Class 10

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 15 Our Environment Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15 Our Environment

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Our Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following groups contains only biodegradable items :
(A) Grass, flowers and leather
(B) Grass, wood and plastic
(C) Fruit-peels, cake and lime-juice
(D) Cake, wood and grass.
Answer:
(A), (C) and (D) groups.

Question 2.
Which of the following constitute a food chain?
(A) Grass, wheat and mango
(B) Grass, goat and human
(C) Goat, cow and elephant
(D) Grass, fish and goat.
Answer:
(B) Grass, goat and human.

Question 3.
Which of the following are environment-friendly practices?
(A) Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping
(B) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans
(C) Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter
(D) All of the above.
Answer:
(D) All of the above.

Question 4.
What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
Answer:

• If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, imbalances will be created in the food chain.
• The population of organisms in pervious trophic level will increase. If we kill population of frogs in the following food chain, the population of insects will increase to a great level and in turn they will damage the green plants.
  Green plants → Insects → Frog
• The population of organisms in the next trophic level will decrease.

Question 5.
Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
Answer:

• If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, imbalances will be created in the food chain.
• The population of organisms in pervious trophic level will increase. If we kill population of frogs in the following food chain, the population of insects will increase to a great level and in turn they will damage the green plants.
  Green plants → Insects → Frog
• The population of organisms in the next trophic level will decrease..

Question 6.
What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
Or
What is biological magnification? What are its effects?
Answer:
Biological magnification. The phenomenon in which the harmful pollutants (such as pesticides) enter the food chain and get concentrated more and more at each successive trophic level of organisms is called biological magnification.
The level of biological magnification will be different at different trophic levels of the ecosystem.

This can be illustrated by the following example :
A large number of toxic chemicals like pesticides, weedicides, insecticides and fungi-cides are used to protect the crop plants from pests and diseases. Some of these chemi-cals get mixed up with the soil whereas others get washed down into the surface water bodies like ponds, rivers, etc., and the underground water bodies.

Water in a pond, lake or river contain only a small amount (0.02 ppm) of the harmful chemicals. The algae (phytoplankton) and protozoa (zooplankton) which utilize this wa-ter, contain a higher proportion (5 ppm). The fish which feeds on these organisms has a still higher amount of chemicals (240 ppm.) Birds which feed on these fish contain the highest amount (1600 ppm).

Therefore, we observe that as we go higher and higher in the food chain, the concentration of pesticides in the body of the organisms gradually increases. For example, in the above cited example, the biological magnification of harmful pesticides goes up to 8000 times from water to fish eating birds.

Effects of biological magnification. This is the reason why our food grains such as wheat and rice, vegetable and fruits and even meat contain varying amounts of pesticides residues. So, the highest trophic level at the extreme right of food chain has the maximum concentration of harmful chemicals in a food-chain.

Question 7.
What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?
Or
Explain two ways in which non-biodegradable substances affect our envi¬ronment.
Answer:
Problems caused by non-biodegradable wastes

• Non-biodegradable solid waste is a great environmental hazard.
• Plastic and their waste products such as carry bags, waste glasses, bottles, cups, plates are most dangerous. They choke in drain.
• They cause soil pollution and degrade the soil.
• They prevent growth of vegetation when dumped underground.
• Water pollution will make this water not fit for drinking.
• The plastic wastes when mixed with municipal waste make them unfit for recycling.
• Non-biodegradable substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time and may harm various members of the ecosystem.

Question 8.
If all the wastes we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the enviroment?
Answer:
If all the wastes are biodegradable they will help in maintaining a neat, clean and stable environment.

Question 9.
Why damage to the ozone layer is a cause of concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?
Answer:
Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation of the sunlight which is very harmful to human beings. If the ozone layer in the atmosphere is depleted, these radiations would reach the earth and would cause many damages such as skin cancer, genetic disorders in human and other living beings.

The steps taken to limit the damage of ozone layer are as follows :

• Judicious use of aerosol spray propellants such as fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons which cause depletion or hole in ozone layer.
• Limited use of supersonic planes.
• Control over large scale nuclear explosions.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Our Environment InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?
Answer:
Some substances such as paper, clothes, vegetables, wood etc. can be broken down into simple substances by the action of living organisms or biological processes in nature are said to be biodegradable.

There are other substances such as metals, plastics etc. which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by the action of living organisms or biological processes are termed non-biodegradable substances.

Question 2.
Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
Answer:

• Biodegradable substances get simplified by the action of micro-organisms and the simple components are restored to environment, organisms or biological processes.
• They help in recycling. Gobar gas plant is best example of recycling in which dung and faeces are utilized to produce gas for cooking and the remains form important manures.
• Organic matter of biodegradable substances cause the growth of mosquitoes, flies etc. which spread diseases.

Question 3.
Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
Answer:

• The non-biodegradable substances add to the pollution.
• Biomagnification of pesticides such as D.D.T. in the body of living system is very harmful.
• Solid waste leads to generation of methane which is causing global warming.

Question 4.
What are trophic levels? Give an example of food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
Answer:
Trophic levels. The various steps in a food chain where transfer of food (energy) takes place are called trophic levels. Producer formed by green plants form first trophic level in a food chain.

Food chain: It is a sequential list of one organism consuming the other.

A simplest form of food chain is represented as
Producer → Herbivore → Carnivore

Characters of food chain.

Topic levels-a food chain

• It is always straight.
• In shorter food chain, the greater is the available energy.
• The number of steps in any food chain is restricted to four or five.
• There is always unidirectional flow of energy in a food chain.

Question 5.
What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
Answer:
These oganisms feed on the dead bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria, fungi and some lower invertebrates are examples of decomposer. They breakdown the organic components into simple inorganic molecules. They carry out natural process of decomposition. They return the simple components to soil and help in making the steady state of ecosystem. Decomposers are essential component of an ecosystem. They create a balance in the environment. They are called natural changing agents.

Question 6.
What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem?
Answer:
Ozone. Ozone is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen in the presence of

• Oxygen is essential for all aerobic forms of life but ozone is a deadly poison.
• Ozone is very poisonous at ground level. Ozone performs an important function at the higher level of the atmosphere.
• Ozone absorbs UV rays from the sun. Thus protects the living system on earth from any kind of damage.

Question 7.
How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two methods.
Answer:

• Recycling of wastes
• Reduction at source
• Better management
• Vermicomposting
• Use of eco-friendly products such as disposable paper cups in place of plastic cups.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Voice Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Voice

Change the Voice in the following sentences.

Question 1.
1. She will water the plants.
2. We expect happy news.
3. Does Raghu speak the truth?
4. They did not listen to me.
5. He helped his father in his old age.
6. The children were collecting stamps.
7. Columbus discovered America.
8. You cannot always expect such wonders.
9. Somebody has stolen my camera.
10. The boss has accepted my proposal.
11. I know his ways.
12. Do not insult your elders.
13. The teacher will punish the naughty boys.
14. Your behaviour displeased me.
15. Am I favouring you ?
Answer:
1. The plants will be watered by her.
2. Happy news is expected by us.
3. Is the truth spoken by Raghu ?
4. I was not listened to by them.
5. His father was helped in his old age by him.
6. Stamps were being collected by the children.
7. America was discovered by Columbus.
8. Such wonders cannot be expected always.
9. My camera has been stolen.
10. My proposal has1 been accepted by the boss.
11. His ways are known to me.
12. Your elders should not be insulted.
13. The naughty boys will be punished by the teach
14. I was displeased with your behaviour
15. Are you being favoured by plan

Question 2.
1. A race is run by them.
2. Who had been fined ?
3. A noise was made by you.
4. By whom are you taught English ?
5. It has to be learnt by heart.
6. Nothing will be done by them.
7. What is wanted by you ?
8. They were being taught by us.
9. The beggar was being insulted by them.
10. He will not have been abused by us.
11. I should not be disturbed.
12. My camera has been stolen by her.
13. This picture has been painted by me.
14. The thieves were caught by the police.
15. The child was knocked down by a car.
Answer:
1. They are running a race.
2. Who had fined him / her ?
3. You mame noise.
4. Who teaches you English ?
5. One has to learn it by heart.
6. Men will do nothing.
7. What do you want ?
8. We were teaching they them.
9. They were insulting the beggar.
10. We will not have abused
11. Nobody should disturb me.
12. She has stolen my camera.
13. I am have painted this picture.
14. The police caught the thieves.
15. A car knocked down the child.

Question 3.
1. I have seen this.
2. Nobody has touched it.
3. One must do one’s duty.
4. It is time to have tea.
5. He may avoid you.
6. Have you called out the roll ?
7. The police have arrested him.
8. May I smoke?
9. Let her sing.
10. They say that honesty is the best policy.
Answer:
1. This has been seen by me.
2. It has not been touched by anybody.
3. Duty must be done.
4. It is time for tea to be had.
5. You may be avoided by him.
6. Has the roll been called out by you ?
7. He has been arrested (by the police).
8. May I be permitted to smoke ?
9. She should be allowed to sing.
10. It is said that honesty is the best policy.

Question 4.
1. What cannot be cured must be endured.
2. It was hoped that he would pass.
3. Let the match be played by them.
4. It is said that virtue is its own reward.
5. You may be avoided by him.
6. His name will have to be struck off.
7. You are requested to listen to him.
8. I am astonished at his way of talking.
9. It should be done.
10. It is time to call in the doctor.
Answer:
1. One must endure what cannot be cured.
2. We hoped that he would pass
3. Let them play the match.
4. They say that virtue is its own reward.
5. He may avoid you.
6. They will have to strike off his name.
7. I request you to listen to him.
8. His way of talking astonishes me.
9. You should do it.
10. It is time for the doctor to be called in.

Question 5.
1. A meeting is being held here.
2. The bond was signed.
3. Duty must be done.
4. They were refused admission to this school.
5. Many persons were thrown out of jobs.
6. They were forced to listen.
7. What cannot be cured must be endured.
8. The child has been named Udit.
9. Promises will always be kept.
10. I was made captain of the school cricket team.
Answer:
1. They are holding a meeting here.
2. They signed the bond.
3. One must do one’s duty.
4. The Principal refused to admit them to this school.
5. The company threw many persons out of jobs.
6. He forced them to listen
7. One must endure what cannot be cured.
8. The parents have named the child Udit.
9. We will always keep our promises.
10. They made me captain of the school cricket team.

Question 6.
1. He is a man to trust.
2. I shall have to strike off his name. (His name will have to be struck off.)
3. Women like men to flatter them.
4. I want to buy this car.
5. He wants to become a pilot.
6. Shall I have to punish him ?
7. You have to do it.
8. It is time to say goodbye.
9. I have a lot yet to do.
10. He is a person to rely on.
Answer:
1. He is a man to be trusted.
2. His name will have to be struck off.
3. Women like to be flattered by men.
4. It is wanted by me to buy this car.
5. Becoming a pilot is wanted by him.
6. Will he have to be punished by me ?
7. It has to be done by you.
8. It is time for goodbye to be said.
9. A lot is yet to be done by me.
10. He is a person to be relied on.

Question 7.
1. Why did you abuse me ?
2. Who told a lie ?
3. When did you see the star ?
4. How has the teacher marked her absent ?
5. When did you pluck these flowers ?
Answer:
1. Why was I abused by you ?
2. By whom was a lie told ?
3. When was the star seen by you ?
4. How has she been marked absent by the teacher ?
5. When were these flowers plucked by you ?

Question 8.
1. Help everybody.
2. Help me, please.
3. Never waste your time.
4. Speak no evil of anybody.
5. Post this letter.
6. Learn it by heart.
7. Do not make a noise.
8. Show the guests in.
9. Kindly grant me leave.
10. Sit down, please.
Answer:
1. Everybody should be helped.
2. I may please be helped.
3. Never let your time be wasted.
4. Let not evil of anybody be spoken
5. Let this letter be posted.
6. It should be learned by heart.
7. Let a noise not be made.
8. The guests should be shown in.
9. I may kindly be granted leave.
10. You are requested to sit down.

Question 9.
1. Is this book being sold well ?
2. Quinine tastes bitter.
3. Is this medicine sweet when tasted ?
4. Sea water is saltish when tasted.
5. Does honey taste sweet ?
Answer:
1. Is this book selling well ?
2. Quinine is bitter when tasted.
3. Does this medicine taste sweet ?
4. Sea water tastes saltish.
5. Is honey sweet when – tasted ?

Question 10.
1. He may join the strike.
2. You can do it.
3. I cannot digest it.
4. Why should I do it ?
5. You should teach him a lesson.
6. You should respect your elders.
7. You ought to help the poor.
8. We should not laugh at others.
9. We must respect our elders.
10. You need not send this letter.
Answer:
1. The strike may be joined by him.
2. It can be done by you.
3. It cannot be digested by me.
4. Why should it be done by me ?
5. He should be taught a lesson by you.
(Or)
A lesson should be taught to him by you.
6. Your elders should be respected by you.
7. The poor ought to be helped by you.
8. Others should not be laughed at by us.
9. Our elders must be respected by us.
10. This letter need not be sent (by you)

Question 11.
1. He did not allow her to sit.
2. Parents should not over-protect their children.
3. You have to do it.
4. Why did you laugh at the poor man?
5. He is playing the game.
6. What did you see there?
7. I love my parents.
8. He has been arrested.
9. She was dismissed from service.
10. How can you solve this sum ?
Answer:
1. She was not allowed to sit by him.
2. The children should not be over protected by their parents.
3. It has to be done by you.
4. Why was the poor me in laughed at by you ?
5. The game is being played by him.
6. What was see n there by you ?
7. My parents are loved by me.
8. The police has arrested him
9. The boss dismissed her from service.
10. How can this sum be solved ( by you)

Active Voice

जिस वाक्य में Subject का सीधा सम्बन्ध Verb के साथ होता है (अर्थात् कर्ता के अनुसार क्रिया का रूप निर्धारित होता है), उसे Active Voice का वाक्य कहा जाता है। Passive Voice-जिस वाक्य में कर्म के अनुसार क्रिया का रूप निर्धारित होता है (और कर्ता का क्रिया पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता), उसे Passive Voice का वाक्य कहा जाता है।

Present Indefinite Tense

(is / am / are +V₃)

Active	Passive
1. She helps the, poor. 2. We expect good news. 3. I know him. 4. Radha does not sing a song. 5. Who teaches you English ? 6. What do you want ?	1. The poor are helped by her. 2. Good news is expected by us. 3. He is known to me. 4. A song is not sung by Radha. 5. By whom are you taught English ? 6. What is wanted by you ?

Change the Voice in the following sentences :

1. He does not love me.
2. We respect our elders.
3. 1 do not laugh at him.
4. Kanta solves her sums.
5. We expect happy news
6. Parents love their children.
7. Carpenters make furniture.
8. Do the farmers grow wheat ?
9. She does not deliver a speech.
10. Does Sita take care of her son

Past Indefinite Tense

(was / were + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. She kept us waiting. 2. I employed many men. 3. The hunter did not kill the birds. 4. Did he give you anything ? 5. Who lent you this book ? 6. Which picture did you see last night ?	1. We were kept waiting by her. 2. Many men were employed by me. 3. The birds were not killed by the hunter. 4. Were you given anything by him ? 5. By whom were you lent this book ? 6. Which picture was seen by you last night ?

Present Continuous Tense

(is / am / are + being + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The gardener is plucking flowers. 2. He is driving a motor car. 3. Boys are flying kites. 4. Is she reading a book? 5. Why are you wasting your time? 6. Who is laughing at the beggar?	1. Flowers are being plucked by the gardener. 2. A motor car is being driven by him. 3. Kites are being flown by boys. 4. Is a book being read by her? 5. Why is your time being wasted by you? 6. By whom is the beggar being laughed at?

Change the Voice :

1. We are helping them.
2. Am I favouring you ?
3. She is singing a song.
4. He is painting a picture.
5. They are playing hockey.
6. The child is not cutting teeth.
7. The child is enjoying the game.
8. Are they knocking at the door ?
9. Are they not serving their country ?
10. Are the boys laughing at the old man ?

Past Continuous Tense

(was / were + being + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The hunter was aiming at the lion. 2. She was milking the cow. 3. The peon was ringing the bell. 4. The farmer was not ploughing the field. 5. Were they learning their lesson ? 6. What was Sohan doing ?	1. The lion was being aimed at by the hunter. 2. The cow was being milked by her. 3. The bell was being rung by the peon. 4. The field was not being ploughed by the farmer. 5. Was their lesson being learnt by them ? 6. What was being done by Sohan ?

Change the Voice:

1. I was closing the shop.
2. Was I writing a letter ?
3. Were you insulting him ?
4. Were they reading novels ?
5. Sita was ironing the clothes.
6. They were chasing the thief.
7. She was asking for more work.
8. They were not selling their books.
9. The mother was looking after the child nicely.
10. Was the gardener plucking flowers from the garden ?

Present Perfect Tense

(has / have + been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. I have done my duty. 2. She has sold her cow. 3. They have not broken the windowpane. 4. Have you ever seen a lion ? 5. Why has Sohan not finished his work? 6. Who has stolen my pencil ?	1. My duty has been done by me. 2. Her cow has been sold by her. 3. The windowpane has not been broken by them. 4. Has a lion ever been seen by you ? 5. Why has his work not been finished by Sohan ? 6. By whom has my pencil been stolen ?

Change the Voice :
1. He has taken tea.
2. You have not told lies.
3. Have you seen a zoo?
4. I have won the match.
5. I have spoken the truth.
6. Has Rama seen this picture?
7. Sita has washed all her clothes.
8. Has the judge set the prisoner free?
9. Has he paid his insurance premium?
10. They have not learnt anything from the past.

Present Perfect Tense

(has / have + been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. The watchman had already opened the gate. 2. We had never visited Amritsar before. 3. Had you never seen this place before? 4. Who had invited you to the feast? 5. Had he finished his work by 4 p.m.?	1. The gate had already been opened by the watchman. 2. Amritsar had never been visited by us before. 3. Had this place never been seen by you before? 4. By whom had you been invited to the feast? 5. Had his work been finished by him by 4 p.m.?

Change the Voice :
1. I had paid all the dues.
2. Had you hidden the ball ?
3. Who had broken the chair ?
4. I had told him the entire story.
5. She had never told a lie before.
6. They had gathered the flowers.
7. Why had he stolen your books ?
8. Had you never seen the Taj before ?
9. The gardener had watered the plants.
10. Had they looked into the whole matter ?

Future Perfect Tense

(will / shall + have been + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. I shall have planted a tree. 2. He will have read this book. 3. He will have sold his house. 4. She will have taken the test. 5. Will he have written a letter?	1. A tree will have been planted by me. 2. This book will have been read by him. 3. His house will have been sold by him. 4. The test will have been taken by her. 5. Will a letter have been written by him?

Change the Voice :
1. He will have abused me.
2. Who will have done this ?
3. We shall have heard a noise.
4. You will have done your duty.
5. I shall have received the letter.
6. Will she have posted her letter ?
7. Rama will have won the match by 6 p.m.
8. I will have finished my work before evening.
9. They will have taken their lunch before you reach there.
10. Will the doctor have examined the patient before you reach there ?

Imperative Sentences

(Object + should be + V₃) Or (Let + Object + be + V₃)

Active	Passive
1. Shut the door. 2. Obey your parents. 3. Carry it home. 4. Never tell a lie. 5. Let him play the match. 6.  Please bring me a glass of water.	1. The door should be shut. 2. Let your parents be obeyed. 3. Let it be carried home. 4. A lie should never be told. 5. Let the match be played by him. 6.  You are. requested to bring me a glass of water.

Change the Voice :
1. Post this letter.
2. Help me, please.
3. Sit down, please.
4. Learn it by heart.
5. Never waste your time.
6. Show the guests in.
7. Do not make a noise.
8. Kindly grant me leave.
9. Never waste your time.
10. Speak no evil of anybody.

Prepositional Verbs

कुछ Verbs के साथ विशेष Prepositions या Adverb Particles का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Active Passive दोनों तरह के वाक्यों में ये Prepositions या Adverb Particles सम्बन्धित Verbs के सा लगाए जाने चाहिएं। इन्हें Verbs से अलग नहीं किया जा सकता है।

Active

Passive

1. The people listened to him with respect. 2. I objected to his proposal. 3. The rich often laugh at the poor. 4. We must take care of our health. 5. They switched off the lights. 6. A car ran over an old man. 7. The police charged her with murder. 8. The Principal turned down my request. 9. The thieves cut down the telephone wires. 10. I cannot think of such a thing.

1. He was listened to with respect by the people. 2. His proposal was objected to by me. 3. The poor are often laughed at by the rich. 4. Health must be taken care of. 5. The lights were switched off. 6. An old man was run over by a car. 7. She was charged with murder by the police. 8. My request was turned down by the Principal. 9. The telephone wires were cut down by the thieves. 10. Such a thing cannot be thought of by me.

Change the Voice :
1. Are you listening to me?
2. I have sent for the doctor.
3. He has idled away his time.
4. Did he laugh at that insult?
5. They laid out a small garden.
6. Did the people cheer him up?
7. A car knocked down the child.
8. Has she asked for a new servant?
9. Why are you laughing at the poor man?
10. The boys did not throw stones at the beggar.

Passive of Infinitives

Active	Passive
1. She begged the Principal to forgive her. 2. I hope to overcome my difficulties. 3. I have to do this work. 4. It expect you to finish the work. 5 It is time to give the order.	1. She begged the Principal to be forgiven. 2. I hope my difficulties to be overcome. 3. This work has to be done by me. 4. I expect the work to be finished by you. 5. It is time for the order to be given.

Change the Voice :
1. You have to do it.
2. It is time to take tea.
3. He is a man to trust.
4. I want to buy this book.
5. I have to attend a party.
6. It is time to say our prayers.
7. It is time to revise our books.
8. Shall I have to punish him ?
9. Women like men to flatter them.
10. I shall have to strike off his name.

Use of Prepositions other than ‘by’

कुछ वाक्यों के Passive voicé में ‘by’ के स्थान पर किसी अन्य Preposition का प्रयोग होता है।

Active	Passive
1. His behaviour disgusts me. 2. The jug contains milk. 3. The news surprised us. 4. Gardening interests my mother. 5. You cannot please her. 6. I know him. 7. His jokes amused us. 8. His conduct amazed us.	1. I am disgusted with his behaviour. 2. Milk is contained in the jug. 3. We were surprised at the news. 4. My mother is interested in gardening. 5. She cannot be pleased with you. 6. He is known to me. 7. We were amused at his jokes. 8. We were amazed at his conduct.

Change the Voice :
1. I know this man.
2. This pot contains milk.
3. His behaviour surprised me.
4. Does she know the manager ?
5. The audience thronged the hall.
6. The sun ripens the hanging fruit.
7. His death has shocked everybody.
8. Didn’t his performance displease her?
9. Your harsh words will annoy everybody.
10. Your manners have impressed your boss.

Interrogative Sentences (Mixed Type)

नोट: What, why, when, how, which, where, who,आदि से शुरू होने वाले प्रश्नान्मक वाक्य निम्नलिखित हैं

Active	Passive
1. What do you want ? 2. Who teaches you English ? 3. Whom do you love ? 4. Where will you spend your holidays ? 5. Whence have you bought this pen? 6. When will you see him ? 7. Why did he abuse you ?	1. What is wanted by you ? 2. By whom are you taught English ? 3. Who is loved by you ? 4. Where will your holidays be spent by you ? 5. Whence has this pen been bought by you ? 6. When will he be seen by you ? 7. Why were you abused by him ?

Change the Voice :
1. Who told a lie ?
2. Whom do you like ?
3. Whom did you see ?
4. What does he want ?
5. Who stole your pen ?
6. Who had visited Delhi ?
7. Why did you abuse me ?
8. Whom will you elect President ?
9. When did you pluck these flowers ?
10. Why has the teacher marked me absent ?

Use of can, could, may, etc.

(can, could, may, might, should, would, dare, etc. + be +V₃)

Active	Passive
1. You should write the address neatly. 2. One cannot please everybody. 3. We should always speak the truth. 4 You must listen to his words. 5. One should do one’s duty. 6. Somebody must help this poor Woman.	1. The address should be written neatly. 2. Everybody cannot be pleased. 3. The truth should always be spoken by us. 4. His words must be listened to. 5. Duty should be done. 6. This poor woman must be helped.

Change the Voice :
1. I cannot do it.
2. You can do it.
3. Why should I do it?
4. May I take your book?
5. May I see this picture?
6. He may win a scholarship.
7. You ought to help the poor.
8. We should not laugh at others.
9. You should teach him a lesson.
10. You should respect your parents.

Implied Subject

Passive Voice के कुछ वाक्यों में by + agent नहीं दिया गया होता है, किन्तु ऐसे वाक्यों में कर्ता का अनुमान लगाने में कोई कठिनाई नहीं होती है। अत: Passive Voice से Active Voice बनाने में उसी कर्ता का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

Passive	Active
1. You are wanted outside. 2. The thief has been arrested. 3. The telephone wires were cut. 4. The matter will be discussed tomorrow. 5. He was elected Member of Parliament.	1. Someone wants you outside. 2. The police have arrested the thief. 3. The thieves cut the telephone wires. 4. The committee will discuss the matter tomorrow 5. People elected him Member of Parliament.

Change the Voice :
1. Duty must be done.
2. The bond was signed.
3. They were forced to listen.
4. Promises will always be kept.
5. A meeting is being held here.
6. The child has been named Mohan.
7. Many persons were thrown out of jobs.
8. What cannot be cured must be endured.
9. They were refused admission to this school.
10. I was made captain of the school cricket team.

Double-Object-Type Sentences

कुछ वाक्यों में दो Objects होते हैं; जैसे
I gave him a book

पहले Object को Indirect Object और दूसरे को Direct Object कहा जाता है।
Passive Voice बनाते समय प्राय: Indirect Object को ही Subject के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता
He was given a book by me.

किन्तु यदि Direct Object को Subject के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाना हो तो Indirect Object से पूर्व to अथवा for का प्रयोग करना पड़ता है। जैसे
A book was given to him by me.

Active	Passive
1. I gave him a book. (or)2. He teaches us English. (or)3. You have written him a letter (or)4. She handed Ram a letter. (or)5. They gave her a test. (or)	1. A book was given to him by me. He was given a book by me.2. English is taught to us by him. We are taught English by him.3. A letter has been written to him by you. He has been written a letter by you.4. A letter was handed to Ram by her. Ram was handed a letter by her.5.  She was given a test by them. A test was given to her by them.

Change the Voice :
1. You gave him a pen.
2. She teaches him English.
3. Who gave you this money ?
4. My uncle sent me a present.
5. Has Ram told you the truth ?
6. They do not give him good food
7. Do you explain the case to him ?
8. The teacher did not give us a test.
9. Have you given him our umbrella ?
10. They will have sent him a lovely watch.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 12 Electricity Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 12 Electricity

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
(a) What is meant by Joule’s heating effect due to flow of current through a conductor?
Answer:
The conductors offer some resistance to the flow of current. If I is the current in ampere flowing for t second, then quantity of charge Q = I × t.

The work done in carrying a charge Q ( It). coulomb against a potential difference of
1 volt. W = V × Q
or W = V × It
= VIt joule

The whole of this energy is converted into heat.
∴ Heat produced, H = W = VIt joule ……….. (i)

Now V = IR
H = (IR)It joule
or H = I²Rt joule ………. (ii)
Again
I = \(\frac{V}{R}\)
∴ H = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}^{2}}{\mathrm{R}^{2}}\) Rt joule
or H = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}^{2}}{\mathrm{R}}\) t joule ………….. (iii)

Thus, when current is passed through a conductor, the heat produced is given by;
H = VIt = I²Rt = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}^{2}}{\mathrm{R}}\) t
and is called Joules heating effect.

(b) Define electric power and unit of electric power.
Answer:
Electric Power: The rate of doing electric work is called electric power. Suppose ‘V’ is the potential difference between the ends of a conductor and T is the current flowing through it,

Work done by flow of current T for ‘t’ second, W = VIt

Unit of Electric Power. We know P = V x I. If potential difference V is measured in volt and current T in ampere than power will be in watt.
1 watt = 1 volt x 1 ampere

The bigger unit of power is Kilowatt (kw)
1 kilowatt = 1000 watt.

(c) What do you mean by electric energy? Give the definition of its unit.
Answer:
Electric Energy: Total work done by electric current in a fixed time is called electric energy.

Suppose I ampere of current flows through a conductor for t seconds when the potential difference across the ends of a conductor is V, then total work done or electric energy consumed,
E = W = V × I × t

The unit of electric energy is joule or watt-second but this is a small unit.
The bigger unit of electric energy is watt hour.

Watt hour. The electric energy consumed in a circuit is said to be watt hour if 1 ampere of current flows for 1 hour and potential differenc across the ends is 1 volt.
1 watt-hour = 1 watt × 1 hr.
= 1 volt × l ampere × 1 hour 1 kilowatt hour (kwh) = 1000 watt hours
The bigger (commercial) unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kwh).

Question 2.
What is meant by resistance of a conductor? On what factors does the resistance of conductor depends?
Answer:
Resistance of Conductor. It is defined as the ratio of potential difference across its ends to the current flowing through the conductor is called resistance of the conductor. It is denoted by ‘R’.

If V is the potential difference between the ends of the conductor and T is the current flowing through the conductor, then
Resistance (R) = \(\frac{\text { Potential Difference }(\mathrm{V})}{\text { Current }(\mathrm{I})}\)

Unit of Resistance. S.I. unit of resistance is ohm.

Factors on which resistance of conductor depends.

• Electric source (i.e. battery or cell)
• Conductor
• Switch (or key)
• Any other instrument connected in the circuit.

Question 3.
Find experimentally the various factors on which resistance of conductor depends.
Answer:
On what factors the resistance of a conductor depends is shown by the following experiment :

Experiment: Arrange an electric circuit consisting of a battery, ammeter, connecting wire and conductor with the help of a switch (key). Press the switch and allow the current to flow through the circuit. Note the value of current from the ammeter. Now in place of this wire, connect another wire of place of this wire, connect another wire of same length and thickness and note the reading of ammeter. You will find that the value of current changes. This experiment shows that resistance of conductor depends upon the nature of material of wire i.e. at the same temperature the resistance of different conductors of same length and thickness is different.

Now take a wire of the same material as that of the first conductor and same diameter but of double length. Connect this wire in the same circuit and allow the current to flow through it. You will see this value is half of the first value. This shows that resistance is proportional to the length. If R is the resistance of the conductor and l the length then,
R ∝ l …(i)
Now take two wires of the same material but of different areas of cross section. At first connect a wire of small cross-section in the circuit and then replace it with a wire of large area of cross-section. Note the value of current I in two cases. You will see that more current flows in the second wire than in the first wire. It is clear that resistance of second wire is less than the first wire.
i.e. R ∝\(\frac{1}{A}\) ……(ii)

Combining (i) and (ii), we get
R ∝\(\frac{l}{A}\) …..(iii)
or R = ρ. \(\frac{l}{A}\) …(iv)
where ρ is a constant and is called resistivity of the conductor. Its value depends upon the nature of material of conductor (wire).

Question 4.
What is Ohm’s law? How can it be verified?
Or
Write ohm’s law. Draw a circuit diagram to prove it experimentally in the laboratory,
Answer:
Ohm’s law. It states that the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the temperature and other physical conditions remains unchanged.
I ∝ Y
i.e. V ∝ I
or V = RI
Where R is a constant of proportionalty called resistance.

Resistance. It is the property of a conductor to oppose the flow of current. Resistance depends upon the nature of the conductor, its temperature and its dimensions (length, area).
R = \(\frac{V}{I}\)
or I = \(\frac{V}{R}\)
Experimental Verification of Ohm’s Law: Connect an ammeter, battery, key and rheostat as shown in Fig. 12.7(a). Put the plug in the key K. Read the values of potential difference across resistor R with the help of voltmeter V and the current flowing through the resistor with the help of ammeter.

Note the readings. Vary the current in the circuit by sliding contact of rheostat and go on noting reading in voltmeter and ammeter. Take the ratio potential difference (V) and corresponding value of current (I) each time. The ratio would be same, which proves Ohm’s law. Now plot a graph between V and I on graph paper. It will be straight line graph as shown in Figure (b) which also verifies that V ∝ I.

Question 5.
What is the need of combining different resistors? What is the resultant resistance when a number of resistances are connected in series?
Or
State Ohm’s law. Find the equivalent of resistances of the individual resistances connected in series.
Answer:
Ohm’s law: It states that the current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the temperature and other physical conditions remains unchanged.
I ∝ Y
i.e. V ∝ I
or V = RI
Where R is a constant of proportionalty called resistance.

Combination of Resistors: Resistors of all values of resistances are not available. Hence resistors are connected in a number of ways to increase or decrease the combined resistance. There are two distinct ways in which resistors can be connected. They are (i) resistors in series and (ii) resistors in parallel.

Resistors Connected In Series:

Resistors are said to be connected in series, if they are joined end to end so that the same current flows through each one of them in succession. Let the resistors R1( R2 and R3, be joined in series and let the current passing through them be I [Figure].

Let V₁, V₂, and V₃ be the potential difference between the ends of the first, second and third resistor respectively.
By Ohm’s law,
V₁ = IR₁; V₂ = IR₂ and V₃ = IR₃

If V is the total potential difference between the ends A and D and R is the effective resistance of the combination of all the resistors, then
V = IRS
But V = V₁ + V₂ + V₃.
or IR_s = IR₁ + IR₂ + IR₃
IR_s = I(R₁ + R₂ + R₃)
or R_s = R₁ + R₂ + R₃

The above result holds good for any number of resistors joined in series.
Thus when resistors are joined in series, the total resistance is equal to the sum of individual resistances.

Question 6.
With the help of a diagram derive the formula for the equivalent resistance of three resistances connected in parallels.
Or
With the help of a labelled circuit diagram derive a formula to find combined resistance (R) when two or more resistances (R₁, R₂, R₃) are connected in parallel taking symbols potential difference (V) and current (I).
Answer:
A circuit in which two or more resistors are connected across two common points so as to provide separate paths is called parallel circuit.

In this case, the same potential difference will be maintained between the two ends of every resistor and the current will divide itself in various branches.

Let the resistors R₁; R₂ and R₃ be joined in parallel between the points A and B.
Let the current I reaching A divide itself into three parts I₁; I₂ and I₃ along R₁, R₂ and R₃ respectively. Let V be the potential difference between the points A and B.

The currents flowing in the individual resistors are then given by :
I₁ = \(\frac{V}{R_{1}}\),
I₂ = \(\frac{V}{R_{2}}\) and
I₃ = \(\frac{V}{R_{3}}\)
Let R_p be the resistance of the combination,

The result holds good for any number of resistances.

Question 7.
What is meant by electric power? Give its units. Also give its SI unit.
Or
What is power? Give commercial unit of power.
Or
What is electric energy? What is its SI unit?
Answer:
Power is the rate of doing work. The electric power of an appliance is its rate of consumption of electric energy.
The power of an electric appliance is 1 W (watt) if it consumes 1 J (joule) of energy in 1 second.

If I ampere of the current flows for t second through a coil whose ends are maintained at a potential difference of V volt, then the energy consumed or the work done.
W = VIt joule

Power = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{t}\)
= \(\frac{\mathrm{VI} t \text { joule }}{t \text { second }}\)
or P = V × I joule/second
or = VI watt
∴ P (watt) = V (volt) × J (ampere)
or watt = volt × ampere

Bigger unit of power is usually kW (kilowatt)
1 kW = 1,000 W
P(in kW) = \(\frac{\text { watt }}{1,000}=\frac{\mathrm{V} \text { (volt) } \times \mathrm{I} \text { (ampere) }}{1,000}\)

Electric energy is the total amount of work done by the current in a given time or electric energy is the total amount of energy consumed in an electric circuit in a given time.
W (joule) = P(watt) × t (second)
or W = P\(\left(\frac{\mathrm{J}}{\mathrm{s}}\right)\) × t (s)
= P × t joule
But P = VI
∴ W = VIt joule

Practical Unit of Electric Energy: Practical unit of electric energy called kWh (kilowatt-hour) is usually used. This unit is also called B.O.T. (Board of Trade Unit).

The unit kWh is equal to the work done or energy consumed when a power of IkW is consumed for 1 hour.
Energy in kWh = \(\frac{\text { watt } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)
or
Energy in kWh = \(\frac{\text { volt } \times \text { ampere } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the contribution of electricity in our daily life?
Answer:
Contribution of Electricity in our Life. Electricity finds great contribution in our life. It gives many facilities like its use in electric bulb and tubelight removes darkness at night, in summers with its use desert coolers and air conditioners keep our houses cool while in winters with its use in heaters we keep our houses warm. Besides this electricity is used in televisions, radios and cinemas for our entertainment. Electricity is also used to work the various machines the fields of agriculture, transport and industry.

Question 2.
What do you understand by static electricity?
Answer:
Static Electricity: When two bodies are rubbed against each other then they acquire a property to attract lighter bodies towards them that is they get static charge. Electricity produced by rubbing the two bodies with each other is called frictional electricity or static electricity. And the study of static charges is called electrostatics.

Example: When a plastic pen is rubbed with dry hair then the pen attracts small bits of paper towards itself. This is due to the electricity produced by rubbing.

Question 3.
What are positive and negative charges? How are these produced?
Answer:
Positive charge: The charge produced in glass rod when it is rubbed with silk cloth is called positive charge.
Negative charge: The charge produced on ebonite rod when it is rubbed with cat skin is called negative charge.

Question 4.
What is an electric circuit?
Answer:
Electric circuit. It is a closed path through which the electrons flow readily. When a conductor is connected to a battery, the electrons move from negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal. However, conventionally, the current is considered to flow from positive to negative terminal of battery.

Question 5.
Distinguish between good conductors, resistors and insulators.
Answer:

• Good Conductors: Those substances through which the current can flow freely.
• Insulators: Those substances which do not allow the current to flow through them.
• Resistors: These are objects which oppose the flow of current through them.

Question 6.
What is meant by electric potential? Distinguish between positive potential and negative potential.
Answer:

• Electric Potential. It is the . specific electric state of conductor which tells us the directions of flow of charge when it is brought in contact with some other conductor. The potential of a conductor is determined relative to the potential of earth.
• Positive Potential: If positive charge flows from a body to earth or the flow of electrons is from earth to the body then the potential of the body is said to be positive potential.
• Negative Potential: The body is said to have negative potential if negative charge either flows from earth to body or electrons flow from body to earth.

Question 7.
What is electromotive force (emf) of a cell?
Answer:
Electromotive Force of Cell. The energy consumed by the cell connected in the circuit in making a unit charge to flow in the circuit is called electromotive force (emf) of the cell.
The S.I. unit of emf is volt.

Question 8.
What is the potential difference between two points in the electric field? Name and define its SI unit.
Answer:
Let a charge Q be moved from one point to another point, in the electric field and W be the work done, then the potential difference V between two points is given by :
V = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
or W = VQ
If Q = + 1C, then V = W

Definition: The potential difference between two points in the electric field is defined as the amount of work done in moving a unit positive test charge from one point to the other against electrostatic force due to electric field.

SI units of P.D. is volt: Potential difference between two points is said to be 1 volt if 1 J of the work is done in moving a charge of 1 C from one point to the other.
Hence 1 volt = \(\frac{1 \text { joule }}{1 \text { coulomb }}\)
1 V =1 J/C
= 1 JC-1

Question 9.
Define Volt. It is a unit of which physical quantity?
Answer:
Volt: The potential difference between two points in an electric field is said to be 1 volt when 1 joule of work is done in carrying 1 coulomb of charge from one point to the other against the electric force.
1 volt = \(\frac{1 \text { joule }}{1 \text { coulomb }}\)

Volt is the unit of physical quantity, potential difference.

Question 10.
How can we say that electric current is due to flow of charge?
Answer:
If we connect an uncharged electroscope with a charged electroscope with the help of a wire then charge flows from a charged electroscope to an uncharged electroscope and the leaves of uncharged electroscope diverge. This flow continues up till the time the leaves of two electroscope become equally diverged. This flow of charge is called current.

Question 11.
What is meant by electric current?
Or
What is electric current?
Answer:
Electric Current: When two points at different potentials are connected with each other with a copper wire then charge begins to flow from point at a higher potential to a point at lower potential. This process continues till the potential of two points become same. If there remains a potential difference between two points then the flow of charge continues. In this way the flow of charge constitutes electric current.

Question 12.
How does electric current produce heat?
Answer:
In a metallic conductor there are present large number of free electrons moving freely in haphazard direction. When the conductor is connected to an electric source then free electrons flow from high potential to low potential when these electrons collide with atoms of the conductor. Due to this collision kinetic energy of electrons gets transferred to atoms of the conductor. This results in increase of kinetic energy of the atoms so as to increase the temperature of the conductor and hence heat is produced in the conductor.

Question 13.
Define resistance of conductor. Also give its units.
Or
What is meant by resistance of conductor. Define its units.
Answer:
Resistance of Conductor. It is defined as the ratio of potential difference across its ends to the current flowing through the conductor is called resistance of the conductor. It is denoted by ‘R’.

If V is the potential difference between the ends of the conductor and T is the current flowing through the conductor, then
Resistance (R) = \(\frac{\text { Potential Difference }(\mathrm{V})}{\text { Current }(\mathrm{I})}\)

Unit of Resistance. S.I. unit of resistance is ohm.

ohm: Resistance of a conductor will be 1 ohm if potential difference between its ends is 1 volt and the current flowing through it is 1 ampere.
That is, it is the resistance of a metallic cube whose each side is 1 m and current of 1 ampere flows perpendicularly across its opposite faces.

Question 14.
What is meant by resistivity? Write its S.I. unit and give its importance.
Answer:
Resistivity: From Ohm’s Law we know that,
R = ρ\(\frac{l}{A}\)
If I = lm and A = 1 m², then
R = ρ

So, resistivity of a material of a conductor is the resistance offered by its material to the flow of current of 1A if the length of the conductor is 1 m and its area of cross section is 1 m2.
Its S.I. unit is ohm meter (Ω m).

Importance :

• It changes with change in temperature.
• The materials having high resistivity are bad conductors of electricity. Examples. Plastic, Rubber etc.
• The materials having low resistivity are good conductors of electricity. Examples. Metals, Alloys etc.
• Resistivity of an alloy is more than the resistivity of any of its constituents.

Question 15.
What is electric current ? Give its unit in S.I. system.
Answer:
Electric Current. The directed flow of electrons per unit time is called electric current. It is denoted by T.
Or
It is also defined as the ratio of flow of charge per unit time.
Electric current = \(\frac{\text { Charge }}{\text { rime }}\)
I = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}}{t}\)

S.I unit of current is ampere (A)
1 ampere = \(\frac{1 \text { coulomb }}{1 \text { second }}\)
where 1C = \(\frac{1}{1.6 \times 10^{-19}}\) electrons
= 6.25 × 10¹⁸ electrons

Ampere: If 1 coulomb of charge is allowed to flow through a conductor in 1 second, then the current flowing through the conductor is said to be 1 ampere.

The smaller unit of current is milli 1 ampere
1 milliampere = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) ampere
= 10^-3 ampere

Question 16.
Name and define unit for electric current?
Answer:
The unit of electric current is Ampere.
Ampere: If 1 coulomb of charge is allowed to flow through a conductor in 1 second, then the current flowing through the conductor is said to be 1 ampere.

The smaller unit of current is milli 1 ampere
1 milliampere = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) ampere
= 10^-3 ampere

Question 17.
What is electric energy? What is its SI unit?
Answer:
Electric energy. It is the total amount of work done by the current in a given time or electric energy is the total amount of energy consumed in an electric circuit in a given time.
W (joule) = P(watt) × t (second)
or W = P\(\left(\frac{J}{s}\right)\) × t (s)
= Pt joule
But P = VI
∴ W = VIt joule

Practical Unit of Electric Energy: Practical unit of electric energy called KWh (kilowatt-hour) is usually used. This unit is also called B.O.T. (Board of Trade Unit).

The unit KWh is equal to the work done or energy consumed when a power of 1KW is consumed for 1 hour.
Energy in KWh = \(\frac{\text { watt } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)
or
Energy in KWh = \(\frac{\text { volt } \times \text { ampere } \times \text { hour }}{1,000}\)

Question 18.
Which instrument is used to measure current in the circuit? How is it connected in the circuit?
Answer:
Ammeter is used to measure current in a circuit. It is always connected in a circuit in such a way that total current may flow through it. It is, therefore, connected in series in a circuit. Ammeter has very small resistance and connected in series would not change current in the circuit.

Question 19.
Define unit of electric energy.
Or
Define 1 watt hour.
Answer:
The unit of electric energy is joule or watt second or watt hour.
Definition of watt hour: Electric energy consumed is said to be 1 watt hour when 1 ampare of current flows for 1 hour through a conductor whose ends are maintained at a potential difference of 1 volt.
1 watt hour = 1 watt × 1 hour
= 1 volt × l ampere × 1 hour.
The bigger unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour.
1 kilowatt hour (1 kwh) = 1000 watt hour.

Question 20.
How many joules are present in 1 kilowatt hour?
Or
Define kilowatt hour.
Answer:
Kilowatt-hour: If 1 kilowatt of electric power is used by an agent for 1 hour then the electric energy consumed is 1-kilowatt hour (1 kwh).
1 kwh = 1 kw × l h
= 1000 w × 3600 s
= 1000 \(\frac{j}{s}\) × 3600 s
1 kilowatt hour (1 kwh) = 36 × 10⁵ J.

Question 21.
Why is it that very small amount of heat is produced in connecting wires whereas large amount of heat is produced in heating filament of electric bulbs?
Answer:
The resistane of filament of electric .bulb is very high as compared to that of connecting wires. Therefore, if same amount of current flows through both of them then the filament of the bulb due to its high resistance opposes the flow of current causing heat to be produced while in connecting wires this is just its opposite.

Question 22.
Give reasons for the following :
(a) If you connect ammeter in parallel it burns.
Answer:
The resistance of ammeter is comparatively zero with regard to resistance of other components of the circuit. When ammeter is connected in parallel then the total potential difference of the circuit applies between the terminals of the ammeter with the result high current flows through the ammeter. This results in producing large quantity of heat thus burning the ammeter.

(b) Resistivity of some materials if decreases suddenly to zero below a certain temperature.
Answer:
When the temperature of a conductor becomes less than the critical temperature then the material becomes super conductor and its resistances immediately reduces to zero.

Question 23.
What is the effect on resistance, if:
(а) The length of wire is increased
Answer:
Resistance is directly proportional to the length of wire. Therefore, on increasing length of wire, its resistance gets increased.

(b) The area of cross section is increased.
Answer:
Resistance of conductor is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section. In other words, resistance of thick wire (having more area of cross-section) is less than a thin wire. Therefore, if the area of cross-section is increased than its resistance further decreases.

Numerical Problems

Question 1.
Current of 100 mA flows through the filament of an electric hulb for 30 minutes. Calculate the charge that flows through the circuit.
Answer:
Given : Current, I = 100 mA
= 0.1 A
Time, t = 30 min = 30 × 60 s
1800 s

∴ Charge flowing through the circuit, Q = I × t
= 0.1 A × 1800 s
= 180 C

Question 2.
60 coulomb of charge flows through a circuit for 5 minutes. Calculate the current flowing in a circuit.
Answer:
Given : Time, t = 5 min
= 5 × 60 s
Charge, Q = 60 C
Current flowing in the circuit, I =?
We know, current, I = \(\frac{\text { Charge (Q) }}{\text { Time }(t)}\)
= \(\frac{60 \mathrm{C}}{300 \mathrm{~s}}\)
= \(\frac{1}{5}\) A
= 0.2 A

Question 3.
Calculate the area of cross-section of wire vrhose length is 1.0 m and resistance is 23 Ω. Take specific resistance of the material of wire as 1.84 × 10^-6 ohm-m.
Answer:
Given : Length of wire (l) = 1.0 m
Resistance of wire, (R) = 23 Ω
Specific resistance of wire (ρ) = 1.84 × 10^-6 Ω m
Area of cross-section of wire (A) =?
Using R = ρ × \(\frac{l}{A}\)
23 = 1.84 × 10^-6 × \(\frac{l}{A}\)
or
A = \(\frac{1.84 \times 10^{-6} \times 1}{23}\)
A = 8 × 10^-8 m²

Question 4.
Resistance of a metal wire of length 1 m is 26 Ω at 20°C. If the diameter of the wire is 0.3 mm, what will be the resistivity of the metal at that temperature? Using standard table of resistivity of various metals, predict the material of the wire.
Answer:
Given : Resistance of the wire (R) = 26 Ω
Diameter of the wire (d) = 0.3 mm
= 3 × 10^-4 m
Length of the wire (l) = 1 m
∴ Resistivity of the wire (ρ) = \(\frac{RA}{l}\)

= 1.84 × 10^-6 Q m

Question 5.
From the given labeled circuit diagram, find :
(a) Resultant resistance of the circuit
(b) Current flowing in the circuit.

Answer:
(a) Suppose R’ is the equivalent resistance of the parallel arrangement of resistors 3Ω, 3Ω and 3Ω between points B and C, then ;
\(\frac{1}{\mathrm{R}^{\prime}}=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}\)
= \(\frac{1+1+1}{3}\)
= \(\frac{3}{3}\)
∴ R’ = 1 Ω
Let R be the total resistance of series combination of 4 Ω between A and B and R’ = 1 Ω between B and C, then
R = 4Ω + R’
= 4 Ω + 1 Ω
∴ R = 5 Ω
Therefore, resultant resistance of the circuit is 5 Ω

(b) Now, potential difference of the battery (V) = 6V
and total resistance of the circuit (R) = 5 Ω
Current flowing in the circuit (I) = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
I = \(\frac{6 \mathrm{~V}}{5 \Omega}\)
I = 1.2 A

Question 6.
(a) In an electric circuit, a battery of five cells each of 2V, resistors of 5 Ω, 10 Ω and 15 Ω and a key plug are connected in series arrangement. Draw its schematic diagram.
Answer:
Schematic Diagram of the Circuit

(b) Calculate the value of current flowing in this circuit when plug is introduced in the key.
Answer:
Three resistors of 5Ω, 10Ω and 15Ω when formed in series have resultant resistance R, then ;
R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
= 5 Ω + 10 Ω + 15 Ω
= 30 Ω
According to ohms law, I = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
I = \(\frac{10 \mathrm{~V}}{30 \Omega}\)
I = \(\frac{1}{3}\)A

Question 7.
An electric lamp, whose resistance is 20 Ω and a conductor of 4 Ω resistance are connected to a 6 V battery as shown in the figure. Calculate (a) total resistance of the circuit (6) the current through the circuit (c) the P.D. across the electric lamp and conductor.
Answer:
Given : Resistance of lamp R₁ = 20 Ω
and Resistance of conductor R₂ = 4 Ω
Pot. difference of battery V = 6V
(a) ∵ both the resistances are connected in series,
∴ Total resistance of the circuit R = R₁ + R₂
= 20 Ω + 4 Ω
= 24 Ω

(b) Total potential difference in the circuit V = 6 V
Total resistance in the circuit, R = 24 Ω
∴ Total current in the circuit, I = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
I = \(\frac{6 \mathrm{~V}}{24 \Omega}\)
I = 0.25 A

(c) Pot, difference across the lamp. V₁ = 20 Ω × 0.25 A
V₁ = 5V
and Pot, difference across the conductor, V₂ = 4 Ω × 0.25 A
V₂ = 1V

Question 8.
98 J of heat is produced each second in 2 resistor. Find the potential difference.
Answer:
Here, H = 98 J
R = 2Ω
t = Is
Potential difference, V = ?
Using H = I²Rt
98J = I² × 2Ω × 1s
or I² = \(\frac{98}{2 \times 1}\)
I = \(\sqrt{49}\)
=7A
∴ 1= 7A

Thus, potential difference across the resistor,
V = I × R
V = 7A × 2 Ω
V = 14 volt.

Question 9.
The rating of an electric heater is 1100 W; 220V. Calculate the resistance when it operates at 220 V. Also calculate the energy consumed in kWh in the month of November, if the heater is used daily for 4 hours at the rated voltage.
Answer:
Here P = 1100 W
V = 220 V
R =?
Number of days = 30
t = 4h × 30

Energy consumed by the heater in the month of November,
E = P × t
= 1100 W × (4 × 30 h)
= 132000 Wh
= 132 kWh

Question 10.
What is the (a) highest (b) lowest resistance that can be secured by combination of four Coils of resistance 4Ω, 8Ω, 10Ω and 20Ω?
Answer:
(a) For highest resistance, resistors are connected in series :
R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + R₄
= 4Ω + 8Ω + 10Ω + 20 Ω = 42 Ω

(b) The lowest resistance will be obtained when these are connected in parallel.

Question 11.
An electric bulb of power 40 W is lighted daily for 8 hours for 15 days. How many units of electric energy will be consumed? Also find the amount of electric bill if the rate of electricity consumption is ₹ 8.00 per unit.
Answer:
Given : Power, P = 40 W
Time each day = 8 hrs
No. of days = 15 days
∴ Total time for which bulb is lighted, t = 8 × 15 h
Now, electric energy consumed E = P × t
= 40 W × (8 × 15 h)
= 4800 Wh

∴ Electric energy consumed in units = \(\frac{4800}{1000}\)
= 4.8kWh
= 4.8 units

Amount of electric bill = No. of units × Rate
= 4.8 × 8.00
= ₹ 38.40

Question 12.
A household uses the following electric appliances :
(а) The refrigerator of rating 400 W for 10 hours each day
(b) Two electric fans of rating 80 W each for 12 hours each day
(c) Six electric tubes of rating 18 W each for 6 hours each day! Calculate the electricity bill of the household for the month of April if the cost per unit of electric energy is ₹ 4.00
Answer:
Electric energy consumed by all appliances working together each day = (400 × 10) + (2 × 80 × 12) + 6 × 18 × 6
= 4000 Wh + 1920 Wh + 648 Wh = 6568 Wh
= 6.568 kWh (units)
Total electric energy consumed in 30 days of April = 6.568 × 30 units
= 65.68 × 3
= 197.04

Electric Bill = 197.04 × 4
= ₹ 788.16

Question 13.
An electric motor takes 5 A current from 220 V line. Determine the power of the motor and energy consumed in 2 hours.
Answer:
Given, V = 220 volt ; I = 5 A ; t = 2 hour = 7,200 s
Power consumed VI = 220 V × 5 A
= 1,100 watts
Vlt = 220V × 5 A × 2 h
= 2,200 Wh
= 2.2 kWh
or Energy consumed in S.I units = 1100 × 5 × 7200 s
= 3.96 × 107 J

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define energy.
Answer:
Energy. It is the capacity to do work.

Question 2.
Define electric energy.
Answer:
Electric Energy. Work done is the electric energy used to produce heat energy in an electric circuit.

Question 3.
Define electric current and state its unit.
Answer:
Current. It is rate of flow of electric charge. Its unit is ampere.

Question 4.
Define a volt, whose unit is this?
Or
What is P.D.? Give SI unit.
Answer:
P.D. (Volt) is work done in moving 1 coulomb of + ve charge from one point to other. It is the unit of potential difference. SI unit of P.D. is JC^-1 or volt.

Question 5.
Show the switch signs in circuit in (i) open (ii) closed circuit.
Answer:
Circuit Sign

Question 6.
Is electric potential a scalar or a vector quantity?
Answer:
It is a scalar quantity.

Question 7.
What is practical unit of power and electric energy?
Answer:
Practical unit of power is watt and that of electric energy is kWh (kilo watt hour).

Question 8.
Which one is having more resistance, 100 W bulb or a 50 W bulb?
Answer:
Resistance of 50 W bulb is twice that of 100 W bulb.

Question 9.
What constitutes the current?
Answer:
Flow of free electrons constitute the current.

Question 10.
What is SI unit of resistivity?
Answer:
It is ohm-m.

Question 11.
What is conductor of electricity? Give two examples.
Answer:
Conductor of electricity. A substance that allows the electric current to pass through it is called conductor of electricity.

Examples :

• Copper
• Silver
• Human body.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
V ∝ I law was given by:
(A) Faraday
(B) Watt
(C) Ohm
(D) Coulomb.
Answer:
(C) Ohm

Question 2.
The unit of Potential is:
(A) Ampere
(B) Volt
(C) Ohm
(D) Watt.
Answer:
(B) Volt

Question 3.
The unit of electric energy is:
(A) Ampere
(B) Volt
(C) Ohm
(D) Watt
Answer:
(D) Watt

Question 4.
Resistance of a conductor depends on:
(A) its length
(B) its area of cross section
(C) nature of its material
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 5.
What maximum resistance can be obtained by combining three resistances each of ___________
(A) \(\frac{1}{3}\) Ω
(B) 1Ω
(C) \(\frac{1}{9}\) Ω
(D) 3Ω.
Answer:
(B) 1Ω

Question 6.
By which unit electric current is represented?
(A) Coulomb
(B) Ampere
(C) Watt
(D) Kilowatt.
Answer:
(B) Ampere

Question 7.
Electric current in circuits is measured by:
(A) Ammeter
(B) Voltmeter
(C) Galvanometer
(D) Electric meter.
Answer:
(A) Ammeter

Question 8.
How is Ammeter always connected in circuits? :
(A) in series
(B) in parallel
(C) both in series and parallel
(D) None of these.
Answer:
(A) in series

Question 9.
How is potential difference between two points expressed?
(A) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
(B) Q = VW
(C) W = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)
(D) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}}{\mathrm{W}}\)
Answer:
(A) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{Q}}\)

Question 10.
How much work is done to carry 2 C of charge between two points?
(A) 2 J
(B) 6 J
(C) 24 J
(D) J.
Answer:
(C) 24 J

Question 11.
According to ohm’s law:
(A) R = \(\frac{\mathrm{I}}{\mathrm{V}}\)
(B) R = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{I}}\)
(C) V = \(\frac{\mathrm{R}}{\mathrm{I}}\)
(D) I = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{R}}\)
Answer:
(B) R = \(\frac{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{I}}\)

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
A stream of ________ moving through a conductor constitutes, electric current.
Answer:
electrons.

Question 2.
The SI unit of electric current is ________
Answer:
Ampere.

Question 3.
In an electric circuit ________ is always connected in parallel.
Answer:
Voltmeter.

Question 4.
The equivalent resistance of number of resistors will be lesser, if they are connected in ________
Answer:
parallel.

Question 5.
If the potential difference across the ends of a conductor is 1 volt and the current flowing through the conductor is 1 Ampere, then the resistance of the conductor is ________
Answer:
1 Ω.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 11.i माँ का कमरा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 11.i माँ का कमरा

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB माँ का कमरा Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिये

प्रश्न 1.
बुजुर्ग बसंती कहाँ रह रही थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती अपने पुश्तैनी घर में रह रही थी।

प्रश्न 2.
बुजुर्ग बसंती को किस का पत्र मिला?
उत्तर:
बुजुर्ग बसंती को नगर में उच्च पद पर नौकरी करने वाले अपने पुत्र का पत्र मिला था।

प्रश्न 3.
बसंती की पड़ोसन कौन थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती की पड़ोसन रेशमा थी।

प्रश्न 4.
बसंती बेटे के साथ कहाँ आई थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती नगर में अपने पुत्र के घर आई थी।

प्रश्न 5.
कोठी में कितने कमरे थे?
उत्तर:
कोठी में तीन बैडरूम, एक ड्राईंग रूम और नौकरों के कमरे थे।

प्रश्न 6.
नौकर ने बसंती का सामान कहाँ रखा था?
उत्तर:
नौकर ने सामान बरामदे के साथ वाले कमरे में रखा था।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिये

प्रश्न 1.
बेटे ने पत्र में अपनी माँ बसंती को क्या लिखा?
उत्तर:
बेटे ने अपनी माँ को लिखे पत्र में लिखा था कि उसकी तरक्की हो गई है। उसे उसकी कंपनी ने रहने के लिए बहुत बड़ी कोठी दे दी है। वह अब रहने के लिए उसके पास शहर में आ जाए। उसे किसी तरह की कोई तकलीफ़ नहीं होगी।

प्रश्न 2.
पड़ोसन रेशमा ने बसंती को क्या समझाया?
उत्तर:
पड़ोसन रेशमा ने बसंती को समझाया था कि उसे बेटे के पास रहने के लिए नहीं जाना चाहिए। शहर में रहने वाले बहू-बेटे बड़े-बुजुर्गों को अपने पास रहने के लिए बुला तो लेते हैं पर उन्हें सम्मान से रखते नहीं। वे उनसे नौकरों वाले काम करवाते हैं। उन्हें ठीक तरह से खाने-पीने को भी नहीं देते। बुजुर्गों का जीवन तो कुत्तों के जीवन से भी बदतर हो जाता है।

प्रश्न 3.
बसंती क्या सोचकर बेटे के साथ शहर आई?
उत्तर:
बसंती को अपने पुत्र पर भरोसा था। फिर भी पड़ोसन के डराने से वह मन ही मन भयभीत थी। अगले दिन जब बेटा इसे ले जाने के लिए स्वयं कार ले कर आ गया तो वह उसकी ज़िद के कारण शहर जाने के लिए तैयार हो गई। उसने सोच लिया था कि ‘जो होगा देखा जावेगा।

प्रश्न 4.
बसंती के कमरे में कौन-कौन सा सामान था?
उत्तर:
बसंती को अपना कमरा तो स्वर्ग जैसा सुंदर लगा था। उसमें डबल-बैड बिछा हुआ था। टी०वी० पड़ा था। एक टेपरिकार्डर भी था। दो कुर्सियां पड़ी थीं। बैड पर बहुत नर्म गद्दे थे।

प्रश्न 5.
बसंती की आँखों में आँसू क्यों आ गए?
उत्तर:
बसंती की आँखों में खुशी के आँसू आ गए थे। उसे ऐसी संपन्नता भरा जीवन अब तक कभी नहीं प्राप्त हुआ था। वह अपने पुश्तैनी-पुराने घर में जैसे-तैसे अकेली जीवन काट रही थी। अब वह अपने बेटे और परिवार के साथ सुख पूर्वक रह सकेगी। उसका बुढ़ापा आराम से कट जाएगा। उसके पुत्र ने आज के कुछ स्वार्थी पुत्रों जैसा व्यवहार नहीं किया था।

प्रश्न 6.
‘माँ का कमरा’ कहानी का उद्देश्य क्या है ?
उत्तर:
‘माँ का कमरा’ एक सोद्देश्य पूर्ण लघु कथा है। आज के स्वार्थ भरे समय में नई पीढ़ी के अनेक पुत्र बुजुर्ग माता-पिता को अपने पास बुला कर उनसे नौकरों की तरह काम करवाते हैं। बूढ़े माँ-बाप का जीवन नरक-सा बन जाता है लेकिन अभी भी अनेक ऐसे युवक हैं जो अपने माता-पिता का सम्मान करते हैं। उनके प्रति अपनत्व का भाव रखते हैं। वे समझते हैं कि जैसे उनके बचपन में माता-पिता ने उन्हें अपना सब कुछ लगाकर बड़ा किया; पढ़ाया-लिखाया था उसी प्रकार अब उन्हें भी बूढ़े हो चुके माता-पिता की सेवा करनी चाहिए। उनके बुढ़ापे का सहारा बनना चाहिए। लेखक ने लघुकथा के माध्यम से बहुत बड़ा संदेश दिया है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित पंजाबी गद्यांश का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए

ਛੋਟੇ ਜਿਹੇ ਪੂਸ਼ਤੈਨੀ ਮਕਾਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿ ਰਹੀ ਬਜ਼ੁਰਗ ਬਸੰਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਦੂਰ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਰਹਿ ਰਹੇ ਪੁੱਤਰ ਦਾ ਪੱਤਰ ਮਿਲਿਆ‘ਮਾਂ ਮੇਰੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਹੋ ਗਈ ਹੈ। ਕੰਪਨੀ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਮੈਨੂੰ ਰਹਿਣ ਨੂੰ ਬਹੁਤ ਵੱਡੀ ਕੋਠੀ ਮਿਲੀ ਹੈ, ਹੁਣ ਤਾਂ ਤੈਨੂੰ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਆ ਕੇ ਰਹਿਣਾ ਹੀ ਪਵੇਗਾ।
उत्तर:
अनुवाद-छोटे से पुश्तैनी मकान में रह रही बुजुर्ग बसंती को दूर शहर रह रहे बेटे का पत्र मिला-“माँ मेरी तरक्की हो गई है। कंपनी की ओर से मुझे रहने के लिए बहुत बड़ी कोठी मिली है, अब तो तुम्हें मेरे पास शहर में आकर रहना ही होगा।”

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
आप अपने घर या आस पड़ोस में बुजुर्गों की बेहतरी के लिए क्या-क्या करेंगे?
उत्तर:
हमें अपने घर या आस-पड़ोस में बुजुर्गों की बेहतरी के लिए काम करने चाहिए। हम उनके कहने पर उन्हें बाज़ार से घर का आवश्यक सामान लाकर देंगे। समय-समय पर उनके घर जाकर पूछेगे कि उन्हें किसी चीज़ की आवश्यकता तो नहीं। यदि आवश्यकता होगी तो उसे हम बाज़ार से लाकर देंगे। शाम के समय उन्हें पार्क में सैर के लिए ले जाएंगे। यदि वे घर में अकेले रहते हैं तो इन से बातें करेंगे। यदि वे चाहेंगे तो उनके साथ कैरम आदि खेलेंगे। आवश्यक होने पर उन्हें डॉक्टर के पास लेकर जाएंगे।

प्रश्न 2.
आप घर में अपनी माँ की मदद किस प्रकार करते हैं? कक्षा में चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
अपने अध्यापक की सहायता से कक्षा में सब मिलकर चर्चा कीजिए।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
पत्र-पत्रिकाओं में छपने वाली लघुकथाएं पढ़िए।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

प्रश्न 2.
विद्यालय की वार्षिक पत्रिका में लघुकथा लिखने का प्रयास कीजिए।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

प्रश्न 3.
‘माँ’ पर कविताओं का संकलन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

‘माँ का कमरा’ लघुकथा हमें सदा अच्छा सोचने की प्रेरणा देती है। हमें किसी के बारे में सदा गलत नहीं सोचना चाहिए क्योंकि यदि हम दूसरों के विषय में सदा यही सोचते रहें कि वह अच्छा नहीं है, उसमें बुराइयाँ ही बुराइयाँ हैं तो हमें कुछ भी अच्छा नहीं लगेगा, इसलिए कहा गया है कि-
बुरा जो देखन मैं चला बुरा न मिला कोई।
जो मन देखा अपना मुझसा बुरा न कोई॥
इसलिए सदा अच्छा सोचो, अच्छा देखो, अच्छा करो इसी से अपना तथा समाज का भला है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide माँ का कमरा Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
बसंती का बेटा अपने पुश्तैनी घर से दूर क्यों रहता था?
उत्तर:
बसंती का बेटा शहर में कहीं नौकरी करता था इसलिए वह अपने पुश्तैनी घर से दूर रहता था।

प्रश्न 2.
पुत्र को कंपनी ने क्या दिया था?
उत्तर:
पुत्र को कंपनी ने रहने के लिए बहुत बड़ी कोठी दी थी।

प्रश्न 3.
बसंती की पड़ोसन ने किस महिला के पछताने की बात कही थी? क्यों?
उत्तर:
बसंती की पड़ोसन ने बचनी नामक महिला के पछताने की बात कही थी। उसे शहर में रहने के लिए बहूबेटे ने अपने पास बुला लिया था और नौकरानी की तरह उससे व्यवहार किया था। वे उसे न वक्त पर रोटी देते थे और न ही चाय। उसका जीवन तो कुत्ते से बुरा हो गया था।

प्रश्न 4.
बसंती शहर में किस तरह गई थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती का बेटा शहर से आया था और उसे अपनी कार में बिठा कर ले गया था।

प्रश्न 5.
बसंती का बेटा माँ को घर छोड़ कर कहाँ चला गया था?
उत्तर:
बसंती का बेटा माँ को घर छोड़ कर अपने किसी ज़रूरी काम को पूरा करने के लिए चला गया था।

प्रश्न 6.
बसंती की बहू और बच्चे घर क्यों नहीं थे?
उत्तर:
बसंती की बहू अपने काम पर चली गई थी और बच्चे स्कूल में पढ़ने के लिए गए हुए थे।

प्रश्न 7.
कोठी के तीन कमरों के बारे में बसंती ने क्या सोचा था?
उत्तर:
कोठी के तीन कमरों के बारे में बसंती ने सोचा था कि एक कमरा बहू-बेटे का होगा, दूसरा बच्चों का और तीसरा मेहमानों के लिए होगा।

प्रश्न 8.
पिछवाड़े में नौकरों के लिए बने कमरे कैसे थे?
उत्तर:
पिछवाड़े में नौकरों के लिए बने कमरे छोटे थे पर वे रहने योग्य अवश्य थे।

प्रश्न 9.
माँ क्या सोचकर बिस्तर से उठ बैठी थी?
उत्तर:
माँ यह सोचकर बिस्तर से उठ बैठी थी कि वापस आकर उसका बेटा कहीं उसे डाँटे नहीं कि वह उन नर्म गद्दों पर लेट क्यों गई थी।

प्रश्न 10.
बसंती किस बात को सुनकर आश्चर्यचकित रह गई थी?
उत्तर:
बसंती इस बात को सुनकर आश्चर्यचकित रह गई थी कि घर के तीन बड़े कमरों में से एक कमरा उसका था जिसमें डबल-बैड लगा हुआ था।

माँ का कमरा कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

पुश्तैनी = जो कई पीड़ियों से चला आ रहा हो। बुजुर्ग = बड़ी आयु वाले। जून = जन्म (योनी)। तरक्की = उन्नति। तकलीफ = परेशानी; कष्ट। दुर्गति = बुरी दशा। वक्त = समय। सफर = यात्रा। पिछवाड़े = पिछला हिस्सा। टिका दिया = रख दिया। देख-रेख = निगरानी। आश्चर्यचकित = हैरान। पुनः = दुबारा । बेझिझक = बिना किसी झिझक के। आलिंगन = गले लगाया। सुखद = सुख देने वाला।

माँ का कमरा Summary

माँ का कमरा लेखक परिचय

जीवन परिचय- श्री श्याम सुंदर अग्रवाल पंजाब के प्रतिष्ठित लघुकथाकार हैं। इनका जन्म पंजाब राज्य के कोटकपूरा में 8 फरवरी, सन् 1950 ई० में हुआ था। बी०ए० तक की शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के पश्चात् ये लोक निर्माण विभाग में कार्यरत रहे। सन् 1988 ई० में इन्होंने पंजाबी पत्रिका ‘पिन्नी’ का संपादन कार्य आरंभ किया। यह पत्रिका त्रैमासिक है। अपनी नौकरी के दौरान ही इन्होंने हिंदी और पंजाबी में लघुकथा लेखन का कार्य आरंभ किया था। ये बाल-साहित्य की रचना भी करते हैं।

रचनाएँ-श्री अग्रवाल के फुटकर लघु कथनाओं के अतिरिक्त दो लघुकथा संग्रह अब तक प्रकाशित हुए हैं। उनके नाम हैं-‘नंगे लोका दा फिक्र’, ‘मारुथल दे वासी’।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-श्री अग्रवाल वर्तमान युग की उस त्रासदी को अभिव्यक्त करने वाले कहानीकार हैं जिन्होंने युग बोध की सार्थकता को व्यक्त करने में सफलता प्राप्त की है। हर वस्तु के दो पक्ष होते हैं-अच्छा और बुरा। बुरा डराता है तो अच्छा मन में सद्भावों को उत्पन्न करता है। लेखक सद्भावों को जगाने में सक्षम है। वह दूर की गोटियां न उठा कर निकट से ही विषय को उठाते हैं। लेखक की भाषा सरल और सहज है। उसमें स्वाभाविकता है। गतिशीलता उसमें विद्यमान है।

माँ का कमरा कहानी का सार

बसंती अपने छोटे-से पुश्तैनी मकान में अकेली रहती थी। उसका पुत्र दूर शहर में नौकरी करता था। उसकी तरक्की हो गई थी। उसने अपनी माँ को शहर में आकर उसके साथ रहने के लिए पत्र लिखा। जब उसकी पड़ोसन को पता लगा तो उसने सलाह दी कि वह ऐसा बिल्कुल न करे। शहरों में प्राय: बहू-बेटे अपने बुजुर्ग माँ-बाप से नौकरों वाले काम कराने के लिए ही उन्हें अपने पास बुलाते हैं। वहाँ जाकर रहना तो कुत्तों से भी बुरी हालत में रहने के बराबर होता है। माँ चिंता में डूबी हुई थी।

उसका पुत्र अपनी कार में उसे लेने आ गया था। ‘जो होगा देखा जायेगा’ – सोचकर माँ पुत्र के साथ चली गई। लंबे सफर के बाद जब माँ वहाँ पहुँची तो उसने देखा कि घर बहुत बड़ा था। तीन कमरों में डबल बैड, एक बढ़िया सजा हुआ कमरा और पीछे नौकरों के कमरे। नौकर एक कमरे में उस का समान रख गया। घर में न तो दोनों बच्चे थे और न बहू। शाम को उसका बेटा वापस घर आया तो माँ ने उससे कहा कि उस का सामान भी उसके कमरे में रखवा देता। बेटे ने बताया कि उसका सामान उसी के कमरे में ही तो था। माँ के लिए ऐसा सुनना हैरान कर गया था। उसने झट उसे गले लगा लिया। खुशी से उसकी आँखें भर आयी थीं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Prepositions Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Prepositions

Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions :

(A) The dowry system degenerated (1) ……… an evil custom. It became necessary (2) ……… the parents (3)……… girls to give a good dowry ……… (4) their daughters. The married life (5) ……… a girl depended (6) ……… the size (7)…….. the dowry. A successful and happy married life became impossible (8)…….. the absence (9)…….. a handsome dowry. Newspapers are full (10) reports carrying tales (11)……..brides being burnt (12) …….. death or driven (13) …….. hang themselves because (14) …….. constant nagging by their in-laws.
Answer:
1. into, 2. for, 3. of, 4. to, 5. of, 6. on, 7. of, 8. in, 9. of, 10. of, 11. of, 12. to, 13. to, 14. of.

(B) Cricket is a game known …….. (1) its wonderful glories. It is, popular (2) …….. men and women (3) …….. all ages. People used to go to see a cricket test match (4) …….. thousands. They used to see a match (5)…….. five days. Many a time, the match would end (6) …….. a draw. But things have changed (7) …….. the introduction (8) ……..one-day matches. This kind …….. (9) cricket has certainly caught the fancy …….. (10) the people. There is no need to wait ……..(11) five days now (12)…….. the outcome (13)…….. the match. A match is now decided (14) …….. the same day.
Answer:
1. for, 2. among, 3. of, 4. in, 5. for, 6. in, 7. with, 8. of, 9. of, 10. of, 11. for, 12. for, 13. of, 14. on.

(C) In modern times, books are being published (1) …….. very large numbers (2) …….. all subjects under the sun. It is not possible (3) ……..a man to read all (4) …….. them. Reading gives us a lot (5) …….. pleasure. Books delight and educate (6) …….. the same time. The Gita gives us a message (7) …….. universal brotherhood. It tells us that a man should go on doing his duty without worrying (8)…….. the results.
Answer:
1. in, 2. on, 3. for, 4. of, 5. of, 6. at, 7. of, 8. about.

(D) It is (1) …….. the very nature (2) …….. adversity to bring out the best (3) …….. man, develop his latent abilities and lead him (4) …….. a path (5)…….. prosperity and progress. The history (6) …….. the world is the story (7)…….. the survival (8) …….. the fittest. In the course of time,man, through his heroic struggle against the adverse circumstances, came out (9) …….. the forest, changed the face (10) the universe and landed (11) …….. the moon.
Answer:
1. in, 2. of, 3. in, 4. to, 5. of,6. of, 7. of, 8. of, 9. of, 10. of, 11. on.

(E) Mr. Blacksmith is known (1) …….. me. Once we met (2) …….. a garden. (3) …….. there, he took me (4) …….. his apartment. I was astonished to see his capabilities as a journalist. I just had a look (5) …….. his face. He was trying to prove his position. He was really a man (6) …….. letters but unfortunately he was blind (7) ……..one eye. I looked (8) …….. the portrait (9) …….. a lady hanging (10) …….. the wall. I went to take a round (11) …….. his house and I saw a family photograph. Mr. Blacksmith was sitting (12). ……. his wife and son (13) the photograph. After spending some time (14) …….. him, I came back home.
Answer:
1. to, 2. in, 3. From, 4. to, 5. at 6. of, 7. in, 8. at, 9. of, 10. on, 11. of, 12. with, 13. in, 14. with.

(F) Life is not a bed (1) …….. roses but a bed (2) ……..thorns. Those who understand the reality (3)…….. life are winners, not losers. One has to go (4) …….. a lot (5) …….. trials and tribulations (6) …….. taking a right decision or (7) ……. making a right choice. God has given us tremendous power to think and decide. But most (8) …….. us are ignorant (9) …….. our capabilities. We should not underestimate ourselves and move (10) …….. the destination (11) …….. any doubts or fears. This behaviour will lead us (12) …….. greater heights.
Answer:
1. of, 2. of, 3. of, 4. through, 5. of, 6. in 7. for 8. of 9. of 10. towards 11. without 12. to.

(G) Translation is an art. Good translation is the result. (1) …….. practice and patience. It requires skill to translate words and ideas (2)…….. one language (3)……..another. Literal translation (4) …….. a sentence sometimes spoils the spirit (5) …….. the language and sounds funny. Ope should translate words and ideas (6)…….. precision. It is essential to be equally well-versed (7) …….. both the languages.
Answer:
1. of 2. of 3. into 4. of 5. of 6. with 7. in.

(H) Positive thoughts are the wings (1) …….. success. One should always look (2) …….. the positive side (3) …….. life. We should not let negative thoughts come (4) …….. our mind, Everybody should have this approach (5) …….. life. Always hope (6)…….. the best and believe (7) …….. God. He is always there to take care (8) …….. His children. God is too great to ask (9) …….. the price (10) …….. the gifts He has bestowed (11)…….. us.
Answer:
1. of 2. at 3. of 4. into 5. to 6. for 7. in 8. of 9. for 10. of 11. on.

(I) First and foremost (1)……..the blessings of civilization are order and safety. We should not quarrel (2) …….. each other. In disputes (3) …….. man and man, right has taken the place (4) …….. might. Law protects us (5) …….. robbery and violence. Nobody can come and break (6) our house, steal our goods or run off (7) …….. our children. Many of us act (8) …….. thinking. This habit has injured the feelings (9)…….. many and has turned friends (10) …….. enemies.
Answer:
1.of 2. with 3. between 4. of 5. from 6. into 7. with 8. without 9. of 10. into.

(J) Dreams have been the topic (1) …….. discussion (2) …….. men (3) …….. centuries. The fact cannot be denied that dreams are far (4) reality but (5) …….. the same time, they open up (6) …….. us a facet (7)……..our personality (8) …….. which we did not know earlier. Dreams take us (9) a world which is more like a Utopia. Some people are (10) …….. the habit (11) …….. daydreaming. They find themselves lost (12) …….. dreams most (13) …….. the time. One must not blind oneself (14) …….. the reality.
Answer:
1. of 2. with 3. for 4. from 5. at 6. before 7. of 8. of 9. into 10. in 11. of 12. in 13. of 14. from.

ऐसे शब्द को Preposition कहा जाता है जो स्थान (place), दिशा (direction), साधन (source), विधि (method), आदि का बोध कराने के लिए किसी Noun अथवा Pronoun से पहले लगाया गया हो; जैसे. In the room; towards the city; through the forest; by all means; into the well; beside me; between us, आदि

The Use Of Some Prepositions

(1) At का प्रयोग छोटे नगरों तथा गांवों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।
In का प्रयोग बड़े नगरों, प्रान्तों और देशों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।

1. Mohan lives at Kathua.
2. She was born at Batote.
3. The last Olympic Games were held in Beijing.
4. There are many film studios in Mumbai.

(2) On का प्रयोग तिथियों तथा दिनों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।
In का प्रयोग महीनों तथा वर्षों के लिए किया जाता है।
At का प्रयोग Point of Time के लिए किया जाता है।

1. I shall go to Delhi on Sunday.
2. Our examination begins on 24th July.
3. Rains started in July.
4. His grandfather died in 2005.
5. We had tea at 5 o’clock.
6. He came at the right time.

(3) In और At के निम्नलिखित समय-सम्बन्धी प्रयोग याद रखिए
In the morning At noon
In the evening At night
In the afternoon At dawn

(4) Between का प्रयोग दो व्यक्तियों । स्थानों । वस्तुओं / आदि के लिए किया जाता है।
Among का प्रयोग दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों । स्थानों । वस्तुओं / आदि के लिए किया जाता है।
1. The two brothers quarrelled between themselves.
2. The three brothers quarrelled among themselves.

(5) In स्थिरता (rest) को प्रकट करता है। ..
Into अन्दर की ओर गति (motion) को प्रकट करता है।
1. He was sitting in the room.
2. The fox fell into the well.

(6) On स्थिरता (rest) को प्रकट करता है।
Upon ऊपर की ओर गति (motion) को, प्रकट करता है
1. The book is on the table.
2. The cat jumped upon the table.

(7) With उस यन्त्र (instrument) की ओर संकेत करता है जिसका प्रयोग कोई काम करने के लिए किया
By काम करने वाले (doer) की ओर सकेत करता है
1. He beat his servant with a stick.
2. The book was written by me.

(8) Beside = निकट,असंगत
Besides = के अतिरिक्त
1. She came and sat beside me.
2. Your answer is beside the mark.
3. I have three other pens besides this.

(9) Since तथा For का प्रयोग Perfect Tense के बाद किया जाता है।
from का प्रयोग किसी भी Tense के बाद किय जाता है
Since और From का प्रयोग point of time के लिए किया जाता है।

For का प्रयोग period of time के लिए किया जाता है।
Since का प्रयोग केवल भूतकाल के सम्बन्ध में ही किया जा सकता है।
From और For का प्रयोग किसी भी काल के लिए किया जा सकता है।

1. He has been ill since Monday last.
2. This timetable has been in force since August.
3. He studied English from the age of ten.
4. This timetable will come in force from Monday.
5. I have been ill for five days.

Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions :

(A)
1. How did you come ……….. this ring ?
2. He has no taste ……….. music.
3. She is sick ……….. your company.
4. It is ……….. my power to help you.
5. Radha takes ……….. her mother.
6. He is not attending ……….. his lesson.
7. He jumped ……….. the river.
8. He is well known me.
9. He was shocked ……….. his failure.
10. The silly fellow takes delight ……… the sufferings of others.
Answer:
(A) 1. by 2 for 3. of 4. within 5. after 6. to 7. into 8. to 9. at 10. in.

(B)
1. The Minister gave …… the prizes.
2. He is fully qualified …… this job.
3. My office is …… a stone’s throw from my house.
4. He is a fool …… the firs ……the pupils
the value of discipline. ……
6. What is the time …… your watch ?
7. He was accused …… smuggling.
8. He agreed …… my proposal,
9. Remind him …… his promise.
10. He has disposed his scooter.
Answer:
(B) 1, away 2. for 3. at 4. of 5. upon 6. by 7. of 8. to 9. of 10. of

(C)
1. He died …… overwork.
2. He is fond …… books.
3. I prefer tea …… coffee.
4. There is no delight …… teasing others.
5. She is sorry to part…… her friends.
6. Will you stand …… me in trouble ?
7. Let us hope …… the best.
8. Monika is gifted …… a sweet voice.
9. The Principal received the guests …… the gate.
10. I was able to see …… his trick.
Answer:
1. from 2. of 3. to 4. in 5. from 6. by 7. for 8. with 9. at 10. through.

(D)
1. The patient died …… a serious illness.
2. She is very weak …… English.
3. Rajinder is related …… me.
4. The train arrived late …… 30 minutes.
5. Agra is famous ……..its historical buildings.
6. This pen is superior …… that one.
7. She is proud …… her beauty.
8. I caught him …… the ear.
9. She aims …… becoming a good doctor.
10. We go to school …… education.
Answer:
(D) 1. of 2. in 3. to 4.by 5. for 6 to 7. o18. by 9. at 10. for

(E)
1. She is blind …… one eye.
2. She is fond……music.
3. He prefers tea …… coffee but his father likes coffee more …… tea.
4. Ram went…… the room.
5. The pen is …… the table.
6. I had an interview …… the Head master.
7. This book is full…… errors.
8. He is junior …… me.
9. I am in favour …… a change.
10. This book is more interesting …… that one.
Answer:
1. in 2. of 3. to, than 4. into 5. of 6. with 7. of 8. to 9. of 10. than.

(F)
1. He was given a grand party on the eve …… his retirement.
2. He invited me …… tea.
3. His house is situated …… front of the post office.
4. I go to school…… ten.
5. Water …… this well is dirty.
6. We go …… office every day.
7. I shall return …… a month.
8. Rita is standing …… the door.
9. He ran …… the room.
10. I bought the book …… a low price.
Answer:
1. of 2. to 3. in 4. at 5. of 6. to 7. in & at 9. into 10, at.

(G)
1. He worked …… a long time.
2. The cat is sitting …… the table.
3. I returned from Delhi …… a month.
4. He is blind …… his shortcomings.
5. Always hope …… the best.
6. He acceeded …… my request.
7. He deals …… sugar.
8. He is blessed …… a son.
9. I have made …… my deficiency in ……
10. He was accused …… theft.
Answer:
1. for 2. under 3. after 4, to 5. for 6. to 7. in 8. with 9.up 10. of

(H)
1. He died …… his country.
2. The river abounds …… fish.
3. A drowning man catches …… a straw.
4. He is open …… conviction.
5. She has no sympathy …… you.
6. Her activities are beneficial …… society.
7. He is not deaf …… your entreaty.
8. It has been drizzling …… Monday.
9. He is not ashamed this.
10. They travel …… horseback.
Answer:
1. for 2. in / with 3. at 4. to 5. for 6. to 7. to 8. since 9. of 10. on.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 10 नर्स Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 10 नर्स

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB नर्स Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
महेश कितने साल का था?
उत्तर:
महेश छ: साल का था।

प्रश्न 2.
महेश कहाँ दाखिल था?
उत्तर:
महेश अस्पताल में दाखिल था।

प्रश्न 3.
अस्पताल में मुलाकातियों से मिलने का समय क्या था?
उत्तर:
अस्पताल में मुलाकातियों से मिलने का समय शाम चार से छः बजे तक का था।

प्रश्न 4.
वार्ड में कुल कितने बच्चे थे?
उत्तर:
वार्ड में कुल बारह बच्चे थे।

प्रश्न 5.
सात बजे कौन-सी दो नर्से वार्ड में आईं?
उत्तर:
सात बजे. मरीडा और मांजरेकर नाम की दो नर्से वार्ड में आई थीं।

प्रश्न 6.
महेश किस सिस्टर से घुल-मिल गया था?
‘उत्तर:
महेश सिस्टर सूसान से घुल-मिल गया था।

प्रश्न 7.
महेश को अस्पताल से कितने दिन बाद छुट्टी मिली?
उत्तर:
महेश को तेरह दिन बाद अस्पताल से छुट्टी मिली।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सरस्वती की परेशानी का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती का बेटा अस्पताल में दाखिल था। उसका ऑप्रेशन हुआ था। सरस्वती उससे मिलने अस्पताल आई थी। उसका बेटा उससे लिपटकर रो रहा था। सरस्वती का बेटा उसे वहाँ से जाने नहीं दे रहा था। बेटा सरस्वती की कोई बात सुनने को तैयार नहीं हो रहा था। बेटे का इस प्रकार रोना और तड़पना सरस्वती की परेशानी का कारण था।

प्रश्न 2.
सरस्वती ने नौ नम्बर बैड वाले बच्चे से क्या मदद माँगी?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती को नौ नम्बर बैड वाला बच्चा ज्यादा समझदार और अक्लमंद लग रहा था। वह शायद दस वर्ष का था। सरस्वती ने उसे पास बुलाकर कहा कि वह उसके बेटे महेश को बातों में लगाए, उसे कोई कहानी आदि सुनाए ताकि वह वहाँ से बाहर जा सके। लड़के ने सरस्वती की बात मान ली और उसकी मदद को तैयार हो गया। वह महेश के पास जाकर बात करने लगा और इसी बीच सरस्वती वहाँ से निकल कर बाहर आ गई।

प्रश्न 3.
सिस्टर सूसान ने महेश को अपने बेटे के बारे में क्या बताया?
अथवा
‘नर्स’ कहानी में सिस्टर सूसान ने महेश को अपने बेटे के बारे में क्या बताया?
उत्तर:
जब सिस्टर सूसान ने महेश को रोते देखा था तो उसने महेश को बताया कि उसका बेटा भी उसी की भाँति रोता है। वह बहुत शैतान है। उसका नाम भी महेश है। वह अभी तीन महीने का है। बिल्कुल छोटा-सा है। उसने महेश को यह भी बताया कि आया उससे जब खेलती है या गाना गाती है तो वह खुशी से हाथ-पैर ऊपर-नीचे करने लगता है जैसे नाच रहा हो। महेश के पूछने पर वह उसे बताती है कि उसके बेटे को अभी बोलना नहीं आता। इसलिए वह . अभी अंगू-अंगू ……गू, गूं…. बोलता है।

प्रश्न 4.
दूसरे दिन महेश ने माँ को घर जाने की इजाजत खुशी-खुशी कैसे दे दी?
उत्तर:
महेश ने अपनी माँ को घर जाने की इजाज़त खुशी-खुशी दे दी थी क्योंकि सिस्टर सूसान के छोटे-से बच्चे की बातें सुनकर उसने अपनी माँ के बारे में सोचा था। उसे अपनी छोटी बहन मोना के रोने की चिंता की जिसे मम्मी पास वाले राजू के घर छोड़कर आई थी। वह नहीं चाहता था कि उसके रोने से माँ का कष्ट बड़े।

प्रश्न 5.
सरस्वती द्वारा सिस्टर सूसान को गुलदस्ता और उसके बबलू के लिए गिफ्ट पेश करने पर सिस्टर सूसान ने क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती द्वारा सिस्टर सूसान को गुलदस्ता और उसके बबलू के लिए गिफ्ट देने पर सिस्टर सूसान ने रंगबिरंगे फूलों वाला गुलदस्ता तो ले लिया पर अपने बबलू के लिए गिफ्ट नहीं लिया। उसकी न तो अभी शादी हुई थी और न ही उसकी कोई संतान थी। उसने तो महेश को बहलाने के लिए झूठ ही कहा था कि उसका छोटा-सा बबलू है।

III. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छह-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सिस्टर सूसान का चरित्र-चित्रण अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
सिस्टर सूसान ‘नर्स’ कहानी की दूसरी प्रमुख पात्र है। आधी से ज्यादा कहानी उसी के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती है। वह एक नर्स है। एक नर्स होने के सभी गुण उसमें विद्यमान हैं। वह अपना कार्य बहुत ही मेहनत तथा ईमानदारी से करती है। सूसान सरल हृदय वाली नारी है। उसका चरित्र ममतामयी नारी का चरित्र है। कहानीकार ने उसे सरल हृदया, कर्मठ तथा विवेकशील नारी के रूप में चित्रित किया है। उसके चरित्र में सहजता तथा स्वाभाविकता है। वह अस्पताल के बच्चों को एक माँ के समान प्यार करती है। उसमें स्थितियों को समझने और उसके अनुसार स्वयं को ढालने की शक्ति है। वह महेश को रोता देख उसकी पीड़ा को समझकर उसकी मनोव्यथा को दूर करती है। वह बाल मनोविज्ञान को समझती है। अतः सूसान सही अर्थों में एक ममतामयी, सेवाभाव से युक्त तथा ममत्व से परिपूर्ण नारी है। वह ईमानदार है। यदि ऐसा न होता तो महेश की माँ से उपहार भी ले सकती थी लेकिन उसने ऐसा नहीं किया।

प्रश्न 2.
‘नर्स’ कहानी का उद्देश्य अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कहानीकार का उद्देश्य उसकी रचना में ही समाहित है। उसने अपने वर्ण्य चरित्र का गुणगान करते समय उसकी विशेषताओं पर प्रकाश डाला है कि किस प्रकार नर्स सूसान बच्चों को चिकित्सा के अतिरिक्त अपनी ममता, स्नेह, दुलार, सोहार्द तथा भावों से भरी बातचीत से कैसे बच्चों का दिल जीत लेती है। उनका इलाज करती है। माँ न होते हुए भी उन्हें माँ की कमी महसूस नहीं होने देती। लेखक का उद्देश्य नर्स के सेवाभाव और ममत्व को रोगी के हितों के लिए प्रस्तुत करना रहा है। इसके साथ कहानीकार ने एक बच्चे के मनोभावों तथा माँ के हृदय की पीड़ा को बड़े ही सशक्त शब्दों में प्रस्तुत किया है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित पंजाबी गद्यांशों का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
ਅੱਠ ਵਜੇ ਸਿਸਟਰ ਸੂਸਾਨ ਦੇ ਵਾਰਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹੀ ਕਈ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਚਿਹਰੇ ਤੇ ਮੁਸਕਾਨ ਛਾ ਗਈ । ਇਕ ਤੇ ਨੌ ਨੰਬਰ ਵਾਲੇ ਬੱਚੇ ਤਾਂ ਉਸਦੇ ਸੁਆਗਤ ਲਈ ਬਿਸਤਰ ਤੋਂ ਉੱਠ ਕੇ ਬੈਠ ਗਏ । ਸਿਸਟਰ ਨੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਲ ਹੱਥ ਹਿਲਾਇਆ !
उत्तर:
आठ बजे सिस्टर सूसान के वार्ड में आते ही कई बच्चों के चेहरे पर मुस्कान छा गई। एक से नौ नंबर वाले बच्चे तो उसका स्वागत करने के लिए बिस्तर से उठकर बैठ गए। सिस्टर ने उनकी तरफ हाथ हिलाया।

प्रश्न 2.
ਰੰਗ ਬਿਰੰਗੇ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਫੁੱਲਾਂ ਵਾਲਾ ਇਹ ਗੁਲਦਸਤਾ ਤਾਂ ਮੈਂ ਖੁਸ਼ੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਰਹੀ ਹਾਂ ਬਾਕੀ ਇਹ ਗਿਫਟ ਕਿਸੀ ਇਹੋ ਜਿਹੀ ਔਰਤ ਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦੇਣਾ ਜਿਸਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਬਬਲੂ ਹੋਏ । ਮੇਰਾ ਤਾਂ ਕੋਈ ਬਬਲੂ ਹੈ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ । ਮੈਂ ਤਾਂ ਹਾਲੇ ਤਕ ਸ਼ਾਦੀ ਹੀ ठी वीठी वै ।
उत्तर:
रंग बिरंगे सुंदर फूलों वाला यह गुलदस्ता तो मैं खुशी से ले रही हूँ। शेष यह गिफ्ट किसी ऐसी औरत को देना जिसका कोई बबलू हो। मेरा तो कोई बबलू है ही नहीं। मैंने तो अभी तक शादी ही नहीं की है।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
आप अपने जीवन में क्या बनना चाहेगे ? इस विषय पर कक्षा में सभी विद्यार्थी चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मनुष्य अनेक कल्पनाएँ करता है। वह अपने को ऊपर उठाने के लिए योजनाएँ बनाता है। कल्पना सबके लिए होती है लेकिन उस कल्पना को साकार करने की शक्ति किसी-किसी के पास होती है। सपनों में सब घूमते हैं। सभी अपने सामने कोई-न-कोई लक्ष्य रखकर चलते हैं। सभी महत्त्वाकांक्षा का मोती प्राप्त करना चाहते हैं।

विभिन्न व्यक्तियों के विभिन्न लक्ष्य होते हैं। कोई डॉक्टर बनकर रोगियों की सेवा करना चाहता है तो कोई इंजीनियर बनकर निर्माण करना चाहता है। कोई कर्मचारी बनना चाहता है तो कोई व्यापारी। कोई नेता बनना चाहता है तो कोई अभिनेता। मेरे मन में भी एक कल्पना है। मैं अध्यापक बनना चाहता हूँ। भले ही कुछ लोग इसे साधारण उद्देश्य समझें पर मेरे लिए यह गौरव की बात है। अध्यापक देश-सेवा और समाज-सेवा का सबसे बड़ा साधन होता है।

मैं व्यक्ति की अपेक्षा समाज और समाज की अपेक्षा राष्ट्र को अधिक महत्त्व देता हूँ। स्वार्थ की अपेक्षा परमार्थ को महत्त्व देता हूँ। मैं मानता हूँ कि जो ईंट नींव बनती है, महल उसी पर खड़ा होता है। मैं धन, कीर्ति और यश का भूखा नहीं। मेरे सामने तो राष्ट्र-कवि श्री मैथिलीशरण गुप्त का यह सिद्धांत रहता है ‘समष्टि के लिए समष्टि हों बलिदान’। विद्यार्थी देश की नींव हैं। मैं उस नींव को मज़बूत बनाना चाहता हूँ।

यदि मैं अध्यापक होता-अध्यापक बनने की मेरी इच्छा पूरी होगी अथवा नहीं इस विषय में मैं निश्चित रूप से पता नहीं कर सकता। यदि मैं अध्यापक होता तो क्या करता, यह बता देना मैं अपना कर्त्तव्य समझता हूँ। आज के अध्यापक को देखकर मेरा मन निराशा से भर जाता है। आज का अध्यापक अध्यापन को भी एक व्यवसाय समझता है। पैसे कमाने को ही वह अपना लक्ष्य समझ बैठा है। वह यह भूल गया है कि इस व्यवसाय में त्याग और बलिदान की ज़रूरत है। यदि मैं शिक्षक होता तो सबसे पूर्व अपने में उत्तम गुणों का विकास करता।

छात्रों को शिक्षा के महत्त्व से संचित कराकर उनमें शिक्षा के प्रति रुचि पैदा करता। आज बहुत से विद्यार्थी शिक्षा को बोझ समझते हैं। स्कूल से भाग जाना, काम से जी चुराना, अनुशासनहीनता का परिचय देना, बड़ों का अपमान करना उनके जीवन की साधारण घटनाएँ बन गई हैं। मैं उनमें अच्छे संस्कार पैदा कर उनकी बुराइयों को समाप्त करता।

मुझे जो भी विषय पढ़ाने के लिए दिया जाता उसे रोचक और सरल ढंग से पढ़ाता। शैक्षणिक भ्रमण की योजनाओं द्वारा इसमें ऐतिहासिक स्थानों के प्रति रुचि पैदा करता। उन्हें सच्चा भारतीय बनाता। मैं अपने विद्यार्थियों को अपने परिवार । के सदस्यों के समान समझता, उनकी कठिनाइयों को दूर करने की कोशिश करता। मैं यह कभी न भूलता कि यदि स्वामी दयानंद, विवेकानंद, शिवाजी जैसे महापुरुष पैदा करने हैं तो अपने व्यक्तित्व को भी ऊँचा उठाना पड़ेगा। आज भारत को आदर्श नागरिकों की आवश्यकता है। आदर्श शिक्षा द्वारा ही उच्चकोटि के व्यक्ति पैदा किए जा सकते है।

प्रश्न 2.
नर्सिंग क्षेत्र के अतिरिक्त और किस-किस क्षेत्र में मानव-सेवा के भाव जिंदा हैं? कक्षा में इसकी चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नर्सिंग के अतिरिक्त आज के युग में अन्य बहुत से ऐसे क्षेत्र हैं जहाँ मानव-सेवा भाव जिंदा है जैसे-विभिन्न प्रकार के समाज सेवी कार्य, अध्यापन का कार्य आदि। विद्यार्थी अपने विवेक के आधार पर स्वयं कक्षा में चर्चा करें।

प्रश्न 3.
अस्पताल के किसी वार्ड का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मैंने सरकारी अस्पताल के सामान्य वार्ड को एक बार तब देखा था जब मैं अपने घर काम करने वाले माली के पिता को देखने अपने पापा के साथ गया था। उस सामान्य वार्ड में लगभग बीस रोगी लेटे हुए थे। सब तरफ गंदगी बिखरी हुई थी। वहाँ न तो कोई डॉक्टर था और न ही नर्स। हर रोगी के साथ दो-तीन लोग थे। वह स्थान रोगियों के लिए वार्ड नहीं लग रहा था। कुछ रोगी तड़प रहे थे तो कुछ लेटे हुए थे। गर्मी के कारण सबका बुरा हाल था।

प्रश्न 4.
‘नर्स होना चुनौतीपूर्ण वचनबद्धता है’-इस विषय पर अनुच्छेद लिखिए।
उत्तर:
नर्स होना वास्तव में ही चुनौतीपूर्ण वचनबद्धता है। प्राय: सभी रोगी कष्ट की स्थिति में ही अस्पताल में भर्ती होते हैं। उनके साथ वहाँ आए लोग भी परेशान होते हैं। नर्स को रोगी की सहायता करनी होती है तो उसके साथ आए लोगों को समझाना पड़ता है। उसे सब से सभ्यतापूर्वक व्यवहार करना पड़ता है। उन्हें सांत्वना देनी होती है। साथ ही साथ सभी को समय पर दवाई देनी होती है, उनके आवश्यक टेस्ट कराने होते हैं। स्वयं कष्ट में होने पर भी सभी को मीठी भाषा में समझाना पड़ता है। निश्चित रूप से यह कार्य आसान नहीं है।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

1. 12 मई को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नर्स दिवस और 1 जुलाई को डॉक्टर्स-डे पर विभिन्न कार्यक्रम आयोजित किए जाते हैं। टी० वी० पर इन कार्यक्रमों को देखिए और समाचार-पत्रों से इसके बारे में जानकारी जुटाइए।
2. विद्यालय में नर्सिंग सेवा भाव पर कोई नाट्य प्रस्तुति करें।
3. सेवा भाव से दुनिया जीतने वाली मदर टेरेसा के चित्रों की एलबम तैयार कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

‘नर्सिंग’ शब्द नर्स से बना है। नर्स का अर्थ परिचारिका होता है, जो रोगियों की सेवा करती है। नर्सिंग का अर्थ रोगियों की सेवा करना है। प्रतिवर्ष 12 मई को अंतर्राष्ट्रीय नर्स दिवस फ्लोरेंस नाइटिंगेल के जन्म दिवस पर मनाया जाता है। इनका जन्म 12 मई, सन् 1820 ई० में ब्रिटेन में हुआ था। इनका मन दीन-दुखियों तथा समाज-सेवा में बहुत लगता था। इन्होंने क्रीमिया के युद्ध में सक्रिय योगदान घायलों की सेवा करके दिया। इन्होंने अक्तूबर सन् 1854 ई० में 38 महिलाओं का दल तुर्की घायलों की सेवा के लिए भेजा था। वे स्वयं रात को भी लालटेन लेकर रोगियों की सेवा करती थीं, जिस कारण इन्हें लेडी विद दी लैम्प कहा गया। इसी प्रकार से मदर टेरेसा ने सन् 1950 में कोलकाता में मिशनरी ऑफ चैरिटी स्थापित कर बीमारों, गरीबों, असहायों की पैंतालीस वर्षों तक सेवा की। इनके कार्यों के लिए इन्हें भारत रत्न तथा नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार भी मिला था।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide नर्स Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘नर्स’ कहानी में लेखक ने क्या बताना चाहा है?
उत्तर:
‘नर्स’ कहानी में लेखक ने नर्स के सेवाभाव तथा ममत्व को रोगी के हितों में प्रस्तुत किया है।

प्रश्न 2.
सरस्वती कौन थी?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती नन्हें छ: साल के उस बच्चे की माँ थी जिसका नाम महेश था।

प्रश्न 3.
नौ नंबर बैड वाले बच्चे के बारे में सरस्वती की क्या राय थी ?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती नौ नंबर बैड वाले बच्चे को समझदार मानती थी। उसके अनुसार वह दस साल का था। वह स्थिति को समझता था।

प्रश्न 4.
ऑपरेशन के बाद महेश ने क्या किया था ?
उत्तर:
ऑपरेशन के बाद जब महेश होश में आया तो वह मम्मी-मम्मी पुकारते हुए चिल्ला रहा था।

प्रश्न 5.
सरस्वती चुपचाप चोरों की भाँति वार्ड से बाहर क्यों निकल गई ?
उत्तर:
सरस्वती अपने बेटे महेश से बहुत प्यार करती थी। महेश भी अपनी माँ से बहुत प्यार करता था। वह उसे छोड़ नहीं रहा था इसलिए वह चुपचाप चोरों की भाँति वार्ड से बाहर निकल गई।

प्रश्न 6.
पौने सात बजे वार्ड की क्या स्थिति थी ?
उत्तर:
पौने सात बजे सारे वार्ड में खामोशी छाई हुई थी। इस सारी खामोशी में महेश की हिचकी भरी मम्मी-मम्मी की रट सुनाई दे रही थी।

प्रश्न 7.
कौन-सा बैड सबसे सही जगह पर लगा हुआ था?
उत्तर:
चार नंबर का बैड सबसे सही जगह पर था क्योंकि वह खिड़की के पास था। वहाँ से बाहर का सारा दृश्य दिखता था।

प्रश्न 8.
‘नर्स’ कहानी के शीर्षक की सार्थकता स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
कहानीकार ने अपनी कहानी का शीर्षक ‘नर्स’ एक दम सटीक रखा है। सारी कहानी नर्स पर ही केंद्रित है। कहानी में नर्स के सेवाभाव तथा समर्पण को दर्शाया गया है। पाठक जैसे-जैसे कहानी को पढ़ता है वह शीर्षक के प्रति अग्रसर होता जाता है। अत: कहानी का शीर्षक ‘नर्स’ अत्यंत रोचक तथा जिज्ञासावर्धक है।

प्रश्न 9.
कहानीकार कलाप्रकाश की कहानी ‘नर्स’ की भाषा शैली पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर:
आधुनिक हिंदी साहित्य में कहानीकार कला प्रकाश का अपना विशेष स्थान है। उनकी कहानी ‘नर्स’ की भाषा सरल तथा पात्रानुकूल है। आवश्यकतानुसार लेखिका ने अंग्रेज़ी के प्रचलित शब्दों का भी प्रयोग किया है। छोटेछोटे वाक्य देखते ही बनते हैं। मुहावरों का सटीक प्रयोग हुआ है। इनकी भाषा में भावना एवं कल्पना के साथ-साथ अलंकारों का भी प्रयोग हुआ है।

प्रश्न 10.
महेश अस्पताल में किसे और क्या पुकार कर रो रहा था ?
उत्तर:
महेश अस्पताल में अपनी माँ को देखकर उससे लिपट रहा था। वह माँ-माँ पुकारता हुआ खूब रो रहा था। वह अपने पास से अपनी माँ को दूर नहीं जाने दे रहा था। वह माँ की कोई बात नहीं सुनता था। वह तो बस उससे चिपटा रहना चाहता था किंतु जब माँ चली गई तब भी वह रोता रहा था। वह माँ-माँ पुकारता रहा था।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
“चिल्लाओगे तो दर्द ज्यादा होगा”-महेश को यह किसने समझाया ?
उत्तर:
वार्ड में नौ नंबर वाले बच्चे ने महेश को यह समझाया।

प्रश्न 2.
किस नर्स के वार्ड में आते ही बच्चों के चेहरे पर मुस्कान छा जाती थी ?
उत्तर:
सिस्टर सूसान के वार्ड में आते ही बच्चों के चेहरे पर मुस्कान छा जाती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
दूसरे दिन सरस्वती जब घर जाने लगी तो महेश ने उससे क्या कहा ?
उत्तर:
महेश ने माँ को जल्दी घर जाने और राजू के घर से मोना को ले आने के लिए कहा।

प्रश्न 4.
सूसान ने सरस्वती से बबलू के लिए गिफ़्ट क्यों नहीं लिया ?
उत्तर:
सूसान की अभी शादी नहीं हुई थी और उसका कोई बबलू भी नहीं था।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
अस्पताल के वार्ड से मुलाकातियों के जाने का समय क्या था?
(क) चार बजे
(ख) पाँच बजे
(ग) छह बजे
(घ) सात बजे।
उत्तर:
(ग) छह बजे

प्रश्न 2.
बच्चों के वार्ड में कितने पलंग थे?
(क) नौ
(ख) दस
(ग) ग्यारह
(घ) बारह।
उत्तर:
(घ) बारह

प्रश्न 3.
किस नंबर के बैड का बच्चा अपनी माँ को क्राइस्ट समझता होगा?
(क) तीन
(ख) पाँच
(ग) सात
(घ) नौ।
उत्तर:
(ख) पाँच

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
सात बजे वार्ड में कितनी नर्से आईं? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
दो

प्रश्न 2.
मरीडा बोली-यहाँ तो मरने तक की फुर्सत नहीं, इन बच्चों के साथ किस वक़्त बैठकर बातें करें। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 3.
सिस्टर सूसान महेश के बिस्तर के ऊपर खिलौने बांध देती हैं। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 4.
“अस्पताल में नर्स ही मम्मी होती है।” सूसान ने महेश को बताया। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 5.
सूसान ने कहा-‘पति बहुत ही ईर्ष्यालु होते हैं।’ (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 6.
सरस्वती की भी ……… छूट गई।
उत्तर:
हँसी

प्रश्न 7.
बच्चे ने …………. उठाकर आंखें पोंछीं।
उत्तर:
नैपकिन

प्रश्न 8.
कैसी होगी ………… नाम की सोनपरी।
उत्तर:
सूसान।

नर्स कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

ऑप्रेशन = चीरफाड, शल्य प्रक्रिया। तंग करना = परेशान करना। मुलाकाती = परिचित। बाँह = बाजू। कायदा = नियम। संतोष = शांति। पसीना आना = घबराहट होना। बेखबर = अनजान। सिस्टर = नर्स। पायताने = पाँयता। वह दिशा जिधर पैर फैलाकर सोया जाए। प्लीज = कृपया, फुर्सत = अवकाश। दिलासा देना = सांत्वना देना। अनसुना = जो सुना न गया हो। निगाहें = नजरें, शुक्रगुज़ार = एहसान मानने वाला। ख़्याल आना = ध्यान आना। इजाजत = अनुमति, आज्ञा। पुकार = आवाज़। आँखें बहना = रोना, ईर्ष्या = जलन। खामोश = चुपचाप। तुशी = तीखापन। आँखें पोंछना = आँसू पोंछना। सैड = उदास। विचलित = चंचल, अस्थिर।

नर्स Summary

नर्स लेखिका परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-श्रीमती कला प्रकाश सिंधी की सुप्रसिद्ध लेखिका हैं। उन्होंने हिंदी-साहित्य के लेखन में भी अपनी कुशलता को अच्छी तरह से प्रकट किया है। उनका जन्म 2 जनवरी, सन् 1934 ई० में कराची (पाकिस्तान) में हुआ था। उन्होंने एम० ए० तक की शिक्षा प्राप्त करने के पश्चात् महाराष्ट्र के उल्हास नगर के महाविद्यालय में प्राध्यापिका का कार्य किया। बाद में दुबई के विद्यालय में प्रधानाचार्या का कार्यभार सफलतापूर्वक निभाया। सन् 1953 ई० से अब तक इन्होंने सिंधी-साहित्य को संपन्नता प्रदान करने में सफलता प्राप्त की है। इनकी पहली कहानी ‘दोही बेदोही’ मुंबई की एक पत्रिका ‘नई दुनिया’ में छपी थी। .

रचनाएँ-
श्रीमती कला प्रकाश के रचित साहित्य है-
उपन्यास-‘हिक दिल हजार अरमान’, ‘शीशे जो दिल’, ‘हिक सपनों सुखन जी’, ‘हयाली होतन री’, ‘वक्त विथियू बिछोटिषु’, ‘आरसी अ-आड़ो’, ‘प्यार’, ‘पखन जी प्रीत’, ‘समुद्र-ए-किनारे’, ‘औखा पंथ प्यार जा’।
कहानी संग्रह–’मुर्क ए ममता’, ‘वारन में गुल’, ‘इंतजार’। .
काव्य संग्रह-‘ममता जूं लहरूं (1963)’, ममता जूं लहरू (2006)।
यात्रा वृत्तांत—’जे-हिअन्रे हुटन’।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएं-श्रीमती कला प्रकाश के लेखन की मुख्य दिलचस्पी महिलाओं से संबंधित विभिन्न विषयों में है। स्वयं नारी होने के कारण इन्हें नारी-संबंधी विषयों को प्रस्तुत करने में अपेक्षाकृत अधिक सफलता प्राप्त हुई है। इन्हें ‘आरसी-अ-आडो’ उपन्यास पर साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार प्रदान किया था। इनकी पुस्तक ‘ममता तू लहरूं’ को अखिल भारतीय सिंधी अकादमी ने ‘बेस्ट बुक ऑफ दा ईयर’ घोषित किया था। इनके पति भी लेखक हैं और इन दोनों पति-पत्नी को साहित्य अकादमी अवार्ड मिल चुका है।

कला प्रकाश का सारा साहित्य भावात्मक है। इनकी रचनाओं में जहाँ पाठक आत्म-विभोर होता है वहीं दूसरी ओर पाठकों का मनोरंजन भी होता है। उनके मन में समसामयिक समस्याओं के प्रति भावनाएँ भी उद्वेलित होती हैं। इन्होंने समाज के प्रत्येक वर्ग में व्याप्त विषमताओं को उजागर किया है। इन्होंने समाज में जागरूकता लाने का भी सफल प्रयास किया है। इनके साहित्य में भावात्मकता की प्रधानता है।

नर्स कहानी का सार

कला प्रकाश द्वारा रचित ‘नर्स’ एक श्रेष्ठ कहानी है। यह कहानी एक नर्स के सेवाभाव और ममत्व को रोगी के हितों में प्रस्तुत करती है। इसमें बाल मनोविज्ञान की तरफ भी संकेत किया गया है।।
महेश छः साल का छोटा बच्चा था। उसका आप्रेशन हुआ था इसलिए वह अस्पताल में भर्ती था। अस्पताल में मरीज से मिलने का समय छ: बजे तक का था। लेकिन महेश की माँ सरस्वती समय पूरा हो जाने पर भी महेश की जिद्द के कारण वहाँ रुकी हुई थी। वह चाहकर भी जा नहीं पा रही थी। महेश अपनी माँ को अपने पास रोकना चाहता था। सरस्वती वार्ड में इधर-उधर देखने लगी। सभी बच्चे महेश को ताक रहे थे। सरस्वती को याद आया कि कुछ देर पहले नौ नंबर बैड वाले ने उसे बताया था कि ऑप्रेशन के बाद महेश माँ-माँ करके रो रहा था।

तब सरस्वती उस नौ नंबर बैड वाले बालक को महेश पास छोड़ कर जल्दी से अस्पताल के गेट के पास आ गई। उसकी आँखों से आँसू छलछला रहे थे। वार्ड में नौ नंबर वाला बच्चा महेश को समझा रहा था किंतु महेश कुछ सुनने को तैयार नहीं था। वह तो बस माँ की रट लगाए हुए था। कुछ देर बाद वह बच्चा वापस अपने बैड पर चला गया। थोड़ी देर बाद चारों ओर खामोशी छा गई। इस खामोशी में भी महेश की मम्मी-मम्मी की हिचकी गूंज रही थी। सात बजे मरीडा और मांजरेकर नाम की दो नर्से वार्ड में आईं। वे दोनों आपस में बातें कर रही थीं। मरीजों को दवाई खिला रही थीं। उनका बिस्तर ठीक कर रही थीं। चार नंबर बैड पर पहुँच कर मरींडा बच्चे से बोली कि उसका बिस्तर खिड़की के पास है और उसे बाहर का दृश्य देखना चाहिए न कि चादर में मुँह छिपाकर रोना चाहिए। मरीडा में बच्चों के प्रति अत्यंत लगाव और प्यार था। वह मांजरेकर से बच्चों के पास समय बिताने और बातें करने को कहती है लेकिन मांजरेकर यह कहकर टाल देती है कि साँस लेने तक की फुर्सत तो है नहीं बातें कब करेंगे।

दोनों नौं के जाने के बाद फिर से वार्ड में खामोशी समा गई। सभी के बैड एक जैसे थे। उनकी चादर तथा कंबल भी एक ही रंग के थे। बैड के साइड में एक कबर्ड भी था। उसे साइड टेबल की तरह काम में लिया जाता था। आठ बजे नर्स सूसान वार्ड में आई। उसे देखकर सभी बच्चों के चेहरों पर मुस्कान छा गई। नौ नंबर बैड का बच्चा तो उसके स्वागत में उठकर बैठ गया। वह बच्चों को दवाई पिलाने लगी। उनका बुखार चैक करने लगी। अंत में वह महेश के पास पहुँची। उससे प्यार से बातें करने लगी। उसने उसको बताया कि उसका भी एक बेटा है जिसका नाम महेश है किंतु वह अभी छोटा है केवल तीन महीने का है। वह उसे बहुत परेशान करता है। सूसान महेश को बातें बताती हुई सूप और दवाई पिला रही थी।

अपने ममत्व से उसने महेश को चुप करा दिया उसे दवाई भी पिला दी। महेश से रहा न गया और वह सूसान के बेटे के बारे में और जानने को उत्सुक होने लगा। उसने पूछा वह और क्या करता है। सूसान ने कहा वह अभी बोल नहीं सकता। लेकिन अगं, अगूं… गू, गूं आदि स्वर निकालता रहता है। सूसान बबलू के समान मुँह फुलाकर आवाजें निकालकर महेश को दिखाने लगी। महेश हँस पड़ा। सूसान ने महेश को कहा अब उसे जाना है जब ज़रूरत हो वह उसे बुला सकता है। दूसरे दिन जब सरस्वती महेश से मिलने अस्पताल आई तो वह बहुत विचलित थी कि उसका बेटा कैसा होगा? मम्मी को देखते ही महेश ने उसे गले से लगा लिया। उसने माँ से अपनी बहन मोना के बारे में पूछा क्या वह उसके आने पर रो रही थी ? माँ ने उसे बताया नहीं वह मोना को राजू के पास छोड़कर आई है।

तब महेश ने माँ को बताया कि सिस्टर सूसान का बेटा उसके आने पर बहुत रोता है। वह बहुत शैतान है। माँ के दिल पर सूसान का नाम छप गया। उसने महेश को बड़ा प्यार और दुलार जो दिया था। बाद में जब माँ को सूसान से पता लगा कि वह तो अभी अविवाहित थी और उसने महेश को सहज बनाने के लिए झूठ ही अपने विवाह की बात कही थी तो माँ उसके स्वभाव और बालमनोविज्ञान की समझ पर मुग्ध हो उठी थी।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 9 दो कलाकार Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 9 दो कलाकार

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB दो कलाकार Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक-दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
छात्रावास में रहने वाली दो सहेलियों के नाम क्या थे?
उत्तर:
छात्रावास में रहने वाली दो सहेलियों के नाम अरुणा और चित्रा थे।

प्रश्न 2.
चित्रा कहानी के आरंभ में अरुणा को क्यों जगाती है?
उत्तर:
चित्रा कहानी के आरंभ में अरुणां को अपने द्वारा बनाया हुआ चित्र दिखाने के लिए जगाती है।

प्रश्न 3.
अरुणा चित्रा के चित्रों के बारे में क्या कहती है?
उत्तर:
अरुणा चित्रा के चित्रों को देखकर कहती है कि “कागज़ पर इन बेज़ान चित्रों को बनाने की बजाय दोचार की ज़िंदगी क्यों नहीं बना देती।”

प्रश्न 4.
अरुणा छात्रावास में रात को देर से लौटती है तो शीला उसके बारे में क्या कहती है?
उत्तर:
शीला अरुणा के बारे में कहती है कि वह बहुत गुणी है। वह दूसरों के बारे में सोचने वाली समाज सेविका है।

प्रश्न 5.
चित्रा के पिता जी ने पत्र में क्या लिखा था?
उत्तर:
चित्रा के पिता जी ने जो पत्र भेजा उसमें लिखा था कि जैसे ही उसकी पढ़ाई खत्म हो जाएगी, वह विदेश जा सकती है।

प्रश्न 6.
अरुणा बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सहायता करके स्वयंसेवकों के दल के साथ कितने दिनों बाद लौटी?
उत्तर:
अरुणा बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सेवा के लिए स्वयंसेवकों के दल के साथ सहायता पंद्रह दिन बाद लौटी।

प्रश्न 7.
विदेश में चित्रा के किस चित्र ने धूम मचायी थी?
उत्तर:
विदेश में भिखमंगी और दो अनाथ बच्चों के चित्र ने खूब धूम मचायी।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन-चार पंक्तियों में लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
अरुणा के समाज सेवा के कार्यों के बारे में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
अरुणा अपने विद्यार्थी जीवन से ही समाज सेवा के कार्यों से जुड़ी हुई थी। वह बेसहारा लोगों को सहारा देने का काम करती हैं। वह अपनी सेवा के खूबसूरत रंगों से लोगों की बेरंगी जिंदगी में रंग भरने का काम करती है। वह दाइयों, चपरासियों आदि के बच्चों को पढ़ाती है। फुलिया के बच्चे की मृत्यु उसे अत्यधिक आहत करती है। भिखारिन के मरने के बाद वह उसके दोनों बच्चों का पालन-पोषण करती है।

प्रश्न 2.
मरी हुई भिखारिन और उसके दोनों बच्चों को उसके सूखे शरीर से चिपक कर रोते देख चित्रा ने क्या किया?
उत्तर:
मरी हुई भिखारिन और उसके दोनों बच्चों को उसके सूखे शरीर से चिपक कर रोते देख चित्रा का हृदय करुणा से भर गया। वह चाह कर भी स्वयं को वहां से दूर नहीं कर पाई। वह वहीं रुकी और उस दृश्य को देखकर उसने उनका चित्र कागज़ पर उतारा। यह उसके अंदर का कलाकार था जो चित्र के रूप में उभर कर हमारे सामने आया।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा की हॉस्टल से विदाई के समय अरुणा क्यों नहीं पहुँच सकी?
उत्तर:
जब चित्रा की हॉस्टल से विदाई हो रही थी तब अरुणा वहाँ नहीं पहुँच सकी थी। चित्रा बार-बार हॉस्टल के फाटक पर खड़ी हो उसे इधर-उधर ढूँढ़ रही थी लेकिन वह वहाँ कहीं नहीं थी। अरुणा उस समय उन दो अनाथ बच्चों के पास पहुँच गई थी जिनकी तस्वीर चित्रा ने तब बनाई थी जब उनकी माँ पेड़ के नीचे मरी पड़ी थी। वह उन अनाथ बच्चों को संभालने के कारण समय पर नहीं पहुँच सकी थी।

प्रश्न 4.
प्रदर्शनी में अरुणा के साथ कौन-से बच्चे थे?
उत्तर:
प्रदर्शनी में अरुणा के साथ वे दो बच्चे थे जो भिखारिन के मरने के बाद बेसहारा रह गए थे। अरुणा ने उन्हें पाला-पोसा था। अब वह माँ की तरह उन दोनों की देखभाल करती थी।

III. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छह या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए।

प्रश्न 1.
दो कलाकार कहानी का उद्देश्य स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मन्नू भंडारी रचित ‘दो कलाकार’ एक उद्देश्यपूर्ण कहानी है जिसमें यह दर्शाया गया है कि कला विशेष के अनन्य साधक या साधिका को कलाकार मानना परंपरागत रूप में यथार्थ है किंतु कलाकार वह भी है जिसमें मानवोचित गुणों का समुचित विकास हो भले ही वह किसी कला का अभ्यासी न हो। सच तो यह है कि मानव मूल्यों का संपोषक उस कलाकार से बड़ा है जो मनुष्य समाज के प्रति अपने दायित्व से विरक्त होकर केवल कला की साधना में ही लीन रहता है। लेखिका ने चित्रा को आत्म-सुख, अपनी उन्नति, अपनी चित्रकला में लीन दिखा कर तथा अरुणा को समाज के लिए दया, करुणा, सहानुभूति आदि बांटते हुए दिखाकर यही सिद्ध किया है कि अरुणा चित्रा से महान् कलाकार है क्योंकि उसमें उच्च मानवीय गुण विद्यमान हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
दो कलाकार के आधार पर अरुणा का चरित्र-चित्रण करें।
उत्तर:
मन्नु भंडारी द्वारा रचित कहानी ‘दो कलाकार’ में अरुणा को एक समर्पित समाज-सेविका के रूप में चित्रित किया गया है। वह निर्जीव चित्र बनाने की अपेक्षा किसी का जीवन संवार देना अधिक उचित मानती है। चित्रा के प्रति उसके मन में मित्रता का भाव है। वह अध्ययन से भी अधिक दीन-दुखियों की सेवा को महत्त्व देती है। पर दुःख कातरता के कारण ही वह मृत भिखारिन के बच्चों का पालन-पोषण करती है। फुलिया दाई के बीमार बच्चे की सेवा करती है। वह अत्यंत भावुक भी है। इसी कारण दाई के बच्चे के मर जाने पर वह खाना भी नहीं खाती है। वह अपने कर्तव्य पालन में इतनी लीन रहती है कि वह चित्रा को विदा करने भी नहीं आ पाती। वह अपनी जैसी विचारधारा वाले मनोज को पति के रूप में पाना चाहती है क्योंकि वह मानती है कि जो व्यक्ति समाज के प्रति अपने उत्तरदायित्व को जानता हो वही उसका पति बन सकता है। इस प्रकार अरुणा एक ऐसी आदर्शवादी युवती है जिसने अपना समस्त जीवन-सेवा में अर्पित कर दिया है।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा एक मंझी हुई चित्रकार है। आप इससे कहाँ तक सहमत हैं?
उत्तर:
हाँ, चित्रा एक मंझी हुई चित्रकार है। उसे चित्रकला का बहुत शौक है। वह चित्र बनाने के लिए सदैव नवीन प्रेरणाओं की तलाश करती है। उसकी मेहनत उसे विश्व प्रसिद्ध चित्रकार बना देती है। वह आधुनिक चित्रकला के नियमों के अनुसार अपने चित्रों को बनाती है। उसकी कला जीवन के सुख-दुःख से जुड़ी हुई थी। उसके द्वारा बनाया गया भिखमंगी तथा उसके दोनों बच्चों का चित्र उसकी मंझी कलाकार होने का सबूत हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
‘दो हाथ’/’दो कलाकार’ कहानी के शीर्षक की सार्थकता को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘दो हाथ’/ दो कलाकार’ कहानी का शीर्षक एक उचित शीर्षक है क्योंकि इसमें एक कलाकार, एक चित्रकार तथा दूसरी कलाकार एक समाज सेवी महिला है। दोनों की कलाओं की तुलना करते हुए लेखिका ने दोनों को समान रूप से सच्ची संवेदना प्रदान की है। दूसरों की पीड़ा से अनुप्रेरित होने के कारण समाज सेवा सौंदर्यपरक चित्रकला की भाँति है। अतः इस कहानी का शीर्षक ‘दो कलाकार’ बिल्कुल उचित है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझ कर इनका अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए

मुहावरा = अर्थ = वाक्य
राह देखना = बेसब्री से इंतज़ार करना रोब खाना = ————–
रोब खाना = प्रभाव या हस्ती मानना = ————
आँखें छलछला आना = आँसू निकल आने = ———–
पीठ थपथपाना = हौसला शाबाशी देना = ————–
धूम मचना = प्रसिद्धि होना = ————–
उत्तर:
राह देखना = बेसब्री से इंतज़ार करना
वाक्य = बूढ़े माता-पिता अपने इकलौते पुत्र की कई घंटों से राह देख रहे थे।
रोब खाना = प्रभाव या हस्ती मानना
वाक्य = सिकंदर की वीरता का रोब शीघ्र ही सारे संसार में फैल गया था।
आँखें छलछला आना = आँसू निकल आने
वाक्य = बालक की मृत्यु का समाचार सुनाते-सुनाते अरुणा की आँखें छलछला आईं।
पीठ थपथपाना = हौसला, शाबाशी देना
वाक्य = विद्यार्थी द्वारा अच्छे अंक लाने पर अध्यापक ने विद्यार्थी की पीठ थपथपाई।
धूम मचना = प्रसिद्धि होना
वाक्य = आजकल सारे देश में क्रिकेट की धूम मची हई है।

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विपरीत शब्द लिखें

बेवकूफी
गुण
निरक्षरता
आदर्श
जिंदगी
बंधन
शोहरत
बीमार
धनी
विदेश
उत्तर:
शब्द = विपरीत शब्द
बेवकूफी = समझदारी
गुण = अवगुण
निरक्षरता = साक्षरता
आदर्श = अनादर्श
जिंदगी = मौत
बंधन = मुक्त
शोहरत = बदनामी
बीमार = स्वस्थ
धनी = निर्धन
विदेश = स्वदेश।

III. निम्नलिखित का हिंदी में अनुवाद कीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘भेटे से गठ, ठेठ विमरे। प्टिर उडी रिउता भगमी चै, लभमडे व भायटी भगमी ” मठा ठे भारत (वन) ठिा।
उत्तर:
“मेरे बच्चे हैं, और किसके। यह तुम्हारी चित्रा मासी है, नमस्ते करो अपनी मासी को” अरुणा ने आदेश (हुक्म) दिया।

प्रश्न 2.
ਸੱਚ ? ਹੈਰਾਨੀ ਨਾਲ ਬੱਚੀ ਬੋਲ ਪਈ । ਫਿਰ ਤਾਂ ਮਾਸੀ, ਤੁਸੀਂ ਜ਼ਰੂਰ ਚਿੱਤਰਕਲਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਨੰਬਰ ਲਿਆਉਂਦੀ हेगी। मैं ही पग्लिा ठप्पत प्लिभारिटी गां।
उत्तर:
सच? हैरानी से बच्ची बोल पड़ी। फिर तो मासी, आप अवश्य चित्रकला में प्रथम स्थान लाती होंगी। मैं भी प्रथम स्थान लाती हूँ,

प्रश्न 3.
उिता हुँ ठगी, निउता? हेवट माप्टी मी। ई उ प्टिवर उप्ल ती ताप्टी।
उत्तर:
चित्रों को नहीं, चित्रा को देखने आई थी। तुम तो एकदम भूल ही गई।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
क्या आप ने भी अरुणा की तरह किसी ज़रूरतमंद या बेसहारा की मदद की है-अगर की है तो उस प्रसंग को लिख कर अपने अध्यापक को दिखाएं या कक्षा में सुनाएं।
उत्तर:
पिछले रविवार की बात है मैं अपने मित्र के साथ सुबह-सुबह सैर करने माल रोड पर गया। वहाँ बहुत से स्त्री-पुरुष और बच्चे भी सैर करने आये हुए थे। जब से दूरदर्शन पर स्वास्थ्य संबंधी कार्यक्रम आने लगे हैं। अधिकसे-अधिक लोग प्रातः भ्रमण के लिए इन जगहों पर आने लगे हैं। रविवार होने के कारण उस दिन भीड़ कुछ अधिक थी। तभी मैंने वहाँ एक युवा दंपत्ति को अपने छोटे बच्चे को बच्चा गाड़ी में बिठा कर सैर करते देखा। अचानक लड़कियों के स्कूल की ओर एक तांगा आता हुआ दिखाई पड़ा। उसमें चार पाँच सवारियाँ भी बैठी थीं। बच्चा गाड़ी वाले दंपत्ति ने तांगे से बचने के लिए सड़क पार करनी चाही। जब वे सड़क पार कर रहे थे तो दूसरी तरफ से बड़ी तेज़ गति से आ रही एक कार उस तांगे से टकरा गई।

तांगा चलाने वाला और दो सवारियाँ बुरी तरह से घायल हो गये थे। बच्चा गाड़ी वाली स्त्री के हाथ से बच्चा गाड़ी छूट गयी किंतु इससे पूर्व कि वह बच्चे समेत तांगे और कार की टक्कर वाली जगह पर पहुँच कर उनसे टकरा जाती मैंने और मेरे साथी ने भागकर उस बच्चा गाड़ी को संभाल लिया। कार चलाने समय फ़ोन करके मैंने एंबुलैंस को बुलवाया। हम सबने घायलों को उठा कर एंबुलैंस में लिटाया। कार चालक को पुलिस ने पकड़ लिया था। दूसरी तरफ बच्चे को बचाने के लिए मेरे मित्र तथा मेरे द्वारा चुस्ती-फुर्ती की लोग खूब प्रशंसा कर रहे थे।

प्रश्न 2.
स्कूल में हुई किसी चित्र प्रदर्शनी या प्रतियोगिता का अपने शब्दों में वर्णन करें।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी अपने अनुभव के आधार पर स्वयं लिखें।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

(1) सभी विद्यार्थी मिलकर अपनी चित्रकला की प्रदर्शनी का आयोजन करें। यह आयोजन दीवाली आदि त्योहार पर किया जा सकता है।
(2) अपने विद्यालय या शहर में आयोजित होने वाली चित्रकला को देखने जायें और चित्रकला से संबंधित ज्ञान प्राप्त करें।
(3) समाज भलाई का काम करने वाले प्रसिद्ध चरित्र मदर टेरेसा, फलोरेंस नाइटगेल, स्वामी दयानंद आदि के जीवन के बारे में पढ़ें तथा इंटरनेट पर सहायतार्थ कार्य करने वालों के बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

चित्रकला के क्षेत्र में विश्व भर में प्रसिद्ध अमृता शेरगिल का जन्म हंगरी के बुडापेस्ट नगर में 30 जनवरी, सन् 1913 ई० को हुआ था। इनके पिता उमराव सिंह, संस्कृत-फ़ारसी के विद्वान् थे। इनकी माता मेरी एंटोनी गोट्समन हंगरी की यहूदी तथा ओपेरा गायिका थीं। इनके पति का नाम डॉ० विक्टर इगान था। इन्हें भारतीय पुरातात्विक सर्वेक्षण ने सन् 1976 और 1979 में भारत के नौ सर्वश्रेष्ठ कलाकारों में सम्मलित किया था। दिल्ली की नेशनल आर्ट गैलरी में इनके चित्र सुरक्षित हैं। सबसे कम आयु की एशियाई चित्रकार के रूप में इन्हें पेरिस की एसोसिएशन ऑफ़ दी ग्रैंड सैलून में अपनी कलाकृति ‘यंग गर्ल्स’ के माध्यम से पहुँचने का अवसर मिला था। इनका 5 दिसंबर, सन् 1941 ई० को लाहौर में निधन हो गया था।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide दो कलाकार Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी किसके द्वारा लिखी गई है?
उत्तर:
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी लेखिका मन्नू भंडारी द्वारा लिखी गई है।

प्रश्न 2.
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी में लेखिका ने किस चीज़ का विश्लेषण करने का प्रयास किया है?
उत्तर:
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी में लेखिका ने एक महिला चित्रकार तथा एक महिला समाज सेविका की सोच का विश्लेषण किया है।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा विदेश क्यों जाना चाहती थी?
उत्तर:
चित्रा पढ़ाई समाप्त कर कला के विशेष अध्ययन के लिए विदेश जाना चाहती थी।

प्रश्न 4.
अरुणा और चित्रा में कैसा संबंध था?
उत्तर:
अरुणा और चित्रा दोनों सहेलियां थीं। दोनों छात्रावास के एक ही कमरे में रहती थी। दोनों का आपस में गहरा प्रेम था।

प्रश्न 5.
अरुणा को कौन-सा काम सबसे अधिक पसंद आता था?
उत्तर:
अरुणा को चपरासियों के बच्चों को पढ़ाने, किसी बीमार की सेवा करने आदि में बहुत आनंद आता था।

प्रश्न 6.
किस दुर्घटना ने अरुणा को विचलित कर दिया था?
उत्तर:
अरुणा फुलिया दाई के बीमार बच्चे की सेवा कर रही थी, किंतु अथाह प्रयास के बाद भी वह उस बच्चे को बचा न सकी। इस घटना ने उसे विचलित कर दिया था।

प्रश्न 7.
बच्चे की मृत्यु के बाद अरुणा की क्या दशा थी?
उत्तर:
बच्चे की मृत्यु के बाद अरुणा बहुत उदास थी। उसकी मृत्यु के दिन अरुणा ने खाना भी नहीं खाया। वह दो-तीन दिन तक उदास और गुमसुम रही।

प्रश्न 8.
चित्रा किससे मिलने गई थी और कब लौट कर आई?
उत्तर:
चित्रा विदेश जाने से पहले गुरु जी से मिलने गई थी और उनसे मिलकर वह साढ़े चार बजे हॉस्टल के फाटक पर आई।

प्रश्न 9.
चित्रा की आँखें किसे ढूँढ़ रही थीं?
उत्तर:
चित्रा की आँखें अरुणा को ढूँढ़ रही थीं। वह रह-रहकर भीड़ में अरुणा को ही खोज़ रही थी।

प्रश्न 10.
लेखक ने चित्रकला की अपेक्षा किसे अच्छा और सार्थक काम बताया है?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने चित्रकला की अपेक्षा अशिक्षितों को पढ़ाना अधिक अच्छा और सार्थक काम बताया है।

प्रश्न 11.
‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी की मूल संवेदना क्या है?
(क) कला केवल कला के लिए होती है।
(ख) कला का अंतिम प्रयोजन यश प्राप्त करना है।
(ग) जीवन के सुःख-दुःख से सीधे जुड़ कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है।
(घ) सच्ची कला धन-संपदा प्रदान करती है।
उत्तर:
(ग) जीवन के सुःख-दुःख से सीधे जुड़ कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है।

प्रश्न 12.
‘रहने दे चित्रा मैं खाऊंगी नहीं, मुझे ज़रा भी भूख नहीं है’-अरुणा द्वारा भोजन करने से इन्कार करने का क्या कारण था?
उत्तर:
फुलिया दाई का बच्चा बड़ा बीमार था। अरुणा दोपहर से ही उसकी देख-भाल में लगी हुई थी। अनेक प्रयत्न करने पर भी उसे बचाया न जा सका और उसकी मृत्यु हो गई। बच्चे की मृत्यु से दुःखी होने के कारण ही अरुणा ने भोजन करने से इन्कार कर दिया था।

प्रश्न 13.
‘किस काम की ऐसी कला जो आदमी को आदमी न रहने दे’-इस कथन का तात्पर्य क्या हैं?
उत्तर:
जो कला मनुष्य को मानवीय गुणों से वंचित कर उसे स्वार्थी चित्रकार ही बना दे वह कला निरर्थक है। मनुष्य की कला को तो मानव जीवन के सुख-दुःख से जुड़ा होना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 14.
अरुणा के इस कथन में कि ‘तू हर घड़ी हर जगह और हर चीज़ में से अपने चित्रों के लिए मॉडल खोजती रहती है।’ चित्रा की किस मनोवृत्ति पर व्यंग्य किया गया है?
उत्तर:
अरुणा के इस कथन से स्पष्ट है कि चित्रा को अपनी चित्रकला के अतिरिक्त मानव जीवन के सुख-दुःखों से कोई संबंध नहीं है। वह कला को केवल-कला मानती है तथा चित्रकला के प्रति उसका स्वार्थी मनोवृत्ति का भी इस कथन से ज्ञात होता है।

प्रश्न 15.
‘दोनों कलाकारों की कलाओं में अंतर है एक में मात्र कला है तो दूसरे में जीवन’-आपकी दृष्टि से दोनों में कौन श्रेष्ठ है और क्यों?
उत्तर:
मेरी दृष्टि में वह कला श्रेष्ठ है जो जीवन से जुड़ी हुई होती है। जिस कला में जीवन न हो वह मानव मन में किसी प्रकार की भावनाएँ नहीं उत्पन्न कर सकतीं। जिस कलाकृति को देखकर दर्शक का मन उसमें रम जाए वही कलाकृति श्रेष्ठ कही जा सकती है। अतः जीवन के सुख-दुःख से सीझे जुड़ कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है। इस दृष्टि में समाज-सेविका की कला श्रेष्ठ है।

प्रश्न 16.
‘जब तक समाज का सारा ढांचा नहीं बदलता तब तक कुछ होने का नहीं।’ लेखिका के इस कथन से आप कहाँ तक सहमत हैं? तर्क सहित उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
लेखिका के इस कथन से हम पूरी तरह सहमत नहीं हैं क्योंकि जब तक समाज की रूढ़ियों से ग्रस्त परंपराओं को धीरे-धीरे बदला नहीं जाएगा तब तक समाज का सुधार भी नहीं हो सकता। यह परिवर्तन एकदम तथा अपने आप नहीं हो सकता। इसके लिए हममें से कुछ लोगों को पहल करनी होगी तथा हमारे नये कदमों की आलोचना करने वालों की चिंता न करते हुए हमें समाज में परिवर्तन लाने का प्रयास करना होगा। जैसे बूंद-बूंद से घड़ा भर जाता है उसी प्रकार से हम में से एक-एक व्यक्ति के द्वारा किया गया समाज सुधार का प्रयास समस्त समाज को भी बदल सकता है। जैसे इस कहानी में अरुणा ने चपरासियों के अनपढ़ बच्चों को पढ़ा कर साक्षर बनाया गया तथा दो अनाथ बच्चों को अपनी सन्तान के समान पाल-पोस कर बड़ा किया। अतः समाज को बदलने के लिए धीरे-धीरे किए गए प्रयास भी महत्त्वपूर्ण होते हैं।

प्रश्न 17.
अपने चित्र के जीवित मॉडल देख कर चित्रा हतप्रभ क्यों हो गई?
उत्तर:
चित्रा हतप्रभ रह गई थी क्योंकि उसे यह आशा नहीं थी कि मृत भिखारिन के बच्चों को अरुणा अपने बच्चों के समान पाल-पोस कर बड़ा करेगी। वह तो यह सोचती थी कि भिखारिन के बच्चे मर गए होंगे अथवा कहीं भिखारी के रूप में अपना जीवन व्यतीत कर रहे होंगे।

प्रश्न 18.
दोनों बच्चों की जानकारी हो जाने के बाद चित्रा की दोनों बच्चों और अरुणा के प्रति क्या प्रतिक्रिया हुई होगी? अपनी कल्पना से बताइए।
उत्तर:
चित्रा को जब यह ज्ञात हुआ कि अरुणा ने मृत भिखारिन के अनाथ बच्चों को अपने बच्चों के समान पालापोसा है तो वह विस्मित रह गई। वह सोचने लगी कि वह कितनी स्वार्थी है जो उस समय वह मृत भिखारिन और उसके दोनों बच्चों का स्केच ही बनाती रही तथा उन बच्चों के प्रति उसके मन में कोई भी विचार क्यों न आया। अपनी इस स्वार्थी मनोवृत्ति पर उसे बहुत ग्लानि हुई होगी। दूसरी ओर वह अरुणा की मन ही मन प्रशंसा कर रही होगी कि अरुणा ने दुनिया की चिंता न करके इन अनाथ बच्चों का अपने बच्चों के समान पालन-पोषण किया तथा इन्हें जीवन दान दिया। वह अरुणा को बहुत ही महान् त्यागी, दयावान् तथा करुणाशील महिला मान रही थी।

प्रश्न 19.
दो कलाकार कहानी के आधार पर ‘चित्रा’ का संक्षिप्त चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चित्रा मन्नू भंडारी द्वारा रचित कहानी ‘दो कलाकार’ की एक प्रमुख पात्रा है। वह अभिजात्य वर्ग में उत्पन्न एक संपन्न युवती है। उसके पिता अत्यंत धनी व्यक्ति हैं। उसे चित्रकला का बहुत शौक है। वह चित्रकला में निपुण बन कर विश्व प्रसिद्ध चित्रकार बनना चाहती है। वह चित्र बनाने के लिए सदा नवीन प्रेरणाओं को तलाश करती रहती है। अरुणा के प्रति उसके मन में सद्भाव है तथा उसे वह अपनी सच्ची सखी मानती है। विचारशील होने के कारण वह अपने भावी जीवन के संबंध में स्वयं ही निर्णय लेती है। अपनी मेहनत से ही वह विश्व प्रसिद्ध कलाकार बन जाती है। वह परिस्थितियों के साथ समझौता भी कर लेती है। कहानी के अंत में अपने चित्र के अनाथ बच्चों को अरुणा द्वारा पाला-पोसा जान कर वह जीवन और कला में सामंजस्य को स्वीकार कर लेती है। अत: हम कह सकते हैं कि चित्रा विचारशील, महत्त्वाकांक्षिणी कला अनुरागिणी एवं सत्यनिष्ठ सखी भाव से युक्त युवती है।

प्रश्न 20.
चित्रा एवं अरुणा की संवेदना में अंतर स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चित्रा को दूसरों से कोई मतलब नहीं, बस चौबीस घंटे अपने रंग और तालिका में डूबी रहती है। दुनिया में बड़ी-से-बड़ी घटना हो जाए पर यदि उसमें चित्र के लिए कोई ‘आइडिया’ नहीं, तो उसके लिए वह घटना कोई महत्त्व नहीं रखती। वह बाढ़ पीड़ितों तथा अनाथ बच्चों के प्रति संवेदना शून्य, जड़ बनी रहती है। हां, उनके चित्र अवश्य बना डालती है। अरुणा की दीन-दुःखियों के प्रति संवेदना-सहानुभूति बड़ी गहरी है। वह बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सहायता के लिए अपना अध्ययन भी स्थगित कर देती है तथा अनाथों का जिक्र सुनते ही उनकी सहायता के लिए चल पड़ती है। चित्रा की संवेदना मात्र मौखिक है किंतु अरुणा की हार्दिक एवं मर्मस्पर्शिणी है। इसी कारण वह मृत भिखारिन के बच्चों का पालन-पोषण करती है।

प्रश्न 21.
आधुनिक चित्रकला के संबंध में अरुणा के क्या विचार हैं?
उत्तर:
जब चित्रा अरुणा को नींद से उठाकर अपना नवीन चित्र दिखाती है तो उसने आधुनिक चित्रकला के नियमों के अनुसार बनाया था। अरुणा को चित्रा की यह कलाकृति बिल्कुल भी समझ में नहीं आती इसलिए वह उसे कहती है कि तेरा यह चित्र मेरी समझ में बिल्कुल नहीं आ रहा क्योंकि इससे यह पता ही नहीं चलता कि चौरासी लाख योनियों में से तुमने यह किस जीव का चित्र बनाया है।

प्रश्न 22.
चित्रा और अरुणा के जीवन में क्या अंतर था?
उत्तर:
लेखिका के अनुसार चित्रा और अरुणा दोनों के रहन-सहन, सोचने-विचारने, आचरण तथा रुचियों में बहुत अंतर था। चित्रा चित्रकला के कल्पना लोक में विचरण करती थी जबकि अरुणा यथार्थ जीवन के सुख-दुःखों को महत्त्व देते हुए दीन-दुःखियों की सेवा करना अपना मुख्य लक्ष्य मानती थी। इस प्रकार से दोनों की रुचियों में मूल रूप में अंतर होते हुए भी दोनों में बहुत अधिक प्रेम है।

प्रश्न 23.
कौन-सी कला निरर्थक होती है?
उत्तर:
अरुणा चित्रा को निरंतर चित्रकला में लीन देख कर कहती है कि वह कला निरर्थक है जो मनुष्य को मनुष्य ही न रहने दे। जो व्यक्ति दुनिया के सुख-दुःख से दूर केवल अपने रंगों और बुशों में ही डूबा रहे वह मानव कहलाने के योग्य नहीं है क्योंकि कला जीवन के सुख-दुःख से जुड़कर ही उत्कृष्ट बनती है। जो कला मानवता के विरुद्ध आचरण करना सिखाए वह कला कहलाने योग्य नहीं है।

प्रश्न 24.
चित्रा क्या देखकर विस्मित रह जाती है?
उत्तर:
विदेश जाकर चित्रा अपनी कला की साधना में लीन हो गई। भिखमंगी तथा दो अनाथ बच्चों का उसका चित्र बहुत प्रशंसित हुआ। कुछ दिन उसका अरुणा से पत्र-व्यवहार होता रहा फिर वह भी बंद हो गया। तीन वर्ष बाद वह भारत आई तो उसका बहुत स्वागत हुआ। दिल्ली में उसके चित्रों की प्रदर्शनी लगी तो अरुणा उससे मिलने आई। उसके साथ आठ और दस साल के दो बच्चे भी थे। चित्रा के पूछने पर उसने उन बच्चों को अपने बच्चे बताया तथा स्वयं चित्रा के साथ बातचीत करती है। चित्रा उससे फिर उन बच्चों के विषय में पूछती है तो अरुणा उसे बताती है कि ये बच्चे चित्र में मरी हुई भिखारिन के अनाथ बच्चे हैं तो चित्रा विस्मित रह जाती है।

प्रश्न 25.
‘चित्रा’ और ‘अरुणा’ में से आपको किसने अधिक प्रभावित किया और क्यों?
उत्तर:
‘चित्रा’ और ‘अरुणा’ में से मुझे अरुणा ने अधिक प्रभावित किया है। अरुणा और चित्रा दोनों अभिन्न सखियाँ हैं। अरुणा समाज सेवा को प्रमुखता देती है तथा चित्रा सदा चित्रकला में ही डूबी रहती है। चित्रा अरुणा को अपना एक आधुनिक कला पर आधारित चित्र दिखा कर उसकी व्याख्या कर रही है कि तभी अरुणा से पढ़ने आये बच्चों ने आकर उसे बताया कि पढ़ने वाले सभी बच्चे आ गए हैं तो अरुणा उन्हें जैसे ही पढ़ाने के लिए जाने लगती है कि चित्रा उसके समाज सेविका होने पर व्यंग्य करती है जो निरंतर निम्न वर्ग की सेवा में लगी रहती है तथा अपनी कोई चिंता नहीं करती। वह उस पर आक्षेप करती है कि वह उसकी तरह बेकार में लकीरें खींचकर समय तो व्यर्थ नहीं गंवाती। अत: स्पष्ट है कि चित्रा की अपेक्षा अरुणा का कार्य और सोच अत्यधिक प्रभावित करने वाली है।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
रूनी किसका नाम है?
उत्तर:
प्नी अरुणा का नाम है।

प्रश्न 2.
अरुणा किसके बीमार बच्चे के लिए परेशान थी?
उत्तर:
अरुणा फुलिया दाई के बीमार बच्चे के लिए परेशान थी।

प्रश्न 3.
चित्रा को किस चित्र पर अनेक प्रतियोगिताओं में पहला ईनाम मिला था?
उत्तर:
चित्रा को ‘अनाथ’ शीर्षक चित्र पर अनेक प्रतियोगिताओं में पहला ईनाम मिला था।

प्रश्न 4.
“तेरी बेवकूफी का/आयी है बड़ी प्रतीक वाली”-ये कथन किसने किसे कहा है?
उत्तर:
यह कथन अरुणा ने चित्रा को कहा है।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
“तेरे मनोज की चिट्ठी आई है” यह कथन किसका है?
(क) शीला का
(ख) चित्रा का
(ग) अरुणा का
(घ) सविता का।
उत्तर:
(ख) चित्रा का

प्रश्न 2.
चित्रा कितने वर्षों बाद भारत लौटी
(क) दो
(ख) चार
(ग) तीन
(घ) पाँच।
उत्तर:
(ग) तीन

प्रश्न 3.
अरुणा के साथ आए लड़के की क्या उम्र थी?
(क) आठ
(ख) दस
(ग) बारह
(घ) पाँदहु
उत्तर:
(ख) दस

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
भारत के किस शहर में चित्रा के चित्रों की शानदार प्रदर्शनी हुई? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
दिल्ली

प्रश्न 2.
विदेश जाने से पहले स्टेशन पर चित्रा को विदा करने अरुणा भी आई। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 3.
अरुणा चित्र बनाती थी तथा चित्रा समाज सेवा करती थी। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 4.
चित्रा धनी पिता की इकलौती बेटी थी। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 5.
चित्रा की मनोज से शादी होने वाली थी। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 6.
हॉस्टल में उसे बड़ी ………. विदाई मिली थी।
उत्तर:
शानदार

प्रश्न 7.
चित्रा ने माचिस लेकर ……… जलाया।
उत्तर:
लालटेन

प्रश्न 8.
तू लिखा करना …………… चिट्ठियाँ।
उत्तर:
रसभरी।

दो कलाकार कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

उल्लास = हर्ष, खुशी। तनिक = थोड़ी। फरमाइश = इच्छा। प्रेरणा = प्रोत्साहन। अनुमति = आज्ञा। दिनचर्या = दैनिक कार्य। मेस = होस्टल का भोजन कक्ष। कमबख्त = बदकिस्मत। निरर्थक = व्यर्थ। तमन्ना = इच्छा, कामना। विराट् = भव्य, बहुत अधिक। आश्चर्य = हैरानी। छात्रावास = होस्टल। प्रतियोगिता = मुकाबला। घनचक्कर = जंजाल। खिझलाहट = खीझ से भरी हुई। हुनर = कला। बड़-बड़ = प्रलाप। प्रतीक = चित्र, प्रतिरूप। कन्फ्यूज़न = भ्रम। सृजन = रचना, निर्माण। असहन = न सहने योग्य। शोहरत = प्रसिद्धि। ठाट = मज़े, आनन्द। पंडिता = विदुषी।

दो कलाकार Summary

दो कलाकार लेखिका परिचय

सुप्रसिद्ध कथा लेखिका श्रीमती मन्नू भंडारी का जन्म 3 अप्रैल, सन् 1931 ई० को मध्य प्रदेश के भानपुरा नामक स्थान में हुआ था। सन् 1949 में कलकत्ता विश्वविद्यालय से स्नातक स्तर की परीक्षा पास करने के बाद एम० ए० हिंदी में शिक्षा प्राप्त कर वे कलकत्ता तथा दिल्ली में अध्यापन कार्य करती रही हैं। इन्होंने उपन्यास तथा कहानियाँ लिखी हैं। इनकी रचनाओं में सामाजिक जीवन का यथार्थ चित्रण प्राप्त होता है। पारिवारिक एवं नारी जीवन की विसंगतियों को इन्होंने मार्मिक रूप से प्रस्तुत किया है। अपने पात्रों के मनोवैज्ञानिक विश्लेषण में ये अधिक सफल रही हैं। इनका विवाह हिंदी के प्रसिद्ध कथाकार श्री राजेंद्र यादव के साथ हुआ था। मन्नू भंडारी ने अपने पति के साथ मिलकर ‘एक इंच मुस्कान’ की रचना की थी। इनकी कहानियाँ मानव-मन को बहुत गहरे से छू लेती हैं। लेखिका को सन् 2008 में व्यास सम्मान प्रदान किया गया था।

रचनाएँ-कहानी संग्रह-मैं हार गई, एक प्लेट सैलाब, यही सच है, तीन निगाहों की तस्वीर।
उपन्यास-आपका बंटी, स्वामी, महाभोज।

श्रीमती मन्नू भंडारी छठे दशक की प्रतिष्ठित कथाकार हैं। इस दशक में हिंदी कहानी में जो मोड़ आया, मन्नू भंडारी जी का उसमें योगदान उल्लेखनीय रहा है। उनकी कहानियों में घटनाओं का विस्तार कम तथा पात्रों का मानसिक विश्लेषण अधिक मिलता है। इनकी कहानियाँ अनेक प्रकार की हैं, कुछ कहानियों में जीवन की विसंगतियों को उभारा गया है, किन्हीं कहानियों में नारी जीवन का वर्णन है जो किन्हीं अन्य कहानियों में पारिवारिक जीवन को अभिव्यक्ति मिली है। इनके उपन्यास ‘यही सच है’ पर आधारित ‘रजनी गंधा’ फ़िल्म बनी थी जिसे फ़िल्मफेयर अवार्ड में सर्वश्रेष्ठ फ़िल्म घोषित किया गया था। इन्होंने ‘स्वामी’ फ़िल्म के संवाद भी लिखे थे जो बासु चैटर्जी के द्वारा निर्देशित की गई थी।

दो कलाकार कहानी का सार

‘दो कलाकार’ कहानी लेखिका के “मैं हार गई” कहानी संग्रह से इस संकलन में संकलित किया गया है। इस कहानी में लेखिका ने एक महिला चित्रकार तथा एक महिला समाज सेविका की सोच का विश्लेषण करते हुए यह बताने का प्रयास किया है कि जीवन के सुख-दुःख सीधे जुड़कर ही कला उत्कृष्ट बनती है। चित्रा और अरुणा दो सहेलियाँ थीं तथा छात्रावास के एक ही कमरे में रहती थीं। चित्रा को चित्रकला का बहुत शौक था तथा अरुणा की समाज-सेवा में रुचि थी। चित्रा जब भी अपना कोई चित्र बनाती तो सबसे पहले अरुणा को दिखाती थी। अरुणा को चपरासियों के बच्चों को पढ़ाने, किसी बीमार की सेवा करने आदि में ही अधिक आनन्द आता था। एक बार फुलिया दाई का बच्चा बीमार हुआ तो अरुणा उसकी देखभाल में लगी रही और जब उस बच्चे की मृत्यु हो गई तो उसकी मृत्यु के दिन अरुणा ने खाना भी न खाया और दो-तीन दिन तक बहुत उदास भी रही थी।

चित्रा पढ़ाई समाप्त कर कला के विशेष अध्ययन के लिए विदेश जाना चाहती थी जबकि अरुणा यहीं रहना चाहती थी। वह कागज़ पर निर्जीव चित्र बनाने के स्थान पर समाज सेवा द्वारा कुछ लोगों के जीवन को सुधारना श्रेष्ठ मानती थी। अरुणा परीक्षा के दिनों में भी बाढ़ पीड़ितों की सहायता के लिए भटकती रहती थी। दोनों के आचार-विचार, रहनसहन, रुचियों आदि में पर्याप्त भिन्नता होते हुए भी जो स्नेह था उससे समस्त छात्रावास की छात्राओं को ईर्ष्या थी। अन्त में चित्रा का विदेश जाने का दिन भी आ गया। छात्रावास में उसे शानदार विदाई पार्टी मिली।

अरुणा ने सुबह से ही उसका सामान ठीक कर दिया था। चित्रा गुरु जी से मिलने गई तो तीन बजे तक न लौटी। पांच बजे की गाड़ी से उसे जाना था। अरुणा उसे खुद जाकर देखने का विचार बना ही रही थी कि तभी हड़बड़ाती-सी चित्रा आ गई और अपनी देरी का कारण बताते हुए कहने लगी की गर्ग स्टोर के सामने पेड़ के नीचे जो भिखारिन बैठती थी वह मर गई थी तथा उसके दोनों बच्चे उसके सूखे शरीर से चिपक कर बुरी तरह रो रहे थे–वह उसी दृश्य का स्कैच बनाने के लिए वहाँ रुक गई थी। चित्रा का यह कथन सुनते ही अरुणा वहाँ से चुपके से खिसक गई थी और फिर वह चित्रा को विदा करने न आ सकी थी।

विदेश जाकर चित्रा अपनी कला की साधना में लीन हो गई। भिखमंगी तथा दो अनाथ बच्चों का उसका चित्र बहुत प्रशंसित हुआ। कुछ दिन उसका अरुणा से पत्र-व्यवहार होता रहा फिर वह भी बंद हो गया। तीन वर्ष बाद वह भारत आई तो उसका बहुत स्वागत हुआ। दिल्ली में उसके चित्रों की प्रदर्शनी लगी तो अरुणा उससे मिलने आई। उसके साथ आठ और दस साल के दो बच्चे भी थे। चित्रा के पूछने पर उसने उन बच्चों को अपने बच्चे बताया। चित्रा ने बच्चों को प्रदर्शनी दिखाई और अंत में वे उसी चित्र के पास पहुँचे जिसमें भिखारिन और दो बच्चे थे। चित्रा ने अरुणा को बताया कि इसी चित्र ने उसे इतनी प्रसिद्धि दिलाई थी। बच्चे इस चित्र में मृत भिखारिन को देखकर उसके बच्चों के बारे में सोचने लगे थे। अरुणा ने बच्चों को अपने पति के साथ प्रदर्शनी देखने के लिए भेज दिया तथा स्वयं चित्रा के साथ बातचीत करने लगी। चित्रा ने उससे फिर उन बच्चों के विषय में जब पूछा तो अरुणा ने उसे बताया कि वे बच्चे चित्र में मरी हुई भिखारिन के अनाथ बच्चे थे तो चित्रां आश्चर्यचकित रह गई।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 14 Sources of Energy

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw a labelled diagram of a Box Type Solar Cooker. Also give its working and advantages.
Answer:
Construction: Box type solar cooker consists of an insulated box (wooden or plastic) which is painted black from inside. A plane mirror reflector is attached to the box (figure). The food to be cooked is placed in containers which are also painted black from outside.

A Box Type Solar Cooker

Working: The containers with food to be cooked are placed in the box and the box is covered with thick glass sheet. The cooker is kept in the sunlight and the position of the reflector is adjusted such that a strong beam of sunlight
falls over the glass sheet. These rays pass through the transparent glass sheet cover and are absorbed by the cooker box and the containers and also heat radiations are not allowed to escape. The use of black surface of the box and containers is due to the fact that a black surface absorbs more heat than any other colour. Therefore, the box and the containers absorb maximum amount of infra-red radiations from the sunlight falling on it. As a result, the temperature inside the box rises to about 100°-140°C in two to three hours and this heat cooks the food.

Limitation of Solar Cooker: This type of solar cooker can be used to prepare only food items which require slow heating and cannot be used for baking and frying purposes.

Advantages of a Solar Cooker: The important advantages of a solar cooker are given ahead :

• The use of solar cooker for cooking food materials saves fuel.
• It is an economical method of cooking food since no fuel is used.
• It does not cause any pollution because this does not give out any smoke.
• In this method, food is cooked at comparatively lower temperature therefore, the nutrients of food do not get destroyed during cooking.

Question 2.
With the help of a labelled diagram, describe how electricity is generated in a nuclear power plant?
Answer:
Nuclear Power Plant. It consists the following parts :
1. Nuclear Reactor ‘R’: It is a device in which energy is produced by a controlled nuclear fission of U-235. The reactor R is enclosed in a concrete chamber ‘AT having thick whlls to protect the outside world from nuclear radiations.
The nuclear reaction consists of steel vessel ‘Y having graphite blocks which act as a moderator. The graphite core has number of enriched U-235 rods which act as a fuel. These are marked as ‘A’. In between the uranium rods are inserted cadmium or boron rods and which can be lowered or raised from outside. These rods will keep the fission under control.

2. Heat Exchanger ‘H’: The reactor ‘R’ is connected to a heat exchanger ‘H’ by pipes. The heat exchanger is a sort of bioler which contains water. The heat produced in the reactor is carried to water through coiled pipes.

3. Steam Turbine ‘T’: The heat exchanger is connected to a steam turbine T and its shaft is connected to an electric generator ‘G’. The electricity produced by the generator is sent for transmission.

Working. After the uranium enriched rods are placed in position, the reactor is sealed. The cadmium or boron rods in the beginning are put inside so that they may absorb all neutrons emitted by U-235 and prevent fission all at once. The controlling rods of cadium

Nuclear Power Plant

or boron are withdrawn till they emit desirable number of neutrons. At this stage a controlled reaction takes place. The heat produced is withdrawn by circulating sodium. When sodium passes through the coil in the exchange it transfers heat to water. Now the water changes into steam which is passed into turbine chamber ‘T’. The turbine rotates the coil of the generator ‘G’ when electricity is generated.

Question 3.
Draw diagram of Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant and describe how biogas can be produced with this plant?
Answer:
Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant. The plant consists of underground tank made of bricks called digester. The roof of the digester is dome-shaped made of cement and bricks. It acts as a storage tank for biogas. In the mixing tank, cattle dung is mixed with water to prepare slurry. This slurry is then fed into the inlet chamber for onward supply to digester through inlet T. At the bottom of digester and just opposite to the inlet there is outlet ‘O’ taking spent us slurry to the outlet chamber. There is a gas outlet ‘S’ at the top of dome for the supply of bio-gas.

Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant

Working of Plant: Animal waste and water are mixed in equal proportions in the mixing tank to form a slurry. The slurry is fed into the digester tank through the inlet chamber. The tank is closed for about two months. During this period, the animal waste undergoes fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. As a result of fermentation, biogas is formed and collected in the dome. As more and more biogas gets collected in the dome, it exerts pressure on the slurry in the digestion tank and forces it to go into the over flow tank through the outlet chamber.

The spent slurry being rich in nitrogen and phosphorus can be used as a manure. Whenever required the biogas collected in the dome can be taken out through a pipe ‘S’ Once the biogas plant starts functioning, more and more slurry may be fed into the digester to get a continuous supply of the biogas.

Question 4.
Explain the working of Floating Gas Holder Type Biogas Plant with the help of a neat labelled diagram.
Answer:
Construction of Floating Gas Holder Type Biogas Plant. The plant consists an underground well shaped tank made of bricks. It is called digester. A drum shaped gasholder made of steal meant for collecting gas is kept in the inverted position floating over cattle dung slurry on the digester tank. The up and down movement of gasholder is controlled by a pipe. At the top of the gasholder there is an outlet for gas. The digester tank is divided into two parts with a partition wall. On the left side of the digester tank there is an inlet pipe. The inlet pipe is connected to the mixing tank through which slurry is allowed to get into the digester. On the right side of the digester tank there is an outlet pipe which is connected to the overflow tank.

Floating Gas Holder type Bio-gas Plant

Working: Cattle dung and water are mixed in equal proportions in the mixing tank to make slurry. The slurry is then introduced into the digester tank through the inlet pipe. It is left for about 2 months during which dung undergoes anaerobic fermentation producing biogas. The biogas so produced starts collecting in the gas holder when more and more gas is produced, the gas holder starts rising. The spent up slurry left over is used as manure.

Question 5.
Describe a wind mill and give its functions?
Answer:
Wind mill. A wind-mill is a machine which works with the energy of wind and converts kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy or electricity. It consists of large fan like blades to catch the wind. When the wind strikes against these blades, the blades start rotating. This motion is then passed onto connected crankshaft and is used to draw water from wells and to run flour mills for grinding grains. The pictures of wind-mill drawing water from tube wells. [Figure] and wind will grinding grains (Figure) are shown ahead.

A wind-mill drawing water from the under ground.

Wind mill used to grind grains.

Functions of Wind Mill.

• Wind mill is used for drawing water from tube wells.
• Wind mill for grinding grains. Windmill is being used to grind grains by suitable arrangement of toothed wheel and shaft.

Question 6.
What is a Solar Cell? What is its working principle? Write short note on the making of solar cells and also give its uses.
Answer:
Solar Cell. It is a device which converts solar energy directly into electricity.

Working Principle. Semi conductors (substances whose conductivity lies between metal and insulator) possess very low electrical conductivity. Silicon (Si), Gallium (Ga) and Germanium (Ge) are some examples of semi-conductors. In fact, semi-conductors are neither conductor nor insulator. However, it has been found that their conductivity increases when they are mixed with phosphorus or arsenic. Since the efficiency of such solar cells made of silicon and gallium was very low (10% to 15%) whereas the efficiency of modern cells is as high as 25%.

Making of Solar Cells. To make a solar cell thin wafers of semi-conducting materials containing impurities are arranged in such a way that when solar light falls on them, a potential difference develops between two areas of the semi-conductor. This potential difference results in producing current. A single solar cell produces an elective current of 60 mA (milli-amperes).

Uses of Solar Cells: The important uses of solar cells are given below :

• It is used for generating electricity for operating on board artificial sattelites and spaceprobes.
• Solar cells are used to provide electricity to “light houses” situated in the sea and off-shore oil drilling platform.
• Solar cells are used for operating electronic watches and calculators.
• Solar cells are used for street lighting, for operating water pumps and working of television in remote areas where electricity is not available.

Question 7.
What is solar cell panel? Describe with the help of a suitable diagram.
Or
How is solar panel prepared? Explain with diagram.
Answer:
Solar Cell Panel: A single solar cell consisting of thin wafer of silicon-arsenic or silicon-boron produces a very weak current. In order to get sufficiently high current so as to be capable of lifting water from deep well or to light a house, a large number of solar cells are joined together in a definite pattern to get solar cell panel.

Solar cell Panel being used for operating a water pump

The above figure depicts a simple arrangement of a solar cell panel. In this solar cell panel hundreds of solar cells are joined together. The electric power produced by this solar cell panel is stored in battery B. This battery runs an electric motor M which drives water pump P to take out water from underground.

Question 8.
What is Nuclear Fission? Explain this phenomenon with the help of an example.
Answer:
Nuclear Fission: The process in which an unstable nucleus of a heavy radioactive atom (like Uranium-235) splits up into two or more fragments of medium weight nuclei when bombarded by slow moving neutrons (possessing low energy) with the release of enormous amount of energy is called Nuclear fission.

In this process there is always a small loss of mass which appears as energy.
Example of Nuclear Fission. When uranium-235 (U-235) atoms are bombarded with slow moving neutrons, the heavy uranium atom breakes up producing two medium weight atoms Barium (Ba) and krypton-94 with the emission of three neutrons and release of a great amount of energy.

The fission reaction can be represented in the form of following nuclear reaction :

In the fission of uranium some mass of uranium is lost which results in the production of large amount of energy. The energy can be made use of for generating electricity.

Question 9.
What is Nuclear Fusion? Explain this phenomenon with the help of an example.
Or
Describe the process by which energy is released by the Sun.
Answer:
Nuclear Fusion: The process in which two nuclei of light atoms (hydrogen atom) combine to form a heavy and more stable atom (helium atom) with the liberation of a large amount of energy is called Nuclear Fusion.

This process is carried out by heating the light atoms to a very high temperature when some loss of mass occurs. This produces a large amount of energy. The energy produced in fusion reaction is much more than in a fission reaction.

Example of Nuclear Fusion. When Deuterium atoms (isotopes of heavy hydrogen atoms of mass number 2) are heated to an extremely high temperature, then two deuterium nuclei combine together to form a heavy nucleus of Helium and enormous energy is released. This nuclear reaction can be represented by the following equation :

• Energy from salinity gradient in seas: The concentration of salts in the waters of different seas is different. The difference in salt concentrations in the water of two different seas is called salinity gradien t. This difference in concentration of salt, where waters from two different seas meet, can be used to obtain energy in usable form.
• Energy from sea vegetation or bio-mass: Sea vegetation or biomass is also an indirect source of energy. For example, the vast sea weed plantation may provide an endless supply of methane fuel in future.
• Energy from the nuclear fusion of deuterium present in oceans: The oceans are also a source of deuterium (heavy hydrogen). Attempts are being made to produce energy by carrying out the controlled nuclear fusion of deuterium.

Question 10.
Write three points to distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Answer:
Differences between Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion.

Nuclear Fission	Nuclear Fusion
1. In a fission reaction, a heavy nucleus breaks up to form two lighter nuclei.	1. In a fusion reaction two light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus.
2. Nuclear fission is a chain reaction.	2. Nuclear fusion is not a chain reaction.
3. Fission reactions are carried out by bombarding the heavy nuclei with neutrons.	3. Fusion reactions are carried out by heating the light atoms to an extremely high temperature.
4. Nuclear fission reactions can be controlled to generate electricity.	4. Nuclear fusion reactions have not been controlled so far.
5. Nuclear fission produces a large amount of energy.	5. The energy produced in a nuclear fusion reaction is much more than that produced during fission.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are fossils?
Answer:
Fossils: The hard parts of animals and plants or their ancient imprints on rocks which are found during excavation of rocks, are called fossils. As for example bones of animals, their skeletons, their foot prints are all fossils. This helps in the study of evolution and growth of organisms.

Question 2.
What are fossil fuels? What will happen if fossil fuels are used up at a fast rate? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Fossil Fuels. These are the energy-rich compounds of carbon which were originally made by the plants with the help of solar energy. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are formed under the earth over a long period of millions of years. So, if we continue to consume fossil fuels at this rapid rate, then all the fossil fuels will be exhausted one day. But the earth will not recreate fossil fuels so rapidly.

Question 3.
Why is L.P.G. considered an ideal fuel?
Answer:
L.P.G. an Ideal Fuel. Because of the following qualities, L.P.G. is considered as an ideal fuel :

• L.P.G. has high calorific value.
• L.P.G. has low ignition temperature.
• L.P.G. on combustion does not produce toxic gases and as such does not cause pollution.
• L.P.G. has balanced rate of combustion.
• L.P.G. contains much less incombustible substance.
• The combustion of L.P.G. is complete. Therefore, it does not leave behind any residue.

Question 4.
State the advantages of the nuclear fusion reactions over nuclear fission reactions. Also state one disadvantage.
Answer:
Advantages of Nuclear Fusion over Nuclear Fission.

• The amount of energy liberated in a fusion reaction is much more than that in a fission reaction.
• The products of a fusion reaction are not radioactive. They are harmless and hence can be disposed off easily.
• On the other hand, the products and by-products of fission reactions are radioactive and hence harmful. So the problem of their disposal arises.

Disadvantage. It has not been possible to have a controlled fusion reaction so far.

Question 5.
How is hydroelectricity generated at hydroelectric power plant? Give its advantages and disadvantages.
Answer:
The basic principle of hydroelectric power is that the potential energy of the water stored in the dams is converted into kinetic energy by allowing the water to fall

Outline of a hydroelectric power station.

from a height on turbines placed at the bottom of dam. The falling water makes the blades of turbines to rotate which in turn rotates the coil of generator placed in a magnetic field. This results in the production of electricity.

Limitations of Water Energy: The flowing water is not available in plenty everywhere to turn the turbines to produce electricity. Therefore, useful work can be obtained from water energy only at limited places where the flow of water is more.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Generating Hydroelectricity
Advantages:

• The use of water energy does not cause any pollution.
• It is an economical and renewable source of energy which will never get exhausted.

Disadvantages:
It causes a number of environmental problems. These are given below :

• The construction of dams on rivers results into a variety of ecological changes in the downstream area of the river. As a result a vast variety of flora and fauna (plants and animals) are destroyed and many people become homeless.
• The soil in the downstream area may become barren because there were no annual floods to deposit nutrient rich silt on the banks of the river. Therefore, there may be ecological imbalance.
  Therefore, while constructing the high-rise dams to generate hydroelectricity, special care should be taken to study its impact on the environment and social life.

Question 6.
What is biogas? Give any four uses.
Answer:
Biogas: The mixture of Methane (CH₄), Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Hydrogen (H₂), Nitrogen (N₂) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) obtained by degradation of plants and animals wastes in the presence of water due to anaerobic fermentation is called biogas. Its main constituent is Methane (50% – 70%).

Composition of Biogas

Methane	50% – 70%
Carbon dioxide	30% – 40%
Hydrogen	5% – 10%
Nitrogen	1% – 2%
Hydrogen sulphide	very small quantity

Uses of Biogas:

• It is used as fuel for cooking food.
• It is used as a fuel to run engines.
• It is used for street-lighting.

Question 7.
Biogas is considered to be a boon to the farmers. Give reasons.
Answer:
Biogas is considered as a boon to the farmers because :

• They can produce clean fuel from wastes.
• They use spent up slurry as manure.
• They can generate electricity from biogas.

Question 8.
Give two reasons for using gobar (cow dung) in Biogas plant.
Answer:
Use of Gobar in Biogas Plant. The use of cow dung in biogas plants to prepare biogas is preferred because of the following reasons :

• When cow dung is used in biogas plant, the residue left after taking gas from the plant is still rich in nutrients and is used as manure.
• Biogas burns without producing any smoke, so it is a clean fuel and does not cause pollution.

Question 9.
Write the general principle involved in generating nuclear energy. Name one fuel used in a nuclear reactor.
Answer:

• Nuclear energy is generated by a process called nuclear fission.
• In this process nucleus of a heavy atom is bombarded with slow moving neutrons to split it and release a large amount of energy.
• Nuclear Fuel: Uranium, plutonium, thorium are used as nuclear fuels.

Question 10.
What is natural gas? What are its advantages over other fuels?
Answer:
Natural gas: It is a fossil fuel. It consists mainly of methane and small quantities of ethane and propane. Thus, methane is the principal constituent of natural gas (upto 97%). It occurs deep under the earth either alone or along with oil above of the petroleum deposits.

Question 11.
Which way of using cow-dung as fuel for domestic use is better : use of cow-dung cakes or use of cow-dung in a bio-gas plant? Give three reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
When cow-dung cakes burn, they produces a lot of smoke, which causes air pollution. However, the use of cow-dung in biogas plant is better because of the following reasons :

• bio-gas burns without smoke.
• bio-gas produces a large amount of heat.
• the residue (slurry) left in the plant is rich in nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds and can be used as a useful manure.

Question 12.
Why burning firewood in traditional chulhas is not considered advantageous?
Answer:
Air pollution produced in atmosphere due to smoke in the absence of chimneys and so this is wastage of fuel as efficiency is low and calorific value is not so good. Carbon mono oxide produced due to partial burning of fuel is very much poisonous.

Question 13.
Expand LPG. What are its uses?
Answer:
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). The petroleum gas liquefied under pressure is called liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It consists of mainly butane and small amounts of propane and ethane. This is a domestic gas which we ordinarily use.

Uses of LPG:

• It has a high calorific value.
• It does not produce any poisonous gases on burning.
• It is easy to handle and convenient to use.
• It does not cause pollution.

Question 14.
Explain why :
(a) Solar cookers are covered with glass plate.
Answer:
To attain the high temperature the solar cookers are covered with glass plate. This plate focuses the sun rays to a point and temperature inside the box is increased.

(b) The solar cooker is painted black from inside.
Answer:
The black surface of the solar cooker absorbs more heat as compared to white surface.

Question 15.
Write any two limitations of solar heating devices.
Answer:
Limitations of Solar Heating Devices:

• It saves fuel.
• The nutrients of food do not get destroyed during cooking.
• If does not produce pollution.
• Its maintenance cost is low.
• It is easy to handle and there is no danger of any mishap.

Question 16.
Why is it not possible to make use of solar cells to meet all our energy needs? State at least three reasons to support your answer.
Answer:
Solar cells do not meet all our energy needs due to :

• High cost of installation.
• Limited availability of special grade silicon to make solar cells.
• Unavailability of efficient system to store electrical energy generated by solar panels.

Question 17.
Write four areas where solar cell is used as source of energy?
Answer:
Uses of Solar Cells:

• It is used for generating electricity for operating on board artificial sattelites and spaceprobes.
• Solar cells are used to provide electricity to “light houses” situated in the sea and off shore oil drilling platform.
• Solar cells are used for operating electronic watches and calculators.
• Solar cells are used for street lighting, for operating water pumps and working of television in remote areas where electricity is not available.

Question 18.
Hydrogen gas has high calorific value but it is not used as a domestic fuel. Why?
Answer:
Though hydrogen has very high calorific value, yet it is not used as a domestic fuel because of the following reasons :

• It is highly combustible gas and its combustion cannot be controlled.
• Its transportation is difficult.
• Its cost of production is high.

Question 19.
What is sind mill? Write its two advantages.
Answer:
Windmill: A wind-mill is a machine which works with the energy of wind and converts kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy or electricity. It consists of large fan like blades to catch the wind. When the wind strikes against these blades, the blades start rotating. This motion can then be passed on to connected crankshaft and is used to draw water from wells and to run flour mills for grinding grains.

Advantages of Wind Mill.

• Wind mill is used for drawing water from tube wells.
• Wind Mill for Grinding Grains. Wind mill is used to grind grains by suitable arrangement of toothed wheel and shaft.

Question 20.
On what basis would you classify energy sources as :
(а) renewable and non-renewable?
(b) exhaustible and inexhaustible?
Are the options given in (a) and (6) same?
Answer:

• Sources of energy that will get depleted some day are said to be exhaustible sources or non-renewable sources of energy.
• Sources from which we can be assured of constant supply of energy at a particular rate i.e., the sources which can be regenerated are called renewable sources of energy.
• Inexhaustive or renewable energy is one for which the depletion of the reservoir because of extraction of useable energy is practically negligible.
• We are getting energy from sun for last five billion years and we go on getting it for another five billion years, therefore we can say solar enegy is inexhaustible or renewable.
• Coal reserve with us are for about 200 years whereas it will take millions year for it to form again, hence coal may be said to be exhaustible or non-renewable source of energy.
• Thus inexhaustible is renewable and exhaustible is non-renewable.

Question 21.
What are fossil fuels? How are they formed? Why are they non¬renewable sources of energy?
Answer:
Fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the energy rich compounds of carbon which are formed in many-many years from the remains of dead plants and animals in the absence of oxygen under the combined effect of pressure, temperature and bacteria.

Examples. Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Formation of Fossil fuels. The plants and animals which died millions of years ago got buried deep under the earth away from reach of oxygen. The cover of sediments prevented their oxidation and they got squeezed due to the weight of sediments and got converted into water and volatile materials. Thus in the absence of oxygen and under the combined effect of high pressure, high temperature and bacteria. The remains of plants and animals were converted into fossil fuels. The fossils of smaller plants and animals got converted into oil and gas while the fossils of large plants got converted into coal.

Fossil fuel is non-renewable source of energy since it takes millions of years to form these fuels. It should be used only when it is needed.

Question 22.
What is greenhouse effect? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Greenhouse Effect. Carbon dioxide content of the air is increasing due to deforestation and combustion in industries, automobiles and planes, and is likely to become double by 2020. This increase is affecting the atmospheric composition and balance of gases, which are among the factors that control earth’s climate. Increase of carbon dioxide causes rise in atmospheric temperature, producing what is called the Greenhouse Effect. A rise of global temperature by more than 2 or 3 degrees may melt glaciers and polar ice. This will cause rise in ocean level and consequent flooding of coastal towns and submersible of islands. Rainfall pattern may also change, affecting agricultural output.

Question 23.
Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Non-renewable sources of energy. Wood, fossil fuels like coal petroleum, natural gas, alcohol etc; Also called conventional sources of energy. Fossil fuels if consumed at the present speed are not going to last beyond 2050 AD. It takes millions of years to form fossil fuel. Such sources which cannot be formed again are called non-renewable sources of energy. Consumption of non-renewable sources cause high concentration of harmful gases. This has also led to depletion of ozone layer and global warming. Pollution caused by vehicles cause huge health hazards.

Renewable sources of energy. These sources are called non-conventional or renewable sources of energy. The sun, hydel (water) and wind energies can never get exhausted. All the renewable sources of energy are non-polluting and absolutely safe.

Geothermal energy derived from hot rocks, magma and hot water natural geyser, ocean thermal energy derived from waves and tidal waves are absolutely safe. Fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity. Nuclear energy is the other source of non-conventional energy but it is very hazardous to harness.

Question 24.
“Oceans are vast store of energy”. Justify this statement.
Or
What is ocean thermal energy (OTE)?
Answer:
Oceans and seas are sources of large amount of energy. The following are factors responsible for energy production.

• Kinetic energy of sea waves can produce electricity.
• Tides and ebbs caused by moon and sun attraction can rotate turbines to produce electricity.
• Sea vegetation can be used as fuel.

Question 25.
What are solar reflectors and solar concentrators?
Answer:
Solar Reflectors. Those devices in which the sun rays are reflected by plane mirrors and let rays fall on containers which are black in colour. These containers absorb rays due to their black surface and get heated up, are called solar reflectors.

Solar Concentrators. When high temperature is needed, the sun rays are concentrated by parabolic mirror or converging lens at a point.

Main Components of a Solar cooker

• Blackened surface.
• Ordinary glass sheet.
• Suitable arrangement of mirrors.
• Insulated box.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are constituents of coal gas?
Answer:
It is a mixture of 55% hydrogen, 30% of methane, 10% of carbon monoxide and 5% of ethylene.

Question 2.
Write two examples of fossil fuels.
Answer:
Fossil fuels are those which are present inside earth’s crust as remains of animals and plants. Coal, petroleum, natural gas etc., form fossil fuels.

Question 3.
What is the range of temperature which can be attained in a box type solar cooker in two to three hours exposure to sun?
Answer:
100°C to 140°C.

Question 4.
Name the device which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy.
Answer:
Solar cell.

Question 5.
What is biogas?
Answer:
Biogas. It is a mixture of gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide produced by the decay of biomass in the absence of air.

Question 6.
Name the main constituent of biogas.
Answer:
The main constituent of biogas is methane.

Question 7.
Name two main components of biogas.
Answer:
Methane (CH₄) and hydrogen.

Question 8.
List two nutrients in which the slurry left behind in the digester is rich?
Answer:
It is rich in nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds.

Question 9.
What type of energy is possessed by huge waves near the seashore?
Answer:
Kinetic energy.

Question 10.
What is tidal energy?
Answer:
The energy possessed by the rising and falling water in tides.

Question 11.
Define energy.
Answer:
Energy. The ability to do work is energy.

Question 12.
Define kinetic energy.
Answer:
Kinetic energy. The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy.

Question 13.
Name three fossil fuels.
Answer:
Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas.

Question 14.
Define Solar Energy.
Answer:
Solar Energy. The energy produced by sun is called solar energy.

Question 15.
What is calorific value of a fuel?
Answer:
Calorific value. The heat produced by full burning of unit mass of fuel is called calorific value of the fuel.

Question 16.
From which substances is biogas obtained?
Answer:
It is obtained from plants and animals waste, cattle dung, domestic waste, wastes from poultry.

Question 17.
Name the constituents of Biogas.
Answer:
CH₄, CO₂ and H₂S. The percentage of methane is 65%.

Question 18.
Name any two materials used for making of solar cells.
Answer:
Selenium, gallium, silicon etc.

Question 19.
Define wind energy.
Answer:
Wind energy. The energy possessed by moving air (wind) is called wind energy. Wind possesses kinetic energy due to its motion.

Question 20.
What is biomass? Write its uses.
Answer:
Biomass is the decomposed mass of animals and plants. It is the total matter present in the bodies of plants and animals.

Uses:

• It is used as a biofuel.
• These give energy by burning.

Question 21.
Which type of mirror is most suitable in the device shown in figure below?

Answer:
Plane Mirror.

Question 22.
Name the device shown in the given diagram. What is being prepared in it?

Answer:
The device shown in the figure is Fixed Dome type Biogas Plant. In this plant Biogas is being Prepared.

Question 23.
Label 1 and 2 in the given figure.

Answer:
1 – Plane mirror
2 – Wooden Box

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Non-renewable source ________
(A) Solar energy
(B) Wind energy
(C) Natural gas
(D) Water.
Answer:
(C) Natural gas

Question 2.
________ is used in Hydro-electric power station.
(A) Wind energy
(B) Energy of running water
(C) Energy produced from burning coal
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(B) Energy of running water

Question 3.
________ is used in thermal power station.
(A) Wind energy
(B) Energy of flowing water
(C) Energy produced from burning fossil fuel
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(C) Energy produced from burning fossil fuel

Question 4.
The temperature range of Box Type solar cooker kept in the sun for 2-3 hours will be ________
(A) 60° C – 80° C
(B) 80° C – 100° C
(C) 100° C – 140° C
(D) 140° – 180° C.
Answer:
(C) 100° C – 140° C

Question 5.
________ converts solar energy into electric energy
(A) Solar water heater
(B) Solar cell panel
(C) Solar furnace
(D) Solar cooker.
Answer:
(B) Solar cell panel

Question 6.
________ is used in making solar cell
(A) Carbon
(B) Silicon
(C) Sodium
(D) Cobalt.
Answer:
(B) Silicon

Question 7.
The device that converting energy into mechanical energy is called ________
(A) Solar cooker
(B) Solar cell
(C) Engine
(D) All the above.
Answer:
(C) Engine

Question 8.
Which of the following is not a source of Bio-mass energy?
(A) Wood
(B) Gobar gas
(C) Coal
(D) Nuclear energy.
Answer:
(D) Nuclear energy.

Question 9.
Which one of the following is not a solid fuel?
(A) Coal
(B) Wood
(C) Coke
(D) Kerosene.
Answer:
(D) Kerosene

Question 10.
Which one is a non-renewable / source of energy?
(A) Wind
(B) Sun
(C) Fossil fuel
(D) Water.
Answer:
(C) Fossil fuel

Question 11.
The main source of energy is ________
(A) Sun
(B) Water
(C) Uranium
(D) Fossil fuel.
Answer:
(A) Sun

Question 12.
Slurry obtained from Biogas Plant contains maximum quantity of ________
(A) Sulphur, Phosphorus
(B) Carbon, Sodium
(C) Nitrogen, Oxygen
(D) Phosphorus, Nitrogen.
Answer:
(D) Phosphorus, Nitrogen

Question 13.
Which country is called the country of Winds?
(A) India
(B) Italy
(C) France
(D) Denmark.
Answer:
(D) Denmark

Question 14.
The combination of solar cells is called ________
(A) Solar Panel
(B) Solar Band
(C) Solar Circle
(D) Solar Plate.
Answer:
(A) Solar Panel

Question 15.
The element used in manu¬facturing solar cells is ________
(A) Copper
(B) Tungsten
(C) Sulphur
(D) Silicon.
Answer:
(D) Silicon

Question 16.
The vast source of energy on the earth is ________
(A) Wood
(B) Coal
(C) Sun
(D) Moon.
Answer:
(C) Sun

Question 17.
Natural gas is mostly :
(A) Methane
(B) Ethane
(C) Propane
(D) Pentane.
Answer:
(D) Pentane.

Question 18.
Solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on :
(A) Sunny day
(B) Cloudy day
(C) Hot day
(D) Windy day.
Answer:
(A) Sunny day.

Question 19.
Which one of the following energies are freely available?
(A) Bio gas
(B) Sunlight
(C) Water gas
(D) Hydrogen.
Answer:
(B) Sunlight.

Question 20.
Which of the following is needed for formation of biogas from cow dung?
(A) Water
(B) Oxygen
(C) Carbon dioxide
(D) Hydrogen.
Answer:
(B) Oxygen

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Non-renewable sources of energy must be used ________ as possible.
Answer:
rarely.

Question 2.
Sun produces huge amount of energy due to nuclear ________
Answer:
fusion.

Question 3.
The slurry left behind in a biogas plant is a good ________
Answer:
manure.

Question 4.
The fuels obtained from under the earth are called ________ fuels.
Answer:
fossil.

Question 5.
A black surface absorbs ________ heat as compared to white surface.
Answer:
more.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14 Sources of Energy

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Sources of Energy Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A solar water heater cannot be used to get hot water on a :
(a) sunny day
(b) cloudy day
(c) hot day
(d) windy day.
Answer:
(b) cloudy day.

Question 2.
Which of the following is not an example of a bio-mass energy source?
(a) wood
(b) gobar gas
(c) atomic energy
(d) coal.
Answer:
(c) atomic energy.

Question 3.
Most of the sources of energy we use represent stored solar energy. Which of the following is not ultimately derived from the Sun’s energy?
(a) geothermal energy
(b) wind energy
(c) nuclear energy
(d) bio-mass.
Answer:
(c) nuclear energy.

Question 4.
Compare and contrast fossil fuels and the sun as sources of energy.
Answer:
Similarities.

• Both are natural sources of energy.
• Both are widely used sources of energy.
• No technology is required to get energy by any of these sources.

Dissimilarities/Contrast.

• Sun’s energy can be used only during day time but fossil fuel can be used to get energy at any time during day or during night.
• Solar energy is almost free whereas fossil energy costs much.
• Infinite amount of solar energy is available almost free of cost whereas there is a limited reserve of fossil fuel.
• Solar energy is a renewable source of energy whereas it takes millions of year to produce fossil fuel.
• Solar energy is totally pollution free whereas fossil fuel causes a lot of pollution on burning.

Question 5.
Compare and contrast bio-mass and hydroeiectricity as a source of energy.
Answer:
Similarities.

• Both bio-mass and hvdro-electricity are natural sources of energy.
• Working cost of both the sources of energy as low. However, initial installation cost of hydro-electricity sources is higher than bio-mass source.
• Both are widely used sources of energy.
• Hydroelectric plants can be erected only at specific points while biomass plant can be installed anywhere.
• The energy produced by hydro-electric plant is much more than produced by biomass plant.

Dissimilarities.

Biomass	Hydroelectricity
1. Biomass is a renewable and conventional source of energy.	1. Hydroelectricity is also a renewable and conventional source of energy.
2. itse of biomass energy causes pollution of air.	2. Hydroelectricity does not cause any pollution of air.
3. Biomass possesses chemical energy.	3. Hydroelectricity possesses kinetic energy.
4. It does not cause ecological imbalance.	4. Construction of hydroelectric plant causes ecological imbalance.
5. It is economical source of energy.	5. It is relatively costly source of energy.

Question 6.
What are the limitations of extracting energy from :
(a) the wind
Answer:
Limitations of Wind Energy.

• It is not available at all times and at all places since it depends upon the availability of wind.
• The minimum wind speed required to run windmills should be 15 km h_1.
• The initial cost of construction of windmill farm is very high.

(b) waves
Answer:
Limitations of wave energy.

• The wave is not available at all times for generating electricity.
• The power from wave energy is expensive because the plant required to be set up for trapping energy from waves is very costly.
• The output power obtained from waves is not constant.

(c) tides
Answer:
Limitations of tidal energy.

• There are a few locations for constructing dams for harnessing tidal energy.
• The power generation by harnessing tidal waves is very high because the cost of construction of dams for this purpose is very costly.

Question 7.
On what basis would you classify energy sources as :
(a) renewable and non-renewable.
(b) exhaustible and inexhaustible.
Are the options in (a) and (b) same?
Answer:
(a) Renewable Sources of Energy. Those sources of energy which after depletion (used up) can be replenished (brought back to its original form) are called renewable sources of energy, e.g., water, wind, tides and ocean.
Those sources of energy which can not be replenished (regenerated) after when these are used up are called non-renewable sources of energy, e.g., fossil fuels, coal and petroleum.

(b) Exhaustible Sources of Energy. Those sources of energy which will get depleted some day are called exhaustible sources of energy. Exhaustible sources are non-renewable sources of energy.

Inexhaustible Sources of Energy. Those sources of energy which get replenished even after extraction of usable energy and are never depleted are called inexhaustible sources of energy. Inexhaustible sources of energy are renewable sources of energy.

Question 8.
What are characteristics of an ideal source of energy?
Answer:
Characteristics of an ideal source of energy. An ideal source of energy should have the following qualities :

• It should give adequate amount of energy at steady rate.
• It should be safe and convenient to use.
• It should do large amount of work per unit volume or mass.
• It should be economical.
• It should be easy to store and transport.

Question 9.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker? Are there places where solar cookers have limited utility?
Answer:
Advantages of using Solar Cooker.

• It saves fuel.
• The nutrients of food do not get destroyed during cooking.
• If does not produce pollution.
• Its maintenance cost is low.
• It is easy to handle and there is no danger of any mishap.

Disadvantages of using Solar Cooker

• Solar energy is not available in ample amount and uniformly all the time and at all places. It cannot be used at night and on cloudy days.
• Direction of reflector of solar cooker has to be changed continuously towards the direction of sun rays.
• It can not be used for cooking chapatis or for frying purpose.
• It takes more time to cook food.

Yes, there are places where solar cookers have limited utility. At poles solar cooker has limited utility because here sun remains absent for six months. In hilly areas also the sun has limited utility because the sun shines for limited time and where inclined sun rays reach, the use of solar cooker becomes difficult.

Question 10.
What are environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What steps would you suggest to reduce energy consumption?
Answer:
The demand of energy is increasing day by day. Exploiting any source of energy may disturb the environment in one way or the other. For example, getting energy from fossil fuel may cause air pollution and getting energy by nuclear fission may create problem of disposal of nuclear waste.

Steps for reducing energy consumption should be such that we get maximum energy from least fuel.
For this :

• Under the given situation the best possible technology should be utilised. For example, smokeless chullahs should be preferred to traditional chullahs.
• Energy should he extracted by most economic method under the given situation. Whereas energy extraction by solar cell may be useless in big towns due to cost factor, it may be indispensable for artificial satellites.
• Energy saved is energy produced. Therefore, wastage of energy should be strictly avoided.
• Sources of energy should be such that it causes least damage to environment.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Sources of Energy InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a good source of energy?
Or
Write characteristics of an ideal source of energy.
Answer:
Characteristics of a good source of energy are :

• It should be sustainable and renewable source of energy.
• It should provide great amount of energy per unit mass or volume.
• It should be easily accessible and provide energy for a longer period of time.
• It should not cause pollution.
• It should be economic to use.
• It should be safe for the surrounding individuals.

Question 2.
What is a good fuel?
Or
What are the characteristics of an Ideal fuel?
Or
Give three characterisitcs of a good fuel.
Or
Give the properties of an ideal fuel.
Answer:
Characteristics of a Good Fuel. A good fuel is that which :

• Has high calorific value when burnt it should produce large amount of heat per unit mass.
• Should produce less smoke or preferably no smoke and should not leave any residue (ash).
• Should be economical (low cost).
• Should produce no pollution.
• Should have steady rate of combustion.
• Should be easy to store and produce no hazard to transport and easy to handle.

Question 3.
If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and why?
Answer:
For heating my food I would use fuel which fulfills the most of the characteristics of a good fuel such as

• high calorific value
• pollution free
• easily available
• cheap.

For this I would use L.P.G. if living in a city and wood/gobar gas if living in a remote village.

Question 4.
What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?
Answer:
Disadvantages of fossil fuels (Non-renewable fuels) :

• Burning of fossil fuels such like petrol, diesel, coal, natural gas etc. causes air pollution.
• Burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide (CO2), a green house gas which causes global warming.
• On burning fossil fuels, oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur are released. This leads to acid rain which affects our soil and water resources.
• There are limited resources of fossil fuels since these were formed over millions of years and their continuous use would exhaust them and make them unavailable after some time.

Question 5.
Why are we looking at alternative sources of energy?
Answer:
With the development of technology and swelled up population, the demand for energy has increased manifold which cannot be met with traditional non-renewable sources. We are, therefore, looking for alternative sources of energy because :

• Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum which are traditional sources of energy are non-renewable and are not going to last long.
• The traditional sources of energy are costly and cause pollution whereas alternative sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy and water energy do not cause pollution and are almost free of cost except for their installation cost.

Question 6.
How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience?
Answer:
Traditional use of wind energy was made to lift water from the well and run grinding machine to grind grams. The traditional use of wind energy has now been modified to generate electicity where turbines are made to rotate by the use of wind energy.

Likewise, the traditional use of water energy has been modified to generate electricity in hydropower plants. Water is collected in dams. It is then made to fall on turbines where potential energy of collected water is transformed into kinetic energy of running water which is made use of in running turbines and thus converting into electricity.

Question 7.
What kind of mirror-concave, convex or plane would be best suited for use in a solar cooker? Why?
Answer:
A concave mirror is the best for use in solar cooker for it focuses sun rays from large areas to a specific point. These concentrated heat rays produce large amount of heat at that point.

Question 8.
What are the limitations of the energy that can be obtained from the oceans?
Answer:
The energy obtained from oceans can be of the following kinds :
1. Tidal Energy. Due to attraction of the moon, there are high and low tides in the sea. Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing dam across a narrow opening in the sea and a turbine fixed at this opening converts tidal energy of waves into electricity.

The limitation of this kind of energy is there are only a few such locations available where dams can be constructed for production of energy. Therefore, this kind of energy will not be enough for commercial use.

2. Ocean Thermal Energy (O.T.E.) Due to sunlight, water at the surface of the ocean gets heated up while water in the deeper regions is relatively cold. This difference in temperature is exploited to get electric energy which is called ocean thermal energy. But the limitation of conversion efficiency is very low. These plants for generating electricity is that these plants work only when the temperature difference of water at the surface and at the depth upto 2 km is 20° C or more. Secondly, its operational cost is high and the efficiency is very low.

Question 9.
What is Geothermal energy?
Answer:
Geothermal energy. Due to changes taking place within earth, molten rocks formed in the deeper hot regions of earth are pushed upward in the regions called ‘hot spots’. Steam is generated when underground water comes in contact with hot spots. The energy which is directly obtained from the heat inside the earth is called geothermal energy. Steam trapped in is passed through a pipe to the turbine can generate electricity.

Question 10.
What are the advantages of nuclear energy?
Answer:
Advantages of Nuclear Energy.

• A smaller space is required to get nuclear energy.
• Nuclear energy is a non-conventional source of energy and produces large quantity of usable form of energy.
• It costs less.
• It is almost pollution free energy.

Question 11.
Can any source of energy be pollution free? Why or why not?
Or
Name two energy sources that you consider pollution free. Give reasons.
Answer:
No source of energy can be perfectly pollution free e.g., bio-mass energy, hydro energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, solar energy is almost pollution free but the process involved in making these plants might have damaged the environment in some way.

Question 12.
Hydrogen has been used as a rocket fuel. Would you consider it a cleaner fuel than C.N.G.? Why or why not?
Answer:
Hydrogen is a cleaner fuel than C.N.G. because the burning of hydrogen produes water which does not pollute the atmosphere. On the other hand, C.N.G. when burnt produces carbon dioxide and water. This carbon dioxide does produce greenhouse effect which ultimately leads to heating of environment. Hence, hydrogen is positively a cleaner fuel than C.N.G.

Question 13.
Name two energy sources that you would consider to be renewable. Give reasons for your choice.
Answer:
Two renewable sources of energy are :
1. Hydro energy. It is the energy generated by using kinetic energy of running water to run dynamo. Hydro power is the main source of electricity now a days. Down from high altitude is utilized to trap energy for generating electricity and the unused water utlimately goes to oceans.

Due to cyclic process (water → water vapour → clouds → rain→snow→running water at dams) again we get water. Water stored in reservoirs at dams is used for generating electricity. So hydro energy is a renewable source of energy.

2. Wind Energy: Wind energy is the kinetic energy due to motion of large mass of air. Wind energy can be used to sail boats, run windmills to produce electric power. Sun rays near the equator are stronger than in the polar region. As a result, air in the equitorial region becomes hot and rises up while cooler air in the polar region moves towards the equator. This causes the flow of air (wind). This process goes on in nature due to temperature differences, so wind energy is a renewable form of energy.

Question 14.
Give the names of two energy sources that you would consider to be exhaustible. Give reasons for your choice.
Answer:
Coal and petroleum are two energy sources which are exhaustible. It takes millions of years for the formation of petrol and coal inside the earth. Its reserves are limited. Coal if used at the present rate will not last beyond two hundred years whereas petroleum products which are being used extensively are expected not to last more than 50 years. Therefore, these energy sources are exhaustible in nature.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Modals Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Modals

Fill in the blanks with suitable Modals :

Question 1.
1. ……. I see my wife now, doctor ? (Can/Could) (not very sure)
2. ………….. I smoke here? (May/Might)
3. He ………….. help you if you ask him. (will/shall)
4. Rahul …………… drive a car even at the age of twelve. (can/could)
5. This …………… be a Satyajit Ray film. (may/might) (not very sure)
6. He ……………. be hiding. (can/may) (doubt but rather sure)
7. Ram …………… come today. (can/might/may) (very uncertain).
8. …………… I take leave of you ? (Can/May) (asking permission)
9. It ……………. rain today. (can/may) (greater possibility)
10. As he tried his best, he ………….. easily win the game. (can/could)
Answer:
1 Could
2. May
3. will
4. Could
5. might
6. can
7. might
8. May
9. can
10. Could

Question 2.
1. You ………….. complete your homework now. (should/must) (compulsion)
2. You ………… be home by 11 o’clock. (should/must) (order)
3. Rita ………….. speak English fluently. (can/would) (showing ability)
4. He told me that he ……………. return to his native land soon. (will/would)
5. Mohan ………….. still be lying in bed. (will/must) (habitual prediction)
6. That ………….. be the postman. (will/must) (prediction)
7. I ………….. smell a fire burning. (can/will) (showing ability)
8. Diana …………… have suffered badly after the car crash. (must/shall) (supposition)
9. I …………. like to have a cup of coffee. (will/would) (wish)
10. ……………. that I were rich ! (Will/Would) (a wish)
Answer:
1. must
2. must
3. can
4. would
5. must
6. must
7. can
8. must
9. would
10. would

Question 3.
1. Duty …………… be done. (should/must) (greater determination)
2. I wish he ……………. stand first. (will/would) (to express a wish)
3. We ………….. respect our elders. (should/must) (to express duty in a more determined sense)
4. How ………….. you talk to me like this ? (need/dare)
5. How ……………. you do it ! (dare/need) (challenge)
6. Your headache ………….. also be due to some other problem. (can/could) (not very sure)
7. I am sure it ………… be cured. (can/may) (very sure)
8. It ……………. be Jaya. (can/may) (not very sure)
9. I ……………. go to the bazaar today. (may/can) (not very sure)
10. Ram …………… take exercise daily. (must/should) (less determination)
Answer:
1. must
2. would
3. must
4. dare
5. dare
6. could
7. can
8. may
9. may
10. should

Question 4.
1. We …………. serve our country. (ought to/ should) (not so forceful)
2. You ………….. not waste your time. (should/must) (more forceful)
3. If wishes were horses, beggars …………….. ride. (will/would)
4. …………… I take her out, mother? (Can/Could) (more polite)
5. ……………. I come in, sir ? (May/Can) (more formal)
6. It …………. rain today. (may/might) (less uncertain)
7. The sun …………. rise in the east. (will/shall) (to express general facts)
8. Had you worked hard, you …………… have passed. (would/should)
9. I …………. rather die than beg. (will/would) (to express a preference)
10. Walk fast lest you …………… miss the train. (shall/should)
Answer:
1. ought to
2. must
3. would
4. Could
5. May
6. May
7. will
8. would
9. would
10. should

Question 5.
1. I told him that he …………… take the test. (can/could)
2. You ………….. leave now. (may/might) (permission in a less formal manner)
3. The teacher ………….. be busy at this time. (can/must) (to express a greater possibility)
4. She told me that he ………….. go. (will/would)
5. I …………… teach him a lesson. (will/would) (to express a threat)
6. She …………… marry Sham. (will/must) (insistence)
7. You …………… attend the evening class. (must/will) (greater compulsion)
8. …………… you give me a glass of water, please ? (Can/Could) (request in a more formal manner)
9. You …………. reach there in time. (must/should) (order in a more determined sense)
10. ………… I answer your question ? (Should/Need) (requirement)
Answer:
1. could
2. may
3. must
4. would
5. will
6. must
7. must
8. should
9. must
10. Need

Question 6.
1. It ………….. be true. (may/might) (very unsure)
2. I wish I ……………. help you, but I have my own problems. (can/could)
3. ….. that I were a king ! (Will/Would)
4. If I were the Prime Minister, I ………….. fight corruption. (will/would)
5. Had I reached the station in time, I ……………. have caught the train. (will/would)
6. This is a film you …………… not avoid. (must/can) (insistence)
7. I ………….. dance Bharatanatyam. (can/may) (ability)
8. You …………. not leave without my permission. (will/shall) (threat)
9. He was so weak that he ………….. not walk. (could/would)
10. I told him that he ………….. leave. (can/could)
Answer:
1. might
2. Could
3. Would
4. Would
5. Would
6. must
7. can
8. shall
9. could
10. could

Question 7.
1. He …………. like to spend an evening with you. (will/would)
2. The headmaster …………… check all these accounts. (should/dare)
3. ……………. you like to take coffee ? (Can/Would)
4. If you meet him, you ………….. tell him about it. (might/must)
5. He …………… be rich, but he is very cruel. (will/may)
6. We ……………. show respect to our elders. (ought to/can)
7. The doctor told me that I …………… not smoke any more. (must/will)
8. …………… you possibly lend me a thousand rupees ? (Could/Will)
9. You …………… not enter my class, I forbid it. (must/will)
10. We ………….. keep our neighbours as happy as we can. (may/should)
Answer:
1. Would
2. should
3. Would
4. must
5. may
6. ought to
7. must
8. could
9. must
10. should

Question 8.
1. I …………… help him with money before I leave for London. (will/would)
2. The children asked if they ………….. have ice cream. (can/could)
3. We ………….. do as we are told. (can/should)
4. Work hard lest you …………… fail. (may/should)
5. You …………. respect your elders. (ought to/can)
6. ……………. I come in ? I am sorry to be late. (May/Shall)
7. He has been absent for a fortnight, he …………. be ill. (must/will)
8. You …………. not see him, just write a letter. (need/dare)
9. We ………….. go to the station by taxi, it is getting late. (may/should)
10. I ……………. not come yesterday since I was too busy. (would/could)
Answer:
1. will
2. could
3. should
4. should
5. ought
6. May
7. must
8. need
9. should
10. could

Question 9.
1. You …………… clean your teeth every morning. (shall/should)
2. It ………….. rain today. (may/might) (very little possibility)
3. This box is very heavy; I ……………. lift it. (can’t/may not)
4. You ………….. take a taxi or you will miss the train. (shall/should)
5. …………… you like to read this book ? (Will/Would)
6. ………. you lift this elephant ? (Can/Will)
7. It is getting late; we …………… go home. (should/can)
8. I ………….. run five miles in an hour.(can/shall)
9. You ………….. go out for a walk every day. (must/may)
10. Why didn’t you inform me ? I ……………. have lent you the money. (can/could)
Answer:
1. should
2. might
3. can’t
4. should
5. Would
6. Can
7. should
8. can
9. must
10. could

Question 10.
1. …………… you finish your work in two hours ? (Can/May)
2. …………… his soul rest in peace ! (May/Might)
3. The doctor says that I ……………. eat anything I like. (can/may)
4. Walk carefully lest you ……………. sprain your foot. (may/should)
5. You ………….. not take this trouble. I’ll do that. (need/may)
6. The door of his room is not locked, he …………… be in. (may/shall)
7. Forty years ago, only the rich …………… think of owning – a radio set. (can/could)
8. ………… you like to get rid of that troublesome fellow ? (Would/Can)
9. You …………… not hurry; there is plenty of time. (need/may)
10. You …………. have returned these books last week. (should/shall)
Answer:
1. Can
2. May
3. can
4. should
5. need
6. may
7. could
8. Would
9. need
10. should

Auxiliary Verb

(सहायक क्रिया)-जिस Verb का अपना कोई महत्त्व न हो, किन्तु वह मुख्य Verb के साथ मिल कर Tense के बनाने में सहायता करे, उसे Auxiliary Verb अथवा Helping Verb कहा जाता है; जैसे

1. She is going home.
2. I have finished my work.
3. You will win a prize.
4. I can solve this question.
5. He was playing cricket.

Types Of Auxiliaries

सहायक क्रियाएं दो प्रकार की हो सकती हैं
1. Primary Auxiliaries : Be : am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has,had.
2. Modal Auxiliaries : Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must (am to, is to, are to, have to, etc.) ought to, used to, need, dare.

The Use Of Some Modals

Will and Shall का प्रयोग Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए
In Assertive Sentences

(1) यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन करना हो, तो
First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Persons के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
1. I shall finish my work quickly.
2. He will finish his work quickly.
3. We shall not be able to come.
4. They will not be able to come.

(2) यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination),
धमकी (threat), आदि का वर्णन हो तो
First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
1. I will return your money without fail.
2. We will not withdraw from the contest.
3. You shall be punished for your misconduct.
4. You shall not live in my house any longer.

Would तथा Should का प्रयोग

(1) Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. Will का Past.
1. I told him that I would come.
2. The doctor knew that the patient would die.

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Would you close the window ?
2. Would you tell me the time ?

3. शर्त वाचक
1. He would pass if he worked hard.
2. He would have passed if he had worked hard.

(2) Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-

1. उपदेश वाचक — You should give up smoking.
2. सम्भावना वाचक — They should be here by now.
3. नैतिक फर्ज — You should do your duty.
4. Shall at Past — He told me that I should / would pass.

Can तथा Could का प्रयोग

(1) Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. योग्यता सूचक — She can dance very well.
2. इजाज़त सूचक — You can go home now.
3. सम्भावना सूचक — It can happen to anyone.
4. Pr. Cont. की जगह — I can hear people talking.

(2) Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जात है

1. शर्त वाचक
1. I could lift this box (if I tried).
2. I could buy a shirt (if I had money)

2. प्रार्थना वाचक
1. Could (Would) you tell me the time?
2. Could (Would) you bring me a glass of water ?

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. One of the prisoners escaped yesterday. He could be anywhere now.
2. I could be in the USA by next year.

4. Can का Past
1. He said that I could go.
2. He could come to me any time he liked.

May तथा Might का प्रयोग 

(1) May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. अनुमति / इजाज़त सूचक
1. You may go now.
2. May I come in, sir ?

2. सम्भावना सूचक
1. His statement may (can / could) be true.
2. His plan may (can / could) succeed.

3. इच्छा / प्रार्थना सूचक
1. May you live long !
2. May our country prosper !

(2) Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. May or Past
1. He said that I might go.
2. I thought that he might help her.

2. भावी सम्भावना
1. He might (may) pass this year.
2. He might (may) reach here by evening.

3. इजाज़त होना
1. Might I have your pen ?
2. You might do me a favour.
(May की अपेक्षा might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है।)

Must का प्रयोग

Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है1. उपदेश सूचक
1. You must consult some good doctor.
2. You must work hard this year.

2. आवश्यकता सूचक
1. You must be back by evening.
2. The students must bring their books daily.

3. सम्भावना सूचक
1. The child must be hungry.
2. He must have made some big mistakes

4. बन्धन / मजबूरी सूचक …
1. You must do as you are told…
2. He must clear his accounts before leaving.

Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग

(1) Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(Ought to = Should)
Ought to का प्रयोग (should की भान्ति) निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है

1. नैतिक फर्ज़
1. You ought to respect your elders.
2. You ought to have helped the poor.

2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना
1. Mohan ought to win the race this time.
2. You have worked hard. You ought to get good marks.

3. इच्छा-योग्य जरूरत
1. He ought to build a new house now.
2. There ought to be some more buses.
(इस तालिका में दिए गए सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

(2) Ought की भान्ति used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना ज़रूरी होता है।
1. He used to live here.
2. He never used to live here.
3. Used he to live here ?

Need का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना
चाहिए। इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह (doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को ज़ोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
1. Need I go there ? No, you needn’t.
2. Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needn’t.

(2) Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, न कि needs।
1. Need Mohan go there now ?
2. He need not worry any more.

(3) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।
Need you go there?
No, I needn’t.

(4) Interrogative और Negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Need he do any work?
No, he needn’t do any work.

Dare का प्रयोग

(1) Auxiliary के रूप में dare का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है
1. Negative वाक्यों में।
2. Interrogative वाक्यों में।
3. सन्देह (doubt) व्यक्त करने वाले वाक्यों में।
4. ऐसे वाक्यों में जिन में hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

(2) जब dare का प्रयोग auxiliary के रूप में किया गया हो, तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया | जाता है।
(3) Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है, न कि dares
Examples:
1. He dare not fight with me. (Negative)
2. Nobody dared ask him about his intentions. (Negative)
3. Dare he come to my house? (Interrogative)
4. I wonder whether he dare try. (Doubt)