Prasanna – Page 2 – PSEB Solutions

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences

Analyse the following sentences, selecting the Principal Clause and the Noun Clause. Also, state the function of the Noun Clause.

(A)

1. That Mohan was a doctor was not known to me.
2. Where the boys will stay is not yet known.
3. That Mohan will stand first is certain.
4. What cannot be cured must be endured.
5. Why the thief did not take away the gold is a mystery.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	It was not known to me	that Mohan was a doctor. (Subject to the verb ‘was not known’.)
2.	It is not known yet	where the boys will stay. (Subject to the verb ‘is not known’.)
3.	It is certain	that Mohan will stand first. (Subject to the verb ‘is’.)
4.	It must be endured	what cannot be cured. (Subject to the verb ‘must be endured’.)
5.	It is a mystery	why the thief did not take away the gold. (Subject to the verb ‘is’.)

(B)

1. Ask Asha if Papa has come.
2. Can you tell me why Mohan is absent today?
3. I know that she loves music.
4. Tell me why you hate me.
5. I had never thought that your brother was so lazy.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	Ask Asha	if Papa has come. (Object to the verb ‘ask’.)
2.	Can you tell me	why Mohan is absent today ? (Object to the verb ‘tell’.)
3.	I know	that she loves music. (Object to the verb ‘know’.)
4.	Tell me	why you hate me. (Object to the verb ‘tell’.)
5.	I had never thought	that your brother was so lazy. (Object to the verb ‘thought’.)

(C)

1. My fear was that Mohan would reach late.
2. Life is what you make it.
3. It seems that it will rain soon.
4. Things are not what they appear to be.
5. My firm belief is that Harpreet will stand first.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	My fear was	that Mohan would reach late. (Complement to the verb ‘was’.)
2.	Life is	what you make it. (Complement to the verb ‘is’.)
3.	It seems	that it will rain soon. (Complement to the verb ‘seems’.)
4.	Things are not	what they appear to be. (Complement to the verb ‘are’.)
5.	My firm belief is	that Harpreet will stand first. (Complement to the verb ‘is’.)

(D)

1. Aren’t you ashamed of what you have done ?
2. She must listen to what her teacher says.
3. She agrees to whatever Mohan says.
4. There is no truth in what is stated by Asha.
5. Your success depends on how hard you work.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	Aren’t you ashamed of	what you have done ? (Object to the preposition ‘of’)
2.	She must listen to	what her teacher says. (Object to the preposition ‘to’.)
3.	She agrees to	whatever Mohan says. (Object to the preposition ‘to’.)
4.	There is no truth in	what is stated by Asha. (Object to the preposition ‘in’.)
5.	Your success depends on	how hard you work. (Object to the preposition ‘on’.)

(E)

1. The statement that all students will get two rasgullas every day is not true.
2. The news that Sania Mirza has won is correct.
3. The story that Ram Nath kidnapped his own nephew has been confirmed.
4. It is true that boys are generally taller than girls.
5. The fact that Harbhajan is a cricketer is known to all.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	The statement is not true	that all students will get two rasgullas every day. (In apposition to the noun ‘statement’.)
2.	The news is correct	that Sania Mirza has won. (In apposition to the noun ‘news’.)
3.	The story has been confirmed	that Ram Nath kidnapped his own nephew. (In apposition to the noun ‘story’.)
4.	It is true	that boys are generally taller than girls. (In apposition to the pronoun ‘it’.)
5.	The fact is known to all	that Harbhajan is a cricketer. (In apposition to the noun ‘fact’.)

(F)

1. Finding that the situation was getting worse, the police opened fire.
2. I went to the manager finding that I had been cheated by the company.
3. Thinking that he was a stranger to the city, I helped him.
4. Mohan left the meeting saying that he could not compromise with his principles.
5. We attacked the robber knowing that he was desperate to do anything.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	The police opened fire finding	that the situation was getting worse. (Object to the participle ‘finding’.)
2.	I went to the manager finding	that I had been cheated by the company. (Object to the participle ‘finding’.)
3.	I helped him thinking	that he was a stranger to the city. (Object to the participle ‘thinking’.)
4.	Mohan left the meeting saying	that he could not compromise with his principles. (Object to the participle ’saying’.)
5.	We attacked the robber knowing	that he was desperate to do anything. (Object to the participle ‘knowing’.)

(G)

1. I want to confirm if he has a hand in it.
2. We asked him to explain what he had done.
3. She wants to know how the quarrel stafted.
4. I want to know for certain if you helped the thief.
5. I want to know why he stole the money.
Answer:

	Principal Clause	Noun Clause
1.	I want to confirm	if he has a hand in it. (Object to the infinitive ‘to confirm’.)
2.	We asked him to explain	what he had done. (Object to the infinitive ‘to explain’.)
3.	She wants to know	how the quarrel started. (Object to the infinitive ‘to know’.)
4.	I want to know for certain	if you helped the thief. (Object to the infinitive ‘to know’.)
5.	I want to know	why he stole the money. (Object to the infinitive ‘to know’)

Pick out the Adjective Clauses from the following sentences and state the function of each.

1. She is the girl who helped me.
2. He killed the snake that bit his wife.
3. The habits that are formed in early age are difficult to break.
4. The furniture he gave us was worth nothing.
5. He who helps others is sure to be helped by God.
6. Such students as work hard are liked by all.
7. He who has no money has no friends.
8. This is the doctor who treated me.
9. This is the reason why she refused to marry Mohan.
10. There was not a single worker who did not go on strike.
11. I gave him such advice as was very useful.
12. Time once lost is lost for ever.
13. This is the school that the President visited.
14. I remember the village where I was born.
15. He is the man who displayed those magic tricks.
Answer:
The Adjective Clauses are :
1. ‘who helped me’ – Adjective Clause qaualifying the noun ‘girl’
2. ‘that bit his wife’ Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘snake?
3. ‘that are formed in early age’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘habits’.
4. ‘(that) he gave us’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘furniture’.
5. ‘who helps others’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the pronoun ‘he’.
6. as work hard. Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘students’.
7. ‘who has no money’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the pronoun ‘he’!
8. ‘who treated me’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘doctor’
9. ‘why she refused to marry Mohan’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the ‘noun reason’
10. ‘who did not go on strike’ – Adjective Clause qualifying he noun ‘worker’.
11. as was very useful – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘advice’.
12. (that is) once lost – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘time’.
13. that the President visited – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘school’.
14. where I was born – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘village’.
15. ‘who displayed those magic tricks’ – Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘man’.

Pick out the Adverb Clause from each of the following sentences and state the function of each.

(A)

1. Look before you leap.
2. No sooner did the train stop than the boys jumped out.
3. Strike the iron while it is hot.
4. The plane had landed before I reached the airport.
5. As long as you work hard, we will not throw you out.
Answer:
1. before you leap’—Adverb clause showing time.
2. No sooner did the train stop? Adverb clause showing time.
3. While it is hot’ –Adverb clause showing time.
4. before I reached the airport-Adverb clause showing time.
5. As long as you work hard-Adverb clause showing time.

(B)

1. The boat sailed where the wind took it.
2. Send the scooter where it came from.
3. I’ll go with you wherever you go.
4. He gets into trouble wherever he goes.
5. Buy this book wherever you find it.
Answer:
1. where the wind took it-Adverb clause showing place.
2. where it came from –Adverb clause showing place.
3. ‘wherever you goʻ–Adverb clause showing place.
4. ‘wherever he goes’-Adverb clause showing place.
5. wherever you find it-Adverb clause showing place.

(C)

1. Since you are late, I cannot let you in.
2. You will pass the examination because you are working hard.
3. I respect her because she is kind to me.
4. I am glad that you have acted honestly.
5. He is afraid that he may be punished.
Answer:
1. “Since you are late’-Adverb clause showing reason.
2. because you are working hard-Adverb clause showing reason.
3. because she is kind to me-Adverb clause showing reason.
4. that you have acted honestly–Adverb clause showing reason.
5. that he may be punished-Adverb clause showing reason.

(D)

1. I’ll help her provided she works hard.
2. If Mohan comes late, the teacher will punish him.
3. He won’t get the book unless he comes to me.
4. If it rains, we shall stay indoors.
5. If the bus is late, we will take a taxi.
Answer:
1. ‘provided she works hard’-Adverb clause showing condition.
2. If Mohan comes late’-Adverb clause showing condition.
3. ‘unless he comes to me-Adverb clause showing condition.
4. If it rains’-Adverb clause showing condition..
5. If the bus is late-Adverb clause showing condition.

(E)

1. Mohan is as active as he is hard-working.
2. As you sow, so shall you reap.
3. Dress as you like.
4. I know French better than you do.
5. He behaves as if he was mad.
Answer:
1. as he is hard-working-Adverb clause showing extent.
2. As you sow-Adverb clause showing manner.
3. as you like’-Adverb clause showing manner.
4. better than you do’-Adverb clause showing comparison.
5. ‘as if he was mad-Adverb clause showing manner.

(F)

1. No matter how hard up she is, she cannot be mean.
2. We shall go ahead with this business even if we suffer a great loss.
3. Although he tried hard, he did not succeed.
4. You cannot pass however hard you may try.
5. Papa did not agree though I requested him time and again.
Answer:
1. No matter how hard up she is’ — Adverb clause showing contrast.
2. ‘even if we suffer a great loss — Adverb clause showing contrast.
3. Although he tried hard’ – Adverb clause showing contrast.
4. however hard you may try – Adverb clause showing contrast.
5. though I requested him time and again’ – Adverb clause showing contrast.

Sentences तीन प्रकार के होते हैं :

1. Simple Sentence (सरल वाक्य)-जिस वाक्य की केवल एक ही Clause हो, उसे Simple Sentence कहा जाता है; जैसे
1. The boy broke his leg.
2. She washed her clothes.
3. Mohan stood first in his class.
4. I wrote a letter to my father.

2. Compound Sentence (संयुक्त वाक्य) -जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक अनाश्रित Clauses हों, उसे Compound Sentence कहा जाता है, उदाहरण के रूप में
1. Sita saw Rama and she became happy.
2. You must work hard or you will fail.
3. Many were called, but few were chosen.
4. The sun rose and the fog disappeared.
Compound Sentence की प्रत्येक Clause को Co-ordinate Clause कहा जाता है।

3. Complex Sentence (मिश्रित वाक्य) – जिस वाक्य में एक मुख्य वाक्य (Principal
Clause) हो तथा एक या एक से अधिक आश्रित वाक्य (Subordinate Clauses) हों, उसे Complex Sentence कहा जाता है।
Principal Clause को Main Clause भी कहा जाता है। Subordinate Clause को Dependent Clause भी कहा जाता है।

Kinds Of Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate Clauses तीन प्रकार की होती हैं :
1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause
3. Adverb Clause

1. Noun Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद एक संज्ञा (Noun) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है।
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Noun Clause बनाते हैं :
1. That John was a thief was not known to me.
2. He was told that he must not be late again.
3. Learning that my brother had received serious injuries, I left for Shimla.

2. Adjective Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी विशेषण (Adjective) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए शब्द-समूह Adjective Clause बनाते हैं :
1. The company that supplied goods has failed.
2. The house where my brother lives has been sold.
3. The complaint which he made against me is false.

3. Adverb Clause : किसी Complex Sentence में जो पद किसी क्रिया-विशेषण (Adverb) का कार्य कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में तिरछे छपे हुए. शब्द-समूह Adverb Clause बनाते हैं :
1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. You should act as the doctor advises you.
अब हम Complex Sentence के सम्बन्ध में प्रत्येक प्रकार की Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे।

Noun Clause

Noun Clause (संज्ञा उपवाक्य)- जिस उपवाक्य का प्रयोग प्रधान वाक्य के किसी शब्द के साथ सम्बन्ध रखने वाली संज्ञा के रूप में किया जाये, उसे Noun Clause कहा जाता है। यह संज्ञा निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में हो सकती हैं :
1. Subject to a Verb.
2. Object to a Verb.
3. Object to a Participle.
4. Object to an Infinitive.
5. Object to a Preposition.
6. Complement to a Verb.
7. In apposition to a Noun.
8. In apposition to a Pronoun.

अब हम प्रत्येक प्रकार की Noun Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Subject to a Verb.
1. How she reached there is a mystery.
2. That Vinod was a thief was not known to me.
3. Whether he did so is doubtful.

2. Object to a Verb.
1. He was told that he must not be late again.
2. He asked her how old she was.
3. I always do whatever is right.

3. Object to a Participle.
1. He went there thinking that he might be able to help him.
2. Seeing that the child was drowning, I jumped into the canal.
3. Fearing that he should be late, he ran all the way to the station.

4. Object to an Infinitive.
1. I was shocked to hear that his only son had died.
2. I want to know what you are doing here.
3. He came to ask if I was going to school.

5. Object to a Preposition.
1. Listen to what your teacher says.
2. The horse will sell for what it costs.
3. They were arguing about who should do it.

6. Complement to a Verb.
1. The fact is that he knows nothing
2. We are what we think.
3. It seems that he will be a great man one day.

नोट : be (is, am, are, was, were, been), seem, look, appear, become, आदि Linking Verbs के बाद प्रयुक्त होने वाले शब्द अथवा पद Complement कहलाते हैं।

7. In apposition to a Noun.
1. They took a vow that they would die for their motherland.
2. He fufilled his promise that he would help me.
3. The rumour that war has broken out is not true.

8. In apposition to the Pronoun “it.
1. It is true that he is honest.
2. See to it that the boy is not hurt.
3. It is unfortunate that he has failed.

Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause (विशेषण उपवाक्य)-जो उपवाक्य प्रधान वाक्य के किसी शब्द के सम्बन्ध में विशेषण का काम कर रहा हो, उसे Adjective Clause कहा जाता है। Adjective Clause दो अवस्थाओं में हो सकती है।

1. Qualifying a Noun.
2. Qualifying a Pronoun. अब हम प्रत्येक प्रकार की Adjective Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे।

1. Qualifying a Noun.
1. The company that supplied the goods has failed.
2. The house where your brother lived has been sold.
3. The complaint he made against me is false.

2. Qualifying a Pronoun.
1. There was none but wept.
2. He that climbs too high is liable to fall.
3. All that glitters is not gold.

Adjective Clause के प्रयोग के सम्बन्ध में ध्यान रखने योग्य कुछ ज़रूरी बातें :

(1) Adjective clause को Principal clause के साथ जोड़ने के लिए प्रायः निम्नलिखित sentence linkers का प्रयोग किया जाता है

(a) Relative Pronouns : Who, whom, whose (+ noun), that, which, as, but.
1. The boys who are playing there are my students.
2. He is the man whom I gave my book.
3. She is the girl whose book was stolen.
4. You can take the pen which you like.
5. He has cut down the tree that grew in your field.
6. Nothing but hard work pays in the long run.

(b) Relative Adverbs : When, where, why.
1. We saw the house where he was born.
2. He met me on the day when I was leaving for Mumbai.
3. I told her the reason why she had failed.

(2) Who, whom तथा whose का प्रयोग मनुष्य-जाति के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे
1. He who works hard will succeed.
2. She is the girl whom I gave my books.
3. There stands the boy whose purse has been stolen.

(3) Whose का प्रयोग कई बार निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए भी कर लिया जाता है; जैसे
1. Draw a triangle whose sides are equal.
2. This is the house whose owner has died.

(4) Which का प्रयोग जानवरों और निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे
1. The dog which bit him has been killed.
2. This is the watch which I wanted to buy.

(5) That का प्रयोग मनुष्य-जाति के लिए, जानवरों के लिए और निर्जीव वस्तुओं के लिए भी किया जा सकता हैजैसे
1. Happy is the man that (= who) is honest.
2. This is the house that (= which) I wanted to buy.
3. The man that (= whom) we were looking for has arrived.

किन्तु यह बात ध्यान रखने योग्य है कि that का प्रयोग whose, of which, in which, to whom, आदि के स्थान पर नहीं किया जा सकता है। यदि Relative Pronoun से पूर्व-स्थित संज्ञा बिना बताए ही स्पष्ट (understood) हो और वह नपुंसक लिंग की हो, तो Relative Pronoun के रूप में which की बजाए what का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे

1. I cannot tell you what has happened. [what = the thing which]
2. I have brought what he wanted. [what = the thing(s) which]

Adverb Clause

Adverb Clause किया विशेषण उपवाक्य : जो उपवाक्य प्रधान वाक्य के किसी सब्द के सम्बन्ध में क्रिया-विशेषण का काम कर रहा हो, उसे Adverb Clause कहा जाता है। यह विशेषता निम्नलिखित
1. Time
2. Place
3. Purpose
4. Reason
5. Condition
6. Result
7. Comparison
8. Contrast
9. Manner
10. Extent.

अब हम प्रयेक प्रकार की Adverb Clause का विस्तारपूर्वक अध्ययन करेंगे

1. Showing Time.
1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Wait here till I return.
3. As soon as she saw her father, she began to cry.

2. Showing Place.
1. I went where he led me.
2. You can go wherever you like.
3. Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. Showing Purpose.
1. People work so that they may earn a living.
2. He died in order that freedom might live.
3. He ran fast lest he should miss the train.

4. Showing Reason.
1. He is unable to attend school because he is ill.
2. I cannot see you as I am not keeping well.
3. Since you are over fourteen, you will have to pay full fare.

5. Showing Condition.
1. If you work hard, you will succeed.
2. I will not go there unless you accompany me.
3. In case you come to me, I will help you.

6. Showing Result (or Effect).
1. It was so dark that we could hardly see a foot before us.
2. He is so weak that he cannot move about.
3. He is such a dull boy that he cannot understand it.

7. Showing Comparison.
1. He is as intelligent as his brother.
2. You are stronger than I am.
3. I can run faster than you.

8. Showing Contrast.
1. Although he is poor, he is honest.
2. The teacher gave him pass marks, though he deserved less.
3. Weak as he is, he does his duty.

9. Showing Manner.
1. You should follow me as I follow him.
2. He ran as if he were mad.
3. You should act as the doctor advises.

10. Showing Extent.
1. So far as I know, he has left the place.
2. The more you have, the more you want.
3. The higher you go, the cooler it is.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom

Long Answer Type Questions:

Name the sincere Sikh who searched for the Ninth Guru and why?
Or
Which Sikh devotee identified the ninth Guru and why?
Or
Who found Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and why?
Or
Who discovered the ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and how?
Answer:
Before immersing with. Immortal in 1664 A.D., Guru Har Krishan Ji had hinted to the Sikh Sangat that his successor would be found at Baba Bakala. When the news reached Baba Bakala that Guru Sahib had immersed with Immortal without naming the next Guru, 22 imposters grabbed this golden opportunity and established 22 ManjitiTat- Baba Bakala. Each one of them called himself the real Guru. It was a moment of great crisis for the Sikh Panth. At such a time, a sincere Sikh, Makhan Shah Lubana found the solution to this crisis. He was a trader. Once, when his ship was caught in a storm on the high seas, he prayed to Guru Sahib, with pure heart that he would offer 500 gold mothers at the feet of Guru Ji if his ship was saved. With the blessings of Guru Ji, his ship was saved from being sunk. As per his promise, he reached Baba Bakala along with his family to offer 500 gold mohars. He was taken aback when he found 22 Gurus. He made a plan to search out the real Guru.

He went to every ‘guru’ turn by’ turn and offered two Mohars each. The impostor gurus gladly accepted these. Last of all when Makhan Shah Lubana offered two Mohars to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, the latter said, ‘When your ship was sinking, you promised to offer 500 Mohars and now you are offering only two.” On hearing it, he was overjoyed. He went atop a house and shouted aloud, “Guru Ladho Re, Guru Ladho re,” which meant that I have found the real Guru. In this way the Sikhs accepted Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji as their Guru.

Question 2.
Give a brief account of the travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
What do you know about the travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
During his pontificate (1664-1675 A.D.), Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji travelled extensively in and outside Punjab. The object of these travels was to dispel the ignorance of people and to preach Sikhism. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji started his travels in 1664 A.D. from Amritsar. Thereafter, he went to Walla, Ghukewali, Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn Taran, Khem Karan, Kiratpur Sahib and Bilaspur etc. After his travels in the Punjab Guru Ji travelled to the east of India. During this travel, he visited Saifabad, Dhamdhan, Delhi, Mathura, Barindaban, Agra, Kanpur, Prayag, Banaras, Gaya, Patna, Dacca (Dhaka) and Assam etc. After these travels, Guru Ji visited many famous places of Punjab along with his family. His travels proved very useful for the development of Sikhism. People in a large number came into the fold of Sikhism.

Question 3.
Give a brief account of the five travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji soon after assuming Guruship, undertook travels in and out of Punjab. The aim of these travels was to spread Sikhism and convey the message of truth and love to the people.

1. Amritsar: First of all Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Amritsar from Baba. Bakala in November, 1664 A.D. At that time, the Harmandir Sahib was under the control of Prithi Chand’s grandson, Harji Mina. When he heard the news of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s arrival he closed all the doors of the Harmandir Sahib so that Guru Sahib might not enter it. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached there and found the door closed, he patiently sat for some time under a tree near the Akal Takht Sahib. Today at this place there is a small Gurdwara which is known as “Tham Sahib” or ‘The Sahib’.

2. Walla and Ghukewali : From Amritsar Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji went to a village named Walla. The women of this place vigorously participated in the Sangat and Pangat. Consequently, the Guru blessed them. After Walla, Guru Sahib went to a village called Ghukewali. Since there were mdhy trees in this village, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib named it‘Guru Ka Bagh’.

3. Banaras : After the travel of Paryag, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached ‘ Banaras. Here, the Sikh devotees thronged in large numbers to pay respect to Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and listen to his exhortations. The people of this place held the view that a bath in the Karamnash river washes away all the good deeds of a person. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib bathed in this river and said that nothing could be achieved or lost with a bath. As a man sows, so does he reap.

4. Patna : In 1666 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Patna. Here the Sikh Sangat gave him a rousing reception. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji told the people the real meaning of life and enlightened them with principles of Sikhism. He sublimated Patna by calling it ‘Guru Da Ghar’ (the home of God). Leaving his wife and mother here, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji proceeded to Munghyr.

5. Dhaka: Dhaka was a chief centre of Sikhism. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached here the masses gave him a warm welcome. As a result of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s propagation, people in large number embraced Sikhism. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji enjoined on the Sangats to rise above worldly attachments and bonds of casteism, and recite God’s name.

Question 4.
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Or
Highlight the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Study the causes responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
1. Enmity between the Mughals and the Sikhs: The relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals were cordial till 1605 A.D. But, when in 1606 A.D., the Mughal emperor Jahangir martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the situation took a new turn. During the reign of Aurangzeb, the enmity between the Sikhs and the Mughals was further intensified. This growing bitterness became the most potent cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.

2. Fanaticism of Aurangzeb : In 1658 A.D., Aurangzeb became the new emperor of the Mughals. He was a staunch Sunni Muslim. He wanted to see Islam flourish in every nook and corner of India. During his reign people were forced to embrace Islam at the point of sword. Aurangzeb ordered a decree that all Sikh Gurdwaras should be demolished.

3. Impact of Naqsjbbandis on Aurangzeb: Naqshbandi was a sect of fanatic Muslims. This sect exercised a great influence upon Aurangzeb. The growing popularity of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was intolerable for this sect. The Naqshbandis panicked lest the awakening among the masses and development of Sikh religion should endanger Islam. So they started instigating Aurangzeb.

4. Spread of Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji undertook a number of travels in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Bihar, Assam etc. Impressed by his teachings thousands of people embraced Sikh religion. In order to accelerate the propagation of Sikh religion, he appointed Sikh missionaries. It was all beyond Aurangzeb’s power of tolerance to see the rapidly growing power of Sikhism.

5. Call of Kashmiri Pandits : Governor of Kashmir Sher Afghan forced the Pandits to embrace Islam. When they found no way out to save their faith, a sixteen member deputation led by Pandit Kirpa Ram met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Chakk Nanaki, (Sri Anandpur Sahib) on 25th May, 1675 A.D. Guru felt greatly pleased and advised the Pandits to make a representation to the emperor stating that if the Guru could be converted to Islam they would, of their own accord, accept Islam.

Question 5.
Discuss the role played by ‘Naqashbandis’ in the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Naqashbandis was a fanatic sect of Sunni Muslims. This sect had a great influence on Aurangzeb. The growing popularity of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, spread of Sikhism and the Muslim tilt towards Guru Ji was unbearable for this sect. Naqashbandis feared that the awakening among people and the growth of Sikhism might pose a danger for Islam. Consequently, their leader Sheikh Masum left no stone unturned to incite Aurangzeb to take stern steps to curb Sikhism. His action added fuel to the fire. As a result, Aurangzeb resolved to take steps against Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. Thus we can say undoubtedly that Naqashbandis have played a major role in the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Question 6.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
The Pandits living in Kashmir were firm believers in their religion and culture. The Hindus all over India revered them. Aurangzeb thought if these Kashmiri Pandits were converted to Islam the Hindus living in other parts of India would readily follow their example. With this object in view Aurangzeb appointed Sher Afghan as the Governor of Kashmir. Sher Afghan forced the Pandits to embrace Islam. When they found no way out to save their faith, deputation led by Pandit Kirpa Ram met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Sri Anandpur Sahib on 25th May, 1675 A.D. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji heard the heart-rending atrocities being committed on the Kashmiri Pandits he was deeply touched. The Guru sat in deep thought. Tradition has it that at that moment the young Gobind Rai who was at that time 9 years old, entered the chamber where the Guru Ji sat along with the Kashmiri Pandits. He enquired from his father what had happened.

The Guru Ji told Gobind Rai that Aurangzeb had let loose a reign of terror. It called for a great holy man who was willing to sacrifice himself on the altar of religion. Without hesitation, Gobind Rai replied, “Who can be nobler than you, father?” On hearing this reply from the child, Guru Ji felt greatly pleasedjind decided to sacrifice himself for the protection of Hindu religion. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji then advised the Pandits to make a representation to the Emperor stating that if the Guru could be converted to Islam they would, of their own accord, adopt Islam. Then-Aurangzeb ordered the Governor of Lahore to have Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib arrested.

Question 7.
Evaluate the historical importance of martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
What were the five significant results of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Or
What were the five results of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
1. Great Historical Event : The history of the world is replete with sacrifices. These sacrifices were made either for the protection of one’s religion or for the sake of the country. But Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji made supreme sacrifice for the protection of the downtrodden and for the protection of that religion to which, he himself did not belong. This example has no parallel in the history of the world. That is why Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji is called ‘Hind Di Chadar’.

2. Feeling of Revenge among Sikhs : The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sent a wave of hatred and revenge in the whole Punjab against the Mughal empire. The people swore to put an end to the tyrannical rule of the Mughals.

4. Creation of the Khalsa : The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that in order to defend their religion it was most essential for them to wear arms. With this end in view and to infuse a new spirit in the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Ji performed a great deed by creating the Khalsa Panth on the day of Baisakhi in 1699 A.D. The creation of the Khalsa gave birth to such a fearless community,, which thoroughly smashed the powerful rule of the Mughals and the Afghans in Punjab.

5. Battles between the Sikhs and the Mughals : A long drawn battle started between the Sikhs and the Mughals in the wake of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom. In these battles, the Sikhs had to face innumerable hardships but they stood firm like a rock. Despite their limited resources, the Sikhs with their matchless bravery shook the very foundations of the great Mughal empire.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
Give a brief description of the early life of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was the ninth Guru of the Sikhs. The period of his pontificate was from 1664 to 1675 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji undertook tours to various places in and outside Punjab to spread Sikhism. He commenced a new era in the history of India by courting martyrdom for the protection of Hinduism. A brief description of early career of Guru Tegh Bahabur is as under :

1. Birth and Parentage : Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was born on 1st April, 1621 A.D. at Amritsar. He was the fifth and the youngest son of Guru Hargobind Ji. His mother’s name was Nanaki. His father predicted that this child would follow the path of truth and religion. He would save the country from disaster and cut the roots of tyranny and oppression. Guru Hargobind Ji’s prediction proved to be true.

2. Childhood and Education : The childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was Tyag Mai. When he was five, arrangement was made for his education. He had the good fortune of getting education from Baba Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji. He acquired the thorough knowledge of Punjabi, Brij and Sanskrit, History, Philosophy, Arithmetic and Music. He was also imparted training in horse-riding and use of weapons. In the battle of Kartarpur, he found the opportunity to display his bravery. His father Hargobind Sahib was greatly impressed by it and he changed his name to Tegh Bahadur.

3. Marriage : Tegh Bahadur Ji was married to Gujari who was the daughter of Lai Chand, a resident of Kartarpur. He was blessed with a son named Gobind Das.

4. Settlement at Bakala : Before his death in 1645 A.D. Guru Hargobind Ji nominated his grandson Har Rai Ji as his successor. At this instance, Tegh Bahadur Ji with his wife Gujari and mother Nanaki came to settle at Bakala. Here Tegh Bahadur Ji lived for 20 years.

5. Assumption of Guruship : In 1664 A.D. at Delhi, before breathing his last, Guru Har Kishan Sahib gave a hint to the Sikh Sangat that their next Guru- would be found at Bakala. When the news reached Baba Bakala twenty-two Sodhis, set up their twenty-two ‘Manjis’. Everyone declared himself to be the real Guru. At this juncture a Sikh named Makhan Shah Lubana found a solution. He was a trader. Once when his ship was caught in a sea-storm and was about to sink, he prayed faithfully, that if his ship reached the shore safely, he would offer 500 gold-mohars (coins) at his Guru’s feet. In order to keep his word, he along with his family came to Baba Bakala to offer 500 mohars at Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s feet.

He was bewildered to see 22 impostor gurus. He conceived of an idea to find out the real Guru. One by one, he went to each Guru and offered two mohars. The impostor gurus were delighted to receive two mohars. When Makhan Shah finally reached Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and offered him two mohars, Guru Sahib said, “You promised to offer 500 mohars, when your ship was about to sink but now you are offering only two mohars.” On hearing this Makhan Shah felt very glad and shouted loudly from the roof of the house : “Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re ” which meant “Guru has been found, Guru has been found”. In this way, the Sikhs accepted Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji as their ninth Guru. He held Guruship from 1664 AD. to 1675 AD.

6. Opposition of Dhir Mai: Dhir Mai, the elder brother of Guru Har Rai Ji, had been seeking for Guruship for long. One of the twenty-two ‘Manjis’ set up at Baba Bakala, was that of Dhir Mai also. When Dhir Mai received the news that the Sikhs had accepted Tegh Bahadur Ji as their Guru he alohg with hundred armed men raided the house of the Guru. This incident provoked the Sikhs. They arrested and produced Dhir Mai before Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib but he forgave Dhir Mai when the latter begged to be pardonded.

Travels Of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji:

Question 2.
Give a brief account of the religious tours of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Narrate the travels undertaken by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji for preaching Sikhisms.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji soon after assuming Guruship, undertook travels in and out of Punjab. The aim of these travels was to spread Sikhism and convey the message of truth and love to the people. Writing about the purpose of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s travels, S.S. Johar aptly says, “Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji thought it necessary to infuse a new life and rekindle a new spirit among the people.”

Travels of the Punjab:

1. Amritsar: First of all Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached Amritsar from Baba Bakala in November, 1664 A.D. At that time, the Harmandir Sahib was under the control of Prithi Chand’s grandson, Harji Mina. He, with the help of some corrupt Masands had declared himself the Guru. When, he heard the news of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s arrival. So, he closed all the doors of the Harmandir Sahib so that Guru Sahib might not enter it. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached there and found the door closed, he patiently sat for some time under a tree near the Akal Takht Sahib. Today at this place there is a small Gurdwara which is known as “Tham Sahib” or ‘Thara Sahib’.

2. Walla and Ghukewali: From Amritsar Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji went to a village named Walla. The women of this place vigorously participated in the Sangat and Pangat. Consequently, the Guru blessed them. After Walla, Guru Sahib went to a village called Ghukewali. Since there were many trees in this village, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib named it ‘Guru Ka Bagh’.

3. Khadur Sahib, Goindwal Sahib, Tarn Taran, Khemkaran etc : From Khadur Sahib and Goindwal Sahib, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached Tarn Taran. Tarn Taran had become a famous propagation centre of Sikhism. Afterwards Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib ^went to Khemkaran. Here a devout named, Chaudhary Raghupat Rai presented Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib a mare.

4. Kiratpur Sahib and Bilaspur: After his travels in the Majha region, Guru Sahib reached Kiratpur Sahib. At the invitation of Rani Champa, he reached Bilaspur. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib stayed here for three days. During his stay Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib purchased a piece of land at Makhowal for Rs. 500 from the Rani. Here Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib founded a new town in June 1665 A.D. which was named ‘Chak Nanaki’ after the name of his mother. Later on, it became famous as Sri Anandpur (The City of Bliss) Sahib.

Travels of Eastern India:

After the travels of Punjab, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib started his travels of Eastern India. A brief account of these travels is as follows :

5. Saifabad and Dhamdhan: In August 1665 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached Saifabad and Dhamdhan. Here the people congregated in large numbers to pay respect to Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib. Aurangzeb could not tolerate the increasing propagation of Sikhism. He sent Alam Khan Rohilla to Dhamdhan to arrest Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib. Consequently, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was apprehended in November 1665 A.D. and brought to Delhi.

6. Mathura and Brindaban : From Delhi Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib went to Mathura and Brindaban. Here the Guru explained to his audience the virtue of prayer and the value of service to the people.

7. Agra and Prayag: From Mathura, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached Agra. Here, he stayed at the house of an aged devotee, Mai Jassi. After this, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib went to Prayag. Here Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib met a group of saints and yogis. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib preached them ‘Sadho Man Ke Maan Tiyago’ (O saints shun your pride).

8. Banaras : After the travel of Paryag, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached Banaras. Here, the Sikh devotees thronged in large numbers to pay respect to Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and listen to his exhortations. The people of this place held the view that a bath in the Karamnash river washes away all the good deeds of a person. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib bathed in this river and said that nothing could be achieved or lost with a bath. As a man sows, so does he reap.

9. Sasram and Gaya. From Banaras Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached Sasram. Here a devotee Sikh ‘Masand Phaggu Shah’ served Guru Sahib very sincerely. Then Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji visited Gaya which was the chief centre of Buddhism. Here Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib denounced casteism and preached worship of one God.

10. Patna : In 1666 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib reached Patna. Here the Sikh Sangat gave him a rousing reception. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib told the people the real meaning of life and enlightened them with principles of Sikhism. He sublimated Patna by calling it ‘Guru Da Ghar’ (the home of God). Leaving his wife and mother here,. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib proceeded to Munghyr.

11. Dhaka: Dhaka was a chief centre of Sikhism, When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached here the masses gave him a warm welcome. As a result of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s propagation, people in large number embraced Sikhism. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib enjoined on the Sangats to *ise above worldly attachments and bonds of casteism, and recite God’s name.

12. Assam : On the request of Ram Singh, the ruler of Ambar, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib went with him to Assam. The Assamese were deft at sorcery. Out of this fear the Mughal forces were always defeated by the Assamese rulers. This time in the presence of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, their sorcery failed and they had to face defeat. They came to pay obeisance to this great man, who frustrated their sorcery, and also begged pardon of him.
After this Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib with his family returned to Punjab and settled at Chak Nanaki.

Tours of Malwa and Bangar Region:

In the middle of 1673 A.D. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib revisited the Malwa and Bangar regions of Punjab. During this tour, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib visited many places. Of these Saifabad, Mallowal, Sakha, Dhilwan Joga, Khiwa, Khiala, Maur, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda and Damdhan were prominent. During these travels, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib completely identified himself with the sorrows and sufferings of the people. Through his message and teachings, he tried to awaken the people to their responsibility and grim realities of human existence. Impressed

Martyrdom of Guru Tech Bahabur Ji:

Question 3.

What were the causes responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji? When, where and how he was executed?
Or
What were the main causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and what is its importance?
Or
Describe the causes and significance of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Describe the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. What were the effects of his martyrdom?
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom is a unique event of world history. History is replete with many examples of such great men, who sacrificed their lives for the protection of their religion or their country. But it is difficult to find an example of martyrs like Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, who sacrificed his life for the protection of others’ religion.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and His Martyrdom Img 1

Causes of Martyrdom:

1. Enmity between the Mughals and the Sikhs : The relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals were cordial till 1605 A.D. But, when in 1606 A.D., the Mughal emperor martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the situation took a new turn. He detained Guru Hargobind Sahib in the fort of Gwalior for two years. During the reign of Shah Jahan, Guru Hargobind Ji had to fight four battles against the Mughals. During the reign of Aurangzeb, the enmity between the Sikhs and the Mughals was further intensified. This growing bitterness became the most potent cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.

2. Fanaticism of Aurangzeb : In 1658 A.D., Aurangzeb became the new emperor of the Mughals. He was a staunch Sunni Muslim. He wanted to see Islam flourish in every nook and corner of India. He got many famous temples of the Hindus demolished and mosques built in their places. Restrictions were imposed on Hindu festivals and ceremonies. During his reign people were forced to embrace Islam at the point of sword. Aurangzeb ordered a decree that all Sikh Gurdwaras should be demolished. According to Dr. I.B. Banerjee, “Necessarily on the ‘accession of Aurangzeb the entire policy of the Empire was reversed and a new era commenced.”

3. Impact of Naqshbandis on Aurangzeb : Naqshbandi was a sect of fanatic Muslims. This sect exercised a great influence upon Aurangzeb. The growing popularity of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was intolerable for this sect. The Naqshbandis panicked lest the awakening among the masses and development of Sikh religion should endanger Islam. So they started instigating Aurangzeb.

4. Spread of Sikhism : Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib undertook a number of travels in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Bihar, Assam etc. Impressed by his teachings thousands of people embraced Sikh religion. In order to accelerate the propagation of Sikh religion, he appointed Sikh missionaries. It was all beyond Aurangzeb’s power of tolerance to see the rapidly growing power of Sikhism.

5. Enmity of Ram Rai: Ram Rai was the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji. When Sikh Sangat accepted Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji as their next Guru, he could not reconcile with the turn of the tide. He wanted to snatch the Gurgaddi by force. However, when all his tactics to capture Gurgaddi failed, he started poisoning Aurangzeb’s ears against Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib.

6. Call of Kashmiri Pandits : The Pandits living in Kashmir were firm believers in their religion and culture. The Hindus all over India revered them. Aurangzeb thought if these Kashmiri Pandits were converted to Islam the Hindus living in other parts of India would readily follow their example. With this object in view Aurangzeb appointed Sher Afghan as the Governor of Kashmir. Sher Afghan forced the Pandits to embrace Islam. When they found no way out to save their faith, a sixteen member deputation led by Pandit Kirpa Ram met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Chakk Nanaki, (Sri Anandpur Sahib) on 25th May, 1675 A.D. They sought Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s help. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji heard the heart-rending atrocities being committed on the Kashmiri Pandits, he was deeply touched. It was the Gordian knot that had to be cut. The Guru sat in deep thought. At that moment the young Gobind Rai, who was at that time 9 years old, entered the chamber where the Guru sat along with the Kashmiri Pandits. He was struck with the unusual stillness of the room and enquired from his father what had happened.

The Guru told Gobind Rai that Aurangzeb had let loose a reign of terror. Someone had to face the emperor and tell him that he was treading a wrong path. It was a stupendous task. It called for a great holy man, who was willing to sacrifice himself on the altar of religion. Without hesitation, Gobind Rai replied, “Who can be nobler than you, father?” On hearing this reply from the child, Guru felt greatly pleased and advised the Pandits to make a representation to the emperor stating that if the Guru could be converted to Islam they would, of their own accord, accept Islam.

How was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji Martyred?:

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji with his three companions Bhai Mati Das Ji, Bhai Sati Das Ji and Bhai Dyala Ji proceeded from Chakk Nanaki (Sri Anandpur Sahib) to Delhi on July 11,1675 A.D. Mughal official arrested Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and his companions near Ropar. He was kept in a prison at Sirhind for four months. As ordered by Aurangzeb, he was taken to Delhi on 6th November, 1675 A.D. and produqed in his court. Aurangzeb suggested him to embrace Islam and also threatened to put him to death in case, he refused to do so. But, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib and his three companions categorically refused to embrace Islam. In order to demoralise Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, his three companions Bhai Mati Das Ji, Bhai Sati Das Ji and Bhai Dyala Ji were tortured to death before him. After this Guru Sahib was asked to show some miracle but Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib refused to oblige. Consequently, on 11th November, 1675 A.D. he was beheaded at Chandni Chowk in Delhi. According to the famous historians Harbans Singh and L.M. Joshi, “This was a most moving and earthshaking event in the history of India.”

At the place, where Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred, stands the Gurdwara Sis Ganj. On the fateful night, a devotee, Bhai Lakhi Shah, with the help of his sons brought the body of the Guru to his home in a cart covered with heavy cotton bales. In order to cremate the body of the Guru, he instantly set his house on fire. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj stands here, today.

Significance of the Martyrdom:

The great martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji shook the whole humanity. This martyrdom marked the beginning of a new era not only in the history of Punjab, but also in the history of India. In the words of Dr. Trilochan Singh,
“The impact of the great sacrifice of Guru Tegh Bahadur was extremely powerful and far-reaching in its consequences on the Sikh people.”

1. Great Historical Event: The history of the world is replete with sacrifices. These sacrifices were made either for the protection of one’s religion or for the sake of the country. But Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji made supreme sacrifice for the protection of the downtrodden and for the protection of that religion to which, he himself did not belong. This example has no parallel in the history of the world. That is, why Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji is called ‘Hind Di Chadar’.

3. Protection of Hinduism : Aurangzeb wanted to convert the whole of India to Islam. With this end in view he had let loose a reign of terror. A large number of Hindus were daily put to death. Consequently, many Hindus had started adopting Islam. The very existence of the Hindu religion was exposed to a great danger. Under such times, when the Hindus saw no ray of hope, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his own sacrifice in order to protect the Hindu faith. This martyrdom made it clear to Aurangzeb that it was totally impossible to convert the whole Hindu community to Islam.

4. Creation of the Khalsa : The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that in order to defend their religion it was most essential for them to wear arms. With this end in view and to infuse a new spirit in the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh performed a great deed by creating the Khalsa Panth on the day of Baisakhi in 1699 A.D. The creation of the Khalsa gave birth to such a fearless community, which thoroughly smashed the powerful rule of the Mughals and the Afghans in Punjab.

5. Beginning of the Tradition of Sacrifice*: After the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, a tradition of making sacrifice for religion started among the Sikhs. While treading this path, Guru Gobind Singh Ji underwent several untold sufferings. His younger sons were bricked up alive in a wall. The elder sons and many devoted Sikhs, who were beloveds of Guru Sahib fell .martyrs in battles. After Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Singh Bahadur along with hundreds of Sikhs gave their sacrifices. After Mughals, the Afghans subjected the Sikhs to untold and unbearable sufferings. The blood of the martyrs infused a new confidence amongst the Sikhs.

6. Battles between the Sikhs and the Mughals : A long drawn battle started between the Sikhs and the Mughals in the wake of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom. In these battles, the Sikhs had to face innumerable hardships but they stood firm like a rock. Despite their limited resources, the Sikhs with their matchless bravery shook the very foundations of the great Mughal empire. Finally, we agree to these words of famous historian, S.S. Johar, “The Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur was an event of great significance in the history of India. It had far-reaching consequences.”

Question 4.
The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had far-reaching consequences on Sikh History. Discuss.
Answer:

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom is a unique event of world history. History is replete with many examples of such great men, who sacrificed their lives for the protection of their religion or their country. But it is difficult to find an example of martyrs like Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, who sacrificed his life for the protection of others’ religion.

Causes of Martyrdom:

2. Fanaticism of Aurangzeb : In 1658 A.D., Aurangzeb became the new emperor of the Mughals. He was a staunch Sunni Muslim. He wanted to see Islam flourish in every nook and corner of India. He got many famous temples of the Hindus demolished and mosques built in their places. Restrictions were imposed on Hindu festivals and ceremonies. During his reign people were forced to embrace Islam at the point of sword. Aurangzeb ordered a decree that all Sikh Gurdwaras should be demolished. According to Dr. I.B. Banerjee,
“Necessarily on the ‘accession of Aurangzeb the entire policy of the Empire was reversed and a new era commenced.”

The Guru sat in deep thought. At that moment the young Gobind Rai, who was at that time 9 years old, entered the chamber where the Guru sat along with the Kashmiri Pandits. He was struck with the unusual stillness of the room and enquired from his father what had happened. The Guru told Gobind Rai that Aurangzeb had let loose a reign of terror. Someone had to face the emperor and tell him that he was treading a wrong path. It was a stupendous task. It called for a great holy man, who was willing to sacrifice himself on the altar of religion. Without hesitation, Gobind Rai replied, “Who can be nobler than you, father?” On hearing this reply from the child, Guru felt greatly pleased and advised the Pandits to make a representation to the emperor stating that if the Guru could be converted to Islam they would, of their own accord, accept Islam.

How was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji Martyred?

In order to demoralise Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, his three companions Bhai Mati Das Ji, Bhai Sati Das Ji and Bhai Dyala Ji were tortured to death before him. After this Guru Sahib was asked to show some miracle but Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib refused to oblige. Consequently, on 11th November 1675 A.D., he was beheaded at Chandni Chowk in Delhi. According to the famous historians Harbans Singh and L.M. Joshi,
“This was a most moving and earthshaking event in the history of India.”

Significance of the Martyrdom:

The great martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji shook the whole of humanity. This martyrdom marked the beginning of a new era not only in the history of Punjab but also in the history of India. In the words of Dr Trilochan Singh, “The impact of the great sacrifice of Guru Tegh Bahadur was extremely powerful and far-reaching in its consequences on the Sikh people.”

2. Feeling of Revenge among Sikhs: The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sent a wave of hatred and revenge in the whole Punjab against the Mughal empire. The people swore to put an end to the tyrannical rule of the Mughals.

3. Protection of Hinduism: Aurangzeb wanted to convert the whole of India to Islam. With this end in view, he had let loose a reign of terror. A large number of Hindus were daily put to death. Consequently, many Hindus had started adopting Islam. The very existence of the Hindu religion was exposed to great danger. During such times, when the Hindus saw no ray of hope, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji gave his own sacrifice in order to protect the Hindu faith. This martyrdom made it clear to Aurangzeb that it was totally impossible to convert the whole Hindu community to Islam.

4. Creation of the Khalsa: The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that in order to defend their religion it was most essential for them to wear arms. With this end in view and to infuse a new spirit in the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh performed a great deed by creating the Khalsa Panth on the day of Baisakhi in 1699 A.D. The creation of the Khalsa gave birth to such a fearless community, which thoroughly smashed the powerful rule of the Mughals and the Afghans in Punjab.

5. Beginning of the Tradition of Sacrifice*: After the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, a tradition of making sacrifices for religion started among the Sikhs. While treading this path, Guru Gobind Singh Ji underwent several untold sufferings. His younger sons were bricked up alive in a wall. The elder sons and many devoted Sikhs, who were beloveds of Guru Sahib fell .martyrs in battles. After Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Singh Bahadur along with hundreds of Sikhs gave their sacrifices. After the Mughals, the Afghans subjected the Sikhs to untold and unbearable sufferings. The blood of the martyrs infused new confidence amongst the Sikhs.

6. Battles between the Sikhs and the Mughals: A long-drawn battle started between the Sikhs and the Mughals in the wake of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom. In these battles, the Sikhs had to face innumerable hardships but they stood firm like a rock. Despite their limited resources, the Sikhs with their matchless bravery shook the very foundations of the great Mughal empire. Finally, we agree to these words of the famous historian, S.S. Johar, “The Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur was an event of great significance in the history of India. It had far-reaching consequences.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Name the sincere Sikh who searched for the Ninth Guru and why?
Or
Which Sikh devotee identified the ninth Guru and why?
Or
Who searched Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and why?
Answer:
Before breathing his last in 1664 A.D., Guru Har Krishan Ji had hinted to the Sikh Sangat that their successor would be found at Baba Bakala. At this 22 impostors grabbed the opportunity and established 22 Manjis at Baba Bakala. Each one of them called himself, the real Guru. At such a time, a sincere Sikh, Makhan Shah Lubana found the solution to this crisis. When Makhan Shah Lubana offered two mohars to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, the latter said, “When your ship was sinking, you promised to offer 500 mohars and now you are offering only two.” On hearing it, he was overjoyed. He went &top a house and shouted aloud, “Guru Ladho Re, Guru Ladho re,” which meant that I have found the real Guru.

Question 3.
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Or
Highlight the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Write any three causes of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Study the causes responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Write down the main reasons for the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:

Aurangzeb’s fanaticism became the main cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom,
Aurangzeb could not tolerate the existence of any other religion except Islam,
Ram Rai incited Aurangzeb against Guru Ji, as he himself wanted to get Guruship.
The outcry of Kashmiri Pandits to save the Hindu religion became the immediate cause of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.

Question 4.
Discuss the role played by ‘Naqshbandis’ in the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Naqashbandis was a fanatic sect of Sunni Muslims. The growing popularity of Guru Ji, spread of Sikhism and the Muslim tilt towards Guru Ji was unbearable for this sect. Consequently, their leader Shaikh Masoom left no stone unturned to incite Aurangzeb to take stern steps to curb Sikhism. His action added fuel to the fire. As a result, Aurangzeb resolved to take steps against Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. ’

Question 5.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Or
Why did Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji help the Kashmiri Brahmans?
Answer:
During the reign of Aurangzeb Sher Afghan, the Governor of Kashmir forced the Pandits to embrace Islam. When they found no way out to save their faith, a deputation led by Pandit Kirpa Ram met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Sri Anandpur Sahib on 25th May, 1675 A.D. When Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji heard the heart-rending atrocities being committed on the Kashmiri Pandits, he was deeply touched. So Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji decided to sacrifice himself for the protection of Hindu religion.

Question 6.
Evaluate the historical importance of martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Explain the importance of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
What is the importance of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?

Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had far-reaching consequences. The whole of Punjab began to bum with indignation as a result of this martyrdom. It also proved that tyranny would continue to be perpetuated as long as there was the Mughal rule. So Guru Gobind Singh Ji resolved to put an end to the tyranny and injustice of the Mughals. With this end in view, he founded Khalsa Panth in 1699 A.D. After it a long-drawn struggle started between the Sikhs and the Mughals. It shattered the very foundation of the Mughal empire.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was the ninth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Question 2.
Where was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji born?
Answer:
Amritsar.

Question 3.
When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji born?
Answer:
1 April, 1621 A.D.

Question 4.
Name the mother of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Mata Nanaki Ji.

Question 5.
Name the father of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 6.
What was the childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
Tyag Mai.

Question 7.
What is meant by Tegh Bahadur?
Answer:
Expert in the art of swordsmanship.

Question 8.
To whom was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji married?
Answer:
Gujari Ji.

Question 9.
What was the name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s son?
Answer:
Gobind Das or Gobind Rai.

Question 10.
Who identified Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji as a Guru at Baba Bakala?
Answer:
Makhan Shah Lubana.

Question 11.
Who said, “Guru Ladho Re, Guru Ladho Re.”?
Answer:
Makhan Shah Lubana.

Question 12.
For how long did Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji remain on Gurgaddi?
Answer:
1664 A.D. to 1675 A.D.

Question 13.
Name any one place visited by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Delhi.

Question 14.
Name any one place of Punjab visited by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Amritsar.

Question 15.
What was the original name of Sri Anandpur Sahib?
Answer:
Makhowal or Chak Nanaki.

Question 16.
What was the main cause of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
Aurangzeb couldn’t tolerate the increasing power of the Sikhs.

Question 17.
What was the main reason for the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
The Guru’s decision to protect the Kashmiri Pandits.

Question 18.
Who was the Subedar of Kashmir who committed atrocities on Kashmiri Pandits?
Answer:
Sher Afghan.

Question 19.
Under whose leadership a delegation of Kashmiri Pandit met Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Sri Anandpur Sahib?
Answer:
Pandit Kirpa Ram.

Question 20.
Which Guru gave his martyrdom for the protection of Hindu religion?
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Question 21.
Where was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred?
Answer:
Chandani Chotvk, Delhi.

Question 22.
In which Mughal ruler’s regime the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji took place?
Or
Who was the ruler at the time of martyrdom of Ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Or
Name the Mughal emperor by whose order Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred?
Answer:
Aurangzeb.

Question 23.
When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred?
Answer:
Nov. 11, 1675 A.D.

Question 24.
Name the three Sikh disciples who were executed before the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Or
Name three followers of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji who were executed along with him.
Answer:

Bhai Mati Das Ji,
Bhai Sati Das Ji and
Bhai Dyala Ji.

Question 25.
Which Gurdwara has been raised at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred?
Answer:
Gurdwara Sis Ganj.

Question 26.
Where was Gurdwara Sis Ganj constructed?
Answer:
Delhi.

Question 27.
Mention any one result of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.
Or
What was a consequence of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
Answer:
A chapter of long drawn struggle between the Sikhs and the Mughals started.

Question 28.
For whom did Guru Gobind Singh Ji use the words Rangrete Guru Ke Bete?
Answer:
Bhai Jaita Ji.

Question 29.
Which Guru Sahib is called Hind Ki Chaddar?
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Fill in the blanks:

1. ………………… was the ninth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

2. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was born at ………………..
Answer:
Amritsar

3. The name of the father of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was ………………..
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji

4. The name of the mother of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was ………………..
Answer:
Nanaki

5. The childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was …………….
Answer:
Tyagmal

6. The name of the son of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was …………………
Answer:
Gobind Rai

7. Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur*Ji was searched by ………………
Answer:
Makhan Shah Lubana

8. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji assumed Guruship in ……………
Answer:
664 A.D.

9. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji started his travels from ………………
Answer:
Amritsar

10. The town Chak Nanaki was established by ……………….
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

11. Aurangzeb reimposed Jaziya tax on Hindus in ………………
Answer:
1679 A.D.

12. Ram Rai was the ………………… son of Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
eldest

13. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred by the order of ………………
Answer:
Aurangzeb

14. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred on ………………… at Delhi.
Answer:
Nov. 11, 1675 A.D.

15. ………………… was raised at the place of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.
Answer:
Gurdwara Sis Ganj

16. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji hugged ……………… and said ‘Rangreta Guru Ke Beta’.
Answer:
Bhai Jaita Ji

17. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji addressed to ………………… and ‘Rangrette Guru Ke Bete’.
Answer:
Bhai Jaita Ji

18. The name of the Jallad was …………….. who martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Jalaludin

19. ……………….. is known as Hind-Di-Chadar.
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

True or False:

1. The ninth Guru of the Sikhs was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
True

2. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was born at Amritsar.
Answer:
True

3. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was born in 1621 A.D.
Answer:
True

4. The name of the father of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was Har Krishan Ji.
Answer:
False

5. Gujari was the name of the mother of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
False

6. The childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was Tyag Mai.
Answer:
True

7. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s son name was Gobind Rai.
Answer:
True

8. Makhan Shah Lubhana identified Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
True

9. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji succeeded to Guruship in 1664 A.D.
Answer:
True

10. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji reached Amritsar first during his travels.
Answer:
True

11. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji laid the foundation of Chak Nanaki.
Answer:
True

12. Aurangzeb reimposed Jaziya tax on Hindus in 1664 A.D.
Answer:
False

13. Sher Afghan was the Governor of Kashmir at the time of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
True

14. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred on the orders of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
True

15. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred on November 11, 1675 A.D.
Answer:
True

16. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj was raised at the place of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom.
Answer:
False

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the ninth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Guru Har Krishan Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

2. When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji born?
(a) In 1601 A.D.
(b) In 1621 A.D.
(c) In 1631 A.D.
(d) In 1656 A.D.
Answer:
(b) In 1621 A.D.

3. What was the childhood name of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Hari Mai Ji
(b) Tyag Mai Ji
(c) Bhai Lehna Ji
(d) Bhai Jetha Ji.
Answer:
(b) Tyag Mai Ji

4. What was the name of the father of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Guru Har Krishan Ji
(d) Baba Gurditta Ji.
Answer:
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji

5. What was the name of the mother of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Gujari Ji
(b) Sulakhni Ji
(c) Nanaki Ji
(d) Ganga Devi Ji.
Answer:
(c) Nanaki Ji

6. To whom was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji married?
(a) Nihal Kaur Ji
(b) Gujari Ji
(c) Sulakhni Ji
(d) Sabrai Devi Ji.
Answer:
(b) Gujari Ji

7. What was the name of son of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
(a) Har Rai Ji
(b) Arjan Dev Ji
(c) Ram Rai Ji
(d) Gobind Rai Ji.
Answer:
(d) Gobind Rai Ji.

8. Name the person whose efforts proved that Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was the real Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Makhan Shah Mastuana
(b) Makhan Shah Lubhana
(c) Baba Buddha Ji
(d) Bhai Gurdas Ji.
Answer:
(b) Makhan Shah Lubhana

9. When did Guru Tegh Bahadur assume Guruship?
(a) In 1661 A.D.
(b) In 1664 A.D.
(c) In 1665 A.D.
(d) In 1666 A.D.
Answer:
(b) In 1664 A.D.

10. Which town was first visited by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Goindwal Sahib
(b) Khadur Sahib
(c) Amritsar
(d) Kiratpur Sahib
Answer:
(c) Amritsar

11. Which town was founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji in 1665 A.D.?
(a) Chak Nanaki
(b) Bilaspur
(c) Sahnewal
(d) Kiratpur Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Chak Nanaki

12. What is the latest name of Chak Nanaki?
(a) Tarn Taran
(b) Bilaspur
(c) Khadur Sahib
(d) Sri Anandpur Sahib.
Answer:
(d) Sri Anandpur Sahib.

13. What was the cause of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Fanaticism of Aurangzeb
(b) Call of Kashmiri Pandits
(c) Opposition of Naqshbandis
(d) Enmity of Ram Rai.
Answer:
(b) Call of Kashmiri Pandits

14. Which Mughal emperor ordered the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji?
(a) Jahangir
(b) Shah Jahan
(c) Aurangzeb
(d) Bahadur Shah.
Answer:
(c) Aurangzeb

15. Where was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred?
(a) Lahore
(b) Delhi
(c) Amritsar
(d) Patna
Answer:
(b) Delhi

16. When was Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred?
(a) In 1661 A.D.
(b) In 1664 A.D.
(c) In 1665 A.D.
(d) In 1675 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1675 A.D.

17. Which Gurudwara has been raised at the place where Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was martyred?
(a) Sis Ganj
(b) Rakab Ganj
(c) Bala Sahib
(d) Darbar Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Sis Ganj

18. Which Guru is known as ‘Hind-Di-Chadar’?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 8 Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 8 Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 8 Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Har Krishan Ji

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Why is the pontificate of Guru Har Rai Ji considered important in the development of Sikhism?
Or
Write a short note on Guru Har Rai Ji.
Or
What do you know about Guru Har Rai Ji?
Answer:
1. Development of Sikhism under Guru Har Rai Ji: The pontificate of Guru Har Rai Sahib lasted from 1645 to 1661 A.D. To carry on his propagation work, he set up three famous centres which were known as bakhshishes’ or missionary centres. The first bakhshish’ was that of an ascetic named Bhagat Gir. He set up many centres for the propagation of Sikhism in East India. Of these, Patna, Bereilley and Rajgir are the famous ones. Likewise, Suthara Shah was sent to Delhi, Bhai Pheru to Rajasthan, Bhai Gonda Ji was sent to Kabul, Bhai Natha Ji to Dacca and Bhai Jodha Ji. to Multan. Guru Har Rai Sahib himself travelled to different places of Punjab namely Jalandhar, Kartarpur, Palahi, Hakimpur, Mukandpur, Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Ferozepur, Patiala, Ambala, Karnal, Hissar etc.

2. Phul Blessed: One day a devotee named Kala with his nephew, Phul came to visit Guru Har Rai Sahib. Guru Sahib’s eyes fell on Paul, who was slapping his belly with his hand. On enquiry, Kala told Guru Sahib that he was hungry and wanted something to eat. Guru Sahib took compassion on him and said, “He shall become great, famous and wealthy. His descendants shall drink water as far as the Jamuna. They shall have sovereignty for many generations and be honoured in proportion as they serve the Guru.” ’
The blessing of Guru Har Rai Ji proved to be true. The generation of Phul laid the foundation of Phulkian Misl.

3. Help to Prince Dara: During the pontificate of Guru Har Rai Ji, Dara Shikoh was the Governor of Punjab. He was the elder brother of Aurangzeb. In a bid to capture power Aurangzeb poisoned Para’s food. Consequently, he fell seriously ill. Dara begged Guru Har Rai Ji to treat him. Guru Har Rai Ji cured Dara with the rarest of herbs. As a result, Dara felt deeply obliged to Guru Har Rai Ji. He would often come to pay a visit to Guru Har Rai Ji.

4. Guru Har Rai Ji Summoned to Delhi: Aurangzeb had the suspicion that some hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib were against Islam. In order to, get it confirmed, he asked Guru Har Rai Ji to appear in his court. Guru Sahib sent his son, Ram Rai. In order to escape the royal wrath, Ram Rai wrongly interpreted it. Consequently, Ram Rai was declared unworthy of Guruship.

5. Nomination of the Successor: Realising that his end was approaching, he nominated his younger son, Har Krishan to Guruship. On 6th October 1661 A.D., Guru Har Rai Ji was immersed in Eternal Light at Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 2.
Write a short note about Thermal.
Answer:
Dhir Mai, the elder brother of Guru Har Rai Ji, had for long been asking for Guruship. One of the twenty-two ‘Manjis’ set up at Baba Bakala, was that of Dhir Mai also. When Dhir Mai received the news that the Sikhs had accepted Tegh Bahadur as their Guru he became furious and restless. He conspired with a Masand named Shihan to kill Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and to plunder his house. One day Shihan along with hundred armed men raided the house of the Guru. In this assault, Guru Sahib’s shoulder was hit with a bullet. Guru Sahib was wounded but He remained serene and calm. Shihan’s accomplices carried away with many belongings of Guru Sahib’s house. This incident provoked the Sikhs who under the leadership of Makhan Shah attacked Dhir Mai’s house. They not only arrested and produced Dhir Mai and Shihan before Guru Sahib but also recovered the stolen goods from them. Guru Sahib forgave Dhir Mai and Shihan when they begged to be pardoned.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Guru Har Krishan Ji. Why was he called Bal Guru?
Or
Write a short note on Guru Har Krishan Ji.
Or
Explain in detail about Guru Har Krishan Ji.
Answer:
1. Assumption of Guruship: Guru Har Rai Ji had disinherited his elder son, Ram Rai of Guruship, after declaring him ineligible, because he had misinterpreted the Gurbani in Aurangzeb’s court. In,1661 A.D., Guru Har Rai Ji handed over the Guruship to Har Krishan Ji. At that time, Guru Har Krishan Ji was barely five years old. That is why Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as Bal Guru (child Guru) in Sikh History. He held Guruship. till 1664 A.D.

2. Opposition of Ram Rai: Ram Rai being the elder son of Guru Har Rai Ji, considered himself to be the rightful claimant to Gurgaddi. But Guru Har Rai Ji had already disinherited him of the Guruship. When he came to know that Guruship had been assigned to Har Krishan Ji, he could not tolerate it. He started hatching conspiracies to acquire Guruship.

3. Guru Sahib’s visit to Delhi: Aurangzeb assigned the task of bringing Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi to Raja Jai Singh. Raja Jai Singh sent his Diwan, Paras Ram to Guru Har Krishan Ji. Guru Har Krishan Ji declined to go to Delhi to see Aurangzeb. He went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. and agreed to stay at Raja Jai Singh’s residence. There is a difference of opinions among historians on the point of whether any meeting took place between Guru Har Krishan Ji and Aurangzeb or not.

4. Immersed in Eternal Light: In those days cholera and smallpox had broken out in Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji served the sick, the poor and the orphans with heart and soul. But, he himself fell a victim to smallpox. He immersed in Eternal Light on 30th March 1664 A.D. at Delhi.

Essay Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you know about the life and achievements of Guru Har Rai Ji?
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs. The period of his pontificate (1645 to 1661 A.D.) is called the period of peace for Sikhism. A brief account of Guru Har Rai Ji’s early career and the development of Sikh Panth under him is as ahead :

1. Birth and Parentage: Guru Har Rai Ji was born on 30 January 1630 A.D. at a place called Kiratpur Sahib. His mother’s name was Bibi Nihal Kaur. He was the grandson of Guru Hargobind Sahib and the son of Baba Gurditta Ji.

2. Childhood and Marriage: Right from his childhood he possessed saintly nature, a sweet tongue and a soft heart. It is said that once Guru Har Rai Sahib was strolling in a garden when some flowers got entangled with his cloak and fell off. He was moved to tears when he saw this. Har Rai Ji was married to Sulakhni, daughter of Daya Ram of Anup city in U.P. He was blessed with two sons, Ram Rai and Har Krishan.

3. Assumption of Guruship: The sixth master, Guru Hargobind Sahib, had five sons: Baba Gurditta, Ani Rai and Baba Atal Rai had passed away during his own lifetime. Of the remaining two, Suraj Mai was involved in worldly matters more than was essential, and Tegh Bahadur was disenchanted with worldly affairs. So at that time, Guru Hargobind Ji deemed it fit to bestow Guruship on Baba Gurditta’s younger son, Har Rai. The ceremony of his assuming Guruship was performed on 8th March 1645 A.D. Thus, Guru Har Rai Ji became the 7th Guru of the Sikhs.

4. Development of Sikhism under Guru Har Rai Ji: The pontificate of Guru Har Rai Sahib lasted from 1645 to 1661 A.D. To carry on his propagation work, he set up three famous centres which were known as ‘bakhshishes’ or the missionary centres. The first “bakhshish’ was that of an ascetic named Bhagat Gir. Pleased with his devotion Guru Har Rai Sahib re-christened him Bhagat Bhagwan. He set up many centres for the propagation of Sikhism in East India. Of these, Patna, Bareilly and Rajgir are the famous ones. The second ‘bakhshish’ was that of Suthra Shah. He was sent to Delhi for the propagation of Sikhism.

The third “bakhshish’ was that of Peru. He was sent to Rajasthan. Likewise, Bhai Gonda Ji was sent to Kabul, Bhai Natha Ji to Dacca and Bhai-Jodha Ji to Multan. Guru Har Rai Sahib himself travelled to different places of Punjab namely Jalandhar, Kartarpur, Palahi, Hakimpur, Mukandpur, Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Ferozepur, Patiala, Ambala, Karnal, Hissar etc.

5. Phul Blessed: One day a devotee named Kala with his nephew, Phul came to visit Guru Har Rai Sahib. Guru Sahib’s eyes fell on Paul, who was slapping his belly with his hand. On enquiry, Kala told Guru Sahib that he was hungry and wanted something to eat. Guru Sahib took compassion on him and said, “He shall become great, famous and wealthy. His descendants shall drink water as far as the Jamuna. They shall have sovereignty for many generations and be honoured in proportion as they serve the Guru.”
The blessing of Guru Har Rai Ji proved to be true. The generation of Phul laid the foundation of Phulkian Misl.

6. Help to Prince Dara: During the pontificate of Guru Har Rai Sahib, Dara Shikoh was the Governor of Punjab. He was the elder brother of Aurangzeb. In a bid to capture power Aurangzeb poisoned Dara’s food. Consequently, he fell seriously ill. Dara begged Guru Har Rai Sahib to treat him. Guru Har Rai Sahib cured Dara with the rarest of herbs. As a result, Dara felt deeply obliged to Guru Har Rai Sahib. He would often come to pay a visit to Guru Har Rai Sahib.

7. Guru Har Rai Ji Summoned to Delhi : Aurangzeb had suspicion that some hymns in the Guru Granth Sahib were against Islam. In order to, get it confirmed, he asked Guru Har Rai Sahib to appear in his court. Guru Sahib sent his son, Ram Rai. Pointing out a Saloka in the Asa Di Var, Aurangzeb asked him why Muslims had been opposed to it. The Saloka means : “The clay of a Muslim’s grave falls into the hands of a potter ; pots and bricks out of it he makes; in the fire burns the poor clay. As it burns it weeps and wails.” In order to escape the royal wrath, Ram Rai wrongly interpreted it. He explained that Guru Nanak Sahib said nothing against the MusalmAnswer: In fact, he had written the word beiman which had been corrupted by some ignorant persons as Musalman. Guru Har Rai Ji felt indignant, when he heard about it. He considered it a great insult of Guru Granth Sahib. Consequently, Ram Rai was declared unworthy of Guruship.

8. Nomination of the Successor: Realising that his end was approaching, he nominated his younger son, Har Krishan to Guruship. On 6th October 1661 A.D. Guru Har Rai Ji was immersed in Eternal Light at Kiratpur Sahib.

9. Estimate of Guru Har Rai Ji’s Achievements: It is true that Guru Har Rai Ji left this mortal world at the young age of 31, but after the assumption of Guruship he did great deeds for the dissemination of Sikhism. He set up many propagation centres in the Majha, Doaba and Malwa regions. He maintained with gusto the practice of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’. At his dispensary, free medical aid was provided to one and all irrespective of their caste and creed or status. Through these services, Guru Sahib strengthened the foundations of Sikhism all the more.

Guru Har Krishan Ji:

Question 2.
Give a brief account of the development of Sikhism during the pontificate of Guru Har Krishan Ji.
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs. He is also known as ‘Bal Guru’ in Sikh history. His period of pontificate was from 1661 to 1664 A.D. A brief description of the development of Sikhism during the pontificate of Guru Har Krishan Ji is as under:

1. Birth and Childhood : Guru Har Krishan Ji was born on 7th July, 1656 A.D. at Kiratpur Sahib. He was the younger son of Guru Har Rai Sahib. His mother’s name was Sulakhni. Ram Rai was his elder brother.

2. Assumption of Guruship : Guru Har Rai Sahib had disinherited his elder son, Ram Rai of Guruship, after declaring him ineligible, because he had misinterpreted the Gurbani in Aurangzeb’s court. In 1661 A.D., Guru Har Rai Sahib handed over the Guruship to Har Krishan Ji. At that time, Guru Har Krishan Ji was barely five years old. That is why Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as Bal Guru (child Guru) in Sikh History. Even at such a young age, he possessed a charismatic personality. He was endowed with unique qualities like sense of service, respect towards elders, humility and compassion. It was owing to these qualities that Guru Har Rai Sahib nominated him as his successor. Thus, he became the 8th Sikh Guru in 1661 A.D. He held Guruship till 1664 A.D.

3. Opposition of Ram Rai : Ram Rai being the elder son of Guru Har Rai Sahib, considered himself to be the rightful claimant to Gurgaddi. But Guru Har Rai Sahib had already disinherited him of the Guruship. When he came to know that Guruship had been assigned to Har Rrishan Sahib, he could not tolerate it. He started hatching conspiracies to acquire Guruship. He won many selfish and dishonest ‘Masands’ over to his side. He had it announced through these ‘Masands’ that the real Guru was Ram Rai and all the Sikhs should accept him as such. However, he could not succeed in his designs. He, then tried to elicit Aurangzeb’s help. Aurangzeb called Guru Har Rrishan Sahib to Delhi so that things might be settled between the two factions through arbitration.

4. Guru Sahib’s visit to Delhi: Aurangzeb assigned the task of bringing Guru Har Rrishan Sahib to Delhi to Raja Jai Singh. Raja Jai Singh sent his Diwan, Paras Ram to Guru Har Rrishan Ji. Guru Har Rrishan Ji declined to go to Delhi to see Aurangzeb. But when Paras Ram requested that the sangat at Delhi were keen on seeing Guru Har Rrishan Sahib, Guru Ji agreed to go to Delhi, but refused to see Aurangzeb. He went to Delhi in 1664 A.D. and agreed to stay at Raja Jai Singh’s residence. There is a difference of opinions among historians on the point whether any meeting took place between Guru Har Rrishan Ji and Aurangzeb or not.

5. Immersed in Eternal Light : In those days cholera and small-pox had broken out in Delhi. Guru Har Rrishan Ji served the sick, the poor and the orphans with heart and soul. He cured many patients of small-pox and cholera. But, he himself fell a victim to mall-pox. This disease proved fatal for him. Seeing his serious condition, the devotees asked him who would lead them. He asked for a coconut. By placing five paise and the coconut he paid obeisance and said ‘Baba Bakala’ and breathed his last. In this way he immersed in Eternal Light on 30th March, 1664 A.D. at Delhi. Guru Har Rrishan Ji held Guruship for about two and a half years and discharged his responsibilities as a Guru very intelligently. Even at such a small age he possessed keen intelligence, sublime thoughts and divine knowledge.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a short note on Guru Har Rai Ji.
Or
Write in short about the life and works of Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji was born on 30th January, 1630A.D.at KiratpurSahib.He was of a very Saintly nature since his very childhood. He remained on Gurgaddi from 1645 to 1661 A.D. His pontificate is considered peaceful in Sikh History. In order to preach Sikhism Guru Har Rai Ji travelled in different parts of the Punjab. Besides, he sent his preachers outside Punjab. As a result Sikh religion became very much popular. He appointed his younger son Har Krishan as his successor to the Gurgaddi.

Question 2.
Write a short note about Dhir Mai.
Answer:
Dhir Mai, the elder brother of Guru Har Rai Ji, had for long been longing for Guruship. When Dhir Mai received the news that the Sikhs had accepted Tegh Bahadur Ji as their Guru he became furious and restless. He conspired with a Masand named Shihan to kill Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji and to plunder his house. This provoked the Sikhs who attacked Dhir Mai’s house. They not only arrested and produced Dhir Mai and Shihan before Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji forgave Dhir Mai and Shihan when they begged to be pardopded.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Guru Har Krishan Ji. Why is he called Bal Guru?
Or
Write a short note on Guru Har Krishan Ji.
Or
What was the contribution of Guru Har Krishan Ji in the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of Sikhs. He remained on Gurgaddi from 1661 to 1664 A.D. At the time of his assumption of Guruship he was only five years old. That is why Guru Har Krishan Ji is also known as the Child Guru (Bal Guru) in Sikh Hsistory. At the instigation of Ram Rai, the elder brother of Guru Har Krishan Ji, Aurangzeb called Guru Sahib to Delhi. Guru Har Krishan Ji went to Delhi there he became a victim of small pox. He breathed his last on March 30, 1664 A.D.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was Guru Hargobind Ji’s successor?
Or
Whom did Guru Hargobind Sahib appoint his successor?
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji.

Question 2.
Where was Guru Har Rai Ji born?
Answer:
Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 3.
Name the father of Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
Baba Gurditta Ji.

Question 4.
What was the name of the seventh Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji.

Question 5.
When did Guru Har Rai Ji succeed Guruship?
Answer:
1645 A.D.

Question 6.
Who was Dara Shikoh?
Answer:
The eldest son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.

Question 7.
Who was sent to Kabul for preaching Sikhism by Guru Hri Rai Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Gonda Ji

Question 8.
Who was sent to.Dhaka for preaching Sikhism by Guru Har Rai Ji?
Answer:
Bhai Natha Ji.

Question 9.
When did Guru Har Rai Ji immerse with the God?
Answer:
1661 A.D.

Question 10.
Who was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji.

Question 11.
Where was Guru Har Krishan Ji born?
Answer:
Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 12.
When was Guru Har Krishan Ji born?
Answer:
7th July, 1656 A.D.

Question 13.
When did Guru Har Krishan Ji attain the Gurgaddi?
Answer:
In 1661 A.D.

Question 14.
Who was called Bal Guru?
Or
Who was tjie Child Guru of Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji.

Question 15.
What was the period of pontification‘*of Guru Har Krishan Ji?
Answer:
1661 A.D. to 1664 A.D.

Question 16.
After the accession to Gurgaddi Guru Har Krishan Ji was much opposed by whom?
Answer:
Ram Rai.

Question 17.
When did Guru Har Krishan Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
Answer:
In 1664 A.D.

Question 18.
Where did Guru Har Krishan Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
Answer:
Delhi.

Fill in the blanks:

1. ………………. Ji was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Har Rai

2. Guru Har Rai Ji was born in …………..
Answer:
1630 A.D.

3. Sri Guru Har Rai Ji was born at a place named as ……………
Answer:
Kiratpur Sahib

4. The name of. the father of Guru Har Rai Ji was ………………
Answer:
Baba Gurditta Ji

5. Guru Har Rai Ji succeeded to Guruship in …………………
Answer:
1645 A.D.

6. ………………. was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji

7. Guru Har Krishan Ji assumed Guruship in ……………….
Answer:
1661 A.D.

8. ……………….. is remembered by name of Bal Guru.
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji

True Or False:

1. Guru Har Rai Ji was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

2. Guru Har Rai Ji was born in 1630 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. Baba Buddha Ji was the father of Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
False

4. The name of the mother of Guru Har Rai Ji was Bibi Nihal Kaur.
Answer:
True

5. Guru Har Rai Ji assumed Guruship in 1661 A.D.
Answer:
False

6. Guru Har Krishan Ji was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

7. Guru Har Krishan Ji was the Bal Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

8. Guru Har Krishan Ji immersed in Eternal Light in 1664 A.D.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Guru Har Krishan Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji

2. When was Guru Har Rai Ji born?
(0 In 1627 A.D.
(b) In 1628 A.D.
(c) In 1629 A.D.
(d) In 1630 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1630 A.D.

3. What was the name of the father of Guru Har Rai Ji?
(a) Baba Gurditta Ji
(b) Atal Rai Ji
(c) Mani Rai Ji
(d) Suraj Mai Ji.
Answer:
(a) Baba Gurditta Ji

4. When did Guru Har Rai Ji succeed to Guruship?
(a) In 1635 A.D.
(b) In 1637 A.D.
(c) In 1645 A.D.
(d) In 1655 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1645 A.D.

5. Who was Dara Shikoh?
(a) The Eldest son of Shah Jahan
(b) Younger son of Shah Jahan
(c) The Eldest son of Jahangir
(d) Elder son of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
(a) The Eldest son of Shah Jahan

6. Whom did Guru Har Rai Ji appoint his successor?
(a) Har Krishan Ji
(b) Tegh Bahadur Ji
(c) Ram Rai Ji
(d) Baba Gurditta Ji.
Answer:
(a) Har Krishan Ji

7. When did Guru Har Rai Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
(a) In 1645 A.D.
(b) In 1650 A.D.
(c) In 1661 A.D.
(d) In 1664 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1661 A.D.

8. Who was the eighth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Har Krishan Ji
(b) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
(c) Guru Har Rai Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
(a) Guru Har Krishan Ji

9. When was Guru Har Krishan Ji born?
(a) In 1630 A.D.
(b) In 1635 A.D.
(c) In 1636 A.D.
(d) In 1656 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1656 A.D.

10. Who was the father of Guru Har Krishan Ji?
(a) Guru Hargobind Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Baba Gurditta Ji
(d) Baba Buddha Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji

11. Which Guru is known as Bal Guru of the Sikhs
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji
(b) Guru Har Rai Ji
(c) Guru Har Krishan Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji
Answer:
(c) Guru Har Krishan Ji

12. When did Guru Har Krishan Ji succeed to Guruship?
(a) In 1645 A.D.
(b) In 1656 A.D.
(c) In 1661 A.D.
(d) In 1664 A-D.
Answer:
(c) In 1661 A.D.

13. When did Guru Har Krishan Ji immerse in Eternal Light? ;
(a) In 1661 A.D.
(b) In 1662 A.D.
(c) In 1663 A.D.
(d) In 1664 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1664 A.D.

14. Where did Guru Har Krishan Ji immense in Eternal Light?
(a) Lahore
(b) Delhi
(c) Multan
(d) Jalandhar.
Answer:
(b) Delhi

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What contribution was made by Guru Hargobind Ji in the transformation of Sikhism?
Or
Briefly describe the achievements of Guru Hargobind Ji’s pontificate.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D. The contribution of Guru Hargobind Ji towards the transformation of Sikh Panth was great. He ascended the Gurgaddi with great pomp and show. He acquired the title of ‘Sacha Padshah’ and wore two swords-Miri and Piri. Miri was the symbol of temporal power while Piri stood for spiritual power. Guru Ji resolved to organise an army to face the tyrant Mughals. He ordered his Sikhs to offer him horses and arms. He got a fortress erected-called Lohgarh for the protection of Amritsar. Guru Hargobind Ji got Akal Takht Sahib built in front of Sri Harmandir Sahib to discuss the political and military problems of the Sikhs. Jahangir was alarmed at the growing influence of Sikhism, so he detained Guru Sahib for some time in the fort of Gwalior. During the regime of Shah Jahan, the Mughals fought four battles with Guru Hargobind Ji. The Sikhs won all these battles. Guru Sahib founded a new town named Kiratpur. He’ also did a lot of work in preaching Sikhism.

Question 2.
What were the main causes of the adoption of New Policy (Miri and Piri) by Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
1. Change in the Religious Policy of the Mughals: Before Jahangir, the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs were very cordial. The Mughal emperor. In 1605 Jahangir ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire. He was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam. In the changed circumstances Guru Hargobind Ji had to adopt a New Policy.

2. Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib: Being a fanatic Sunni Muslim, Jahangir martyred Guru Arjan Sahib in 1606 A.D. The martyrdom of Guru Sahib infuriated the Sikhs and aroused anger in them. Now it became apparent to them that they would have to arm themselves against the Mughals. In this way, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib was largely responsible for the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.

3. Last Message of Guru Arjan Sahib: Before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Sahib sent a message through his Sikhs to his son Hargobind Ji, “Let him sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability.” These words of Guru Arjan Sahib kept echoing in the ears of Hargobind Sahib and he adopted the New Policy.

Question 3.
Explain the features of the New Policy adopted by Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
What do you know about the New Policy or Miri and Piri of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji?
Or
What do you know about the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji? Explain its main features.
Answer:
1. Wearing of Miri and Piri Swords: At the time of assuming Guruship, Guru Hargobind Ji decided to wear the swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri was a symbol of temporal power and the sword of Piri was a symbol of religious leadership. Guru Hargobind Ji enjoined his Sikhs to recite the name of God on one hand, and to wear arms for self-defence on the other. In this way, Guru Hargobind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint soldiers.

2. Organisation of Army: For the protection of the Sikh Panth, Guru Hargobind Ji decided to organise an army. By issuing a Hukamnama, he directed the Sikhs to join Guru Hargobind Ji’s army. Consequently, 500 soldiers joined his army. Guru Hargobind Ji’s army continued to swell gradually and their number rose to 2500. A separate regiment of the Pathans was organised and Painda Khan was made its commander.

3. Collection of Arms and Horses: Guru Hargobind Ji issued a Hukamnama to the Masands that he would be pleased with those Masands, who brought him offerings of arms and horses instead of money. He also told the Sikhs that they should offer arms and horses to the Masands. The Mass and the Sikhs hailed this decision of Guru Ji. This added to the military strength of Guru Hargobind Ji.

5. Adoption of Royal Symbols: While following New Policy, Guru Hargobind Ji adopted many paraphernalia of sovereignty. In place of a woollen rosary he hung two swords from his waist. Like the kings, Guru Hargobind Ji started wearing a royal aigrette (Kalgi) on his headgear. A’Sort of umbrella was also swung over him. He also assumed the title of Sacha Padshah (True Emperor). He also started wearing costlier costumes. Like the Mughals, he also started keeping bodyguards.

Question 4.
What do you know about the Miri and Piri?
Or
What is ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’? Describe its historical importance?
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
At the time of ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Hargobind Ji fully realised the changed circumstances and danger ahead for Sikhism. Consequently, he decided to wear two swords Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri symbolised temporal power and the sword of Piri symbolised spiritual power, one to smite the oppressor and the other to protect the innocent. The wearing of these two swords by Guru Sahib meant that, henceforward, he would guide the Sikhs in both worldly and religious matters. Guru Sahib advised the Sikhs to recite True Name on the one hand and to carry arms on the other hand for their protection. Thus, Guru – Hargobind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint-soldiers.

This policy of Miri and Piri exercised a tremendous impact on Sikh history. Firstly, it infused a new spirit of confidence among the Sikhs. Secondly, the Sikhs had taken up arms now in order to fight against injustice and for the protection of their religion. Thirdly, it sharpened the differences between the Mughals and the Sikhs. Fourthly, Guru Hargobind Ji founded the Sant Khalsa in accordance with the New Policy. Fifthly, a long drawn out struggle started between the Sikhs and the Mughals as a consequence of this policy, in which the Sikhs became victorious.

Question 5.
Write a short note on the imprisonment of Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior.
Answer:
A few years after the assumption of Guruship by Guru Hargobind Ji, Jahangir called Guru Sahib to Delhi and imprisoned him in the fort of Gwalior. Why was Guru Sahib took, prisoner? There is a difference of opinion among historians on this point. Some historians are of the view that Chandu Shah’s conspiracy was Responsible for it. After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Ji, Chandu Shah once again tried to persuade Guru Hargobind Ji to accept the proposal of his daughter’s marriage. When Guru Hargobind Ji replied that he was not prepared to marry the daughter of his father’s assassin, Chandu Shah was enraged beyond measure. He vowed to avenge this insult. He instigated Jahangir aganist Guru Ji. Consequently, Jahangir imprisoned the Guru.

Most of the historians agree with the view that Jahangir imprisoned Guru Sahib for adopting the New Policy. It had aroused suspicions in the mind of Jahangir and the detractors of Guru Arjan Dev Ji poisoned his ears that Guru Ji was preparing, for a rebellion. The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Ji was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior. Most of the historians agree that Guru Sahib remained imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior for two years i.e. from 1606 to 1608 A.D.

Question 6.
Write a short note on relations between Guru Hargobind Sahib and Mughal emperor Jahangir.
Answer:
In 1605 Jahangir ascended the throne of the Mughal Empire. He was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. In a bid to crush the Sikh Movement, he martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 A.D. The martyrdom of Guru Sahib infuriated the Sikhs. Guru Hargobind Ji decided to arm the Sikhs against the Mughals. Guru Ji adopted his famous New Policy. This New Policy infuriated Jahangir. He called Guru Sahib to Delhi and imprisoned him in the fort of Gwalior. The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Ji was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior. At the instance of Bhai Jetha Ji and Sufi saint Mian Mir, Jahangir ordered Guru Sahib’s release. In Guru Hargobind Ji’s instance, 52 other kings imprisoned in the fort were also released. Because of this Guru Hargobind, Sahib began to be called “Bandi Chhor Baba”. After the release, the relation between Guru Sahib and Jahangir took a friendly turn.

Question 7.
What were the causes of battles between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
Answer:
Following were the causes of battles between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals (Shah Jahan):

Shah Jahan was a great orthodox. He got Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s baoli at Lahore filled with debris. This act of Shah Jahan caused a wave of resentment among the Sikhs.
Naqshbandi was a movement launched in Punjab by fanatic Muslims. Its leader Sheikh Masoom instigated Shah Jahan against Guru Hargobind Ji. Being orthodox, he was easily influenced by their words and turned against Guru Hargobind Ji.
The New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji became the major factor in widening the gulf between Guru Sahib and Shah Jahan. This policy largely added to the military power of Guru Sahib. Guru Ji recruited many fugitives of the Mughal army in his army. Moreover, Guru Sahib had assumed some royal symbols and Sikh devotees had started addressing him a Sacha Padshah (true emperor). Shah 1 Jahan couldn’t tolerate it,
The Kaulan’s affair further embittered the relationship between Guru Hargobind Ji and Shah Jahan. Kaulan was the daughter of Qazi Rustam Khan of Lahore. She was greatly impressed by the teachings Of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and read them with fondness. How could the fanatic Sunni Muslims tolerate that his daughter in his own home should read ‘bani’ (hymns) of the Sikhs? So he started poisoning Shah Jahan’s ears against Guru Sahib. It had its desired impact.

Question 8.
Give a brief account of the battle of Amritsar fought between Guru Hargobind Sahib and the Mughals.
Answer:
The first battle between the Sikhs and the Mughals was fought during ‘ Guru Hargobind Ji’s time, at Amritsar in 1634 A.D. A royal hawk was the immediate cause of this battle. It is said that at that time the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan was hunting in a forest near Amritsar along with his soldiers. On the other hand, Guru Hargobind Ji was also hunting in the same forest along with his Sikhs. During this hunt, a hawk which was presented to Shah Jahan by the emperor of Iran flew away. It fell into the hands of the Sikhs and they refused to give it back to the Mughals. Consequently, Shah Jahan sent an army of 7000 soldiers under the command of Mukhlis Khan to teach a lesson to the Sikhs. The Sikh soldiers fought with the Mughal army with great valour and determination. Mukhlis Khan was killed in this battle. Consequently, the Mughal army took to its heels. Thus, the Sikhs became victorious in this first battle. This victory enhanced the morale of the Sikhs.

Question 9.
Write a short note on the battle of Lahiri fought in the times of Guru Hargobind.
Answer:
Soon after the battle of Amritsar, the second battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira (near Bathinda). The immediate cause of this battle was two horses named Dilhag and Gulberg. Two Masands named Bakht Mai and Tara Chand were bringing these horses from Kabul to present them to Guru Hargobind Ji. On the way the Mughals dispossessed them of these horses and sent them to the royal stable. Bhai Bidhi Chand, a devotee of Guru Ji could not tolerate it. He went in disguise as a grass cutter and brought out both the horses from the royal stable and sent them to Guru Sahib. When Shah Jahan heard this news, he was very angry; He immediately sent a . large army under the command of Lala Beg and Qamar Beg to crush the power of the Sikhs. A fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of life and both their commanders Lala Beg and Qamar Beg were killed. Bhai Jetha Ji too was martyred in.this battle. The Sikhs emerged victorious in this battle.

Question 10.
What do you know about the battle of Kartarpur fought between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
Answer:
The third battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought at Kartarpur in 1635 A.D. The cause of this battle was Painda Khan. He was the commander of the Pathaji troop in the army of Guru Hargobind Ji. He had given a proof of his bravery in the battle of Amritsar. But now he had become arrogant. He stole a hawk of Guru Sahib and gave it to his son-in-law. When Guru Sahib enquired about it, he pretended ignorance. Later on when Guru Sahib came to know about his lie, Guru Sahib dismissed him from the job. Painda Khan decided to avenge this insult. He sought refuge with Shah Jahan. He instigated Shah Jahan to take military action against Guru Sahib. As a result Shah Jahan sent an army under Painda Khan and Kale IQian tb take action against Guru Hargobind Ji. A fierce battle was fought between the two armies at Kartarpur. The Sikh soldiers fought very bravely in this battle. Guru Hargobind Ji’s two sons, Bhai Gurditta Ji and Tegh Bahadur Ji showed rare feats of bravery. In this battle Kale Khan, Painda Khan and his son Qutub Khan were killed while fighting with Guru Sahib. The Mughal army too suffered heavy losses and had to face a crushing defeat.

Question 11.
Write briefly Guru Hargobind Ji’s battles with the Mughals. What is their significance in Sikh History?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji fought four battles against the Mughals in Shah Jahan’s time from 1634 to 1635 A.D. The first battle was fought at Amritsar in 1634 A.D. A royal hawk proved to be an immediate cause of this battle. This hawk had fallen into the hands of the Sikhs and they refused to give it back to the Mughals. Shah Jahan sent a vast army under the command of MukhUs Khan to teach the Sikhs a lesson. The Sikhs fought bravely in this battle and became victorious. The – second battle was fought at Lahira in 1634 A.D. The two horses, Dilbag and Gulbag became the root cause of this battle. The Mughals, suffered heavy losses in this battle. The third battle was fought at Kartarpur between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals in 1635 A.D. Gurditta and Tegh Bahadur, the two sons of Guru Hargobind Ji displayed their rare feats of bravery in this battle. In the same year, the last battle between the Mughals and Guru Hargobind Ji was fought at Phagwara. Despite their limited resources, the Sikhs came out victorious in these battles. It spread the fame of Sikhism far and wide and a large number of people embraced it.

Question 12.
Why is Guru Hargobind Sahib known as Bandi Chhor Baba?
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Jahangir had detained Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji in the fort of Gwalior; In this fort were confined 52 other kings for political reasons. These kings were very much impressed by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji’s personality. They did not feel any difficulty in the company of Guru Sahib. But when Jahangir decided to release Guru Sahib, these kings became restless at the very thought of separation. Guru Hargobind Ji had also developed sympathy for these kings. Therefore, Guru Hargobind Ji sent a message to Jahangir that he would not get released from the fort of Gwalior as long as 52 kings confined in the same fort were also not released. Consequently, Jahangir had to order the release of these 52 kings also. In this way, Guru Hargobind Ji came to be known as Bandi Chhor Baba (emancipator of captives.)

Question 13.
Write a short note on Akal Takht Sahib.
Or
Explain briefly the importance of building of Akal Takht Sahib in Sikh History.
Or
What is the importance of the construction of Sri Akal Takht Sahib?
Answer:
The construction of Akal Takht (The eternal throne) Sahib by Guru Hargobind Ji was his stupendous work. Its construction was started by Guru Hargobind Ji in 1606 A.D. in front of Harmandir Sahib. This project was completed in 1609 A.D. It had a 12 feet high platform which resembled the Mughal throne Here Guru Hargobind Ji used to sit in a princely attire and guide the Sikhs in political and military affairs; From here he used to witness wrestling bouts and other martial arts of the Sikhs. At this place he recruited soldiers and received arms and horses from the Masands. The professional bards sang ballads of unrivalled heroism with a view to infusing a new confidence into the Sikhs. At this very place Guru Hargobind Ji also used to settle the disputes of the Sikhs like a king in court. In fact, Akal Takht Sahib served the purpose of supreme court for the Sikhs. Very soon Akal Takht Sahib became a famous hub of the political activities of the Sikhs.

Question 14.
Give a brief account of the relations of Guru Hargobind Ji with the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
Answer:
Shah Jahan became the new emperor of the Mughals in 1628 A.D. During his time, relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals became strained. First, Shah Jahan was a very orthodox emperor. He got the Baoli, built by Guru Arjan Dev Ji at Lahore, filled with filth and converted the Langar building into a mosque. Secondly, Naqashbandis started inciting Shah Jahan against the Sikhs with redoubled zeal. Thirdly, Shah Jahan did not like Guru Sahib’s keeping an army and the Sikhs calling him Sacha Padshah. Fourthly, Kaulan, daughter of a Qazi of Lahore became Guru Ji’s disciple. For this, the Qazi instigated Shah Jahan to take stern steps against the Sikhs. During 1634-35, four battles were fought between the Sikhs and the Mughals at Amritsar, Lahira, Kartarpur and Phagwara. In these battles the Sikhs became victorious while the Mughals had to face defeat. As a result the fame of Guru Hargobind Ji spread far and wide.

Question 15.
Write a short note on the relations between Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji and the Mughal Emperors.
Answer:
The Mughal Emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan were contemporaries of Guru Hargobind Ji. Both of them were religiously intolerant. In order to crush the popularity of Sikh movement Jahangir had martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 A.D. The relation between the Mughals and the Sikhs had become strained. After few years he detained Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior. The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Ji was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior. After some time, Jahangir ordered his release and the relations between both took new turn. In 1628, Shah Jahan became the new Mughal Emperor. He was a great orthodox. As a result, the relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals once again became strained. In 1634-35 four battles—Amritsar, Lahira, Kartarpur and Phagwara were fought between them. In these battles Guru Hargobind Ji emerged victorious. The victories in these battles increased- the self-confidence among the Sikhs.

Essay Type Questions:

New Policy Of Guru Hargobind Ji:

Question 1.
What do you mean by ‘Miri and Piri’? Study the main features of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
What do you know about the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji? Describe its main features and significance towards the transformation of Sikhism.
Or
What do you know about the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji? Explain in brief its main features.
Or
Examine the New Policy of Guru,Hargobind Ji.
Or
Describe the circumstances leading to the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji. What were the main features of this policy?
Or
Explain the main features of Miri and Piri.
Or
What do you understand by Miri and Piri? Explain its main features.
Or
What were the features of New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Or
“Guru Hargobind has been a much understood man.”—(I.B. Banerjee). Explain the statement in the light of his New Policy.
Or
What is meant by Miri and Piri? What was its importance?
Answer:
With the commencement of Guru Hargobind Ji’s Guruship in 1606 A.D. the Sikh Panth ventured into a new era of its history. During his Guruship he transformed the nature of the Sikh sect by turning the Sikhs into saint soldiers. Guru Hargobind Sahib had to adopt New Policy owing to the following reasons:

1. Change in the Religious Policy of the Mughals: Before Jahangir, the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs were very cordial. During the Saidpur invasion by Babar in 1520 A.D., the Mughal army had taken Guru Nanak Dev Ji as prisoner. When Babar came to know about it, he ordered the immediate release of Guru Nanak Sahib. He said that he would not have attacked Saidpur, if he had known that it was inhabited by such a holy man. In a bid to re-capture power, Humayun had sought the blessings of Guru Angad Sahib. During that time Akbar himself came to Goindwal Sahib and partook Langar. He donated 500 bigha land to Guru Ram Das Ji and waived off the revenue of farmers in Punjab for one year. In 1605 A.D. Jahangir ascended the throne of the Mughal empire. He was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam. In the changed circumstances, Guru Hargobind Sahib had to adopt New Policy.

2. Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Being a fanatic Sunni Muslim, Jahangir could not tolerate the increasing popularity of the Sikhs in Punjab. In a bid to crush this movement, he martyred, Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 A.D. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, a saintly personality who wished well for all, infuriated the Sikhs and aroused anger in them. Now, it became apparent to them that they would have to arm themselves against the Mughals for their survival. In this way, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was largely responsible for the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.

3. Last Message of Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Dev Ji sent a message through his Sikhs to his son, Hargobind Ji, “Let him sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability.” These words of Guru Arjan Dev Ji kept echoing in the ears of Hargobind Ji and he adopted the New Policy by giving it a practical shape.

Main Features of the New Policy:

1. Wearing of Miri and Piri Swords: At the time of assuming Guruship, Guru Hargobind Dev Ji decided to wear the swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri was a symbol of temporal power and the sword of Piri a symbol of religious leadership. Guru Hargobind ji enjoined on his Sikhs to recite the name of God on one hand, and to wear arms for self-defence on the other. In this way Guru Hargohind Sahib turned the Sikhs into saint soldiers. This policy of Miri and Piri as adopted by Guru Hargobind Ji exercised a deep impact on the Sikh History.

2. Organisation of Army: For the protection of the Sikh Panth, Guru Hargobind Ji decided to organise an army. By issuing a Hukamnama, he directed the Sikhs to join Guru Hargohind Ji’s army. Consequently, 500 soldiers joined his army. Guru Ji classified these soldiers into five Jathas (groups). Each Jatha was put under the charge of a Jathedar. Besides these soldiers, Guru Hargobind Ji also recruited 52 bodyguards. Guru Hargobind Ji’s army continued to swell gradually and their number rose to 2500. A separate regiment of the Pathans was organised and Painda Khan was made its commander.

3. Collection of Arms and Horses: Guru Hargobind Ji issued a Hukamnama to the Masands that he would be pleased with those Masands, who brought him offerings of arms and horses instead of money. He also told the Sikhs that they should offer arms and horses to the Masands. The Masands and the Sikhs hailed this decision of Guru Ji. This added to the military strength of Guru Hargobind Ji.

4. Construction of Akal Takht Sahib: The construction of Akal Takht Sahib proved very helpful in the evolution of the New Policy. In fact, it was a great task of Guru Hargobind Ji. The construction of Akal Takht (Seat of the Almighty) was begun by Guru Hargobind Ji in front of Harmandir in 1606 A.D. This stupendous task was completed in 1609 A.D. Inside it was built a 12 feet high rostrum, which was like a throne. Guru Hargobind Ji used to guide the political and military affairs of the Sikhs by occupying the throne. Here, he would give military training to the Sikhs and watch their wrestling and other military feats. Here, too, he would accept horses and arms from the Masands. In order to, infuse a new spirit among the Sikhs, the professional bards sang ballads of unrivalled heroism. Besides, here Guru Hargobind Ji would settle the mutual disputes of the Sikhs. According to H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi,
“Sri Akal Takht is one of the most sacred institutions of Sikhism. It has played historic role in the socio-political transformation of the? Sikh community.”

5. Adoption of Royal Symbols: While following New Policy, Guru Hargobind Ji adopted many paraphernalia of sovereignty. In place of a woollen rosary he hung two swords from his waist. Like the kings, Guru Hargobind Ji started wearing a royal aigrette (Kalgi) on his headgear. A sort of umbrella was also swung over him. He also assumed the title of Sacha Padshah (True Emperor). He also started wearing costlier costumes. Like the Mughals, he also started keeping bodyguards.

6. Fortification of Amritsar: Amritsar was not only, the most.sacred place of the Sikhs, but also was a famous centre for their military training. Therefore, Guru Hargobind Ji got constructed a wall around the city of Amritsar for its defence. Besides this, in 1609 A.D. he also got constructed a fort which was named, Lohgarh.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 7 Guru Hargobind Ji and Transformation of Sikhism Img 1

7. Changes in the daily life of the Guru: With the adoption of the New Policy, the daily life of Guru Hargobind Ji underwent a number of changes. Guru Hargobind Ji raised a special kirtaniyas who went around Harmandir Sahib, reciting inspirational ‘Sabads’ loudly, to the accompaniment of drum-beats and torch-lights. Guru Hargobind Ji had brought about these changes in his life, only with a view to infuse a spirit of fearlessness among the Sikhs.

Critical Estimate of the New Policy:

At first when Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the New Policy, it created doubts in the minds of many Sikhs about the aims and objectives of Guru Hargobind Ji. In fact, Guru Hargobind Ji had been totally misunderstood. Firstly, Guru Hargobind Ji had no political motive. Secondly, he had not abandoned the Sikh code of conduct. He used to give religious guidance to the Sikhs. During his pontificate, he sent many missionaries in the different corners of Punjab to preach Sikhism. If Guru Hargobind Ji made certain changes in his routine, it was only to enthuse the Sikhs. With the passage of time, all doubts among the Sikhs about the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji began to be dispelled.

Bhai Gurdas-Ji appreciated the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji. He was of.the opinion as it is necessary to kill the snake to get the ‘Gem (Mani)’, to kill the deer to get ‘Kasturi’ and to break the shell to get coconut. It is necessary to have a wedge if you want to protect the garden. Similarly it is necessary for Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt the mew policy in order to protect Sikhism founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
In the words of H.S. Bhatia and S.R. Bakshi,
“Though outwardly, it may appear that Guru Hargobind Ji persued a slightly different course for fulfilling the mission of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, yet, basically, it was Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s ideals that he preached.”
Thus we see that Guru Hargobind Sahib continued the policy of the old Gurus and also made new additions to it.

Importance of the New Policy:

The New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji brought a radical transformation in Sikhism. The Sikhs,*became saint soldiers. Consequently, with the passage of time the Sikhs became fearless warriors. It infused the feelings of self-confidence and self-respect among the Sikhs. If Guru Hargobind Ji had not followed the New Policy, the pious brotherhood of the Sikhs would have either not survived or at any rate relapsed into the limited merits of monks and mendicants. It was due to the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji, that a large number of Jats embraced Sikhism. The New Policy widened the gulf between the Sikhs and the Mughals. During the reign of Shah Jahan, the Mughals fought four battles with Guru Hargobind Ji. Besides these, the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji provided the basis of the creation of Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1699 A.D. K.S. Duggal aptly says,

“Guru Hargobind Ji’s greatest contribution is that he gave a new turn to the Sikh way of life. He turned saints into soldiers and yet remained a man of God.”3

Guru Hargobind Ji’S Relations with the Mughals:

Question 2.
Describe briefly the relationship of Guru Hargobind Ji with Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
Or
Write a detailed note on relations between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals.

First Period (1606-27):

1. Imprisonment of Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior: Immediately after the assumption of Guruship by Guru Hargobind Ji, Jahangir called Guru Hargobind Ji to Delhi and imprisoned him in the fort of Gwalior. There is a difference of opinion among historians on the point of Guru Hargobind Ji being taken as prisoner. Some historians are of the view that Chandu Shah’s conspiracy was responsible for it. Guru Sahib had refused to accept the proposal of his daughter’s marriage. Therefore, he instigated Jahangir against Guru Hargobind Ji. Consequently, Jahangir imprisoned the Guru. Most of the historians agree to the view that Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Sahib for adopting the New Policy. It had – aroused suspicions in the mind of Jahangir and the detractors-of Guru ArjanDev Ji poisoned his ears that Guru Hargobind Ji was preparing for a rebellion.

2. Period of Imprisonment: The historians differ on the point as to how long Guru Hargobind Ji was kept in prison in the fort of Gwalior. According to the writer of Dabistan-i-Majahib, Guru Hargobind Ji remained in prison for 12 years. Dr. Indu Bhushan Banerjee stated that the term of imprisonment was 5 years. Teja Singh and Ganda Singh put it to be two years. The Sikh chronicles mentioned that the period of imprisonment was 40 days. It is assessed from the historical facts that Guru Hargobind Ji remained imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior for two years i.e. from 1606 to 1608 A.D.

3. Release of Guru Hargobind Ji: The historians have also expressed different views about Guru Hargobind Ji’s release from the fort of Gwalior. Sikh chronicles wrote that after putting Guru Hargobind Ji in prison Jahangir began to feel uneasy. Bhai Jetha Ji, a devotee of Guru Hargobind Ji, cured him completely. At the insistence of Bhai Jetha Ji, Jahangir released Guru Hargobind Ji. Some historians say that Jahangir took this decision on the request of a famous Sufi saint named, Mian Mir. According to some other historiAnswer: Jahangir was greatly impressed by the profound devotion of the Sikhs. As a result, Jahangir ordered his release. Whatever be the reason, when the order of Guru Hargobind Ji’s release was issued, Guru Hargobind Ji refused to get his freedom as long as 52 other kings, who were imprisoned in the Gwalior fort were also not released. Consequently, Jahangir released these 52 kings also. Because of this, Guru Hargobind Ji began to be called “Bandi Chhor Baba” (emancipator of captives).

4. Friendly Relations with Jahangir: Jahangir became convinced that Chandu Shah was at the back of Guru Hargobind Ji’s woes. So Jahangir handed Chandu Shah over to the Sikhs in order to give him punishment for his misdeeds. Jahangir offered to bear the entire expenditure to be incurred in the construction of the Akal Takht, but Guru Ji refused it. Whatever be the case, there is no doubt that after the release of Guru Hargobind Ji, till Jahangir’s death, the relations between the two continued to be cordial.

Second Period (1628-35):

Shah Jahan became’the new Mughal emperor in 1628 A.D. After he ascended the throne, the relations between the Sikhs and the Mughals once again became strained owing to the following reasons:—

1. Shah Jahan’s Fanaticism: Shah Jahan was a great orthodox. He got many famous Hindu temples demolished. He got Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s baoli at Lahore converted into a mosque. This act of Shah Jahan sent a wave of resentment among the Sikhs.

2. Opposition of Naqshbandis: Naqshbamdi was a movement launched in Punjab, by fanatic Muslims. After Shah Jahan had ascended the throne, the Naqshbandis again instigated Shah Jahan against Guru Hargobind Ji. Being an orthodox, he was easily influenced by their words and turned against’Guru Hargobind Ji.

3. New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji: The New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji became the major factor in widening the gulf between Guru Sahib and Shah Jahan. This policy largely added to the military power of Guru Hargobind Ji. Guru Hargobind Ji had assumed some royal symbols and Sikh devotees had started addressing him as Sacha Padshah (true emperor). Shah Jahan looked upon this policy of Guru Hargobind Ji as a danger to the Mughal empire. So, he decided to take action against Guru Hargobind Ji.

4. Kaulan’s Affair: The Kaulan’s affair further embittered the relationship between Guru Hargobind Ji and Shah Jahan. Kaulan was the daughter of Qazi Rustam Khan of Lahore. She was very religious minded. She was greatly impressed by the teachings of Guru Arjan Ji and used to read them with fondness. Qazi Rustam Khan, a fanatic Sunni Muslim could not tolerate it. As a result he imposed many restrictions on his daughter. She left her home and took refuge with Guru Hargobind Ji. When the Qazi came to know about it, he started poisoning Shah Jahan’s ears against Guru Hargobind Ji.

Battles Between The Sikhs And The Mughals:

Gradually the relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs became so strained that in 1634-35 A.D., four battles were fought between them. A brief description of these battles is as follows:

1. Battle of Amritsar 1634 A.D.: The first battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought in 1634 A.D. at Amritsar. At that time Shah Jahan with his soldiers was on a hunting tour near Amritsar. While hunting, a special hawk of Shah Jahan, flew away. The Sikhs caught this hawk. While searching for it some Mughal soldiers happened to come there. When they saw the hawk with the Sikhs, they demanded it back. The refusal by the Sikhs resulted in a clash. Some Mughal soldiers were killed in the clash. Shah Jahan sent a troop of 7,000 soldiers, under the leadership of Mukhlis Khan from Lahore to teach a lesson to Guru Hargobind Ji and his Sikhs. This army made a great deal of plundering after reaching Amritsar. The Sikh soldiers stoutly resisted the Mughal army. Besides Guru Hargobind Ji, Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Jetha Ji and Painda Khan showed feats of bravery. Mukhlis Khan was killed, while he was fighting with Guru Hargobind Ji. As a result, the rest of the Mughal army fled from the battlefield. The victory in this battle greatly boosted the morale of the Sikhs. About this battle Prof. Harbans Singh aptly says,
“This Amritsar action was a small incident, but its implications were far-reaching.”

2. Battle of Lahira”l634 A.D.: Soon after the battle of Amritsar, second battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira (near Bathinda). The immediate cause of this battle was two horses named Dilbag and Gulbag. Two Masands named Bakht Mai and Tara Chand were bringing these horses from Kabul to present them to Guru Hargobind Ji. On the way the Mughals dispossessed them of these horses and sent them to the royal stable. Bhai Bidhi Chand, a devotee of Guru Ji went in disguise of a grass cutter and brought out both the horses from the royal stable and sent them to Guru Hargobind Ji. When Shah Jahan heard this news. He immediately sent a large army under the command of Lala Beg and Qamar Beg to crush the power of the Sikhs. A fierce battle was fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs at a place called Lahira. The Mughals had to suffer a heavy loss of life and both their commanders Lala Beg and Qamar Beg were killed. Bhai Jetha, too was martyred in this battle. The Sikhs emerged victorious in this battle.

3. Battle of Kartarpur 1635 A.D.: The third battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought at Kartarpur in 1635 A.D. The cause of’this battle was Painda Khan. He was the commander of the Pathan troop in the army of Guru Hargobind Ji. He stole a hawk of Guru Sahib and gave it to his son-in-law. When Guru Sahib enquired about it, he pretended ignorance. Later on when Guru Hargobind Ji came to know about his lie, Guru Hargobind Ji dismissed him from thejob. He sought refuge with Shah Jahan. On his instigation Shah Jahan sent an army under Painda Khan and Kale Khan to take action against Guru Hargobind Ji. A fierce battle was fought between the two armies at Kartarpur. In this battle Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji showed rare feats of bravery. In this battle Kale Khan, Painda Khan and his son Qutub Khan were killed, while fighting with Guru Hargobind Ji. The Mughal army too suffered heavy losses and had to face a crushing defeat.

4. Battle of Phagwara 1635 A.D.: After the battle of Kartarpur, Guru Hargobind Ji stayed at Phagwara for some time. Here some Mughal soldiers under the command of Ahmed Khan attacked Guru Hargobind Ji. Guru Hargobind Ji was not prepared for this attack, but on the other hand the Mughal army was very small in number. Therefore, there was only a skirmish between the two armies near Phagwara. This battle is not considered so significant. The battle of Phagwara was the last battle fought between the Mughals and the Sikhs during the pontificate of Guru Hargobind Ji.

Importance of the Battles:

In the battles, between the Mughals and the Sikhs mentioned above the Sikhs emerged victorious. These battles were fought at a time, when the resources of the Sikhs were very limited, as compared to those of the Mughals. The victories in these battles increased’ the self-confidence and infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. Owing to these victories the fame of Guru Hargobind Ji spread far and wide. Many people embraced Sikhism. Consequently, the Sikh Panth began to flourish rapidly. Patwant Singh aptly says,
“The historical importance of these battles did not lie in their scale, but in the fact that the aggressor’s writ was rejected and his power scorned. A mood of defiance was generated against the Mughals and an example set for others.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What contribution was made by Guru Hargobind Ji in the transformation of Sikhsim?
Or
Briefly describe the achievements of Guru Hargobind Ji’s pontificate.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D. He wore two swords of Miri and Piri. Guru Ji resolved to organise an army to face the tyrant Mughals. He got a fortress erected called, Lohgarh for the protection of Amritsar. Guru Hargobind Ji got Akal Takht Sahib built in front of Sri Harmandir Sahib. Jahangir was alarmed at the growing influence of Sikhism. During the regime of Shah Jahan the Mughals fought four battles with Guru Hargobind Ji. The Sikhs won all these battles.

Question 2. What were the main causes of adoption of New Policy (Miri and Piri) by Guru Hargobind Ji?
Or
Describe any three causes of the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.
Or
Why did Guru Hargobind Sahib adopt the New Policy?
Or
Why did Guru Hargobind Ji adopt the ‘New Policy’? Give any three reasons.
Answer:

Jahangir was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He could not tolerate the flourishing of any other religion except Islam,
Being a fanatic Sunni Muslim, Jahangir martyred Guru Arjan Ji in 1606 A.D. It infuriated the Sikhs and aroused anger in them. So they decided to arm themselves against the Mughals.
Before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Ji sent a message to his son, Hargobind Ji, “Let him sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability.”

Question 3.
What were the main features of Guru Hargobind Ji’s New Policy?
Or
What do you know about the New Policy of Miri and Piri of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Or
What was the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji? What were its main features?
Or
Write any three features of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:

Guru Hargobind Ji sat on Gurgaddi with great pomp and show. He wore two swords of Miri and Piri.
Guru Hargobind Ji decided to keep an army for the protection of the Sikh Panth.
Guru Hargobind Ji announced that the Sikhs should offer horses and arms in place of money.
With the objective of making Amritsar secure and protected, he got a fortress, Lohgarh constructed.
He got constructed Akal Takht Sahib near Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Question 4.
What do you know about the Miri and Piri?
Or
What is ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’? Describe its historical importance?
Or
What do you mean by Miri and Piri?
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
At the time of ascending Gurgaddi Guru Hargobind Ji, he decided to wear two swords of Miri and Piri. The sword of Miri symbolised temporal power and the sword of Piri symbolised the spiritual power. The wearing of these two swords by Guru Hargobind Ji meant that, hence forward, he would guide the Sikhs in both worldly and religious matters. Thus, Guru Hargobind Ji turned the Sikhs into saint-soldiers.

Question 5.
Write a short note on the imprisonment of Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior.
Or
Why did Jahangir arrest Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
A few years after the assumption of Guruship by Guru Hargobind Ji, Jahangir called Guru Sahib to Delhi and imprisoned him in the fort of Gwalior. Why was Guru Hargobind Ji taken prisoner? There is a difference of opinion among historians on this point. Some historians are of the view that Chandu Shah’s conspiracy was responsible for it. Most of the historians agree to the view that Jahangir imprisoned Guru Sahib for adopting the New Policy. Guru Sahib remained imprisioned from 1606 to 1608 A.D.

Question 6.
Write a shor£ note on relations between Guru Hargobind Ji and Mughal emperor Jahangir.
Answer:
In 1605 A.D. Jahangir ascended the throne of Mughal Empire. He was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. In a bid to crush the Sikh movement, he martyred Guru Arjan Sahib in 1606 A.D. So Guru Hargobind Ji decided to arm the Sikhs against the Mughals. It infuriated Jahangir. He imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior. Later on Jahangir ordered Guru Sahib’s release. After the release, the relation between Guru Hargobind Ji and Jahangir took a friendly turn.

Question 7.
What were the causes of battles between Guru. Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
Or
Write any three causes of battles between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals.
Answer:

Shah Jahan was a great orthodox. He got Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s baoli at Lahore filled with debris.
Shaikh Masoom, the leader of Naqshbandis, instigated Shah Jahan against Guru Hargobind Ji.
The New Policy of Guru Hargobind Ji became the major factor in widening the gulf between the Sikhs and the Mughals.
Guru Ji was called as Sacha-Padshah by his followers
Shah Jahan could not tolerate Kaulani’s becoming of Guru Hargobind Ji’s disciple.

Question 8.
Give a brief account of the battle of Amritsar fought between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals.
Answer:
The first battle between the Sikhs and the Mughals was fought during Guru Hargobind Ji’s time, at Amritsar in 1634 A.D. A royal hawk was the immediate cause of this battle. Shah Jahan’s hawk flew away. The Sikhs refused to give it back to the Mughals. Consequently, Shah Jahan sent an army of 7000 soldiers under the command of Mukhlis Khan to teach a lesson to the Sikhs. The Sikhs became victorious in this first battle.

Question 9.
What do you know about the battle of Kartarpur fought between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughals?
Answer:
The third battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought at Kartarpur in 1635 A.D. The cause of this battle was Painda Khan. He had become arrogant. So Guru Hargobind Ji had dismissed him from the army. Painda Khan decided to avenge this insult. He instigated Shah Jahan to take military action against Guru Hargobind Ji. As a result Shah Jahan sent an army against Guru Hargobind Ji. A fierce battle was fought between the two armies at Kartarpur. The Mughal army had to face a crushing defeat.

Question 10.
Write briefly Guru Hargobind’s battles with the Mughals. What is their significance in Sikh History?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji fought four battles against the Mughals in Shah Jahan’s time from 1634 to 1635 A.D. The first battle was fought at Amritsar in 1634 A.D. The second battle was fought at Lahira in 1634 A.D. The third battle was fought at Kartarpur in 1635 A.D. In the same year, the last battle was fought at Phagwara. Despite their limited resources, the Sikhs came out victorious in these battles.

Question 11.
Why is Guru Hargobind Ji known as Bandi Chhor Baba?
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Jahangir had detained Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior. In this fort were confined 52 other kings. These kings were very much impressed by Guru Hargobind Ji’s personality.. But when Jahangir decided to release Guru Hargobind Ji, sent a message to Jahangir that he would not get released from the fort of Gwalior as long as 52 kings were also not released. Consequently, Jahangir had to order the release of these 52’kings also. In’this way, Guru Hargobind Ji came to be known as Bandi Chhor Baba (emancipator of captives).

Question 12.
Write a note on Akal Takht Sahib.
Or
Explain briefly about the construction and importance of Akal Takht Sahib.
Or
What is the importance of the construction of Sri Akal Takht Sahib?
Answer:
The construction of Akal Takht Sahib (The eternal throne) by Guru Hargobind Ji was his stupendous work. Its construction was started by Guru Hargobind Sahib in 1606 A.D. in front of Harmandir Ji. This project was completed ’ in 1609 A.D. Here Guru Hargobind Ji used to sit in a princely attire and guide the Sikhs in political and military affairs. From here he used to witness wrestling bouts and other martial arts of the Sikhs.

Question 13.
Give a.brief account of the relations of Guru Hargobind Ji with the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
Answer:

Shah Jahan was a very orthodox emperor. He got the Baoli, built by Guru Arjan Dev Ji at Lahore, filled with filth.
Naqshbandis started inciting Shah Jahan against the Sikhs with redoubled zeal,
Shah Jahan did not like Guru Sahib’s keeping an army and the Sikhs calling him Sacha Padshah,
Dining-1634-35 A.D. four battles were fought between the Sikhs and the Mughals at Amritsar, Lahira, Kartarpur and Phagwara. In these battles the Sikhs became victorious while the Mughals had to face defeat.

Question 14.
Write a short note on the relations between Guru Hargobind Ji and the Mughal emperors.
Answer:
The Mughal emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan were contemporaries of Guru Hargobind Ji. Both of them were religiously intolerant. Wearing of the swords of Miri and Piri and being called as Sacha Padshah by Guru Hargobind Ji was, intolerable for Jahangir. He detained Guru Ji in the fort of Gwalior. After Jahangir, Shah-Jahan became the emperor. Guru Ji had to fight four battles against him, in which Guru Ji was victorious.

Question 15. Why did Guru Hargobind Ji choose the settle down at Kiratpur?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji choose to settle down at Kiratpur Sahib because of the following reasons:

Kiratpur was not directly under the Mughal aifthorities.
It was surrounded by Shivalik Hills. Therefore it was a more secure place.
Guru Ji could live here with peace. Therefore he could devote his time to the spread of Sikhism.
It is a good place for training of the soldiers.

Answer in One Word to One Sentence:

Question 1.
Who was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 2.
Give the period of Guruship of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
1606 A.D. to 1645 A.D.

Question 3.
When did Guru Hargobind Ji succeed the Gurgaddi?
Answer:
1606 A.D.

Question 4.
Name the father of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 5.
What was the name of Guru Hargobind Ji’s mother?
Answer:
The name of Guru Hargobind Ji’s mother was Mata Ganga Devi Ji.

Question 6.
Who was Bibi Veero?
Answer:
The daughter of Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 7.
Who was the eldest son of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Baba Gurditta Ji.

Question 8.
Whose son was Baba Gurditta Ji?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 9.
Whose son was Baba Atal Rai Ji?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 10.
Give any one reason which led to the adoption of New Policy by Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 11.
Which Guru started the Miri and Piri system?
Or
Which Guru wore two swords?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 12.
What is meant by the Miri and Piri?
Answer:
(a) Miri symbolised worldly power.
(b) Piri stood for spiritual power.

Question 13.
Where wasISri Akal Takht Sahib established?
Answer:
At Amritsar.

Question 14.
By whom was Sri Akal Takht Sahib built?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 15.
When was Sri Akal Takht Sahib constructed?
Answer:
In 1606 A.D.

Question 16.
What is meant by Sri Akal Takht Sahib?
Answer:
The seat of God.

Question 17.
On which historical fact Sri Akal Takht Sahib throws light?
Answer:
Blend of Sikh religion and Sikh politics.

Question 18.
Who was the commander of Pathan batallion of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Painda Khan.

Question 19.
By which Mughal emperor was Guru Hargobind Ji kept as a prisoner?
Answer:
Jahangir.

Question 20.
Where did Jahangir imprison Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
In the fort of Gwalior.

Question 21.
Who is known as Bandi Chhor Baba?
Or
Which Guru is addressed as ‘Bandi Chhor’?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 22.
Mention any one reason for straining of relations between the Sikhs and Shah Jahan.
Answer:
Religious fanaticism of Shah Jahan.

Question 23.
Who was Kaolan?
Answer:
She was the daughter of Qazi Rustam Khan.

Question 24.
Which Guru is known as ‘Dal Banjan Gur Surma’?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 25.
Where was the first battle between Guru Hargobind Ji and Mughals (Shah Jahan) fought?
Answer:
At Amritsar.

Question 26.
When was the battle between the Mughals and Guru Hargobind Ji fought?
Answer:
In 1634 A.D.

Question 27.
Name the two horses responsible for the battle of Lahira.
Answer:
Dilbag and Gulbag.

Question 28.
Whose name was Gulbag?
Answer:
It was the name of a horse presented to Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 29.
Whose name was Dilbag?
Answer:
It was the name of a horse presented to Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 30.
Who was Bidi Chand?
Answer:
A devoted follower of Guru Hargobind Ji.

Question 31.
When was’the battle of Kartarpur fought?
Answer:
1635 A.D.

Question 32.
Which Guru Sahib showed his bravery in the battle of Kartarpur?
Answer:
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.

Question 33.
Where did Guru Hargobind Ji spend his last ten years?
Answer:
At Kiratpur Sahib.

Question 34.
When did Guru Hargobind Ji immerse with Immortal?
Answer:
1645 A.D.

Question 35.
Where did Guru Hargobind Ji immerse with Immortal?
Answer:
At Kiratpur Sahib.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Guru Hargobind was born in ………………….
Answer:
1595 A D.

2. The name of the father of Guru Hargobind Ji was ………………..
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

3. In ……………… Guru Hargobind Ji succeeded to Guruship.
Answer:
1606 A.D.

4. The name of the daughter of Sri Guru Hargobind was ……………….
Answer:
Bibi Veero Ji

5. The age of Sri Guru Hargobind Ji at the time of Guruship was ………………. years.
Answer:
11

6. Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji wore ………………. swords.
Answer:
Miri and Piri

7. Sri Akal Takhat Sahib was raised by ……………..
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji

8. The construction of Sri Akal Takht Sahib was started in ……………
Answer:
1606 A.D.

9. After the death of Jahangir ……………… became the Mughal Emperor.
Answer:
Shah Jahan

10. Guru ……………….. Ji is called Bandi Chhor Baba.
Answer:
Hargobind

11. Battle of Amritsar was fought in ………………….
Answer:
1634 A.D.

12. The immediate cause of battle of Lahira was two horses named ……….. and ……………..
Answer:
Dilbag, Gulbag

13. Guru Hargobind Ji established a new town ……………….
Answer:
Kiratpur Sahib

14. Guru Hargobind Ji immersed in Eternal Light in …………….
Answer:
1645 A.D.

15. Sri Hargobind Ji disappeared in ……………… A.D.
Answer:
1645

True or False:

1. Guru Hargobind Ji was the Seventh Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
False

2. Guru Hargobind Ji was born in 1595 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the father of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
True

4. Baba Gurditta Ji was the eldest son of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji.
Answer:
True

5. The name of the daughter of Guru Hargobind Ji was Bibi Veero.
Answer:
True

6. Guru Hargobind Ji succeeded to Guruship in 1606 A.D.
Answer:
True

7. Guru Hargobind Ji adopted New Policy.
Answer:
True

8. Guru Hargobind Ji started the New Policy of Miri and Piri.
Answer:
True

9. Guru Aijan Sahib Ji started the construction of Akal Takht Sahib.
Answer:
False

10. The Mughal Emperor Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji at Gwalior.
Answer:
True

11. Guru Hargobind Ji, is addressed as ‘Bandi Chhor’.
Answer:
True

12. Shah Jahan became the new Mughal Emperor in 1628 A.D.
Answer:
True

13. The first battle between the Mughals and the Sikhs was fought in 1634 A.D. at Amritsar.
Answer:
True

14. Guru Hargobind Ji established the new town of ‘Kiratpur Sahib’.
Answer:
True

15. Guru Hargobind Ji immersed in Eternal Light in 1635 A.D.
Answer:
False

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Har Krishan Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji

2. When was Guru Hargobind Ji born?
(a) In 1509 A.D.
(b) In 1593 A.D.
(c) In 1595 A.D.
(d) In 1597 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1595 A.D.

3. Who was the father of Guru Hargobind Ji?
(a) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(b) Guru Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Ram Das Ji
(d) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
Answer:
(d) Guru Arjan Dev Ji

4. What was the name of the mother of Guru Hargobind Ji?
(a) Lakshmi Devi Ji
(b) Ganga Devi Ji
(c) Sulakhni Ji
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Ganga Devi Ji

5. Who was BibfVeero?
(a) Wife of Guru Hargobind Ji
(b) Daughter of Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Daughter of Guru Har Rai Ji
(d) Wife of Bhai Gurditta Ji.
Answer:
(b) Daughter of Guru Hargobind Ji

6. When did Guru Hargobind Ji succeed to Guruship?
(a) In 1506 A.D.
(b) In 1556 A.D.
(c) In 1605 A.D.
(d) In 1606 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1606 A.D.

7. Which Guru started the Miri and Piri system?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji
(c) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji
(d) Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
Answer:
(b) Guru Hargobind Ji

8. Which Guru built Akal Takht Sahib?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji

9. When was the construction of Akal Takhat Sahib completed?
(a) In 1606 A.D.
(b) In 1607 A.D.
(c) In 1609 A.D.
(d) In 1611 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1609 A.D.

10. Who is called Bandi Chhor Baba?
(a) Banda Singh Bahadur
(b) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
(c) Guru Hargbind Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Hargbind Ji

11. Where was the first battle fought between Guru Hargbind Ji and Mughals?
(a) Phagwara
(b) Amritsar
(c) Kartarpur
(d) Lahore.
Answer:
(b) Amritsar

12. When was the first battle between Hargobind Ji and Mughals fought?
(a) In 1606 A.D.
(b) In 1624 A.D.
(c) In 1630 A.D.
(d) In 1634 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1634 A.D.

13. In which battle Guru Tegh Bahadur showed feats of bravery?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Lahira
(c) Kartarpur
(d) Phagwara.
Answer:
(c) Kartarpur

14. Which town was founded by Guru Hargobind Ji?
(a) Kartarpur
(b) Kiratpur Sahib
(c) Amritsar
(d) Tarn Taran.
Answer:
(b) Kiratpur Sahib

15. Whom did Guru Hargobind Ji appoint his successor?
(a) Har Rai Ji
(b) Har Kishan Ji
(c) Tegh Bahadur Ji
(d) Gobind Rai Ji
Answer:
(a) Har Rai Ji

16. When did Guru Hargobind Ji immerse in Eternal Light?
(a) In 1628 A.D.
(b) In 1635 A.D.
(c) In 1638 A.D.
(d) In 1645 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1645 A.D.

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class History Book Solutions Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji when he became the Guru?
Or
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji after his accession to Gurgaddi?
Answer:
After ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face a number of difficulties. A brief description of these is given as under:

1. Opposition of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Therefore, he presumed himself as the true successor of Gurgaddi. But, when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was nominated as the successor by Guru Ram Das Ji he refused to submit and adopted an attitude of open defiance. Prithi Chand planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji and complained to Akbar through a Mughal employee Sulahi Khan. But Akbar paid no heed to his complaints. Thus, till his death, Prithia remained an arch-enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Opposition of Orthodox Muslims: Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face stiff opposition from orthodox Muslims. Muslims could never tolerate the increasing influence of Sikhs. Orthodox Muslims had established the Naqshbandi order at Sirhind. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi was the leader of this organization. In 1605 A.D., when Jahangir became the new Mughal ruler, these Naqshbandis poisoned his, ears against the Sikhs. As Jahangir was an orthodox emperor, so it had the desired impact on him.

3. Opposition of Brahmans: The Brahmans or the priestly class of Punjab were also against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The main reason behind this was that the propagation of the Sikh religion resulted in the decreasing influence of BrahmAnswer: Sikhs had started performing their customs and traditions even without BrahmAnswer: When Guru Arjan Dev Ji edited Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Brahmans could not tolerate it. They complained to Akbar against Guru Granth Sahib but Akbar observed that it was a scripture worthy of reverence.

4. Opposition of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this, he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned they proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and remarked some objectionable words in the honor of Guru Ji. But, after being persuaded by his wife he agreed to the proposal. By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks given by Chandu Shah against Guru Ji. So, they asked an arch-enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became an arch-enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
What was Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
Throw a brief light on four important achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Describe the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism is multifaceted. His important achievements are as follows:

1. Construction of Harmandir Sahib: The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Its foundation was laid on 13th January 1588 A.D. by a very famous Sufi Saint, named Mian Mir Ji. In 1601 A.D. the construction of Harmandir Sahib was completed. The construction of Harmandir Sahib proved a milestone in the history of Sikhism.

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran: Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in order to propagate Sikhism in the Majha tract of Punjab, founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. This city is 24 km to the South of Amritsar. Here a tank named Tarn Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim who takes bath in this tank shall get salvation from transmigration.

3. Foundation of Kartarpur and Hargobindpur: In 1593 A.D., Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of another town called Kartarpur in Jalandhar Doab. Kartarpur means, ‘The City of God’. On the occasion of the birth of his son in 1595 A.D. Hargobind, Guru Arjan Dev Sahib founded another town on the bank of the river Beas and this town was named Hargobindpur after the name of his son.

4. Development of Masand System: The development of the Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The word Masand has been derived from the word ‘Masnad’ which means high place. As a consequence, the Guru needed money for Langar and other development programs. It was enjoined upon every Sikh to give Daswandh (l/10th) of his total income to Guru Sahib. For collecting this money from Sikhs, he appointed very responsible persons called Masands. This Masand’s not only collected money but also propagated Sikhism with vigorous zeal.

5. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: The crowning achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism is the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. Guru Arjan Dev Ji dictated the hymns to Bhai Gurdas Ji. This work was completed in 1604 A.D. In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji included the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji, and his own hymns, which were maximum (2216) in number. Besides this, he had added the hymns of many Bhagats, Sufi Saints, and Baths. Later on, the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included in it. The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a great landmark in the history of the Sikh religion.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Describe briefly the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the foundation and importance of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging of Amrit Sarovar and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. After this, he started the construction work of Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) in Amrit Sarovar. Its foundation was laid on 13th January 1588 A.D. by a very famous Sufi Saint, named Mian Mir Ji. The Sikhs suggested to Guru Arjan Dev Ji that the temple should be higher than the surrounding buildings. But Guru Arjan Sahib said, “He who is humble shall be exalted.” That is why the building of the temple was kept lower as compared to the other buildings.

Another distinguishing feature of Harmandir Sahib was that it has four doorways, one on each side. It symbolizes that the people from all the four directions of the world may come to this temple of God without any discrimination on the basis of caste, color, or creed. On completion of this temple in 1601 A.D., Guru Sahib announced that the pilgrimage to this place would have the value of all the 68 Hindu places of pilgrimage and if any pilgrim takes bath here with full devotion shall attain salvation. It impressed a large number of people. They started coming here in large numbers and it helped in the propagation of Sikhism. In a very short period, Harmandir Sahib became the most important pilgrimage of the Sikhs.

Question 4.
What do you know about Masand System?
Or
Examine the organization and development of the Masand System.
Or
Who started Masand System? What were its aims?
Or
Give a brief description of the Masand System.
Or
Write a short note on Masand System.
Answer:
Of the institutions which appreciably contributed towards the development of Sikhism, the Masand system was one of them. A brief description of its various aspects is given below:

1. Meaning of Masand System: The word Masand has been derived from the Persian word ‘Masnad’. Masand means high place. As the representatives of Guru Sahib used to sit on a higher place than others they were called Masands.

2. Introduction: When did the Masand system start is a controversial question among historians were: Some historians are of the view that the Masand system started during the pontificate of Guru Ram Das Ji. Hence the Masands were called Ramdasiyas in the beginning. Some other historians are of the view that the Masand system was started by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The majority of the historians are of the view that though the Masand system was started by Guru Ram Das Ji, its real development took place during the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Necessity of Masand System: The need for the Masand system arose because Guru Ram Das Ji needed money for the development of Ramdaspura or Amritsar and for the digging of the tanks of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Secondly, with the passage of time, the number of Sikhs had increased considerably. As a consequence, the Guru needed money for langar and other development programs. Thirdly, the Masand system was introduced for the propagation of Sikhism.

4. Development of Masand System: Though Guru Ram Das Ji started the Masand system yet its actual development took place during the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Arjan Dev Ji reorganized the Masand system and gave it some new rules and regulations,

Guru Sahib enjoined upon the Sikhs to give away one-tenth (Daswandh) of their income in the name of Guru Sahib. It was not a compulsion but depended on their own will.
To collect the Daswandh, Guru Sahib appointed the Masands. They deposited this money every year on the occasion of Baisakhi and Diwali with the Guru Sahib at Amritsar.

5. Importance of Masand System: The Masand system initially made a commendable contribution towards the development of Sikhism. It was due to this that the Sikh religion spread far and wide. Many people embraced Sikhism. Secondly, it fixed the income of the Guru’s house. This income was used to establish new towns by Guru Sahib and other development works for Sikhism. It further increased the popularity of Guru Sahib and Sikhism. Thirdly, the institution of langar could run smoothly with this income.

Question 5.
Write a note on the compilation and importance of Adi Granth Sahib (Guru Granth Sahib).
Or
Discuss in brief the importance of Adi Granth Sahib.
Or
Write a note on Adi Granth Sahib.
Or
Give a brief description of Adi Granth Sahib and its historical importance.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji used various sources for writing the Bani. The Bani of the first three Gurus—Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, and Guru Amar Das Ji were with the eldest son of Guru Amar Das Ji i.e. Baba Mohan Ji. To compile the Bani, Guru Arjan Dev Ji first sent Bhai Gurdas Ji and then Baba Buddha Ji to Baba Mohan Ji but they were not successful in their objective. After this, Guru Sahib himself went from Amritsar to Goindwal Sahib barefooted. Impressed by the humility of Guru Ji, ‘Baba Mohan Ji gave away the entire Bani to Guru Ji. Guru Arjan Dev Ji already had the Bani of Guru Ram Das Ji with him. Guru Sahib included his own Bani in it. After this Guru Sahib called upon the devotees of Hindu Bhagats and Suffi Saints and asked them to recite the hymns of their saints correctly.

The hymns of only those Bhagats and Suffi Saints were included in the Guru Granth Sahib which was similar to the Bani of the Gurus. The works of Kahna, Chhajju, Shah Hussain, and Pilu were rejected. The compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji in 1604 A.D. is a great landmark in the history of the Sikhs. It provided the Sikh with a unique religious scripture. No doubt Guru Granth Sahib is a religious scripture, yet it furnishes valuable information regarding the social, religious, political, and economic life of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Question 6.
Write a note on Prithi Chand.
Or
Who was Prithi Chand? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Who was Prithi Chand (Prithia)? How did he act against Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Prithi Chand or Prithia was the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji and elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was very selfish and cunning. That is why Guru Ram Das Ji gave the Gurgaddi to Guru Arjan Dev Ji instead of giving it to him. On hearing this decision, Prithi Chand got furious. He had been dreaming of getting the Gurgaddi for a long. As such, he started opposing Guru Arjan Dev Ji when the latter got Gurgaddi. He started grabbing the offerings meant for Langar. He hoped that his son Meharban would get Gurgaddi after Guru Arjan Dev Ji. But when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was blessed with a son, Hargobind, all his hopes seemed to dash to the ground. Therefore, he became a sworn enemy of Guru Ji. He connived with the Mughal officials and started hatching conspiracies against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. These conspiracies became a major cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.

Question 7.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Write a short note on Chandu Shah.
Answer:
Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this, he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned, they proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandhu Shah was enraged and remarked some objectionable words in the honor of Guru Sahib. But after being persuaded by his wife he agreed to the proposal. Again he sent his messengers to Guru Arjan Dev Ji with the proposal of his daughter’s marriage with Hargobind. By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks of Chandhu Shah against the Guru. So they asked Guru Arjan Dev to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Ji did the same.

On hearing this Chandhu Shah got very angry and became Guru Ji’s sworn enemy. Then he planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. First, he incited Mughal Emperor Akbar and later on Jahangir. Jahangir decided to take stern action against Guru Ji.

Question 8.
Mention five main causes for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Examine five major causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
1. Fanaticism of Jahangir: Jahangir’s fanaticism was the main reason for Guru Arjan Ji’s martyrdom. He could not bear to see any other religion more prosperous than Islam. He could not tolerate the growing popularity of Sikhs in Punjab. So, he was looking for a chance to hamper their development. He wanted to put a stop to all this. He has written about it in his autobiography Tuzak-i- Jahangiri.

2. Development of Sikh Panth: In Guru Arjan Ji’s time, Sikhism progressed considerably. It got a new impetus with the construction of Harmandir Sahib and establishment of the cities like Tarn Taran, Kartarpur and Hargobindpur. Masand system played a significant role in the development of Sikhism. The compilation of Guru Granth Sahib helped in propagating Sikh religion. This was something intolerable and unbearable for the Mughals. They, therefore, thought of crushing the growing power of the Sikhs.

3. Enmity of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand alias Prithia was the eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was a very greedy and selfish person. For this reason, only Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Sahib as his successor in 1581 A.D. Prithia could not tolerate that the Gurgaddi had passed on to somebody else. He then made a firm decision that he would not sit at ease until he had dethroned Guru Arjan Dev Ji and received Gurgaddi for himself. So, he started opposing GuruArjan Dev Ji openly.

4. Enmity of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. Many advisors suggested he marry his daughter with Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. On hearing it Chandu Shah was enraged and he uttered some objectionable words in the honor of Guru Sahib. Afterward, when Chandu Shah’s wife convinced him, he was ready to accept this relation. Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused to accept this relation. When Chandu Shah came to know about this, he was determined to avenge the insult. He started poisoning Jahangir’s ears. Jahangir made up his mind to take strict action against Guru Arjan Sahib.

5. Help of Khusrau: Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau had come to Tarn Taran to seek Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Dev Ji put a tilak on his forehead. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures and to confiscate the whole of his property.

Question 9.
Describe the role of Naqshbandis in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib.
Answer:
Naqshabandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Its headquarters was at Sirhind. Naqshbandis were enraged to see the increasing influence and powers of the Sikhs in Punjab. The main reason was that the Muslims were intolerant to any other religion prospering and developing. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Sahib. Therefore, Jahangir decided to take action against Guru Sahib.

Question 10.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib?
Answer:
Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Sahib became the immediate cause of Guru Sahib’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir. He revolted against his father some time after his enthronement. When the Mughal forces tried to arrest him he ran to Punjab. On reaching Punjab Khusrau came to Tarn Taran to seek Guru Sahib’s blessings. Being the grandson of Akbar with whom Guru Sahib had very good relations, it was but natural that he won Guru Sahib’s sympathy. Moreover anybody was free to come to the home of Guru and receive his blessings. It is said that Guru Sahib put a tilak on his forehead and gave him all sorts of help required by him to go to Kabul.

When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Sahib. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures, and to confiscate the whole of his property.

Question 11.
Write the importance of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was an event of tremendous importance in the evolution of the Sikh movement and in the history of Punjab.
1. New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib: The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a turning point in the development of the Sikh community. Guru Hargobind Ji decided to adopt a New Policy in order to turn his followers into saint soldiers.

3. Change in relationship between Mughals and the Sikhs: Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, there were cordial relations between the Sikh Gurus and the Mughal emperors. But, now with the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the position’had been completely reversed. The Sikhs became the sworn enemy of the Mughals. They were now looking for.an opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

4. Popularity of Sikhism: With the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Sikhism became more popular. This incident infused a new vigour’, love and reverence for Sikhism, not only among the Hindus, but also among the Muslims. Consequently, they began to join Sikhism in larger numbers. Thus, the martyrdom of Guru .Arjan Dev Ji proved a milestone in the development of Sikhism.

Essay Type Questions:

Early Career And Difficulties Of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Question 1.
Describe briefly the early life of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What difficulties he have to face at the time of his accession to Guruship?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs. His period of pontification was from 1581 to 1606 A.D. The pontification of Guru Arjan Dev Ji saw the unprecedented development on the one band and on the other hand his martyrdom started a new era in the Sikh history. A brief description of early career and difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is as under:

Early Career of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

1. Birth and Parentage: Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15,1563 A.D. at Goindwal Sahib. He was the youngest son of Guru Ram Das Ji. He belonged to a Kashatriya family of Sodhi caste. His mother’s name was Bibi Bhani.

2. Childhood and Marriage: Right from his childhood, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was very dear to his parents. His maternal grandfather Guru Amar Das Ji had special attachment with this grandson. He made a forecast that the child would become a great man, “Ih Mera Dohta, Bani Ka Bohita Hovega”. (This grandson of mine will produce the boat of Bani to ferry others across). His prediction proved true. Right from the beginning Guru Arjan Dev Ji was very promising, a symbol of modesty and a very religious-minded person. He learnt Hindi and Persian languages. He received knowledge about Gurbani from his parents and grandfather. He was married to Ganga Devi, daughter of Krishan Chand of village Mou of Phillaur. In 1595 A.D. he was blessed with a son named Hargobind.

3. Assumption of Guruship: Guru Ram Das Ji had three sons. Prithi Chand the eldest son was utterly selfish and subtle. His second son Mahadev was an ascetic, who showed no interest in the worldly affairs. Arjan Dev Ji was his third and the youngest son. Devotion to God, modesty and selfless service were his three main characteristics. So Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor in 1581 A.D. Thus Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.

Difficulties of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

After ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face a number of difficulties. A brief description of these is given as under:

1. Opposition of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Therefore, he presumed himself as the true successor of Gurgaddi. But, when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was nominated as the successor by Guru Ram Das Ji he refused to submit and adopted an attitude of open defiance. He spoke bad words to his father. When Guru Rain Das Ji immersed with Immortal, Prithia spread the rumour that Arjan Dev Ji poisoned Guru Ram Das Ji so that, he might succeed to Gurgaddi. He asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji for his share in the property. Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave him all his property, but still he was not appeased. Now, he forcibly started collecting funds brought for Langar by the Sikh Sangat and used them for his personal affairs.

When in 1595 A.D. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s wife was blessed with a son, named Hargobind, he hatched a number of conspiracies to put an end to the life of infant Hargobind. Prithi Chand planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji and complained to Akbar through a Mughal employee Sulahi Khan. But Akbar paid no heed to his complaints. Thus, till his death, Prithia remained an arch enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Opposition of Orthodox Muslims: Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face stiff opposition from orthodox Muslims. Muslims could never tolerate the increasing influence of Sikhs. Orthodox Muslims in order to save their religion established Naqshbandi order at Sirhind. Shaikh Ahmad Sibhindi was the leader of this organisation. In 1605 A.D., when Jahangir became the new Mughal ruler, these Naqshbandis poisoned his ears against the Sikhs. As Jahangir was an orthodox emperor, so it had the desired impact on him.

3. Opposition of Brahmans: The Brahmans of Punjab w;ere also against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The main reason behind this was that the propagation of Sikh religion resulted in the decreasing influence of BrahmAnswer: Sikhs had started performing their customs and traditions even without BrahmAnswer: When Guru Arjan Dev Ji edited Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Brahmans could not tolerate it. They complained to Akbar against Guru Granth Sahib but Akbar observed that it was a scripture worthy of reverence.

4. Opposition of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. In connection with this he sent his messengers in different parts. When they returned they proposed the name of Hargobind,;son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and remarked some objectionable words in the honour of Guru Ji. But, after being persuaded by his wife he agreed to the proposal. By this time the Sikhs had come to know about the remarks given by Chandu Shah against the Guru Ji. So, they asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Arjan Dev Ji did the same.

Now Chandu Shah personally came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji and offered Rs. 1 lakh and promised to give more dowry. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused saying, “My words are engraved on stone, and cannot be effaced. If you give me the whole world as a dowry with your daughter, my son will not marry her.” On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Development Of Sikhism Under Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Question 2.
What was Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution in the evolution of Sikhism?
Or
Describe the various organizational works done by Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Or
Give an account of the various achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Describe Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the organization and development of Sikhism.
Or
Discuss the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1581 to 1606 A.D/ With his accession to Guruship, Sikhism entered into a new phase. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism is multifaceted. His important achievements are as follows:

1. Construction of Harmandir Sahib: The foremost achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the consolidation of Sikhism was the construction of Harmandir Sahib. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the digging of Amrit Sarovar and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. After this, he started the construction work of Harmandir Sahib (Temple of God) in Amrit Sarovar. Its foundation was laid in 1588 AD. by a very famous Sufi Saint, named Mian Mir Ji. The Sikhs suggested to Guru Arjan Dev Ji that the temple should be higher than the surrounding buildings. But Guru Arjan Sahib said, “He who is humble shall be exalted.” That is why the building of the temple was kept lower as compared to the other buildings.

Another distinguishing feature of Harmandir Sahib was that it has four doorways, one on each side. It symbolises that the people from all the four directions of the world may come to this temple of God without any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour or creed. On completion of this temple in 1601 A.D. Guru Sahib announced that the pilgrimage to this place would have the value of all the 68

PSEB 12th Class History Solutions Chapter 6 Guru Arjan Dev Ji and His Martyrdom Img 1

Hindu places of pilgrimage and if any pilgrim takes bath here with full devotion shall attain salvation. It impressed a large number of people. They started coming here in large numbers and it helped in the propagation of Sikhism. In a very short period, Harmandir Sahib became the most important pilgrimage of the Sikhs. According to G.S. Talib,

“This temple and the pool became to Sikhism what Mecca is to Islam, Jerusalem to Judaism and Christianity and Bodh Gaya to Buddhism.”

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran: Guru Arjan Dev Ji, in order to propagate Sikhism in Majha tract of the Punjab founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. This city is 24 kms to the South of Amritsar. Here a tank named as Tarn Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim who takes bath in this tank shall get salvation from transmigration. Tarn Taran also became a famous holy place of the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Jats of the Majha became the followers of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and embraced Sikhism. The services of these Jats towards Sikhism was of great value.

3. Foundation of Kartarpur and Hargobindpur: In 1593-94 A.D., Guru Arjan Dev Ji laid the foundation of another town called Kartarpur in Jalandhar Doab. Kartarpur means, ‘The City of God’. It is situated between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers. Here Guru Sahib built a tank named ‘Gangsar’. Thus, Kartarpur also became the centre of propagation of Sikhism. On the occasion of the birth of his son in 1595 A.D. Hargobind, Guru Arjan Dev Sahib founded another town on the bank of the river Beas and this town was named as Hargobindpur after the name of his son.

4. Construction of a Baoli at Lahore: Once on the request of Sikh Sangat, Guru Sahib went to Lahore. There he got constructed a Baoli in Dabbi Bazaar. This Baoli became a holy place for the Sikhs of that area.

5. Development of Masand System: Development of Masand system was one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The word Masand has been derived from the word ‘Masnad’ which means high place. As the representatives of Guru Sahib used to sit on a higher place than others, so they were called as Masands. With the passage of time, the number of Sikhs had increased considerably. As a consequence, the Guru needed money for Langar and other development programmes. It was enjoined upon every Sikh to give Daswandh (l/10th) of his total income to Guru Sahib. For collecting this money from Sikhs, he appointed very responsible persons called Masands.

These Masands not only collected money, but also propagated Sikhism with a vigorous zeal. The money collected by Masands was deposited in the Guru’s treasury at Amritsar on the occasions of Diwali and Baisakhi. The Masand system played a vital role in spreading the message of Sikhism to far-off places. Secondly, it gave a definite income to Guru Arjan Sahib.

This work was completed in 1604 A.D. In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji included the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji and his own hymns, which were maximum (2216) in number. Besides this, he had added the hymns of many Bhagats, Sufi Saints and Bhats. Later on, the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included in it.

The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a great landmark in the history of Sikh religion. It gave the Sikhs a holy book of their own. It is called the Bible of the Sikhs. By including the hymns of the people belonging to different religions and castes in it, Guru Arjan Dev Ji has set up an example. Adi Granth Sahib Ji throws ample light on the political, religious, social and economic life of 15th to 17th centuries. Before Guru Gobind Singh Ji immersed in Eternal Light he gave Adi Granth Sahib Ji the status of Guru Granth Sahib Ji. According to Dr. Hari Ram Gupta, “The compilation of the Granth formed an important landmark in the history of the Sikhs.”

7. Trade of Horses. In order to make the Sikhs rich and prosperous, Guru Arjan Sahib encouraged,the Sikhs to take the trade of horses beyond the Indus with Arab countries. This step of Guru Arjan Sahib not only increased the income of the Sikhs but they became good horse riders also. Moreover, it dealt an effective blow at the stringency of caste and Hindu superstitions. It went a long way in breaking down the barrier that prevented the Hindus from crossing the Indus.

8. Friendly Relations with Akbar: Mughal emperor Akbar had set up friendly relations with Guru Arjan Sahib. During the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji his opponents Prithia, Ghandhu Shah, Brahmans and orthodox Muslims all tried their best to instigate the emperor against the Guru in’every possible way, but Akbar paid no heed to their false complaints. Some Muslims tried to instigate Akbar by complaining that the Adi Granth Sahib’ written by Guru Sahib contained many sayings against Islam. When Akbar looked into the matter, he said that the Granth was worthy of reverence, On the request made by Guru Arjan Sahib, Akbar reduced the land revenue by 10%. Due to it Guru Arjan Sahib earned a good name and fame and it helped in the development of Sikhism also.

9. Nomination of the Successor: In 1606 A.D., before his martyrdom, Guru Arjan Dev Ji nominated his son Hargobind as his successor. Guru Sahib instructed him to sit fully armed on his throne and maintain an army to the best of his ability. Thus, Guru Arjan not only maintained the tradition of Gurgaddi, but also changed its peaceful course.

10. Estimate of Guru Arjan Sahib’s Achievements: Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution in the development of Sikhism is remarkable. By constructing Harmandir Sahib, he has presented to the Sikhs their most sacred religious place. In the coming times, the Sikhs always got inspiration from it. Establishment of Tarn Taran, Hargobindpur and Kartarpur proved to be very helpful in the propagation of Sikh religion. Masand system made Sikh religion more powerful.

The compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji was Guru Arjan Sahib’s greatest achievement. We agree with the remarks of Prof. Harbans Singh, “Under Guru Arjan, the Fifth Guru, Sikhism became more firmly established.” According to another famous historian Dr. G.S. Mansukhani, “During the period of Guru Arjan, Sikhism took a significant stride.”

Question 3.
Give an account of the early career of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What was his contribution to Sikhism?
Answer:

Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs. His period of pontification was from 1581 to 1606 A.D. The pontification of Guru Arjan Dev Ji saw the unprecedented development on the one band and on the other hand his martyrdom started a new era in the Sikh history. A brief description of early career and difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is as under:

Early Career of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Difficulties of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

After ascending Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face a number of difficulties. A brief description of these is given as under:

1. Opposition of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Therefore, he presumed himself as the true successor of Gurgaddi. But, when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was nominated as the successor by Guru Ram Das Ji he refused to submit and adopted an attitude of open defiance. He spoke bad words to his father. When Guru Rain Das Ji immersed with Immortal, Prithia spread the rumour that Arjan Dev Ji poisoned Guru Ram Das Ji so that, he might succeed to Gurgaddi. He asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji for his share in the property. Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave him all his property, but still he was not appeased.

Now, he forcibly started collecting funds brought for Langar by the Sikh Sangat and used them for his personal affairs. When in 1595 A.D. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s wife was blessed with a son, named Hargobind, he hatched a number of conspiracies to put an end to the life of infant Hargobind. Prithi Chand planned a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji and complained to Akbar through a Mughal employee Sulahi Khan. But Akbar paid no heed to his complaints. Thus, till his death, Prithia remained an arch enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Opposition of Orthodox Muslims: Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face stiff opposition from orthodox Muslims. Muslims could never tolerate the increasing influence of Sikhs. Orthodox Muslims in order to save their religion established Naqshbandi order at Sirhind. Shaikh Ahmad Sibhindi was the leader of this organisation. In 1605 A.D., when Jahangir became the new Mughal ruler, these Naqshbandis poisoned his ears against the Sikhs. As Jahangir was an orthodox emperor, so it had the desired impact on him.

So, they asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to turn down this proposal. Consequently, Guru Arjan Dev Ji did the same. Now Chandu Shah personally came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji and offered Rs. 1 lakh and promised to give more dowry. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused saying, “My words are engraved on stone, and cannot be effaced. If you give me the whole world as a dowry with your daughter, my son will not marry her.” On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji remained on Gurgaddi from 1581 to 1606 A.D/ With his accession to Guruship, Sikhism entered into a new phase. Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism is multifaceted. His important achievements are as follows:

It symbolises that the people from all the four directions of the world may come to this temple of God without any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour or creed. On completion of this temple in 1601 A.D. Guru Sahib announced that the pilgrimage to this place would have the value of all the 68 Hindu places of pilgrimage and if any pilgrim takes bath here with full devotion shall attain salvation. It impressed a large number of people. They started coming here in large numbers and it helped in the propagation of Sikhism. In a very short period, Harmandir Sahib became the most important pilgrimage of the Sikhs. According to G.S. Talib,

“This temple and the pool became to Sikhism what Mecca is to Islam, Jerusalem to Judaism and Christianity and Bodh Gaya to Buddhism.”

6. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: The crowning achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism is the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. The main objective of its compilation was to keep the Gurbani of the former Sikh Gurus intact and .to provide the Sikhs a separate religious scripture of their own. The compilation work was started by the Guru at Ramsar sarovar near Amritsar. He dictated the hymns to Bhai Gurdas Ji. This work was completed in 1604 A.D. In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji included the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji and his own hymns, which were maximum (2216) in number. Besides this, he had added the hymns of many Bhagats, Sufi Saints and Bhats. Later on, the hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included in it.

Adi Granth Sahib Ji:

Question 4.
Write a detailed note on the compilation and historical importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
Write a critical note on compilation, language, contents and significance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Undoubtedly the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji or Guru Granth Sahib Ji is Guru Arjan Sahib’s greatest achievement. In Sikhism, this sacred Granth is as revered as the Bible by the Christians, the Quran by the Mohammedans and the Vedas and Gita by the Hindus. In fact, Adi Granth Sahib is not only a holy book of the Sikhs but also a priceless treasure for the whole humanity.

1. Need for its Compilation: Many factors impressed upon the Guru the necessity for the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. In the times of Guru Arjan Sahib, Sikh religion was getting momentum. So, Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the necessity of laying down rules for the guidance of his followers in the performance of their daily religious duties. Secondly, Prithia, the elder brother of Guru Arjan had also started composing religious hymns of his own which he described as the compositions of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his successors. Under these circumstances, if the compositions of the Sikh Gurus were to be saved from spurious writings, an authentic text had to be written.

Thirdly, if the independence of the Sikh race was to be established, it was essential that they should have an independent religious book. Fourthly, Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to replace the Hindu Granths, written in the Sanskrit language with a Granth of their own written in the simple language of the people of Punjab. The twenty-third and twenty-fourth pauris of the Anand Sahib state that real hymns of the Gurus should alone be repeated and revered by the Sikhs. Guru Amar Das Ji writes,

“Come, ye disciples, beloved of the true Guru, sing a true song. Sing the song of the Guru, the song of songs, Saith Nanak, ever sing this true song.” Hence it was obligatory for Guru Arjan Dev Ji to take precautions, lest the Sikhs should recite writings other than those of the Sikh Gurus.

2. Collection of Hymns: For editing Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Sahib collected hymns from different sources. Hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji were lying with Baba Mohan Ji, the eldest son of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib himself went from Amritsar to Goindwal Sahib bare-footed. Impressed by the modesty of Guru Arjan Sahib, Baba Mohan handed over the whole material to the Guru. Hymns of Guru Ram Das Ji were already with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib then added his own hymns. Then, Guru Arjan Dev Ji invited many disciples of Hindu and Muslim Saints to give him the best hymns of their Gurus and Saints. Thus, the Bani was collected from different sources.

3. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: For the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru Arjan Sahib selected a beautiful and solitary place situated to the south of Amritsar. Here Guru Arjan Dev Ji built a tank named as Ramsar Sarovar. On the bank of this sarovar tents were fixed under a peepal tree. Here Guru Arjan Sahib started the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. Guru Arjan Sahib dictated and Bhai Gurdas Ji went on writing. This great work was completed in 1604 A.D. This Granth Sahib Ji was kept in Sri Harmandir Sahib and Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the .first Head Granthi (priest).

4. Contributions in Adi Granth Sahib: Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a very vast Granth. It contains a total of 5,894 Shabads (Hymns). The contributors in Adi Granth Sahib are divided into four classes:

Sikh Gurus: Guru Granth Sahib Ji contains 976 hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, 62 of Guru Angad Dev Ji, 907 of Guru Amar Das Ji, 679 of Guru Ram Das Ji and 2216 hymns of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Later on, in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s time 116 hymns of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji were also included.
Bhagats and Saints: Adi Granth Sahib Ji includes the hymns of 15 Hindu Bhagats and Sufi Saints, whose teachings were similar to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. These Saints and Bhagats are Bhagat Kabir Ji, Sheikh Farid Ji, Bhagat Namdev Ji, Bhagat Ravidas Ji, Bhagat Dhanna Ji, Bhagat Ramanand Ji and Bhagat Jaidev Ji. Out of them the maximum hymns numbering 541 belonged to Bhagat Kabir Ji.
Bhats: Adi Granth Sahib Ji also includes the sawayyas of 11 famous Bhats (Bards). These sawayyas are 123 in total. The famous Bhats are Nal Ji, Bal Ji, Jalap Ji, Bhikha Ji and Harbans Ji.
Others: The hymns of Satta, Balwand, Sunder and Mardana are also included in the Adi Granth Sahib Ji.

5. Arrangement of the Matter: Adi Granth Sahib Ji has a total of 1430 pages. The hymns of Adi Granth Sahib Ji have been divided into three parts. The first part consists of 13 pages contains the daily prayers like Japji Sahib, Rehras Sahib and Sohla. Second part is the main part of Granth Sahib. The hymns in this part have been divided into 31 parts based on 31 Ragas. As all the hymns contain the name of ‘Nanak’ therefore, the word ‘Mahala’ has been used to indicate which Guru’s composition it is. The third part contains the swayyas of Bhats, and those salokas of Sikh Gurus and Bhagats which could not be described in Ragas. Adi Granth Sahib Ji ends with an epilogue called ‘Mundavani’ which has two salokas.

6. Subject: In Adi Granth Sahib Ji, there are hymns in praise of God. It throws light on the importance of the remembrance of the Holy Nam, which is a kind of meditation, attainment of Sach Khand and importance of Guru. It gives us the message of welfare for all human beings, oneness of God and brotherhood of mankind.

7. Language: Adi Granth Sahib Ji is written in Gurmukhi script. In it, the words from Punjabi, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Sanskrit and Persian languages spoken in 15th, 16th and 17th centuries were used.

Significance of Adi Granth Sahib:

Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a matchless religious book not only of the Sikhs, but of the whole mankind. The hymns of Adi Granth Sahib Ji give the universal message of the oneness of God and brotherhood of mankind.

1. Importance for the Sikhs: The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a landmark in the history of the Sikhs. Today in every Sikh Gurudwara of the world, this sacred Granth is installed at a higher platform wrapped in silk cloth under a canopy. Sikhs revere it and bow before it with great respect. All Sikh ceremonies right from the birth till death are done in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib Ji. For the Sikhs, Guru Granth Sahib is the main source of inspiration for them. According to Dr. Wazir Singh,
“The Adi Granth‘was indeed his most precious gift to the Sikh world.”

2. Message of Brotherhood: Adi Granth Sahib Ji is the only sacred book of the world, which contains the hymns without any distinction on the basis of caste, colour and creed. By doing so Guru Arjan Sahib has given the message of brotherhood to all human beings.

3. Literary Importance: From the literary point of view Adi Granth Sahib is a unique work. It contains beautiful similies and embellishments. It has a, form and finish not equalled by subsequent writers. Therefore, from the literary point of view Guru Granth Sahib carries immense importance.

4. Historical Importance: No doubt Adi Granth Sahib Ji is a religious scripture, yet it furnishes valuable information regarding the social, religious political and economic life of 15th to 17th centuries. Guru Nanak Sahib gave a vivid account of the political condition of that time in Babar Vani. In social field women’s position was miserable. They occupied a very low place in the society. A widow was cursed by one and all. Hindu society was divided into a number of castes and sub-castes. Guru Granth Sahib Ji also throws a good deal of light on the agriculture and trade and commerce of that period. According to Dr. D.S. Dhillon,
“Its compilation was undoubtedly an important landmark in the history of the Sikhs.”

Martyrdom Of Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Question 5.
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji? What was the significance of this martyrdom?
Or
Explain the circumstances responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji,
Or
Write in detail about the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and its effects,
Or
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji? What was its importance?
Or
Explain the causes which led to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What was the real cause of the martyrdom?
Or
Examine the circumstances leading to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What was the significance of his martyrdom?
Or
Describe the circumstances that led to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. What is the significance of his martyrdom?
Or
Discuss the causes and importance of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Describe the causes and significance of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
What were the causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
In 1606 A.D., Guru Arjan Dev Ji sacrificed his life for the sake of religion and truth. His martyrdom started a new era in Sikh history. Now Sikhs began to arm themselves to face the Mughals with bravery and courage. Many factors were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, which are discussed as below:

1. Fanaticism of Jahangir: Jahangir’s fanaticism was the main reason for Guru Arjan Ji’s martyrdom. He could not bear to see any other religion more prosperous than Islam. He could not tolerate the growing popularity of Sikhs in Punjab. So, he was looking for a chance to hamper their development. He wanted to put a stop to all this. He has written about it in his autobiography Tuzak-i- Jahangiri, “In Goindwal on the banks of the river Beas lived a Hindu named Arjan in the garb of ‘Pir’ or ‘Shaikh’. By his ways and manners he captured the fancy of many of the simple hearted Hindus and even many ignorant Muslims. He had loudly sounded the drum of his being Pir and a holy person.

They called him Guru and from all sides innocent and foolish people crowded to manifest their complete faith in him. For three or four generations they had kept their shop warm. Many times I thought of putting a stop to this vain affair onto bring him to Islam.” These words of Jahangir clearly show that his religious fanaticism was the main reason behind the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji

3. Enmity of Prithi Chand: Prithi Chand alias Prithia was the eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was a very greedy and selfish person. For this reason only Guru Ram Das Ji appointed Guru Arjan Sahib as his successor in 1581 A.D. Prithia could not tolerate that the Gurgaddi had passed on to somebody else. He then made a firm decision that he would not sit at ease until he had dethroned Guru Arjan Dev Ji and received Gurgaddi for himself. So, he started opposing Guru Arjan Dev Ji openly. He collected money from Masands meant for Langar and used it for his own personal use.

He tried to popularise his own compositions naming them as those of Guru Arjan Sahib’s. He started planning a conspiracy against Guru Arjan Dev Ji with the help of some Mughal officials. It further strained the relationship between the Mughals and Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

4. Enmity of Chandu Shah: Chandu Shah was the Diwan cJ Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. Many advisors suggested him to marry his daughter with Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He on hearing it Chander Shah was emerged and he uttered some objectionable words in the house of Guru Sahib. Afterwards, when Chandu Shah’s wife convinced him, he was ready to accept this relation. By this time, Guru Arjan Dev Ji came to know about all those abusive words Chandu Shah had uttered for him. So, he refused to accept shagun sent by Chandu Shah. When Chandu Shah came to know about this, he was determined to avenge the insult. He started poisoning Jahangir’s ears and he succeeded in getting what he wanted. Jahangir made up his mind to take a strict action against Guru Arjan Sahib.

5. Opposition of Naqshbandis: Naqshbandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Muslims could never see any other religion prospering and developing. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis, had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So, he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Sahib. Therefore, Jahangir decided to take action against Guru Sahib.

6. Compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji: The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji was another important reason of Guru Arjan Sahib’s martyrdom. Opponents of Guru Arjan Dev Ji complained against him to Jahangir saying that he had written many things against Islam. Jahangir instructed Guru Arjan Dev Ji to remove all anti-Islamic points from the Granth Sahib Ji. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji said that Guru Granth Sahib Ji contained nothing against Islam. Then Jahangir asked him to write something about Hazrat Mohammad in this scripture. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji said that he could not do any such thing without Almighty’s permission. This enraged Jahangir all the more.

7. Help of Khusrau: Help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyrdom. Prince Khusrau had revolted against his father some time after his enthronement. On reaching Punjab Khusrau came to Tarn Taran to seek Guru Arjan Dev Ji blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Dev Ji put a tilak on his forehead and gave him all sorts of help required to go to Kabul. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He ordered Lahore Governor, Murtaza Khan to execute him by giving severe physical tortures, and to confiscate the whole of his property.

How was Guru Arjan Dev Ji Martyred?

On Jahangir’s order Guru Arjan Dev Ji was arrested on 24th May, 1606 A.D. and brought to Lahore. Here Muslim Sufi Saint Mian Mir requested Jahangir to spare his life. Jahangir asked Guru Arjan Dev Ji to pay a fine of Rs. 2 lakh for sparing his life. But Guru Arjan Dev Ji refused to pay this fine. As a result, the Mughals made Guru Arjan Dev Ji to sit in a vessel of boiling water. Then Guru Arjan Dev Ji was made to sit on hot iron bars and hot sand was thrown on his naked body. The Guru Arjan Dev Ji bore all the tortures cheerfully by uttering the following verse: –

“Whatever you ordain appears sweet. I supplicate for the gift of Nam.”
Thus, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was immersed in Eternal Light on 30th May, 1606 A.D. at Lahore.

Significance of the Martyrdom:

The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was an event of tremendous importance in the evolution of the Sikh movement and in the history of Punjab.

1. New Policy of Guru Hargobind Sahib: The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a turning point in the development of the Sikh community. Guru Hargobind Ji decided to adopt a New Policy in order to turn his followers into saint soldiers. He constructed Akal Takht Sahib with a view to impart military training to the Sikhs. He asked his followers to bring him horses and arms and join his army. It changed the entire character of the reformatory religious movement. According to famous historian K.S. Duggal, “Guru Arjan’s martyrdom precipitated the issues. It gave a new complexion to the shape of things in the Punjab and the Sikh Polity.”

2. Unity among the Sikhs: The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji infused a new spirit among the Sikhs. Now, they felt the need of joining their hands in order to put an end to the tyrannical rule of the Mughals. The Sikhs, henceforth, began to assemble under one banner. It created a glorious tradition in the Sikh history. Undoubtedly its credit goes to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Change in relationship between Mughals and the Sikhs: Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, there were cordial relations between the Sikh Gurus and the Mughal emperors. But, now with the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the position had been completely reversed. The Sikhs became the sworn enemy of the Mughals. They were now looking for an opportunity to avenge the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. On the other hand, the Mughal emperors also did not like that the Sikhs should take to arms. Thus, it strained the relationship between the Sikhs and the Mughals.

4. Persecution of the Sikhs: After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Mughals started a reign of terror against the Sikhs. Jahangir had put Guru Hargobind Ji in prison in the-fort of Gwalior. During the reign of Shah Jahan, Guru Hargobind Ji was forced to fight four battles with the Mughals. In 1675 A.D., Aurangzeb got Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji martyred in Delhi. During his rule, he left no stone unturned to convert the whole of India into Islam. A large number of people were put to sword for refusing to embrace Islam. To face boldly the tyrannies of the Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Singh Bahadur and thousands of other Sikhs laid down their lives. In fact, the Sikhs got this inspiration of self¬sacrifice from the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.-

5. Popularity of Sikhism: With the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Sikhism became more popular. This incident infused a new vigour, love and reverence for Sikhism, not only among the Hindus, but also among the Muslims. Consequently, they began to join Sikhism in larger numbers. Thus, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji proved a milestone in the development of Sikhism. According to famours historian Dr. G.S. Mansukhani, “The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib marks a .turning point in the development of Sikh religion.”

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji immediately after his accession to Gurgaddi.
Or
What were the difficulties faced by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, when he became the Guru?
Answer:
At the time of accession to Gurgaddi, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had to face the opposition firstly of his elder brother Prithi Chand. He vehemently protested against his supersession. The fanatic Muslims of Punjab could not bear the growing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. They incited Jahangir against Guru Ji. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He had sent a proposal to Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the marriage of his daughter to his son Hargobind Ji. But Guru Arjan Dev ji declined the proposal. As a result, Chandu Shah turned a sworn enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2. What was Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s contribution to the development of Sikhism?
Or
Describe briefly the contributions of Guru Arjan Dev Ji in the development of Sikhism.
Or
Give a brief account of the organizational works of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:

By making Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar, Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the Sikhs their most sacred place of pilgrimage,
He built a Baoli at Lahore.
The development of the Masand system was one of his greatest achievements.
The compilation of Guru Granth Sahib in 1604 A.D. by Guru Arjan Dev Ji is considered his crowning achievement.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Describe briefly the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Give a brief account of the foundation and importance of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
The building of Sri Harmandir Sahib is one of the greatest achievements of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. It was constructed in the midst of Amrit Sarovar. Guru Arjan Dev Ji got its foundation laid by a famous Sufi saint, Mian Mir in 1588 A.D. Harmandir means “Temple of God.’ Guru Arjan Dev Ji kept the height of the building of Sri Harmandir Sahib lower than those of the surrounding buildings and said, “What is humble, shall be exalted.” Soon, Sri Harmandir Sahib became the leading pilgrimage centre of the Sikhs.

Question 4.
What do you know about the Masand system? Explain.
Or
Examine the organization and development of the Masand system.
Or
What do you mean by the Masand system?
Answer:
“Masand’ is derived from the Persian word Masand which means ‘a high place’. This system was set up by Guru Ram Das Ji, but its real development took place during Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s time. Guru Arjan Dev Ji announced that each Sikh should offer Daswandh (one-tenth of income) to him. He appointed Masands to collect Daswandh from the Sikh Sangat. The Masands not only collected Daswandh but also preached Sikhism. Masand system played a significant role in the evolution of the Sikh movement.

Question 5.
What were the functions of the Masands?
Answer:

Masand’s used to preach Sikhism in the area under him.
He used to collect Daswandh from the Sikh Sangat.
Masand’s used to deposit the collected Daswandh to the Guru Sahib on the occasions of Baisakhi and Diwali.

Question 6.
Write a short note on Tarn Taran and Its importance.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji, founded the city of Tarn Taran in 1590 A.D. Here a Sarovar named Tarn Taran was also dug. Tarn Taran means that any pilgrim, who takes bath in this Sarovar shall get salvation from transmigration. Tarn Taran also became a famous holy place of the Sikhs. As a result, thousands of Jats of the Majha became the followers of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and embraced Sikhism. The services of these Jats towards Sikhism were of great value.

Question 7.
Write a note on the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji (Guru
Or
Briefly explain the significance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
Write a short note on Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
Give a brief description of Adi Granth Sahib Ji and its historical
Answer:
The most important work during Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s pontificate was the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji. The objective was to compile the Bani of Gurus in one place. Guru Arjan Dev Ji initiated this great work at Ramsar. The Bani of the first five Guru Sahibs, Saints, and Bhagats was included in it. The job of writing Guru Granth Sahib was done by Bhai Gurdas Ji. This great work was completed in 1604 A.D. Later on, the Bani of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was also included in it. Adi Granth Sahib occupies a special place in the history of Sikhism.

Question 8.
Briefly explain the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Or
What is the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
No doubt Guru Granth Sahib Ji is a religious scripture, yet it furnishes valuable information regarding the social, religious, political, and economic life of the 16th and 17th centuries. Guru Nanak Sahib gave a vivid account of the political condition of that time in Babar Vani. In the social field, women’s position was miserable. The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib is a landmark in the history of the Sikhs. It gave the message of the universal brotherhood of mankind to the world.

Question 9.
Write a note on Prithi Chand.
Or
Who was Prithi Chand? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Who was Prithi Chand (Prithia)? How did he act against Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Prithi Chand or Prithia was the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was. the founder of the Mina Sect. He was very selfish and cunning. That is why Guru Ram Das Ji gave the Gurgaddi to Guru Arjan Dev Ji instead of giving it to him. On hearing this decision, Prithi Chand got furious. He hoped that his son Meharban would get Gurgaddi after Guru Arjan Dev Ji. But when Guru Arjan Dev Ji was blessed with a son, Hargobind, all his hopes seemed to dash to the ground. Therefore, he became a sworn enemy of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 10.
Who was Chandu Shah? Why did he oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Why does Chandu Shah oppose Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Or
Write a short note on Chandu Shah.
Answer:
Chandu Shah was the Diwan of Lahore. He was looking for a suitable match for his daughter. His messengers proposed the name of Hargobind, son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, for his daughter. On hearing this Chandu Shah was enraged and uttered some objectionable words in honor of Guru Ji. But after being persuaded by his wife, he agreed to the proposal. Again he sent his messengers to Guru Arjan Dev Ji with this proposal. Guru Arjan Dev Ji turned down the proposal. On hearing this Chandu Shah got very angry and became Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.

Question 11.
Mention the three causes for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Examine three major causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
What were the three main causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:

Jahangir could not tolerate the flourishing of Sikhism.
Chandu Shah, the Diwan of Lahore sent a proposal of his daughter’s marriage to Hargobind, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. When this proposal was not accepted, Chandu Shah turned Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s sworn enemy.
The help rendered to Khusrau, the elder son of Jahangir, by Guru Arjan Ji became an immediate reason for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Prithi Chand played a great role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 12.
Describe the role of Naqshbandis in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib.
Answer:
Naqshabandis played an important role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib. Naqshbandi was an order started by fanatic Muslims. Naqshbandis were enraged to see the increasing influence of the Sikhs in Punjab. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the leader of Naqshbandis had great influence in Mughal Darbar. So, he also instigated Jahangir against Guru Ji. Therefore, Jahangir decided” to take action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 13.
Why was Jahangir hostile to Sikh Gurus?
Answer:

Jahangir could not tolerate the rapidly increasing power of the Sikhs under Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Some Muslims had embraced Sikhism. It embroiled the blood of Jahangir.
Jahangir could not tolerate the help rendered to rebellious Prince Khusrau.

Question 14.
What was the immediate cause of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
The help of Khusrau by Guru Arjan Dev Ji became the immediate cause of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom. Prince Khusrau was the eldest son of Jahangir. He revolted against his father sometime after his enthronement. Khusrau came to seek Guru Arjan Dev Ji blessings. It is said that Guru Arjan Dev Ji put a tilak on his forehead. When Jahangir came to know about all this he got a golden opportunity to take stern action against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 15.
Write the importance of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s martyrdom.
Or
Write down the impact of the martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Or
Briefly describe the importance of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave a new turn to Sikh history. The peace-loving Sikhs flared up as a result of this martyrdom. It became evident to them that taking to arms was now essential. That is why Guru Hargobind Ji adopted a New Policy. He carried two swords of Miri and Piri. In this way, Guru Arjan Dev Ji turned the Sikhs into saint-soldiers. After the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the era of friendship between the Sikhs and the Mughals came to an end.

Objective Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 2.
When was Guru Arjan Dev Ji born?
Answer:
April 15, 1563 A.D.

Question 3.
Where was Guru Arjan Dev Ji born?
Answer:
Goindwal Sahib.

Question 4.
What was the name of the father of Guru Arjan- Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji.

Question 5.
What was the name of the mother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Bibi Bhani Ji.

Question 6.
Mention the pontificate of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
1581 to 1606 A.D.

Question 7.
Who was Prithia?
Answer:
The eldest brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 8.
Why was Prithia annoyed with Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Because he considered himself the real claimant of the Giirgaddi.

Question 9.
Which sect was founded by Prithi Chand?
Answer:
Mina sect.

Question 10.
What was the name of Meharban’s father?
Answer:
Prithi Chand.

Question 11.
Who was Chandu Shah?
Answer:
Diwan of Lahore.

Question 12.
Name any one achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
He founded Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.

Question 13.
What is meant by Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
The place of God’s residence.

Question 14.
By which Guru was Harmandir Sahib got built?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 15.
Who laid the foundation stone of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Famous Sufi Saint Mian Mir.

Question 16.
When was the foundation of Harmandir Sahib laid?
Answer:
1588 A.D.

Question 17.
When was the construction of Harmandir Sahib completed?
Answer:
1601 A.D.

Question 18.
Who was the first Head Granthi of Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji.

Question 19.
Why four doors have been built on* four sides of Harmandir Sahib?
Or
What do the four doors of Harmandir Sahib, indicate?
Answer:
It indicates that the doors of Harmandir Sahib are open for people coming from all four directions without any discrimination.

Question 20.
What is meant by Tarn Taran?
Answer:
A person can swim across the world by bathing in the tank of Tarn Taran.

Question 21.
Who got town of Tarn Taran constructed?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 22.
Which Guru got built a Baoli in Dabbi Bazar at Lahore?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 23.
What is meant by the word Masand?
Answer:
High place.

Question 24.
What does Daswandh imply?
Answer:
Daswandh means the 1/10th of income which the Sikhs gave to the Masands.

Question 25.
When was Adi Granth Sahib Ji compiled?
Answer:
1604 A.D.

Question 26.
Which Guru Sahib compiled Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 27.
Who helped Guru Arjan Dev Ji in compiling the Adi Granth Sahib?
Answer:
Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 28.
When was Adi Granth Sahib Ji installed in Harmandir Sahib?
Answer:
16th Aug, 1604 A.D.

Question 29.
Which Guru composed the maximum Shabads (Hymns) for Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 30.
What is the number of saints whose hymns (bani) have been included in the Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
15.

Question 31.
Name any one saint, whose hymns have been included in Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
Answer:
Kabir Ji.

Question 32.
Into how many Ragas the Adi Granth Sahib Ji has been divided?
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib has been divided into 31 Ragas.

Question 33.
How many pages (Angas) does Adi Granth Sahib Ji contain?
Answer:
1430.

Question 34.
Write the name of the script of ‘Adi Granth Sahib Ji’.
Answer:
Gurmukhi.

Question 35.
Name the main religious book of (Granth Sahib) the Sikhs.
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib Ji or Guru Granth Sahib Ji„

Question 36.
With which Bani does the Adi Granth Sahib Ji start?
Answer:
Japji Sahib.

Question 37.
Who composed Japji Sahib?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

Question 38.
What is the importance of Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
Answer:
It contains the message of universal brotherhood of mankind.

Question 39.
Who was Baba Buddha Ji?
Answer:
The first Head Granthi of Sri Darbar Sahib, Amritsar.

Question 40.
Name the central shrine of the Sikhs.
Answer:
Sri Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.

Question 41.
Who was Chandu Shah?
Answer:
Diwan of Lahore.

Question 42.
Who was Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi?
Answer:
The head of Naqashbandi order.

Question 43.
What was the name of the eldest son of Jahangir?
Answer:
Khusrau.

Question 44.
Who was the first martyr among the Sikh Gurus?
Or
Which Guru is known as King of Martyrs (Shaheedan de Sartaj).
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 45.
Which Mughal emperor ordered to martyr Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Jahangir.

Question 46.
When was Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred?
Answer:
May 30, 1606 A.D.

Question 47.
Where was Guru Arjan Dev Ji martyred?
Answer:
In Lahore.

Question 48.
Write down any one result of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
It inflammed the sentiments of the Sikhs.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the ……………… Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
fifth

2. The name of the father of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was …………………..
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji

3. The name of the mother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was ……………….
Answer:
Bibi Bhani

4. The name of the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was ………………….
Answer:
Hargobind

5. Guru Arjan Dev Ji succeeded to Guruship in ………………..
Answer:
1581 A.D.

6. Prithia established ………………..
Answer:
Mina sect

7. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi started the …………………. order.
Answer:
Naqashbandi

8. Naqasbandis established their headquarters at …………………
Answer:
Sirhind

9. Chandu Shah was the Diwan of ……………..
Answer:
Lahore

10. ……………. got built Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

11. Famous Saint ……………… laid the foundation stone of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Mian Mir

12. ………………. founded Tarn Taran.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

13. ………………. got built a Baoli at Lahore.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

14. The Adi Granth Sahib was complied by …………………
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji

15. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib was completed in ………………..
Answer:
1604 A.D.

16. ………………… was appointed as the first Head Granthi in Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
Baba Buddha Ji

17. The autobiography of Jahangir is …………………..
Answer:
Tuzak-i-Jahangiri

18. Dara Shikoh’s father’s name was …………………
Answer:
Jahangir

19. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on …………………
Answer:
May 30, 1606 A.D.

20. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred at ………………..
Answer:
Lahore

21. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred by Mughal emperor …………………
Answer:
Jahangir

True or False:

1. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

2. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1563 A.D.
Answer:
True

3. Tripta Devi was the name of mother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
False

4. The name of the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji was Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
True

5. Prithi Chand found the Mina Sect.
Answer:
True

6. Chandu Shah became the friend of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
False

7. Guru Arjan Dev Ji got constructed the Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
True

8. The construction of Harmandir Sahib was started in 1688 A.D.
Answer:
False

9. The foundation of Harmandir Sahib was laid by Sufi Saint, Mian Mir.
Answer:
True

10. Development of Masand system was the greatest achievement of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
True

11. Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled Adi Granth Sahib Ji in 1604 A.D.
Answer:
True

12. Baba Buddha Ji wrote hymns of Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
False

13. Baba Buddha Ji was the first Head Granthi (priest) of Harmandir Sahib.
Answer:
True

14. The hymns of Adj Granth Sahib Ji have been divided according to 33 Ragas.
Answer:
False

15. Adi Granth Sahib Ji has a total of 1430 pages.
Answer:
True

16. Guru Granth Sahib Ji has hymns of six Gurus.
Answer:
True

17. Adi Granth Sahib Ji is written in Sanskrit Language.
Answer:
False

18. The writer of Tuzak-i-Babari was Jahangir.
Answer:
False

19. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred in 1606 A.D.
Answer:
True

20. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on the orders of Aurangjeb.
Answer:
False

21. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred at Lahore.
Answer:
True

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who was the fifth Guru of Sikhs?
(a) Guru Ram Das Ji
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(c) Guru Hargobind Ji
(d) Guru Har Krishan Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Arjan Dev Ji

2. When was Guru Arjan Dev Ji born?
(a) In 1539 AD.
(b) In 1560 A.D.
(c) In 1563 A.D
(d) In 1574 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1563 A.D

3. Where was Guru Arjan Dey Ji born?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Khadur Sahib
(c) Goindwal Sahib
(d) Tarn Taran.
Answer:
(c) Goindwal Sahib

4. Who was the father of Guru Arjan Dcv Ji?
(a) Guru Amar Das Ji
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji
(c) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(d) Haridas Ji
Answer:
(b) Guru Ram Das Ji

5. What was the name of the mother of Guru Arjan Dcv Ji?
(a) Bibi Bhani Ji
(b) Bibi Amro Ji
(c) Bibi Anokhi Ji
(d) Bibi Dhanì Ji.
Answer:
(a) Bibi Bhani Ji

6. Which sect was, founded by Prithin?
(a) Mina
(b) Udasi
(c) Harms
(d) Nirjania
Answer:
(a) Mina

7. Whose son was Meharban?
(a) Guru Arjan Dcv Ji
(b) Sri Chiad Ji
(c) Baba Mohan Ji
(d) Prithi Chand.
Answer:
(d) Prithi Chand.

8. When did Guru Arjan Dev Ji succeed to Guruship?
(a) In 1580 A.D.
(b) In 1581 A.D.
(c) In 1585 A.D.
(d) In 1586 A.D.
Answer:
(b) In 1581 A.D.

9. Where was headquarter of Naqshbandis located In Punjab?
(a) Malerkutla
(b) Ludhiana
(c) Jalandhar
(d) Sirhind
Answer:
(d) Sirhind

10. Who was the leader of Naqshbandis at the time of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
(a) Baba Farid Ji
(b) Data Ganj Baksh
(c) Shaikh Abmed Sirhindi
(d) Ram Rai.
Ans.
(c) Shaikh Abmed Sirhindi

11. Who was Chandu Shah?
(a) Diwan of Lahore
(b) Faujdar of Punjab
(c) Subedar of Jalandhar
(d) Diwan of Multan
Answer:
(a) Diwan of Lahore

12. When was the foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib laid?
Answer:
(a) In 1581 A.D.
(b) In 1585 A.D.
(c) In 1588 A.D.
(d) In 1589 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1588 A.D.

13. Who laid the foundation of sri Harmandir Sahib?
(a) Guru Arjan Dev Ji
(b) Baba Farid Ji
(c) Saint Mian Mir Ji
(d) Baba Buddha Ji.
Answer:
(c) Saint Mian Mir Ji

14. Where did Guru Arjan Dev Ji Start compiling of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
(a) Ramsar
(b) Goindwal Sahib
(c) Khadur Sahib
(d) Baba Bakala
Answer:
(a) Ramsar

15. Who helped Guru Arjan Dev Ji in compiling the Adi Granth Sahib Ji?
(a) Baba Buddha Ji
(b) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(c) Bhai Moh1cam Chand Ji
(d) Bhai Mani Singh Ji.
Ans.
(b) Bhai Gurdas Ji

16. When was compilation of the Adj Granth Sahib Ji completed?
(a) In 1600 A.D.
(b) In 1601 A.D.
(c) In 1602 A.D.
(d) In 1604 A.D.
Answer:
(d) In 1604 A.D.

17. Where was the Adj Granth Sahib JI first kept?
(a) Sri Harnjandjr Sahib
(b) Khadur Sahib
(c) Goindwal Sahib
(d) Nankana Sahib.
Answer:
(a) Sri Harnjandjr Sahib

18. When was the Adj Granth Sahib Ji first read.?
(t) In 1602 AD.
(ii) In 1604 A.D.
(iii) In 1605 A.D.
(iv) In 1606 A.D.
Answer:
(ii) In 1604 A.D.

19. Who was appointed First Head Granthi in the Sri Harmandir Sahib?
(a) Bhai Gurdas Ji
(b) Bhai Mani Singh Ji
(c) Baba Buddha Ji
(d) Baba Deep Singh Ji
Answer:
(c) Baba Buddha Ji

20. Into how many Ragas has the Bani of the Adj Granth Sahib Ji been divided?
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 21
(d) 31
Answer:
(d) 31

21. In which Script the Adi Granth Sahib Ji was written?
(a) Hindi
(b) Persian
(c) Marathi
(d) Gurmukhi
Answer:
(d) Gurmukhi

22. Who was Baba Buddha Ji?
(a) The first Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib Amrister.
(b) Writer of the Adi Granth Sahib Ji.
(c) The founder of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
(d) None of These
Answer:
(a) The first Head Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib Amrister.

23. Name the main religious scripture of the Sikhs.
(a) Adi Granth Sahib Ji
(b) Dasam Granth Sahib Ji
(c) Zafarnama
(d) Rehat Nama
Answer:
(a) Adi Granth Sahib Ji

24. Name the main religious scripture of the Sikhs.
(a) Sri Harmandir Sahib
(b) Sis Ganj
(c) Rakab Ganj
(d) Kesgarh Sahib
Answer:
(a) Sri Harmandir Sahib

25. What was the name of autobiography of Jahangir?
(a) Tuzak-i-Babari
(b) Tuzak-i-Jahangiri
(c) Jahangir Nama
(d) Aalamgir Nama.
Answer:
(b) Tuzak-i-Jahangiri

26. Name the first martyr among the Sikh Gurus.
(a) Guru Nanak Dey Ji
(b) Guni Amar Das Ji
(c) Guru Arjan Dey Ji
(d) Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
(c) Guru Arjan Dey Ji

27. On the orders of which Mughal emperor was Guru Arjan Dey Ji martyred?
(a) Babar
(b) Jahangir
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) Aurangzeb.
Answer:
(b) Jahangir

28. Where was Guru Arjan Dcv Ji martyred?
(a) Delhi
(b) Amritsar
(c) Lahore
(d) Multan.
Answer:
(c) Lahore

29. When was Guru Arjan Dey Ji martyred?
(a) In 1604 A.D.
(b) In 1605 A.D.
(c) In 1606 A.D.
(d) In 1609 A.D.
Answer:
(c) In 1606 A.D.

PSEB 11th Class Political Science Solutions Chapter 25 The Union Legislature

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 25 The Union Legislature Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 25 The Union Legislature

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the composition of Indian Parliament and compare the powers of the Rajya Sabha with those of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Discuss the composition of Indian Parliament. Describe the relations between the two Houses of Parliament.
Answer:
All the legislative powers of the federal government are vested in the Parliament. The laws framed by the Indian Parliament are enforced in the whole of the country. The Parliament holds its meetings in New Delhi, the Capital of India.

Composition:
Article 79 of the Constitution provides a bicameral parliament for the Union. The Union Parliament consists of the president and the two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

1. Rajya Sabha:
Rajya Sabha is the upper chamber of the Parliament. It can have at the most 250 members in it. The President of India nominates 12 members. These are the persons who have distinguished themselves in the field of art, literature, science and social service. Rest of the members are elected by the members of State legislatures. At present it consists of 245 (233 + 12) members in all. l/3rd of its members retire after every two years and other members are elected to fill up the vacancies. Each member remains in office for a period of 6 years.

2. Lok Sabha:
Lok Sabha is the lower chamber of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members will be elected acording to the laws framed by the Union Parliament. The President can nominate two members of the Anglo-Indian community if he feels that in the Lok Sabha this- community has not got adequate representation. In this manner maximum strength of the Lok Sabha can be 552.

But at present Lok Sabha has 543 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its term and can order fresh elections. The members of the Lok Sabha elect one Speaker and one Deputy Speaker from amongst its members.

Salary and Allowances of the Members of Parliament:
The salary and allowances of the members of Parliament are determined by Parliament from time to time. Session of the Parliament. The President of India convenes the session of the Parliament. He can call the sessions of both the Houses on the same date or on different dates. The second session of the Parliament must be convened within a period of 6 months. There should not be a difference of more than 6 months between the last meeting of the last session and the first meeting of the next session. This way two sessions are certainly called in one year.

Relations Between The Two Houses Of Parliament
Although the participation and collaboration of both the Houses are essential for all legislative activities, even a cursory perusal of the provisions of the Constitution with regard to the two Houses of Parliament will show that the Constitution recognizes the supremacy of the Lok Sabha over the Rajya Sabha. The two Houses, unlike the Australian Parliament do not stand on the footing of equality. The relation of the two Houses, unlike the Australian Parliament does not stand on the footing of equality. The relation of the two Houses may be discussed as under:

1. Ordinary Bills:
Ordinary Bills can originate in either House of Parliament. Unless passed by both the Houses they cannot be sent to the President for his assent. A Bill passed by one House is sent to the other House. If the other House passes the Bill in the form in which it was passed by originating House, it is sent to the President for his assent. The other House may propose amendments in the Bill or may even reject the Bill.

Thus, if the two Houses do not agree on the proposed amendments or if the two Houses finally disagree on the Bill, the President, under Art. 108 of the Constitution is empowered to call a joint meeting of the two Houses. In case the receiving House takes no action on the Bill for six months from the date of its receipt in that case also the President may summon a joint meeting of both the Houses. It should be noted that there can be no joint meeting of the two Houses if the Bill has lapsed because of the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

Even if the President has already issued a notification for joint sitting and even if the date, time and place of the meeting have been announced and summons issued, the meeting shall have to be cancelled because no joint sitting can be held for deliberating and voting on a Bill which has already lapsed. When the President has notified his intention to summon the two Houses to meet in a joint sitting, neither House can proceed with the Bill.

If at the joint meeting of the two Houses the Bill is passed by a majority of the total number of members of both Houses present and voting, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both the Houses. At the joint sitting of the two Houses, the voice of the Lok Sabha should prevail because of its numerical strength. It should not, however, be taken for granted. In India, thus, the Rajya Sabha can delay a Bill or six months.

It may succeed in killing it also especially when the Government has a thin majority in the Lok Sabha and substantial opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In England, the House of Lords can delay a non-money Bill for one year. There is no provision for a joint sitting. In Japan also there is no provision for a joint sitting of the two Houses in case of a deadlock over a Bill. The Upper House of Japn (House of Councillors) can delay an ordinary Bill for sixty days. If the Lower House passes that Bill for the second time by a two-third majority of the members present the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses.

2. Money Bills:
Money Bills and Budget can originate in the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha is the receiving end. When a Money Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha it is sent to he Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Rajya Sabha, has the right to propose amendments in the Money Bill. It must return the Bill to the Lok Sabha, with or without amendments, within 14 days, but Lok Sabha may or may not agree to those recommendations.

If the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill within 14 days from the date of the receipt of the Bill, the same shall be considered to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament in the same form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. All these provisions clearly prove that the hold of the Lok Sabha over the finance of the country is complete and absolute. It should be noted that in case of disagreement over Money Bill, there cannot be a joint sitting of the two Houses. The Senate of Australia possesses the power to reject even a Money Bill.

The House of Lords of England can delay a money bill for a month. The Upper House of Japan can also delay the passage of a money bill for 30 days. In matters of finance the powers of the Rajya Sabha are insignificant.

3. Control over the Executive:
In India, Parliamentary system of Government has been established. The essence of this form of Government is that the executive is responsible to the legislature for its actions and policies. In practice it is answerable to the Popular House. Thus, according to the Constitution of India, the Council of Ministers has been made collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

No doubt, the Rajya Sabha can exert its influence on the Govenment in a number of ways and it may even put the Government in an awkward position, but it cannot remove the Government from office. This power belongs to the Lok Sabha only. This power of the Lok Sabha is exclusive and not concurrent. The Government must enjoy the confidence of the Lok Sabha or else resign. The Lok Sabha can express its lack of confidence in a number of ways, for example by rejecting a Government Bill, a Money Bill or by passing a no confidence resolution.

Thus, the Government must either be in tune with the Lok Sabha or face expulsion. One point may be noted here. The Council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Constitution does not speak of individual responsibility. Moreover, it is not clear that when the Lok Sabha stands dissolved, to whom is the Council of Ministers responsible then? Afer the dissolution of the Lok Sabha in December 1970, the continuance of Indira Government was challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the legality of the continuance of Indira Gandhi Government.

4. Other Matters:
On the other matters, the powers of the two Houses are almost equal. They are enumerated as under:

(i) Constitution Amending Bill can be introduced in either House of Parliament. It is deemed to have been passed only when each House passes it by the required majority. Since the Amending Bill has to be passed by each House, the question of joint sitting of the two Houses in case of disagreement does not arise. In this repsect the Rajya Sabha has co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha. It may even kill an amending Bill.

(ii) Both the Houses take part in the election of the President and Vice President.

(iii) Both the Houses have equal powers in the removal of the President, Charges can be preferred in either House, the other House investigates or gets them investigated by a court or a tribunal, but the House cannot abdicate its authority, it has to pass the resolution by 2/3rd majority if the impeachment proceeding is to succeed.

(iv) The Vice President can also be removed from office by the Parliament. Removal proceedings against the Vice President can start only in the Rajya Sabha, but the Lok Sabha must also agree if the Vice President is to be removed from office.

(v) Judges of the Supreme Court and State High Courts are also removed by both the Houses. In this .respect also the powers of both the Houses are equal.

In two matters the powers of the Rajya Sabha are exclusive. They are:
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution by 2/3rd majority of its members present and voting that an item given on the State List has become of national importance, therefore, Parliament should make law on that. On the passing of such a resolution, it becomes lawful for Parliament to make laws with respect to that matter for the whole or any part of India for a period of one year.

2. The second exclusive power of the Rajya Sabha. is connected with the setting up of All India Services. Under Article 312, the Rajya Sabha by passing a resolution by two-thirds majority of the members present and voting can set up All India Service.

From the above discussion it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. And he who holds the purse, holds the power. Likewise, the Council of Ministers can be removed from office by the Lok Sabha only. The Lok Sabha is thus the King- maker. It was the intention of the makers of the costitution to make the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because it is in accordance with the theory and practice of Parliamentary system of Government.

Question 2.
Discuss the powers and functions of Indian Parliament.
Or
Discuss financial and judicial functions of Parliament.
Answer:
The Indian Parliament has been given several types of powers. The powers of Parliament include law-making or legislation, financial, executive and judicial powers.
1. Legislative Powers:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union list and concurrent list. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State list. The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for union territories. The Rajya Sabha can transfer a State subject in favour of the centre for the purpose of making laws.

In case of the proclamation of emergency by the President, the Parliament can legislate on State subjects. The Residuary powers are under the control of the central government and so Parliament frames laws on all the residuary subjects. The bill is sent to the President after it is passed by both the Houses. Excepting the money bills he can give his assent and make use of his veto powers. If the Parliament passes that bill for second time then the President is bound to give his assent to that bill.

2. Financial Powers:
The Parliament controls the finances of the State. The government places the budget before the start of the financial year. The Parliament discusses the budget and gives its assent to the bill. The government can neither impose any tax upon the public nor can it spend the money without the approval of the Parliament. The President will have to give his assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

3. Control over the Executive:
The Parliament controls the Executive in the following ways:
(i) The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.

(ii) The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

(iii) The members of the Parliament can ask the ministers questions regarding the functioning of the administration. The ministers are to give a satisfactory reply to all these questions.

(iv) The members of the Parliament by introducing ‘Adjournment Motion’ can invite the attention of the government to a serious problem or event.

(v) During discusion on budget the members of the Parliament discuss the working of different departments of the government and criticise the policies of the government.

(vi) The Cabinet continues to remain in office according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha. It can seek the removal of the Cabinet by passing a no-confidence motion against or by rejecting an important government bill or by passing a resolution for reducing the salary of a particular minister.

4. Judicial Powers:
The Parliament exercises some judicial powers also:

The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.
The Parliament can remove the judges of the High Court and Supreme Court by passing a resolution to that effect.

5. Electoral Powers:

The elected members of the parliament participate in the election of the President.
The Vice President is elected by the members of both the Houses of the Parliament.

6. Amendment of the Constitution:
It is the Parliament which can initiate a resolution for the amendment of the Constitution. Some provisions of the Constitution can be amended only by the Parliament. In some important matters the amendment proposals after being passed by the Parliament are to be sent for the approval of legislatures of the States. The States cannot introduce a resolution of amendment of the Constitution.

Position of the Parliament:
The Indian Parliament enjoys vast powers and it is a very important insitution. It represents the entire nation. The Laws framed by it are enforced in the whole of the State. But the Indian Parliament is not a supreme and sovereign body.The Indian Parliament is less powerful than the British Parliament. The sovereignty of the British Parliament is a well known fact.

The British Parliament can make, repeal, amend and abolish, any law it likes. But the Indian Parliament cannot make all the laws it likes. The reason for this is that in England there is unitary type of government and all powers are with the Centre, but in Indian there is a federal type of government and the powers have been distributed between ttie Centre and the States. Indian Parliament cannot be called a Supreme and sovereign body due to reasons given ahead:

The powers in India are distributed between the Centre and the State and the Parliament cannot frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State list during peace time.
The Parliament cannot make any law which violates the fundamental rights of the people?
The Parliament cannot amend the Constitution independently.
The Constitution is considered the supreme law of the land. The Parliament can do nothing against it.
The judiciary has the power of Judicial review over the laws framed by the Parliament. The Supreme Court of India can declare a law null and void if it is against the provisions of the Constitution.

Question 3.
Discuss the composition, functions and powers of Rajya Sabha in India.
Answer:
The legislative powers of the Union have been vested in the parliament. The Parliament consists of two Houses-the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people. Hence, it is a national House or the popular House. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Hence its name is the Council of States.

Composition:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members 12 members are nominated by the President. These members shall consist of persons having special knowledge of practical experience in literature, science, art and social service. The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories.

The representatives of the States are elected by the Elected members of their Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The method of election is, accordingly, indirect. In the case of Union Territories members are chosen in such a manner as Parliament may by law determine.

Though the Indian Constitution establishes a federal polity, yet the federating units (State) have not been given equal representation in the Rajya Sabha, Representation of the States is on the basis of population. At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 mambers. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the States and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the president.

Term:
Like the Senate of the U.S.A.; the Rajya Sabha is a permanent House. It is not subject to dissolution. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for six years, one-third members retiring after every two years.

Qualifications for the members of the Rajya Sabha. A candidate for election to the Rajya Sabha must possess the following qualifications:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 30 years of age.
He must be a parliamentary elector in the State from which he is seeking election and must have been residing in the state for the last six months.
He must possess such other qualifications as parliament may by law prescribe.
He must make and subscribe before some person authorised on that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation asserting his allegiance to the Constitution of India.

Disqualification for Membership:
A person is disqualified from being chosen a member of the Rajya Sabha if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or any State Government, or if he is of unsound mind, or if he is an undischarged insolvent, or if he has ceased to be a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired citizenship of a foreign State, or acknowledged allegiance to a foreign State, or if he is so disqualified under any law made by the Parliament.

A person cannot be a member of both the Houses simultaneously. Nor can he be a member of the Rajya Sabha and a State legislature at the same time. If he incurs any disqualification even after his election, he will have to vacate his seat.

Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sahha:
Like the Vice President of U.S.A., the Indian Vice-President is also the ex- officio Chairman of the Upper House. At present Sh. Venkaiah Naidu is the Chairman of Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha elects a Deputy Chairman from among its own members and he presides in the absence of the Chairman or during the period when the Vice-President is discharging the function of the President. The Deputy Chairman is a member of the Rajya Sabha and he is to vacate the office if he ceases to be its member. On 9th August, 2018 Sh. Harivansh Narayan Singh, candidate of N.D.A. was elected as the Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

Quorum:
According to 42nd Amendment until parliament by law otherwise provides the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliamnet is one-tenth of the total number of members of the House. If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, it is the duty of the Chairman either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.

Powers And Functions Of The Rajya Sabha:
The Rajya Sabha performs a variety of functions. They may be discussed under the following heads:
1. Legislative Powers:
The Rajya Sabha is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. Since the main responsibility of the Parliament is to make laws, hence the Rajya Sabha takes part in the making of laws. Except Money Bills, all bills can originate in the Rajya Sabha. No Bill can become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses. The Lok Sabha by itself cannot pass a Bill and send it to the President for his assent.

In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a Bill or on the amendments made in the Bill, the President has been empowered to summon a joint meeting of the two Houses for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill; At a joint sitting questions are decided by a majority of the members of both houses present and voting. A decision taken at a joint sitting shall mean the decision of both Houses. At the time of the joint sitting the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides.

The President can also summon the joint sitting when a Bill passed by one House is not considered by the other House for six months. For the purpose of summoning the joint sitting it does not matter whether the Bill was introduced first in the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.

2. Financial Powers:
In financial matters, it is the Lok Sabha which enjoys a pre-eminent position. The Rajya Sabha has not been given any susbstantial power with regard to finance. No Money Bill or Financial Bill can first be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It is the privilege of the Lok Sabha to pass the Money Bill first and send it to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendation. It should be noted that the Bill is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendation and not for its aproval. In America, the Money Bill must be approved by the Senate. It is not so in India.

The Rajya Sabha can make amendments in the Money Bill, it may even rejected the Money Bill. It has no effect on the Bill. The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. In case the Lok Sabha rejects the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Bill is deemed to have been pased by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Likewise if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Thus, the Lok Sabha possesses complete control over the purse of the nation.

3. Control over Executive:
The Rajya Sabha does not control Excecutive as the Constitution makes the Council of Ministers collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. But this does not mean that the Rajya Sabha can exert no influence over the Executive. Some of the Ministers are taken from the Rajya Sabha. The members of the Rajya Sabha have the right to ask questions and supplementary questions from the Ministers. They can elicit information about the actions of Government and can move resolutions impressing on the Government the desirability of pursuing a particular line of policy.

As said, the Council of Ministers can be ousted from office by the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha can condemn the Government but it cannot kick the Government out of office.

4. Judicial Powers:
Like the Upper Houses in other countries, the Rajya Sabha has also been vested with some judicial functions. The President can be removed from office by the process of impeachment. A resolution to impeach the President may be moved in any House of Parliament. Such a resolution has to be pased by both the Houses separately by at least 2/3rd majority of the total membership of the house. Clearly, the Rajya Sabha enjoys co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the process of impeachment of the President.

In the removal of the Vice-Presidnet, a resolution to that effect can be moved in the Rajya Sabha only. But the Lok Sabha must agree with that resolution if the Vice-President is to be removed from the office. Likewise, it has identical powers with the Lok Sabha in the matter of removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court.

5. Constituent Powers:
The Rajya Sabha exercises constituent functions along with the Lok Sabha. A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House of Parliament. And the Bill amending the Csonstitution is required to be pased in each House by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of two-third of its members present and voting. The Cosntitution is silent on how to resolve a dead-lock between the two . Houses.

6. Miscellaneous Powers:
The miscellaneous functions of the Rajya Sabha are:
(i) The elected members of the Rajya Sabha take part in the election of the President.

(ii) All the members (elected and nominated both) of the Rajya Sabha take part in the election of the Vice-President.

(iii) The reports of all the Commissions appointed by the President are considered both by the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.

(iv) The approval of the Rajya Sabha is necessary for the continuance of the proclamation of emergency.

(v) Every order made by the president suspending the enformcement of Fundamental Rights is required to be laid before each House of Parliament.

(vi) Agreement of the Rajya Sabha is necessary if action is to be taken against the Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller General and the members of the Union Public Service Commission.

(vii) In granting amnesty, the Rajya Sabha has equal power with the Lok Sabha. Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha. Under the constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with two special and exclusive powers. They are:
1. Under Article 249 the Rayja Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two-third majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Under Article 312 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha is empowered to create one or more All-India Services, if the house passes a resolution by not less than two-thirds of the memebrs present and voting that it is neccessary or expedient in the national interest to do so.

Position of the Rajya Sahha:
After having an anylysis of the powers of the Rajya Sabha, it becomes clear that the makers of the Constitution intended it to be less powerful and influential than the Lok Sabha. In matters of ordinary legislation, it cannot prove to be an obstacle in the way of the Lok Sabha because of its half of strength of the Lok Sabha. At the most it can delay an oridnary bill for six months. It has absolutely no control over the purse of the nation.

Money Bills first originate in the Lok Sabha and then are transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Lok Sabha may not agree with the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay a Money Bill for 14 days only. There can be no joint sitting of the two Houses in case of disagreement on a Money Bill. Then the privilege to remove the Government from office belongs to the Lok Sabha only. The Rajya Sabha can denounce the Government but it cannot dislodge the Government. In certain repsects it is weaker than the House of Lords even. In the opinion of certain critics, the Rajya Sabha is only a Secondary Chamber.

All this, however, is not to suggest that the Rajya Sabha is only an appendage of the Lok Sabha. It is definitely more powerful than the British House of Lords and the Senate of Canada. While in certain matters it has co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha, in two cases it has exclusive powers as well. It has reacted very strongly whenever the Lok Sabha made an attack upon its privileges. In 1954, much excitement was caused in the Rajya Sabha by an alleged observation made in the Lok Sabha by N.C. Chatterjee that “The Upper House, which is suposed to be a body of elders, seems to be behaving irresponsibly like a pack of urchins.”

According to Morris Jones, “It has three outweighing merits, it supplies additional political positions for which there is demand, it provides some additonal debating opportunities for which there is occasional need and it assists in the solution of legislative limited problems.”

Question 4.
Describe the composition and powers of the Lok Sabha. Is there any limitation to its authority?
Or
Discuss the Composition and Functions of Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is the Lower House of Parliament. It is a popular House because it represents the nation at large. It is not only popular but a powerful House as well. It is the pivot of all political activities.

Composition:
Accroding to the 31st Amendment, the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha has been put at 547 members. But accroding to Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987 maximum elected memebrs of the Lok Sabha can be 550. The President can appoint two Anglo-IndiAnswer: At present Lok Sabha consists of 543 members. 530 members are elected members from the States and the Union Territories and two are nominated by the President.

Election:
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years has the right to vote provided, of course, he or she is not otherwise disqualified on grounds of unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice. The voting is by secret ballot. Normally one member represents a population between 5 to 7 1/2 lakhs. As per Constitution, there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between the population of the State as far as practicable, is same for all the Staes.

Each State shall be devided into territorial Constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the State. Though the system of separate communal electorate has been abolished yet the Constitution reserves certain seats for Scheduled Castes and Schedules Tribes. This reservation shall be vaild till 2020 because the term has been extended by amending the Constitution.

Term:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where l/3rd members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term, i.e. five years. On 26th April, 1999 the President dissolved the Lok Sabha on the advice of Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. Thus the tenure of 12th Lok Sabha was 13 months only.

Qualification:
To be qualified for election to the Lok Sabha, a person must possess the following qualifications:
1. He must be a citizen of India.

2. He must have completed 25 years of age.

3. He must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.

4. He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.

5. No person can be a member of both Houses of Parliament. In case he becomes, he must vacate one of the two seats. Likewise, one person cannot be a member of a House of Parliament and of a State Lsegislature simultaneously.

6. A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court: if he is an undischarged insolvent; if he is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State or is under an acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State or if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.

Quorum:
For a meeting of the Lok Sabha the presence of at least 1/lQth of its total members is essential. If at any time during meeting of a House there is no quorum, it is the duty of the Chairman either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.

Speaker:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House. The Constitution also provides for the office of the Deputy Speaker. He too is the member of the House and is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the speaker when the latter is absent or while the office of the Speaker is vacant.

Privileges:
Members of the Lok Sabha enjoy certain privileges:

Members have full freedom of speech in the House. No case can be started against a member for a speech given in the House.
Members cannot be arrested in any civil suit before 40 days of the beginning of the session.
During the session, members can be arrested in criminal cases only but information must be given to the speaker.
Members get a monthly salary and many other allowances.

Powers Of The Lok Sabha:
1. Legislative Powers:
Any type of bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Laws in it, can be framed on any subject given on the Union list and the concurrent list. The Rajya Sabha can transfer any subject on the State List by passing a resolution in favour of the Centre and Lok Sabha can pass a law on the subject. Rajya Sabha can transfer a subject only in case of national importance. After the bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha and it can delay the bill at the most for 6 months.

If the Rajya Sabha rejects the bill or does not take any action over it for a period of six months, a joint session of the two Houses of the Parliament is called and the majority vote decides the bill. As the number of the members of the Lok Sabha is larger than that of the Rajya Sabha, so the Lok Sabha can get the bills passed according to its own wishes.

2. Financial Powers:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the State. A money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. If there is a difference of opinion whether a particular bill is a money bill or a non-money bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will be final. After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill. The President cannot use his veto power in case of money bill.

3. Control over the executive:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha is the Prime Minister of the country. Most of the ministers are also taken from the Lok Sabha. The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha for all its actions and policies. The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. The members of the Lok Sabha can criticise the functiuoning of the Cabinet. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office so long as it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

4. Judicial Powers:
The Lok Sabha can start impeachment proceedings against the President of India. It investigates into the charges levelled against the Vice-President and gives its decision. It along with the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution for the removal of the judges from the High Court or the Supreme Court.

5. Electoral Functions:
The Lok Sabha participates in the election of the President. It has also the right to participate in the election of the Vice-President. The Lok Sabha elects a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker from amongst its members.

6. Amendment in the Constitution:
The resolution for amending the Constitution can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. In this field it enjoys equal powers with the Rajya Sabha.

Position Of The Lok Sabha:
Lok Sabha is the lower Chamber of the Parliament. Almost all its members are elected by the people. This Chamber is more important than the Rajya Sabha because it represents the nation. The Lok Sabha controls the ordinary and the money bills. No bill can be passed against the wishes of the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha has also control over the Cabinet. The Lok Sabha can remove the Cabinet by passing a vote of no-confidence’ or by rejecting the budget. The Lok Sabha is the most powerful, influential and an important part of the Parliament. In fact it is the Lok Sabha which exercises all the powers of the Parliament.

Question 5.
Discuss the election, powers and functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Discuss the functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Or
Write a short note on the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha is presided over by the Speaker who is elected by the House from among its own members. The Speaker’s office is one of much dignity, honor and power. He enjoys supreme authority on the floor of the House. In order of precedence of the state, he ranks seventh and enjoys a status equal to that of the Chief Justice of India. In the absence of the Speaker or when the office of the Speaker is vacant the Deputy Speaker discharges the functions of the Speaker.

Election:
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker must necessarily be a member of the Lok Sabha. The primary function of the newly-elected Lok Sabha is to elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. The Speaker is elected by a simple majority which in reality means, by the party in power. But in practice Prime Minister, after consultations with the leaders of the opposition parties, decides a name for speakership.

Generally the speaker is taken from the ruling party while deputy speaker is taken from the opposition parties. On 22nd Oct, 1999, Mr. Ganti Mohan Chandra Balayogi of the Telugu Desam party backed by BJP and its allies was elected the speaker of Lok Sabha unanimously. On 19th June 2019. Sh. Om Birla, a senior leader of B.J.P. was elected the speaker of Lok Sabha unanimously.

Term of Office:
Normally, the Speaker is elected for a period of five years. However, he continues in office until a new Speaker is elected by the new House. The Speaker does not vacate his office even when the House is dissolved. The Speaker has to vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House. He can be elected to this office for the second time also. The Speaker can resign his office at any time. He can also be removed from his office by a resolution passed by a majority of all members on the roll of the Lok Sabha.

Fourteen days’ notice for moving such a resolution is required to be given. The Speaker cannot preside over a meeting of the House when the House is considering the resolution of his removal. He has, however, the right to sit in the House and defend himself. He has the right to vote also.

Salary and Allowances:
The salary and allowances of the Speaker are determined by the Parliament, and these are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India. These cannot be varied to his disadvantage during his term of office.

Powers and Functions of the Speaker:
The Speaker performs various functions and enjoys wide powers drawn partly from the Constitution and partly from the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Parliament, 1950: Following are the functions of the Speaker:

1. In consultation with the Leader of the House, he determines the order of business and the time to be allotted to the debates on the address of the President. He also prescribes the form in which amendments may be moved-to the motion of thanks to the address of the President.

2. He allows members to ask questions. He has also the power to disallow questions in case they are not in conformity with the Rules of the House.

3. Adjournment motions are moved with his consent. He also prescribes the time-limit for speeches on the motion.

4. The Speaker may allow the publication of a Bill in the Gazette of India upon a request from a member initiating the Bill even before the motion for leave to introduce the Bill has been made. In such a case it does not remain necessary to ask for leave of the House to introduce the Bill.

5. His consent is necessary for a motion to adjourn the debate on a bill.

6. He appoints the Chairman of the Select Committees. He himself is ex-officer Chairman of some vital Committees, such as Rules Committee, the Business Advisory Committee and the General Purpose Committee.

7. He allots time for the discussion on Budget.

8. He is the channel of communication between the President and the Parliament.

9. He decides about the admissibility of a motion in the House.

10. No member can address the House without his permission. He is also to see that no member makes an irrelevant speech and thereby wastes the time of the House.

11. All members have to address the chair, they cannot address each other.

12. If any member raises any point of order, it is for the Speaker to give his own ruling and his ruling is final and binding on all. No member can challenge his ruling.

13. He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.

14. In case he finds the conduct of a member disorderly, he can order him to leave the House.

15. If a member disregards his authority in spite of warning, he can name him for suspension. In case a member does not leave the
House on the order of the Speaker, the Speaker can ask the Watch and Ward Staff to lift him bodily and remove him from the House.

16. He exercises control over the Visitors Gallery. It is he who regulates the admission of outsiders into the House. He can ask them to leave the House.

17. He puts questions to vote and announces the results.

18. He can order the expunging of a word or words used in debate from the proceedings of the House.

19. The Speaker conducts the business of the House. However, he cannot preside over the meeting of the House when the House is considering the resolution of the removal of the Speaker from office. But he has the right to sit, take part in the proceedings and defend himself. He has the right to vote also but he has no casting vote then.

20. Business of the Lok Sabha is valid only when the quorum of the House is complete. It is for the Speaker to see whether quorum is complete or not. If he finds that there is no quorum, he can suspend the business of the House till the required quorum is complete.

21. The Speaker is the guardian of the privileges of the members of Lok Sabha. He can insist that action must be taken against any one guilty of violating the privileges of the members of the House.

22. The Speaker is the custodian of the dignity of the House.

23. Before sending a Bill to Rajya Sabha or the President, he signs the Bill as a token of having been passed by the Lok Sabha.

24. It is for the Speaker to certify whether a particular Bill is a money-bill or not and his certificate is final on the point.

25. The Speaker has no right to vote in the first instance but he has the right to vote in case of a tie.

26. When the Speaker rises, others must sit down and must not leave when he addresses the House.

27. In case of a joint meeting of both the Houses on a disputed Bill, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides.

28. The Speaker represents the House and not the Government. For him the humblest back-bencher is no less than a Member and the greatest Minister is no more than a Member. He protects the members from the high-handedness of the Government. The Speaker can pull the Ministers up whenever answers given by them are not clear, adequate or deliberately postponed for no valid reason.

29. The Speaker also performs some important administrative functions. The Secretariat Staff of the Lok Sabha works directly under him.

Position of the Speaker:
The office of the Speaker is one of honour, dignity and authority. He presides over a House which is the pivot of all political activity. He symbolises the House and his authority. In the words of G. V. Mavlankar, “He is supreme in the House.” According to former Speaker Shri Hukam Singh, “Speaker is one of the highest offices in the land.” Shri L. K. Advani said in March 1977 that the Speaker or Chairman is an institution by himself.

In the Order of Precedence he is placed seventh and is bracketed with the Chief Justice of India. He interprets the Rules of the House and his ruling is final. Till today, the office of the Speaker has been occupied by very capable and illustrious personalities. They have enhanced the prestige of the Office. Shri G. V. Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

According to late Pandit Nehru, “The Speaker represents the House, the freedom of the House, and because the House represents the nation, in a particular way, the Speaker becomes the symbol of the nation’s freedom and liberty. Therefore, it is right that his should be an honoured positon; a free position and should be occupied always by men of outstanding ability and impartiality.”

Question 6.
What are the different stages through which the budget passes? Discuss.
Or
Discuss the financial procedure allowed in the Indian Parliament.
Answer:
The Budget is known as the Annual Financial Statement. The Constitution provides that the President shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditures of the Government of India for that year. “The President gets the Budget presented through the Finance Minister. The Budget shows the estimated receipts and expenditure for the ensuing year and is, thus the most important financial document.

In India the Budget is presented to the Parliament in two parts ; the Railway Budget and the General Budget. The Railway Budget deals exclusively with the income and expenditure relating to Railways. It is presented to Parliament by the Minister for Railways. The General Budget deals with the estimate of revenues and expenditure relating to all other Union Ministers and is presented by the Finance Minister. The two Budgets, however, are similar in form and are passed in the same manner.

The General Budget consists of the two parts-one of dealing with the expenditure and the other with the income side of the Union finances. The expenditure embodied in this Budget is divided into two parts:

Expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and
Other Expenditure. The expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India is non-volatile. Either House of Parliament can discuss it but not vote on it.

The other expenditure is submitted in the form of demand for grants to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha may assent or refuse to assent any demand or suggest reduction of the amount specified therein. It is voteable. The Lok Sabha cannot, however, suggest increase in the demand for grants. It is so because no demand for grant can be made except on the recommendation of the President.

Stages in Financial Legislation:
The Budget is presented to the Lok Sabha with the Budget Speech of the Finance Minister. The Budget Speech is one of the most important speeches made in Parliament. In his speech, the Finance Minister sums up the general positon of the country and outlines the economic and fiscal policy of the Government for the ensuing year.

Like ordinary bills, the Budget has also to pass through five stages. They are
1. introduction or presentation,
2. general discussion,
3. voting of demands,
4. consideration and passing of the Appropriation Bill and
5. consideraton and passing of the taxation proposals embodied in the Finance Bill.

1. Introduction of Budget in the Parliament:
It is the constitutional duty of the President to get the Budget prepared and cause to be laid before Parliament. The Budget is presented to the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister with a speech known as the Budget Speech. The Budget Speech is a survey of the financial position of the country and the economic policy of the Government for the ensuing year. The copies of the Budget, thereafter, are printed and circulated amongst members. The Budget contains the estimates of receipt and expenditure. There can be no discussion on the Budget the day it is presented.

2. General Discussion on the Budget:
After the presentation of the Budget, its printed copies are circulated among members. Generally after three days a general discussion on the Budget is held. The general debate on the Budget is spread over three or four days. It is customary that the leaders of the Opposition initiate the discussion.

But at this stage the Houses discuss the Budget as a whole and any question of principle involved in it. No discussion of details is in order and no cut motions are allowed at this stage This stage also provides an opportunity for the discussion of the non-votage expenditure” charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.”

The debate offers an occasion for a general service of the administration and for ventilation of grievances. In the words of Morris-Jones: “It is an occasion on which each House is able to express its mood and the Government may learn how a particular proposal will be received in the subsequent stage.” This stage is, thus, an expression of the mood of the House. No vote is taken at this stage.

3. Voting of DemandL:
After the completion of general discussion on the Budget, the way is clear for the business of voting the grants. The voting of demands or grants is the exclusive privilege of the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no share in it. The ‘demands’ are related to the ‘expenditure’ part of the Budget. They are in the nature of requests made by the Executive to the Lok Sabha for grant of outhority to spend the amounts asked for in order to run the administration.

Lok Sabha has the following powers in respect of each demand:

to assent to the i demand; or
to refuse it; or
to reduce it.

The Lok Sabha has no power to increase a demand because no demand for grant can be moved except on the i recommendation of the President.

4. Appropriation Bill:
When all demands for grants have been voted by the Lok Sabha, they are put together and along with charges of the Consolidated fund,
incorporated into what is known as the Appropriation Bill. The Appropriation bill is presented to the Lok Sabha and is passed in the same manner as any other Bill. The debate on the Bill is restricted to those points only which have not been discussed during the debates on estimates. No amendments to the grants as voted by the Lok Sabha previously or to the charges on the Consolidated Fund are followed. The allotment of time for the different stages of the Bill is determined by ! the Speaker. It does not take long for the Lok Sabha to pass the Appropriation Bin.

When the Appropriation Bill has been pssed by the Lok Sabha, it is certified by the Speaker as a Money Bill and is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. It is open to the Lok Sabha to accept or reject the recommendation made by the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has to return the ‘ Money Bill, with or without amendment, within 14 days of the receipt of the Bill.

In case the Lok Sabha does not agree with the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha or if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. It is then sent to the President for his assent. The President must give his assent to the Money Bill. He can neither withhold his assent nor can he send the Bill back for reconsideration. The Appropriation Act authorises the Government to spend money as authorised in the Act. Without such an authority the Government cannot incur an expenditure.

5. Finance Bill:
A Finance Bill is that which embodies all the taxation proposals of the Government for the ensuring year. While the Appropriation Act authorises the Government to spend money as authorised in the Act, the Finance Bill deals with the legislation which authorises the raising of Funds through taxation as embodied in the financial proposals of the year. The Finance Bill has to go through three readings and the procedure followed is that of a Money Bill. The discussion of the Finance pill in the second reading is confined to general principles.

It is only in the Select Committee that the Bill is considered in details and amendments are moved. Clause by clause consideration of the Bill follows after the presentation of the Committee Report. There is one important difference between the Report Stage of Finance Bill and that of the Appropriation Bill. In the case of Appropriation Bill, no amendments can be moved. In that of the Finance Bill amendments seeking to reject or reduce a tax can be moved. Sometimes the Cabinet voluntarily agrees with the opposition in the reduction of a tax. But if a cut motion is carried against the opposition of the Government, it means a lack of confidence in the Government. In that case the Government has to resign.

As soon as the Finance Bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is certified by the Speaker as Money Bill and is sent to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations. The Rajya Sabha has to return the Finance Bill, with or without recommendations within 14 days. The Lok Sabha may or may not agree with the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. After the expiry of 14 days the Finance Bill is sent to the President for his assent. He cannot refuse his assent.

Question 7.
How does a bill become an Act in the Indian Parliament?
Or
Describe the various stages through which the budget passes. Discuss.
Answer:
What is a Bill? The Parliament frames laws for the country. Any member of the House can introduce a resolution for the purpose of making a law. That resolution is to be introduced in the House in a special form and the resolution which is placed before the House in a special form is called a bill. Hence, the resolutions which are introduced in the Parliament for the purpose of making laws or changing old laws or amending the Constitution are called bills. The bill is passed by both the Houses and then it is sent to the President for his assent, and then it becomes a law. But before the Bill becomes a law, it is to pass through so many stages.

Kinds of Bill:
The Constitution divides Bills into two categories i.e., Money Bills and Non- Money Bills. The bills which are introduced in the Parliament by the ministers are called government bills. The bills which are introduced in the House by ordinary members of the House are called Private Members’ bills. Government bills are of two types, money bills and ordinary bills. A money bill is concerned with the imposition of taxes and the expenditure of amount thus collected.

The bill is to pass through so many stages before it becomes a law. The bill is discussed and debated thoroughly in these stages. These stages are mentioned as follows:
1. Introduction of the Bill:
An ordinary bill can be introduced in any House and by any member of the House. But a member can introduce the bill in the same House of which he is a member. The mover of the bill is to give a notice to this effect a month earlier. The admission of the notice brings a particular bill in the agenda or ‘the order of the day’.

There is no need for the ministers to give a month’s notice for the purpose. The agenda of the House or the programme of the House is prepared by the Cabinet and they can fix the date of the introduction of their bills. Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. Money Bills can only be introduced by the ministers and not by the ordinary members of the House.

On the fixed date the mover of the bills seeks the permission of the House for moving the bill and it is very much a formality. On getting the permission of the House he only reads the title of the bill. After this he gives a copy of the bill to the clerk of the House. It is called the introduction of the bill. The bill is sent to the Gazette of India for publication and its copies are distributed among the members of the House. The government bills can be published in the Government Gazette even without introducing them in the House and this method has been generally adopted.

2. First Reading:
After the introduction there is a first reading of the bill. Sometimes there is a first reading of the bill just after the introductory stage. Sometimes another date is fixed for the first reading of the bill. On the fixed date the mover of the bill stands up at his place and requests that the bill should be read for the first time. On getting permission of the House he explains the main principles and objectes of the bill.

After this other members of the House express their opinions in favour of and against the bill. The bill at this stage is not debated and discussed in detail, only the objects and the main principles involved are discussed. Then the mover of the bill puts a resolution that the bill be sent to a Select Committee. Three decisions can be taken on such a resolution:

The bill should be sent to a Select Committee for giving its report on the bill.
The bill should be sent to the press and states for propaganda and public opinion should be elicited. The people send their views in favour or against the bill to the Parliament.
If the majority is opposed to the bill, it is dropped. Most of the bills of private members are rejected at this stage, if they are not supported by the Cabinet.

3. Select Committee:
If the bill is not rejected in the first reading, it is sent to a Select Committee. The committee consists of 20 to 30 members which are taken from among members of the House. The bill which is published for eliciting public opinion is also sent to the Select Committee. The members of the Select Committee discuss the bill in detail and debate the merits and demerits of the bill. The Committee can suggest amendments in the provisions of clauses of the bill.

After discussing the bill thoroughly the committee prepares its report in favour of or against the bill or suggests some amendments in the bill. While preparing the report the committee takes into consideration public opinion also. Then the committee sends its report to the House.

4. Second Reading:
A day is fixed for discussing the report of the Select Committee on the bill. The mover of the bill on the fixed date requests the House that the report of the Select Committee on the bill may be discussed. The House discusses the bill in detail. The bill is discussed clause by clause and item by item. The views of the Select Committee on all clauses are discussed. The members of the Houses can suggest amendments in the bill. After the bill is seriously discussed the opinion of the House is sought on each clause and amendment proposals are also put to vote. The bill is passed according to the viewpoint of the majority of the members. This stage is very important in the passage of the bill.

5. Third Reading:
After the bill is passed in the second reading, another date is fixed for the third reading of the bill. This is the last stage in the passage of the bill. Like the first stage there is not much of discussion on the bill at this stage also. There is a little chance of the rejection of the bill at this stage. At this stage the proposals for amending the bill cannot be moved. Only proposals for change in the working of the bill can be given. The entire bill is put to vote at this stage and it is either rejected or passed.

Bill in the Second House:
After the bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the second House. It is to pass through all the stages in this House. After the ordinary bill is passed by both the Houses it is sent to the President for his assent. If the two houses differ over a particular bill, a joint meeting of the two Houses is called for and the bill is placed before it. The joint meeting of the two Houses decides the fate of the bill by a majority vote. As the Lok Sabha is a larger body compared with the Rajya Sabha, hence the bill is passed according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha.

The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. If the Rajya Sabha rejects the money bill or does not take any action for 14 days, under both these conditions the money bill is considered passed.

Assent of the President. After the bill is passed by both the Houses, it is sent to the President for his assent. The President cannot refuse to give his assent to the money bill. In case of ordinary bill the President can make use of his veto power, that means that the President can refuse to give his assent to the ordinary bills.

However, the President may return a Bill to the Parliament. If the Parliament passes such a bill again, the President cannot withhold his assent to such a bill. The bill becomes an Act when the President gives his assent to it. It can be enforced after the President’s assent has been taken. It is published in the Government Gazette.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the composition of the Union Legislature or Parliament.
Answer:
The Union Legislature or the Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature. According to Article 79 of the Constitution, there shall be Parliament for the Union which shall consist of President and two houses respectively, known as the Council of the States and the House of the People. Council of the States or the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament.

It can have at the most 250 members in it. This is a permanent house. 1/3 of its members retire after every two years. Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of Council of Ministers before the expiry of its term.

Question 2.
Discuss any four features of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

Indian Parliament is Bi-cameral.
Upper House of the Parliament is permanent.
Lower house of the Parliament can be dissolved before its expiry term.
The membership of both the houses is not equal.

Question 3.
What are the main functions and powers of Parliament?
Answer:
Following are the main functions and powers of the Parliament-

The Parliament has the power to enact laws for the whole of the country.
The Parliament controls the Cabinet and Cabinet is responsible to the parliament.
The Parliament controls the finance of the State and it passes the budget.
The Parliament formulates national and foreign policies of the country.

Question 4.
Explain the executive powers of the Parliament.
Or
How does Indian Parliament control the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament controls the executive in the following ways:
1. The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.

2. The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

3. The members of the Parliament can ask the ministers questions regarding the functioning of the administration. The ministers are to give satisfactory replies to all these questions.

4. The members of the Parliament by introducing ‘Adjournment Motion’ can invite the attention of the government ti!> a serious problem or event.

5. During discussion on budget the members of the Parliament discuss the working of different departments of the government and criticize the policies of the government.

6. The Cabinet continues to remain in office according to the wishes of the Lok Sabha. It can seek the removal of the Cabinet by passing a no-confidence motion against it or by rejecting an important government bill or by passing a resolution for reducing the salary of a particular minister. The bill is sent to a small committee which discusses the bill in detail and then sends it with amendments, if any. In second reading, there is clause by clause discussion. Then the bill is put to vote. After the bill is passed it is sent to the other House. The bill passes through similar stages in the other House and is then sent to the president for his assent. After his signature the bill becomes an Act.

Question 5.
Discuss the legislative powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List.

The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for Union Territories. The Rajya Sabha can transfer a State subject in favor of the Centre for the purpose of making laws. In case of the proclamation of emergency by the President, the Parliament can legislate on State subjects. The Residuary powers are under the control of the Central Government and so Parliament frames laws on all the residuary subjects.

Question 6.
Discuss in brief the judicial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
Following are the judicial powers of the Parliament:

The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.
The Parliament can remove the judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court by passing a resolution to that effect.

Question 7.
What are the qualifications to become a member of the Parliament?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed the age of 25 years in case of Lok Sabha and 30 years in case of Rajya Sabha.
He must not hold any office of profit.
He must possess qualifications laid down by the Parliament of India.
He must not be of unsound mind and should not have been declared disqualified by a competent court.

Question 8.
Write the composition of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members, 12 members are nominated by the President. These members shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service.

The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories. The representatives of the States are elected by the elected members of their Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the states and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the President.

Question 9.
What are the qualifications of a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 30 years of age.
He must possess such other qualifications as prescribed by the Parliament.
He must be a parliamentary elector in the state from which he is seeking election and must have been residing in the state for the last six months.
He should not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any State government.

Question 10.
Mention the powers of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Indian Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he performs the following functions:

He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the Rajya Sabha.
He allows the members to speak.
As he is not a member of the Rajya Sabha, he is not allowed to vote, but in case of equality of votes he has a casting vote.

Question 11.
Describe the legislative powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. Since the main responsibility of the Parliament is to make laws, hence the Rajya Sabha takes part in the making of laws. Except Money Bills, all bills can originate in the Rajya Sabha. No Bill can become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses.

In case of disagreement between the two Houses on a Bill or on the amendments made in the Bill, the President has been empowered to summon a joint meeting of the two Houses for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill. At a joint sitting, questions are decided by a majority of the members of both houses present and voting. A decision taken at the joint sitting shall mean the decision of both Houses.

Question 12.
Explain in brief the financial powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
In financial matters, it is the Lok Sabha which enjoys a pre-eminent position. No Money Bill can first be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It is the privilege of the Lok Sabha to pass the Money Bill first and send it to the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha is not bound to accept the recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha. In case the Lok Sabha rejects the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the Bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha.

Likewise, if the Rajya Sabha does not return the Money Bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses in the form in which it was passed by the Lok Sabha. Thus, the Lok Sabha possesses complete control over the purse of the nation.

Question 13.
Write down the judicial powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha enjoys co-equal powers with the Lok Sabha in the process of impeachment of the President. In the removal of the Vice-President, a resolution to that effects can be moved in the Rajya Sabha only. But the Lok Sabha must agree with that resolution if the Vice-President is to be removed from the office. Likewise, it has itjentical powers with the Lok Sabha in the matter of removal of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court.

Question 14.
Describe the constitutional powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha exercises constituent functions alongwith the Lok Sabha. A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House of the parliament. And the Bill amending the Constitution is required to be passed in each House by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of two-thirds of its members present and voting. The Constitution is silent on how to resolve a dead-lock between the two Houses.

Question 15.
Mention special powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with special powers enumerated in the state list.
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two- thirds majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that the Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Under Article 312 of the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha is empowered to create one or more All-India Services, if the house passes a resolution by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest to do so.

3. Rajya Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

Question 16.
What are the previleges of the members of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy following previleges:

The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views on the floor of the house. No action can be taken against them for the expression of their views.
The members of the Rajya Sabha can’t be arrested for any civil offence during and 40 days before and after the session.

Question 17.
Describe the organisation of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
According to the re-organisation of Goa, Daman and Diu Act of 1987 the maximum elected members of the Lok Sabha can’be 550. members. Two members of Anglo-Indian Community can be appointed by the President. At present Lok Sabha consists of 545 members.

Out of 545 members 543 are directly elected by the people. The members of Lok Sabha are elected by single member constituency. The whole country is divided into equal constituencies. Every citizen whose name is on the voter’s list can cast his vote. A candidate getting highest votes is declared elected.

Question 18.
Describe the qualifications to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 25 years of age.
He must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.
He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.
No person can be a member of both Houses of Parliament. In case he becomes, he must vacate one of the two seats. Likewise, one person cannot be a member of a House of Parliament and of a State Legislature simultaneously.

Question 19.
How are the members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years has the right to vote provided, of course, he or she is not otherwise disqualified on grounds of unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice. The voting is by secret ballot. Normally one member represents a population between 5 to 714 lakhs.

As per constitution, there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between the population of the State as far as practicable, is same for all the States. Each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the State.

Question 20.
Define in brief the tenure of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where 1/3 members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term i.e. five years.

Question 21.
Write in brief the privileges of the members of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Members of the Lok Sabha enjoy certain privileges:

Members have full freedom for speech in the House. No case can be started against a member for a speech given in the House.
Members cannot be arrested in any civil suit before 40 days of the beginning of the session.
During the session, a member can be arrested in criminal cases only but information must be given to the speaker.
Members get monthly salary and many other allowances.

Question 22.
Describe the legislative powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Any type of bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Laws in it, can be -framed on any subject given on the Union list and the concurrent list. The Rajya Sabha can transfer any subject on the State List by passing a resolution in favour of the Centre and Lok Sabha can pass a law on the subject. Rajya Sabha can transfer a subject only in case of national importance.

After the bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha and it can delay the bill at the most for 6 months. If the Rajya Sabha rejects the bill or does not take any action over it for a period of six months, a joint session of the two, Houses of the Parliament is called and the majority vote decides the fate of the bill. As the number of the members of the Lok Sabha is larger than that of the Rajya Sabha, so the members of the Lok Sabha can get the bills passed according to its own wishes.

Question 23.
Discuss about the Financial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament controls the finances of the State. The goverenment places the budget before the start of the financial year. The Parliament discusses the budget and gives its assent to the bill. The government can neither impose any tax upon the public nor can it spend the money without the approval of the Parliament. The President will have to give his assent to the money bill passed by the Parliament.

Question 24.
Write down the executive powers of the Lok Sabha.
Or
How does Lok Sabha controls the Executive?
Answer:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabh is the Prime Minister of the country. Most of the ministers are also taken from the Lok Sabha. The Cabinet is responsible to the Lok Sabha for all its actions and policies.

The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. The members of the Lok Sabha can criticize the functioning of the Cabinet. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office till it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

Question 25.
Discuss the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the state. As money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. If there is a difference of opinion whether a particular bill a money bill or a non-money bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will.be final.

After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill. The President cannot use his veto power in case of money bill.

Question 26.
Who is the speaker?
Answer:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House. The Constitution also provides for the office of the Deputy

Speaker:
He too is the member of the House and is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the speaker when the latter is absent or while the office of the Speaker is vacant.

Question 27.
Who is the Chairman of Lok Sabha? List his four main functions.
Answer:
Chairman of Lok Sabha is popularly known as Speaker. He performs ahead functions:

Preserve Order: He presides over the meetings of the House and preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.
Money-Bill: He decides whether a bill is a money-bill.
Guardian of Rights: He is the guardian of the privileges of the member of Lok Sabha.
Joint Meetings: He presides over the joint meetings of both the Houses of Parliament.

Question 28.
How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is more powerful because

The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected while the members of house of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected.
Money bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It originates in the Lok Sabha only. It is sent for recommendation to Rajya Sabha and not for passing. If Rajya Sabha returns it after 14 days it is assumed as passed.
Lok Sabha controls the executive whereas Rajya Sabha has no effective control over the executive.

Question 29.
Explain the relationship between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha is a lower house while Rajya Sabha is a upper house of the Parliament. Both the houses do not enjoy equal powers. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. Ordinary bills can originate in either House of Parliament. Rajya Sabha can delay an ordinary bill maximum for a period of six months. Money bill can originate in the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can delay the money bill for 14 days only.

In the matters of finance the powers of the Rajya Sabha are insignificant. Members of the Rajya Sabha can ask questions to the ministers and they can criticise the policies of the government but they are having no power to remove the Council of Ministers. The Lok Sabha can remove the Council of Ministers by passing a vote of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers. Thus Lok Sabha is having a real control over the government.

Question 30.
Narrate the circumstances under which a joint session of the Parliament is summoned. Who presides over this?
Answer:
The President summons the joint session of the Parliament on the following occasions:

Joint session of the Parliament is summoned to resolve the conflict between the two Houses of the Parliament.
Joint session is summoned when a bill is passed by one House and is rejected by the other. The speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint session of the Parliament.

Question 31.
What is the difference between the election of Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of India of not less than 18 years of age has the right to vote. From each territorial constituency one member is elected and the candidate getting the highest votes in the election is declared elected. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the state Assemblies.

Question 32.
What is understood by Adjournment Motion?
Answer:
An adjournment motion is a proposal for postponing the normal business of the House in order to discuss a matter of urgent public importance such as a serious riot, a case of police firing on a procession or a grave railway accident and so on.

The real object of an adjournment motion is to bring to light the inefficiency or corruption of the administration and the mistakes of policy of which the government is considered to be guilty. Such a motion can be moved any time provided the presiding officer of the House is satisfied of its urgent public nature. When such a motion is moved, the House suspends its normal work.

Question 33.
What do you understand by Question Hour?
Answer:
Members of Parliament are free to ask questions to elicit information on matters of public concern from ministers of the government. The First hour of every sitting in both houses is devoted to asking and answering of questions. It is known as the ‘Question Hour’.

During this hour, matters concerning the Government of India are raised and problems are brought to the notice of the government to seek their intervention to meet any situation and to redress public grievances. ‘Question Hour’ forms the most interesting part of the Parliamentary procedure. The government is put on trial during this hour.

Question 34.
What do you understand by ‘Zero Hour’?
Answer:
The time immediately following the ‘Question Hour’ in both Houses has come to be populary known as ‘Zero Hour’. It is a Zero Hour in more than one sense. It is a non¬existent hour. If starts at 12 noon which is the zero hour of the day. It came to be called an Hour also because very often it continued for one full hour, until the House rose for lunch at 1 p.m. In the rules there is no mention of any Zero Hour at all. It is the press that gave the name Zero Hour, sometimes in the early sixties. In the eyes of Rules Book the so called Zero Hour is an irregular affair. But, as thing can, Zero Hour seems to have come to say.

Question 35.
What is money bill?
Answer:
A money bill is that which contains provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters:

the imposition, abolition, remission, alternation or regulation of any tax.
the regulation of the borrowing of money or creation on any financial obligation to be undertaken by the Government in India.
payment of money into or withdrawal of money from the consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India.
appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India of the amount of. any such expenditure.
receipt of money on account of the public account of India and the audit of accounts and incidental matter.

Question 36.
Describe the law-making procedure in the Parliament of India.
Answer:
The Parliament is the supreme body of making laws. Ordinary bills can be introduced in either House of Parliament. In the first reading, general principles involved in the bill are read. After first reading the bill is sent to small committee which discusses the bill in detail and then sends it with amendments if any. In second reading, there is clause by clause discussion. Then the bill is put to vote. After bill is passed it is sent to other House. The bill passes through similar stages in the other House and is then sent to the President for his assent. After his signature the bill becomes an act.

Question 37.
Write down the name of Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman and Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Name of Post	Name of Person
1. Speaker of Lok Sabha	Sh. Om Birla
2. Chairman of.Rajya Sabha	Sh. Venkaiah Naidu
3. Vice-Chairman of Rajya Sabha	Sh. Harivansh Narayan Singh

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain in brief the composition of the Union Legislature or Parliament.
Answer:
The Union Legislature or the Parliament of India is a bi-cameral legislature. Council of the States or the Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament. It can have at the most 250 members in it. This is a permanent house. Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament. It can have at the most 550 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of Council of Ministers before the expiry of its term.

Question 2.
Explain any two features of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

Indian Parliament is Bi-cameral.
Upper House of the Parliament is permanent.

Question 3.
What are the main functions and powers of Parliament?
Answer:
Following are the main functions and powers of the Parliament-

The Parliament has the power to enact laws for the whole of the country.
The Parliament controls the,Cabinet and Cabinet is responsible to the parliament.

Question 4.
How does Indian Parliament control the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament controls the executive in the following ways:

The Prime Minister and the other ministers are taken from the Parliament and after becoming ministers, they remain the members of the Parliament. They participate in the meetings of the Parliament.
The ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their actions and policies.

Question 5.
Explain the legislative powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament has the right to frame laws for the whole of the country. It can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under certain special circumstances the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List. The Parliament frames laws on State subjects for Union Territories.

Question 6.
Discuss in brief the judicial powers of the Parliament.
Answer:
Following are the judicial powers of the Parliament:

The Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment.
The Parliament can also remove the Vice-President from office.

Question 7.
What are the qualifications to become a member of the Parliament?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed the age of 25 years in case of Lok Sabha and 30 years in case of Rajya Sabha.

Question 8.
Write the composition of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
According to the constitution the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha has been put at 250 members. Out of 250 members, 12 members are nominated by the President. The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories. At present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Out of 245 members, 233 members represent the states and Union Territories and the remaining 12 members have been nominated by the President.

Question 9.
What are the qualifications of a member of the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India.
He must have completed 30 years of age.

Question 10.
Discuss the powers of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
The Indian Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. As Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he performs the following functions:

He presides over the meetings of the Rajya Sabha.
He preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the Rajya Sabha.

Question 11.
Mention special powers of the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with special powers enumerated in the state list.
1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by two- thirds majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest that the Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.

2. Rajya Sabha alone can initiate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

Question 12.
Explain previleges of the members of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy following previleges:

The members of the Rajya Sabha enjoy unrestricted freedom to express their views on the floor of the house. No action can be taken against them for the expression of their views.
The members of the Rajya Sabha can’t be arrested for any civil offence during and 40 days before and after the session.

Question 13.
Describe the organisation of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
Elected members of the Lok Sabha can be 550 members. Two members of Anglo- Indian Community can be appointed by the President. At present Lok Sabha consists of 545 members. Out of 545 members 543 are directly elected by the people. The members of Lok Sabha are elected by single member constituency. A candidate getting highest votes is declared elected.

Question 14.
Describe the qualifications to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:

He must be a citizen of India
He must have completed 25 years of age.

Question 15.
What is the tenure of the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The life of the Lok Sabha is five years. All the members are chosen at one and at the same time. Unlike the election to the Rajya Sabha where 1/3 members retire every two years, all the members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. However, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term i.e. five years.

Question 16.
Write down the executive powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
It is the Lok Sabha which controls the executive. The members of the Lok Sabha ask the ministers questions and supplementary questions and they are to answer these questions. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no-confidence against the Cabinet, the Cabinet will have to resign. The Cabinet remains in office till it is supported by the majority of the members of the House.

Question 17.
Explain the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The Lok Sabha controls the finances of the state. As money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. After a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can delay the passage of a money bill at the most for 14 days. The Rajya Sabha may reject the bill or may not take any action over the bill for a period of 14 days, in both these conditions the bill will be considered as passed. It will be sent to the President and he gives his assent to the bill.

Question 18.
Who is the speaker?
Answer:
The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House; maintains order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House.

Question 19.
Write down any two functions of Speaker.
Answer:
Chairman of Lok Sabha is popularly known as Speaker. He performs functions given ahead:

Preserve Order. He presides over the meetings ofeihe House and preserves order in the House. If the situation goes out of control he can adjourn or suspend the meeting of the House.
Money-Bill. He decides whether a bill is a money-bill.

Question 20.
How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?
Answer:

The members of Lok Sabha are directly elected while the members of house of Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected.
Money bill cannot be introduced in Rajya Sabha. It originates in the Lok Sabha only. It is sent for recommendation to Rajya Sabha and not for passing. If Rajya Sabha returns it after 14 days it is assumed as passed.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the two Houses of Indian Parliament.
Answer:

Lok Sabha
Rajya Sabha.

Question 2.
Which one House of the Union Parliament is more powerful?
Answer:
Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.

Question 3.
How many members can be nominated in Lok Sabha by the President?
Answer:
Two members from Anglo-Indian Community.

Question 4.
How many members can be nominated in Rajya Sabha by the President?
Answer:
12 members are nominated in Rajya Sabha from amongst the scholars, artists and social workers.

Question 5.
How are members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of 18 years and above has a right to vote.

Question 6.
What is the total strength of Rajya Sabha?
Answer:
The maximum strength, of Rajya Sabha can be 250.

Question 7.
For what PAC stands?
Answer:
Public Accounts Committee.

Question 8.
What is the present strength of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The Lok Sabha consists of 545 members- 543 elected and 2 nominated Anglo- Indian.

Fill in The Blanks

1. ……………. presides over the joint session of the Parliament.
Answer:
Speaker

2. Cabinet is responsible to ……………. .
Answer:
Parliament

3. The candidate constituting for ……………. should not be less than 25 years.
Answer:
Lok Sabha

4. ……………. members are nominated by the President in Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
12

5. The candidate constituting for ……………. should not be less than 30 years.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha.

True or False statement

1. Two members are nominated by the President in the Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
False

2. The session of the Indian Parliament are held at least twice a year.
Answer:
True

3. Vice-President presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
False

4. The budget is introduced in Lok Sabha by Finance Minister.
Answer:
True

5. President presides over the Lok Sabha.
Answer:
False

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The Indian Parliament is:
(A) Uni-cameral
(B) Three Houses
(C) Bi-cameral
(D) Four Houses.
Answer:
(C) Bi-cameral

Question 2.
The Lower House of the Indian Parliament is known as:
(A) Rajya Sabha
(B) Lok Sabha
(C) Legislative Assembly
(D) Council of States.
Answer:
(B) Lok Sabha

Question 3.
The Upper House of the Indian Parliament is known as:
(A) Lok Sabha
(B) Rajya Sabha
(C) Council of ministers
(D) Legislative Council.
Answer:
(B) Rajya Sabha

Question 4.
The tenure of the members of the Rajya Sabha is:
(A) 5 years
(B) 4 years
(C) 6 years
(D) 3 years.
Answer:
(C) 6 years

Question 5.
Who is the presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha?
(A) Prime Minister
(B) Vice-President
(C) President
(D) Speaker.
Answer:
(B) Vice-President

Question 6.
Speaker is elected for a period of:
(A) 5 years
(B) 6 years
(C) 7 years
(D) 4 years.
Answer:
(A) 5 years

Question 7.
The tenure of the Lok Sabha in normal times is:
(A) 6 years
(B) 5 years
(C) 4 years
(D) 3 years.
Answer:
(B) 5 years

Question 8.
How many members are nominated by the president in Lok Sabha?
(A) 12 Members
(B) 3 Members
(C) 18 Members
(D) 2 Members.
Answer:
(D) 2 Members.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions)

December 20, 2024December 19, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 10th Class English Grammar Sentence Connectors (Conjunctions)

Complete the following sentences by putting sentence connectors in the blank spaces.

Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

1. (1) ………….. I was young, I used to travel a lot. (2) …………… now I am old (3) …………… it is difficult for me to show as much zeal (4) ……………. I had in my youth. (5) ……………. I can still do many things, there are certain things (6) ……………. are beyond my reach now.
Answer:
1. When 2. But 3. and 4. as 5. While 6. which.

2. (1) …………… did I reach the station (2) …………… the train left. I do not know (3) ……………. it happened with me. (4) .. ……….. I narrated the incident to my mother, she was disappointed to hear it. (5) ………….. I was coming back to my house, I met a stranger (6) ……………. was carrying a basket with him. I tried to talk to him (7) ……………. he gave no response.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than. 3. how 4. When 5 While 6. who 7. hut.

3. Music is said to be food for the soul. (1) …………… does it give relaxation to our mind, (2) ……………. helps us to forget our sorrows and worries of day-to-day life. There is no aspect of life (3) …………… we do not find it. There is hardly any party or function (4) …………… music is not played. (5) …………… we must enjoy it to forget our pains for some time.
Answer:
1. Not only 2. but also 3. where 4. where 5. But.

4. Education has become a part of everybody’s life. There is not even a single field (1) ……………. education has not left its mark. The day is not far (2) ……. everybody would like to drink deep in its ocean. (3) ……………. the need of the hour is to spread education in every nook and corner (4) …………….. nobody is left without its mark.
Answer:
1. where 2. when 3. But 4. till.

5. One day (1) …………. I went to my friend’s house, I was surprised to see a man (2) …………… was wearing nothing. (3) ……………. I asked him the reason, he tried to avoid me, ……….. (4) I did not stop and asked him again. (5) ………….. some time, he told me the reason behind it. (6) …………… he was telling me a sad episode (7) ……………. had happened with him two days (8) ………….started weeping (9) …………… I heard his woeful tale.
Answer:
1. when. 2. who 3. When 4. but 5. After 6. While . 7 which 8. ago before 9. when.

6. The economic condition of a country depends on the resources available in the country (1) ……………. on its population. (2) ……………. the population increases, resources start decreasing. (3) …………… there is a need to control population (4) ……………. we want our country to move towards the path of development.
Answer:
1. as well as 2.When 3. So 4 . if.

7. I was pained to hear about your problem, (1) ……………. you should not worry (2) ……………. I am always there to help you. (3) ………… my means are limited, I will try to help you (4) …………. much (5) ………… I can. (6) ………….. you want to progress in life, you should have faith in your capabilities (7) ……… aspirations.
Answer:
1. but 2. because 3. Although 4. as 5. as 6. If 7. and.

8. (1) ……………. my knowledge is concerned, I can only say (2) ………….. nowadays, it has become difficult to make both ends meet. I was seven years old (3) ………….. my mother died. I tried to put a lot of efforts (4) ……………. I might get (5) ……………. I desired in my life. My sister (6) …………. I started running a shop (7) …………… was situated near our house. My sister (8) I managed the shop. (9) …………… we had limited means, we were honest.
Answer:
1. As far as 2. that 3. when 4. so that 5. what 6. and 7. which 8. and 9. Though

9. (1) ……………. I was nine years old, my parents told me (2) …………… We originally belonged to Kashmir. (3) ………… I grew up, I began to watch TV (4) I learnt about the happenings in Kashmir. (5) ……………. I saw some beautiful shots of the heavenly valley on the TV (6) ………….. in movies, I would remember Kashmir.
Answer:
1. When 2. that 3. As 4. So that 5. Whenever 6. Or.

10. My friend had been suffering from cholera (1) …………. Monday. Today he reached his house, his family had left for the hospital. I hurriedly rushed towards the hospital (4) …………. he had been admitted. The doctor came (5) ……………… assured us about his early recovery. We heaved a sigh of relief (6) …………….. we heard the news of his recovery.
Answer:
1. since 2. because 3. When 4. where 5. and 6. when.

11. (1) ……….. I feel lonely, I prefer to enjoy the beauties of nature. Wordsworth was a famous poet (2) …………… wrote poems on the beautiful objects of nature. Some of his poems show the zeal (3) ………… he had in his veins. (4) ……………. I was at school, my English teacher used to tell me about some of Wordsworth’s poems (5) ……….. were worth reading.
Answer:
1. When 2. who 3. that 4. When 5. that.

12. (1) ……………. you do not get success despite your repeated efforts, you should not lose heart. Only those people get success (2) …………… have an optimistic approach towards life. (3) ……………. you want to win the lost game, you should not feel exhausted. You can go up in life (4) ……….. you persist in your efforts.
Answer:
1. If 2. who 3. If 4. if.

13. (1) ………….. did we step out of the house (2) ………….. the rain started. I love rainy season (3) ……………. in that season, my grandmother prepares lovely dishes for the whole family. I enjoy sitting alone (4) ………….. it is raining. (5) ………….. somebody comes to my house on a rainy day, I feel disturbed.
Answer:
1. No sooner 2. than 3. because 4. while 5. If.

14. The incident (1) …………… changed me was the death of my grandfather. (2) …………… he ate was flushed out of his system immediately. One morning, (3) …………… reciting his prayers, he passed away. I can never forget the day on (4) …………… my grandfather died. (5) …………… I was a child, he used to tell me stories (6) ……………. going to bed. (7) …………… today, I have not come out of the grief (8) ………….. engulfed me six years back.
Answer:
1. that 2. Whatever 3. while 4. which 5. When 6. before 7. Even 8. that.

15. (1) ……………. a certain Minister grew old, his hair fell off (2) …………… he became bald. (3) ……………. he was vain, he wore a wig of someone else’s hair (4) ……………. went out. (5) ……………. he was rushing out of Parliament one day, there was a gust of wind. His wig fell off (6) …………… exposed his bald pate. (7) ……………. everyone saw this, they started laughing at him.
Answer:
1. When 2. and 3. As 4. and 5. While 6. and 7. When.

Combine the following sentences, using the sentence connectors given in brackets.
Note : Answer Key has been given at the end of the exercises.

(A)

1. It was hot. We did not go out. (so)
2. He is working hard. He wants to get first division. (because)
3. He is rich. He is a miser. (but)
4. Mohan did not steal the book. Sohan did not steal the book. (neither-nor)
5. She is poor. She is honest. (but)
6. He does not take tea. He does not take coffee. (neither-nor)
7. The train left the station. The guard waved the green flag. (when)
8. He does not eat meat. He does not eat eggs. (neither-nor)
9. It was raining heavily. I went to my office. (when)
10. She is ill. She does not take medicine. (though-yet)
Answer:
1. It was hot, so we did not go out.
2. He is working hard because he wants to get first division.
3. He is rich, but he is a miser.
4. Neither Mohan nor Sohan stole the book
5. She is poor, but she is honest.
6. He takes neither tea nor coffee.
7. The train left the station when the guard waved the green flag.
8. He eats neither meat nor eggs.
9. It was raining heavily when I went to my office.
10. Though she is ill, yet she does not take medicine.

(B)

1. The woman gave the beggar money. She also gave him food. (not only-but also)
2. I have not written to him. I have not spoken to him. (neither-nor)
3. He is not a rogue. He is not a fool. (neither-nor)
4. Our guns opened fire. The enemy fled. (as soon as)
5. Mohan is not going to Chandigarh. He is not going to Jalandhar. (neither-nor)
6. Anoop is going out for a walk. Saroop is going out for a walk. (both)
7. He brought a book for me. He brought a pen for me. (as well as)
8. I was placed on the merit list. I was not given a scholarship. (although-yet)
9. He worked hard. He failed. (though-yet)
10. He was tired. He could hardly stand. (so-that)
Answer:
1. The woman gave the beggar not only money, but also food.
2. I have neither written to him nor spoken to him.
3. He is neither a rogue nor a fool.
4. The enemy fled as soon as our guns opened fire.
5. Mohan is going neither to Chandigarh nor to Jalandhar.
6. Both Anoop and Saroop are going out for a walk.
7. He brought a book as well as a pen for me.
8. Although I was placed on the merit list, yet I was not given a scholarship.
9. Though he worked hard, yet he failed.
10. He was so tired that he could hardly stand.

(C)

1. There is life. There is hope. (Combine the two sentences)
2. I cannot stand. I cannot sit. (neither-nor)
3. He was taken to task. He was given a sound beating. (not only-but also)
4. I had reached home. It started raining. (hardly-when)
5. He must be mad. He must be drunk. (either-or)
6. I had reached home. It began to rain heavily. (scarcely-when)
7. Ravi did not come to her help. Shashi did not come to her help. (neither-nor)
8. Walk very carefully. You should not slip. (Join the sentences)
9. Make hay. The sun shines. (while)
10. He was sick. He did not go to school. (because)
Answer:
1. So long as there is life, there is hope.
2. I can neither stand nor sit.
3. He was not only taken to task, but was also given a sound beating.
4. I had hardly reached home when it started raining.
5. He must be either mad or drunk.
6. I had scarcely reached home when it began to rain heavily.
7. Neither Ravi nor Shashi came to her help.
8. Walk very carefully lest you should slip.
9. Make hay while the sun shines.
10. He did not go to school because he was sick.

(D)

1. Ram is good. Sham is equally good. (as-as)
2. I was late for school. I missed the first bus.(because)
3. He has stolen my book. His brother has stolen my book. (either-or)
4. The teacher did not punish him. The teacher did not fine him. (neither-nor)
5. I can do with a pen. I can also do with a pencil.(either-or)
6. Rakesh is not a good actor. He is not a good writer. (neither-nor)
7. It was quite cold. She did not light a fire. (although-yet)
8. Radha is intelligent. She is hard-working. (both-and)
9. She is extremely happy today. She has been engaged to a boy of her choice. (because)
10. The thief was caught red-handed. He was stealing a jewellery box. (while)
Answer:
1. Ram is as good as Sham.
2. I was late for school because I missed the first bus.
3. Either he or his brother has stolen my book.
4. The teacher neither. punished nor fined him.
5. I can do either with a pen or a pencil.
6. Rakesh is neither a good actor nor a good writer.
7. Although it was quite cold, yet she did not light a fire.
8. Radha is both intelligent and hard-working.
9. She is extremely happy today because she has been engaged to a boy of her choice.
10. The thief was caught red-handed while he was stealing a jewellery box.

(E)

1. He is very weak. He cannot stand. (so-that)
2. The cat is away. The mice will play. (when)
3. Ram is not trustworthy. Sham is not trustworthy. (neither-nor)
4. I saw the lion. I ran away. (as soon as)
5. You must work hard. You will fail. (or)
6. Ram was singing. Ram was also dancing. (while)
7. Men may come. Men may go. I go on for ever. (and-but)
8. I saw a beggar. I was going to school. (when)
9. We left home. The rain started. (as soon as)
10. You will have to leave this house. You may wish it or not. (whether)
Answer:
1. He is so weak that he cannot stand.
2. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
3. Neither Ram nor Sham is trustworthy.
4. As soon as I saw the lion, I ran away.
5. You must work hard or you will fail.
6. Ram was dancing while he was singing.
7. Men may come and men may go but I go. on for ever.
8. I saw a beggar when I was going to school.
9. As soon as we left home, the rain started.
10. You will have to leave this house whether you wish it or not.

(F)

1. Reena came to my house. Teena came to my house. (as well as)
2. He worked hard. He fell ill. (so-that)
3. She is proud. She is mean. (not only-but also)
4. She spoke loudly. She spoke clearly. (and)
5. He is sad. He is hopeful. (but)
6. I don’t like coffee. I don’t like tea. (neither-nor)
7. You must leave at once. You may like or not. (whether)
8. Let us go to bed. It is late now. (as)
9. He called on me. I was at home. (when)
10. We stepped out. It began to rain. (hardly-when)
Answer:
1. Reena as well as Teena came to my house.
2. He worked so hard that he fell ill.
3. She is not only proud, but also mean.
4. She spoke loudly and clearly.
5. He is sad but hopeful.
6. I like neither coffee nor tea.
7. You must leave at once whether you like or not.
8. Let us go to bed as it is late now.
9. He called on me when I was at home.
10. Hardly had we stepped out when it began to rain.

(G)

1. Run fast. You will miss the train. (lest-should)
2. He failed. I don’t know the reason. (why)
3. We didn’t take a tonga. We didn’t take a taxi. (neither-nor)
4. The step taken was right. The step taken was wrong. (either-or)
5. A car struck against his scooter. No one was injured. (yet)
6. She wishes it. I shall help you. (since)
7. The patient had died. The doctor came. (before)
8. He is at his office. I shall call on him. (if)
9. Mohan has not come. He has sent no message. (neither-nor)
10. Mumbai is a famous city. It is a big centre of film industry. (which)
Answer:
1. Run fast lest you should miss the train.
2. I don’t know why he failed.
3. We took neither a tonga nor a taxi.
4. The step taken was either right or wrong.
5. A car struck against his scooter, yet no one was injured.
6. Since she wishes it, I shall help you.
7. The patient had died before the doctor came.
8. I shall call on him if he is at his office.
9. Mohan has neither come nor sent any message.
10. Mumbai is a famous city which is a big centre of film industry.

(H)

1. The thief saw the owner of the house. He ran away. (as soon as)
2. Ashok was invited to the party. Meena was invited to the party. (as well as)
3. Mary didn’t come to the church yesterday. John didn’t come to the church yesterday (neither-nor)
4. He didn’t work hard. He failed. (because)
5. Mohan is honest. He is sincere. (both-and)
6. I bought a saree. I bought a suit. (as well as)
7. The children saw the wolf. They ran away. (as soon as)
8. He is very lazy. He can’t get along with me. (so-that)
9. The sun rose. The fog disappeared. (as soon as)
10. Rajan is kind. He is honest. (both-and)
Answer:
1. The thief ran away as soon as he saw the owner of the house.
2. Ashok as well as Meena was invited to the party.
3. Neither Mary nor John came to the church yesterday.
4. He failed because he didn’t work hard.
5. Mohan is both honest and sincere.
6. I bought a saree as well as a suit.
7. As soon as the children saw the wolf, they ran away.
8. He is so lazy that he can’t get along with me.
9. The fog disappeared as soon as the sun rose.
10. Rajan is both kind and honest.

Conjunction

दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों (Phrases) अथवा वाक्यों को परस्पर जोड़ने वाले शब्द को Conjunction कहा जाता है; जैसे
1. The teacher taught Mohan and Abdul.
2. I want some pen or pencil.
3. He will take tea, but I will take milk.
4. I will try to come as soon as I can.

The Use Of Some Conjunctions

(1) No sooner, hardly, scarcely.
No sooner के बाद सदा than का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Scarcely और Hardly के बाद when या before में से किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. No sooner did we reach the station than the train started.
2. She had hardly ! scarcely heard the news when / before she began to weep.

(2) Unless, if.
Unless के साथ not का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता क्योंकि unless = if not. If के साथ (यदि आवश्यकता हो तो) not का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. Unless you work very hard, you can’t pass.
2. If you do not work very hard, you can’t pass.

(3) Until (till), as long as (so long as), while.
Until (till) = उस समय तक जबकि = up to the time when (ये शब्द point of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।) As long as = जितने समय तक So long as, while = during the time that (ये शब्द period of time की ओर संकेत करते हैं।)
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पहले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः until का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
यदि till / until का सम्बन्ध पिछले वाक्य से हो तो प्रायः till का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
किन्तु till / until के प्रयोग में कोई विशेष अन्तर नहीं समझा जाता है।

1. Go straight on until you come to the post office and then turn left.
2. Until you told me I had heard nothing of it.
3. She won’t go away till you promise to help her.
4. Let us wait till the rain stops.
5. While there is life, there is hope.
As long as there is life, there is hope.
So long as there is life, there is hope.

(4) Because, so that (in order that).
Because का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी बात का कारण (reason) बताना हो।
In order that अथवा so that का प्रयोग उस समय किया जाता है जब किसी उद्देश्य (Purpose) का वर्णन करना हो।
1. He failed because he did not work hard.
2. He worked hard so that he might win a scholarship.

(5) Since, before.
जब Since का प्रयोग एक Conjunction के रूप में किया जाए तो :
(i) इससे पूर्व आने वाले वाक्य में कभी भी Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।
(ii) इसके बाद आने वाले वाक्य में सदा ही Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

1. Two months have passed since he came here.
2. It is two weeks since my examinations were over.

Before, if, until, unless, while, when, आदि समय – वाचक योजंका (Temporal Conjunctions) के बाद कभी भी Future Tense का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है यद्यपि मुख्य वाक्य (Principal Clause) Future Tense मे ही हो|

1. I will help him if he comes to me.
2. The crops will die before the rains fall.
3. I shall not let you go until you pay back my money.
4. I shall give him your message when he comes here.

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 14 महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा का जन्म कब हुआ ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा का जन्म सन् 1887 ई० को हुआ था।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा को लाहौर कॉलेज की पढ़ाई क्यों छोड़नी पड़ी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा को अपनी देशभक्ति की भावना और उग्र विचारों के कारण लाहौर कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़नी पड़ी।

प्रश्न 3.
कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़कर उन्होंने अपना गुज़ारा कैसे किया ?
उत्तर:
कॉलेज की पढ़ाई छोड़कर उन्होंने कारखाने में मजदूरी की। रिक्शा तथा तांगा चलाया।

प्रश्न 4.
वे इंग्लैंड में कौन-सी पढ़ाई करने गए थे ?
उत्तर:
वे इंग्लैंड में यांत्रिकी अभियांत्रिकी (मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग) की पढ़ाई करने गए थे।

प्रश्न 5.
मदन लाल ढींगरा किस क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा अभिनव भारत क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य बने।

प्रश्न 6.
कर्जन वायली कौन था ?
उत्तर:
कर्जन वायली स्टेट ऑफ इंडिया का सचिव सलाहकार था।

प्रश्न 7.
मदन लाल ढींगरा को फाँसी की सज़ा कब दी गयी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा को 17 अगस्त, सन् 1909 ई० को फाँसी की सज़ा दी गई।

प्रश्न 8.
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ भारतभूमि कब लायी गयीं ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ 13 दिसम्बर, सन् 1976 ई० को भारतभूमि लाई गईं।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा ने अंग्रेजों से बदला लेने की क्यों ठानी ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा ने अंग्रेज़ों से बदला लेने की इसलिए ठानी क्योंकि अग्रेज़ों ने खुदीराम बोस, कन्हैया लाल दत्त, सतिन्दरपाल और कांशीराम जैसे क्रांतिकारियों को मृत्युदंड दे दिया था।

प्रश्न 2.
कर्जन वायली को मदन लाल ढींगस ने क्यों मारा ?
उत्तर:
कर्जन वायली को मदन लाल ढींगरा ने इसलिए मारा क्योंकि उनका मानना था कि ऐसे अधिकारियों ने हज़ारों भारतीयों को गुलाम बनाया तथा बिना कारण के ही मार दिया।

प्रश्न 3.
मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत पर लाला हरदयाल ने क्या कहा था ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत पर लाला हरदयाल ने कहा था कि ढींगरा की शहीदी उन राजपूतों और सिक्खों की कुर्बानियों का स्मृति पुंज है जिसके कारण शहादत अमर बन जाती है। अंग्रेज़ सोचते होंगे कि उन्होंने मदन लाल ढींगरा को फांसी देकर सदा के लिए स्वतंत्रता की आवाज़ को दबा दिया है परन्तु वास्तविकता यह है कि यही आवाज़ भारत को स्वतंत्र बनाएगी।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे। स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा एक साहसी एवं निडर देशभक्त थे। वे शुरू से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। देशभक्ति के कारण उन्होंने लाहौर कॉलेज छोड़ना पड़ा। लंदन में रहते हुए उन्होंने सावरकर तथा कृष्ण वर्मा जैसे देशभक्तों के संपर्क में आए। खुदीराम बोस, कन्हैया लाल दत्त तथा कांशीराम जैसे क्रांतिकारियों को शहादत के बदले भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था के वार्षिक दिवस में कर्जन वायली को मार दिया। उन्होंने बंग-भंग आंदोलन के समय लंदन की गलियों में वंदे मातरम् गुंजाया। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। अपनी हर पुस्तक पर वे काम न लिखकर वंदे मातरम् लिखते थे। अंततः कर्जन वायली को गोली मारने पर उन्हें 17 अगस्त, सन् 1909 को मदन लाल ढींगरा को पेंटोविले की जेल में फांसी दी गई। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे।

प्रश्न 2.
आपको शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा के जीवन से क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ?
उत्तर:
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा के जीवन से यह प्रेरणा मिलती है कि हमें अपने देश के लिए अपना सब कुछ न्योछावर कर देना चाहिए। हमें आत्मविश्वास, निडरता एवं साहस के साथ मुसीबतों का सामना करना चाहिए। देश की आजादी के लिए हर कीमत चुका देनी चाहिए। हमें अपने राष्ट्र की सच्ची पूजा करनी चाहिए।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को शुद्ध करके लिखें

अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
शरेय = ……………
देशभगती = ………………..
गोर्वान्वित = ………………..
सथापना = ………………..
आजादी = ………………..
लवारिस = ………………..
आतमविश्वास = ………………..
यांतरिकी = ………………..
परशिक्शण = ………………..
मृत्यूदंड = ………………..
मातरिभुमि = ………………..
अस्थीयाँ = ………………..
कालज = ………………..
अध्यन = ………………..
क्रांतीकारी = ………………..
हजार = ………………..
स्मरिति = ………………..
प्रापत = ………………..
उत्तर:
शरेय = श्रेय
देशभगती = देशभक्ति
गोर्वान्वित = गोवांन्वित
सथापना = स्थापना
आजादी = आज़ादी
मातरिभुमि = मातृभूमि
कालज = कॉलेज
क्रांतीकारी = क्रांतिकारी
स्मरिति = स्मृति
लवारिस = लावारिस
आतमविश्वास = आत्मविश्वास
यांतरिकी = यांत्रिकी
परशिक्शण = प्रशिक्षण
मृत्यूदंड = मृत्युदंड
अस्थीयाँ = अस्थियाँ
अध्यन = अध्ययन
हजार = हज़ार
प्रापत = प्राप्त

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर उनका वाक्यों में प्रयोग करें

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
तर्क के तराजू में तौलना सोच – समझकर फैसला लेना – …………….
रंग में रंगा जाना – प्रभाव पड़ना – …………….
मौत के घाट उतारना – मार डालना – ………………..
ढेर करना – मार गिराना, मार कर गिरा देना – ……………..
आवाज़ को दबाना – चुप कराना, डराना – ……………….

उत्तर:

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
तर्क के तराजू में तौलना सोच – समझकर फैसला लेना – प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को तर्क के तराजू में तौल कर अपना-अपना कार्य करना चाहिए।
रंग में रंगा जाना – प्रभाव पड़ना-अरे – तुम्हें तो अब तक पूरी तरह से नेता जी के रंग में रंगा जाना चाहिए था।
मौत के घाट उतारना – मार डालना – वह देश के दुश्मनों को मौत के घाट उतारना कोई पाप नहीं समझता।
ढेर करना – मार गिराना, मार कर गिरा देना – सेना के वीर सैनिकों ने पलभर में आतंक वादियों को ढेर कर दिया था।
आवाज़ को दबाना – चुप कराना, डराना – साहसी व्यक्ति की आवाज़ को कोई नहीं दबा सकता।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
यदि आप मदन लाल ढींगरा के स्थान पर होते तो क्या परिवार वालों के विरोध के बावजूद स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में कूद पड़ते ?
उत्तर:
यदि मैं मदन लाल ढींगरा के स्थान पर होता तो परिवार वालों के विरोध के बावजूद भी स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में अवश्य कूद पड़ता। मैं लाख विरोध करने पर भी अपने देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए लड़ाई में जाता क्योंकि देश परिवार से कहीं बढ़कर है। देश बचेगा तभी परिवार सुरक्षित रह सकेगा। देश हर नागरिक के लिए सर्वोपरि है। देश सेवा ही सबसे बड़ी सेवा है। अतः हमें हर पल देश पर मर मिटने के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
भारत की स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत को जाता है। कैसे ?
उत्तर:
शहीद मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत ने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम किया। उनकी शहादत से क्रांतिकारियों में आत्मविश्वास, साहस, निडरता एवं देश पर मर मिटने की भावना बढ़ने लगी। देशभक्तों में एक जोश पैदा होने लगा। वीरेन्द्र चट्टोपाध्याय ने उनकी स्मृति में मदन तलवार पत्रिका निकाली जो क्रांतिकारियों की आवाज़ बनी। 16 अगस्त, सन् 1909 के डेली न्यूज़ में मदन लाल ढींगरा का जोशभरा वक्तव्य छपा। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम मदन लाल ढींगरा की शहादत को जाता है।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
इस पाठ में आए अन्य क्रांतिकारियों जैसे विनायक दामोदर सावरकर, श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा, खुदीराम बोस, लाला हरदयाल आदि की जीवनियाँ पढ़ें।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक के सहयोग से करें।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा की पुण्य तिथि पर इनके बारे में अपने विचार स्कूल की प्रार्थना सभा में प्रस्तुत करें।
उत्तर:
स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

यांत्रिक अभियांत्रिकी ( मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग): यह भिन्न-भिन्न तरह की मशीनों की बनावट, निर्माण, चालन आदि का सैद्धान्तिक और व्यावहारिक ज्ञान है।
विनायक दामोदर सावरकर : (जन्म 28 मई, सन् 1883; मृत्यु 26 फरवरी, सन् 1966) : ये भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आन्दोलन के प्रमुख सेनानी एवं प्रखर राष्ट्रवादी नेता थे। इन्हें प्रायः ‘वीर सावरकर’ नाम से सम्बोधित किया जाता है। ये स्वतंत्रता सेनानी के साथ-साथ सिद्धहस्त लेखक, कवि, ओजस्वी वक्ता व दूरदर्शी राजनेता भी थे।
श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा : अनेक क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों के द्वारा भारत की स्वतंत्रता के संकल्प को गतिशीलता प्रदान करने में इन्होंने मुख्य भूमिका निभायी। ऐसा कहा जाता है कि वे पहले ऐसे भारतीय थे जिन्हें ऑक्सफोर्डसे एम०ए० और बैरिस्टर की उपाधियाँ मिलीं। क्रांतिकारी मदन लाल ढींगरा उनके प्रिय शिष्यों में से एक थे।
अभिनव भारत : इसकी स्थापना स्वतंत्रता सेनानी वीर सावरकर ने सन् 1904 में की थी। यह संगठन अंग्रेज़ी हकूमत से लड़ने के लिए बनाया गया था।
इंडिया हाउस : यह लंदन में स्थित एक अनौपचारिक भारतीय राष्ट्रवादी संस्था थी जिसकी स्थापना ब्रिटेन के भारतीय छात्रों में राष्ट्रवादी विचारों का प्रचार करने के लिए श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संरक्षण में की गयी।
खुदीराम बोस (जन्म-सन् 1889-मृत्यु- सन् 1908): इन्होंने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता के लिए 19 वर्ष की आय में फाँसी पर चढ़कर इतिहास रचा।
वंदे मातरम् : बंकिमचंद्र चटर्जी द्वारा रचित राष्ट्रगीत ‘वंदे मातरम्’ स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में लोगों के लिए प्रेरणा का स्रोत था।
एनी बेसेंट : अग्रणी थियोसोफिस्ट। महिला अधिकारों की समर्थक, लेखिका, वक्ता एवं भारत-प्रेमी महिला थीं। इनके पिता अंग्रेज़ थे किन्तु इन्होंने पाश्चात्य भौतिकवादी सभ्यता की कड़ी आलोचना की तथा प्राचीन हिंदू सभ्यता को श्रेष्ठ कहा। महिलाओं और शोषितों के लिए वह आजीवन संघर्ष करती रहीं।
आयरिश लोग : आयरलैंड के लोगों को आयरिश लोग कहा जाता है।
लाला हरदियाल : भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के महान् क्रांतिकारी लाला हरदियाल ने विदेश में रहने वाले भारतीयों को देश की स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई में योगदान देने के लिए प्रेरित किया। इसके लिए उन्होंने अमरीका में जाकर गदर पार्टी की स्थापना की। 4 मार्च, सन् 1939 को अमरीका से भारत आते समय रहस्यमयी परिस्थितियों में इनकी मृत्यु हो गयी।
वीरेन्द्रनाथ चट्टोपाध्याय (सन् 1880 – सन् 1937) : ये भी एक स्वतंत्रता सेनानी थे और योरुप में भारतीय विद्यार्थियों को भारत की स्वतंत्रता की लड़ाई के लिए प्रेरित करते थे। मदन लाल ढींगरा के जन्म के सम्बन्ध में मतभेद : कुछ विद्वान् इनकी जम्म तिथि 18 सितम्बर, सन् 1883 मानते हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide महान राष्ट्रभक्त: मदन लाल ढींगरा Important Questions and Answers

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता का क्या नाम था? ।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता का नाम साहिब गुरदित्ता मल था।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता व्यवसाय से क्या थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के पिता व्यवसाय से गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन थे।

प्रश्न 3.
मदन लाल बचपन से कैसे थे ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता की प्राप्ति चाहने वाले थे।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
बचपन की कौन-सी घटनाएँ मदन लाल ढींगरा के आत्मविश्वास को व्यक्त करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। वे बचपन से ही अपने देश को आजाद होते देखना चाहते थे। वे हर बात को तर्क की तराजू में तोल कर देखते थे। यही घटनाएँ उनके आत्मविश्वास को व्यक्त करती हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
लंदन में पढ़ते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा की मदद किसने की ?
उत्तर:
लंदन में पढ़ते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा की मदद उनके बड़े भाई ने की। उनकी सहायता के कारण ही वे इंग्लैण्ड गए और उन्होंने यूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज लंदन में दाखिला लिया। इसके साथ ही इंग्लैंड के कुछ राष्ट्रवादी कार्यकर्ताओं ने भी उनकी आर्थिक मदद की।

प्रश्न 3.
लंदन में रहते हुए मदन लाल किन राष्ट्रवादी नेताओं के संपर्क में आए ?
उत्तर:
लंदन में रहते हुए मदन लाल ढींगरा भारत के प्रखर राष्ट्रवादी नेता विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संपर्क में आए। वे इनकी देशभक्ति से बहुत प्रभावित हुए।

प्रश्न 4.
मदन लाल ढींगरा का कर्जन वायली के संबंध में क्या मानना था ?
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा का कर्जन वायली के संबंध में मानना था कि ऐसे नीच अधिकारियों ने ही हज़ारों भारतीयों को गुलाम बनाया था। उन्हें बिना किसी कारण मौत के घाट उतारा था।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
इस पाठ का मूलभाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
‘महान् देशभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा’ निबंध में लेखक ने मदन लाल ढींगरा की सच्ची देशभक्ति, निडरता, आत्मविश्वास का वर्णन किया है। उन्होंने भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का काम किया। कर्जन वायली को मारकर क्रांतिकारियों और देशभक्तों में आजादी की लहर पैदा की। इससे देशवासियों में आत्मविश्वास एवं निडरता की भावना ने जन्म लिया।

प्रश्न 2.
मदन लाल ढींगरा के चरित्र की विशेषताएँ लिखिए।
उत्तर:
मदन लाल ढींगरा के चरित्र की विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं
1. सच्चे देशभक्त-मदन लाल ढींगरा एक सच्चे देशभक्त थे। बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। इसी कारण उन्होंने लाहौर कॉलेज में अपनी पढ़ाई छोड़ दी थी। उन्होंने अपने देश के लिए अपने को हँसते-हँसते कुर्बान कर दिया।
2. निडर-मदन लाल ढींगरा बहुत निडर थे। इसीलिए लंदन में रहते हुए भी वंदे मातरम् गलियों में गुंजाते थे। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। इतना ही नहीं उन्होंने कर्जन वायली को भरी सभा में गोलियों से भून दिया था।
3. आत्मविश्वासी-मदन लाल ढींगरा बहुत आत्मविश्वासी थे। उनमें आत्मविश्वास की भावना कूट-कूट कर भरी थी।
4. विवेकी-मदन लाल ढींगरा एक विवेकशील देशभक्त थे। वे बचपन से प्रत्येक बात को तर्क के तराजू पर तोल कर देखते थे।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदनलाल ढींगरा’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
डॉ० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी।

प्रश्न 2.
मदनलाल ढींगरा के पिता कौन और क्या थे ?
उत्तर:
साहिब गुरदितामल, गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन।

प्रश्न 3.
लाहौर कॉलेज में पढ़ते हुए मदनलाल ढींगरा ने कॉलेज क्यों छोड़ा ?
उत्तर:
देशभक्ति के कार्यों में भाग लेने के लिए।

प्रश्न 4.
इंग्लैण्ड के किस कॉलेज में और किस विषय में मदनलाल ढींगरा ने प्रवेश लिया ?
उत्तर:
यूनिवर्सिटी कॉलेज लंदन में, मकैनिकल इंजीनियरिंग में।

प्रश्न 5.
लन्दन में मदनलाल ढींगरा किसके संपर्क में आए ?
उत्तर:
लन्दन में वे विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संपर्क में आए।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
मदनलाल ढींगरा सन् 1906 ई० में इंग्लैण्ड शिक्षा प्राप्त करने गए।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
आयरिश लोगों ने मदनलाल ढींगरा की हिम्मत को नहीं सराहा।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
1 जुलाई, 1909 को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था में उपस्थित कर्जन वायली पर पिस्टल से सात गोलियां चलाकर मार दिया था।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
घर में केवल उनकी माँ ही उनकी बात सुनती और समझती थी।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
दुनिया के हर ………. को अपनी ……. स्वतंत्र कराने का ………. है।
उत्तर:
दुनिया के हर नागरिक को अपनी मातृभूमि स्वतंत्र कराने का अधिकार है।

प्रश्न 11.
……. राष्ट्र ……… का …….. है।
उत्तर:
गुलामी राष्ट्र देवता का अपमान है।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
शहीद मदनलाल ढींगरा की अस्थियाँ कब भारत लाई गईं ?
(क) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ख) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को
(ग) 13 दिसम्बर, 1974 को ।
(घ) 13 दिसम्बर, 1976 को।
उत्तर:
(घ) 13 दिसम्बर, 1976 को।

प्रश्न 13.
मदनलाल ढींगरा को कब फांसी दी गई ?
(क) 17 अगस्त, 1919 को
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ग) 17 अगस्त, 1921 को
(घ) 17 अगस्त, 1976 को।
उत्तर:
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को।

प्रश्न 14.
मदनलाल ढींगरा पर अभियोग कब चलाया गया ?
(क) 1 जुलाई, 1909 को
(ख) 17 अगस्त, 1909 को
(ग) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को |
(घ) 17 अगस्त, 1976 को
उत्तर:
(ग) 22 जुलाई, 1909 को

प्रश्न 15.
मदनलाल ढींगरा को किस जेल में फाँसी दी गई ?
(क) अंडेमन
(ख) पेंटोविले
(ग) गोआ
(घ) तिहाड़।
उत्तर:
(ख) पेंटोविले।

प्रश्न 16.
मदनलाल ढींगरा वीर सावरकर की किस क्रांतिकारी संस्था के सदस्य थे ?
(क) भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था
(ख) इंडिया हाउस
(ग) अभिनव भारत
(घ) मदन तलवार।
उत्तर:
(ग) अभिनव भारत।

प्रश्न 17.
“हमें देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए अनेक मदनलालों की आवश्यकता है।” यह कथन किसका है ?
(क) ऐनी बेसेंट
(ख) वी० एस० बलंट
(ग) श्याम जी कृष्णवर्मा
(घ) वीर सावरकर।
उत्तर:
(क) ऐनी बेसेंट।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

आत्मविश्वास = अपने ऊपर विश्वास। समेत = सहित। जोशभरा = जोश से युक्त। सम्पन्न = खुशहाल। अग्नि = आग। अध्ययन = पढ़ाई। गौरवान्वित = महिमा से युक्त। प्रशिक्षण = सिखलाई, ट्रेनिंग। साक्ष्य = सबूत। अनुपालन = रक्षण। स्वतंत्र = आजाद। अभियोग = मुकद्दमा। स्मृति पुंज = यादों का समूह। संवाहक = आगे ले जाने वाली। वक्तव्य = कथन। अनथक = बिना थके। अस्थियाँ = हड्डियाँ। राष्ट्रवादी = देशभक्त । नफ़रत = घृणा। अभियोग = मुकद्दमा। लावारिस = जिसका कोई वारिस न हो।

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा Summary

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा जीवन-परिचय

जीवन परिचय-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी का जन्म 12 मार्च, सन् 1950 ई० को पंजाब के मुकेरियां (होशियारपुर) में हुआ था। ये समकालीन हिन्दी-कविता के प्रसिद्ध कवि हैं। इन्होंने पंजाब के हिन्दी-साहित्य को राष्ट्रीय पहचान दिलाई है। इन्होंने हिन्दी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए कनाडा, नार्वे तथा पाकिस्तान की यात्राएँ की हैं। इन्हें पंजाब के मध्यकालीन हिन्दी-साहित्य को गुरुमुखी लिपि में लाने का श्रेय प्राप्त है। इन्होंने एम०ए०, पीएच०डी० तथा डी०लिट की उच्च उपाधियाँ प्राप्त की है।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी ने हिन्दी एवं पंजाबी में छत्तीस ग्रंथों की रचना की है। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ हैं-गर्म लोहा (सन् 1982 ई०), पहचान की यात्रा (सन् 1987 ई०), किसी और दिन (सन् 1999 ई०), फिर से फिर (सन् 2011 ई०) आदि।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी का पंजाब हिन्दी-साहित्य में विशेष स्थान है। इनकी रचनाओं में देशभक्ति की झलक दिखाई देती है। इन्होंने अपनी रचनाओं के द्वारा युवाओं को राष्ट्रभक्ति का सन्देश दिया है। प्रस्तुत निबंध में लेखक ने महान् देशभक्त मदनलाल ढींगरा की देशभक्ति एवं निडरता का परिचय दिया है। भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का श्रेय मदनलाल ढींगरा को जाता है। लेखक ने इस देशभक्त की सच्ची देशभक्ति एवं साहस का परिचय दिया है। इनकी भाषा सरल, सहज एवं स्वाभाविक है। इनके साहित्य में तत्सम, तद्भव, अंग्रेज़ी एवं पंजाबी के शब्दों का अधिक प्रयोग हुआ है।

महान् राष्ट्रभक्त : मदन लाल ढींगरा निबन्ध का सार

मदन लाल ढींगरा प्रो० हरमहेन्द्र सिंह बेदी द्वारा रचित एक प्रसिद्ध निबन्ध है। इसमें लेखक ने मदन लाल ढींगरा की सच्ची देशभक्ति साहस एवं निडरता का परिचय दिया है। लेखक ने बताया है कि भारतीय स्वतंत्रता की चिंगारी को आग में बदलने का श्रेय इसी सच्चे देशभक्त को जाता है। मदनलाल ढींगरा का जन्म सन् 1887 ई० में पंजाब के एक सम्पन्न परिवार में हुआ था। उनके पिता साहिब गुरुदित्ता मल गुरदासपुर में सिविल सर्जन थे। मदनलाल बचपन से ही स्वतंत्रता प्रेमी थे। वे हर बात को तराजू में तोलकर देखते थे। उनमें आत्मविश्वास कूट-कूट कर भरा था। उन्हें देशभक्ति के कारण लाहौर कॉलेज छोड़ना पड़ा था। इसके बाद उन्होंने कारखाने की मज़दूरी की। अपने गुज़ारे के लिए रिक्शा तथा टांगा तक भी चलाया। उनके घर में केवल बड़े भाई ही उनकी बात समझते थे। उनके कारण ही वे उच्च शिक्षा के लिए सन् 1906 में इंग्लैंड चले गए। वहां उनके जीवन में एक नया मोड़ आया। लंदन में वे भारत के प्रमुख राष्ट्रवादी नेता विनायक दामोदर सावरकर तथा श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के सम्पर्क में आए। इसके बाद वे अभिनव भारत नामक क्रान्तिकारी संस्था के सदस्य बन गए। यहाँ उन्होंने हथियार चलाने का प्रशिक्षण लिया। लंदन में श्याम जी कृष्ण वर्मा के संरक्षण में भारतीय छात्रों में देशभक्ति की भावना फैलाने के लिए इंडिया हाउस की स्थापना की। उन दिनों खुदीराम बोस तथा कांशीराम जैसे अनेक क्रांतिकारियों को अंग्रेजों ने मृत्यु दंड दे दिया था। इन घटनाओं ने मदन लाल ढींगरा और सावरकर जैसे देशभक्तिों के मन में अंग्रेजों के प्रति नफ़रत तथा बदले की भावना ने जन्म दिया।

1 जुलाई, सन् 1909 ई० को भारतीय राष्ट्रीय संस्था के सदस्य वार्षिक दिवस मनाने के लिए इकट्ठे हुए। इसमें कर्ज़न वायली सपरिवार आया। ढींगरा ऐसे लोगों से नफ़रत करते थे। इसी कारण उन्होंने कर्जन वायली को वहीं मार दिया। वे वहाँ से डरकर नहीं भागे बल्कि साहस और निडरतापूर्वक वहीं खड़े रहे। यह अंग्रेजों के लिए पहली चेतावनी थी। ढींगरा ने बंग-भंग आंदोलन के समय भी लंदन में वंदेमातरम के नारे लगाए थे। वे अपनी कमीज़ के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखकर लंदन के बाजारों में घूमते थे। उन्होंने अपनी हर पुस्तक के ऊपर वंदे मातरम् लिखा था। कर्जन वायली की हत्या के आरोप में उन पर 22 जुलाई, सन् 1909 ई० को अभियोग चलाया। उन्होंने अदालत में गर्व से कहा था कि वह अपना जीवन भारत माँ को सौंप रहा है। 12 अगस्त, सन् 1909 ई० को उन्हें पेंटोविले (लंदन) की जेल में फांसी की सज़ा दी गई। आयरिश लोगों ने इनकी हिम्मत को सराहा था। लाला हरदयाल को भी उनकी शहादत पर गर्व हुआ। उन्हें विश्वास था कि मदनलाल ढींगरा की कुर्बानी भारत को आजाद कराएगी। श्रीमति ऐनी बेसेंट ने भी उनकी शहादत की सराहना की थी। 16 अगस्त, सन् 1909 के डेली न्यूज़ समाचार-पत्र में ढींगरा का जोशभरा भाषण छपा। ब्रिटिश सरकार ने मदन लाल ढींगरा के शरीर को लावारिस समझ कर दफना दिया। फिर सावरकर ने ढींगरा की देह को प्राप्त करने के अनेक प्रयास किए कितु वे सफल नहीं हुए। अनेक वर्षों बाद 13 दिसम्बर, सन् 1976 ई० को जब शहीद उधम सिंह की अस्थियां भारत लाई गईं तभी मदनलाल ढींगरा की अस्थियों को भी मातृभूमि का स्नेह मिला।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 13 हिम्मत और जिंदगी

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB हिम्मत और जिंदगी Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
सुख का स्वाद किन लोगों को अधिक प्राप्त है ?
उत्तर:
सुख का स्वाद उन लोगों को अधिक प्राप्त होता है जो सुख का मूल्य पहले चुकाते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक के अनुसार किन लोगों के लिए आराम ही मौत है ?
उत्तर:
जिन्हें आराम आसानी से मिल जाता है उन लोगों के लिए आराम ही मौत है।

प्रश्न 3.
‘त्यक्तेन भुंजीथाः’ का क्या अर्थ है ?
उत्तर:
जीवन का भोग त्याग के साथ करो।

प्रश्न 4.
अकबर ने कितने वर्ष की उम्र में अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हराया था ?
उत्तर:
अकबर ने तेरह वर्ष की उम्र में अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हराया था।

प्रश्न 5.
महाभारत का युद्ध किन-किन के मध्य हुआ था ?
उत्तर:
महाभारत का युद्ध कौरवों और पाण्डवों के मध्य हुआ था।

प्रश्न 6.
महाभारत के युद्ध में पाण्डवों की जीत का क्या कारण था ?
उत्तर:
महाभारत के युद्ध में पाण्डवों की जीत इसलिए हुई क्योंकि उन्होंने लाक्षाग्रह की मुसीबत झेली थी और बनवास का संकट झेला था। उन्होंने कौरवों के द्वारा दिए गए कष्टों को झेला था।

प्रश्न 7.
साहसी व्यक्ति की पहली पहचान क्या है ?
उत्तर:
(1) साहसी व्यक्ति तमाशा देखने वालों की चिंता नहीं करता।
(2) वह उन सपनों में भी रस लेता है जिनके कोई व्यावहारिक अर्थ नहीं होते।

प्रश्न 8.
लेखक के अनुसार साधारण जीव कौन-से लोग हैं ?
उत्तर:
जो आस-पड़ोस को देखकर चलते हैं वे साधारण जीव होते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
लेखक ने किन्हें क्राँति करने वाले लोग कहा है ?
उत्तर:
जो लोग अपने उद्देश्य की तुलना पड़ोसी के उद्देश्य से नहीं करते।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक के अनुसार नींद तथा भोजन का वास्तविक आनन्द किन्हें मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
नींद का वास्तविक आनंद उन्हें मिलता है जो दिनभर धूप में थक कर वापस लौटता है तथा भोजन का आनंद उन्हें मिलता है जो कुछ दिन बिना खाये भी रह सकता है।

प्रश्न 2.
जीवन में असफलताएँ मिलने पर भी साहसी मनुष्य क्या करता है ?
उत्तर:
साहसी मनुष्य असफलताओं से घबराता नहीं। उनका साहस के साथ मुकाबला करता है और आगे ही आगे बढ़ता रहता है।

प्रश्न 3.
महान् निश्चय व बड़े मौके पर कायरता दिखाने वाले व्यक्ति का जीवन कैसा होता है ?
उत्तर:
जो व्यक्ति महान् निश्चय और किसी बड़े मौके पर कायरता दिखाता है, वह कभी भी सुखी नहीं रहता। तभी उसकी आत्मा उसे फटकारती रहती है।

प्रश्न 4.
जिंदगी में जोखिम से बचने के कारण क्या हानि होती है ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी में जोखिम से बचने के कारण निम्नलिखित हानि होती है
(1) वह अपने ही जीवन के व्यर्थ फ़ेरों के बीच कैद हो जाता है।
(2) उसे जिंदगी का कोई मज़ा नहीं मिलता।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
साहसी व्यक्ति के कोई पाँच गुण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
साहसी व्यक्ति के गुण इस प्रकार हैं
(1) साहसी व्यक्ति इस बात की चिंता नहीं करता कि तमाशा देखने वाले उसके बारे में क्या सोच रहे हैं।
(2) वह उन सपनों में भी रस लेता है जिनका कोई व्यावहारिक अर्थ नहीं होता।
(3) वह कभी भी सपने उधार नहीं लेता।
(4) वह सदा अकेला ही अपनी राह पर चलता है।
(5) वह कठिनाइयों से नहीं डरता।
(6) वह पूर्णरूप से निडर होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों की व्याख्या कीजिए :

(i) जो लोग पाँव भीगने के ख़ौफ़ से पानी से बचते रहते हैं, समुद्र में डूब जाने का खतरा उन्हीं के लिए है। लहरों में तैरने का जिन्हें अभ्यास है वे मोती लेकर बाहर आयेंगे।
उत्तर:
लेखक कहता है कि इस संसार में जिन लोगों को अपने पांव भीगने का डर होता है उन्हें ही समुद्र में डूबने का खतरा होता है अर्थात् जो लोग कठिन परिस्थितियों को देखकर डर जाते हैं और उनसे संघर्ष नहीं करते वे जीवन में कभी भी सफल नहीं होते। जिसे डरपोक लोगों को असफलता ही मिलती है। किंतु जिन लोगों को लहरों में तैरने का अभ्यास होता है अर्थात् जो परिस्थितियों का निडर और साहसी बनकर सामना करते हैं उन्हें ही सफलता मिलती है वे लोग ही समुद्र से मोती निकाल सकते हैं।

(ii) अगर रास्ता आगे ही आगे निकल रहा हो तो फिर असली मज़ा तो पाँव बढ़ाते जाने में ही हो है।
उत्तर:
लेखक आगे बढ़ते रहने की प्रेरणा देता है कि यदि जीवन में रास्ता आगे की तरफ निकलता है तो आंतरिक आनंद आगे बढ़ते जाने में ही है। भाव है कि यदि जीवन में आगे की तरफ कोई रास्ता निकलता हो तो हमें आगे बढ़ते जाना चाहिए। उस रास्ते पर आगे बढ़ने से ही असली आनंद प्राप्त होगा।

(iii) अरे ओ जीवन के साधको! अगर किनारे की मरी हुई सीपियों में ही तुम्हें संतोष हो जाए तो समुद्र के अंतराल में छिपे हुए मौक्तिक-कोष को कौन बाहर लाएगा ?
उत्तर:
लेखक जीवन के साधकों को संबोधित कर उन्हें प्रेरणा देता है कि, हे जीवन के साधको! यदि तुम्हें किनारे पर मरी हुई सीपियों में ही संतोष मिल जाए तो समुद्र के बीच में छिपे हुए मोतियों के खजाने को कौन बाहर निकालेगा। भाव यह है कि तुम्हें केवल सीपियों से ही संतोष नहीं करना चाहिए बल्कि कठिन परिश्रम करते हुए समुद्र के बीच जाकर मोतियों का खजाना ढूंढकर लाना चाहिए।

(iv) कामना का अंचल छोटा मत करो। जिंदगी के फल को दोनों हाथों से दबाकर निचौड़ो, रस की निर्झरी तुम्हारे बहाए भी बह सकती है।
उत्तर:
लेखक साधकों को प्रेरणा दे रहा है कि हे साधको ! तुम अपनी इच्छाओं के आंचल को छोटा मत करो। तुम अपनी जिंदगी के फल को दोनों हाथों से दबाकर निचोड़ो। इसमें से रस की नदी तुम्हारे द्वारा भी बह सकती है। भाव यह है कि यदि तुम मेहनत करो और अपनी इच्छाएँ बड़ी रखो तो तुम्हें अवश्य फल की प्राप्ति होगी।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित तत्सम शब्दों के तद्भव रूप लिखिए

तत्सम – तद्भव
पुष्प – …………….
ओष्ठ – …………….
मृत्यु – …………….
हस्त – …………….
रात्रि – …………….
गृह – …………….
लाक्षा – …………….
कर्म – …………….
उत्तर:
तत्सम – तद्भव
पुष्प – फूल
ओष्ठ – होठ
मृत्यु – मौत
हस्त – हाथ
रात्रि – रात
गृह – घर
लाक्षा – लाख
कर्म – काम

2. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों का अर्थ समझकर उन्हें वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए

दाँव पर लगाना – कोई वस्तु बाज़ी पर लगाना।
पाँव बढ़ाना – चाल तेज़ करना, जल्दी-जल्दी चलना, आगे बढ़ना।
उत्तर:
दाँव पर लगाना – कोई वस्तु बाज़ी पर लगाना।
वाक्य – युधिष्ठिर ने अपना सब कुछ दाँव पर लगा दिया था।
पाँव बढ़ाना – चाल तेज़ करना, जल्दी-जल्दी चलना, आगे बढ़ना।
वाक्य – हमें सदा सफलता की ओर पाँव बढ़ाना चाहिए।

3. निम्नलिखित शब्दों को शुद्ध करके लिखिए

रेगीस्तान, सन्तुश्ट, आतमा, ज़रुरत, अवाज़, सवाद, खुशबुदार, संजम, चुनोती, निरझरी।
उत्तर:
अशुद्ध – शुद्ध
रेगीस्तान – रेगिस्तान
सन्तुश्ट – संतुष्ट
आतमा – आत्मा
ज़रुरत – ज़रूरत
अवाज़ – आवाज़
सवाद – स्वाद
खुशबुदार – खुशबूदार
संजम – संयम
चुनोती – चुनौती
निरझरी – निर्झरी।

4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में सही विराम चिह्न लगाइए

प्रश्न 1.
झुंड में चरना यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है
उत्तर:
झुंड में चरना, यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है।

प्रश्न 2.
यह आवाज़ उसे बराबर कहती रहती है तुम साहस नहीं
दिशा सके तुम कायर की तरह भाग खड़े हुए
उत्तर:
यह आवाज़ उसे बराबर कहती रहती है। तुम साहस नहीं दिखा सके। तुम कायर की तरह भाग खड़े हुए। (ii) अरे ओ जीवन के साधको तुम निचली डाल का फल तोड़कर लौटे जा रहे हो तो फिर फुनगी का वह लाल लाल आम किसके वास्ते है उत्तर- अरे ओ जीवन के साधको ! तुम निचली डाल का फल तोड़कर लौटे जा रहे हो, तो फिर फुनगी का वह लाल आम किसके वास्ते हैं।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
“बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में विकास पाती हैं। बड़ी हस्तियाँ बड़ी मुसीबतों में पल कर दुनिया पर क़ब्जा करती हैं।” पाठ में आईं इन पंक्तियों के आधार पर किसी महापुरुष, विद्वान्, आविष्कारक, योद्धा आदि में से किसी एक व्यक्तित्व पर अपने विचार लिखें जिसने बड़ी मुसीबतों का सामना करते हुए शीर्ष पर पहुँचकर नाम कमाया हो।
उत्तर:
अर्जुन एक महान् योद्धा था। वह पाण्डु का पुत्र था। उसकी माता का नाम कुंती था। यह पाँच पांडवों में सबसे श्रेष्ठ धनुषधारी माना जाता है। इसने अपने भाइयों के साथ बचपन से ही अनेक कष्ट सहन किए। इसने लाक्षागृह की आग को सहन किया। कौरवों द्वारा दिया गया वनवास झेला और बार-बार कौरवों के द्वारा अपमान झेला किंतु अंत तक अपनी हार नहीं मानी। अंततः महाभारत के युद्ध में अर्जुन की ही विजय हुई।

प्रश्न 2.
“आदमी के अन्य सारे गुण उसके हिम्मती होने से ही पैदा होते हैं।” आप लेखक के इस विचार से कहाँ तक सहमत हैं ? स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
यह बात सच है कि हिम्मत सभी गुणों से श्रेष्ठ है क्योंकि हिम्मती अर्थात् साहसी आदमी में अन्य सभी गुण अपने आप ही आ जाते हैं। साहसी, निडर, परिश्रमी और संयमी होता है। साहसी आदमी ही कठिन परिश्रम कर सकता है। वही जीवन की बाधाओं का सामना कर सकता है। वह किसी भी बाधा और संकट से नहीं घबराता वह जीवन की कठिनाइयों का हँसते-हँसते मुकाबला करता है। वह सदा. अपनी दृष्टि अपने लक्ष्य की तरफ रखता है। इस प्रकार हम कह सकते हैं कि आदमी के अन्य सारे गुण उसके हिम्मती. होने से ही पैदा होते हैं।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
हिम्मत बढ़ाने वाली कुछ प्रेरणादायक कविताओं/कहानियों का चयन कीजिए और उन्हें अपनी कक्षा में सुनाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से करें।

प्रश्न 2.
उन महापुरुषों/देशभक्तों/समाज सुधारकों/योद्धाओं के चित्रों का संकलन कीजिए जिन्होंने हिम्मत की जिंदगी को जिया है।
उत्तर:
अध्यापकों की सहायता से स्वयं कीजिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आपने अथवा आपके किसी मित्र/परिचित ने किसी संकट के समय अदम्य साहस का परिचय दिया हो तो उस प्रसंग को अपनी कक्षा में सुनाएँ।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से करें।

प्रश्न 4.
स्टेशनरी की दुकान से एक स्टिक लाख लें और अध्यापक से जानें कि किस तरह ज़रूरी दस्तावेजों को सीलबंद करने में इसका उपयोग होता है।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें। 5. आपके घर में लकड़ी के दरवाजे/खिड़कियाँ पॉलिश करते समय लाख के दाने का प्रयोग होता है। उस समय पेंटर से जानें कि किस तरह वह इसका पॉलिश में प्रयोग करता है। उत्तर- स्वयं कीजिए।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. महाभारत : ‘महाभारत’ भारत की सांस्कृतिक धरोहर का एक अनुपम महाकाव्य है, जिसकी रचना (माना जाता है कि) वेदव्यास जी ने की। इस ग्रंथ को हिन्दू धर्म में पंचम वेद भी माना जाता है। कहा जाता है कि ‘महाभारत’ का वास्तविक नाम ‘जय’ था। तत्पश्चात् इसे ‘भारत’ नाम से भी पुकारा गया तथा भरतवंश की गाथा होने के कारण बाद में यह ‘महाभारत’ नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ।

2. कौरव : कौरव महाभारत में हस्तिनापुर नरेश धृतराष्ट्र और गांधारी के पुत्र थे। ये गिनती में सौ थे तथा राजा कुरु के वंशज थे। सभी कौरवों में दुर्योधन सबसे बड़ा था जो कि बहुत ही ज़िद्दी था।

3. पांडव : पाँडव महाभारत के मुख्य पात्र हैं। पाँडव पाँच भाई थे- युधिष्ठिर, भीम, अर्जुन, नकुल तथा सहदेव। पाँडवों के पिता का नाम पाण्डु था। पाण्डु की दो पत्नियाँ थीं-कुन्ती तथा माद्री। युधिष्ठिर, भीम तथा अर्जुन की माता कुन्ती थी और नकुल एवं सहदेव माद्री के पुत्र थे।

4. लाक्षागृह : दुर्योधन के मामा शकुनि ने लाक्ष (लाख) के बने हुए घर (लाक्षागृह) में पांडवों को भेजकर उन्हें जलाकर मारने का प्रयत्न किया किन्तु अपने काका विदुर की मदद व समझबूझ से वे उस जलते हुए गृह से बच निकले।

5. अकबर : तैमूरी वंशावली के मुग़ल वंश का तीसरा शासक अकबर था। इसके पिता का नाम हुमायूँ तथा दादा का नाम बाबर था।

6. विन्स्टन चर्चिल : ये एक अंग्रेज़ राजनीतिज्ञ थे और सन् 1940-1945 के समय इंग्लैण्ड के प्रधानमंत्री थे। इसके अतिरिक्त वे इतिहासकार, लेखक और कलाकार भी थे। वे एकमात्र प्रधानमंत्री थे जिन्हें नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide हिम्मत और जिंदगी Important Questions and Answers

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
कौन-सी जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहस से भरी जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
साहसी जिंदगी कैसी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहसी जिंदगी सब प्रकार से निडर और बेखौफ होती है।

प्रश्न 3.
मनुष्यता को प्रकाश किस आदमी से मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
जो आदमी जनमत की अपेक्षा करके जीता है उसी आदमी से मनुष्यता को प्रकाश मिलता है।

प्रश्न 4.
जिंदगी की कितनी सूरतें हैं ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी की दो सूरते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
जिंदगी का असली मजा किनके लिए नहीं है ?
उत्तर:
जो फूलों के नीचे खेलते और सोते हैं उनके लिए जिंदगी का असली मजा नहीं है।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
जिंदगी का असली मजा किनको मिलता है ?
उत्तर:
जिंदगी का असली मजा उनको मिलता है जो दूर रेगिस्तान से आते हैं जिनके कंठ सूखे, होंठ फटे तथा बदन पसीने से तर-तर होता है। वे कष्ट उठाते हैं। दूसरों के भरोसे नहीं रहते। वे अपना मार्ग स्वयं बनाते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
चाँदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद कौन मनुष्य लेता है ?
उत्तर:
चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद वह मनुष्य लेता है जो दिनभर धूप में थककर लौटता है। जिसके शरीर को ठंड की ज़रूरत महसूस होती है तथा जिसका मन इस बात से संतुष्ट होता है कि उसने आज के दिन का पूरा समय अच्छे काम में लगाया है। जिसने डट कर काम किया है। जो दूसरों के भरोसे नहीं रहा।

प्रश्न 3.
चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद किसको नहीं मिलता ?
उत्तर:
जो आदमी दिनभर खिड़कियाँ बंद कर पंखों के नीचे बैठा रहता है और रात में चांदनी में सेज लगाता है उसे चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनंद नहीं मिलता। जो परिश्रम नहीं करता उसे आनंद नहीं मिलता।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
हिम्मत और जिंदगी पाठ का मूल भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
हिम्मत और जिंदगी श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का प्रमुख निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने बताया है कि परिश्रम ही सफलता की कुंजी है। हिम्मत, परिश्रम साहस, कर्मठता आदि तत्व ही सफलता के आधार हैं। मनुष्य को जीवन में हिम्मत, साहस का परिचय देना चाहिए। साहस की जिंदगी सबसे श्रेष्ठ होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
इस निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक ने हमें क्या संदेश दिया है ?
उत्तर:
इस निबंध के माध्यम से लेखक ने हमें साहसपूर्ण जिंदगी जीने का संदेश दिया है। उन्होंने बताया है कि जीवन में सदा साहस और हिम्मत से परिश्रम करना चाहिए। कठिनाइयों से नहीं घबराना चाहिए। उनका साहस के साथ डटकर मुकाबला करना चाहिए। जीवन में हर चुनौती स्वीकार करनी चाहिए। सुख-दुःख, सफलता-असफलता, खुशीगम को समान दृष्टि से देखना चाहिए।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘हिम्मत और ज़िदगी’ पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?
उत्तर:
रामधारी सिंह दिनकर।

प्रश्न 2.
जिन्हें आराम आसानी से मिल जाता है उनके लिए आराम क्या है ?
उत्तर:
मौत।

प्रश्न 3.
समुद्र में से मोती लेकर बाहर कौन आता है ?
उत्तर:
जिन्हें लहरों में तैरने का अभ्यास होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
साहस की जिंदगी कैसी होती है ?
उत्तर:
साहस की जिंदगी सबसे बड़ी जिंदगी होती है।

प्रश्न 5.
किसका अंचल छोटा नहीं करना चाहिए ?
उत्तर:
कामना का।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए-

प्रश्न 6.
झुंड में चरना, यह भैंस और भेड़ का काम है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
सिंह बिल्कुल अकेला होने पर उदास हो जाता है।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
साहसी मनुष्य सपने उधार नहीं लेता।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में विकास नहीं पाती हैं।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
उपवास और ……… ये ………… के साधन नहीं हैं।
उत्तर:
उपवास और संयम ये आत्महत्या के साधन नहीं हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
जिन्दगी को ……. से जीना हमेशा ही ……… झेलना है।
उत्तर:
जिन्दगी को ठीक से जीना हमेशा ही जोखिम झेलना है।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें

प्रश्न 12.
“ज़िन्दगी का सबसे बड़ा गुण हिम्मत है” यह कथन किसका है ?
(क) अर्नाल्ड बेनेट
(ख) विन्स्टन चर्चिल
(ग) अब्राहम लिंकन
(घ) स्टालिन।
उत्तर:
(ख) विन्स्टन चर्चिल।

प्रश्न 13.
महाभारत में देश के प्रायः अधिकांश वीर किनके पक्ष में थे ?
(क) पाँडवों
(ख) कौरवों
(ग) कैकेय
(घ) विदेह।
उत्तर:
(ख) कौरवों।

प्रश्न 14.
क्रांति करने वाले किस चाल से चलते हैं ?
(क) पड़ोसी की
(ख) शासन की
(ग) अपनी
(घ) विरोधी की।
उत्तर:
(ग) अपनी।

प्रश्न 15.
चाँदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का आनन्द कैसा मनुष्य लेता है ?
(क) अमीर
(ख) सुस्त
(ग) चतुर
(घ) परिश्रमी।
उत्तर:
(घ) परिश्रमी।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

कंठ = गला । खौफ़ = डर। उपवास = व्रत। जनमत = लोगों की राय। अंतराल = बीच, मध्य । जोखिम = खतरा, संकट। परास्त = पराजित, हार। अंततः = अंत में, आखिरकार। लाक्षाग्रह = लाख का बना घर। मौक्तिक-कोष = मोतियों का खजाना। साधक = साधना करने वाला। कामना = इच्छा। निर्झरी = नहीं। खुशबू = सुगंध। परमार्थ = परोपकार। कस्तूरी = एक सुगंधित पदार्थ जो कस्तूरी हिरण की नाभि में होती है। गोधूलि = गायों के खुरों से उठने वाली धूल।

हिम्मत और जिंदगी Summary

जीवन-परिचय

जीवन परिचय-रामधारी सिंह दिनकर हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ लेखक माने जाते हैं। उनका जन्म सन् 1908 ई० में बिहार के मुंगेर जिले के सिमरिया नामक गाँव में हुआ था। इनकी आरंभिक शिक्षा गांव में हुई। इन्होंने बी०ए० की शिक्षा पटना विश्वविद्यालय से प्राप्त की। ये भागलपुर विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति भी रहे। सन् 1952 से 1964 तक राज्यसभा के सदस्य भी रहे। कई वर्ष तक भारत सरकार के हिंदी सलाहकार भी रहे। सन् 1974 ई० में इनकी मृत्यु हो गई।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ-दिनकर बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। इन्होंने अनेक प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ लिखी हैं। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएँ इस प्रकार हैं
काव्य-रेणुका, हुँकार, कुरुक्षेत्र, उर्वशी, रसवंती, परशुराम की प्रतीक्षा आदि। गद्य-संस्कृति के चार अध्याय, काव्य की भूमिका, अर्द्धनारीश्वर, मिट्टी की ओर आदि।
साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ-दिनकर की रचनाओं में राष्ट्रीयता तथा विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना के दर्शन होते हैं। इन्होंने अपने साहित्य में समाज, संस्कृति धर्म का यथार्थ वर्णन किया है। रामधारी सिंह दिनकर की भाषा सरल, सहज एवं स्वाभाविक है। इनकी भाषा प्रौढ़ एवं प्रांजल है। इस निबंध की भाषा शैली सरल एवं सहज है। इसमें तत्सम शब्दावली की अधिकता है।

हिम्मत और जिंदगी निबंध का सार

हिम्मत और जिंदगी रामधारी सिंह दिनकर द्वारा लिखित एक प्रमुख निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने उस सत्य का वर्णन किया है जिसके अनुसार हिम्मत, परिश्रम, साहस, कर्मठता आदि तत्व हमारी सफलता के आधार बिंदु हैं। परिश्रम ही सफलता की कुंजी है। जिंदगी का असली मज़ा फूलों के नीचे खेलने और सोने वालों के लिए नहीं बल्कि दूर रेगिस्तान से आने वालों के लिए होता है। पानी के अमृत तक को केवल वही जानता है जो धूप में सूख चुका है। सुखों का असली आनंद उनका मूल्य चुकाने पर ही मिलता है। पानी से बचने वालों के लिए ही समुद्र में डूबने का खतरा होता है। लहरों पर तैरने वाले तो मोती लेकर ही बाहर निकलते हैं। जीवन में चांदनी की ताज़गी और शीतलता का मजा वही मनुष्य लेता है जो दिनभर धूप में थककर लेटा है। घर के अंदर पंखे के नीचे सोने वाला मनुष्य इसका आनंद नहीं ले सकता। भोजन का असली स्वाद उसी को मिलता है जो कुछ दिन बिना खाए भी रह लेता है।

जीवन का भोग त्याग के साथ करो यह केवल परमार्थ का ही उपदेश नहीं है। संयमी व्यक्ति को ही योग का आनंद प्राप्त होता है। संसार में बड़ी चीजें बड़े संकटों में ही विकसित होती हैं। ठीक वैसे बड़े लोग बड़ी मुसीबतों में पलकर दुनिया पर कब्जा करते हैं, अकबर ने तेरह वर्ष में ही अपने पिता के दुश्मन को हरा दिया था। महाभारत में देश के अधिकांश वीर कौरवों के पक्ष में थे किन्तु फिर भी जीत पांडवों की हुई क्योंकि उन्होंने लाक्षाग्रह की मुसीबत झेली और बनवास में कष्ट उठाया था। जिंदगी की दो सूरतें हैं। एक तो आदमी को असफलताओं से न घबराते हुए उनका सामना करते हुए अपने उद्देश्य को पाने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। दूसरी आदमी को उन ग़रीबों का साथी बन जाना चाहिए जो केवल दुःख पाते हैं। साहस की जिंदगी सबसे श्रेष्ठ होती है। यह बिल्कुल निडर और बेखौफ़ होती है। साहसी मनुष्य कभी भी तमाशा देखने वालों की चिंता नहीं करता। वह केवल अपना कर्म करता है। जनमत की उपेक्षा करके जीने वाला आदमी ही दुनिया की असली शक्ति है। दूसरों के पीछे चलना एक सामान्य आदमी का काम होता है। क्रांतिकारी कभी अपने उद्देश्यों की तुलना दूसरों से नहीं करते। वे केवल अपना कार्य करते हैं। साहसी व्यक्ति कभी सपने उधार नहीं लेता। वह तो अपने सपने देखता है। समूह में तो भैंस और भेड़ चलती हैं, शेर तो सदा अकेला चलता है।

जिंदगी में सदा खतरे बने रहते हैं। जिंदगी जीते समय अनेक खतरे बने रहते हैं। असली जिंदगी इन खतरों का साहस से मुकाबला करने में होती है। संकटों का सामना करना जिंदगी की पूंजी होती है। अंत में लेखक ने जीवन के साधकों को साहसपूर्ण जिंदगी तथा खतरों का सामना करने का संदेश दिया है। उन्हें उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करने की प्रेरणा दी है।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Solutions Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट

December 19, 2024December 18, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Hindi Chapter 12 नींव की ईंट

Hindi Guide for Class 9 PSEB नींव की ईंट Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के आधार पर बतायें कि दुनिया क्या देखती है ?
उत्तर:
दुनिया इमारत की चमक-दमक देखती है। उसका ऊपर का आवरण देखती है।

प्रश्न 2.
इमारत का होना न होना किस बात पर निर्भर करता है ?
उत्तर:
इमारत का न होना इमारत की नींव की ईंट तथा उसकी मज़बूती पर निर्भर करता है।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक ने नींव की ईंट किसे बताया है ?
उत्तर:
जो ईंट ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे जाकर गड़ती है और इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। इसी ईंट पर इमारत की मज़बूती तथा होना न होना निर्भर करता है। लेखक ने इसे ही नींव की ईंट कहा है।

प्रश्न 4.
नींव की ईंट ने अपना अस्तित्व क्यों विलीन कर दिया ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट ने अपना अस्तित्व इसलिए विलीन कर दिया ताकि यह संसार एक सुंदर सृष्टि देख सके।

प्रश्न 5.
ईसा की शहादत ने किस धर्म को अमर बना दिया ?
उत्तर:
ईसा की शहादत ने इसाई धर्म को अमर बना दिया।

प्रश्न 6.
किसकी हड्डियों के दान से वृत्रासुर का नाश किया ?
उत्तर:
महर्षि दधीचि की हड्डियों के दान से वृत्रासुर का नाश किया।

प्रश्न 7.
लेखक के अनुसार सत्य की प्राप्ति कब होती है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक के अनुसार जब हम कठोरता और भद्देपन दोनों का सामना करते हैं तब. सत्य की प्राप्ति होती है।

प्रश्न 8.
पाठ में लेखक ने ‘दधीचि’ तथा ‘वृत्रासुर’ शब्द किसके लिए प्रयुक्त हुए हैं ?
उत्तर:
पाठ में लेखक ने ‘दधीचि’ शब्द शहीदों तथा ‘वृत्रासुर’ विदेशी आक्रमणकारी के लिए प्रयुक्त हुए हैं।

2. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
नींव की ईंट और कँगरे की ईंट दोनों क्यों वँदनीय हैं ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे गडकर इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। इसकी मज़बूती पर ही इमारत निर्भर करती है। कंगूरे की ईंट कट-छंटकर कँगूरे पर चढ़ती है तथा लोगों को अपनी तरफ आकर्षित करती है इसलिए दोनों ईंटें वंदनीय हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
नींव की ईंट पाठ के आधार पर सत्य का स्वरूप स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
सत्य सदा ही शिवम् होता है पर वह सदा सुंदरम् हो यह आवश्यक नहीं है। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता तथा भद्दापन एक साथ जन्म लेते हैं तथा एक साथ जीते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
देश को आजाद करवाने में किन लोगों का योगदान रहा ? पाठ के आधार पर उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
देश को आजाद करवाने में अनेक लोगों का योगदान रहा। यह केवल उन लोगों के बलिदान से ही आजाद नहीं हुआ जिनका इतिहास में नाम लिखा है। इसमें उनका भी योगदान है जिन्होंने चुपचाप अपना बलिदान दिया। जो आज़ादी की नींव बने।

प्रश्न 4.
आजकल के नौजवानों में कँगूरा बनने की होड़ क्यों मची हुई है ?
उत्तर:
आजकल के नौजवानों में कँगूरा बनने की होड़ इसलिए मची हुई है क्योंकि उनमें नींव की ईंट बनने की इच्छा नहीं रही। उनमें देशभक्ति, बलिदान तथा त्याग की कामना खो गई है। वे केवल बाहरी दिखावे के प्रतीक बनना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
नये समाज के निर्माण के लिए किस चीज़ की आवश्यकता होती है ?
उत्तर:
नये समाज के निर्माण के लिए नींव की ईंट चीज़ की आवश्यकता है। ऐसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है जो समाज के नवनिर्माण के लिए अपना बलिदान दें और नींव की ईंट बने।

3. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के आधार पर बताएं कि समाज की आधारशिला क्या होती है ?
उत्तर:
शहादत और मौन-मूक समाज की आधारशिला होती है। जिस शहादत को समाज में ख्याति तथा जिस बलिदान को अधिक प्रसिद्धि मिल जाती है वह समाज की आधारशिला नहीं होती। वह तो केवल इमारत का कँगूरा अथा मंदिर के कलश के समान हो सकती है। वह नींव की ईंट कभी नहीं होती। वास्तव में समाज की आधारशिला वही लोग बनते हैं जो चुपचाप अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग कर देते हैं और जिन्हें कोई नहीं जानता।

प्रश्न 2.
आज देश को कैसे नौजवानों की ज़रूरत है ? पाठ के आधार पर उत्तर दीजिए।
उत्तर:
आज देश को ऐसे नौजवानों की ज़रूरत है जो अपने देश पर चुपचाप अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग कर दें। जो एक नई प्रेरणा से प्रेरित हों। उनमें एक नई चेतना का भाव हो जिन्हें किसी की शाबाशी की ज़रूरत न हो। जिनमें न तो कंगूरा बनने की इच्छा हों और न कलश कहलाने की इच्छा हो। वे सभी इच्छाओं एवं आशाओं से बिल्कुल दूर हों।

प्रश्न 3.
निम्नलिखित पंक्तियों का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए

सुंदर समाज बने, इसलिए कुछ तपे-तपाए लोगों को
मौन-मूक शहादत का लाल सेहरा पहनना है।
उत्तर:
इस पंक्ति का आशय है कि समाज का सुंदर निर्माण होना चाहिए। इसके लिए समाज के कुछ अग्रणी लोगों को चुपचाप बिना किसी प्रसिद्धि से मुक्त होकर अपना बलिदान एवं त्याग करना होगा। इसमें कवि ने चुपचाप बलिदान देने की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 4.
हम जिसे देख नहीं सके, वह सत्य नहीं है, यह है मूढ़
धारणा। ढूँढ़ने से ही सत्य मिलता है। ऐसी नींव की ईंटों
की ओर ध्यान देना ही हमारा काम है, हमारा धर्म है।
उत्तर:
इसका आशय यह है कि हम जिसको देख नहीं सके वह बिल्कुल सत्य नहीं है- यह एक मूर्ख धारणा है। इसमें सत्य की प्राप्ति नहीं होती। सत्य तो केवल ढूँढ़ने से ही मिलता है। हमें कँगूरे की तरफ नहीं बल्कि इमारत की नींव की ईंटों की तरफ ध्यान देना चाहिए। यही हमारा कर्म है और यही धर्म है।

प्रश्न 5.
उदर के लिए आतुर समाज चिल्ला रहा है
हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है ?
देश के नौजवानों को यह चुनौती है।
उत्तर:
इसमें लेखक ने नौजवानों में समाज के प्रति कर्त्तव्यहीन भावना की ओर संकेत किया है। आज समाज उन्नति के लिए नौजवानों का इन्तजार कर रहा है किंतु कोई उन्नति एवं उदय की आधारशिला बनने को तैयार नहीं है। देश के नौजवानों के लिए यही बड़ी चुनौती है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

1. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से उपसर्ग तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
आवरण – आ – वरण
प्रताप – …………… – ……………
प्रचार – …………… – ……………
बेतहाशा – …………… – ……………
प्रसिद्धि – …………… – ……………
अभिभूत – …………… – ……………
अनुप्राणित – …………… – ……………
आकृष्ट – …………… – ……………
उत्तर:
शब्द – उपसर्ग – मूल शब्द
आवरण – आ – वरण
प्रताप – प्र – ताप
प्रचार – प्र – चार
बेतहाशा – बे – तहाशा
प्रसिद्धि – प्र – सिद्धि
अभिभूत – अभि – भूत
अनुप्राणित – अनु – प्राणित
आकृष्ट – आ – कृष्ट

2. निम्नलिखित शब्दों में से प्रत्यय तथा मूल शब्द अलग-अलग करके लिखिए

शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
मज़बूती – मज़बूत – ई
भद्दापन – …………… – ……………
पायदारी – …………… – ……………
विदेशी – …………… – ……………
चमकीली – …………… – ……………
पुख्तापन – …………… – ……………
कारख़ाना – …………… – ……………
सुनहली – …………… – ……………
उत्तर:
शब्द – मूल शब्द – प्रत्यय
मज़बूती – मज़बूत – ई
भद्दापन – भद्दा – पन
पायदारी – पाय – दारी
विदेशी – विदेश – ई
चमकीली – चमक – ईली
पुख्तापन – पुख्ता – पन
कारख़ाना – कार – खाना
सुनहली – सुनहल – ई

3. निम्नलिखित मुहावरों के अर्थ समझकर उन्हें वाक्यों में प्रयुक्त कीजिए

मुहावरा – अर्थ – वाक्य
नींव की ईंट बनना – काम का आधार बनना – ………………….
शहादत का लाल – बलिदान देने वाला व्यक्ति – ………………….
सेहरा पहनाना – सर्वस्व बलिदान देना – ………………….
खाक छानना – बहुत ढूँढ़ना, मारा-मारा फिरना – ………………….
फलना-फूलना – सुखी और सम्पन्न होना – ………………….
खपा देना – किसी काम में लग जाना,उपयोग में आना – ………………….
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट बनना – काम का आधार बनना
वाक्य-आज देश के प्रत्येक युवक को नींव की ईंट बनने का संकल्प लेना चाहिए।

शहादत का लाल – बलिदान देने वाला व्यक्ति
वाक्य-भगत सिंह देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए शहादत के लाल थे।

सेहरा पहनाना – सर्वस्व बलिदान देना
वाक्य – सुभाष चंद्र बोस ने देश की आज़ादी के लिए सेहरा पहन लिया था।

खाक छानना – बहुत ढूँढ़ना, मारा-मारा फिरना
वाक्य – कर्महीन लोग सदा खाक छानते रहते हैं।

फलना – फूलना-सुखी और सम्पन्न होना
वाक्य – यदि फलना-फूलना चाहते हो तो परिश्रम किया करो।

खपा देना – किसी काम में लग जाना, उपयोग में आना
वाक्य – विद्यार्थी को पढ़ाई-लिखाई में स्वयं को खपा देना चाहिए।

4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में उचित विराम चिह्न लगाइए

(i) कँगूरे के गीत गाने वाले हम आइए अब नींव के गीत गाएँ
(ii) हाँ शहादत और मौन मूक समाज की आधारशिला यही होती है
(ii) अफसोस कँगूरा बनने के लिए चारों ओर होड़ा होड़ी मची है नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त हो रही है
(iv) हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है
उत्तर:
(i) कँगूरे के गीत गाने वाले हम, “आइए, अब नींव के गीत गाएँ।”
(ii) हाँ, शहादत और मौन मूक ! समाज की आधारशिला यही होती है।
(iii) अफसोस ! कँगूरा बनने के लिए चारों ओर होड़ा-होड़ी मची है। नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त हो रही है।
(iv) हमारी नींव की ईंट किधर है ?

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
आप नींव की ईंट या कँगूरे की ईंट में से कौन-सी ईंट बनना चाहेंगे और क्यों ? स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मैं नींव की ईंट और कँगूरे की ईंट में से नींव की ईंट बनना चाहूँगा। मैं नींव की ईंट इसलिए बनना चाहूँगा क्योंकि नींव की ईंट ही समाज की आधारशिला होती है। इस पर ही समाज की इमारत खड़ी होती है। यही इमारत का आधार होती है। इसके हिलने मात्र से ही पूरी इमारत नीचे ढह सकती है। नींव की ईंट बनना
अपने आप में गर्व का विषय है। यही धन्य है।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक इस पाठ में नींव की ईंट के माध्यम से क्या संदेश देना चाहता है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक इस पाठ के माध्यम से यह संदेश देना चाहता है कि व्यक्ति को अपने समाज तथा देश की तरक्की और कल्याण के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें इमारत की कंगूरा अथवा मंदिर का कलश नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट बनने की इच्छा करनी चाहिए। युवाओं को नि:स्वार्थ भाव से अपने देश पर अपना त्याग एवं बलिदान कर देना चाहिए। कभी भी प्रसिद्धि एवं तरक्की की कामना नहीं रखनी चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आपकी नज़र में ऐसा कौन-सा व्यक्तित्व है जिसने देश और जमा के उत्थान में नींव की ईंट के समान कार्य किया है उसके योगदान को बताते हुए अपनी बात स्पष्ट करें।
उत्तर:
हमारी नज़र में सुभाष चन्द्र बोस एक ऐसा व्यक्तित्व है जिन्होंने देश पर अपना सब कुछ न्योछावर कर दिया। उन्होंने आज़ादी के लिए महान् योगदान दिया। उन्होंने विदेश में जाकर ‘आज़ाद हिंद फौज’ बनाई तथा भारत के युवाओं को देश पर मर-मिटने तथा आजादी पर कुर्बान होने के लिए प्रेरित किया। उन्होंने ‘तुम मुझे खून दो, मैं तुम्हें आजादी दूंगा’ का नारा दिया।

(घ) पाठेत्तर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
अपने स्कूल/आस-पड़ोस कहीं भी यदि किसी नयी इमारत का निर्माण हो रहा हो तो वहाँ जाकर कारीगर से जानकारी प्राप्त करें कि इमारत की नींव रखने के लिए किस प्रकार जमीन की खुदाई की जाती है और कैसे उस खुदी हुई जमीन पर सुंदर और विशाल इमारत खड़ी करने से पूर्व नींव की ईंटें रखी जाती हैं।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
‘हमारे देश की नींव’ शीर्षक के अन्तर्गत कुछ ऐसे देशभक्तों और महापुरुषों के नाम एक चार्ट पर लिखकर स्कूल/कक्षा की दीवार पर लगाइए।
उत्तर:
अध्यापक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

दधीचि : एक प्रसिद्ध ऋषि जिसने अपने शरीर की हड्डियाँ देवताओं को अर्पित कर दी थीं और स्वयं मरने को तैयार हो गया था। इन हड्डियों से देवताओं के शिल्पी-विश्वकर्मा ने एक वज्र का निर्माण किया था। वृत्रासुर : एक राक्षस। ऋषि दधीचि की हड्डियों से निर्मित वज्र से इन्द्र ने वृत्रासुर और अन्य राक्षसों को मार गिराया था।
सफलता की नींव : हम लोग किसी सफल व्यक्ति की सफलता से प्रभावित होते हैं, उससे प्रेरणा लेते हैं किंतु सफल व्यक्ति की सफलता की नींव को जानने का प्रयास कितने लोग करते हैं ? दरअसल सफल व्यक्ति की कामयाबी की कहानी में त्याग, निष्ठा, मेहनत, अनुशासन, समर्पण और यहाँ तक कि अनेक असफलताएँ भी छिपी होती हैं। यही सब कुछ उनकी आज की सफलता की नींव बनती हैं।

PSEB 9th Class Hindi Guide नींव की ईंट Important Questions and Answers

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक ने पाठ के माध्यम से युवाओं को क्या प्रेरणा दी है ?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने पाठ के माध्यम से युवाओं को नि:स्वार्थ त्याग एवं बलिदान की प्रेरणा दी है।

प्रश्न 2.
हमें सदा किस कार्य के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए ?
उत्तर:
हमें सदा अपने देश और समाज के कल्याण एवं तरक्की के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
आज देश को कैसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है ?
उत्तर:
आज देश को ऐसे नवयुवकों की आवश्यकता है जो प्रसिद्धि के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए अपना कर्म करें।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
पाठ के आधार पर सत्य, शिवं तथा सुंदरम् को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
सत्य सदा शिव होता है। किंतु सदा सुंदरम् हो यह जरूरी नहीं है। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता तथा भद्दापन एक साथ उत्पन्न होते हैं। हम कठोरता एवं भद्देपन से सदा भागते रहते हैं। इसलिए सत्य से भी भागते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कौन-सी ईंट सबसे धन्य होता है ? क्यों ?
उत्तर:
नींद की ईंट सबसे धन्य होती है क्योंकि वह ज़मीन के सात हाथ नीचे गढ़ती है। वही इमारत की पहली ईंट बनती है। वही इमारत की आधारशीला होती है।

निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छ:-सात पंक्तियों में दीजिएप्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ निबंध का मूल भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का रोचक एवं प्रेरक निबंध है। इसमें लेखक यह कहना चाहता है कि व्यक्ति को अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण एवं उत्थान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। बड़े दुःख की बात है कि आज लोग भवन की नींव या ईंट नहीं बनाना चाहते अपितु वे कंगूरा बनना चाहते हैं। सभी में कँगूरे को पाने की होड़ मची है। उन्हें यह नहीं पता कि कँगूरा नींव की ईंट पर ही खड़ा होता है। ईंट हिलाने से कँगूरा ज़मीन पर गिर जाएगा। अतः नवयुवकों को प्रसिद्धि के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए कर्म करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 2.
इस पाठ के माध्यम से हमें क्या प्रेरणा मिलती है ?
उत्तर:
इस पाठ के माध्यम से हमें यह प्रेरणा मिलती है कि हमें अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण एवं उत्थान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें प्रसिद्धि पाने के लिए नहीं अपितु कर्त्तव्य के लिए कर्म करना चाहिए। अपने देश पर नि:स्वार्थ त्याग और बलिदान के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। हमें इमारत का कँगूरा ही नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट बननी चाहिए। अपने देश पर चुपचाप कुर्बान हो जाना ही श्रेष्ठ है। हमारे अंदर एक नई प्रेरणा तथा चेतना होनी चाहिए।

एक शब्द/एक पंक्ति में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
‘नींव की ईंट’ पाठ के लेखक का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी।

प्रश्न 2.
दुनिया क्या देखना पसंद करती हैं ?
उत्तर:
बाहरी चमक-दमक।

प्रश्न 3.
इमारत की पायदारी किस पर मुनहसिर होती है ?
उत्तर:
नींव की ईंट पर।

प्रश्न 4.
समाज की आधारशिला क्या है ?
उत्तर:
मौन-मूक शहादत।

प्रश्न 5.
मूढ़ धारणा क्या है ?
उत्तर:
जिस सत्य को हम देख नहीं सके, यह मूढ़ धारणा है।

हाँ-नहीं में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 6.
ढूँढ़ने से ही सत्य मिलता है।
उत्तर:
हाँ।

प्रश्न 7.
नींव की ईंट बनने की कामना लुप्त नहीं हो रही।
उत्तर:
नहीं।

सही-गलत में उत्तर दीजिए

प्रश्न 8.
ईसा की शहादत ने ईसाई धर्म को अमर बना दिया।
उत्तर:
सही।

प्रश्न 9.
वह ईंट धन्य नहीं है जो कट-छंट कर कँगूरे पर चढ़ती है।
उत्तर:
गलत।

रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति करें

प्रश्न 10.
हम ……. से भागते हैं, ……. से मुख मोड़ते हैं।
उत्तर:
हम कठोरता से भागते हैं, भद्देपन से मुख मोड़ते हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
जिनकी ……. के दान ने ही विदेशी ……. का नाश किया।
उत्तर:
जिनकी हड्डियों के दान ने ही विदेशी वृत्रासुर का नाश किया।

बहुविकल्पी प्रश्नों में से सही विकल्प चुनकर उत्तर लिखें.

प्रश्न 12.
ठोस सत्य सदा ही क्या होता है…
(क) शिवम्
(ख) सुखद
(ग) शुभम्
(घ) सरल।
उत्तर:
(क) शिवम्।

प्रश्न 13.
लोक-लोचनों को अपनी ओर किसकी ईंट आकर्षित करती है ?
(क) नींव की
(ख) खम्बे की
(ग) कोर्निस की
(घ) कँगूरे की।
उत्तर:
(घ) कँगूरे की।

प्रश्न 14.
वृत्रासुर के नाश के लिए किसने अपनी हड्डियों का दान दिया ?
(क) विश्वामित्र
(खे) दधीचि
(ग) अत्री
(घ) कश्यप।
उत्तर:
(ख) दधीचि।

प्रश्न 15.
कितने लाख गाँवों के नव-निर्माण की बात लेखक ने की है ?
(क) पाँच
(ख) छह
(ग) सात
(घ) आठ।
उत्तर:
(ग) सात।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

चमकीली = चमकदार। आवरण = पर्दा। भद्दा = बदसूरत। सुघड़ = सुडौल। पायदारी = मजबूत। आकृष्ट = आकर्षित। शिवम् = कल्याणकारी। अंधकूप = अंधा कुआँ। विलीन = अदृश्य। कँगूरा = चोटी, शिखर, बुर्ज। अस्तित्व = हस्ती। शुहरत = प्रसिद्धि । शहादत = बलिदान। उत्सर्ग = बलिदान । मूढ़ = मूर्ख। आधारशिला = नींव का पत्थर। लुप्त = गायब। वासना = इच्छा, आतुर = व्याकुल, उतावला, अनुप्राणित = प्रेरित। होड़ा-होड़ी = प्रतिस्पर्धा। एक-दूसरे से आगे बढ़ने का प्रयास।

नींव की ईंट Summary

नींव की ईंट जीवन-परिचय

जीवन-परिचय-श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का हिंदी गद्य-साहित्य में अद्भुत योगदान है। इनका जन्म सन् 1902 ई० में बिहार के मुजफ्फरपुर जिले के बेनीपुर नामक गाँव में हुआ था। बचपन में ही इनके माँ-बाप की मृत्यु हो गई थी। इन्होंने अनेक कष्ट सहकर दसवीं तक की पढ़ाई की। सन् 1920 ई० में गांधी जी के असहयोग आंदोलन से प्रभावित 7 सितंबर, सन् 1968 ई० को मृत्यु हो गई।

रचनाएं-श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ लेखक माने जाते हैं। इनकी प्रमुख रचनाएं इस प्रकार हैं
(i) कहानी-चिता के फल
(ii) उपन्यास-पतितों के देश में
(iii) नाटक-आम्रपाली
(v) जंजीरें और दीवारें-रेखाचित्र।

साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ- श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी हिंदी के श्रेष्ठ साहित्यकार माने जाते हैं। उनका गद्य-साहित्य बहुत श्रेष्ठ है। इनके निबंधों में देशभक्ति की भावना का अनूठा वर्णन हुआ है। इन्होंने देश के युवाओं को देश एवं समाज पर बलिदान एवं त्याग करने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। इन्होंने समाज में फैली बुराइयों का सच्चा वर्णन किया है। इनकी भाषा सहज, सरल एवं स्वाभाविक है जिसमें तत्सम एवं तद्भव शब्दों का प्रयोग है। मुहावरों के प्रयोग से इनकी भाषा में निखार आ गया है।

निबंध का सार

‘नींव की ईंट’ लेखक श्री रामवृक्ष बेनीपुरी का अत्यंत रोचक एवं प्रेरक निबंध है। इसमें लेखक ने मनुष्य को नि:स्वार्थ त्याग एवं बलिदान की प्रेरणा दी है। प्रत्येक मनुष्य को अपने देश तथा समाज के कल्याण के लिए सदा तैयार रहना चाहिए। लेखक को इस बात का दुःख है कि आजकल हर आदमी भवन के कँगूरे की तरह बनना चाहता है। उसकी नींव की ईंट कोई बनना नहीं चाहता। लेखक चमकीली सुंदर एवं मज़बूत इमारत की नींव को ध्यान देने को कहता है। उसे दुःख है कि आज दुनिया केवल चमक-दमक देखती है किंतु उसके नीचे ठोस सत्य को कोई नहीं देखता। ठोस सत्य सदा शिवम् होता है किंतु वह सदा सुंदर हो यह जरूरी नहीं। सत्य कठोर होता है। कठोरता और भद्दापन एक साथ जन्म लेते हैं। लोग सदा कठोरता से भागते हैं। भद्देपन से मुँह मोड़ते हैं इसलिए वे सत्य से दूर जाते हैं।
कँगूरे पर चढ़ने वाली ईंट धन्य है जो लोगों को अपनी ओर आकृष्ट करती है किंतु इमारत की नींव की ईंट धन्य होती है जिसके ऊपर इमारत खड़ी होती है। इस ईंट के हिलने से कँगूरा ज़मीन पर गिर जाता है इसलिए हमें कँगूरे की ईंट को नहीं बल्कि नींव की ईंट के गीत गाने चाहिए। यह ईंट इमारत की शोभा बढ़ाने के लिए सदा ज़मीन के अंदर दबी रहती है और अपना त्याग एवं बलिदान करती है। इसी प्रकार जो समाज के लिए अपना बलिदान देते हैं वही समाज का आधार होते हैं। ईसा की शहादत ने ईसाई धर्म को अमर बनाया। वास्तव में ईसाई धर्म को अमर तो उन अनाम लोगों ने बनाया जिन्होंने इसका प्रचार करने में चुपचाप अपना बलिदान किया।