Bhagya

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 The Anglo-Sikh Wars and Annexation of Punjab will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 The Anglo-Sikh Wars and Annexation of Punjab

→ Successors of Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Kharak Singh, Naunihal Singh, Sher Singh, and Dalip Singh were the successors of Ranjit Singh. They were weak and incapable rulers.

→ Anglo-Sikh Wars: Taking advantage of the weakness of the Sikh State (Lahore Darbar), the English defeated the Sikhs in two wars. -As a result, Punjab was annexed by the British to their Empire.

→ First Anglo-Sikh War: This war was fought in 1845-46 A.D. The Sikhs lost it. The British occupied the Doaba-Bist-Jalandhar. They sold the state of Jammu and Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh.

→ Second Anglo-Sikh War: The Second Anglo-Sikh War was fought in 1848-49 A.D. The Sikhs lost the war and Punjab was annexed to the British Indian Empire on March 25, 1849, by Lord Dalhousie.

→ Maharaja Dalip Singh: Maharaja Dalip Singh was the last Sikh ruler of the Lahore Kingdom. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War, he was dethroned.

→ Maharani Jindan: Maharani Jindan was the guardian of Maharaja Dalip Singh. According to the Treaty of Bhirowal, she was deprived of all her political rights. She was ousted from Punjab and later deported to Benaras. It was a great insult to the Lahore kingdom.

→ Lai Singh and Teja Singh: Lai Singh was the Prime Minister of the Lahore kingdom. Teja Singh was the commander of the Sikh forces. Because of their treachery, the Sikh forces lost the two Anglo-Sikh wars.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Ranjit Singh: Early Life, Achievements and Anglo-Sikh Relations will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Ranjit Singh: Early Life, Achievements and Anglo-Sikh Relations

→ Birth and Parentage: Ranjit Singh was born at Gujranwala in 1780 A.D. His father, Mahan Singh was the chief of the Sukarchakiya. Misl. The name of Ranjit Singh’s mother was Raj Kaur.

→ Childhood: He had fallen a victim to smallpox in his childhood. Thus, due to it, he lost his left eye. He was just 10 years old when he along with his father, began to take part in the battles. He had all the qualities of a brave warrior from his very childhood.

→ Marriage: Ranjit Singh was married to Mehtab Kaur, the daughter of Sada Kaur and granddaughter of Jai Singh of Kanheya Misl. When Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakiya Misl, these matrimonial relations helped him a lot in increasing his power.

→ Occupation of Lahore by Ranjit Singh: In 1792 A.D. Ranjit Singh took over the reins of the Sukarchakiya Misl. In 1799 A.D., when he was 19 years old, Shah Zaman, the ruler of Kabul, granted Lahore to Ranjit Singh. He immediately invaded Lahore and easily occupied it by defeating the Bhangi chiefs.

→ Early Conquests: In 1802, he conquered Amritsar. Next, he started his march towards Sirhind between the Sutlej and Jamuna. But the English did not let him do so.

→ Treaty of Amritsar: In 1809 A.D. Ranjit Singh signed the Treaty of Amritsar with the English. After this treaty, he began to extend his empire to a large extent in the North-West.

→ Important Conquests: Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore in 1799 A.D., Amritsar 1802, Multan (1818), Kashmir (1819), and Peshawar (1834). Thus, he succeeded in establishing a vast empire.

→ Death: Maharaja Ranjit Singh died in June 1839.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Banda Bahadur and the Sikh Misals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Banda Bahadur and the Sikh Misals

Meeting of Banda Bahadur with Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1708:

• A bairagi named Madho Dass came in contact with Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Nander in Maharashtra.
• He was so much impressed by the personality of Guru Sahib that he immediately became his follower.
• Guru Sahib sent him to Punjab to lead the Sikhs in their struggle against the Mughals.
• He became popular as Banda Bahadur in Punjab.

Banda Bahadur in the Punjab:

• Banda Bahadur reached Punjab on the instructions of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• He organized the Sikhs in Punjab and started his military expeditions.

Success of Banda Bahadur:

• Banda Bahadur punished the executioners of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji and two Sahibzadas of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• He also killed the Faujdar of Sirhind, Wazir Khan.
• He defeated the hill chief Raja Bhim Chand who had strongly opposed Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Important Victories:
The important victories of Banda Bahadur were of Sadhora, Sirhind, Jalalabad, and Lohgarh.

Battle of Gurdas Nangal:

• In 1715, the Mughal army besieged Banda Bahadur and Sikh soldiers in the mansion (Haveli) of Bhai Duni Chand at Gurdas Nangal.
• The siege continued for eight months during which the food supplies of the Sikhs were exhausted.
• Under such circumstances, Banda Bahadur and his Sikh soldiers were arrested by the Mughals.

The Martyrdom of Banda Bahadur:

• Banda Bahadur and his Sikh soldiers were first taken to Lahore.
• From Lahore, they were taken to Delhi in 1716.
• In June 1716, Banda Bahadur and the Sikhs were mercilessly executed at Delhi.

Misls:

• A long dark period in Sikh history followed the martyrdom of Banda Bahadur.
• But after some years, the Sikhs again became active in their struggle against the Mughal governors of Punjab.
• Some of the important Sikh chiefs were able to establish their small kingdoms called the Misls.
• There were 12 such Sikh Misls. The chief of a Misl was called Misldar.

Rise of Maharaja Ranjit Singh:

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to Shukarchakia Misl.
• The Sukarchakia Misl was founded by Sardar Charat Singh, the grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
• On the death of his father Mahan Singh in 1792, Maharaja Ranjit Singh ascended the throne.
• He was able to establish a vast empire in Punjab within a few years.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Life, Creation of Khalsa and his Personality will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s Life, Creation of Khalsa and his Personality

→ Birth and Parentage: Guru Gobind Singh Ji was born on December 22, 1666, at Patna. The name of his father was Guru Teg Bahadur Ji. The name of his mother was Mata Gujri Ji.

→ Childhood and Education: Gobind Dass was the name of Guru Gobind Singh Ji in his childhood. Guru Sahib spent the first five years of his childhood in Patna. Guru Sahib learned Persian from Bhai Mati Dass and Qazi Pir Mohammad. Guru Sahib learned Sanskrit from Pandit Harjas and horse riding and training in arms (military training) from Rajput Bajar Singh.

→ Military Organisation: Guru Gobind Singh Ji decided to raise an army of the Sikhs. Hence Guru Sahib ordained that the Sikhs should donate arms and horses to Guru Gaddi.

→ Creation of the Khalsa: Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa in 1699. Guru Sahib achieved three aims by creating the Khalsa viz. freedom from the oppression of the Mughals, a setback to the caste system, and the abolition of the Masand system.

→ Five Ks: The five Ks of the Khalsa are Kesh (unshorn hair), Kangha (comb), Karra (iron bangle), Kirpan (sword) and Kachchera (a pair of shorts).

→ Significance of the creation of Khalsa: A new Sikh community of Sant Sipahis came into existence with the creation of the Khalsa. Gradually, the Sikhs emerged as a political power in Punjab.

→ Literary Achievements of Guru Sahib: Guru Gobind Singh Ji composed Akal Ustat, Krishan Avtar, Sahastra Nam Mala, Chandi di Var, and Zafarnama.

→ Battle of Bhangani (1690): The battle of Bhangani was fought in 1690. It was fought between the Mughals and the Hill Chiefs. Guru Gobind Singh Ji participated in the battle in support of the Hill Chiefs. Guru Sahib defeated the Mughals badly.

→ Battle of Nadaun: The battle of Nadaun was fought between the Mughal forces and hill forces in 1690 A.D. Guru Gobind Singh Ji helped Hill Chiefs. He defeated the Mughal army.

→ First Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1701): The first battle of Anandpur Sahib was fought between Hill Chief Bhim Chand and Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Guru Sahib gave a crushing defeat to the Hill Chief.

→ Second Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1704): In the second battle of Anandpur Sahib, the Confederacy of the Hill Chiefs of Bilaspur, Kangra, and Guler fought against Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Guru Sahib came out victorious in the battle.

→ Final Union with the Divine Power: In 1708 Guru Gobind Singh Ji visited South India. Guru Sahib stayed at Nanded in Maharashtra. On October 3, 1708, Guru Sahib made the final union with Divine Power because of an injury received by him.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji

Guru Angad Dev Ji:

• The second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev Ji collected the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and wrote them in Gurumukhi script.
• This contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji proved to be the first step towards the writing of ‘Adi Granth Sahib’ by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• Guru Angad Dev Ji also wrote ‘Vani’ in the name of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• The institutions of Sangat and Pangat were well maintained during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji.

Guru Amar Das Ji:

• Guru Amar Das was the third Sikh Guru who remained on Guru Gaddi for twenty-two years.
• Guru Sahib shifted his headquarters from Khadoor Sahib to Goindwal.
• At Goindwal, Guru Sahib constructed a large well (Baoli) where his followers (Sikhs) took a bath on religious festivals.
• Guru Amar Das Ji introduced a simple marriage ceremony which is called ‘Anand Karaj’.
• The number of his Sikh followers increased rapidly during his period.

Guru Ram Das Ji:

• The fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das Ji started the. work of preaching his faith from Ramdaspur (present Amritsar).
• The foundation of Amritsar was laid during the last years of Guru Amar Das Ji.
• Guru Ram Das Ji got dug a large pond called Amritsar or Amrit Sarovar.
• The Guru Sahib needed a large sum of money to construct the Sarovars (ponds) at Amritsar and Santokhsar.
• For this purpose, Guru Sahib started Masand System.
• Guru Sahib also made Guru Gaddi hereditary.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

• Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Sikh Guru.
• Guru Sahib completed the construction of Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.
• Guru Sahib also founded the cities of Tarn Taran and Kartarpur.
• The fifth Guru Sahib also wrote the first Divine book of the Sikhs (Birs dictated to Bhai Gurdas), ‘Adi Granth Sahib Ji’, and placed it in Sri Harmandir Sahib. Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the Head Granthi at Sri Harmandir Sahib.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji consolidated the Sikh religion by sacrificing his life for the protection of the Sikh religion.

Guru Hargobind Ji:

• Guru Hargobind Ji was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs.
• Guru Sahib adopted the ‘New Policy’.
• According to this policy, Guru Sahib became the religious as well as the political leader of the Sikhs.
• Guru Sahib constructed Akal Takht, which stands before Sri Harmandir Sahib.
• Guru Sahib also gave to the Sikhs training in the use of arms.

Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Harkrishan Ji:

• Guru Har Rai Ji and Guru Harkrishan Ji ascended the Guru Gaddi successively after Guru Hargobind Ji.
• Their period is called the period of peace in the history of the Sikh religion.

Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji:

• The ninth Guru, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was a peace-loving person like Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
• He was ready for self-sacrifice like Guru Arjan Dev Ji and courageous and fearless like his father Guru Hargobind Ji.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji preached his religion fearlessly.
• By sacrificing his life, Guru Sahib brought a new revolution in the history of the Sikh religion.

Masand System:

• Masand is a Persian word.
• The meaning of the word is a higher place or raised status.
• During the period of Guru Ram Dass Ji, the masands were called Ramdas.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the system an organized form.
• As a result, Guru Sahib started receiving regular donations from his Sikh followers for his religious activities.

Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib:

• The Adi Granth Sahib was compiled and written by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
• Guru Arjan Dev Ji dictated the contents of Adi Granth Sahib and his devoted follower Bhai Gurdas noted it down.
• The Adi Granth Sahib was completed in 1604 A.D.

Wearing of two swords of Miri and Piri:

• Guru Hargobind Sahib put on two swords which he called one of Miri and the other of Piri.
• His sword of Miri symbolized his leadership of the Sikh followers in worldly affairs.
• The Piri sword represented his leadership of the Sikhs in spiritual affairs.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his Teachings will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 3 Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his Teachings

→ Guru Nanak Ji gave the people of Punjab an ideal which was ultimate to mould his followers into a powerful community.” – Dr. Hari Ram Gupta

→ Birth: Guru Nanak Dev Ji was the founder of the Sikh religion. He was born at Talwandi on April 15, 1469. At present, his place of birth is called Nankana Sahib (Pakistan).

→ Parentage. The name of the mother of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was Mata Tripta. His father’s name was Mehta Kalu Ram. He was a Patwari (a revenue officer).

→ The Ceremony of Sacred Thread (Janeu): Guru Nanak Dev Ji was strongly opposed to useless ceremonies and empty rituals. He, therefore, refused to wear the thread of cotton, considered as a sacred thread.

→ The Pious Deal (Sachcha Sauda): The father of Guru Nanak Dev Ji gave him twenty rupees for starting some business. Guru’Nanak Dev Ji spent this money to serve food to the saints, beggars, and the needy and thus made a Pious Deal (Sachcha Sauda).

→ Enlightenment: Guru Nanak Dev Ji attained enlightenment during his bath at a rivulet called ‘Bein’. One morning, he took a dip in the river and reappeared after three days as an enlightened being.

→ Udasis (Travels): The Udasis refer to those travels which Guru Nanak Dev Ji undertook as a selfless pious wanderer without any care for his social bindings. The aim of his Udasis or travels was to end the prevalent superstitions and guide humanity on the path of true faith. Guru Nanak Dev Ji went on three Udasis in different directions.

→ Stay at Kartarpur (now in Pakistan): Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded the city of Kartarpur in 1521. He composed ‘Var Malhar’, ‘Var Manjh’, ‘Var Assa’, ‘Japji Sahib’, ‘Patti’, ‘Barah Mahan’ etc. at Kartarpur. He also established the traditions of ‘Sangat’ and ‘Pangat’ there.

→ Teachings about God: The teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji were that God is Formless, Self-Created, Omnipresent, Omnipotent, Compassionate, and Great. He can be easily achieved with the blessings of a True Guru and Self¬Surrender. Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent the latter part of his life preaching the path of true religion at Kartarpur.

→ Guru Sahib Merged with the Supreme God: On September 22, 1539, he merged with Ultimate Supreme God. Before he breathed his last, he had appointed Bhai Lehna as his successor. Bhai Lehna became the second Guru under the name Guru Angad Dev Ji.

→ Sangat and Pangat: The congregation of the followers of the Guru is called Sangat. They sit together to learn the real meaning of the Guru and sing in praise of God. According to the Pangat system, all the followers of the Guru sit together on the floor to partake food from a common kitchen (langar).

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Political and Social Conditions of the Punjab before Guru Nanak Dev Ji will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 2 Political and Social Conditions of the Punjab before Guru Nanak Dev Ji

→ Political Condition: Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in 1469 A.D. The political condition of Punjab was not good at the time of his birth. The rulers of Punjab were weak and divided and fought among themselves. Punjab was passing through a phase of chaos and external aggressions.

→ Social Condition: The social condition of Punjab during the period was miserable. The Hindu society was divided into castes and sub-castes. The condition of women was pitiable. The rulers were fanatics. The people were of low moral character. They were ignorant and superstitious.

→ Lodhi Rulers: Punjab was under the rule of the Lodhis. The rulers of this dynasty were Behlol Lodhi (1450-1489), Sikander Lodhi (1489-1517), and Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526).

→ Punjab under Ibrahim Lodhi: Punjab was the centre of intrigues during the reign of Ibrahim Lodhi. The Subedar (Governor) of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur, the ruler of Kabul, to invade India.

→ Daulat Khan Lodhi and Babur: During the fifth invasion of Babur on India, Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Subedar of Punjab, fought against Babur. Daulat Khan Lodhi was defeated.

→ The victory of Babur over Punjab: The First Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526. In this battle, Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated and Babur occupied Delhi and Punjab.

→ Muslim Society: The Muslim society was divided into three classes namely, the Upper Class, Middle Class, and the Lower Class. The leading military commanders, Iqtadars, Ulemas, and Sayyids were included in the Upper Class. In the Middle class, the traders, farmers, soldiers, and low-ranking government officers were included. The Lower Class comprised artisans, slaves, and household servants.

→ Hindu Society: At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Hindu society was divided into four main castes, which were the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The goldsmiths, ironsmiths, weavers, carpenters, tailors, potters, etc. were counted among the lower castes. The Jats formed an important sub-caste.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Physical Features of the Punjab and their influence on its History

→ Punjab (meaning): The word Punjab is derived from two Persian words, Pan (Five) and Aab (water or river) meaning five glasses of water or rivers. Thus the Punjab is the region of five glasses of water.

→ The ancient names of Punjab: Punjab was known by different names during different periods of history. The ancient names of Punjab were: Saptsindhu, Panjnad, Lahore Suba, the North-Western Frontier Province, etc.

→ The Geographical Divisions: From the geographical point of view, Punjab can be divided into three divisions:

• The Himalayas and its North-West ranges
• The foothills or Terai region
• The Plains.

→ The Malwa Region: The Malwa region is surrounded by the rivers Satluj and Ghagghar. In ancient times, the ‘Malava’ tribe lived here. The region is named Malwa after the name of that tribe.

→ The effects of the Himalayas on the history of Punjab: Punjab was the “Gateway of India” due to the existence of a number of passes in the North-West ranges of the Himalayas. During the medieval period, all the invaders came through these passes to invade India.

→ The Plains of Punjab: The plains of Punjab are very fertile. The prosperity of Punjab encouraged foreign invaders to attack India.

→ The influence of rivers of Punjab on its history: The rivers of Punjab were a hurdle in the path of the invaders. They also played the role of providing natural boundaries. The Mughal rulers had adopted river boundaries as the administrative divisions like Parganas, Sarkars, and Subas.

→ Terai Region: The Terai region is covered with dense forests. The Sikhs took shelter in these forests during their hard times (the Dark Period of their history). They organized themselves and increased their military strength and effectively faced the oppressive rulers.

→ The different Castes and Tribes of Punjab: The people of different castes and tribes lived in Punjab. The prominent tribes, sects, and castes in Punjab were the Jats, Sikhs, Rajputs, Khatris, Aroras, Gujjars, Arians, etc.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Industrial Development in India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Industrial Development in India

→ Industrial Development: Enhancement of the efficiency of existing industries, increase in production capacity, and establishment of new industries is known as industrial development.

→ Need for Rapid Industrialisation: Rapid industrialization is needed for a balanced economy, increase in employment, increase in national income, lowering the pressure of population on land, for national defence, self-dependence, and for the production of socially useful goods.

→ Present Industrial Structure in India: India’s present industrial structure includes Public Sector, Private Sector, and Joint Sector, Non-Factory Manufacturing units such as Cottage and Small industries, and Factory Manufacturing Units such as FERA companies and MRTP companies.

→ Public Sector: Public Sector undertakings are those which are owned by the government in the welfare of the society.

→ Private Sector: Private Sector undertakings are owned by private persons for-profit motive.

→ Joint Sector: Joint Sector undertakings are jointly owned by the government and private sector.

→ Cottage Industries: These industries are completely or partially run by the members of a family either as a whole-time business or as a part-time business.

→ Small Scale Industries: Small Scale industries are those which have an investment of ₹ 3 crores in fixed capital.

→ Large Scale Industries: Large scale industries are those industries where the amount of fixed capital investment is big.

This PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Agricultural Development in India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 3 Agricultural Development in India

→ Agriculture: It is the art or science of production of crops and livestock on a farm.

→ Importance of Agriculture in India:

• Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy.
• It contributes much to national income, it is the Source of food supply to the masses.
• Its importance is also in employment, industry, source of livelihood, foreign trade, transport, government income, and capital formation.

→ Main problems of Indian Agriculture:
The main problems of Indian agriculture are:

• Human problems constitute pressure of population on land and social atmosphere.
• Institutional problems, such as small size of holdings, land tenure system.
• Technical problems such as inadequate irrigation facilities, old agricultural implements, traditional techniques of production, lack of improved seeds, lack of manure, defective agriculture marketing system, diseases of crops and attacks of pests, lack of credit facilities, and weak cattle.