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Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 17 श्री गुरु नानक देव जी Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 17 श्री गुरु नानक देव जी

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB श्री गुरु नानक देव जी Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
गुरु नानक देव जी का जन्म कब और कहाँ हुआ?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी का जन्म कार्तिक पूर्णिमा, सन् 1469 ई० को शेखूपुरा के तलवंडी गाँव में हुआ था, जो अब पाकिस्तान में है।

प्रश्न 2.
गुरु नानक देव जी के माता और पिता का क्या नाम था?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी की माता का नाम तृप्ता देवी जी और पिता का नाम मेहता कालू जी था।

प्रश्न 3.
गुरु नानक देव जी ने छोटी आयु में ही कौन-कौन-सी भाषाओं का ज्ञान अर्जित कर लिया था ?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी ने छोटी-सी आयु में ही पंजाबी, फारसी, हिंदी और संस्कृत भाषाओं का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लिया था।

प्रश्न 4.
गुरु नानक देव जी को किस व्यक्ति ने दुनियावी तौर पर जीविकोपार्जन संबंधी कार्यों में लगाने का प्रयास किया था?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी को इनके पिता श्री मेहता कालू जी ने दुनियावी तौर पर जीविकोपार्जन कार्यों में लगाने का प्रयास किया था।

प्रश्न 5.
गुरु नानक देव जी को दुनियादारी में बांधने के लिए इनके पिता जी ने क्या किया?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी के पिता जी ने आप की शादी देवी सुलक्खनी से कर दी।

प्रश्न 6.
गुरु नानक देव जी के कितनी संतानें थीं और उनके नाम क्या थे?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी के दो संतानें थीं। एक का नाम लखमीदास और दूसरे का नाम श्रीचंद था।

प्रश्न 7.
इस्लामी देशों की यात्रा के दौरान आप ने किस धर्म की शिक्षा दी?
उत्तर:
मुस्लिम देशों की यात्रा के दौरान आप ने ‘सांझे धर्म’ की शिक्षा दी।

प्रश्न 8.
‘श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब’ में गुरु नानक देव जी के कुल कितने पद और श्लोक हैं?
उत्तर:
श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब में गुरु नानक देव जी के 974 पद और श्लोक हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब में मुख्य कितने राग हैं?
उत्तर:
श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब में मुख्य 31 राग हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
गुरु नानक देव जी के जीवन के अंतिम वर्ष कहाँ बीते?
उत्तर:
श्री गुरु नानक देव जी के जीवन के अंतिम वर्ष करतारपुर में बीते थे जो अब पाकिस्तान में है।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
गुरु नानक देव जी के जन्म के संबंध में भाई गुरदास जी ने कौन-सी तुक लिखी?
उत्तर:
भाई गुरदास जी ने लिखा था
‘सुनी पुकार दातार प्रभु,
गुरु नानक जगि माहिं पठाया।’

प्रश्न 2.
गुरु नानक देव जी पढ़ने के लिए किन-किन के पास गए थे?
उत्तर:
सात वर्ष की आयु में गुरु नानक देव जी को पांडे के पास पढ़ने के लिए पाठशाला भेजा गया था। मौलवी सैय्यद हुसैन ने भी इन्हें पढ़ाया था। इन्होंने पंडित ब्रजनाथ से भी शिक्षा प्राप्त की थी। छोटी-सी आयु में ही इन्होंने पंजाबी, फारसी, हिंदी, संस्कृत आदि भाषाओं का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लिया था।

प्रश्न 3.
साधुओं की संगति में रहकर गुरु नानक देव जी ने कौन-कौन से ज्ञान प्राप्त किए?
उत्तर:
साधुओं की संगति में रह कर गुरु नानक देव जी ने भारतीय धर्म का ज्ञान प्राप्त किया। आपने साधुओं की संगति से भी विभिन्न संप्रदायों का ज्ञान प्राप्त किया। भारतीय धर्म ग्रंथों और शास्त्रों का ज्ञान भी आपको साधुओं की संगति से ही हुआ। राग विद्या भी आपने इन्हीं दिनों प्राप्त की थी।

प्रश्न 4.
गुरु नानक देव जी ने यात्राओं के दौरान कौन-कौन से महत्त्वपूर्ण शहरों की यात्रा की?
उत्तर:
अपनी यात्राओं में गुरु नानक देव जी ने आसाम, लंका, ताशकंद, मक्का-मदीना आदि शहरों की यात्रा की थी। आपने हिमालय पर स्थित योगियों के केंद्रों की यात्रा भी की। आपने उन्हें सही धर्म सिखाया। आपने हिंदू, मुसलमान सब को सही मार्ग दिखाया।

प्रश्न 5.
गुरु नानक देव जी ने तत्कालीन भारतीय जनता को किन बुराइयों से स्वतंत्र कराने का प्रयास किया?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी के समय में भारतीय हिंदू-मुस्लिम जनता धार्मिक आडंबरों से ग्रस्त थी। आपने उन्हें इन रूढ़ियों और आडंबरों से मुक्त कराने के लिए उन्हें सद्-उपदेश दिया। उन्हें सही रास्ता दिखाया। आपके उपदेश सहज और सरल थे।

प्रश्न 6.
गुरु नानक देव जी की रचनाओं के नाम लिखें।
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी की रचनाएँ जपुजी, आसा दी वार, सिद्ध गोसटि, पट्टी, दक्खनी ऊँकार, पहरे-तिथि, बारह माह, सुचज्जी-कुचज्जी, आरती आदि हैं। गुरु जी की इन रचनाओं के अतिरिक्त वाणी, श्लोक, पद, अष्टपदियां, सोहले, छन्द आदि के रूप में विद्यमान हैं।

III. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छह या सात वाक्यों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
जिस समय गुरु नानक देव जी का जन्म हुआ उस समय भारतीय समाज की क्या स्थिति थी?
उत्तर:
जिस समय गुरु नानक देव जी का जन्म हुआ था उस समय भारतीय समाज अनेक बुराइयों से ग्रस्त था। वह अनेक जातियों, संप्रदायों और धर्मों में बंटा हुआ था। लोग रूढ़ियों में फंसे हुए थे। उनके विचार बहुत ही संकीर्ण थे। वे घृणा करने योग्य कार्यों में लगे रहते थे। धर्म के नाम पर दिखावे का बोल-बाला था। शासक वर्ग अत्याचारी था। आम जनता का अत्यधिक शोषण होता था। दलितों पर बहुत अत्याचार होते थे।

प्रश्न 2.
गुरु नानक देव जी ने अपनी यात्राओं के दौरान कहाँ-कहाँ और किन-किन लोगों को क्या-क्या उपदेश दिए?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी ने सन् 1499 से 1522 ई० के बीच पूर्व, पश्चिम, उत्तर तथा दक्षिण चारों दिशाओं में यात्राएं कीं। इन यात्राओं में आपने आसाम, लंका, ताशकंद, मक्का-मदीना आदि स्थानों की यात्रा की थी। आप ने कश्मीर के पंडितों से विचार-विमर्श किया। हिमालय के योगियों को सही धर्म सिखाया। हिंदू नेताओं को देश सेवा का उपदेश दिया। मौलवी और मुसलमानों को साझे धर्म की शिक्षा देकर उन्हें सही रास्ता दिखाया। आपने अनेक फ़कीरों, सूफ़ियों, सन्तों आदि से भी धार्मिक विचार-विमर्श किए।

प्रश्न 3.
गुरु नानक देव जी की वाणी की विशेषता अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी की वाणी के 974 पद और श्लोक आदि ग्रंथ में संकलित हैं। आपकी वाणी में अनेक विषयों की चर्चा प्राप्त होती है। आपने सृष्टि, जीव और ब्रह्म के संबंध में चर्चा की थी। आपने अकाल पुरुष के स्वरूप और स्थान का भी वर्णन किया है। आपने माया से दूर रहने तथा माया के बंधन काटने और शुद्ध मन से प्रभु का नाम जपने की प्रेरणा दी है। आपकी वाणी, जो ‘जपुजी साहिब’ के नाम से जानी जाती है, में सिक्ख सिद्धांतों का सार है। आपकी वाणी की शैली बहुत अद्भुत और अनूठी है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित का संधि-विच्छेद कीजिए

परमात्मा, पतनोन्मुखी, जीविकोपार्जन, संगीताचार्य, देवोपासना, परमेश्वर।
उत्तर:
परमात्मा = परम + आत्मा
पतनोन्मुखी = पतन + उन्मुखी
जीविकोपार्जन = जीविका + उपार्जन
संगीताचार्य = संगीत + आचार्य
देवोपासना = देव + उपासना
परमेश्वर = परम + ईश्वर।

II. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विशेषण शब्द बनाइए:

समाज, धर्म, अर्थ, परस्पर, राजनीति, पंडित, सम्प्रदाय, भारत, अध्यात्म, पंजाब।
उत्तर:
शब्द – विशेषण
समाज – सामाजिक
धर्म – धार्मिक
अर्थ – आर्थिक
परस्पर – पारस्परिक
राजनीति – राजनैतिक
पंडित – पांडित्य
सम्प्रदाय – साम्प्रदायिक
भारत – भारतीय
अध्यात्म – आध्यात्मिक
पंजाब – पंजाबी

III. निम्नलिखित शब्दों से भाववाचक संज्ञा बनाइए:

महान्, सरल, सहज, हरा, समान, शांत।
उत्तर:
शब्द – भाववाचक संज्ञा
महान् – महानता
सरल – सरलता
सहज – सहजता
हरा – हरियाली
समान – समानता
शांत – शांति।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
गुरु नानक देव जी आपके लिए किस तरह प्रेरणा स्रोत हैं। अपने विचार प्रकट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी अपने अध्यापक/अध्यापिका की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

1. सिक्ख धर्म के सभी गुरुओं के जीवन चरित की जानकारी जुटाइए।

2. हिंदू, सिक्ख, मुस्लिम, ईसाई, जैन और बौद्ध आदि धर्मों के चिह्न बनाइए।

3.विभिन्न धार्मिक स्थानों जैसे-स्वर्ण मंदिर, आनंदपुर साहिब, हरिद्वार, मथुरा, मक्का मदीना आदि की जानकारी एकत्रित कीजिए।

प्रश्न 4.
श्री गुरु नानक देव जी की यात्राओं से संबंधित स्थानों को विश्व मानचित्र पर दर्शाइए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 5.
सिक्ख धर्म के पाँच चिह्नों पर चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
विद्यार्थी स्वयं करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. ननकाना साहिब-पाकिस्तान में स्थित पंजाब प्रांत का यह शहर गुरु नानक देव जी के नाम पर है। प्राचीन काल में इसका नाम ‘राय-भोई-दी-तलवंडी’ था। इतिहास से जुड़ा हुआ यह नगर सिख धर्म के लिए अति पवित्र तीर्थ है।

2. सुल्तानपुर लोधी-यह कपूरथला जिले का अत्यंत पुराना शहर है जहाँ गुरु नानक देव जी पहले रहते थे। इसी शहर में उनकी बहन बीबी नानकी और उनके पति भाई जयराम जी भी निवास करते थे।

3. मक्का -इस्लाम धर्म का यह सबसे अधिक पवित्र नगर है। प्रति वर्ष लाखों की संख्या में श्रद्धालु यहाँ आते हैं। इस्लामी पैगम्बर मोहम्मद के द्वारा इसी नगर में सातवीं शताब्दी में इस्लाम की घोषणा की गई। बाद में यह नगर साऊदी अरब के शासन के अधीन आ गया था। अब यह मक्काह प्रांत की राजधानी है।

4. ताशकन्द-यह उजबेकिस्तान और ताशकेंत की राजधानी है।

5. श्री लंका-यह दक्षिण एशिया का देश है जो हिन्द महासागर के उत्तर में विद्यमान है। भारत से इसकी दूरी केवल 31 कि०मी० है। सन् 1972 तक इसका नाम ‘सीलोन’ था लेकिन अब यह श्री लंका के नाम से जाना जाता है। इसका नगर कोलंबो समुद्री परिवहन के लिए बहुत महत्त्वपूर्ण है।

6. मदीना/अल-मदीना-इसे अति सम्मान के कारण ‘अल-मदीना-अल मुनवरा भी कहते हैं जिसका अर्थ हैचमकदार मदीना। यह इस्लाम धर्म का पवित्रतम दूसरा नगर है। इसी नगर में इस्लामी पैगम्बर मोहम्मद साहब की दफनगाह है। इस नगर का अपना ही विशेष ऐतिहासिक महत्त्व है।

7. श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब-सिक्ख धर्म का परम पवित्र और प्रमुख ग्रंथ श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब जी हैं जिसमें सिख गुरुओं तथा हिंदु-मुस्लिम संतों/भक्तों की वाणी भी संकलित की गई है। इसका संपादन सिक्ख धर्म के पाँचवें गुरु श्री गुरु अर्जुन देव जी ने किया था। इसका पहला प्रकाश 16 अगस्त, सन् 1604 ई० को हरिमंदिर साहिब अमृतसर में हुआ था। सन् 1705 ई० में गुरु गोबिंद सिंह जी ने इसमें गुरु तेग बहादुर जी के 116 शब्द जोड़ कर इसे पूर्ण किया था। इस पवित्र ग्रंथ में कुल पृष्ठ संख्या 1430 है। इसमें सिख गुरुओं के अतिरिक्त 30 अन्य हिंदू और मुस्लिम-भक्तों की पवित्र वाणी को भी स्थान प्रदान किया गया है।

8. जपुजी साहिब-श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब जी की मूलवाणी ‘जपुजी साहिब’ गुरु नानक देव जी के द्वारा उच्चरित की गई अति पवित्र वाणी है। इसमें ब्रह्मज्ञान का अलौकिक ज्ञान समाया हुआ है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide श्री गुरु नानक देव जी Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
गुरु नानक देव जी का बचपन किस शहर में बीता?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी का बचपन तलवंडी में बीता था।

प्रश्न 2.
गुरु नानक देव जी ने सच्चा सौदा कितने रुपयों में कैसे किया?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी ने सच्चा सौदा बीस रुपयों में भूखे साधुओं को खाना खिला कर किया।

प्रश्न 3.
गुरु नानक देव जी तीन दिन तक किस नदी में आलोप रहे?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी तीन दिन तक उई नदी में आलोप रहे।

प्रश्न 4.
गुरु नानक देव जी की कितनी उदासियाँ हैं?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी की चार उदासियाँ हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
प्रातःकालीन प्रार्थना के लिए गुरु जी की कौन-सी वाणी है?
उत्तर:
प्रात:कालीन प्रार्थना के लिए ‘जपुजी साहिब’ आपकी वाणी है।

प्रश्न 6.
भाई गुरदास जी ने आपकी उदासियों के सम्बन्ध में क्या कहा है?
उत्तर:
भाई गुरदास जी आपकी उदासियों के बारे में लिखते हैं-‘चढ़िआ सोधन धरत लुकाई।’ आपने सन् 1499 ई० से 1522 ई० तक पूर्व, पश्चिम, उत्तर तथा दक्षिण की चार उदासियाँ कीं। इसी समय आपने करतारपुर नगर बसाया था। इन यात्राओं में आपने भटके हुए लोगों को उचित उपदेश देकर सद्मार्ग दिखाया था।

प्रश्न 7.
सुल्तानपुर में रहते हुए आप ने क्या कुछ देखा था?
उत्तर;
सूबे की राजधानी होने के कारण सुल्तानपुर धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक गतिविधियों का केंद्र था। यहाँ रहते हुए आपने हुकूमत की ज्यादतियाँ, मुल्ला, काज़ियों और हिंदुओं के धार्मिक आडंबर, कर्मकांड, अंधविश्वास आदि देखे थे। आपने आध्यात्मिक अवस्थाओं से गिरे हुए बनावटी जीवन को भी देखा था।

प्रश्न 8.
अन्य संतों की अपेक्षा गुरु नानक देव जी के उपदेश देने की शैली की क्या विशेषता थी?
उत्तर:
अन्य सन्त जब उपदेश देते थे तो उनके कटुतापूर्ण शब्द लोगों को बुरे लगते थे। वे अपने शुष्क व्यवहार से लोगों को नाराज़ कर देते थे। वे तर्क की छुरी चला कर सामाजिक बुराइयों की चीर-फाड़ कर लोगों के मन को आहत कर देते थे। परन्तु गुरु जी सामाजिक बुराइयों का खंडन कोमल भाषा में करते थे। जैसे शरद ऋतु की पूर्णिमा का चंद्रमा चारों ओर अपनी शीतलता बिखेरता है वैसे ही गुरु जी भी अपनी वाणी की शीतलता से सब को उपदेश देते थे। अन्य सन्तों के उपदेशों से आहत मन पर वे मरहम का लेप करते थे।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
जब गुरु नानक देव जी का जन्म हुआ तब भारत की क्या दशा थी?
उत्तर:
जब गुरु नानक देव जी का जन्म हुआ तब भारत अनेक प्रकार के कुसंस्कारों से ग्रस्त था।

प्रश्न 2.
गुरु नानक देव जी को किन्होंने शिक्षा दी थी?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी को मौलवी सैय्यद हुसैन और पंडित बृजनाथ ने शिक्षा दी थी।

प्रश्न 3.
गुरु नानक देव जी सन् 1499 ई० में किस नदी में स्नान करने गए थे?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी बेईं नदी में स्नान करने गए थे।

प्रश्न 4.
गुरु नानक देव जी ने प्रातःकालीन प्रार्थना के लिए किस ग्रंथ की रचना की थी?
उत्तर:
गुरु नानक देव जी ने प्रात:कालीन प्रार्थना के लिए ‘जपुजी’ साहिब की रचना की थी।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
श्री गुरु नानक देव जी ने कितने रुपयों से भूखे साधुओं को खाना खिला कर सच्चा सौदा किया?
(क) पाँच
(ख) दस
(ग) बीस
(घ) पच्चीस।
उत्तर:
(ग) बीस

प्रश्न 2.
‘चढ़िया सोधन धरत लुकाई’-किसका कथन है?
(क) भाई रामदास
(ख) भाई गुरदास
(ग) भाई प्रेमदास
(घ) भाई सुखदास।
उत्तर:
(ख) भाई गुरदास

प्रश्न 3.
श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब में श्री गुरु नानक देव जी द्वारा रचित कितने पद और श्लोक हैं?
(क) 970
(ख) 972
(ग) 974
(घ) 976.
उत्तर:
(ग) 974

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब में मुख्य कितने राग हैं? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
31

प्रश्न 2.
श्री गुरु नानक देव जी सन् 1539 में ज्योति-जोत समा गए। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 3.
भाई मरदाना श्री गुरु नानक देव जी के साथ कभी नहीं रहा। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 4.
‘न कोई हिन्दू न मुसलमान’-ये शब्द श्री गुरु नानक देव जी के हैं। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 5.
गंगा नदी में प्रवेश कर श्री गुरु नानक देव जी तीन दिन अलोप रहे। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 6.
उस समय के ……………. शोषक का रूप …………. कर चुके थे।
उत्तर:
राजा, धारण

प्रश्न 7.
लगभग …………. वर्ष की आयु तक आप अनेक मतों के ……….. की संगति में रहे।
उत्तर:
अठारह, साधुओं

प्रश्न 8.
लगभग ……………. वर्ष आप घूम फिर कर …………. का प्रचार करते रहे।
उत्तर:
बाईस, धर्म।

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

कुसंस्कारों = बुरी आदतों। ग्रस्त = पकड़े हुए। विभाजित = बंटा हुआ। रूढ़ियाँ = गलत परंपरायें, गलत रीति-रिवाज। घृणित = घृणा करने योग्य, नफ़रत करने योग्य। आचार = व्यवहार, चालढाल, चालचलन। संकीर्णता = नीचता, संकरापन। तीव्र = तेज़। प्रहार = चोट । कटुता = कड़वाहट। शुष्कता = नीरसता, सूखापन। उक्त = उन। खण्डन = तोड़ने-फोड़ने का काम, किसी मत के खिलाफ़ बोलना। मृदु = कोमल। भाषी = बोलने वाला। शरत काल = शरद ऋतु । पूर्णचंद्र = पूरा चाँद, पूर्णिमा का चाँद । स्निग्धता = चिकनापन, चिकनाहट। निर्मलता = सफ़ाई, स्वच्छता, शुद्धता, पवित्रता। शीतलता = ठंडक। आलोकित = प्रकाशित, रोशनी से भर देना। उद्वेलित = छलछलाना। शल्यचिकित्सा = चीरफाड़ करना। विभूति = शक्ति, व्यक्ति। प्रवर्तक = शुरू करने वाला। पतनोन्मुखी = पतन की ओर जाने वाला। पथ-प्रदर्शक = रास्ता दिखाने वाला। प्रकृति = स्वभाव, आदत। भ्रमणशील = घूमते रहने वाले, घुमक्कड़। कर्म = कार्य। चतुर्दिक = चारों ओर, सब दिशाओं में। उदात्त = अच्छी, ऊँची। सागर = समुद्र।

आध्यात्मिक = आत्मा से संबंधित। पथ = रास्ता, मार्ग। अविचलित = अटल, स्थिर, जो विचलित न हो। पथिक = मुसाफिर। अल्प = कम, थोड़ी। पियासा = प्यास । प्रवृत्त = किसी काम में लगा हुआ, किसी काम में लगना। काल = समय। विरक्ति = वैराग्य। सरगर्मियाँ = गतिविधियाँ । हुकूमत = शासन। आडंबर = दिखावा। कर्मकांड = धर्म से संबंधित कार्य, यज्ञ, आदि करना। विचलित = अस्थिर, व्याकुल, डांवाडोल। उद्धार = कल्याण। सांझा धर्म = मानव धर्म। पांडित्य = विद्वता, ज्ञानी। संकीर्ण = छोटी सोच। शैली = तरीका। अलोप = गायब हो जाना, छिप जाना। सुरुचिपूर्ण = अच्छाइयों से भरा। दर्शाया = दिखाया। विचार-विमर्श = सलाह-मशवरा। तर्क-वितर्क = बहस करना। कुतर्कों = बुरी बहस। तत्कालीन = उस समय के। आडंबर = दिखावा। अनुग्रह = कृपा। करामात = चमत्कार। अहंकार = घमंड। प्रत्यक्ष = आँखों देखा। कुमार्ग = गलत रास्ता। सुमार्ग = सही रास्ता। शोचनीय = बहुत हीन, बहुत चिंताजनक। शोषण = शोषण करने वाला। जुल्म = अत्याचार। संगीताचार्य = संगीत के आचार्य, संगीत में निपुण। निर्विकार = विकारों से रहित, बुराइयों से रहित। अद्भुत = विचित्र। पारस्परिक = आपसी। दृष्टिकोण = देखने का नज़रिया।

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी Summary

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी लेखिका परिचय

डॉ० सुखविंदर कौर बाठ का जन्म सन् 1962 ई० में पंजाब के गुरदासपुर जिले के छिछरेवाला गाँव में हुआ था। इन्होंने अपनी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा गाँव में ही प्राप्त की थी। इन्होंने अमृतसर से एम० ए०, एम० फिल०, पी-एच० डी० तथा डी० लिट की उपाधियाँ प्राप्त की। इनके पिता देश की सीमाओं के रक्षक थे इसलिए वे प्रायः बाहर ही रहते थे। इनकी शिक्षा और साहित्यिक रुचियों को जगाने वाली इनकी माता जी ही थीं। ‘गुरु तेग़ बहादुर जी की वाणी : संदर्भ और विश्लेषण’ इन का शोध-विषय था। इन्हें पंजाबी लोक-जीवन से विशेष लगाव रहा है। इसी कारण इन्होंने पंजाबी भाषा, संस्कृति, लोक-जीवन, लोक-गीतों आदि पर बहुत कार्य किया है। आप पंजाबी विश्वविद्यालय, पटियाला के पत्राचार विभाग में प्राध्यापक के रूप में कार्यरत हैं।

डॉ० सुखविन्दर कौर बाठ की प्रमुख रचनाएं ‘पंजाब के संस्कार गत लोक-गीतों का विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन’, ‘पंजाबी लोक रंग’, ‘गुरु तेग़ बहादुर की वाणी : संदर्भ और विश्लेषण’ आदि हैं। हिसार से प्रकाशित ‘पंजाबी संस्कृति’ की आप अतिथि संपादिका हैं। आपने शिव कुमार बटालवी की रचना ‘लूणा’ का देवनागरी में लिप्यंत्रण भी किया है। आपके निबंधों की भाषा सहज, सरल तथा बोधगम्य है।

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी पाठ का सार

डॉ० सुखविंदर कौर बाठ द्वारा रचित लेख ‘श्री गुरु नानक देव जी’ में लेखिका ने अवतारी महापुरुष श्री गुरु नानक देव जी के जीवन के विविध पक्षों पर प्रकाश डाला है। उन्होंने उनके उपदेशों को समस्त मानवता के लिए शुभ एवं हितकारी माना है।

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी के जन्म के समय देश की दशा बहुत खराब थी। लोग अनेक बुराइयों में फंस कर भिन्नभिन्न जातियों, धर्मों, सम्प्रदायों आदि में बंट गए थे। समाज रूढ़ियों तथा आडंबरों से ग्रस्त था। अनेक संतों ने अपने शुष्क तथा कट उपदेशों से लोगों को इन बुराइयों के लिए लताड़ कर अपने से नाराज़ कर दिया परंतु गुरु नानक देव जी ने अपनी कोमल वाणी से सब को अपने वश में करके समार्ग पर चलने की राह दिखायी।

पंजाब में भक्ति-आंदोलन को प्रारंभ करने वाले श्री गुरु नानक देव जी का जन्म शेखूपुरा जिले के तलवंडी गांव (पाकिस्तान) में सन् 1469 ई० को हुआ था। आपके पिता का नाम श्री मेहता कालू जी तथा माता का नाम तृप्ता देवी जी था। आप की एक बहन थी जिसका नामक नानकी था। सात वर्ष की आयु में आपको पाठशाला में पांडे जी से पढ़ने के लिए जाना पड़ा। इनके बाद आपने मौलवी सैय्यद हुसैन और पंडित ब्रजनाथ से भी शिक्षा प्राप्त की। छोटी-सी आयु में ही आपने पंजाबी, अरबी, फारसी, संस्कृत आदि भाषाओं का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लिया। आपके पिता ने आप को सांसारिक व्यापारों में लगाना चाहा लेकिन आप का मन उसमें नहीं लगा। आप अठारह वर्षों तक अनेक मतों को मानने वाले साधुओं की संगति में रहे। उनसे भारतीय धर्म शास्त्रों की शिक्षा प्राप्त की। इसी समय आपने बीस रुपए से भूखे साधुओं को खाना खिला कर सच्चा सौदा किया। आपको गृहस्थ में बांधने के लिए आपके पिता ने आपका विवाह माता सुलक्खनी जी से कर दिया। आप की दो सन्तानें लखमीदास और श्री चन्द थीं।।

सुल्तानपुर में रहते हुए आप को शासन के अत्याचारों, धार्मिक आडंबरों, कर्मकांडों, अंधविश्वासों आदि का पता चला तो बहुत व्याकुल हो गए। आप वेई नदी में प्रवेश कर के तीन दिन तक आलोप रहे। जब आप प्रकट हुए तो आप की वाणी ने उच्चारण किया ‘न कोई हिन्दू न मुसलमान।’

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी ने सन् 1499 ई० से 1522 ई० तक चार उदासियाँ अर्थात् चार यात्रायें चारों दिशाओं में आसाम, लंका, ताशकंद, मक्का-मदीना आदि तक की थीं। इन यात्राओं में आपने सद्मार्ग से भटके हुए सभी वर्ग के लोगों को सद्मार्ग पर चलने का उपदेश दिया था। योगियों, सिद्धों, नेताओं, हिंदुओं और मुसलमानों सब को आपने सहज, सरल और मीठी निरंकारी भाषा से सहज धर्म पालन करने का उपदेश दिया।
उस युग के लोग आडंबरों, करामातों, तंत्र-मंत्र, चमत्कारों आदि में बहुत विश्वास रखते थे। आपने भोली-भाली जनता को उपदेश देकर सही मार्ग दिखाया।

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी के समय में शासन की दशा बहुत दयनीय थी। शासक जनता का शोषण करते थे। उनके वज़ीर भी कुत्तों के समान जनता का शोषण कर रहे थे। इस कारण आप ने अपनी वाणी में कहा है-

‘राजे सीहं मुकदम कुत्ते जाए जगाइन बैठे सुत्ते।’
आपने ऐसे जुल्मी शासन में दलित लोगों की सहायता की। इसलिए भाई गुरदास ने इसी कारण लिखा है-‘सुनी पुकार दातार प्रभु, गुरु नानक जगि माहिं पठाइया।’
श्री गुरु नानक देव जी एक श्रेष्ठ कवि तथा संगीताचार्य भी थे। ‘आदिग्रंथ’ में आपके 974 पद तथा 2 श्लोक संकलित हैं। आप ने इसमें उन्नीस रागों का प्रयोग किया है। इन पदों में सृष्टि, जीव और ब्रह्म, अकाल पुरुष, नाम सिमरण आदि विषयों पर चर्चा की गई है। इन पदों के अतिरिक्त आपने ‘जपुजी’ की रचना की है जिसमें सिक्ख सिद्धांतों का सार मिलता है। आपकी अन्य रचनाएँ ‘आसा दी वार’, सिद्ध गोसटि, दक्खनी ऊँकार, बारहमाह, पहरे-तिथि, सुचज्जि कुचन्जि, आरती आदि हैं। इनकी वाणी श्लोक, पद, अष्टपदियाँ, सोहले, छंद आदि के रूप में हैं। इनकी वाणी शैली पक्ष से अनूठी है।

श्री गुरु नानक देव जी ने सांसारिक ईर्ष्या, द्वेष, वैर आदि को मिटाने तथा प्रेम, समानता, सरलता आदि अपनाने का संदेश दिया है। इस कारण आप युग निर्माता तथा समाज सुधारक भी माने जाते हैं। वास्तव में आप ने अपने उपदेशों के द्वारा एक ऐसे धर्म का बीज बो दिया जो आगे चलकर सिक्ख धर्म के रूप में विशाल वृक्ष बन कर प्रसिद्ध हुआ। जीवन के अंतिम वर्ष आपने करतारपुर में सद्-उपदेश देते हुए व्यतीत किए थे। सन् 1539 ई० में आप ज्योति-ज्योत समा गए थे। आप ने कर्मकांडों, बहुदेव पूजन आदि को नकारते हुए एक परमेश्वर की पूजा करने का उपदेश दिया था।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Hindi Book Solutions Chapter 16 ठेले पर हिमालय Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Hindi Chapter 16 ठेले पर हिमालय

Hindi Guide for Class 10 PSEB ठेले पर हिमालय Textbook Questions and Answers

(क) विषय-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक कौसानी क्यों गये थे?
उत्तर:
लेखक हिमालय पर जमी हुई बर्फ की शोभा को बहुत निकट से देखने के लिए गये थे।

प्रश्न 2.
बस पर सवार लेखक ने साथ-साथ बहने वाली किस नदी का ज़िक्र किया है?
उत्तर:
बस पर सवार लेखक ने साथ-साथ बहने वाली कोसी नदी का ज़िक्र किया है।

प्रश्न 3.
कौसानी कहाँ बसा हुआ है?
उत्तर:
नैनीताल से रानीखेत और रानीखेत से डरावने मोड़ों को पार करने के बाद कौसानी बसा हुआ है।

प्रश्न 4.
लेखक और उनके मित्रों की निराशा और थकावट किसके दर्शन से छूमंतर हो गई?
उत्तर:
लेखक और उनके मित्रों की निराशा और थकावट हिम दर्शन से छूमंतर हो गई।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक और उनके मित्र कहां ठहरे थे?
उत्तर:
लेखक और उनके मित्र डाक बंगले में ठहरे थे।

प्रश्न 6.
दूसरे दिन घाटी से उतर कर लेखक और उनके मित्र कहां पहुंचे?
उत्तर:
दूसरे दिन घाटी से उतर कर लेखक और उनके मित्र बैजनाथ पहुंचे।

प्रश्न 7.
बैजनाथ में कौन-सी नदी बहती है?
उत्तर:
बैजनाथ में गोमती नदी बहती है।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर तीन या चार पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक को ऐसा क्यों लगा जैसे वे ठगे गये हैं?
उत्तर:
लेखक को ऐसा इसलिए लगा कि जैसे वे सुंदरता से भरे हुए लोक से किसी दूसरे ही लोक में चले आए थे। लेखक कौसानी की कत्यूर की घाटी के अपार सौंदर्य को देखकर स्तब्ध रह गया था। यहां हरे मखमली कालीनों जैसे खेत, सुंदर गेरु की शिलाएं, काटकर बने हुए लाल रास्ते, किनारे सफेद पत्थर की पंक्ति, बेलों की लड़ियों-सी नदियां असीम सौंदर्य से परिपूर्ण थीं। यहां का सौंदर्य अति सुंदर, मोहक, सुकुमार और निष्कलंक था।

प्रश्न 2.
सबसे पहले बर्फ दिखाई देने का वर्णन लेखक ने कैसे किया है?
उत्तर:
लेखक को बर्फ बादलों के टुकड़े जैसी लगी थी जिसमें सफ़ेद, रूपहला और हलका नीला रंग शोभा दे रहा था। उसे ऐसा लगा जैसे घाटी के पार हिमालय पर्वत को बर्फ ने ढाँप रखा हो। उसे ऐसे लग रहा था जैसे कोई बाल स्वभाव वाला शिखर बादलों की खिड़की से झांक रहा हो।

प्रश्न 3.
खानसामे ने सब मित्रों को खुशकिस्मत क्यों कहा?
उत्तर:
खानसामे ने उन सब मित्रों को खुशकिस्मत कहा क्योंकि उन्हें वहाँ आते ही पहले ही दिन बर्फ दिखाई दे गई थी। उनसे पहले 14 टूरिस्ट वहाँ आकर पूरा हफ्ता भर रहे पर उन्हें बादलों के कारण बर्फ दिखाई नहीं दी थी।

प्रश्न 4.
सूरज के डूबने पर सब गुमसुम क्यों हो गए थे?
उत्तर:
सूरज के डूबने पर सब गुमसुम इसलिए हो गए थे क्योंकि सूरज डूबने के साथ ही उनके हिम दर्शन की सारी इच्छाएं और आशाएं धूमिल हो गई थीं। जिस हिमदर्शन की आशा में लेखक अपने मित्रों के साथ बहुत समय से टकटकी लगा कर देख रहे थे। वे उससे वंचित रह गए थे।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक ने बैजनाथ पहुँच कर हिमालय से किस रूप में भेंट की?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने बैजनाथ पहुँच कर देखा कि गोमती निरन्तर प्रवाहित हो रही थी। गोमती की उज्ज्वल जलराशि में हिमालय की बर्फीली चोटियों की छाया तैर रही थी। लेखक ने नदी के इस जल में तैरते हुए हिमालय से भेंट की।

III. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर छः या सात पंक्तियों में दीजिए

प्रश्न 1.
कोसी से कौसानी तक में लेखक को किन-किन दृश्यों ने आकर्षित किया?
उत्तर:
कोसी से कौसानी तक लेखक को अद्भुत प्राकृतिक दृश्य दिखाई दिए थे। उन्होंने लेखक को मंत्र मुग्ध कर दिया था। सुडौल पत्थरों पर कल-कल करती कोसी अद्भुत थी। सोमेश्वर की हरी-भरी घाटी के उत्तर में ऊंची पर्वतमाला के शिखर पर कौसानी बसा हुआ था। नीचे पचासों मील चौड़ी घाटी में हरे-भरे कालीनों जैसी सुंदर वनस्पतियां फैली हुई थीं। घाटी के पार हरे खेत, नदियां और वन क्षितिज के नीले कोहरे में छिप रहे थे। बादल के एक टुकड़े के हटते ही पर्वतराज हिमालय दिखायी दिया जो सुंदरता में अद्भुत था। ग्लेशियरों में डूबता सूर्य पिघले हुए केसर जैसा रंग बिखराने लगा था। बर्फ लाल कमल के फूलों जैसी प्रतीत होने लगी थी।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक को ऐसा क्यों लगा कि वे किसी दूसरे ही लोक में चले आए हैं?
उत्तर:
लेखक अपने मित्रों के साथ जैसे ही सोमेश्वर की घाटी से चला वैसे ही उसे उत्तर दिशा में पर्वत-शिखर पर कौसानी दिखाई दिया। सारी घाटी में अपार सुंदरता बिखरी हुई थी। सारी घाटी रंग-बिरंगी दिखाई दे रही थी। हरेभरे मखमली कालीनों जैसे खेत थे। गेरु के लाल-लाल रास्ते थे और बेलों की लड़ियों जैसी सुंदर नदियां थीं। ऐसे अद्भुत दृश्यों को देखकर ऐसा लगा जैसे वे किसी दूसरे ही लोक में चले आए थे।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक को ‘ठेले पर हिमालय’ शीर्षक कैसे सूझा?
उत्तर:
लेखक अपने मित्रों के साथ हिम दर्शन के लिए अल्मोड़ा यात्रा पर गए। लेखक अपने अल्मोड़ावासी मित्र के साथ एक पान की दुकान पर खड़ा था कि तभी ठेले पर बर्फ की सिले लादे हुए बर्फ वाला आया। उस ठंडी, चिकनी और चमकती बर्फ से भाप उड़ रही थी। लेखक क्षण भर उसे देखता रहा और उठती भाप में खोया-सा रहा। उसे ऐसा अनुभव हो रहा था कि यही बर्फ़ तो हिमालय की शोभा है। इसी शोभा को देखने लेखक मित्रों के साथ कौसानी गया था। इसके बाद वे सोमेश्वर घाटी पहुँचे जो अत्यंत सुंदर एवं मखमली थी। इस घाटी को पार कर लेखक ने बादलों के बीच में पर्वतराज हिमालय के दर्शन किए। इसे बादलों ने ढक रखा था। बादलों की खिड़की से एक मित्र ने पर्वत पर बर्फ को देखा। इस क्षण भर के दर्शन से सबकी खिन्नता, निराशा, थकावट नष्ट हो गई। तत्पश्चात् सभी बादलों के छंटने के बाद हिम दर्शन की प्रतीक्षा में लीन हो गए। किन्तु सूर्य डूबने से धीरे-धीरे ग्लेशियरों में पिघला केसर बहने लगा। बर्फ पिघलने लगी। इस प्रकार ठेले पर हिमालय शीर्षक सार्थक है।

(ख) भाषा-बोध

I. निम्नलिखित में संधि कीजिए

हिम + आलय ………..
सोम + ईश्वर ….
हर्ष + अतिरेक ………..
वि + आकुल ……
उत्तर:
हिम + आलय = हिमालय
हर्ष + अतिरेक = हर्षातिरेक
सोम + ईश्वर = सोमेश्वर
वि + आकुल = व्याकुल।

II. निम्नलिखित वाक्यांशों के लिए एक शब्द लिखिए

अच्छी किस्मत वाला ……………..
चार रास्तों का समूह ……………..
अपने में लीन …………..
जहां कोई न रहता हो ……………
जिसका कोई पार न हो …………….
जिसमें कोई कलंक न हो …………….
उत्तर:
चार रास्तों का समूह = चौराहा
अपने में लीन = आत्मलीन
जहां कोई न रहता हो = निर्जन
जिसका कोई पार न हो = अपार
जिसकी कोई सीमा न हो = असीम
जिसमें कोई कलंक न हो = निष्कलंक
अच्छी किस्मत वाला = भाग्यशाली।

III. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के दो-दो पर्यायवाची शब्द लिखिएपहाड़

सूरज ……………
धरती …………..
कमल ……………
मुंह ……………
नदी …………….
बादल ………….
हाथ …………
उत्तर:
पहाड़ = पर्वत, नग
धरती = धरा, धरणि
मुँह = मुख, आनन
बादल = मेघ, बदरा
सूरज = सूर्य, तरणि
कमल = पंकज, जलज
नदी = तटिनी, निर्झरिणी
हाथ = हस्त, कर।

(ग) रचनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति

प्रश्न 1.
यदि हिमालय न होता तो क्या होता? इस विषय पर चर्चा कीजिए।
उत्तर:
हिमालय को पर्वतों का राजा कहा जाता है। पर्वतराज हिमालय भारत वर्ष की आन-बान एवं शान है। यह भारतवर्ष की प्रहरी के समान रक्षा एवं सुरक्षा करता है। यदि हिमालय न होता तो हमारे देश की उत्तर दिशा की शोभा कम हो जाती। उत्तर दिशा से आने वाले ठंडी हवाएँ रुक नहीं पातीं। देश की गंगा, यमुना, आदि महत्त्वपूर्ण नदियां शुष्क हो जातीं। अनेक अमूल्य उपहार, औषधियां, लकड़ियां, धातुएं एवं खनिज प्राप्त नहीं होती। वातावरण असंतुलित हो जाता।

प्रश्न 2.
पहाड़, बर्फ, नदी, बादल, सीढ़ीनुमा खेत, घुमावदार रास्ते तथा हरियाली आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग करते हुए अपनी कल्पना से प्रकृति पर पाँच-छः पंक्तियां लिखें।
उत्तर:

1. प्रकृति हमारी माँ है।
2. प्रकृति ने ही हमें सुंदर, आकर्षक पहाड़ दिए हैं।
3. प्रकृति ने ही कल-कल करती नदियां प्रदान की हैं जो अपने निर्मल स्वच्छ जल से भारतवर्ष की भूमि को सींचती हैं।
4. बादल प्रकृति की अनुपम भेंट है जो वर्षा करते हैं और धरा को हरी-भरी और उपजाऊ बनाते हैं।
5. सीढ़ीनुमा खेतों में फ़सलें उगाई जाती हैं।
6.  पहाड़ों के घुमावदार रास्ते अत्यन्त दर्शनीय होते हैं।
7. प्रकृति के आंचल में चारों तरफ अपार हरियाली की शोभा विद्यमान है।

प्रश्न 3.
हम हर पल यात्रा करते हैं, कभी पैरों से तो कभी मन के पंखों पर-इस पर अपने विचार दीजिए।
उत्तर:
मनुष्य एक बुद्धिमान और सामाजिक प्राणी है। वह समाज में अपने कर्तव्यों को पूरा करने हेतु इधर-उधर आता-जाता रहता है। वह अपने लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति हेतु अनेक स्थानों पर प्रतिक्षण यात्रा करता है। वह एक कल्पनाशील प्राणी है। वह नई-नई कल्पनाएं करता है। वह किसी एक स्थान पर रहते हुए अपने मन के पँखों पर सवार होकर अनेक स्थानों की यात्राएं करता है। वह घर बैठे-बैठे विदेशों तक की यात्राएं कर लेता है। इतना ही मनुष्य कल्पना के बलबूते विश्व के कोने-कोने में यात्राएं करता रहता है। वह कभी धरा पर तो कभी आकाश में यात्राएं करता है।

(घ) पाठ्येतर सक्रियता

प्रश्न 1.
हिन्दी यात्रा साहित्य के पितामह राहुल सांकृत्यायन जीवन पर्यत दुनिया की सैर करते रहे। उनके यात्रा वृत्तांत लाइब्रेरी से लेकर पढ़िए।
उत्तर:
छात्र अपने शिक्षक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

प्रश्न 2.
छुट्टियों में आप घूमने जाते हो तो उस यात्रा के अनुभव को एक डायरी में लिखिए और कक्षा में बताइए।
उत्तर:
छात्र अपने अनुभवों को डायरी में लिखें।

प्रश्न 3.
यात्रा के दौरान एक कैमरा साथ रखिए तथा प्रकृति के दुर्लभ और अद्भुत चित्रों को अपने कैमरे में कैद कीजिए।
उत्तर:
छात्र भ्रमण स्थल के अद्भुत चित्र एकत्र करें।

प्रश्न 4.
यात्रा के दौरान कैमरे से खींचे गए चित्रों को अपने कम्प्यूटर में अपलोड करना सीखिए।
उत्तर:
छात्र शिक्षक की सहायता से स्वयं करें।

(ङ) ज्ञान-विस्तार

1. अल्मोड़ा-यह उत्तराखंड के कुमाऊँ का एक ज़िला है और नैनीताल से 70 कि०मी० दूर है। यह अति सुंदर है। यह हस्तकला, वन्यजीवन और खानपान के लिए पर्यटकों में अत्यंत प्रसिद्ध है।

2. कोसी- कोसी’ एक नदी का नाम है। यह अल्मोड़ा और फिर कौसानी जाते समय साथ-साथ बहती हुई दिखाई देती है। यह नदी उत्तराखंड के अल्मोड़ा जिले के पट्टी बोरारू पल्ला के प्राकृतिक झरनों से निकल कर घुमावदार रास्तों से आगे बढ़ती है। इसके प्राकृतिक दृश्य वास्तव में ही अद्भुत हैं। यह बहती हुई सोमेश्वर की तरफ आगे बढ़ती है और वहाँ से अल्मोड़ा की तरफ दक्षिण-पूर्व की राह से पहुँचती है। रामनगर के निकट पहुँच कर यह नदी अपना अस्तित्व खो देती है।

3. कौसानी-यह पर्वतीय नगर उत्तराखंड के अल्मोड़ा जिले से लगभग 53 कि०मी० उत्तर में बसा हुआ अद्भुत रूप से सुंदर नगर है। यह बागेश्वर जिले में है जहाँ से हिमालय की सुंदरता भव्य रूप से दिखाई देते है। यहां से बर्फ से ढके नंदा देवी पर्वत की चोटी अतीव सुंदर दिखाई देती है। कौसानी सुंदरता के कारण भारत का स्विटज़रलैंड नाम से प्रसिद्ध है। इस का अस्तित्व कोसी और गोमती के बीच में ही है।

4. गोमती-उत्तर भारत की इस नदी का आरंभ पीलीभीत जिले में माधाटांडा के निकट से होता है। उत्तर प्रदेश में यह लगभग 900 कि०मी० लंबी दूरी तक बहती है। इसका अस्तित्व वाराणसी के निकट सैदपुर के पास गंगा नदी में समाप्त हो जाता है।

5. हिमनद/ग्लेशियर (हिमानी)-हमारी धरती पर लगातार गतिशील रहने वाले बर्फ के बड़े-बड़े पिंडों को हिमनद, हिमानी या ग्लेशियर कहते हैं। प्रायः पर्वत के ऊपर एक हिमखंड होता है और उसके पिघलने से जल नीचे बहता है। हिमालय पर्वत पर लगभग 3350 वर्ग किलोमीटर में हज़ारों हिमनद हैं।

6. रानीखेत-उत्तराखंड के अल्मोड़ा जिले में रानीखेत आता है जो भारतवर्ष का प्रमुख पहाड़ी पर्यटन स्थल है। यहां देवदार और बलूत के अत्यधिक पेड़ हैं जो प्रकृति की शोभा को बढ़ाते हैं। यह काठ-गोदाम रेलवे स्टेशन से 85 कि०मी० की दूरी पर स्थित पक्की सड़क से जुड़ा हुआ है, जिस कारण पर्यटकों को आने-जाने में कोई कठिनाई नहीं आती।

7. नैनीताल-यह उत्तराखंड का प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल है। यहाँ नैनी झील की सुंदरता अति अनूठी है। कुमाऊं क्षेत्र की यह झील अपनी सुंदरता से सभी को मोह लेती है। बर्फ से ढके पहाड़ों के बीच बसा हुआ यह स्थान झीलों से घिरा हुआ है जिनमें से प्रमुख नैनी झील है, इसी कारण इन नगर का नाम ‘नैनीताल’ है।

8. बैजनाथ-यह नगर अल्मोड़ा जिले के उत्तराखंड में स्थित गोमती नदी के तट पर बसा हुआ है। इसमें गोमती और गंगा नदियों की धारा बहती है और इनके संगम के किनारे मंदिर समूह है। इस मंदिर समूह के सभी मंदिरों में शिव मंदिर सर्व प्रमुख है। दोनों नदियों का संगम अब एक झील में परिवर्तित हो चुका है।

PSEB 10th Class Hindi Guide ठेले पर हिमालय Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
हिमालय को किस संज्ञा से विभूषित किया जाता है?
उत्तर:
हिमालय को ‘पर्वतराज’ की संज्ञा से विभूषित किया जाता है।

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक के साथ उनके कौन-कौन मित्र थे?
उत्तर:
लेखक के साथ शुक्ल जी, सेन आदि कुछ मित्र थे।

प्रश्न 3.
लेखक की आँखों से अचानक क्या लुप्त हो गया?
उत्तर:
लेखक की आँखों से अचानक बर्फ़ लुप्त हो गया।

प्रश्न 4.
डाक बंगले के खानसामे ने लेखक और उनके साथियों को क्या बताया?
उत्तर:
डाक बंगले के खानसामे ने बताया कि वे बहुत खुशकिस्मत हैं क्योंकि उन्हें पहले दिन ही बर्फ के दर्शन हो गए अन्यथा पिछले यात्री हफ्ते भर पड़े रहे पर उन्हें दर्शन नहीं हुए।

प्रश्न 5.
गोमती की जलराशि में क्या तैर रही थी?
उत्तर:
गोमती की जलराशि में हिमालय की बर्फीली चोटियों की छाया तैर रही थी।

प्रश्न 6.
‘नैनीताल’ नाम की सार्थकता पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर:
नैनीताल दो शब्दों के मेल से बना है। नैनी + ताल। नैनी का अर्थ है-आँखें और ताल का अर्थ है-झील अर्थात् झील की आँख । तात्पर्य यह है कि नैनीताल को झीलों का शहर कहा जाता है। इसमें नौ बड़ी झीलें हैं। इसलिए इसमें नौ झील होने के कारण भी इसका नाम नैनीताल पड़ा होगा।

प्रश्न 7.
‘हिमदर्शन से सारी खिन्नता, निराशा और थकावट छू मंतर हो गई’ पंक्ति का आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
इस पंक्ति का आशय है कि हिमालय प्रकृति की अनुपम एवं अनूठी धरोहर है। यह प्रकृति की अनुपम घटा को बिखेरता प्रतीत होता है। इसका सौंदर्य एवं आकर्षण असीम एवं अद्वितीय है। यह अपने में विराट प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य को संजोए हुए है। इसलिए इसे पर्वतराज की संज्ञा दी जाती है। इस अद्भुत सौंदर्य को देखकर मानव मन की सारी खिन्नता, निराशा और थकावट छू मंतर होना स्वाभाविक है। कोई भी थका हारा मनुष्य ऐसे अद्भुत सौंदर्य को देखते ही खुश हो जाता है। उसकी निराशा आशा में बदल जाती है।

एक पंक्ति में उत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1.
पान की दुकान पर खड़े हुए लेखक को क्या दिखाई दिया?
उत्तर:
एक ठेले पर बरफ लादे हुए बरफ वाले को लेखक ने देखा।

प्रश्न 2.
अलमोड़ा वासी मित्र ने ठेले पर लदी बरफ को देखकर लेखक से क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
उसने कहा कि यही बरफ तो हिमालय की शोभा है।

प्रश्न 3.
कोसी से बस चलने पर कौन-सी सुंदर घाटी उन्हें दिखाई दी?
उत्तर:
उन्हें सोमेश्वर की सुंदर घाटी दिखाई दी।

प्रश्न 4.
कौसानी अड्डे पर उतर कर लेखक को क्यों लगा कि वे तो ठगे गए?
उत्तर:
क्योंकि वहाँ बरफ का कहीं भी कोई नामो-निशान तक नहीं था।

बहुवैकल्पिक प्रश्नोत्तरनिम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक सही विकल्प चुनकर लिखें

प्रश्न 1.
लेखक मित्रों के साथ कौसानी क्या देखने के लिए गया था?
(क) मंदिर
(ख) प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य
(ग) बरफ
(घ) जन-जीवन।
उत्तर:
(ग) बरफ

प्रश्न 2.
लेखक ने किसे रंग-बिरंगी घाटी कहा है?
(क) कुत्यूर
(ख) सोमेश्वर
(ग) किन्नौर
(घ) कोसी।
उत्तर:
(क) कुत्यूर

प्रश्न 3.
डाक बंगले में किसने उन्हें खुशकिस्मत बताया?
(क) मैनेजर
(ख) मैडम
(ग) खानसामे
(घ) चौकीदार।
उत्तर:
(ग) खानसामे

एक शब्द/हाँ-नहीं/सही-गलत/रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति के

प्रश्न 1.
क्या देखकर लेखक हर्षातिरेक से चीख उठा था? (एक शब्द में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
बरफ

प्रश्न 2.
घाटियाँ गहरी पीली हो गईं। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
हाँ

प्रश्न 3.
बरफ कमल के सफेद फूलों में बदलने लगी। (हाँ या नहीं में उत्तर लिखें)
उत्तर:
नहीं

प्रश्न 4.
हिमालय की शीतलता माथे को छू नहीं रही है। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
गलत

प्रश्न 5.
छोटा-सा बिल्कुल उजड़ा-सा गाँव। (सही या गलत लिखकर उत्तर दें)
उत्तर:
सही

प्रश्न 6.
कहीं-कहीं ……. निर्जन………. के जंगलों से गुज़रती थी।
उत्तर:
सड़क, चीड़

प्रश्न 7.
बाल स्वभाव वाला ……… बादलों की ……… से झाँक रहा है।
उत्तर:
शिखर, खिड़की

प्रश्न 8.
आज भी ………………. याद आती है तो मन ………….. उठता है।
उत्तर:
उसकी, पिरा।

ठेले पर हिमालय कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

यकीन = विश्वास। तत्काल = उसी समय। कष्टप्रद = कष्टदायी, दुख देने वाला। कुरुप = बुरा, असुंदर। विस्मय = हैरानी। सुडौल = मज़बूत। शिखर = चोटी। अंचल = आँचल। अकस्मात् = अचानक। सुकुमार = कोमल। निष्कलंक = बिना कलंक, बेदाग। कतार = पंक्ति। निगाह = दृष्टि। विस्मय = हैरान। अटल = स्थिर। बेसाख्ता = हार्दिकता से। नगाधिराज = पर्वतों का राजा। ढाँपना = ढंकना। ढाल = उतार। हर्षातिरेक = बहुत ज्यादा खुशी। खिन्नता = उदासी, परेशानी। छूमंतर = खत्म हो गई। अनाव्रत = खुली। हिम = बर्फ। शीतलता = ठंडक। आत्मलीन = स्वयं में लीन। जलराशि = जलकण। स्मृतियाँ = यादें। तत्काल = तुरंत। आसार = चिह्न। संवेदन = अनुभूति। पिराना = पीड़ा होना।

ठेले पर हिमालय Summary

ठेले पर हिमालय लेखक परिचय

डॉ० धर्मवीर भारती आधुनिक हिन्दी-साहित्य के प्रमुख साहित्यकार थे। उनका जन्म 25 दिसम्बर, सन् 1926 ई० में इलाहाबाद में हुआ था। उन्होंने इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय से एम० ए० तथा पीएच० डी० की उपाधियां प्राप्त की थीं। वे इलाहाबाद विश्वविद्यालय में हिंदी-प्राध्यापक भी रहे। वे साप्ताहिक पत्रिका ‘धर्मयुग’ के प्रधान सम्पादक भी रहे। उनकी साहित्यिक सेवाओं के उपलक्ष्य में भारत सरकार ने सन् 1972 में उन्हें पदम श्री से सुशोभित किया।

रचनाएँ-डॉ० धर्मवीर भारती बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के कलाकार थे। उन्होंने गद्य एवं पद्य दोनों क्षेत्रों में अपनी लेखनी चलाई। उनकी रचनाओं का उल्लेख इस प्रकार है-
कहानी संग्रह-स्वर्ग और पृथ्वी, चाँद और टूटे हुए लोग, मुर्दो का गाँव, बंद गली का आखिरी मकान, सांस की कलम से।
काव्य रचनाएं-सात गीत वर्ष, कनु प्रिया, ठंडा लोहा, सपना अभी भी। उपन्यास-सूरज का सातवां घोड़ा, ग्यारह सपनों का देश, गुनाहों का देवता, प्रारंभ व समापन। निबंध-संग्रह-कहानी-अनकहनी, ठेले पर हिमालय, पश्यंती। काव्य-नाटक-अंधायुग। आलोचना-प्रगतिवाद : एक समीक्षा, मानव मूल्य और साहित्य। विशेषताएँ-धर्मवीर भारती जी के काव्य में दार्शनिक तत्व की प्रधानता है। निबंधों एवं कथा-साहित्य में उन्होंने सामाजिक एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक समस्याओं का चित्रण किया है।
भाषा-धर्मवीर भारती जी की भाषा प्राय: सरल एवं सहज है। उनके साहित्यिक निबंधों की भाषा का स्तर स्वयं ही ऊँचा उठ गया है। अपने वर्णनात्मक निबंधों में उन्होंने तत्सम शब्दों तथा छोटे-छोटे वाक्यों को प्रमुखता दी है।

ठेले पर हिमालय पाठ का सार

‘ठेले पर हिमालय’ डॉ० धर्मवीर भारती का प्रमुख यात्रा वृत्तांत है। इस में लेखक ने पर्वतराज, हिम सम्राट हिमालय का सजीव एवं अनूठा चित्रण किया है। लेखक अपने शब्दों के माध्यम से पाठकों को उस हिमालय पर्वत के समीप ले जाता है जहां बादल ऊपर से नीचे उतर रहे थे और एक-एक कर नए शिखरों की हिम रेखाएं अनावृत हो रही थीं। इसमें लेखक ने अद्भुत प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य का चित्रण करते हुए पर्वतीय स्थानों के प्रति आकर्षण जगाने का प्रयास किया है। लेखक अपने मित्रों शुक्ल, सेन आदि के साथ अलमोड़ा की यात्रा पर गए। वे वहाँ से केवल बर्फ़ को निकट से देखने के लिए ही कौसानी गए थे। वे नैनीताल से रानीखेत और रानीखेत से मझकाली के भयानक मोड़ों को पार करते हुए कोसी पहुँचे। यह रास्ता सूखा और कुरूप था किंतु कोसी से आगे का दृश्य बिल्कुल अलग था।

सुडौल पत्थरों पर कलकल करती हुई कोसी, किनारे पर छोटे-छोटे सुंदर गाँव और हरे मखमली खेत यहाँ सोमेश्वर की घाटी बहुत सुंदर थी। इस घाटी के उत्तर की पर्वतमाला ऊँची है। इसके शिखर पर कौसानी बसा हुआ है। कौसानी के बस अड्डे पर जब लेखक बस से उतरा तो अपार सौन्दर्य को देखकर पत्थर की मूर्ति-सा स्तब्ध खड़ा रह गया। पर्वतमाला ने अपने आंचल में कत्यूर की रंग-बिरंगी घाटी छिपा रखी थी। चारों तरफ अद्भुत सौंदर्य महक रहा था। इसी घाटी के पार पर्वतराज हिमालय दिखाई पड़ा, जिसे बादलों ने ढक रखा था। शुक्ल, सेन आदि सभी ने इस दृश्य को देखा पर अचानक वह लुप्त हो गया। इस हिम दर्शन ने लेखक तथा उसके मित्रों पर एक जादू-सा कर दिया। इसे देख सारी खिन्नता, निराशा और थकावट छू मंतर हो गई। तत्पश्चात् सभी हिम-दर्शन कर इंतजार करने लगे किन्तु डाक बंगले के खानसामे ने बताया कि वे खुशकिस्मत है जो उन्हें अचानक ही हिमालय के दर्शन हो गए थे।

इससे पहले चौदह पर्यटक हफ्ते भर इंतज़ार करते रहे थे लेकिन उन्हें हिमालय के दर्शन नहीं हुए थे। लेखक अपने मित्रों के साथ बरामदे में बैठकर अपलक हिमालय के दर्शनों का इंतज़ार करता रहा। सूर्य डूबने लगा और धीरे-धीरे ग्लेशिमरों में पिघला केसर बहने लगा। बर्फ कमल के लाल फूलों में बदल गई तथा घाटियां गहरी पीली हो गईं। अंधेरा होने लगा तो लेखक अपने मित्रों के साथ उठ गया। वे सभी मायूस होकर आत्मलीन हो गए। दूसरे दिन वे घाटी में उतरकर मीलों दूर बैजनाथ पहुँच गए। वहाँ गोमती की उज्ज्वल जलराशि में हिमालय की बर्फीली चोटियों की छाया तैरती हुई दिखाई दे रही थी।

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Management of Natural Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What changes would you suggest in your home in order to be environment friendly?
Answer:
We should use the formula of three R’s to save the environment i.e. Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.

• Reduce: Use less, save water and electricity by stopping the wastage. Do not waste food.
• Recycle: Segregate the wastes so that material which can be recycled should be dumped in place for recycling.
• Reuse: Reuse certain articles e.g. reverse the used envelope and reuse it.

Question 2.
Can you suggest some changes in your school which could make it environment friendly?
Answer:
We should use the formula of three R’s to save the environment i.e. Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.

• Reduce: Use less, save water and electricity by stopping the wastage. Do not waste food.
• Recycle: Segregate the wastes so that material which can be recycled should be dumped in place for recycling.
• Reuse: Reuse certain articles e.g. reverse the used envelope and reuse it.

Question 3.
We have read in this chapter that there are four main stakeholders when it comes to forests and wild-life. Which among these should have the authority to decide the management of forest produce? Why do you think so?
Answer:
By active and willing participation of local people, the sal forests of Arabari under went a remarkable recovery as 25 per cent of final harvest was provided to people. They were allowed fuel wood and fodder collection at very nominal rates. This project helped in saving the forests. Hence to have sustainable development there should be equal participation of local community.

Question 4.
How can you as an individual contribute or make a difference to the management of
(a) forest and wild-life
Answer:

• Selective use and reuse of resources.
• Discourage the killing of wild animals.
• Educate the people about the resources provided by forests.

(b) water resources and
Answer:
Water harvesting at one’s home level so as to restore water at subsoil level.

(c) Coal and Petroleum?
Answer:
Alternative sources of energy such as use of solar energy instead of coal and petroleum.

Question 5.
What can you, as an individual, do to reduce your consumption of the various natural resources?
Answer:
(a) forest and wild-life

• Selective use and reuse of resources.
• Discourage the killing of wild animals.
• Educate the people about the resources provided by forests.

(b) water resources
Water harvesting at one’s home level so as to restore water at subsoil level.

(c) Coal and Petroleum
Alternative sources of energy such as use of solar energy instead of coal and petroleum.

Question 6.
List five things you have done over the last one week to :
(i) conserve our natural resources
Answer:
Conserve our natural resources

• Saved electricity by switching off electricity of unnecessary light and fans.
• Used disposable paper cups and plates during my journey in the train.
• Reused the envelopes by turning inside out.
• Planted five plants in my school.
• Educated the people in my locality regarding conservation of natural resources for sustainable development.

(ii) increase the pressure on our natural resources.
Answer:
Increase the pressure on natural resources

• Wasted food.
• Used scooter to consume petrol.
• Added to air pollution and sound pollution.
• Used plastic bags.
• Used D.D.T. in my home.

Question 7.
On the basis of the issues raised in this chapter, what changes would you incorporate in your life-style in a move towards a sustainable use of our resources?
Answer:
forest and wild-life

• Selective use and reuse of resources.
• Discourage the killing of wild animals.
• Educate the people about the resources provided by forests.

(b) water resources
Water harvesting at one’s home level so as to restore water at subsoil level.

(c) Coal and Petroleum
Alternative sources of energy such as use of solar energy instead of coal and petroleum.

Conserve our natural resources

• Saved electricity by switching off electricity of unnecessary light and fans.
• Used disposable paper cups and plates during my journey in the train.
• Reused the envelopes by turning inside out.
• Planted five plants in my school.
• Educated the people in my locality regarding conservation of natural resources for sustainable development.

Increase the pressure on natural resources

• Wasted food.
• Used scooter to consume petrol.
• Added to air pollution and sound pollution.
• Used plastic bags.
• Used D.D.T. in my home.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Management of Natural Resources InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What changes can you make in your habits to become more environment friendly?
Answer:
Changes in habits to become environment friendly

• Check your careless habit of wasting. Save water by repairing leaking taps.
• Switch off unnecessary lights and fans.
• Do not waste food.
• Say ‘No’ to plastic bags, disposable plastic cups and other forms of plastic crockery.
• Reuse the things again and again. Instead of throwing away envelopes, you can reverse it and use it again.

Question 2.
What would be the advantages of exploring resources with short term aims?
Answer:
The advantages of exploiting resources with short term aims are as follows :

• We will be able to fulfil the requirement of mass population.
• We will be able to get industrial growth and hence economic development is linked to environmental conservation.

Question 3.
How would these advantages differ from the advantages of using a long term perspective in managing our resources?
Answer:
The demand for all resources is increasing due to increasing human population. The resources are limited.

• It should ensure selective careful use so as to maintain.
• There should be equal distribution of resources to all i.e. rich and poor.
• There should be safe disposal of wastes.

Question 4.
Why do you think there should be equitable distribution of resources? What forces would be working against an equitable distribution of our resources?
Answer:
Management of resources should ensure equitable distribution of resources to all and not to just a handful of rich and powerful people, benefit from the development of these resources.

Question 5.
Why should we conserve forest and wildlife?
Answer:
Forests and wild life are resources of great value.

• Forests help in protection of land.
• Forests help in retaining sub-soil water.
• Forests check floods.
• Forest and wild life maintain ecosystem.
• Wildlife is helpful in exploiting various scientific researches.
• They should be maintained for our economic and social growth and to meet our and of future generation’s material aspiration.

Question 6.
Suggest some approaches towards conservation of forests.
Answer:
Conservation of forests

• Participation of local people indeed lead to efficient management of forest as exemplified by strategy developed in Arabari Forest range of Midnapur district.
• Replantation of trees.
• Selective use of forests.
• Scientific research, monitoring and education plays vital role in conservation.
• Overgrazing should be checked.
• Protection of wildlife and banning the hunting of wild animals.
• Use of modern technique of forestry.
• Make suitable outlet channels to carry out flood water.

Question 7.
Find out about the traditional system of water harvesting/management of your region.
Answer:
Traditional Methods in water harvesting/management

• Diversion of water flowing in streams into man-made channels to cater to the demand of villagers.
• Collection of water in ponds.
• Construction of dams.

Question 8.
Compare the above system with the probable system in hilly mountainous areas or plains or plateau regions.
Answer:
Water harvesting systems are highly local specific and benefits are also localized. The present-day systems include mega projects such as dams.

Question 9.
Find out the source of water in your region/locality. Is water from this source available to all people living in that area?
Answer:
Sources of water are different in different areas. However, these sources are available to all people.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the three R’s to serve the environment.
Answer:
The three R’s to save the environment : Reduce, Recycle and Reuse. What do they refer to?

• Reduce: This means that use less. Save electricity by switching off unnecessary lights and fans. Save water by repairing leaky taps. Do not waste food.
• Recycle: This means that collection of plastic, paper, glass and metal items and recycle this material to make required things instead of synthesising or extracting fresh plastic, paper, glass or metal. In order of recycle, first need to segregate waste so that the material that can be recycled is not dumped along with other waste.
• Reuse: This is actually even better than recycling because the process of recycling uses some energy. In the ‘reuse’ strategy, simply use things again and again. Instead of throwing away used envelopes, you can reverse it and use it again. The plastic bottles in which you buy various food-items like jam or pickle can be used for storing things in the kitchen.

Question 2.
Write a short note on wildlife.
Answer:
Various plants and animals found in forest are collectively called wildlife. The diverse groups of animals live in forests. Similarly, there are many varieties of plants and trees too, are there in forests. In ancient times, there were comparatively more forests where animals could live with more ease. The number of lions, panthers, rhinos, elephants etc. was exceptionally high. But from the time when human beings started shedding down the forests, the number of animals started decreasing. The number of wild animals is continuously decreasing very rapidly.

Wildlife now needs more protection because of their usefulness and more dependence on it. Wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks have been established for animals where they are provided better safety. Poaching has been strictly banned. Only by protecting wild animals we can help them in breeding and thus can save them from extinction.

Question 3.
What is the importance of forest resources?
Answer:
A. Productive functions

• Forests provide wood. Indian forests yield valuable timber wood like teak, sal, deodar, shisham etc.
• Forests provide paper. The conifers and bamboos are used as raw material to prepare paper.
• Medicinal plants of forests provide medicine of great importance.
• Forests provide number of products like resins, gums, rubber, food and insecticides.
• Forests provide shelter to variety of animals.
• Forests also provide the cork e.g. oak (Quercus).

B. Protective functions
Role of forests in the protection of lands. Forests play a vital role in the life and economy of all tribes living in the forests.

• Forests prevent erosion of soil by wind and water.
• Large trees provide shade which prevents the soil from becoming dry and friable during the summer.
• They check the velocity of rain drops or wind striking the ground and reduce dislodging of the soil particles.
• The root system of plants firmly binds the soil.

Question 4.
What are the methods for safety of forests?
Answer:

• Banning deforestation.
• Only such trees should be cut those have dried up or have been affected by some diseases. New plants/trees should be grown in place of removed trees.
• Van Mahotsav should be celebrated. In this week, thousands of new plants/trees should be planted.
• Newly planted trees should be taken care of.
• Trees should be counted every year and the target set on Van Mahotsav should be attained.
• New plans of Van Mahotsav should be followed.
• Steps should be taken to protect forest from the danger of fire.
• To protect trees from diseases, chemical and medicines must be used.

Question 5.
Discuss various intermediaries of environmental pollution.
Answer:
Human beings and environment have a strong and unbreakable natural bond. Human beings only either protect or pollute the environment and the consequences of it affect them. Clean and healthy environment is very necessary for human society. Unplanned acts of human beings harms the environment. Smoke from trucks and buses, dirty water of sewerages in rivers and rubbish on roads, pollutes the environment of cities.

Constant increase in population is one of the main reason of environment degradation. Need of houses, clothing and food increases due to increasing population. Natural resources are affected adversely in order to meet these demands like deforestation, uncontrollable use of underground water, industrialisation etc. All these are the major reasons of pollution.

When natural sources do not help properly to clean the environment again, it causes pollution. Industrial mishappenings and illegal setting of factories also help in causing pollution. Over use of harmful chemical is one of its factors. Over exploitation of natural resources also pollutes the environment. Industrial revolution causes water and air pollution. Acid rain is caused due to sulphur oxides which are expelled out from the engines of the vehicles. Ozone layer gets depleted due to excessive use of aerosols.

Waste materials are produced mainly due to various activities which cause environmental degradation. These waste products are very harmful and their effects spread very rapidly.

It is a universal issue now to get rid of it. Recycling and reuse of material only can protect our environment from degradation.
Man is the major factor of environmental pollution and he himself is being affected very adversely because of his own blunders.

Question 6.
Comment on ‘Chipko Movement’.
Answer:
‘Chipko Movement’ was the result of policy to separate people living in mountaineous region from forests. This movement started by incident that took place in ‘Raini’ village in Garhwal located in Himalayan range in 1970. The problem was started between local people and the wood contractors. The contract of shedding down the trees near the village was given to wood contractors. On the specific day, labour of the contractor came to cut down the trees. The local male population was not present at that time but women of that village reached there instantly and hugged the trees and didn’t allow them to cut the trees. Since they stuck themselves to trees and the labour of contractor was forced to stop the work.

Question 7.
Why should coal and petroleum be used carefully?
Answer:
Coal and petroleum are the results of dead and decayed fossils of plants and animals in which hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur are present along with carbon. On burning these carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen oxides and oxides of sulphur are produced.

On burning them in the inadequate supply of air, carbon monoxide is produced in place of carbon dioxide. All these gaseous products are poisonous in nature. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Carbon is present in large amount in coal and petroleum. If complete carbon present in them is not burnt, then availability of oxygen will become abundant on earth and it will change to carbon dioxide. It will lead to global warming of our earth as well. So, coal and petroleum should be used carefully.

Question 8.
How is Ganga river polluted? Comment on its cleanliness plan.
Answer:
Ganga covers the distance of 2500 km from Gangotri situated in Himalaya mountain to Bay of Bengal. It flows from different states with more than one hundred cities due to which it gets polluted.

Following are the types of pollution which are responsible for Ganga’s pollution :

• Industrial waste.
• Unprocessed Excreta.
• Burning the dead bodies near its banks and immersing the remains of dead bodies.
• Taking bath in Ganga because of certain superstitions.

Cleanliness plan of Ganga. Remains of dead bodies are immersed in the water of Ganga because of traditional customs that is why coliform bacteria is present in it and it goes on increasing in downstream water. Cleanliness plan of Ganga was started in 1985. Who the budget in first step was 462 crores and in second step it was 416 crores. Under this plan 873 million litres water was to be treated daily. To have a control on pollution of Ganga, immediate need is to increase the functioning of this plan.

Question 9.
What are the methods of conserving water resources?
Answer:
Conservation of water resources
For conservation and management of fresh water following methods can be employed :

• Reducing agricultural water wastage by increasing efficiency of irrigation system.
• Afforestation and protection of watersheds to improve economy.
• Formation of artificial clouds, so that a change can be brought in the atmosphere.
• Changes in the vegetation of a particular area, so that even in the dry season maximum amount of water can be stored. In addition to this, dams should be constructed to stop the drainage of rain water.
• Control the distribution of water by constructing big dams.
• Desalinization of sea water and saline ground water.
• Proper utilization of underground water.
• Attempt to extract minerals from water.
• Melt the glaciers and snow for using as a fresh water resource.
• Regular dredging and desiltation of water bodies.

Question 10.
Discuss various ways of water harvesting.
Answer:
Water harvesting can be undertaken through a variety of ways such as follows :

• Capturing run off from roof tops.
• Capturing run off form local catchments.
• Capturing floodwaters from local streams.
• Conserving water through watershed management.

Question 11.
Why use of coal and petroleum should be restricted?
Answer:
Necessity of Judicious Use of Coal and Petroleum. The fossil fuels, coal and petroleum get exhausted and their combustion pollutes our environment, so a judicious use of these resources is necessary.

• Since coal and petroleum have been formed from biomass, in addition to carbon, these contain hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur.
• When these are burnt, the products formed are carbon dioxide, water, oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur. When combustion takes place in insufficient air (oxygen), then carbon monoxide is formed instead of carbon dioxide.
• Of these products, the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and carbon monoxide are poisonous at high concentrations and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which leads to global warming.
• Another way of looking at coal and petroleum is that they are huge reservoirs of carbon and if all of this carbon is converted to carbon dioxide, then the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going to increase leading to intense global warmings. Thus, we need to use these resources judiciously.

Question 12.
Explain any four measure for conservation of wild life.
Answer:
Some of the steps involved in the conservation of wild life are :

• The wild life should be protected in natural habitats (in-situ conservation) as well as in places under human control such as zoological and botanical gardens, genetic re-source centres, culture collection (Ex-situ conservation).
• The threatened species should be given preference over others in the conservation programme. Among these, the endangered species should get priority over the vulner¬able species, and the latter over the rare species.
• The habitats of wild relatives of useful plants and animals should be preserved in protected areas.
• The critical habitats of wild animals should be kept intact.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Natural resources with example.
Answer:
Natural Resources. Resources which exist naturally in nature and are useful to human beings are called natural resources e.g. air, water, soil, coal, petroleum etc. are natural resources.

Question 2.
Explain the principles of first ‘R’ in 3R’s.
Answer:
First ‘R’ stands for Reduce. It means that we should use the resources in limited exten. For example we can switch off the fans and bulbs when not in use and can save electricity. In the same way by using water in less amount and by getting leaking pipes repaired, we can save water from wastage.

Question 3.
Explain the principle of second ‘R’ in 3R’s.
Answer:
Second ‘R’ stands for ‘recycle. It means that we should reuse plastics, paper, glass and should make these in making useful in our daily life. We should not discard them by throwing in dust bin instead should keep them separately for using again.

Question 4.
What is the importance of third ‘R’ in R’s?
Or
How is ‘reuse’ helpful in the conservation of environment?
Answer:
Third ‘R’ represents ‘ Reuse’. This is considered better than recycling. In recycling some of the energy definitely goes waste. In the process of reusing, same thing can be used again and again. For example the containers and bottles of eatables can be used for storage of other things.

Question 5.
Give in detail the journey of Ganga and discuss how is it getting polluted?
Answer:
Ganga runs its course of 2500 km from Gangotri in Himalayas to Bay of Bengal. It crosses through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and 100 more cities which are responsible for its pollution. Its main reason is that garbage waste and excreta from these cities are made to flow in it. Apart from this , other human activities like bathing, washing clothes, passing the remains of dead people are also the causes of its pollution and toxic and chemical waste from industries have increased its pollution. These industries contribute chemical effluents to the Ganga’s pollution load and toxicity kills fish in large section of the rivers.

Question 6.
How can we control the pollution of river Ganga?
Answer:
Pollution of Ganga can be controlled by the following steps :

• By not allowing disposal of industrial waste material in the river.
• By not disposing toxic substances and the dead remains of animals.
• By not expelling the domestic waste in river water.
• Avoid washing clothes in the river.
• By not pouring ash and remains of dead bodies.

Question 7.
What is recyling? What can we do for it?
Answer:
Old newspapers, books, notebooks, old products made of metals etc. can be easily transformed into other useful products, which is called recycling. Re-cycled product can be used again and again.

We can do the following works for recycling of materials :

• Buying those things which can be recycled.
• By using such things which are produced by recycling process.
• By selling things for recycling before they get completely destroyed.

Question 8.
Write the contribution of Bishnoi community in Rajasthan to protect environment.
Answer:
Bishnoi community of Rajasthan made applaudable efforts to protect forests and wildlife which has now become a part of their traditional culture. In 1731, in Khejreli village near Jodhpur, 363 people sacrificed their lives to protect ‘Khejri’ trees. This is why the Government of India has instituted an Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award’ for wild life conservation in memory of Amrita Devi.

Question 9.
“The human intervention has been very much a part of the forest landscape’— what should be the nature and limit of intervention to control over it?
Answer:
We should certainly make some arrangements to control over the nature and limitation of this intervention. Forest resources should be used in such a way that environment and development both may get advantage from these. Local people should get more of its advantage where environment is conserved. It is a decentralisation system that can help both monetary development and environmental conservation. Environment cannot be accepted just as a collection of plants and animals. It is a complex and complicated system. We have many natural resources for the use of it. We must use all these resources very carefully for our financial and social development.

Question 10.
What did Chipko Movement teach to the government and people? Explain.
Answer:
Chipko Movement spread very rapid in various communities. Many social organisations and media also played a vital role in it. It compelled the government to rethink about the decisions needed to be taken in use of forest resources. People by their experience learnt that deforestation not only affects the availability of trees but also quality of soil and water level too gets spoiled. Participation of local people in management of forests must be encouraged.

Question 11.
Explain with an example the role of people in forest management.
Answer:
In 1972, the forest department of West Bengal made some changes in their policy because of getting failure in reviving the degraded Sal forests. Those sal were destroyed in south-west regions. They started their movement at Madinipura in the region of Arabari. A far sighted forest officer of the department A.K Banerjee. encouraged villagers to join the movement and with their help they protected badly degraded sal forests of about 1272 hectares area.

Question 12.
What are the three main problems in constructing of big dams?
Answer:

• Social problems: Large number of people are forced to migrate and they get affected badly. They have to leave their houses and business. Farmers are forced to leave their agricultural lands.
• Economic Problems: A huge amount of public money is used without generation of proportionate benefits.
• Environmental Problems: Deforestation is taking place on large scale. Bio-diversity is adversely affecteu and environmental problems are arising enormously.

Question 13.
What is the importance of water shed management?
Answer:
More importance is given to scientific soil and water conservation to increase the biomass production in water shed management. Its main importance is to develop primary sources of land and water such that secondary resources of plants and animals may not cause ecological imbalance.

Question 14.
What are the advantages of underground water?
Answer:

• It does not evaporate to mix in atmosphere.
• Vegetation Plants animals are not present in it.
• It improves the water level.
• It provides dampness to plants.
• It does not get polluted due to the presence of living beings.

Question 15.
How can underground water level be recharged in largely level terrain?
Answer:
In largely level terrain water harvesting structures are made. These are mainly crescentshaped earthen embankments. These may be low, straight concrete check dams built across seasonal flooded gullies. Rain water gets stored in Monsoon rains behind the structures. Most of the water dries up in six months after monsoons. It recharges the ground water beneath.

Question 16.
What are fossil fuels and how are they made? Give two examples of these.
Answer:
The remains of animals and plants got compressed under the crust of earth in the absence of oxygen million of years ago. Thus they could not get oxygen. Under the crust neither oxidation of these was possible nor destruction but because of the internal pressure water and volatile substances squeezed out. These substances are termed fossil fuels. Actually fossil fuels are the molecules of carbonic compounds. These are the results of degradation of biomass millions of years ago. The examples of fossil fuel are coal, petroleum and natural gas.

Question 17.
Water is very essential for survival of life’. Justify this statement.
Answer:
Water is essential due to following reasons :

• It takes part in all chemical reactions taking place in our body.
• It maintains the temperature of body.
• It is important for body to carry nutrients to all parts of the body.
• It helps in excretion of organic waste from the body.
• It is important for transportation of substances.
• Irrigation, industries and electricity are totally dependent on water.

Question 18.
Write some major means of water conservation.
Answer:
We can conserve water by :

• Using water for irrigation.
• Flood control, hydrological survey and construction of dams.
• Recharging of underground water and avoiding its wastage.
• Transformation of high water levels into low water levels.
• Safety of soil to avoid soil erosion.

Question 19.
Mention the names of air pollutants.
Answer:
The main air pollutants are :

• Carbon monoxide
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
• Compounds of flourides
• Hydrocarbons

Question 20.
Write some methods by which pollution can be controlled.
Answer:

• By getting knowledge of the causes and control on pollution.
• By installing the control devices in factories to check the air pollution.
• By recycling the waste products.
• Disposal of excreta and expelled waste material in correct way.
• By using Gobar gas plants.

Question 21.
What is the role of increasing population in destruction of natural resources?
Answer:
Population is increasing constantly due to which human needs are increasing day-by-day. To meet these requirements natural resources are being continuously exhausted. Natural resources are available in large amount but even then these are limited because population has risen at its verge. Our resources are very limited to meet the needs of increasing population. If the monster of increasing population grows at this rate then it will be very difficult to maintain balance between the natural resources and ecology.

Question 22.
Give five points to control pollution.
Answer:
Pollution can be controlled in following ways :

• Gobar gas plants should be installed.
• Bio-degradable substances should be disposed in pits.
• Waste material should be recycled.
• Excreta and disposal matter should be disposed of in a correct way.
• CNG should be used in automobiles.

Question 23.
What are the harmful effects of deforestation?
Answer:
If rate of deforestation is more than the rate of afforestation, then the number of trees will reduce with the passage of time. Trees release water vapours in large amount during transpiration and clouds are formed with the help of these. Rainfall is always less in the area where trees are less in number. Due to this the fertile lands convert into deserts. Deforestation slowly causes removal of upper fertile surface of soil that gets carried away through rain water to rivers ultimately.

Question 24.
How can coal and petroleum be saved for long time?
Answer:
Use of coal and petroleum depend on the quality of machines. In vehicles used for transportation consume excess fuel. Scientists have been researching for the complete combustion of fuel. Efforts are being made to get such fuels having more efficiency, less pollution and capacity for storage of enhanced period.

Question 25.
What are the problems faced in the construction of big dams?
Answer:

• Large numbers of forest, vegetation and bio diversity are lost.
• Migration of people causes unstability and mental tension.
• Migrated persons face number of social and economic problems.
• Benefits are less than the money spent in constructing big dams.

Question 26.
Write difference between National Parks and Animal sanctuaries.
Answer:

National Parks	Animal Sanctuaries
1. These provide shelter to special wild animals like cheetah, rhino, lion, etc.	1. Animals are protected in natural environment.
2. These are spread over 100 to 50C kilometres of area.	2. These are spread over 500 to 1000 sq. kilometres of area.
3. Strong walls are erected around these.	3. Tall and high fenced temporary walls are erected around these.

Question 27.
What are the harms caused by burning of fossil fuels?
Answer:

• Burning of fossil fuel produces harmful gases like CO₂, CO, SO₂, NO₂, etc. are produced.
• Many respiratory problems are caused due to air pollution.
• Chances of skin problems increase.
• Burning sensation is felt in the eyes.

Question 28.
How does rate of development affect the environment? Explain.
Answer:
The rate of development is always beneficial but at the same time it affects the environment. Deforestation is resulted due to urbanisation. Land suitable for agriculture is used for constructing factories. Smoke expelled through chimneys of factories pollutes the air and leaves a harmful effect on health of all living beings. Due to urbanisation cities expand resulting in deleting of villages due to which agricultural land is extincting. Transportation and telecommunication are increased due to which roads and railway need more land. Deforestation is needed for these.

Question 29.
What are uses of water shed management?
Answer:

• To face the situation of drought.
• To get rid of floods.
• Long life of dams and water reservoirs.
• For conservation of water.
• To make water available for irrigation for the whole year.

Question 30.
What are Kulhs? How were these managed?
Answer:
Kulhs are the local irrigation canals evolved by the people of Himachal Pradesh about 400 years ago. The water of natural waterfalls and flowing in streams w as diverted into man-made channels which took this water to numerous villages down the hillside. The management of water flowing in these kulhs was based on a common agreement among the villages. During planting season, watjr-was first of all supplied to the village farthest away from the source of Kulh. The water flow in Kulhs was managed by two-three persons who were paid by the villagers. Apart from irrigation these Kulh’s also percolated into the soil that helped the springs to feed at various points. Government took over these kulhs later but after some time irrigation department lost control and these became non-functional.

Question 31.
What was the losses of inequality in distribution of water?
Answer:
Canal systems leading from dams transfer water from one place to the other distant places. Indra Gandhi canal has helped a big part of Rajasthan to get green now but due to unequal distribution of water and poor management many people could not get benefits from this system. Water is not equally distributed due to which people living near the water source are able to grow crops like sugarcane and wheat which need water in large amount whereas people living away cannot get sufficient amount of water. They cannot grow crops of their choice.

Question 32.
Find out the traditional methods of water storage in your nearby locations.
Answer:
The water harvesting has been a traditional system in India. In Rajasthan by Khad, tanks and Nadis, in Maharashtra by bandharas and Tals, in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh by Bundhis the water is harvested. In Bihar Aahar and Pynes, in Himachal Pradesh Kulhs, in Jammu region Ponds and in Tamil Nadu by Eris, in Kerala by surangams and in Karnataka by Kattas rain water is harvested.

Question 33.
Explain a traditional Rain water Harvesting system.
Answer:
Water harvesting is a traditional system in India. In Rajasthan by Khadin, in, Maharashtra by bandharas and Tals, in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh by Bundhis, in Bihar by Aahar and Pynes, in Himachal Pradesh by Kulhs and in Jammu regions of Jammu by ponds the rain water in harvested and is still in use by people living there. Rain water is stored in dams and is used for different persons. This water becomes the reason of increasing water level in wells.

Traditional water harvesting system-khadin system

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Pollution?
Answer:
Substances which are found in natural state or when they get mixed with dust or toxic substances is called as pollution.

Question 2.
Write five Natural resources.
Answer:

1. Forest
2. Wildlife
3. Water
4. Coal
5. Petroleum.

Question 3.
What are 3R’s?
Answer:

1. Reduce
2. Recycle
3. Reuse.

Question 4.
Write things which can be recycled?
Answer:
Plastic, glass, paper and things made of metals.

Question 5.
Which energy do we get on earth?
Answer:
Solar energy that we get from the sun.

Question 6.
Write full form of CFC.
Answer:
Chloro-Fluoro Carbons.

Question 7.
Name the living beings responsible for biodiversity.
Answer:
Bacteria, fungi, ferns, flowers, plants, nematodes, insects, birds, reptiles.

Question 8.
When was Ganga cleanliness plan enacted?
Answer:
In 1985.

Question 9.
What is coliform?
Answer:
A coliform is a group of bacteria which is found in human intestines due to water pollution.

Question 10.
Write the origin of river Ganga and its course of run.
Answer:
Ganga runs its course of over 2500 km from Gangotri in Himalyas to Ganga Sagar in the Bay of Bengal.

Question 11.
What do we get from sea water?
Answer:
We get iodine from sea water.

Question 12.
How do get solar energy?
Answer:
We get solar energy from sunlight which comes directly from sun and we intake them through plants.

Question 13.
Name three toxic gases.
Answer:
Nitrogen oxide (NO), Sulphur dioxide (SO₂), Carbon monoxide (CO).

Question 14.
Name three trees which are found in forests.
Answer:
Pine, Eucalyptus, Timber.

Question 15.
How does the growth of grass stop in Alpine forests?
Answer:
Grass grows very tall and it falls down on ground which haults the growth of grass.

Question 16.
When and where Chipko Andolan was started?
Answer:
Chipko Andolan was started in village Reni of Garhwal in 1970.

Question 17.
Name three major resources of minerals.
Answer:
Coper, Iron and Manganese.

Question 18.
Write three renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Wood, Water and Solar energy.

Question 19.
Write two non-renewable sources of energy.
Answer:
Coal and Petroleum.

Question 20.
Name two traditional sources of energy.
Answer:
Fossil fuel and flowing water.

Question 21.
Name two major constituent gases of atmosphere.
Answer:

1. Nitrogen 78%,
2. Oxygen 21%.

Question 22.
What is universal indicator?
Answer:
Litmus paper is called as universal indicator.

Question 23.
What is measured by litmus paper?
Answer:
pH is measured easily with the help of litmus paper.

Question 24.
Why is reuse better than recycle?
Answer:
In recycling some amount of energy is wasted.

Question 25.
Who is the main stakeholders of forests when we think about conservation of forests?
Answer:
The main stakeholders are people who live in and around the forests and are dependent on forest for different needs.

Question 26.
What is the other name of timber?
Answer:
The other name of timber is carpet-wood.

Question 27.
For what forests are considered as source of industries?
Answer:
For raw materials.

Question 28.
Mention two industrial requirements those lead to deforestation.
Answer:
Construction of roads and dams.

Question 29.
On what rains of our country are dependent?
Answer:
Monsoon. The duration of rainy season is limited for a few months.

Question 30.
What is the ancient system of water harvesting in India?
Answer:
Dams, ponds and rivers.

Question 31.
What are Kulhs?
Answer:
400 years ago a traditional harvesting system was developed in Himachal Pardesh canal water. These were called as Kulhs.

Question 32.
If these natural resources are used at the present rate, for how long will they exist?
Answer:
Petroleum will be available for about next 40 years and coal resource for next 200 years.

Question 33.
On what pressure is always maintained in watershed arrangement?
Answer:
Soil and water management.

Question 34.
Name two categories in which waste substance can be divided. Which among these two is comparatively more harmful?
Answer:

1. Biodegradable substances.
2. Non-biodegradable substances. Non-biodegradable substances are comparatively more harmful.

Question 35.
What is the main reason behind the establishment of National Parks and sanctuaries?
Answer:
To protect wildlife.

Question 36.
Write two harmful effects caused by industries on air setting up heavy industries on local climate.
Answer:

1. Air pollution.
2. Increase in temperature of atmosphere.

Question 37.
Write the main cause of global warming.
Answer:
High amount of CO₂ a green house gas, in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuel is resulting in global warming.

Question 38.
Name two renewable natural resources.
Answer:

1. Forests and
2. Water.

Question 39.
Name any one endangered plant species.
Answer:
Podophythum.

Question 40.
Name the person who started Appiko movement in South.
Answer:
Pandu Kumar Hegde started appiko movement in Karnataka in 1983.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
What is the desired minimum total coliforin count level in the Ganga?
(A) 500 MPN/100 ml
(B) 600 MPN/100 ml
(C) 1000 MPN/100 ml
(D) 1200 MPN/100 ml.
Answer:
(A) 500 MPN/100 ml

Question 2.
Chipko Andolan was started by:
(A) Amrita Devi Bishnoi
(B) H.N. Bahuguna
(C) Sunder Lai Bahuguna
(D) A.K. Bannerji.
Answer:
(C) Sunder Lai Bahuguna

Question 3.
Which of the following is/are example(s) of people partici pation in the management of forests?
(A) Chipko Andolan
(B) Arabara forest range of Midnapur
(C) Appiko movement
(D) Khejri tree movement.
Answer:
(B) Arabara forest range of Midnapur

Question 4.
Which of the following represents the regulative function of forest?
(A) Storage and release of gases
(B) production of wood
(C) production of essential oils
(D) conservation of soil and water.
Answer:
(D) conservation of soil and water.

Question 5.
Extensive planting of trees to increase forest cover is called :
(A) afforestation
(B) agroforestry
(C) deforestation
(D) social forestry.
Answer:
(A) afforestation

Question 6.
Enviromnent is formed of:
(A) only biotic component
(B) Only abiotic
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of above.
Answer:
(C) Both (A) and (B)

Question 7.
Environment day falls on:
(A) 28th Feb
(B) 23rd March
(C) 5th June
(D) 14th Nov.
Answer:
(C) 5th June

Question 8.
Joint Forest management is an example of:
(A) Political equality
(B) Participatory approach
(C) Food stabilization
(D) Economic equality.
Answer:
(B) Participatory approach

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Chipko Andolan was started by _________ in 1970.
Answer:
Sundar Lai Bahuguna.

Question 2.
Ganga Action Plan was launched in _________
Answer:
1985.

Question 3.
_________ (coal and petroleum) are important sources of energy.
Answer:
Fossil Fuels.

Question 4.
Three R’s to save the environment are Reduce, _________ and _________
Answer:
Recycle, Reuse.

Question 5.
_________ is the ultimate source of energy.
Answer:
Sun.

Question 6.
Tehu Dam is built on _________
Answer:
River Ganga.

Question 7.
Forests provide _________ and plants.
Answer:
Wood, medicinal.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 10th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 15 Our Environment

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate the following :
(i) Ecosystem and Biome
Answer:

Ecosystem	Biome
1. It is the self sustaining unit.	1. It is the group of ecosystems.
2, It is formed by living organisms and non living environment.	2. It has ecosystems with almost same climate and specific geographical conditions.
3. It is a comparatively small unit of the living world.	3. It is a huge form of living world.

(ii) Food Chain and Food Web
Answer:
Food Chain and Food Web

Food Chain	Food Web
1. It is a food and energy flow in an ecosystem that shows which organism is consumed by the other organism.	1. It is a network of different inter connected food chains of an ecosystem.
2. It is a systematic straight chain of getting food.	2. It is a web composed by various interconnected food chains.
3. There are a few number of trophic levels.	3. There are large number of organisms in it that show natural balance in ecosystem.
4. It is limited and small.	4. It is a web of many food chains.

(iii) Carnivore and Omnivore
Answer:
Carnivore and Omnivore

Carnivore	Omnivore
1. These are flesh eating animals e.g. lion, cheetah, etc.	1. These animals eat both flesh and plants e.g. human beings, eagle, etc.
2. These are given place on 3rd trophic level or above.	2. These are often given place on second trophic level.

Question 2.
Why it is said that flow of energy is always unidirectional?
Answer:
Flow of energy is always unidirectional in this world. Flow of energy begins with the solar energy. Green plants get this energy with the help of photosynthesis. The energy of sun enters the organisms through environment. Only those plants and animals absorb sunlight in which a green pigment called chlorophyll is present. After absorbing this energy, plants change it into chemical energy which is stored in the form of carbohydrates. A part of it is utilized by the plants for their grow’th and development and the rest of energy is released in the form of heat.

Trophic level

Herbivores eat these plants as their food. Chemical energy stored in food enters herbivores w’hen they eat these plants. Organisms spend some part of energy in their normal activities and development and some of its part in respiratory activities. A part of energy, which is not being used, is released as heat. Carnivores eat herbivores organisms and first cycle of energy begins. Energy which is not being used is released as heat. Energy released in the form of heat cannot be reused in the process of photosynthesis by plants. This is why the energy flow is called unidirectional.

Question 3.
Why does food chain become short?
Answer:
Energy flow’ is unidirectional and its transformation takes place at different levels. Energy is always transferred from lower level to the higher levels. Only 10% of the energy gets transferred ahvays when energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. A lot of energy gets wrnsted if many transfers are present there in a food chain. Food chains should be small to save loss of energy.

Maximum energy is wasted if there are many trophic levels in a food chain. To save energy from getting wasted, food chain should be short. During energy transformation in food chain, maximum energy is present at producer level. Energy availability becomes low on moving towards right hand side in a food chain.
e.g. Grass → Grass Hopper → Frog → Snake → Peacock

If all frogs are killed in this chain, then it will be adversely affected. The following changes will be seen :

• Population of grass hoppers will increase.
• Population of snakes will decrease due to non-availability of frogs.
• Population of peacocks will be affected due to less number of snakes.

Due to unwanted and unnecessary deeds of human beings the food chain becomes small and that creates imbalance in nature.

Question 4.
Can there be more than six trophic levels in a food chain? If not, why?
Answer:
Energy transformation takes place at every level of a food chain and energy starts decreasing. After three or four levels, energy remains almost negligible. During photosynthesis plants absorb only 1% of solar energy and rest of the energy goes waste in environment. When herbivores consume plants, only 10% of energy is absorbed by them. If we assume that energy trapped by the sun provides 1000 J then plants absorb only 10 J and herbivores get 1 J from it. In the same way, when carnivores eat herbivores, they trap only 0.01 J of energy. Hence, when level of food chain increases, energy availability becomes low that is why it results in that a food chain cannot have more than six levels. The availability of energy is maximum at producer level and then keeps on decreasing and is least at last level.

Question 5.
In the context of energy which level of food chain is considered beneficial for us? Why?
Answer:
At producer level of food chain, maximum energy is available. It means that closer we are to producer level (plants) more energy we get. That is why in concept of energy, two or three level food chains are considered very beneficial.
Two level food chain : Producer → Human.

Green vegetables etc. are comparatively more beneficial. We get more energy from the vegeterian habits that’s why we get more energy by eating vegetables directly.
Third level food chain : Producer → Goat → Human. The energy which we get from this food chain is less because some amount of energy is absorbed by goat and some amount is released as heat energy and human beings get less amount of energy. This is why we say that second and third level food chains are beneficial for us.

Question 6.
Write in brief the role of decomposers in recycling.
Answer:
All the organisms on earth are differentiated as producers, consumers and decomposers on the basis of their food habits. Decomposers are the organisms which can carry out breakdown of complex organic compounds into simple compounds. They help in decaying dead bodies of plants and animals. These are parasites because simple compounds can also be absorbed by them through their body surface.

Plants absorb minerals from soil through water and carbon-dioxide from air is used in the process of photosynthesis. Major elements which participate in this process are C, N, O, S and P. These elements move to other tropic levels. These elements are released when dead bodies of the plants and animals are decayed with the help of decomposers. These elements can be absorbed by plants and they become a part of cycle again.

Question 7.
What is meant by soil erosion? What are agents of soil erosion? Write effects of soil erosion.
Answer:
Soil Erosion: It is the removal of top, fertile, mineral rich soil layer by water and wind.
Agents of Soil Erosion. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss every year in our country. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of top soil.

Worldwide erosion removes about 25.4 billion tons of soil each year.

Effects of soil erosion. It has several adverse effects :

• Loss of productive land.
• Loss of crop/pasture.
• Reduced yield as fertilizers may also be washed out.
• It may damage roads, bridges, trees and houses.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define environment. What are its major components?
Answer:
The immediate surroundings where we live is called our environment. The major components of it are biotic and abiotic.

Biotic components: All living organisms, plants and human beings are considered in biotic components.
Abiotic components: Physical or non-living components include air, water, soil. Air is used for respiration, water is used for drinking and soil (land) where we live. Apart from this there are climatic components like solar energy, heat, light, rain, humidity, air, etc.

Question 2.
What is environmental pollution? Write three examples of non- hiodegradables which are harmful for human beings.
Answer:
Environment is mainly comprised of physical and living components. Any unsuitable change in the natural conditions of these components is called pollution. Environmental pollution is mainly of three types—water pollution, soil pollution, air pollution.

Water pollution is mainly caused due to inorganic waste from various industries. This dirty liquid waste is made to flow in rivers which leads to pollution of river water. Various chemicals used in agricultural lands, excreation in open garbage, dead bodies, etc. are the main causes of soil pollution. Excess percentage of oxygen in air has no ill effect on air but the change in quantity of other gases in air makes it unfit for respiration. This is called air pollution. Decomposition of non-biodegradable substances is very slow and their life is long. e.g. DDT, compounds of arsenic, etc.

Question 3.
How does development affect our environment?
Answer:
Excessive developments always effects our environment. Imbalance in environment is the result of development made by we people. To meet the increasing needs and demands resources are always tapped. For this, we have to depend on environment. Our natural resources are limited. And their unjudicious use gives an adverse effect on environment. Environment gets polluted when land suitable for agriculture is used for making hotels and buildings. In this way development affects our environment.

Question 4.
Define Pollution.
Answer:
The appearance of unwanted and harmful changes in our biological, physical and chemical environment is called pollution. Mainly pollution is of three types—soil, air and water pollution.

Question 5.
Differentiate biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants. Classify the following under the above two categories : DDT, Paper, Cotton cloth, Plastics.
Answer:

Biodegradable pollutants	Non-biodegradable pollutants
1. These pollutants can be broken down into non poisonous substances in nature by the action of living organisms such as bacteria, fungi.	1. These pollutants cannot be broken down into non poisonous substances by living organisms.
2. They get recycled thus do not need any dumping sites.	2. They cannot be recycled thus require dumping sites.
3. They cause minimum environmental pollution. Example : Paper and cotton cloth.	3. They cause environmental pollution. Example : DDT and plastics.

Question 7.
Define Biosphere.
Answer:
Biosphere means: ‘Sphere of living beings’. Land, water and air are present on earth. These help plants and animals to live. All these three combine together as a unit to help the survival of life on earth. It is the largest biological system and is called biosphere.

Question 8.
What happens when we add waste to the environment? Explain.
Answer:
Problems caused by the wastes

• Solid waste is a great environmental hazard.
• Plastic and their waste products such as carry bags, waste glasses, bottles, cups, plates are most dangerous as they choke in drain.
• They cause soil pollution and degrade the soil.
• They prevent growth of vegetation when dumped underground.
• Water pollution will make the water non-potable.
• The plastic waste when mixed with municipal waste make them unfit for recycling.
• Non-biodegradable substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time and may harm various members of the ecosystem.

Question 9.
List the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem.
Answer:
Differences between Biotic and Abiotic components of ecosystem

Biotic Components:

• Biotic components of an ecosystem are those living substances which are different members of a community.
• Biotic components of an ecosystem are :
  1. Producers
  2. Consumers
  3. Decomposers

Abiotic Components

• Abiotic components are non-living factors.
• It includes water, minerals, salts, humidity, light, temperature, pH, wind, topography and background.

Question 8.
Explain functions of ecosystem.
Answer:
Functions of ecosystem

• Energy flow: The energy flow from producers to consumers. There is loss of energy at every trophic level.
• Biogeochemical cycle: The cyclic flow of nutrients between non-living environment and living organisms is called biogeochemical cycles.

Question 9.
List the key functional aspects of ecosystems.
Answer:

• Productivity and energy flow.
• Nutrient cycling.
• Development and stabilization.

Question 10.
Differentiate between producers and consumers.
Answer:

Producers	Consumers
1. The organisms which can prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis are called producers.	1. The organisms which are dependent on other organisms for their food are called consumers.
2. Green plants are called producers.	2. All animals are called consumers.

Question 11.
How different levels will be affected if frogs are removed from the following food chain?
Grass → Grass Hopper → Frog → Snake → Peacock
Answer:

• Number of grass hoppers will increase on removing frogs.
• Grass will decrease due to increase in population of grass hoppers.
• Due to less grass, there wall be struggle between grass hoppers for their survival.
• Due to non-availability of frogs, snakes and peacocks will start consuming some different food for their survival.
• Snakes and peacocks may change their place for getting their food.

Question 12.
Write food chains of various trophic levels. At which level energy will be maximum?
Answer:
Examples of food chain are :

• Plants → human
• Grass → deer → snake
• Grass → insects → frog → snake
• Alga → small organism → small fish → large fish
• Grass → grass hopper → frog → snake → peacock.

In these food chains, first level is always of producers.

In these food chains :
1st is two-level, 2nd is three-level, 3rd and 4th are four-level and 5th is five-level food chain.

Question 13.
How does energy reach from environment to the consumer and in which form?
Answer:
Plants have green pigment in them called chlorophyll due to which they can trap solar energy. Energy from environment enters through photosynthesis. 1% of sunlight is used by the plants through photosynthesis. Plants change this energy to chemical energy and is stored in the form of carbohydrates. A part of this energy is used in respiration by the plants which helps in their growth and development. Chemical energy stored in the eatable goes to the first trophic level (herbivores) and is used for respiration and growth.

Question 14.
What will happen if all the decomposers are removed from the ecosys¬tem?
Answer:
If the decomposers are removed from the ecosystem :

• Complex organic matter will not be broken. So nutrients will not return to nutrient pool.
• Different nutrient cycles will be disturbed.
• Balance in the eco-system will be disturbed.
• Waste materials will get accumulated.

Question 15.
Write four characteristics of food web.
Or
What is food web?
Answer:
Characteristics of Food Web

• Unlike food chains, food webs are never straight.
• Food web is formed by inter-linking of food chains.
• Food web helps in ecosystem development.
• Food web provides alternative pathways of food availability. Example, if a particular species of producers is destroyed by a disease in the ecosystem the herbivores of that area can feed on other species of producers.

Question 16.
What results do you get from the transformation of energy?
Answer:
Energy transformation takes place from producer to consumer in a food chain. Following results are found from this transformation :

• Energy is changed from one form to the other. During photosynthesis light energy changes to chemical energy. Only plants can transform energy from one form to another. This is why they are called as transformers.
• Energy level during transformation continuously decreases from one trophic level to the other trophic level. Some part of energy is utilised by these for their growth and the remaining is released in the form of heat.
• The energy available at any trophic level becomes less than the energy at producer level.

Question 17.
How do harmful insecticides concentrate in our bodies?
Answer:
Many pesticides are sprayed on crops to protect them from various pests and diseases. These chemicals get dissolved in water and by dripping through soil reach the underground water level. Plants absorb these with other minerals in the form of water received from the soil. In this way, they enter our food chain. During transformation of energy at different levels of food chain, these chemicals get concentrated in our bodies.

These harmful chemicals are found in large amount in human bodies. Concentration of DDT is maximum in our bodies which is used as insecticide to kill mosquitoes.

Question 18.
How are human beings responsible for ecological imbalance?
Answer:
Various modern agricultural techniques are used by man which are responsible for ecological imbalance because of the following reasons :

• Use of machinery and other impliments.
• Use of fertilizers and harmful medicines.
• Burning animal dung and other things.
• Deep Mining.

Question 19.
(i) What is 10% law?
Answer:
According to this law only 10% of energy is transferred to the organisms of next trophic level from the previous one.

(ii) Which man will get more energy-vegetarian or meat eater? Give reason.
Answer:
By energy concept, herbivores are more benefitted.

Reason: Plants are at first trophic level. 10% of the energy is transferred to next level which clears that herbivores (vegetarians) get more energy as compared to carnivores (meat eaters).

Question 20.
Explain with the help of a diagram how is life on earth dependent on sun?
Answer:
In biosphere various organisms live and all these are dependent on sun for their various activities. Sun is the basic and ultimate source of energy. Solar energy enters the biosphere through photosynthesis.

Life on Earth is dependent upon Sun.

Question 21.
How is ecological balance maintained?
Answer:
Food chains are connected in nature. Sometimes, a level of food chain comes to an end. Then that food chain connects itself to some other level of the food chains and stability remains maintained. The flow of food material and energy remains intact. If all deers living in a forest are destroyed, then lion will start killing some other animal as it’s alternative and will complete the cycle. Ecological balance is thus maintained by nature.

Question 22.
Name the chemicals which are considered responsible for hole in ozone layer.
Answer:

• Aerosols
• Modern fire extinguishers
• Nuclear Explosion
• Halogen
• Sulphate aerosol
• CFCs, (Chlorofluoro carbons), CBC (Chlorobromo carbons) etc. which are used in refrigeration.

Question 23.
Name the activities of human beings those have caused much harm to environment.
Answer:

• Rapidly increasing population
• Industrialisation
• Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides
• Deforestation
• Mining of mountains
• Excess use of fossil fuels
• Misuse of fertile agricultural land
• Unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of cities.

Question 24.
Name the problems created by human beings for whole of the world.
Answer:

• Depletion of ozone layer
• Acid rain
• Rapid changes in environment
• Natural disasters-Land slides, Floods
• Mountain Slide
• Green house effect
• Irregular rainfall
• Increase in Cancer, Heart diseases etc.
• Drought and expansion of deserts.

Question 25.
Distinguish between decomposers and parasites.
Answer:

Decomposers	Parasites.
1. These are often not harmful for living beings.	1. These cause harm to living beings.
2. These change complex carbonic material to simple carbon matter and absorb them. Example: Mushroom.	2. These get their food from the bodies of other living beings. Example: Ascaris, Taenea.

Question 26.
A food chain is given below :
Grass → Deer → Lion
What will happen if lion is removed from this food chain?
Answer:
If all lions are removed from this food chain the growth of deer will become uncontrolled and their number will increase very rapidly. They will graze the grass to its extinction and that area will change into a desert.

Question 27.
Think about the food chains given below :
(I) Plants → Rats → Snakes → Hawks
(II) Plants → Rats → Hawks
If in these two food chains 100 joule of energy is present in both at the producer level, write from which food chain will hawk get more energy and how much? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Hawks will get more energy from three steps food chain because hawks are comparatively nearer to the plants. According to 10% law, energy available to next level is 10% of the energy transferred from the previous level. Hawks will get more energy in second food chain and that will be (10 – 01) joule excess.

Question 28.
Explain with the help of a food chain how does bio-magnification of harmful chemicals take place.
Answer:
The entry of harmful chemicals in our food chain with the help of various methods and its continuous accumulation and concentration is called bio-magnification.

These chemicals can enter our bodies by many means. Suppose 0 02 ppm insecticide was there in water of a lake. 5 ppm of it got concentrated in phytoplankton and 240 ppm in fish. Consumed 1600 ppm insecticide was accumulated in those birds who consumed these fishes. It clearly shows that bio-magnification increases with the increase in food chain.

Question 29.
If plants get 20,000 J of energy from sun, how much energy will be available to lion in the following food chain? Calculate.
Plants → Deer → Lion
Answer:
We know that 10% energy flow takes from one trophic level to the other.
∴ Lion will get only 20 J of energy.

Question 30.
Why do the food habits of first and third tropic levels differ?
Answer:
First trophic level is a result of producers. All green plants are related to first trophic level. They are autotrophs whereas third trophic level is of carnivores. They are second level consumers.

Question 31.
How much joules of energy will be received by vulture in the chain of three living beings—vulture, snakes and paddy. Sun provides 10,000 J energy to Paddy.
Answer:
Food chain
Wheat → Mouse → Snake → Vulture

According to 10% law, only 10% of energy will be available to next level. That’s why vulture will get 10 J of energy.

Question 32.
How does ecological pyramid represents the graphical representation of food system of living being in biosphere?
Answer:
Ecological pyramid shows the graphical representation of food chain and its various trophic levels. Ecological pyramid shows different trophic levels in such a way that base of it is shown by producer. As we move from base to upper direction the higher trophic levels are seen. The peak of pyramid is shown by extreme carnivores.

Ecological pyramid of food system in living beings

Question 33.
How is ozone made in atmosphere? How is it depleting?
Answer:
O₃ molecule is a result of combining three atoms of oxygen. The oxygen molecule has two atoms of oxygen. Oxygen is necessary for respiration of organisms. But ozone is deadly poisonous in nature. At higher levels of atmosphere ozone performs a vital role. It protects earth from ultra violet radiations coming from sun towards earth. U.V. radiations are extremely harmful for all organisms on earth. These radiations causes skin cancer. On the higher level of air U.V. radiations disintegrate O₂ and produces free oxygen (O). The free atom of oxygen (O) combines with oxygen that results in the formation of ozone (O₃).

Question 34.
In railway trains, tea/coffee is served in earthen pots and disposal cups made of paper? What are the harms of it?
Answer:
Tea/Coffee is served in railway trains just because of two reasons-cleanliness and convenience. But soil of fertile lands is used for making these cups which is very harmful for the fertility of agricultural lands. Also disposal paper cups are made of paper which is made of wood. It is very difficult to recycle these. It will increase the process of deforestation. These cups also cause pollution.

Our environment will get disturbed because of this.

Question 35.
What is ozone hole? What is its significance?
Answer:
Ozone hole: It means a complete disappearance of ozone layer over a part of atmosphere. During the period 1956-1970 the spring time 03 layer thickness above Antarctica varied from 280-325 Dobson unit. Thickness was sharply reduced to 225 DU in 1979 and 136 DU in 1985. The decline in ozone layer thickness is called ozone hole. It was first noted in 1985 over Antarctica.

Cooling of the stratosphere (where ozonosphere is located) will produce bigger ozone hole not only over Antarctica but also over Arctic region. Ozone layer will further thin out
from rest of the stratosphere. It will be accompanied by major climatic changes all over the globe. Forests will be wiped out from many places. Radio communications will be disrupted.

Question 36.
Write the harmful effects of ozone depletion.
Answer:
Effects of ozone depletion

• UV radiation striking the earth and these radiations cause skin cancer and damage to eye.
• These damage defence (immune) system of body.
• May lead to variations in global rainfall.
• It causes ecological disturbances such as floods, shortage of food etc.

Question 37.
Explain global warming.
Answer:
Global Warming or Greenhouse Effect: Carbon dioxide content of the air is increasing due to deforestation and combustion in industries, automobiles and planes, and is likely to become double by 2020. This increase is affecting the atmospheric composition and balance gases, which are among the factors that control earth’s climate.

Green house

Increase of carbon dioxide may cause rise in atmospheric temperature, producing what is called the greenhouse effect. A rise of global temperature by more than 2 or 3 degrees may melt glaciers and polar ice. This will cause rise in ocean level and consequent flooding of coastal towns and submission of islands. Rainfall pattern may also change, affecting agricultural output.

Question 38.
How is acid rain formed? Effect
Answer:
Acid rain: When S02 and S03 produced from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and smelting of non-ferrous metals combine with water, form H2S03 and H2S04. They fall down in the form of rain, it is called acid rain.

Question 39.
What is global warming?
Answer:
The increase in global temperature due to rise in amount of C02 concentration in the atmosphere.

Question 40.
List four common disposal methods.
Answer:

1. Incineration: Reduction to ashes.
2. Recycling: Recovery and processing to be used again.
3. Composting: Converting into compost to be used as manure.
4. Landfill: Bury the waste in low lying area.

Question 41.
Complete the sketch by labelling A, B, C, D to illustrate food web.

Food Web
Answer:
Food web:
(A) Rats
(B) Frog
(C) Snake
(D) Vulture.

Question 42
Match the following :

Column I	Column II
(a) Phyto planktons	(i) Fish
(b) Larvae/Insects	(ii) Bird
(c) Carnivore	(iii) Primary Consumers
(d) Top Carnivore	(iv) Producers.

Answer:

Column I	Column II
(a) Phyto planktons	(iv) Producers.
(b) Larvae/Insects	(iii) Primary Consumers
(c) Carnivore	(iii) Primary Consumers
(d) Top Carnivore	(ii) Bird

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the word environment?
Answer:
Environment is the sum total of all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism i.e. the environment includes all physical or abiotic and biological or biotic factors.

Question 2.
Where do different countries discuss their problem based on environmental issues?
Answer:
Developed and developing countries discuss their issues regarding environmental problems in world conferences regularly.

Question 3.
In whi ch biogeochemical cycles do various interactions take place?
Answer:
Nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and water cycles.

Question 4.
Which substances are called waste substafices?
Answer:
Substances which become unuseful and remain of no worth for us are called waste substances.

Question 5.
What helps in digestion of food in our body?
Answer:
Enzymes.

Question 6.
Which substances are specific in their action?
Answer:
Enzymes.

Question 7.
Which man made material cannot be decomposed by bacteria and decomposers?
Answer:
Plastic.

Question 8.
Which physical conditions affect plastic?
Answer:
Heat and Pressure.

Question 9.
What are biodegradable sub-stances?
Answer:
The substances which get decomposed in their life cycle by decomposers are bio-degradable substances.

Question 10.
Give four examples of biodegrad-able substances.
Answer:
Peals of fruits and vegetables, paper, fodder, husk.

Question 11.
What are non-biodegradable substances?
Answer:
Those substances which cannot be decomposed throughout their life by the decomposers are called non-biodegradable substances.

Question 12.
Give two examples of non-biodegradable substances.
Answer:
Plastic, Glass.

Question 13.
Give examples of natural ecosystem.
Answer:
Forest, ponds, lakes.

Question 14.
Give two examples of man made ecosystem.
Answer:
Garden, Agricultural field.

Question 15.
In which three categories are the organisms categorised?
Answer:
Producers, consumers and decomposers.

Question 16.
What are Producers?
Answer:
The organisms those convert inorganic substances into organic substance during photosynthesis with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll are called producers.

Question 17.
Give two examples of organisms which can do photo-synthesis.
Answer:
Green plants and blue green algae.

Question 18.
On what do all organisms directly or indirectly dependent for their food?
Answer:
Producers which means plants undergoing photosynthesis.

Question 19.
What are consumers?
Answer:
The organisms which depend directly or indirectly on producers for food are called consumers.

Question 20.
Give four examples of consumers.
Answer:
Human beings, Lion, Monkey, Sparrow.

Question 21.
Which two organisms decompose waste substances?
Answer:
Microbes and Fungi.

Question 22.
Why are micro-organisms called decomposers?
Answer:
Micro-organisms convert complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances which mix with the soil and are again used by plants.

Question 23.
Where are living organisms found?
Answer:
They are found in sea water, ice-covered regions, air and soil.

Question 24.
What is biosphere?
Answer:
All environmental regions found on earth and the organisms living there together form biosphere.

Question 25.
List four components which help in making biosphere a non-living component.
Answer:
Air, water, soil and minerals are non-living components of biosphere.

Question 26.
Do living and non-living components dependent on each other?
Answer:
Yes, they are dependent on each other and affect each other also.

Question 27.
List the living components of biosphere.
Answer:
Plants and organisms.

Question 28.
What is the main activity of decomposers?
Answer:
The micro-organisms decompose the dead remains of plants and animals. This category comprises microbes and fungi.

Question 29.
Give one example each of autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Answer:
Autotrophs—Green plants Heterotrophs—Human beings.

Question 30.
Is energy increased or decreased during transformation in food chain?
Answer:
Energy is decreased at every coming trophic level.

Question 31.
Grass → deer → lion.
Who is the producer and why?
Answer:
Grass is the producer because it traps sunlight to store food in form of carbohydrates.

Question 32.
What are omnivores?
Answer:
Organisms which eat both plants and flesh of other animals are called omnivores, e.g. Man.

Question 33.
Name two ecosystems of this world.
Answer:
Forests and oceans.

Question 34.
Grass → insects → frog → birds → human.
In this food chain (i) Who gets maximum energy? (ii) Who gets minimum energy?
Answer:
Insects get maximum energy and human beings get least energy.

Question 35.
Give an example of food chain in water.
Answer:
Algae → small organisms → small fish → large fish.

Question 36.
What is formed when various food chains combine?
Answer:
Food web.

Question 37.
Who will get more energy-herbivores or carnivores?
Answer:
Herbivores.

Question 38.
What is the main activity of food chain?
Answer:
Transformation of food and energy are main activities of food chain.

Question 39.
What are planktons?
Answer:
Planktons are extremely small micro-organisms which float independently in ponds, sea, rivers, etc.

Question 40.
What are phytoplanktons?
Answer:
Phytoplanktons are producers those can easily float on the surface of water.

Question 41.
What are zooplanktons?
Answer:
These are very small living beings which feed on phytoplanktons e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium etc.

Question 42.
Which organisms produce food material?
Answer:
Green plants are the producers

Question 43.
Give an example of a producer of water food chain.
Answer:
Algae.

Question 44.
How is energy transferred?
Answer:
Energy enters through abiotic components and is released in the from of heat.

Question 45.
How are eagle and vultures important components of our environment?
Answer:
Eagle and vultures live by eating dead bodies of animals so they play a vital role in food chains.

Question 46.
What are trophic levels?
Answer:
The levels at which food is transferred in a food chain is called trophic levels.

Question 47.
Who forms food chain?
Answer:
Organisms participating at different levels of this chain, form the food chain.

Question 48.
What form trophic levels?
Answer:
Each level of a food chain forms a trophic level.

Question 49.
Who are related to first trophic level?
Answer:
Autotrophs or producers.

Question 50.
Who are the organisms of second trophic level?
Answer:
Herbivores or first level consumers.

Question 51.
Give two examples of third trophic level organisms.
Answer:
Lion, Cheetah (Jaguar).

Question 52.
How much amount of solar energy is trapped by green plants?
Answer:
10%.

Question 53.
How much percentage of food can be transferred to next trophic level?
Answer:
10%.

Question 54.
How many levels are there in normal food chain?
Answer:
Three or four levels.

Question 55.
At which level is the population maximum?
Answer:
Producer level.

Question 56.
In whose body of some living being is the most toxic chemical accumulated?
Answer:
Human’s body.

Question 57.
What is the reason of accumulation of the most harmful substances in human’s body?
Answer:
Biological magnification.

Question 58.
How many atoms of oxygen combine to form ozone?
Answer:
Three atoms.

Question 59.
From what does ozone layer protect earth?
Answer:
From U.V. radiations.

Question 60.
What harm can be caused to human beings by U.V. radiations?
Answer:
It causes skin cancer.

Question 61.
What decomposes atoms of oxygen (02) to free oxygen (O) at the higher level of air?
Answer:
U.V. radiations of higher energy.

Question 62.
Since when the level of ozone has started decreasing in atmosphere?
Answer:
Since 1980.

Question 63.
What is the root cause of depletion of ozone layer?
Answer:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s).

Question 64.
Where are CFC’s mainly used?
Answer:
In refrigeraters and fire extinguishers.

Question 65.
What agreement was accepted by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1987?
Answer:
Agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels.

Question 66.
How improvement in our life style has affect garbage?
Answer:
Garbage has increased.

Question 67.
Which type of garbage has increased with the change in packaging material?
Answer:
Non-biodegradable waste has increased.

Question 68.
Name any two water pollutants.
Answer:

1. Domestic sewage.
2. Industrial effluents.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Biotic components include:
(A) producers only
(B) consumers only
(C) producers and consumers only
(D) producers, consumers and decomposers.
Answer:
(D) producers, consumers and decomposers.

Question 2.
The word ecosystem was coined by:
(A) Writer
(B) Tansley
(C) Odum
(D) Darwin.
Answer:
(B) Tansley

Question 3.
Green plants are:
(A) autotrophs
(B) heterotrophs
(C) parasites
(D) saprophytes.
Answer:
(A) autotrophs

Question 4.
Which organism Is a decomposer?
(A) Vukure
(B) Fungus
(C) Fox
(D) Frog.
Answer:
(B) Fungus

Question 5.
Grass-insect-frog-snake-hawk. In this food chain the secondary consumers are:
(A) insects
(B) frog
(C) snake
(D) grass.
Answer:
(B) frog

Question 6.
Which one is a primary consumer in a pond ecosystem?
(A) Green algae
(B) Zooplankton
(C) Snake
(D) Bacteria.
Answer:
(B) Zooplankton

Question 7.
The best arrangement of an energy system consisting of hawks, snakes, mice and grasses is:
(A) grass → mice → snake → hawks
(B) grass → snake → mice → hawks
(C) grass → mice — hawks → snakes
(D) mice → snake → hawks → grass.
Answer:
(A) grass → mice → snake → hawks

Question 8.
They can be put in the category of primary consumers:
(A) Eagles and tigers
(B) Fishes and whales
(C) Snakes and frogs
(D) Insects and cattles.
Answer:
(D) Insects and cattles.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
_________ and _________ are examples of non-biodegradables wastes.
Answer:
Plastics, metal.

Question 2.
_________ and _________ are examples of artificial ecosystem.
Answer:
Crop field, aquarium.

Question 3.
Plants prepare their own food by trapping solar energy and are called _________
Answer:
Producers.

Question 4.
_________ is a unit of environment and can be identified and studied.
Answer:
Ecosystem.

Question 5.
Each step in a food chain constitute _________
Answer:
Trophic level.

Question 6.
Thinning in ozone layer allows harmful _________ rays to reach earth surface.
Answer:
UV.

Question 7.
Burning of waste in low lying area is called _________
Answer:
Land fill.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 15 Our Environment Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15 Our Environment

PSEB 10th Class Science Guide Our Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following groups contains only biodegradable items :
(A) Grass, flowers and leather
(B) Grass, wood and plastic
(C) Fruit-peels, cake and lime-juice
(D) Cake, wood and grass.
Answer:
(A), (C) and (D) groups.

Question 2.
Which of the following constitute a food chain?
(A) Grass, wheat and mango
(B) Grass, goat and human
(C) Goat, cow and elephant
(D) Grass, fish and goat.
Answer:
(B) Grass, goat and human.

Question 3.
Which of the following are environment-friendly practices?
(A) Carrying cloth-bags to put purchases in while shopping
(B) Switching off unnecessary lights and fans
(C) Walking to school instead of getting your mother to drop you on her scooter
(D) All of the above.
Answer:
(D) All of the above.

Question 4.
What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level?
Answer:

• If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, imbalances will be created in the food chain.
• The population of organisms in pervious trophic level will increase. If we kill population of frogs in the following food chain, the population of insects will increase to a great level and in turn they will damage the green plants.
  Green plants → Insects → Frog
• The population of organisms in the next trophic level will decrease.

Question 5.
Will the impact of removing all the organisms in a trophic level be different for different trophic levels? Can the organisms of any trophic level be removed without causing any damage to the ecosystem?
Answer:

• If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, imbalances will be created in the food chain.
• The population of organisms in pervious trophic level will increase. If we kill population of frogs in the following food chain, the population of insects will increase to a great level and in turn they will damage the green plants.
  Green plants → Insects → Frog
• The population of organisms in the next trophic level will decrease..

Question 6.
What is biological magnification? Will the levels of this magnification be different at different levels of the ecosystem?
Or
What is biological magnification? What are its effects?
Answer:
Biological magnification. The phenomenon in which the harmful pollutants (such as pesticides) enter the food chain and get concentrated more and more at each successive trophic level of organisms is called biological magnification.
The level of biological magnification will be different at different trophic levels of the ecosystem.

This can be illustrated by the following example :
A large number of toxic chemicals like pesticides, weedicides, insecticides and fungi-cides are used to protect the crop plants from pests and diseases. Some of these chemi-cals get mixed up with the soil whereas others get washed down into the surface water bodies like ponds, rivers, etc., and the underground water bodies.

Water in a pond, lake or river contain only a small amount (0.02 ppm) of the harmful chemicals. The algae (phytoplankton) and protozoa (zooplankton) which utilize this wa-ter, contain a higher proportion (5 ppm). The fish which feeds on these organisms has a still higher amount of chemicals (240 ppm.) Birds which feed on these fish contain the highest amount (1600 ppm).

Therefore, we observe that as we go higher and higher in the food chain, the concentration of pesticides in the body of the organisms gradually increases. For example, in the above cited example, the biological magnification of harmful pesticides goes up to 8000 times from water to fish eating birds.

Effects of biological magnification. This is the reason why our food grains such as wheat and rice, vegetable and fruits and even meat contain varying amounts of pesticides residues. So, the highest trophic level at the extreme right of food chain has the maximum concentration of harmful chemicals in a food-chain.

Question 7.
What are the problems caused by the non-biodegradable wastes that we generate?
Or
Explain two ways in which non-biodegradable substances affect our envi¬ronment.
Answer:
Problems caused by non-biodegradable wastes

• Non-biodegradable solid waste is a great environmental hazard.
• Plastic and their waste products such as carry bags, waste glasses, bottles, cups, plates are most dangerous. They choke in drain.
• They cause soil pollution and degrade the soil.
• They prevent growth of vegetation when dumped underground.
• Water pollution will make this water not fit for drinking.
• The plastic wastes when mixed with municipal waste make them unfit for recycling.
• Non-biodegradable substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time and may harm various members of the ecosystem.

Question 8.
If all the wastes we generate is biodegradable, will this have no impact on the enviroment?
Answer:
If all the wastes are biodegradable they will help in maintaining a neat, clean and stable environment.

Question 9.
Why damage to the ozone layer is a cause of concern? What steps are being taken to limit this damage?
Answer:
Ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation of the sunlight which is very harmful to human beings. If the ozone layer in the atmosphere is depleted, these radiations would reach the earth and would cause many damages such as skin cancer, genetic disorders in human and other living beings.

The steps taken to limit the damage of ozone layer are as follows :

• Judicious use of aerosol spray propellants such as fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons which cause depletion or hole in ozone layer.
• Limited use of supersonic planes.
• Control over large scale nuclear explosions.

Science Guide for Class 10 PSEB Our Environment InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why are some substances biodegradable and some non-biodegradable?
Answer:
Some substances such as paper, clothes, vegetables, wood etc. can be broken down into simple substances by the action of living organisms or biological processes in nature are said to be biodegradable.

There are other substances such as metals, plastics etc. which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by the action of living organisms or biological processes are termed non-biodegradable substances.

Question 2.
Give any two ways in which biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
Answer:

• Biodegradable substances get simplified by the action of micro-organisms and the simple components are restored to environment, organisms or biological processes.
• They help in recycling. Gobar gas plant is best example of recycling in which dung and faeces are utilized to produce gas for cooking and the remains form important manures.
• Organic matter of biodegradable substances cause the growth of mosquitoes, flies etc. which spread diseases.

Question 3.
Give any two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment.
Answer:

• The non-biodegradable substances add to the pollution.
• Biomagnification of pesticides such as D.D.T. in the body of living system is very harmful.
• Solid waste leads to generation of methane which is causing global warming.

Question 4.
What are trophic levels? Give an example of food chain and state the different trophic levels in it.
Answer:
Trophic levels. The various steps in a food chain where transfer of food (energy) takes place are called trophic levels. Producer formed by green plants form first trophic level in a food chain.

Food chain: It is a sequential list of one organism consuming the other.

A simplest form of food chain is represented as
Producer → Herbivore → Carnivore

Characters of food chain.

Topic levels-a food chain

• It is always straight.
• In shorter food chain, the greater is the available energy.
• The number of steps in any food chain is restricted to four or five.
• There is always unidirectional flow of energy in a food chain.

Question 5.
What is the role of decomposers in the ecosystem?
Answer:
These oganisms feed on the dead bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria, fungi and some lower invertebrates are examples of decomposer. They breakdown the organic components into simple inorganic molecules. They carry out natural process of decomposition. They return the simple components to soil and help in making the steady state of ecosystem. Decomposers are essential component of an ecosystem. They create a balance in the environment. They are called natural changing agents.

Question 6.
What is ozone and how does it affect any ecosystem?
Answer:
Ozone. Ozone is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen in the presence of

• Oxygen is essential for all aerobic forms of life but ozone is a deadly poison.
• Ozone is very poisonous at ground level. Ozone performs an important function at the higher level of the atmosphere.
• Ozone absorbs UV rays from the sun. Thus protects the living system on earth from any kind of damage.

Question 7.
How can you help in reducing the problem of waste disposal? Give any two methods.
Answer:

• Recycling of wastes
• Reduction at source
• Better management
• Vermicomposting
• Use of eco-friendly products such as disposable paper cups in place of plastic cups.