It is our duty to help the poor and the needy.

Activity 4

Complete the following exercise on the basis of the lesson. Fill in the blanks.
(a) The farmer had …………. fields and three …….
(b) The sage made the brothers promise that they would help the ……………. and the
(c) The sage gave a piece of …………….. to Raman. (Choose the correct option.)
(i) cloth
(ii) stick
(iii) rope
(iv) cake
(d) Sandeep broke his promise. (True or False)
(e) The sage punished/did not punish Harry and Raman. (Choose the correct option.)
Answer:
(a) three, houses
(b) poor, needy
(c) stick
(d) False
(e) punished.

Activity 5

Imagine that you are Harry. Use five sentences to narrate your feelings after your gifts were snatched away from you.
Answer:
I was shocked after my gifts were snatched away. I was rightly punished because I did not keep my word. I did not help the poor and the needy. The riches turned my head and made me selfish. Now I have realized my mistake and decided to work hard in life. I will help the poor and the needy too. Learning Language Verbs There are two forms of main verbs in English.
(a) The Finite Verbs
(b) The Non-finite Verbs

A. Finite Verbs

A finite verb is the form of a verb which is limited by the number, person and tense. For example :
1. I eat an apple daily.
2. She eats an apple daily.
3. We eat apples daily.
4. We ate an apple yesterday.
5. We will eat apples tomorrow.

In the examples above, the verb ‘eat’ changes its forms with change in number, person or tense. Therefore, it can be called a finite verb. Finite Verb का वाक्य number, person या tense बदलने पर अपना रूप बदल लेता है।

B. Non-finite Verbs

A Non-finite form of a verb is not limited by number and person of a subject and has no tense. Non-finite verb-forms are typically infinitive forms with or without ‘to’ (e.g. to go, go), ing forms (e.g. going) and third form of the verb (e.g. finished, gone).
Let’s look at some examples :
(a) I want to eat an apple.
(b) She wants to eat an apple.
(c) We want to eat apples.
(d) They wanted to eat apples.
(e) They will want to eat apples tomorrow.
In the examples above, ‘to eat does not change even when the other verb ‘want keeps changing according to number, person or tense. Therefore, ‘to eat’ is a non-finite verb.

Types of Non-finite Verbs There are three types of Non-finite verbs. These are
(a) The infinitive
(b) The Gerund
(c) The Participles
Let us look at the following flowchart to have a better understanding.

B.1. The Infinitives
The infinitive can further be divided into two categories :
(a) Bare infinitive
(b) To-infinitive

(a) Bare infinitive
Bare Infinitives are also called plain infinitives or infinitives without ‘to’. , Use of Bare infinitives
The bare infinitive is used: with verbs such as ‘bid’, ‘have’, ‘left’, ‘make’
(a) The teacher made the student repeat the lesson.
(b) He bade me write an essay.
(c) He didn’t let me enter the room.

2. with auxiliaries ‘will’, ‘would’, ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘do’, ‘must’, ‘may, etc.
(a) You can go now.
(b) You shall know your results tomorrow.

3. with auxiliaries ‘neeď and dare’, the bare infinitive is used primarily in interrogative
and negative sentences, for example :
(a) Dare you go into the foresť at night ?
(b) He daren’t touch his sister’s mobile phone.
(c) Need you go home so soon ?
(d) You needn’t come.

4. with expressions like ‘would rather’, ‘rather than’, ‘had better’, etc.
(a) I would rather stay at home.
(b) You had better ask him for money.
(c) I would die rather than beg.

5. It may follow ‘but’ and ‘except
(a) He did nothing but cry.
(b) He does nothing except complain.

6. with questions denoting suggestions or advice and beginning with ‘why’, ‘why not.
(a) Why make such a noise over a small matter?
(b) Why not take your brother with you ?

(b) To-infinitive
Use of To-infinitive
The To-infinitive is used in many sentence constructions, often expressing the purpose of something or someone’s opinion about something.
1. as a noun :
(a) To speak effectively needs a lot of practice. (subject)
(b) To err is human. (infinitive as subject)
(c) To criticize others is an easy job. (subject)
(d) He likes to play cricket. (infinitive as objects)
(e) To play with fire is a very risky game. (subject)
(f) My duty is to serve my country. (as a complement to a linking verb)
(g) It is easier to preach than to practise. (after the dummy subject ‘it’)

2. as adverb to modify verbs and adjectives:
(a) We go to school to learn. (modifies the verb ‘go’)
(b) She’s hard to please. (modifies the adjective ‘hard’)

3. as adjective to qualify nouns:
(a) It was a match to remember (qualifies ‘match’)

4. as object complement
(a) He advised me to keep quiet.
(b) I advised him to accept the offer.

5. too + adjective/adverb + infinitive
(a) He’s too weak to walk.
(b) Mona is too young to understand this.
(c) They worked too slowly to achieve the target.

6. enough + infinitive
(a) He has enough money to pay the bill.
(b) He’s kind enough to help you.

Activity 6.

Pick out infinitives in the following sentences and underline them.

1. I saw him go.
2. He promised to come.
3. To forgive is difficult.
4. I watched her dance.
5. It is bad to cheat your family.
Answer:
1. I saw him go.
2. He promised to come.
3. To forgive is difficult.
4. I watched her dance.
5. It is bad to cheat your family.

Activity 7.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate non-finite forms.
(a) You ought …………….. (get) up earlier.
(b) It is easy ……………… (make) mistakes.
(c) He made me ………………. (repeat) the lessons.
(d) You needn’t ………………. (say) anything.
(e) Would you like ………………. (come) in my car ?
(f) He will be able …………… (swim) very soon.
Answer:
(a) to get
(b) to make
(c) repeat
(d) say
(e) to come
(f) swim.

Activity 8:

Combine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using too/enough + infinitive.

(a) You are very young. You can’t have a gun.
Answer:
You are too young to have a gun.

(b) He’s very ill. He can’t eat anything.
Answer:
He is too ill to eat anything.

(c) Mickey was very foolish. He told lies to the police.
Answer:
Mickey was foolish enough to tell lies to the police.

(d) The fire isn’t very hot. It won’t boil the kettle.
Answer:
The fire is not hot enough to boil the kettle.

(e) I am rather old. I can’t walk that far.
Answer:
I am too old to walk that far.

B.2. The Gerunds

Gerunds are verb + -ing form used as nouns. They can be used in the following ways :
(a) as a subject
(b) after prepositions
(c) after certain verbs
(d) in noun-compounds

Read the following sentences :

(a) Swimming is a good exercise.
The word ‘swimming’ is formed from the verb ‘swim’ by adding -ing to it. It therefore appears to be a verb. The word ‘swimming’ is the name of an action and is also the subject of the sentence. Hence, it does the work of a noun. The word ‘swimming is like a verb as well as a noun. It is therefore a verb — noun and is called a gerund.

Note : The form of the gerunds and of the present participles are identical. However, Gerunds are verbal nouns and Participles are verbal adjectives.

Examples :
(a) He is fond of riding.– Gerund
(b) Riding along the road, he saw a porcupine. — Present participle

Use of a gerund :

As already mentioned above, a gerund can be used as
(a) the subject of a verb : as
(i) Seeing is believing.
(ii) Collecting stamps is his hobby.

(b) as the object of a transitive verb : as
(i) I enjoy reading poetry.
(ii) i like watching the stars at night.

(c) as object of a preposition : as
(i) She’s fond of dancing
(ii) He was punished for telling a lie.

(d) after certain verbs : the gerund is used after verbs such as given below :
admit, avoid, consider, death, differ, delay, deny, detest, dread, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, invoke, keep, miss, pardon, postpone, prevent, recollect, resend,risk, stop, suggest, understand, etc.. )

Examples :
(a) He stopped writing as I entered the room.
(b) Please pardon my saying so.
(c) I enjoy watching this game.

Pick out gerunds in the following sentences :

(a) Swimming is a good exercise.
(b) I enjoy sleeping.
(c) Old men enjoy gossiping.
(d) I hate waiting.
(e) Stealing is a crime.
(f) am fond of walking.
(g) I am good at spelling.
(h) We took part in boating.
(i) My sister does not like cooking.
(j) She’s fond of dancing.
Answer:
(a) swimming
(b) sleeping
(c) gossiping
(d) waiting
(e) Stealing
(f) walking
(g) spelling
(h) boating
(i) cooking
(j) dancing.

Fill in the blanks with the correct gerund or infinitive form of the verbs given in the brackets.

(a) He agreed …………… me. (help).
(b) Suresh enjoys ……………. football. (play).
(c) We failed ………….. the train. (catch)
(d) They decided …………… hard. (work)
(e) She loves ……………. to music. (listen)
(f) I am learning how ………….. (drive)
(g) The class wanted …………… for a picnic. (go)
(h) He urged us ……………. faster. (work)
(i) She loves ……………. books. (read)
(j) I am looking forward to …………… you. (meer)
Answer:
(a) to help
(b) playing
(c) to catch
(d) to work
(e) listening
(f) to drive
(g) to go
(h) to work
(i) reading
(j) meet.

Learning to Listen

Activity 10.

You will listen carefully to your teacher. Your teacher will read a passage slowly. Write in your notebook what you hear. Do not make spelling mistakes and put appropriate punctuation marks such as comma, question mark or full stop, where needed. (Refer to Appendix I at page no. 166.)
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Learning to Speak

Activity 11:

Look at the pictures given below. There are 8 differences. Do this activity with your partner. While identifying the differences, you all must speak in English only.

Spot the differences

You may use sentences such as 1 can see a difference here
Answer.
1. I can see a difference here in the time. Left hand side clock shows 8.25 but right hand side clock shows 11.25 O’clock.
A —- B
2. Balls on the window rod —- No balls
3. Handles of the drawer are big —- small
4. Cusion of sofa set — one blue —- all yellow
5. Fruits in tray on table—more —- less
6. Book & sequence design —- different
7. Objects on shelf behind sofa —- different
8. Something kept on drawers —- nothing on drawers.

Learning to Write

Given below is an application written to the Principal of a school asking for exemption from examination. Read it carefully and also look at its format.
Answer:
The Principal
Dev Samaj Senior Secondary School
Jalandhar
Sir
I am a student of Class VIII A of your school. Our bimonthly exams are starting from November 01, 20….. Sir, I always stand first in all the exams. My sister’s wedding is falling on November 05, 20…. .As I am the only helping hand of my father, I can’t take the exam this time. This time, I request you to exempt me from the examination. I shall be very thankful to you.
Thanking you
Yours obediently
XYZ …….
Roll No. 21, VIII A
July 5, 20.

Activity 12.

Write an application to your Principal asking for a School Leaving Certificate in the space given below. You must write.

• your reason for leaving the school
• when you will leave the school
• where you will take admission after leaving the school

Answer:
The Principal
Govt. Senior Secondary School Hamirpur
Sir
I am a student of class VIII of your school. My father has been transferred to XYZ city. He is to report for duty there within three days. All the members of our family are leaving tomorrow. My parents do not wish me to join a hostel. I am sorry to leave your good school, but I am helpless. I shall have to join some school at XYZ city. I have paid all the dues. Kindly issue my school leaving certificate and oblige. I shall be thankful to you for this.
Yours obediently
Om Mehta
VIII-D
March 8,20…..

Learning to Use the Language

Activity 13

What’s the problem?	Do you mind if I –	Go ahead!
Is it OK if –	telling me –	Thanks!
Here you are !	Could you turn –	Can I borrow –

Conversation 1

Raghav : Yeah?
Gurtej : Hello, ……….. turn the music down, please? It’s one o’clock and I’m trying to sleep.
Raghav : Oh, sorry. Is that okay ?
Gurtej : Yes, ………. Perhaps I can get some sleep now. Good Night!
Answer:
1. could you
2. Thanks.

Conversation 2

Japtej : I’m sorry, leave early today? I’m going to take my dog to see the vet.
Palak : You’re going to take your dog to the vet ? What’s the matter with him ?
Japtej : I don’t know. That’s why I’m going to take him to the vet’s.
Palak : Oh, I see! Sure Thanks for
Answer:
1. Is it ok if I
2. Here you are !
3. telling me.

Conversation 3

Sheenam : Divyam, do you have your mobile phone with you ?
Divyam : Um … yes. Why ?
Sheenam : it, please? I need to make a quick call to my mother.
Divyam : OK,
Answer:
1. Can I borrow
2. go ahead !

Conversation 4

Jyoti : ………… change seats?
Rajneesh : Yes, all right ……. ?
Jyoti : I can’t see because of the sun.
Rajneesh : OK, then. Why don’t you sit there, next to Piyush.
Answer:
1. Do you mind if I
2. What is the problem ?

Activity 14 :
Given below are some polite requests with equally polite responses. Match the questions in Column A with the correct responses in Column B.
Answer:

S.No.	Column A	S.No.	Column B
1.	Can I have a glass of juice?	1.	Yes, of course!
2.	Is it alright if I make a phone call?	2.	I said that some friends were coming over.
3.	Could you say that again, please?	3.	Well, OK, if it’s a local call.
4.	Can I speak to you for a moment?	4.	Oh sure, The remote’s on the table.
5.	Do you mind if I look at your books?	5.	Well, not really. Why can’t you come?
6.	Is it OK if I miss the class tomorrow?	6.	Of course, there’s some in the fridge.
7.	Could you move a little, please?	7.	You can borrow some if you want.
8.	Do you mind if I turn the TV up?	8.	Yes, sorry. I didn’t realise you wanted to sit down.

1. Of course, there’s some in the fridge.
2. Well, OK, if it’s a local call.
3. I said that some friends were coming over.
4. Yes, of course !
5. You can borrow some if you want.
6. Well, not really. Why can’t you come ?
7. Yes, sorry. I didn’t realise you wanted to sit down.
8. Oh sure, The remote’s on the table.

Comprehension Of Passages

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) Long time ago, a rich farmer summoned his three lazy sons. Harry, Raman and Sandeep and said, “I have grown old. I have decided to divide my property among you. As you all know, I own three fields and three houses. Each one of you will get a field and a house only if you prove that you are worth it”. The three sons were surprised. “What do you mean, father ?” cried they. The farmer said, “These fields and houses are the fruits of my hard work. All the three of you are very lazy. I want the three of you to find some work. Return to me after six months with your earnings. I will decide if you are worthy of acquiring my hard-earned property.” The three brothers set out in search of work, On the way, they sat down under a banyan tree to rest.

1. How could the sons gain their father’s property ?
पुत्र अपने पिता की संपत्ति कैसे प्राप्त कर सकते थे ?

2. Where did they take rest ?
उन्होंने आराम कहां किया?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) All the three sons were hard-working.
(b) The sons were given six months to prove their worth.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Each son will get …………
(b) The three sons set out in ……… of work

Match the words with their meanings :

(i) summoned	called
(ii) acquire	gain
	put in jail

Answer:
1. The sons could gain it by proving themselves worth it.
2. They took rest under a banyan tree.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Each son will get a field and a house.
(b) The three sons set out in search of work.
Or
(i) summoned — called
(ii) acquire — gain

(2) Then the old sage said, “Promise me that if ever a poor man asks you for a cup of milk, you will not deny him.”
“It’s a gendeman’s promise”, said the lad “and whatsoever he wishes for milk, butter, curd, sweets, I will never deny.” The old sage smiled, “Do not break your promise.”
“I will not”, assured Harry.
The other two brothers continued on their way with the old.sage. They went on till they came to a stream. The old sage looked sad and worried. “Oh! There’s no boat. How will I cross the stream ?” Raman said very kindly. “Don’t worry! I’ll help you. I’ll carry you on my back.” After crossing the river, the three of them sat down for some rest.
The sage thanked Raman and said, “God bless you, son! Here is a gift for you.”
Raman was delighted. The sage gave him a piece of stick. Raman was surprised. “What is this ?” “It is a magic stick. It will grant you two wishes. Ask now.”

1. What was Harry’s gendeman promise ?
हैरी का सज्जन पुरुष वाला वचन क्या था?

2. Who gave a gift to Raman ? What was it ?
रमन को उपहार किसने दिया? यह क्या या?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The sage crossed the river with the help of a boat.
(b) Harry assured the sage that he would not break his promise.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Raman offered to carry the sage across
(b) The old sage looked
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) delighted	refuse
(ii) deny	happy/glad
	wondered

Answer:
1. Harry’s promise was that he would never deny anything to the needy.
2. The sage gave a gift to Raman. It was a piece of magic stick.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Raman offered to carry the sage across the river.
(b) The old sage looked sad and worried.
Or
(i) delighted — happy/glad
(ii) deny — refuse.

(3) Sandeep moved on with the old sage. When they came to a desert, they sat down for some rest. The old sage said to Sandeep, “I know you are very tired but I’m very thirsty. Please get me some water”.
“Don’t worry! Please rest here. I’ll find some water for you.” Sandeep set out to find water for the old man. He returned after an hour with some water. The old sage drank the water and blessed Sandeep, “God bless you, son ! Here’s a gift for you.”
Sandeep was delighted. The sage gave him a piece of rope. Sandeep became very happy. He knew he was going to be rewarded. The old sage smiled and said, “It’s a magic rope. It will grant you two wishes. Ask now.”
Sandeep was delighted, “I want a big house.” “Granted.”
A beautiful house appeared.
“What’s your second wish ?” added the sage.
“A field !”, said Harry excitedly. “Granted !”

1. Who brought water for the sage ?
साधु के लिए पानी कौन लाया?

2. How many wishes could the magic rope grant ?
जादुई रस्सी कितनी इच्छाएँ पूरी कर सकती थी?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) On the way the sage felt hungry.
(b) Sandeep asked for a beautiful house for his first wish.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The sage gave Sandeep ……… as a gift.
(b) Sandeep became happy because he was going to be ……….
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (any two) excitedly, grant, wish
Answer:
1. Sandeep brought water for the sage.
2. The magic rope could grant two wishes.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) The sage gave Sandeep a magic rope as a gift.
(b) Sandeep became happy because he was going to be rewarded.
Or
eagerly, fulfil, desire.

Use Of Words And Phrases in Sentences

1. Deny – He denied me food.
2. Wish – His wish came true.
3. Grant – All his wishes were granted.
4. Summoned – The king summoned his minister to his court.
5. Approached – The beggar approached the langar house for food.
6. Worth – You are not worth this big house.
7. Snatched – All his awards were snatched from him.
8. Appeared – All of a sudden a beautiful girl appeared from no where.
9. Word – He did not keep his word.
10. Delighted – He was delighted to- win the race.

Word-Meanings

The Old Sage and the Brothers Summary in Hindi

Long time ago…..knew no bound.

बहुत समय पहले एक अमीर किसान ने अपने तीन आलसी पुत्रों-हैरी (Harry), रमन तथा संदीप को बुलाया और कहा, “मैं बूढ़ा हो चुका हूँ। मैंने अपनी सम्पत्ति को तुम्हारे बीच में बांटने का निर्णय लिया है। जैसा कि तुम जानते हो मेरे पास तीन खेत और तीन घर हैं। तुम में से प्रत्येक को एक खेत और एक घर मिलेगा, यदि तुम यह सिद्ध करोगे कि तुम उसके योग्य हो।” तीनों पुत्र हैरान थे। वे चिल्लाए, “पिता जी, आप का क्या अर्थ है ?” किसान ने कहा, “ये खेत और घर मेरी कड़ी मेहनत का फल हैं। तुम तीनों बड़े ही आलसी हो। मैं चाहता हूँ कि तुम तीनों कोई काम ढूंढो।

ठछः मास के बाद अपनी आमदनी लेकर मेरे पास वापिस आओ। मैं निणय करूंगा कि क्या तुम मेरे द्वारा कड़ी मेहनत से अर्जित सम्पत्ति पाने के योग्य हो।” तीनों भाई काम की तलाश में निकल पड़े। रास्ते में वे बरगद के एक वृक्ष के नीचे आराम करने के लिए बैठ गए। जब वे खाना खा रहे थे तभी एक वृद्ध साधु उनके पास आया।

उसने कहा, “मैं भूखा हूं। क्या तुम मुझे खाने के लिए कुछ दे सकते हो ?” हैरी (Harry) ने उसे एक चपाती दे दी। साधु ने खुशी-खुशी उसे खा लिया और बोला, “पुत्र ! ईश्वर तुम्हारा भला करे। तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।” हैरी खुश हो गया। साधु ने उसे कपड़े का एक टुकड़ा दिया।हैरी चिढ़ कर बोला, “यह क्या है ? क्या तुम मेरे साथ मज़ाक कर रहे हो ?”

साधु मुस्कराया और बोला, “यह एक जादुई कपड़ा है। यह तुम्हारी दो इच्छाएं पूरी करेगा। अब मांगो।” हैरी अत्यधिक खुश होकर बोला, “मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।” “प्रदान किया !” एक सुन्दर घर प्रकट हो गया। साधु ने पूछा, “तुम्हारी दूसरी इच्छा क्या है ?” हैरी ने उत्साह से कहा, “दस गाय।” “दे दी।” दस गाय न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गईं। हैरी की खुशी का कोई ठिकाना न रहा।

Then the old sage………………Raman confidently.

तब वृद्ध साधु ने कहा, “मुझे वचन दो कि जब कभी भी कोई गरीब आदमी तुमसे एक कप दूध मांगेगा तो तुम इन्कार नहीं करोगे।” युवक ने कहा, “यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है। वह दूध, मक्खन, दही, मिठाई में से किसी चीज़ की भी इच्छा प्रकट करेगा, मैं इंकार नहीं करूंगा।” वृद्ध साधु मुस्कराया, “अपना वचन मत तोड़ना।” हैरी ने भरोसा दिलाया, “मैं नहीं तोडंगा।”

दूसरे दो भाई वृद्ध साधु के साथ आगे बढ़ गए। वे तब तक चलते रहे जब तक कि वे एक नदी पर नहीं पहुंच गए। वृद्ध साधु उदास और चिंतित दिखाई देने लगा। “ओह ! यहां तो कोई नाव नहीं है। मैं नदी कैसे पार करूंगा ?” रमन ने उदारता से कहा, “चिंता मत करो। मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूंगा। मैं आपको अपनी पीठ पर ले जाऊंगा।” नदी पार करने के पश्चात् वे तीनों आराम करने के लिए बैठ गए।

साधु ने रमन का धन्यवाद किया और कहा, “पुत्र! ईश्वर तुम्हारा भला करे। तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।” रमन खुश हो गया। साधु ने उसे छड़ी का एक टुकड़ा दिया। रमन हैरान रह गया। “यह क्या है ?” साधु ने कहा, “यह एक जादुई छड़ी है। यह तुम्हारी दो इच्छाएं पूरी करेगी। अब मांगो।” रमन खुश हो गया। उसने कहा, “मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।” “प्रदान किया !” एक सुन्दर घर प्रकट हो गया। साधु ने आगे कहा, “तुम्हारी दूसरी इच्छा क्या है ?” रमन ने उत्सुकता से कहा, “एक मुर्गी फ़ार्म।” “प्रदान किया !” एक मुर्गी पालन फ़ार्म न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गया।

रमन की खुशी का कोई ठिकाना न रहा। तब वृद्ध साधु ने कहा, “मुझे वचन दो कि जब कभी भी कोई गरीब आदमी तुमसे एक अंडा मांगेगा तो तुम मना नहीं करोगे।”

युवक ने कहा, “यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है और वह अंडे, आमलेट, अंडे का हलवा में से किसी भी चीज़ की इच्छा प्रकट करेगा, मैं इंकार नहीं करूंगा।” वृद्ध साधु ने मुस्कराते हुए कहा, “अपना वचन मत तोड़ना।” रमन ने दृढ़ता से कहा, “मैं ऐसा नहीं करूंगा।”

Sandeep moved on… ………..”Granted!”

संदीप वृद्ध साधु के साथ चलता रहा। जब वे एक मरुस्थल में पहुँचे तो नीचे बैठ कर आराम करने लगे। वृद्ध साधु ने संदीप से कहा, “मैं जानता हूँ कि तुम थके हुए हो परन्तु मुझे बहुत प्यास लगी है। कृपया पानी ले आओ।”
“आप चिंता न करें। कृपया यहां आराम करें। मैं आपके लिए पानी की तलाश करता हूं।” संदीप वृद्ध साधु के लिए पानी तलाशने के लिए निकल पड़ा। वह एक घण्टे के बाद पानी लेकर लौटा। वृद्ध साधु ने पानी पिया और संदीप को आशीर्वाद दिया, “पुत्र, ईश्वर तुम्हारा भला करे! तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।”

संदीप प्रसन्न हो गया। साधु ने उसे रस्सी का एक टुकड़ा दिया। संदीप खुश हो गया। वह जानता था कि उसे उपहार मिलने वाला है। वृद्ध साधु मुस्कराया और कहा, “यह एक जादुई रस्सी है। यह तुम्हारी दो इच्छाएं पूरी करेगी। अब मांगो।”
संदीप प्रसन्न था, “मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।” “प्रदान किया।” एक सुन्दर घर प्रकट हो गया। साधु ने आगे कहा, “तुम्हारी दूसरी इच्छा क्या है ? ” संदीप ने उत्सुकता से कहा, “एक खेत!” “प्रदान किया!” एक खेत न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गया। संदीप की खुशी का ठिकाना न रहा।

तब वृद्ध साधु ने कहा, “मुझे वचन दो कि जब कभी भी कोई गरीब आदमी तुमसे खाने के लिए कुछ मांगेगा तो तुम इंकार नहीं करोगे।”
युवक ने कहा, “यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है। वह चावल, गेहूं, सब्जियां, फल में से किसी भी चीज़ की इच्छा प्रकट करेगा, मैं इंकार नहीं करूंगा।” वृद्ध साधु मुस्कराया, अपना वचन मत तोड़ना।”

संदीप ने वचन देते हुए कहा, “मैं ऐसा नहीं करूंगा।” बूढ़ा साधु अपनी यात्रा पर निकल पड़ा। कुछ दिनों के बाद संदीप ने अपने भाइयों से मिलने का निश्चय किया क्योंकि उसे उनकी याद आ रही थी। घर, गायें, मुर्गी फ़ार्म और उसके भाई सब गायब हो चुके थे। वह उन्हें ढूंढ़ नहीं सका। जब वह वहां खड़ा था आश्चर्यचकित था, उसने साधु को अपनी ओर आते देखा। साधु ने उसे बताया, “तुम्हारे भाइयों ने अपना वचन नहीं निभाया। उन्होंने ग़रीबों और जरूरतमंदों की मदद नहीं की। इसलिए जो कुछ भी उन्हें दिया गया था, छिन गया। तुम अपने वचन पर खरे उतरे। इसलिए जब तक तुम अपने वचन को याद रखोगे, आनंद करते रहोगे।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. A rich farmer summoned his three lazy sons.
एक अमीर किसान ने अपने तीन आलसी पुत्रों को बुलाया।

2. I have grown old.
मैं बूढ़ा हो चुका हूँ।

3. I own three fields and three houses.
मेरे पास तीन खेत और तीन घर हैं।

4. The three sons were surprised.
तीनों पुत्र हैरान थे।

5. I want three of you to find some work.
मैं चाहता हूँ कि तुम तीनों कोई काम ढूंढ़ो।

6. The three brothers set out in search of work.
तीनों भाई काम की तलाश में निकल पड़े।

7. The sage ate it happily..
साधु ने खुशी-खुशी उसे खा लिया।

8. The sage gave him a piece of cloth.
साधु ने उसे कपड़े का एक टुकड़ा दिया।

9. It’s a magic cloth.
यह एक जादुई कपड़ा है।

10. I want a big house.
मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।

11. The old sage looked sad and worried.
वृद्ध साधु उदास और चिंतित दिखाई देने दिया।

12. I’ll carry you on my back.
मैं आपको अपनी पीठ पर ले जाऊंगा।

13. Here is a gift for you.
तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।

14. A poultry farm appeared out of nowhere
एक मुर्गी पालन फ़ार्म न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गया।

15. I know you are tired.
मैं जानता हूँ कि तुम थके हुए हो।

16. It’s a gentleman’s promise.
यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है।

17. The old sage set out on his journey.
बूढ़ा साधु अपनी यात्रा पर निकल पड़ा।

18. You were as good as your word.
तुम अपने वचन पर खरे उतरे।

English Guide for Class 8 PSEB Prose

• Value of Money Question Answer
• The Aged Mother Question Answer
• Saint Ravidas Ji Question Answer
• The Old Sage and the Brothers Question Answer
• The Punjab: A Glimpse Question Answer
• Charge for Love Question Answer
• Safety While Driving Question Answer
• Marco Polo Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 6 Charge for Love Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Chapter 6 Charge for Love Question Answers

Charge for Love Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.
1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

sign board	advertise	intention	set about
sweat	handful	delight	stirring
hobbling	veterinarian	hip socket	brace
twisted	crippled	worth	cents

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2.

Write the meaning of the following phrasal verbs from their context in the given space.

Activity 3

Choose the correct option to answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What did the shop owner write on the sign board ?
(a) ‘Come and Buy Puppies’
(b) Free Puppies
(c) Looking For My Lost Puppy
(d) ‘Puppies for Sale’
Answer:
(d) ‘Puppies for Sale’.

Question 2.
What was the name of the mother of the puppies ?
(a) Holly
(b) Dolly
(c) Paula
(d) Peppy.
Answer:
(b) Dolly.

Question 3.
How many puppies were there to choose from?
(a) three
(b) five
(c) four
(d) one.
Answer:
(b) five.

Question 4.
Which puppy did the boy pick ?
(a) the one with black and white spots
(b) the one with a limp
(c) the one with shaky eyes
(d) the one with big ears.
Answer:
(b) the one with a limp.

Question 5.
Why did the boy pick the puppy with a limp ?
(a) He could empathize with its condition.
(b) The shop owner said he’d give it for free.
(c) He thought it was very cute.
(d) The puppy showed him more affection.
Answer:
(d) The puppy showed him more affection.

Question 6.
Why did the shop owner want the boy to take the puppy for free?
(a) He felt that he should not put a price on love.
(b) He felt that the boy was too small to pay.
(c) The puppy would be a burden on him due to its limp.
(d) He thought that he would have to spend a lot of money on its regular treatment.
Answer:
(d) He felt that he should not put a price on love.

Activity 4.

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who approached the owner of the shop ?
दुकान मालिक के पास कौन गया ?
Answer:
A little boy approached the owner of the shop.

Question 2.
What was the owner charging for healthy puppies ?
दुकान मालिक स्वस्थ पिल्लों का कितना मूल्य ले रहा था ?
Answer:
For healthy puppies the owner was charging from $ 30 to $.50 dollars.

Question 3.
How much money did the boy have ?
लड़के के पास कितने पैसे थे ?
Answer:
The boy had 2.37 dollars.

Question 4.
What problem did the lame puppy have ?
लंगड़े पिल्ले को क्या समस्या थी ?
Answer:
The lame puppy could neither run nor play.

Question 5.
Which puppy was chosen by the little boy and why?
लड़के ने कौन-सा पिल्ला चुना और क्यों ?
Answer:
The boy chose crippled puppy because it showed him more affection.

Question 6.
Why did the shop owner agree to give the puppy for free?
दुकान मालिक पिल्ला मुफ्त में देने को क्यों तैयार हो गया ?
Answer:
He agreed to this because there is no charge for love.

Activity 5.

Put a tick (✓) or a cross (✗) against each sentence.

1. The shop owner wanted to sell kittens. ( )
2. The shop owner wanted to sell puppies. ( )
3. The boy was an athlete and needed a pet to exercise with. ( )
4. One of the puppies was blind. ( )
5. The boy had enough money to buy four pets. ( )
6. The shop owner insisted that the boy might take the puppy for free. ( )
7. The boy had a crippled leg. ( )
8. The boy initially came looking for a horse. ( )
Answer:
1. ✗
2. ✓
3. ✗
4.✗
5. ✗
6. ✓
7. ✓
8. ✗

Comprehension Passage

Dengue is a viral disease. It spreads through the bite of an Aedes mosquito. This mosquito breeds in stagnant water kept in buckets, coolers, pots, etc. Therefore, we must empty all the buckets, coolers, pots so that the larvae of the Aedes mosquito is not able to breed around us. Also, when the mosquito bites a person suffering from dengue, the dengue virus enters the blood of that mosquito. After about one week, when this mosquito bites a healthy person, the dengue virus enters the blood of that person and infects him. The platelet count of that person goes very low. Other symptoms of dengue usually begin to show four to six days after infection. The symptoms last for up to ten days. The symptoms are :

• sudden high fever
• severe headache
• pain behind the eyes
• severe joint and muscle pain
• fatigue
• nausea
• vomiting
• skin rash which appears two to five days after the onset of fever
• mild bleeding (such as nose bleeding, bleeding gums or easy bruising)

You should therefore rest, drink plenty of fluids and see your doctor regularly. The doctor can diagnose dengue infection with a blood test. The best way to prevent the disease is to prevent mosquito bites by wearing long sleeves clothes so that the infected mosquito is unable to bite.

Activity 6.

Answer the following questions on the basis of the above passage.

1. How does dengue spread ?
2. How can you prevent dengue ?
3. What are the symptoms of dengue ?
4. Choose the correct option:
(a) The symptoms of dengue last upto …………… days
(i) two to five
(ii) upto ten
(iii) upto eight
(iv) four to six.

(b) The symptoms of dengue are :
(i) high fever
(ii) severe headache
(iii) fatigue
(iv) all of these.
Answer:
1. Dengue spreads through the bite of Aedes mosquito.
2. We can prevent dengue by not allowing the Aedes mosquito to breed around us. We should also save ourselves.
3. The symptoms are :

• sudden high fever
• severe headache
• pain behind the eyes
• severe joint pain and muscle pain
• fatigue
• nausea
• vomitting
• skin rash which appears two to five days after the onset of fever.
• mild bleeding (nose bleeding or gums bleeding).

4.
(a) (i) two to five.
(b) (iv) all of these.

Learning Language

Past Tense and Future Tense

In this chapter, we will continue with tenses. In the previous chapter, we did the Present tense. Now let’s look at Past tense and Future tense.

Past Tense

The Simple Past Tense or the Past Indefinite is used :

(a) to express that something was done or took place in the past time
Usually adverbs and adverb phrases like ‘yesterday’, ‘ago’, ‘last week’, “last month’, ‘last year’, etc. are associated with Simple Past Tense. For example :

• I saw him yesterday.
• He passed the exam last year.
• She was born in 1990.
• He died in 1992.

(b) to express a habitual action in the past, for example :

• As a child I played cricket.
• I was the captain of my team.

(c) to express an action actually going on at the past time stated, for example :

• While they bathed (were bathing), we fished (were fishing).

Past Continuous Tense

It is used to indicate that the action was still going on in the past time referred to. For example :

• When we reached there, she was singing.
• When you arrived, they were having lunch.
• She was cooking when the telephone rang.

Past Perfect:

Tenselt is used to denote an action which had been completed at some point in the past time before another action was commenced. For example :

• The train had left when we reached the station.
• The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
• The sun had set before we reached home.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

It is used to indicate that an action had continued for a certain time previous to the point of time named

• We had been waiting for you for two hours when you came.
• I had been writing for an hour when you came to see me.

Activity 7.

Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense forms of the words given in the brackets :

Bahadur Singh smiled. He tossed his revolver in the air and …………….. (catch) it by the handle. He …………….. (take) a careful aim at an empty sardine can and ……………… (fire) another six shots. The bullets ……………. (go) through into the earth kicking up whiffs of dust. His Alsatian dog …………….. (begin) to bark with excitement. He ……………. (leap) up with a growl and ……………… (run) down the canal embankment. He …………… (sniff) at the tin and ………………. (take) it up in his mouth and ……..10…… (run) back with it and ……………… (lay) it at his master’s feet.
Answer:
1. caught 2. took, 3. fired, 4. went, 5. began, 6. leapt, 7. ran, 8. sniffed, 9. took, 10. ran, 11. laid.

Activity 8.

Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect forms of the verbs given in the brackets.

1. I ………….. an elephant on the way back home. (see)
2. Did he ……………… a letter to his father ? (write)
3. He ……………… to read when he was three. (learn)
4. When I saw him, he …………. a blue shirt. (wear)
5. ……………… they ……………… out yesterday ? (go)
6. The scooter …………….. a lot of money. (cost)
7. The First World War …………….. in 1919. (end)
8. When I met Aradhya, she ……………… at the bus stop. (wait)
9. Reema . ……….. first in the last test. (not stand)
10. Children ……………. away when they ……………. the policeman. (run, see)
11. The plane ………………. when we reached the airport. (leave )
12. Ramesh …………….. home when I phoned him. (return)
13. …………….. he ……………… his old car before he bought a new one ? (sell).
14. The children ……………… before I came home. (sleep).
15. The film had already begun when we ……………… the theatre. (reach)
16. The teacher … the book before the examination began. (finish)
17. The robber had run away before the police ………………. . (come)
18. Tom ……………… sleepy after having a good lunch. (feel)
19. I …………….. the message before you came. (receive)
20. He ………………. for India last year. (play)
Answer:
1. saw
2. was, writing
3. learnt
4. was wearing
5. Did, go
6. cost
7. ended
8. was waiting
9. did not stand
10. run, saw
11. had left
12. had returned
13. Had, sold
14. had slept
15. reached
16. had finished
17. came
18. felt
19. had received
20. played.

Future Tense

Simple Future Tense:

It denotes an action that is about to take place or an action that will take place in the future. For example :

• I shall do it now. (at once, immediately)
• We shall go there next week.
• Vandana will come here at 6 o’clock.

Future Continuous Tense:

It denotes an action going on at some point in the future timė.
For example :

• She will be singing then.
• I shall be taking my examination tomorrow at this time.

Future Perfect Tense:

It denotes that an action will be completed at some point of time in the future. For example :

• I shall have done my work before you come.
• The play will have begun before you get to the theatre.
• They will have spent all their money by then.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

It indicates that the action, whether finished or unfinished will have been in progress for sometime.
For example :

• We shall have been playing for three hours when you come here.
• Ashok will have been living in Japan for 10 years.

Activity 9

Put the verbs into the correct form (Simple Future).

Use ‘will. Ashu asked a fortune teller about her future. Here is what he told her :

1. You …………… (earn) a lot of money.
2. You ………………. (travel) around the world.
3. You ……………… (meet) lots of interesting people.
4. Everybody ……………… (adore) you.
5. You ….. (not / have) any problems.
6. Many people …………….. (serve) you.
7. They …………….. (anticipate) your wishes.
8. There ……………… (not / be) anything left to wish for.
9. Everything ……………… (be) perfect.
10. But all these things …………….. (happen) only if you marry me.
Answer:
1. will earn
2. will travel
3. will meet
4. will adore
5. will not have
6. will. serve
7. will anticipate
8. will be not
9. will be
10. will happen.

Activity 10.

Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verb given in the brackets.

1. I was not feeling well. So I ……………. much. (not eat)
2. It was so cold at Almora, even water in the taps ……………… (freeze)
3. She assures me that she ………………. me in my work. (help).
4. We ……………… to Mumbai last week. (go)
5. I …………….. Bihar before the earthquake occurred. (leave)
6. He . …… home before the sun sets. (reach)
7. Dinesh ………………. if you invite him. (come)
8. At this time next Monday we ………….. your birthday. (celebrate)
9. When she visits school next month, I ………………. there for 10 years. (teach)
10. The inter school hockey tournament ……………. next Monday. (begin)
Answer:
1. will not eat
2. freeze
3. will help
4. went
5. had left
6. will have reached
7. will come
8. will be celebrating
9. will have been teaching
10. begins/will begin.

Learning to Listen

Activity 11.

You will listen to a voicemail message on your father’s mobile phone. Your father is in Delhi and has forgotten to take his mobile phone. He has another mobile phone with him. Make notes of what you hear. Expand the notes into a proper message that you will send him on his other mobile phone.

Main points of Voicemail Message	Text Message
Mohan Kumar from Bell Digital
Some of our products in the market
Demon in your office
Call when back
Phone No…………….
Send your e-mail
New brochure prices will be sent

I wanted to give you some information about our new products. We would like to give a demonstration of our new products in your office. Could you please call me when you are back in the office ? My phone number is 0-6-0-8-6-5-2-7-8-2-0.

Also, can you please send me your e-mail ? I would send you the new brochure of our company and information about our prices. My e-mail address is Mohan, that’s M-O-H-AN dot K-U-M-A-R at B-E-L-L hyphen D-I-G-I-T-A-L- dot com.

Learning to Speak

Activity 12.

Look at the pictures of food given below. These foods are from different countries. Identify the food and the country it comes from and speak 5 sentences on any one of the foods.

(Teachers must help students to identify the country, if required.)

Learning to Write

Activity 13.

Write a paragraph about the little boy of the story ‘Charge for Love’ to describe his character. You may write about.
1. his love for animals
2. his confidence
3. physical description
4. sympathetic nature
5. his understanding of self-worth.

The little boy is a kind hearted child. He has sympathetic nature. He is affectionate and loves animals. He himself is crippled. So he is very sympathetic toward the crippled puppy. He knows that there are no charges for love. Still he promises to pay the full price of the little dog. He is not ready to take it free of cost. Learning to Use the Language

Activity 14:

Rewrite a part of the story you have read in the form of a short dialogue between the shop owner and the little boy.

Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy Shop owner Little boy

Little boy: Are you selling your puppies ?
Shop owner: Yes son, do you want to buy a puppy?
Little boy: Yes, very much ! How much are you selling them for ?
Shop onwer: From 30 to 50 dollars each.
Little boy: But I have only 2.37 dollars and have a look on them with that.
Shop owner: With pleasure.
Little boy: Please call them out.
Shop owner: Here is Dolly with her four puppies.
Little boy: What is that stressing in the dog house?
Shop owner: It is a little puppy.
Little boy: Why is it hobbling and limpinge
Shop owner: It has no hip socket. It will only limp. It would always be loved.
Little boy: I want that one.
Shop owner: Why child. It will never play with you…
Little boy: Then look here. I am too lame and crippled. I see affection in its eyes.
Shop owner: You can take it free of cost.
Little boy: I will not. I will pay the full amount what it is worth. I can’t lower it price.

Comprehension Of Passages

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) A shop onwer had some puppies he wanted to sell. He painted a sign board to advertise his intention of selling the pups that said : ‘Puppies For Sale’. He set about nailing in on the wall. Boards like this always haye a way to attracting young children. As he was driving the last nail into the post. A boy saw the board and started walking towards the shop. He approached the owner and asked. “How much are you going to sell the puppies for ?”

The shop owner looked down into the eyes of the little boy “Well !” said the shop owner, as he wiped the sweat off the back of his neck. “These puppies come from fine parents and cost a good deal of money. So I will charge anywhere from $30 to $50 for each puppy.”

1. What did the shop owner want to sell ?
दुकान का मालिक क्या बेचना चाहता था ?

2. Why were the puppies costly, according to the shop owner ?
दुकानदार के अनुसार पिल्ले महंगे क्यों थे ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The shop owner did not attend the boy.
(b) The boy wanted to buy a pup.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) A boy saw the board and started walking …………..
(b) He set about nailing it ………………
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) A good deal	purpose
(ii) Intention	clear
	large

Answer.
1. The shop owner wanted to sell some puppies.
2. According to the shop owner, the puppies were costly because they were go the fine breed (नस्ल).
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) A boy saw the board and started walking towards the shop.
(b) He set about nailing it on the wall.
Or
(i) A good deal
(ii) Intention purpose

(2) The little boy pressed his face against the chain link fence. His eyes danced with delight. As the dogs made their way to the fence, the little boy noticed something else stirring inside the doghouse. Slowly, another little ball appeared; this one noticeably smaller.

Down the ramp it slid. Then in an awkward manner, the little pup began hobbling towards others, doing its best to catch up. Immediately the little boy singled out the hobbling and limping puppy and said, “What’s wrong with that little dog ?”

The shop owner explained that a veterinarian had examined the little puppy and discovered that it didn’t have a hip socket. It would always limp. It would always be lame.
“I want the one,” the little boy said, pointing the lame puppy.

The shop owner knelt down at the boy’s side and said, “Son, you want that puppy. It will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs would. So if you really want him, I’ll just give it to you.”

1. What did the little boy notice inside the dog house?
लड़के ने कुत्ता-घर के अन्दर क्या बात नोटिस की ?

2. What was wrong with the little pup ?
छोटे पिल्ले को क्या समस्या थी ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer book :
(a) The little pup slid down the ramp.
(b) The little boy wanted a healthy pup.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Slowly and little ball ……
(b) The little boy’s eyes danced with.
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) appeared	found
(ii) discovered	tested
	emerged.

Answer:
1. The little boy noticed something stirring inside the dog-house.
2. The pup had to hip-socked. So it was lame and could not walk properly.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Slowly another little ball appeared.
(b) The little boy’s eyes danced with delight.
Or
(i) appeared — emerged
(ii) discovered — found.

(3) With tears in his eyes, the shop owner reached down and picked up the little pup. Holding it carefully he handed it on the little boy.
“How much ?” said the little boy.
“No charge, as I said earlier,” answered the shop owner. “These can be no charge for love.”
The little boy got quite upset. He looked straight into the store owner’s eyes, and pointing his finger at him and said, “You are right. There is no charge for love but I cannot lower its wroth by taking it without charge as if it was less than other puppies because it may not run as fast as them. This little dog is worth every bit as much as all the other dogs. I don’t want you to give him to me free of cost. I’ll pay the full price. I’ll give you $2.37 now and 50 cents a month until I have paid in full.”

1. Why did the shop owner want to charge nothing for the little pup ?
दुकानदार छोटे पिल्ले का कुछ भी मूल्य क्यों नहीं लेना चाहता था ?

2. Did the boy buy the pup free of cost ?
क्या लड़के ने पिल्ला मुफ्त में खरीदा ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) They did not want to lower the worth of the pup.
(b) The boy paid $ 50 for the little pup.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The shop owner reached down and ….
(b) The little boy got ………..
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (Any two)
Revealed, Twisted, Straight.
Answer:
1. He said that there is no charge for love.
The boys wanted to buy that pup out of love.
2. No, he promised to pay its full price.
3.
(a) True
(b) False.
4.
(a) The shop owner reached down and picked up the little pup.
(b) The little boy got quite upset.
Or
revealed – showed, twisted – bent, straight – directly.

Use of words and phrases in sentences

1. Set about – (started) – He set about his work carefully.
2. Revealed – (came to light) – At last the truth was revealed.
3. Upset – (rejected) – He was upset when he lost his job.
4. Understand – (to know) – I don’t understand what you want.
5. Handful – (in a less quantity) – Please give me a handful of sugar.
6. Crippled – (disabled) – Many people became crippled in the war.
7. Wiped – (cleared) – He wiped dirt off his body.
8. Worth – (value) – What is this beautiful picture worth.
9. Stirring – (movement – I can see some stirring in the tree.
10. Delight – (joy) – Helping the needy gives me delight.

Word Meanings

Charge for Love Summary in Hindi

A shop owner……….. looked.” he said.
एक दुकानदार के पास कुछ पिल्ले (कुत्ते के बच्चे) थे। वह उन्हें बेचना चाहता था। उसने पिल्लों को बेचने की अपनी इच्छा जाहिर करने के लिए एक साइन बोर्ड बनाया। इसमें लिखा था ‘बिक्री के लिए पिल्ले’। वह इसे दीवार पर कीलों द्वारा लगाने के लिए चल पड़ा। इस प्रकार के बोर्ड सदा छोटे बच्चों को आकर्षित करते हैं। जैसे ही वह

विज्ञापन पर आखिरी कील गाढ़ रहा था, एक बच्चे ने बोर्ड को देखा और दुकान की ओर चल पड़ा। वह मालिक के पास पहुंचा और पूछा, “आप पिल्लों को कितने में बेचना चाहते हैं।” . दुकान के मालिक ने नीचे झुक कर छोटे बच्चे की आंखों में देखा। उसने अपनी गर्दन के पीछे से पसीना पोंछते हुए कहा, “तो सुनो! ये पिल्ले अच्छी नस्ल के हैं और ये काफी कीमती हैं।

इसलिए मैं प्रत्येक का लगभग 30 से 50 डालर के बीच मूल्य लूंगा। बच्चे ने एक क्षण के लिए अपना सिर नीचे कर लिया। तब उसने अपने जेब में नीचे तक हाथ डाला और मुट्ठी भर खुले पैसे निकाल कर दुकान मालिक को आगे बढ़ा दिए। वह बोला, “मेरे पास 2.37 डालर हैं। क्या ये उन्हें देखने भर के लिए काफी हैं ?”

“Sure, said the shop owner …………. that little dog” ?

दुकान मालिक ने कहा, “निस्संदेह ! उसने एक सीटी बजाई। उसने आवाज़ लगाई डॉली यहां आओ।” डॉली कुत्ता-घर से निकली और ढलान पर दौड़ते हुए आगे आई। उसके पीछे-पीछे चार छोटे-छोटे फर वाले गोले आए। – छोटे बच्चे ने अपना चेहरा चेन वाली बाड़ से दबा लिया। उसकी आंखों में खुशी छा गई। जैसे ही कुत्ते बाड़ की ओर चले, छोटे बच्चे का ध्यान-कुत्ता घर में होने वाली कुछ और हलचल पर गया।

धीरे-धीरे एक और छोटा गोला दिखाई दिया, यह काफ़ी छोटा था।वह ढलान पर सरकने लगा। फिर एक अजीब तरीके से वह छोटा पिल्ला लंगड़ाकर अपनी पूरी कोशिश के साथ दूसरों के साथ मिल जाने के लिए चल पड़ा।तुरंत ही छोटे बच्चे ने लंगड़ाते हुए और लड़खड़ाते पिल्ले को चुन लिया और कहा, “उस छोटे कुत्ते को क्या हुआ है ?”

The shop owner ………… a big metal brace.

दुकान मालिक ने विस्तार से बताया कि एक पशु-चिकित्सक ने छोटे पिल्ले की जांच की थी। उसे पता चला कि उसकी हिप सॉकेट नहीं है। यह सदा लंगड़ा कर चलेगा। यह सदा लंगड़ा रहेगा। छोटे बच्चे ने लंगड़े पिल्ले की ओर इशारा करते हुए कहा, “मुझे वही-चाहिए।” दुकान मालिक बच्चे की ओर झुका और बोला, “बेटे, तुम्हें वह पिल्ला चाहिए। यह कभी भी तुम्हारे साथ भाग और खेल नहीं सकेगा जैसा कि ये दूसरे कुत्ते कर सकेंगे। इसलिए यदि तुम्हें सच में यही चाहिए तो मैं तुम्हें ऐसे ही दे दूंगा।”

इसके साथ ही वह छोटा बच्चा बाड़ से पीछे हटा, नीचे आया और अपनी एक टांग की पतलून को ऊपर की ओर मोड़ने लगा। यह करते हुए उसने दिखाया कि उसकी टांग के दोनों ओर स्टील-ब्रेसं (पट्टी) को विशेष रूप से बनाए गए जूते से जोड़ा गया था। उस समय उसकी हैरानी और भी बढ़ गई जब छोटा बच्चा अपनी दूसरी टांग की पतलून को ऊपर मोड़ने लगा। वह अपनी बुरी तरह से मुड़ चुकी अपंग बाईं टांग जो कि एक बड़ी मेटल ब्रेस की मदद से जुड़ी हुई थी, दिखाना चाहता था।

Looking up at ……………… paid in full.”

दुकान मालिक को देखते हुए उसने कहा, “आपने देखा श्रीमान, मैं स्वयं ठीक ढंग से भाग नहीं सकता और इस असहाय छोटे पिल्ले को भी कोई चाहिए होगा जो उसे समझ सके।” दुकान मालिक की आंखों में आंसू आ गए, वह नीचे आया और उसने छोटे पिल्ले को उठाया। उसने उसे छोटे बच्चे को पकड़ाते हुए कहा, ध्यानपूर्वक पकड़ना। छोटे बच्चे ने कहा, “कितने?” दुकान मालिक ने उत्तर दिया, “जैसा कि मैंने पहले कहा था कोई मोल नहीं। प्यार का कोई मोल नहीं।”

छोटा बच्चा परेशान हो उठा। उसने सीधा स्टोर मालिक की आंखों में देखा और उसकी ओर अंगुली करके कहा, “आप ठीक कह रहे हैं। प्यार का कोई मोल नहीं होता। परन्तु मैं इसको बिना मोल के लेकर इसका महत्त्व कम नहीं करना चाहता क्योंकि यह दूसरे पिल्लों के जैसे तेज़ नहीं भाग सकता। इस छोटे कुत्ते का उतना ही महत्त्व है जितना अन्य सभी कुत्तों का है। मैं नहीं चाहता कि आप इसे मुझे बिना मूल्य के दे दो। मैं इसका पूरा मूल्य दूंगा। मैं 2.37 डालर आपको अभी दूंगा और 50 सेंट हर महीने दूंगा जब तक कि मैं इसका पूरा मूल्य न दे दूं।”

Retranslation from english to hindi

1. A shop owner wanted to sell some puppies. — दुकानदार कुछ पिल्ले बेचना चाहता था।
2. He set about nailing it on the wall. — वह इसे दीवार पर कीलों द्वारा लगाने के लिए चल पड़ा।
3. These puppies come from fine parents. — ये पिल्ले अच्छी नस्ल के हैं।
4. The boy dropped his head for a moment. — बच्चे ने एक क्षण भर के लिए अपना सिर नीचे कर लिया।
5. He pulled out a handful of change. — उसने मुट्ठी भर खुले पैसे निकाले।
6. Is that enough to take a look ? — क्या ये उन्हें देखने भर के लिए काफी हैं ?
7. He let out a whistle. — उसने सीटी बजाई।
8. His eyes danced with delight. — उसकी आंखों में खुशी छा गई।
9. The little boy noticed something else stirring inside the doghouse. — छोटे बच्चे का ध्यान कुत्ता-घर में होने वाली किसी अन्य हलचल पर गया।
10. Down the ramp it slid. — वह ढलान पर सरकने लगा।
11. It didn’t have a hip socket. — उसकी हिप सॉकेट नहीं है।
12. It would always be lame. — यह सदा लंगड़ा कर चलेगा।
13. It will never be able to run and play with you — यह कभी भी तुम्हारे साथ भाग और खेल नहीं सकेगा।
14. The little boy got quite upset. — छोटा बच्चा परेशान हो उठा।
15. I don’t want you to give him to me free of cost.– मैं नहीं चाहता कि आप इसे मुझे बिना मूल्य के दे दो।

English Guide for Class 8 PSEB Prose

• Value of Money Question Answer
• The Aged Mother Question Answer
• Saint Ravidas Ji Question Answer
• The Old Sage and the Brothers Question Answer
• The Punjab: A Glimpse Question Answer
• Charge for Love Question Answer
• Safety While Driving Question Answer
• Marco Polo Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 1 Value of Money Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Chapter 1 Value of Money Question Answers

Value of Money Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

नोटः

1. विद्यार्थी Lesson के आरंभ मे दिए गएा Word – Meaning पढे
2. Pronunciation के लिए अपने अध्यापक से निर्देश लें।
3. दिए गए शब्दों की Spellings याद करें और इन्हें बार-बार सीखने का अभ्यास करें।

processor	intrigue	review	feature	ultimate
limitations	consumerist	obsessed	storage	investing

Activity 2.

Given below are a few words. Write them in the order as they appear in a dictionary.

1. Market
2. realized
3. decided
4. value
5. money
6. ultimate
7. moment
8. storage
9. arrange
10. machine
11. technology
12. consumerist
13. excited
14. faster
15. account
16. investing
17. pollution
18. disaster
19. persuade
20. prepare
Answer:
1. account
2. arrange
3. consumerist
4. decided
5. disaster
6. excited
7. faster
8. investing
9. machine
10. market
11. moment
12. money
13. persuade
14. pollution
15. prepare
16. realized
17. storage
18. technology
19. ultimate
20. value.

Activity 3.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Answer the following questions.
a. What made the narrator unhappy ?
वक्ता किस बात से नाखुश थी ?
Answer:
The limitations of her computer against Bell computer made the narrator unhappy.

b. What was the narrator obessed with ?
वक्ता पर किस बात की सनक सवार थी ?
Answer:
The narrator was obessed with doing more work and earning more money.

c. What were the two features of Bell Computer that were being advertised on TV?
टी.वी. पर बेल कम्प्यूटर की किन विशेषताओं का विज्ञापन आ रहा था ?
Answer:
(i) It has the fastest processor.
(ii) It has very high storage.

d. What offer did the parents give to the narrator ?
वक्ता को माता-पिता ने क्या पेशकश दी ?
Answer:
The parents offered her to earn money by doing house jobs.

e. Which two things did the narrator do to complete the chores ?.
काम पूरे करने के लिए वक्ता ने क्या दो काम किए ?
Answer:
(i) She started getting up early. :
(ii) She started doing her work quickly.

f. What happened when the narrator went to the store to order the computer she wanted ?
जब अपनी पसंद के कम्प्यूटर का ऑर्डर देने के लिए वक्ता स्टोर पर गई तो क्या हुआ ?
Answer:
She found that a new model was coming out soon. It was even faster and had double the storage.

g. Why did she decide against buying the computer she was obessed with ?
वक्ता ने अपनी सनक का कम्प्यूटर न खरीदने का फ़ैसला क्यों किया ?
Answer:
She decided not to buy that computer because she had learned the value of money. Buying the computer she wanted meant the waste of money because of the fast changing technology.

h. Why did the Bell employee advise the narrator to wait for a few more days ?
बेल कम्पनी के कर्मचारियों ने वक्ता को कुछ और दिन इन्तज़ार करने की सलाह क्यों दी ?
Answer:
They advised the narrator to wait for a few days because a new model of the computer was coming out soon.

Activity 4.

Identify the speaker and the listener.

(a) “Oh, you don’t need to buy that one. We have another one coming out soon. It is even faster and has double the storage.”
Answer:
Speaker : employee at the Bell center.
Listener : the narrator.

(b) “Please dad ! Is there anything else you need help with ?”
Answer:
Speaker : the narrator
Listener : narrator’s father.

(c) “Give me more chores !”
Answer:
Speaker : the narrator
Listener : the narrator’s father.

Activity 5.

Think and discuss with your partner the given scenario.
“Oh you don’t need to buy that one. We have another one coming out soon. It is even faster and has double the storage.”

Do you think

(a) It was wise of the narrator to put her money in a savings account ? Why/why not?
Answer:
Yes, it was really wise of her because it enabled her to save her hard earned money.

(b) It would have been wiser of the narrator to work for two more months and buy the newer model of the computer ? Why/Why not?
Answer:
No, it was not wise. The models of machine go on changing with fast changing technology

(c) It is advisable for fourteen year old to overwork herself/himself as the narrator did ? Why/Why not?
Answer:
Doing overwork is bad as it tells upon ( बुरा प्रभाव डालता है) one’s health.

Learning Language

The Sentence

A sentence to a group of words which makes complete sense. Here are some examples :
पूरा अर्थ देने वाला शब्द-समूह वाक्य कहलाता है। यहां कुछ उदाहरण दिए हैं :
(a) Ram is going to school.
(b) Do not spit on the floor.
(c) What is your name?
(d) May God bless you !
(e) What a fine morning!
The examples above are complete sentences because each of these makes complete sense.

Forms of Sentences.
Sentences can be classified (वर्गीकरण) into five important types according to the functions they perform.
They are :

• Assertive Sentence
• Interrogative Sentence
• Imperative Sentence
• Exclamatory Sentence
• Optative Sentence

Assertive Sentence : An Assertive sentence is the one that makes a statement or assertion. It may be affirmative (positive) or negative. An Assertive sentence ends with a period (full stop).
कथन वाला वाक्य Assertive Sentence कहलाता है| यह Positive या Negative कोई भी हो सकता है।
Examples :

• We love our country. (Affirmative)
• She speaks the truth. (Affirmative)
• I do not like this picture. (Negative)
• Rakesh does not smoke. (Negative)

An Assertive sentence is sometimes also called a Declarative sentence or a statement.

Interrogative Sentence : An Interrogative sentence is the one which asks a question.
(प्नरन पूछने वाला वाक्य)
Examples :

• Where is my book ?
• Why do you scold the child ?
• Did he learn his lesson ?

Imperative Sentence : An Imperative sentence is the one which expresses a command, a request, an advice or an entreaty.
Examples :
(a) Shut the front door. — (command)
(b) Find my leather jacket. — (command)
(c) Clean your room. — (command)
(d) Wait for me. — (entreaty)
(e) Get out! — (command)
(f) Make sure you pack warm clothes. — (advice)
(g) Please be quiet. — (request/entreaty)
(h) Be nice to your friends. — (advice)
(i) Sit down. — (command)
(j) Please help. — (request)
(k) Help the poor. — (advice)
(l) Do pay us a visit some time. — (entreaty)

Exclamatory Sentence: An Exclamatory sentence makes a statement that conveys some sudden strong emotion or excitement. मन के अकस्मात् भाव व्यक्त करने वाला वाक्य
Examples :
(a) Hey! I have got the film tickets.
(b) What a fine hit!
(c) How beautiful the flower is !
(d) Happy birthday, Amit !
(e) Thank you, Shashi !
(f) I hate you !
(g) Ice cream and sundaes are my favourite !

Optative Sentence : An Optative sentence expresses a prayer, keen wish, curse etc. This kind of sentence generally starts with ‘may’ or ‘wish’. Sometimes, ‘may remains hidden. (प्रार्थना, मनोकामना, श्राप, आदि भाव व्यक्त करने वाला वाक्य)
Examples :
(a) May you live long !
(b) Long live the king !
(c) May you live long enough to see your grandchildren prosper!
(d) May God bless us all!
(e) May you all succeed !
(f) May God give you good health !
(g) Wish you a very successful married life !
(h) Wish you a happy journey together!
(i) May you win the race !

Activity 6.

Read the sentences given below and state which type of sentences they are in the given space.

Answer:
(a) He plays fooball —- (Affirmative)
(b) She does not live here. —- (Assertive)
(e) Please help me. —- (Imperative)
(ci) May you grow wiser! —- (Optative)
(e) Do you play? —- (Interrogative)
(J) How brave he is! —- (Exclamatory)
(ç) Always speak the truth. —- (Imperative)
(h) Who does not love his country? —- (Interrogative)
(1) How ugly the camel is! —- (Exclamatory)
(i) Does he come here daily? —- (Interrogative)
(k) Leave his place. —- (Imperative)
(1) May you live long! —- (Optative)
(m) Has he come here ? —- (Interrogative)
(n) May you succeed! —- (Optative)
(o) The earth moves round the sun. —- (Assertive)
(p) I wish you were rich! —- (Optative)
(q) Where is your pen ? —- (Interrogative)
(r) I wish I were a King! —- (Optative)
(s) What a pity ! You missed your chance. —- (Exclamatory)

Assertive and Interrogative Sentences

Study the give ahead sentences carefully and note how Declarative sentences have been changed into Interrogative sentences.

Assertive (Declarative)	Interrogative (Question)
1. The cow is eating grass.	Is the cow eating grass ?
2. I am writing a book.	Am I writing a book ?
3. The Germans were merching into Belgium.	Were the Germans marching into Belgium ?
4. Meena was writing a letter.	Was Meena writing a letter ?
5. They were being questioned.	Were they being questioned ?
6. The train started at ten.	Did the train start at ten ?
7. I got an e-mail from my son in New York.	Did I get an e-mail from my son in New  York ?
8. She sings well.	Does she sing well ?
9. They have studied very hard.	Have they studied very hard ?
10. They play a match.	Do they play a match ?
11. I shall leave for Mumbai tomorrow.	Shall I leave for Mumbai tomorrow ?
12. You should speak the truth.	Should you speak the truth ?
13. He can run a mile in four minutes.	Can he run a mile in four minutes ?
14. We shall discuss the matter with the Principal.	Shall we discuss the matter with the Principal ?
15. He should pay the fee in time.	Should he pay the fee in time ?
16. The mother looks after her child.	Does the mother look after her child ?
17. Idle boys shirk work.	Do idle boys shirk work ?
18. We go to the fair with our friends.	Do we go to the fair with our friends ?
19. A goat grazes in the field.	Does a goat graze in field ?
20. We do not quarrel with our class fellows.	Do we not quarrel with our class fellows ?

Activity 7.

Change the following Affirmative (Declarative) sentences into Interrogative sentences.

1. He is clever. — Is he clever ?
2. He was simple. — Was he simple ?
3. Ram was feeling tired. — Was Ram feeling tired ?
4. Sita was angry. — Was Sita angry?
5. They were good friends. — Were they good friends?
6. He painted the door blue. — Did he paint the door blue ?
7. He has three pencils. — Has he three pencils ?
8. We had a good time there. — Had we a good time there?
9. I have to do it. — Have I to do it?
10. Sohan had finished his work. — Had Sohan finished his work ?
11. I shall go there tomorrow — Shall I go there tomorrow ?
12. He will play a match. — Will he play a match ?
13. I can do it. — A Can I do it?
14. He may help you. — May he help you ?
15. The sun does not shine at night. — Does the sun not shine at night?

Activity 8.

Convert the following Interrogative sentences into Assertive (Declarative) sentences.

1. Are you on leave today? — You are on leave today.
2. Was the train late ? — The train was late.
3. Were the boys not lazy? — The boys were not lazy.
4. Am I strong? — I am strong
5. Is your sister ill ? — You sister is ill.
6. Has it been raining since morning ? — It has been raining since morning.
7. Have you fulfilled your promise ? — You have fulfilled your promise.
8. Has he taken the test ? — She has taken the test.
9. Had you seen this picture ? — You had seen the picture.
10. Did he come by train yesterday? — He came by train yesterday.
11. Can you travel fifty miles a day? — You can travel fifty miles a day.
12. Should I stick to my promise ? — I should stick to my promise.
13. Does the watchman keep watch over — The watchman keeps watch over the house? the house.
14. Do you pray to God everyday? — You pray to God everyday.

Positive and Negative Sentences

Study the following sentences and note how Positive sentences have been changed into Negative sentences :

Positive	Negative
1. I am a student.	I am not a student.
2. It is a garland.	It is not a garland.
3. We are tourists.	We are not tourists.
4. The mango was sweet.	The mango was not sweet.
5. The knives were sharp.	The knives were not sharp.
6. You can win the game.	You cannot (can’t) win the game.
7. We must help him.	We must not help him.
8. She may resign from her post.	She may not resign from her post.
9. You should follow this path.	You should not follow this path.
10. I may be dropped out of the team.	I may not be dropped out of the team.
11. I have learnt my lesson.	I have not learnt my lesson.
12. They had reached there.	They had not reached there.
13. He has written a book.	He has not written a book.
14. We had a dog.	We did not (didn’t) have a dog.
15. I have a book.	I do not (don’t) have a book.

Activity 9.

Change the following Positive sentences into their Negative form.

1. This dress is very costly. — This dress is not very costly.
2. His neighbour was quite well yesterday. — His neighbour was not quite well yesterday.
3. Your friends were good to me. — Your friends were not good to me.
4. Shyam has a lotus in his hand. — Shyam does not have lotus in his hand.
5. I have a horse. — I have no horse.
6. I have seen this picture. — I have not seen this picture.
7. You have corrected me. — You have not corrected me.
8. The cattle graze in the pasture. — The cattle don’t graze in the pasture.
9. I get up early in the morning. — I don’t get up early in the morning.
10. We saw a snake in the grass.— We saw no snake in the grass.

Note : You can also use the shortened forms as ‘weren’t’ in place of ‘were not’, ‘isn’t’ in place of‘is not’, ‘wasn’t’ in place of‘was not’, ‘don’t’ in place of‘do not’, ‘didn’t’ in place of‘did not’, ‘doesn’t’ in place of‘does not’, ‘can’t’ in place of‘cannot’, etc. These shortened forms are generally used in conversation i.e. Spoken English.

Activity 10.

Convert the following Negative sentences into their Positive form.

1. Sohan is not an idle boy. — Sohan is an idle boy
2. I do not have an umbrella with me. — I have an umbrella with me.
3. He may not play well today. — He may play well today.
4. She cannot tell a lie. — She can tell a lie.
5. I must not take this medicine. — I must take this medicine
6. He does not take this risk. — He takes this risk.
7. Do not strike the match. — Strike the match.
8. Do not let him go. — Let him go.
9. Do not keep my book. — Keep my book
10. They did not catch the evening train. — They caught the evening train.

Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences

Study the following sentences carefully and note how Exclamatory sentences have been changed into Assertive sentences :

Exclamatory	Assertive
1. What a lovely scene !	It is a very lovely scene.
2. Long live our leader !	We wish that our leader may live long.
3. Alas ! I shall never be able to see him again.	It is very sad that I shall never be able to see him again.
4. Hurrah ! We have won the match.	We are very happy that we have won the match.
5. What a pity ! You have been wasting opportunities.	It is very sad that you have been wasting opportunities.
6. Alas ! The soldier died fighting.	It is sad that the soldier died fighting.
7. How hot it is today !	It is very hot today.
8. Death to the traitors !	The traitors must be punished with death.
9. How glad I am that you have come !	I am very glad that you have come.
10. What a disgrace for the family !	It is a big disgrace for the family.

Activity 11:

Change the following Exclamatory sentences into Assertive sentences

1. Bravo! You have done well. — It is brave of you to do the well.
2. Alas! The soldiers died at Galwan — It is sad that the soldiers died at Galwan Valley.
3. How beautiful the scenery is ! — The scenery is very beautiful.
4. How foolish I had been ! — I have been very foolish.
5. What a disaster the earthquake is ! — The earthquake is a big disaster.
6. How stiff the paper is ! — The paper is very stiff.
7. May God reward this act of yours ! — We wish that God may reward this act of yours.
8. What a terrible storm it is! — It is a very terrible storm.
9. Wonderful! I have never seen anything like this earlier — It is really wonderful to see such a thing.
10. May God pardon this sinner — We very much wish that God may pardon this sinner.

Activity 12:

Change the following Assertive sentences into Exclamatory sentences.
Answer:
1. He is truly noble. — 1. How noble he is !
2. This is indeed a great pleasure. — 2. What a pleasure !
3. It is very kind of you to help him — 3. What a kindness to help him like that. like it!
4. I wish I were young again. — 4. Oh! I were young again.
5. It is a very wonderful opportunity. — 5. What a wonderful opportunity!
6. It is a bitterly cold morning. — 6. What a cold morning!
7. It was an extremely delightful — 7. How delightful the party was ! party.
8. She danced very beautifully. — 8. How beautifully she danced !
9. I wish I had never met you. — 9. Would that I had never met you.
10. It is stupid of me to forget your name. — 10. How stupid ! I have forgotten your name.

Activity 13:

Listen to your teacher-talking about birds. Your teacher will read the text twice. Complete the following table and answer the question that follows while listening to the passage the second time.

First Listening

Answer:

Second Listening Question :
Why are birds referred to as the friends of farmers’?
Answer:
They are friends of farmers because they eat the unuseful insects from the fields. If they don’t eat them they will spoil their crops.

Learning to Speak (Pairwork)

Activity 14.

Work with your partner. You will play the roles of a shop owner and a customer. Both of you will ask and answer the questions asked during the conversation. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation and then continue.

Shop owner : How may I help you ?
Customer : I need to buy some biscuits and ice cream.
Shop owner : Which biscuits do you want ?
Customer : I want good cream biscuits. Which ones do you have ?
Shop owner : I have Little Magic biscuits.
Customer : Little Magic ? Never heard of them!
Shop owner : Oh, they are chocolate biscuits with vanilla and strawberry cream.
Customer : That sounds interesting! I think I will buy some.
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Customer : …………………………..
Shop owner : …………………………..
Answer:
Shop owner : How may I help you ?
Customer : I need to buy some biscuits and ice cream.
Shop owner : Which biscuits do you want ?
Customer : I want good cream biscuits. Which ones do you have ?
Shop owner : I have Little Magic biscuits.
Customer : Little Magic ? Never heard of them!
Shop owner : Oh, they are chocolate biscuits with vanilla and strawberry cream.
Customer : That sounds interesting! I think I will buy some.
Shop owner : How much do you want to buy?
Customer : Two or three packets.
Shop owner : Don’t worry. They are not very costly.
Customer : What is the price of one packet after all ?
Shop owner : We sell it ten rupees per packet !
Customer : Is there any scheme?
Shop owner : Why not, if you buy five packets, one is free.
Customer : Then pack me the five packets.
Shop owner : Buy more. The rates are going up next week.
Customer : What about the free scheme?
Shop owner : It will continue for about two months.
Customer : Please pack me ten packets soon. The weather is going bad.
Shop owner : Hurry up, boys ! The customer must not get wet.

Learning to Write

Learning to write is an art. Whenever we plan to write, we find it difficult to start. Let us try and make it a little less difficult. Think of a story or an advertisement or any other form of writing. You will need to understand four things about it. They are :

• Setting — It answers the questions ‘where’ and ‘when’ (the place and time) the C story or the action taken place.
• Characters — It answers the question ‘who’ (the people) is involved in the action.
• Problem — It answers the question ‘what the issue is or the problem that needs to be solved.
• Solution — It answers the question ‘how the problem is solved.

Activity 15:

Think of a story that you have read in this book. Identify the setting, characters, problem and the solution.

Name of the Story	The Value of Money
Setting	An Urban Area
Characters	Narrator, Bell center employees
Problem	Buying the Latest Computer, Changing Models with the fast changing technology.
Solution	Go on with your current computer. Save Money. Honour its value.

Activity 16

Write about a real incident that happened with you in the form of a story keeping the components of the story in your mind. First make your notes and then write the incident in the space given.

Setting	City Market, A Book Shop
Characters	I, my friend, my uncle.
Problem	Buying new school books. Pocket picked.
Solution	Got money from my uncle and bought books.
Incident/story	Yesterday I went to the city market to buy new school books. My friend was with me. But to our surprise, someone had picked my pocket. Suddenly I saw my uncle passing by the Book shop. I told him my problem. We bought two new books after he gave me the money, I needed.

Activity 17

Narrate a situation when your parents offered you money in exchange for doing something in the box given below.
Answer:
Money for Mobile
I wanted to buy a new mobile. But my parents refused to buy it to me. I was sad. But in the evening, I got an offer to work in the home garden for money. I did digging job and watered the plants for a month. I got twenty thousand rupees for this. How happy I was ! I bought a mobile worth five thousand only and saved the rest of money.

Learning to Use the Language
The ground water in Punjab is declining. We need to do something to stop this. You would certainly have seen awareness campaigns on TV advising the citizens to save water. Hos

Activity 18.

Prepare a list of Do’s and Don’ts that will help us to save water. You can start thinking of your everyday routine when you use water. You will put up this list at a prominent place in your home where everybody can see it and make efforts to save water. You must write complete sentences.
Answer:

S.No.	Dos	Don’ts
1.	Save water at all costs.	Don’t waste water in any way.
2.	Use less water while bathing.	Don’t wash your car with a pipe.
3.	Use dirty water for flush.	Don’t let the tap run while brushing teeth.
4.	Use a bucket to wash your car.	Don’t fill your cooler tank to the brim.
5.	Stop the leakage of water through taps.	Don’t do over-watering of your plants.
6.	Put a plastic bottle in your toilet tank                                      ’	Don’t use a tub for a bath.
7.	Turn off water while brushing your teeth.	Don’t (Never) keep drinking water uncovered.
8.	Turn off water while shaving.	Don’t fill the bucket full for bathing.

Comprehension of Passages

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) It was summer break and I had been watching a lot of T.V. There was this one advertisement that would pop up on screen all the time. It was for the latest Bell Computer. It had ‘the fastest processor’ and ‘unbelievably high storage’among many other new features. Every time I saw it, I was intrigued. I would go online and watch people reviewing the computer just to find out more about its features. I would read articles about its features in tech magazines. It appeared to be an ultimate computer while the limitations of my own computer made me unhappy. But my parents refused to buy me the computer when I asked them about it.

1. What was the advertisement for ?
विज्ञापन किस बात के लिए था ?

2. What did the narrator want to buy and why?
वक्ता क्या खरीदना चाहती थी और क्यों ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The narrator had been watching a lot of T.V. during summer break.
(b) The narrator’s a parents bought her the latest Bell Computer.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) It appeared to be an …..
(b) The narrator’s computer made her unhappy because of …………..
Or
Match the words with their meaning :

(i) find out	emerge
(ii) pop up	go out
	know

Answer:
1. The advertisement was for the latest Bell Computer.
2. The narrator wanted to buy to latest Bell Computer because it had many new features over her computer.
3. (a) True, (b) False.
4.
(a) It appeared to be an ultimate computer.
(b) The narrator’s computer made her unhappy because of its limitations.
Or :
(i) find out — know
(ii) pop up – emerge

(2) Looking back now, I probably did not even need all those extra features. I could do everything. I wanted to do on my own computer without running into any issues but the consumerist in me seemed to think otherwise.

After a while, my parents noticed how obsessed I was with this new computer so they decided to give me a chance to earn it. They told me if I started doing house chores they would give me money for it and I could save up until I had enough to buy the computer on my own. It seemed like a good idea and I jumped at the opportunity. The very next day, I started waking up early to make extra time to be able to do more chores.

1. Why did the narrator need money?
वक्ता को पैसे की ज़रूरत क्यों थी ?

2. How could the narrator earn it ?
वक्ता पैसे कैसे कमा सकती थी ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The narrator was very happy with her computer.
(b) The narrator jumped at the opportunity of earning money.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) I probably did not need all ……………..
(b) The consumerist in the narrator seemed …
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in english : (Any two)
features, opportunity, chores
Answer:
1. The narrator needed money to buy a new computer.
2. The narrator could earn it buy doing house chores.
3. (a) False, (b) True.
4. (a) I probably did not need all those extra features.
(b) The consumerist in the narrator seemed to think otherwise.
Or
features — qualities, opportunity-chance, Chores — jobs.

(3) As I got quicker, I started having more free time and didn’t really know what to do with it. “Please dad! Is there anything else you need help with ? I’m willing to do anything; just lay it on me. Give me more chores !” I remember pleading with dad.

I was obsessed. Any free time I had, I wanted to fill it with more work and more money. Since the summer break was almost over and I knew I would have less time once I started going to school again. So, I wanted to work as much as possible during the break.

It took me a few months but I eventually saved up enough to buy myself the Bell Computer. It was a week before my birthday and I went to the Bell Center to place an order. I knew it would take at least a week for the store to get it in case it was out of stock.

1. How did the narrator want to use her free time?
वक्ता अपना खाली समय कैसे बिताना चाहती थी ?

2. When did she go to the Bell center and why?
वह बेल सेंटर पर कब गई और क्यों ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The summer break was almost over.
(b) The narrator did not want to go to school again.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) I wanted to work as much as possible …..
(b) As I got quicker, I started having …..
Or
Match the words with them meaning :

(i) lay	ultimately
(ii) eventually	leave
	possibly

Answer:
1. She wanted to use her free time by doing more and more work.
2. She went to the Bell center a week before her birthday to place an order for the new computer.
3. (a) True, (b) False.
4. (a) I wanted to work as much as possible during the break.
(b) As I got quicker, I started having more free time.
Or
(i) lay — leave
(ii) eventually — ultimately

Use of Words and phrases in sentences.

1. Review – Let us review, the problem.
2. Features – This computer has many good features.
3. Pop up – The differences of the two brothers popped up.
4. Limitations – Every machine has its own limitations.
5. Find out – I want to find out of the truth behind the quarrel.
6. Out of stock – Sugar is out of stock these days.
7. Plead – He pleaded for mercy.
8. Opportunity – Avail of every opportunity.
9. Sore – My eyes are sore.

Word Meaning:

Value of Money Summary in Hindi

It was 14 when ……….. to think otherwise.

मैं चौदह (14) वर्ष की थी, जब मुझे धन के महत्त्व का पता चला । यद्यपि मेरे पास एक कम्प्यूटर था और उसमें कोई खराबी भी नहीं थी, फिर भी मैं अपने लिए एक नया कम्प्यूटर लेना चाहती थी। गर्मी की छुट्टियां थीं और मैं बहुत ज्यादा टी.वी. देख रही थी। वहां स्क्रीन पर हर समय अचानक एक विज्ञापन दिखाई देता था। यह बेल के नए कम्प्यूटर का था। इसमें बहुत सी अन्य नई विशेषताओं के साथ-साथ ‘तीव्रतम प्रोसेसर’ और ‘अविश्वसनीय उच्च भंडारण’ क्षमता भी थी । जब भी मैं इसे देखती मुझ पर इसे पाने का जनून सवार हो जाता था। कम्प्यूटर की और अधिक विशेषताओं को जानने के लिए मैं ऑनलाइन जाती और लोगों के सर्वेक्षणों (विचारों) को देखती। मैं तकनीकी (Tech) से जुड़ी पत्रिकाओं में उसकी विशेषताओं के लेखों को पढ़ती।

वह सर्वोत्तम कम्प्यूटर लगता था जबकि मेरे अपने कम्प्यूटर की सीमाएं/कमजोरियां मुझे दुःखी कर देती थीं। परन्तु जब मैंने अपने माता-पिता से कम्प्यूटर खरीदने के लिए कहा तो उन्होंने मना कर दिया। अब मैं जब भी पीछे मुड़ कर देखती हूँ तो मुझे लगता है कि शायद मुझे अतिरिक्त विशेषताओं की कोई आवश्यकता ही नहीं थी। मैं अपने कम्प्यूटर पर बिना किसी रुकावट के हर वह काम कर सकती थी जो मैं करना चाहती थी परन्तु मेरे अन्दर छिपे उपभोक्तावादी के विचार इसके विपरीत थे।

After a while …………………………… during the break.
कुछ समय के बाद मेरे माता-पिता ने ध्यान दिया कि मुझ पर नए कम्प्यूटर का कितना जनून सवार है। इसलिए उन्होंने निश्चय किया कि वे मुझे पैसा कमाने का एक अवसर देंगे। उन्होंने मुझसे कहा कि यदि मैं घर के काम करने आरम्भ कर दूं तो वे मुझे उसके लिए पैसा देंगे और मैं तब तक पैसा इकट्ठा करूं जब तक कि मैं अपने कम्प्यूटर न खरीद सकूँ। मुझे यह विचार अच्छा लगा और मैं यह मौका पाकर उछल पड़ी। अगले ही दिन से मैंने जल्दी उठना आरम्भ कर दिया ताकि मैं ज्यादा काम करने के लिए अधिक समय निकाल पाऊँ।

मैं दिन में तीन बार बर्तन साफ करती; कूड़ा बाहर निकालती; सप्ताह के अंत में लॉन (Lawn) की घास काटती; सारा घर साफ करती और जब कभी भी आवश्कता होती कार को धोती। मैं प्रतिदिन बिना थके लगातार तब तक काम करती जब तक कि मेरा सारा शरीर दुखने नहीं लगता और अगले दिन उठकर फिर से वही करती। अंततः मैं इसकी आदी हो गयी और यह सब मुझे आसान लगने लगा। मेरी क्षमता और अधिक बढ़ गई और मैं हर काम पहले से अधिक जल्दी करने लगी।

जैसे ही मुझमें तेजी आई। मेरे पास और अधिक समय बचने लगा और मुझे समझ नहीं आता था कि मैं उस समय का क्या करूं। मुझे याद आ रहा है मैं अपने डैड से प्रार्थनी करती हूँ कि “आप पिता जी (डैड) कृपया बताएं, क्या आपको किसी और काम में मेरी मदद की आवश्यकता है ? मैं कुछ भी करने को तैयार हूं, बस काम मुझ पर छोड़ दें। मुझे और अधिक काम दें।”

मुझे जनून था। मेरे पास जितना भी खाली समय होता मैं उसे और अधिक काम करके व्यतीत करना चाहती ताकि और अधिक पैसा कमा सकूँ क्योंकि ग्रीष्म अवकाश लगभग समाप्त होने वाला था और मुझे मालूम था कि जैसे ही मैं स्कूल जाना आरम्भ कर दूंगी तो मेरे पास समय कम रह जाएगा। इसलिए मैं छुट्टियों में ही अधिक-से-अधिक काम कर लेना चाहती थी।

It took me a …………….. the value of money.

मुझे कुछ महीने लग गए। परन्तु अंतत: मैंने इतना पैसा जोड़ लिया कि मैं अपने लिए बेल कम्प्यूटर खरीद सकू। अपने जन्म-दिन से एक सप्ताह पहले मैं आर्डर देने के लिए बेल सेंटर (केंद्र) पर गयी। मैं जानती थी उनके स्टोर में उपलब्ध नहीं होगा तो, इसे मंगवाने के लिए स्टोर वालों को कम-से-कम एक सप्ताह का समय चाहिए होगा।

मैं अंदर गई और सीधा सामने वाले डेस्क के पीछे बैठे कर्मचारी के पास यह जानने के लिए पहुंची कि क्या कम्प्यूटर उपलब्ध है। । उसने कहा, “ओह, आपको वह खरीदने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। हमारे पास शीघ्र ही एक और आ रहा है। वह इससे भी अधिक तेज़ और दोहरी क्षमता वाला है।” इससे पहले कि वह मुझे उसका मूल्य बताता मैं क्षण भर के लिए थोड़ी उत्तेजित हो उठी। मुझे आभास हुआ कि इसे पाने के लिए मुझे दो महीने तक और घर के काम करने होंगे।

तब मुझे अहसास हुआ कि तकनीक कितनी तेजी से बदलती है। मशीन चाहे कितनी भी अच्छी हो जब तक आप उसे चलाने में पूरी तरह अभ्यस्त होते हैं, बाजार में हमेशा उससे तेज़ और बेहतर मॉडल आ जाता है। मैंने उसी क्षण कम्प्यूटर न खरीदने का फैसला किया क्योंकि मैं कड़ी मेहनत से कमाए अपने पैसे को किसी ऐसी चीज़ पर खर्च नहीं करना चाहती थी जिसका मूल्य जल्दी ही कम हो सकता है। अन्ततः मैंने वह सारा पैसा बचत खाते में जमा (निवेश) करवा दिया। इस प्रकार मैंने धन के महत्त्व को सीखा।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. It was summer break. —- गर्मी की छुट्टियां थीं।
2. I had been watching a lot of T.V. —- मैं बहुत ज्यादा टी.वी. देख रही थी।
3. It appeared to be an ultimate computer. —- वह सर्वोत्तम कम्प्यूटर लगता था।
4. I could save up until I had enough to buy the computer on my own. —- मैं तब तक पैसा इकट्ठा करूं। जब तक कि मैं अपना कम्प्यूटर न खरीद सकू।
5. I would do the dishes three times a day. —- मैं दिन में तीन बार बर्तन साफ करती।
6. My whole body was sore. —- मेरा सारा शरीर दुखने लगा।
7. Eventually, I got used of it.—- अंतत: मैं इसकी आदी हो गई।
8. I also got more efficient at it. —- मेरी दक्षता और अधिक बढ़ गई।
9. I was doing everything a lot quicker. —- मैं हर काम पहले से अधिक जल्दी करने लगी।
10. I was obsessed. —- मुझे जनून था।
11. I walked in and went straight to the employee sitting behind the front desk. —- मैं अंदर गई और सीधा सामने वाले डेस्क के पीछे बैठे कर्मचारी के पास पहुंची।
12. You don’t need to buy that one.—- आपको वह खरीदने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।
13. It is even faster and has double the storage. —- वह और अधिक तेज़ तथा दोहरी क्षमता वाला है।
14. This is how I learned the value of money. —- इस प्रकार मैंने धन के महत्त्व को सीखा। .

English Guide for Class 8 PSEB Prose

• Value of Money Question Answer
• The Aged Mother Question Answer
• Saint Ravidas Ji Question Answer
• The Old Sage and the Brothers Question Answer
• The Punjab: A Glimpse Question Answer
• Charge for Love Question Answer
• Safety While Driving Question Answer
• Marco Polo Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Class 8th English Solutions Poem Chapter 2 Don’t Quit Question Answers

Don’t Quit Class 8 Questions and Answers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the poem (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

trudging	care	queer	twists and turns
stuck out	blow	faint and faltering	victor
golden crown	tint	after	hardest

Activity 2.

Make a list of five pairs of rhyming words in the poem.

1. will — hill
2. bit — quit
3. turns — learns
4. up — cup
5. down — crown

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3.

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is the poem about?
कविता किसके बारे में है ?
Answer:
The poem is about the importance of determination and tenacity in life.

Question 2.
What is hard about going uphill?
ऊपर पहाड़ी पर जाने में क्या कठिनाई है ?
Answer:
The journey is full of difficulties.

Question 3.
What is meant by ‘funds are low’?
‘funds are low’ का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer:
It means nominal resources.

Question 4.
What does the poet mean by ‘twists and turns’?
‘Twists and turns’ से कवि का क्या अभिप्राय है?
Answer:
‘Twists and turns’ mean ups and downs in life.

Question 5.
Do you think sudden ‘twists and turns in life can be beneficial to us ?
क्या आपके विचार में हमारे जीवन में अचानक आने वाले उतार-चढ़ाव हमारे लिए किस तरह लाभदायक हैं ?
Answer:
Yes, sudden twists and turns in life can be beneficial to us. as failure has the seed of success in life.

Question 6.
Why does the poet say ‘you have to sigh’?
कवि क्यों करता है ‘you have to sigh’?
Answer:
The poet says so because one sometimes faces failure when one is very close to success.

Question 7.
What does another blow’ mean?
another blow’ का क्या अर्थ है ?
Answer:
Another blow means very next effort that bring success.

Question 8.
How long do you try to do something before you turn to do something else ?
कोई और काम करने से पहले आप अपने काम को पूरा करने के लिए कब तक प्रयास करते हैं ?
Answer:
I never quit and go on making endless efforts for success.

Activity 4.

Read the stanzas and answer the questions that follow.

1. Life is queer with its twists and turns,
As everyone of us sometimes learns,

And many a failure turns about,
When he might have won had he stuck it out.

(a) What is life full of ?
जीवन किस चीज़ से भरा है ?
Answer:
Life is full of twists and turns.

(b) What does everyone of us sometimes learn?
हममें से प्रत्येक जीवन में कभी न कभी कुछ सीखता क्या है ?
Answer:
It is that failure changes its direction all at once and there is success.

(c) Find the synonym of ‘strange from the stanza.
Stanza में ‘Strange’ का समानार्थक बताएं।
Answer:
Queer.

2. And you never can tell just how close you are,
It may be near when it seems afar;
So stick to the fight when you’re hardest hit
It’s when things seem worst that you must not quit.

(a) Name the poem and the poet.
कविता तथा कवि का नाम बताओ |
Answer:
The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit’ and that of the poet is Edgar A. Guest.

(b) What do you understand by ‘sticking to the fight when hardest hit ?
‘Sticking ……… hardest hit’ से क्या अभिप्राय है
Answer:
We must stick to the fight when everything seems to be going wrong.

(c) What should not be done when things seem worst ?
जब सब कुछ खराब होता दिखाई दे तो हमें क्या नहीं करना चाहिए ?
Answer:
We must not quit our fight or stop fighting.

Learning Language

Formation of Comparative and Superlative Degrees.

An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun. In other words, an adjective adds something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.
Examples :
किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता या उसके बारे में कुछ बताने वाला शब्द Adjective कहलाता है।

(a) a black horse
(b) some money
(c) thirty books
(d) this noble man
(e) a clever boy

Formation of Degrees of Adjectives

Rules

I. Most adjectives generally form the comparative degree by adding suffix ‘-er’ and the superlative degree by adding the suffix ‘-est’ to the possitive degree of Adjective.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
noble	nobler	noblest
near	nearer	nearest
able	abler	ablest
sane	saner	sanest
clean	cleaner	cleanest
dear	dearer	dearest
bright	brighter	brightest
bold	bolder	boldest
clever	cleverer	cleverest
short	shorter	shortest
deep                ‘	deeper	deepest
tall	taller	tallest
few	fewer	fewest
fast	faster	fastest
great	greater	greatest
hard	harder	hardest
high	higher	highest
keen	keener	keenest
kind	kinder	kindest
light	lighter	lightest
strong	stronger	strongest
weak	weaker	weakest
poor	poorer	poorest
rare	rarer	rarest
pure	purer	purest
rich	richer	richest
safe	safer	safest
sweet	sweeter	sweetest

II. In the case of longer adjectives of three or more syllables, comparative and superlative degrees are formed by adding the word ‘more and most’ before the positive degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful
courageous	more courageous	most courageous
brilliant	more brilliant	most brilliant
capable	more capable	most capable
difficult	more difficult	most difficult
wonderful	more wonderful	most wonderful
interesting	more interesting	most interesting
ignorant	more ignorant	most ignorant
diligent	more diligent	most diligent

III. Adjectives of two syllables follow one or the other of the above rules. Those ending in ‘-ful’, ‘-er’ ‘-ve’ usually take ‘more’ and ‘most’.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
active	more active	most active
doubtful	more doubtful	most doubtful
careful	more careful	most careful
harmful	more harmful	most harmful
proper	more proper	most proper
obscure	more obscure	most obscure
secure	more secure	most secure

IV. Those ending in ‘-y or ‘-ly add ‘-ier’ and ‘-est’ after the removal of ‘-y’.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
pretty	prettier	prettiest
happy	happier	happiest
heavy	heavier	heaviest
easy	easier	easiest
jolly	jollier	jolliest
busy	busier	busiest
holy	holier	holiest

V. When a consonant comes after a short vowel sound, it doubles itself and adds ‘-er’ and ‘-est’ in comparative and superlative forms.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
big	bigger	biggest
hot	hotter	hottest
fat	fatter	fattest
sad	sadder	saddest
wet	wetter	wettest
thin	thinner	thinnest
red	redder	reddest
mad	madder	maddest

VI. Miscellaneous Adjectives

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
bad	worse	worst
far	farther	farthest
good	better	best
late	latter/later	last/latest
little	less	least
low	lower	lowest
much	more	most
old	older/elder	oldest/eldest
up	upper	uppermost/upmost

1. He is a ………………….. student. (tall)
2. The Taj is a ………………….. building. (beautiful)
3. My table is the …………………….. of all. (big)
4. Her sweatshirt is ……………………… than her jeans. (soft)
5. Teena’s hair is ………………….. than Leena’s hair. (long)
6. Saumya is ………………. than Vijaya. (funny)
7. Haridwar is one of the …………………….. places for the Hindus. (holy)
8. Gold is .. ………………. than silver. (expensive)
9. Ravinder is ………………….. than Parul. (smart)
10. This is the ……………………… book I have ever read. (good)
Answer:
1. tall
2. beautiful
3. biggest
4. softer
5. longer
6. funnier
7. holiest
8. more expensive
9. smarter
10. best.

Make comparative forms of the word given in the brackets by adding ‘-er’ or ‘more” to it.

1. Cats are ……………………. (affectionate) than goats.
2. Sheena is …………………… (old) than Gagan.
3. China is ……………………… (large) than Poland.
4. My Hindi class is … …… (boring) than my Maths class.
5. In the UK, the streets are generally ……. …….. …… (narrow) than in the USA.
6. Delhi is ……………………… (busy) than Chandigarh.
7. Jyoti is …………………….. (quiet) than her sistęs.
8. Kiran is ………………….. (ambitious) than her brother.
9. My garden is a lot ……………………… (colourful) than this park:
10. My house is a bit . ………………….. (comfortable) than a hotel.
Answer:
1. more affectionate
2. older
3. larger
4. more boring
5. narrower
6. busier
7. quiter
8. more ambitious
9. more colourful
10. more comfortable.

Learning to Listen

Activity 6.

Listen carefully to your teacher telling you about an unsinkable ship and fill in the gaps provided.

The Titanic was a British passenger ship that sank to the bottom of the ……….1…….. during its first voyage. The ship was constructed during the 1900s by a transportation ………….2…………. known as White Star. With this they wanted to introduce a new set of luxury passenger …………3………….. that would transport wealthy people across the …….4……. Ocean. White Star finished building the Titanic in …………5………….. . At that time, it was the ……….6…………… ship that had ever been ………….7……….. The Titanic was designed with ……….8………….. compartments that could fill up with …….9……. if any issues occurred. For this reason, many people …………10………… that the Titanic was unsinkable. In April………11 ……., the Titanic began its first voyage from England to the ………..12…………. , carrying over 2,000 passengers. While at sea, the ship collided with an ……….13…………… and began to overflow. The passengers and the ……….14………….. evacuated the ship, but there were not enough ……….15………… to save everyone. Out of 2,000 passengers, only 705 ……16…… The sinking of the Titanic is one of the ………17………….. tragedies of the 20th century.
Answer.
1. ocean
2. company
3. ships
4. Atlantic
5. 1911
6. biggest
7. built
8. safety
9. water
10. believed
11. 1912
12. United States
13. iceberg
14. crew
15. boats
16. survived
17. greatest

Learning to Speak (Groupwork)

Activity 7.

One student from each group will be given a picture. The student will see it carefully and place it face down so that the rest of the students cannot see the picture card. Describe the picture for other students to draw. The student will speak for two minutes using adjectives. (The teacher will get some pictures for students so that pictures are unseen for them.)
Answer:
विधार्थी स्वयं करें

Learning to Write

Activity 8.

Write a story using the following hints. Also give a heading to the story.

a stage …………….. drinking water ………………. saw the reflection ……………… beautiful horns . ……………….. felt proud ……………. saw reflection of his legs ………………. felt ashamed …………….. heard the barking …………… hunter’s dog ……………. started running ……………… his horns ……………… entangled in a bush ……………… tried his best to untangle horns ……………….. succeeded with great difficulty ……………… dogs reached …….. used thin legs to escape ………………… understood importance of ugly looking legs.
Answer.
‌Once‌ ‌there‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌stage.‌ ‌One‌ ‌day‌ ‌he‌ ‌was‌ ‌very‌ ‌thirsty.‌ ‌He‌ ‌went‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌pool.‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌ ‌drinking‌ ‌water.‌ ‌The‌ ‌water‌ ‌was‌ ‌very‌ ‌clear.‌ ‌He‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌own‌ ‌reflection‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌water.‌ ‌He‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌horns.‌ ‌They‌ ‌were‌ ‌very‌ ‌beautiful.‌ ‌He‌ ‌feels‌ ‌proud‌ ‌for‌ ‌them.‌ ‌Then‌ ‌he‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌legs.‌ ‌They‌ ‌were‌ ‌thin‌ ‌and‌ ‌ugly.‌ ‌He‌ ‌felt‌ ‌ashamed‌ ‌to‌ ‌see‌ ‌them.‌ ‌Soon‌ ‌he‌ ‌saw‌ ‌a‌ ‌hunter.‌ ‌He‌ ‌had‌ ‌hounds‌ ‌with‌ ‌him.‌ ‌The‌ ‌stage‌ ‌was‌ ‌in‌ ‌danger.‌ ‌He‌ ‌ran‌ ‌very‌ ‌fast.‌ ‌His‌ ‌legs‌ ‌helped‌ ‌him.‌ ‌He‌ ‌passed‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌bushes.‌ ‌His‌ ‌beautiful‌ ‌horns‌ ‌were‌ ‌caught‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌bush.‌ ‌He‌ ‌tried‌ ‌his‌ ‌best‌ ‌to‌ ‌free‌ ‌himself.‌ ‌He‌ ‌freed‌ ‌his‌ ‌horns‌ ‌with‌ ‌great‌ ‌difficulty.‌ ‌Soon‌ ‌the‌ ‌hounds‌ ‌reached‌ ‌there.‌ ‌His‌ ‌ugly‌ ‌legs‌ ‌helped‌ ‌to‌ ‌save‌ ‌him.‌ ‌He‌ ‌understood‌ ‌the‌ ‌importance‌ ‌of‌ ‌ugly‌ ‌looking‌ ‌legs.‌ ‌
Moral.‌ ‌All‌ ‌that‌ ‌glitters‌ ‌is‌ ‌not‌ ‌gold.‌ ‌

Learning‌ ‌to‌ ‌Use‌ ‌the‌ ‌Language‌ ‌(Pairwork)‌ ‌

Activity‌ ‌9‌ .
‌
Write‌ ‌short‌ ‌notes‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌ ‌positive‌ ‌self‌ ‌talking‌ ‌information‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌picture‌ ‌given‌ ‌below.‌ ‌
After‌ ‌you‌ ‌have‌ ‌made‌ ‌your‌ ‌notes,‌ ‌talk‌ ‌to‌ ‌your‌ ‌partner‌ ‌(one‌ ‌minute)‌ ‌about‌ ‌yourself.‌

My Positive Self-Talk I am proud of what I am. I believe in myself and my abilities. I am bold enough to face any difficulty and any situation I am put in. Today is going to be an awesome day. I am going to play the role of the leader of my class. I am confident of my success. I am happy too. But I can successfully control my happiness while playing my role.

Comprehension of Stanzas

Read the following stanzas (extracts) and answer the questions given below each :

(1) When things go wrong as they sometimes will,
When the road you’re trudging seems all up hill,
When the funds are low and the debts are high.
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh,
When care is pressing you down a bit.
Rest, if you must, but don’t you quit.

1. Mention two odd situations you are faced with in life?
जीवन में अपने सामने आने वाली दो विषम स्थितियों का वर्णन करें।

2. What should one do in such situation ?
ऐसी स्थिति में आदमी को क्या करना चाहिए ?

3. Name the poem and its poet.
कविता और इसके कवि का नाम लिखें।
Answer:
1.
(a) The road we are walking on seems to be very long.
(b) The funds are low, but the debts are high.
Or
You want to smile, but you have to sigh.
2. One should rest for some time. We must not quit.
3. The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit’ and that of the poet is Edgar A. Guest.

(2) Often the goal is nearer than,
It seems to a faint and faltering man;
Often the struggler has given up
When he might have captured the victor’s cup;
And he learned too late when the night came down,
How close he was to the golden crown,
Success is failure turned inside out.

1. When does a struggler often give up ?.
संघर्ष करने वाला व्यक्ति प्रायः कब आत्म समर्पण कर देता है ?

2. What is success in reality?
सफलता वास्तव में क्या है

3. Name the poem and its poet.
कविता और इसके कवि का नाम लिखें।
Answer:
1. A struggler often gives up when he is about to win or succeed.
2. Success in reality is failure in disguise. It is failure turned inside out.
3. The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit. Its poet is Edgar A. Guest.

Word Meanings

Don’t Quit Poem Summary in English

Don’t Quit Summary in English

This is an inspirational poem. It demands us to be firm in our efforts. We should never lose heart and quit. The struggle must go on. Sometimes in life, we are faced with odd situations. Our job seems to us an uphill task. We wish to smile, but we have to sigh. Our cares press us down. We look for good days but bad luck surrounds us. There are so many other such situations like this too.Man often quits in hard times. He leaves his efforts when

Don’t Quit Summary in Hindi

यह एक प्रेरणादायक कविता है । यह हमसे चाहती है कि हम अपने प्रयासों में स्थिर रहें। हमें कभी धैर्य छोड़ कर पीछे नहीं हटना चाहिए। संघर्ष जारी रहना चाहिए। .. हमें जीवन में कभी-कभी विषम परिस्थितियों का सामना करना पड़ता है। हमें अपना कार्य बहुत ही मुश्किल लगता है। हम मुस्कुराना चाहते हैं, परन्तु हम निराशाभरी गहरी सांस लेकर रह जाते हैं। हमारी चिन्ताएं हमें दबा लेती हैं। हम अच्छे दिन खोजते हैं, परन्तु हम बुरे भाग्य से घिर जाते हैं। ऐसी कई अन्य परिस्थितियां भी आती हैं। आदमी मुश्किल वक्त में प्रायः हार मान लेता है।

वह उस समय अपने प्रयास बन्द कर देता है, जब सफलता उसके दरवाज़े पर खड़ी होती है। वह केवल एक ही और प्रयास से सफल हो सकता है। उसे याद रखना चाहिए कि जब सफलता दूर लगती है, यह नज़दीक हो सकती है। सफलता वास्तव में उलटा दी गई असफलता ही होती है। इसलिए हमें उस समय अपने संघर्ष पर अटल रहना चाहिए जब हम बुरी तरह मुसीबत में घिर जाएं। इस समय परिस्थिति बहुत ही खराब लगती है परन्तु यही वह समय होता है, जब हमें पीछे नहीं हटना चाहिए।

Central Idea Of The Poem

This poem is based on the idea that life is not all success. It is mostly failure. But we must not quit if we fail in our efforts. Failure has the seeds of success in it. Success, infact is failure turned inside out. Struggle must go on. Our very next blow may shower flowers of success on us.

Class 8 PSEB Solutions Poetry

• Poem 1 The Earth Needs You Question Answer
• Poem 2 Don’t Quit Question Answer
• Poem 3 We Who Love Books Question Answer
• Poem 4 My Dear Soldiers Question Answer

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Translation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Translation

1. अपना बस्ता खोलो। – Open your bag.
2. अपना नाम बताओ। – Tell our name.
3. बातें मत करो। – Dont’t talk.

4. बुरी संगत से बचो। – Avoid bad company.
5. बड़ों का कहना मानो। – Obey your elders.
6. कूड़ा मत बिखराओ। – Don’t spread the litter.
7. अपने हाथ ऊपर उठाओ। – Hands up.
8. कभी झूठ मत बोलो। – Never tell a lie.
9. अपना काम पूरा करो। – Complete your work.
10. अपनी त्रुटियों को सुधारो। – Mend/Correct your mistakes.
11. मैं थका हुआ हूँ। – I am tired.
12. वह मूर्ख नहीं है। – He is not foolish.
13. मेरे माता-पिता जी शिक्षक हैं। – My parents are teachers.
14. हम भारतीय हैं। – We are Indians.
15. उसकी बहन बहुत बुद्धिमान है। – His/Her sister is very wise.
16. मुझे आप पर गर्व है। – I am proud of you.
17. पानी साफ है। – Water is clean.
18. वह बहुत स्वार्थी है। – He is very selfish.
19. घास हरी-भरी है। – Grass is green.
20. मैं आज स्वस्थ महसूस नहीं कर रहा हूँ। – I am not feeling well today.
21. मैं रोज़ स्कूल जाता हूँ। – I go to school daily.
22. मेरे माता जी स्वादिष्ट भोजन बनाते हैं। – My mother cooks tasty food.
23. सभी ने पाठ याद कर लिया है। – All have learnt their lesson.
24. मैंने अपना जन्मदिन मनाया। – I celebrated my birthday.
25. मेरे पिता जी बाज़ार जाएंगे। – My father will go to the market.
26. भगवान मेरी मदद करेगा। – God will help me.
27. वह तेज़ दौड़ रहा है। – He is running fast.
28. चपरासी घंटी नहीं बजा रहा है। – The peon is not ringing the bell.
29. छात्र पढ़ रहे होंगे। – The students will be studying.
30. किसान आराम नहीं कर रहे होंगे। – The farmers will not be taking rest.
31. सुशील ने अपना काम कर लिया है। – Susheel has done his work.
32. मेरे शिक्षक ने कापी चैक कर ली है। – The teacher has checked my notebook.
33. लड़कों ने कुर्सी नहीं तोड़ी है। – The boys have not broken the chair.
34. मुझे एक नौकरी मिल गई है। – I have got a job.
35. किसी ने मुझे बुलाया है। – Someone has called me.
36. मोहन ने एक गीत गाया है। – Mohan has sung a song.
37. लड़कियां कक्षा में चली गई हैं। – The girls have gone into the class.

38. पुलिस ने चोर को नहीं पकड़ा है। – The police have not caught the thief.
39. वह इस वर्ष पास नहीं हुआ है। – He has not passed this year.
40. मेरे चाचा जी ने मुझे तोहफे में घड़ी दी। – My uncle gave me a watch as a gift.
41. उसने सच नहीं बोला। – He did not speak the truth.
42. मुझे उस दिन बुखार था। – I was ill that day.
43. हमने डॉक्टर को बुला लिया था। – We had called in the doctor.
44. बूढ़े व्यक्ति ने घर बनाया। – The old man built a house.
45. हम बहुत मज़ा कर चुके थे। – We had a lot of fun.
46. सुधा ने खेल खेला था। – Sudha had played a game.
47. मेरी सहेली ने मेरी मदद की थी। – My friend had helped me.
48. बिल्ली ने दूध नहीं पिया। – The cat had not drunk milk.
49. सोनू ने आपको धक्का नहीं दिया था। – Sonu had not pushed you.
50. दादी ने अच्छी कहानी सुनाई। – The grandmother had told a good story.
51. आप कहाँ रहते हो? – Where do you live?
52. आपने झूठ क्यों बोला? – Why did you tell a lie?
53. आपने अपनी छुट्टी कहां बिताई? – Where did you pass your holiday.
54. कक्षा में कौन था? – Who was in the class?
55. आपका घनिष्ठ मित्र कौन है? – Who is your fast friend?
56. अध्यापिका ने क्या पढ़ाया? – What did the teacher teach?
57. उसने उत्तर क्यों नहीं दिया? – Why did he/she not reply?
58. आप कहाँ जा रहे हो? – Where are you going?
59. आप शोर क्यों मचा रहे हैं? – Why are you making a noise?
60. आप कब आ रहे हो? – When are you coming?
61. आप पुस्तक कब पढ़ रहे थे? – When were you reading the book?
62. आप कल क्या कर रहे थे? – What were you doing yesterday?
63. आप काम कब करोगे? – When will you do the work?
64. वह सवाल कैसे हल करेगी? – How will she solve the sum?
65. अब आप कहां जाओगे? – Where will you go now?
66. वह पार्टी पर क्यों नहीं आएगी? – Why will she not attend the party?
67. क्या आपने उत्तर लिख लिया है? – Have you written the answer?
68. क्या उसने पाठ याद कर लिया है? – Has he learnt the lesson?
69. उसने अपना घर क्यों बेच दिया? – Why did he sell his house?

70. क्या उन्होंने मैच जीत लिया था? – Had they won the match?
71. वह परीक्षा में किस तरह पास हो गया? – How did he pass the test?
72. क्या मैं अन्दर आ सकता हूँ? – May I come in?
73. क्या मैं बाहर जा सकता है। – May I go out?
74. क्या वह तैर सकती है? – Can she swim?
75. क्या मैं अब जा सकता हूँ? – May I go now?
76. अपने हाथ हमें भोजन से पहले धोने चाहिए। – We should wash our hands before meal.
77. मुझे अब सोना चाहिए। – I should go to bed now.
78. परिश्रम करो नहीं तो आप फेल हो जाओगे। – Work hard otherswise you will fail.
79. कृपया करके पृष्ठ पलटो। – Please turn the page.
80. शाबाश! आपने बहुत बढ़िया किया। – Well done!

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Formation of Adverb Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Formation of Adverb

Word – Adverb
Able – ably
Abrupt – Abruptly
Accident – Accidently
Active – Actively
Actual – Actually
Anger – Angrily
Annual – Annually
Awful – Awfully
Bad – Badly
Basic – Basically
Busy – Busily
Brief – Briefly
Bold – Boldly
Clear – Clearly
Close – Closly
Calm – Calmly
Certain – Certainly
Comfort – Comfortably

Dear – Dearly
Dead – Deadly
Easy – Easily
Different – Differently
Equal – Equally
Fair – Fairly
Entire – Entirely
Quiet – Quietly
Real – Reality
Rude – Rudely
Safe – Safely
Warm – Warmly
Virtual – Virtually
right – Tighdy
Tender – Tenderly
Wild – Wildly