Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Source Based Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Source Based Questions

Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Question 1.
The tribal population in India as per the 2011 Census constitutes 68% of the country’s total population. The state with the highest population of tribal is Mizoram; the state with the lowest population of tribes is Goa. The Union Territory (U.T.) with the highest population of tribals is Lakshadweep and the U.T. with the lowest population of tribals in Andaman and Nicobar Island. The largest tribal community in India is the Santhals, who are found mainly in West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa.

1. In which Indian region, tribals reside the most?
2. Which different names are given to tribes?
3. What is a tribe?

Answer:

1. Although the tribal population lives more in Central India if we look into their population percentage, their percentage in population is more in the north-eastern region of India.
2. Tribals are called by different names in different regions such as Adivasi, Vanvasi, Tribe, Pahari, Scheduled tribe etc.
3. A tribe is a group of people that lives very much away from our civilisation such as forests, mountains or valleys whose members are blood relatives, which is endogamous and which is different from other tribes on the basis of language, religion and other features.

Question 2.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Deforestation is one of the major causes of environmental degradation. It implies the cutting down of trees. Besides, the expansion of cropped areas and pastures are also the major sources of deforestation. During earlier times, the tribals were able to survive because of the availability of forest and natural resources. They were totally dependent on forests for their livelihood. But due to industrialisation, urbanisation, agriculture, commercial logging, increase in population, fuel-wood collection, etc. the deforestation has increased and affected the tribal’s livelihood directly and indirectly. The loss of forest covers also influences the climate and contributes to loss of the biodiversity.

1. What is meant by deforestation?
2. What are the reasons for deforestation?
3. What is the impact of deforestation on tribal life?

Answer:

1. When naturally grown trees are cut down due to different reasons, it is known as deforestation.
2. ⇒ Forests are cut down to increase agricultural and pastoral areas.
   ⇒ The land is needed to make dams and to make houses for an increasing population which comes by cutting forests.
   ⇒ We need wood to make furniture and food and that’s why forests are cleared.
3. ⇒ It reduces the habitat for the tribal people.
   ⇒ Tribals get a lot many things from forests and now they can’t get all these things.
   ⇒ Tribal economy is mainly dependent upon forests. Deforestation completely destroys the tribal economy.

Question 3.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The term ‘rural’ is the opposite of ‘urban’. The term ‘rural society’ is used almost interchangeably with the term Village’. As per census 2011, out of 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore population lives in the rural areas. The rural community has a long history of its own. It is a group of about 5000 people depending on agriculture and allied occupations, permanently residing in a particular geographic area and participating in common socio-economic and cultural activities.

1. Give the meaning to the word ‘Village’.
2. Give three features of a village.
3. Give three differences between a village and a town.

Answer:

1. A village is a geographical area that is close to the natural environment, whose most of the population is engaged in agricultural-related occupations and which is different from urban areas due to its distinct features.
2. ⇒Rural people have direct and primary relations.
   ⇒ Most of the rural population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations.
   ⇒ Villages are small in size and that’s why they have social uniformity.
3. ⇒ Villages are small in size but towns are large in size.
   ⇒ Rural people have direct and primary relations with each other but urban people have indirect and secondary relations.
   ⇒ Most of the rural population is directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture or related occupations but more than 75% urban population is engaged in industrial work or non-agricultural occupations.

Question 4.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

One of the major problems of rural society is indebtedness. The reasons for the chronic indebtedness are poverty and a deficit economy. This problem is not related to just one individual but is passed on from one generation to the next generation. Taking debt for the purpose of agricultural production is indeed necessary as it contributes to production. However, the rural people incur debts for non-productive purposes such as, to meet the family needs, to perform social functions (related to marriage; birth and death), litigation, etc. Since money borrowed does not contribute to production but rather to consumption, it drags the rural people into indebtedness. Thus, it becomes impossible to repay these loans and the rural population becomes. an easy victim of exploitation by greedy moneylenders and middlemen who take advantage of the situation and earn money at a very high rate of interest. As a result, the moneylenders snatch whatever little property these people have, such as, house or land, etc. This system is prevalent in most parts of our country.

1. What is meant by Indebtedness?
2. Give reasons for indebtedness.
3. Give three effects of indebtedness.

Answer:

1. When an individual takes some loan from another individual, money lender, or bank and is unable to pay it back on time, it is called indebtedness.
2. People take loans due to many factors such as to fulfill family needs, to solve legal problems, to do agriculture, to do marriage or to complete death ceremony, etc.
3. ⇒ Due to indebtedness, an individual is exploited by the moneylenders.
   ⇒ His land and house are captured by a moneylender and he becomes homeless.
   ⇒ All his means of living and livelihood are taken away by the moneylender and occasionally rural people commit suicide.

Question 5.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Urbanism is an important element of the urban society which separates the identity or personality of the people from rural society and tribal society. It represents a way of living. It also denotes the diffusion of urban culture and the evolution of urban society. It reflects an organization of society in terms of complex division of labor, high level of technology, high mobility, the interdependence of its members in fulfilling economic functions, and impersonality in social relations. Louis Wirth has mentioned four characteristics of urbanism: Transiency, Superficiality; Ahbrtymity and Individualism.

1. What is meant by urbanization?
2. Give three elements of urbanization.
3. Which four features of urbanism are given by Louis Wirth?

Answer:

1. When rural people start to migrate to urban areas to settle there or to find occupation, it is called urbanization.
2. Following are the elements of urbanization:
   ⇒ Population of more than 5000.
   ⇒ The density of population is up to 400 persons per square kilometer.
   ⇒ 75% population is engaged in agriculture or related occupations. Transiency Superficiality Anonymity Individualism.

Question 6.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

The growth of population in cities is so fast that it has become impossible to provide adequate residential accommodation to all. Hence, the housing problem or what is known as ‘ho, uselessness’ has become one of the serious problems of the urban setting. The pressure on space in cities is so tremendous that large numbers of people are forced to live on roads, buts ‘stands, railway stations and in poorly equipped houses. It is said that around half of the city population in India is either ill-housed or has to pay more than twenty per cent of their income on rent. Megacities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, and Chennai are suffering from acute housing problems. ”

1. Why is the urban population increasing?
2. What are the demerits of the increasing urban population?
3. Is the increasing urban population a major problem?

Answer:

1. There is a conception among rural people about more facilities in urban areas and the availability of more occupations that’s why rural people are moving towards urban areas. That’s why the urban population is continually increasing.
2. ⇒ There is a lack of living space in urban areas.
   ⇒ Lot many people are forced to live under the open sky or in slums.
   ⇒ 20% of people’s earning is spent on paying rent which reduces their savings.

It is true that the increasing urban population is becoming a major problem. People migrate to urban areas in search of occupations and more facilities ‘ and when they are unable to get the things, they become mentally sick. That’s why crimes are increasing in urban areas which itself is becoming a major problem.

Question 7.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:
transformed into the same group activity with the help of some organ or instrument. A political party is one such organ. Hence, Vladimir Lenin added the idea of a party in Marxism to prepare the workers for class struggle.

1. Who was Karl Marx?
2. What is meant by class consciousness?
3. Explain in brief Karl Marx’s concept of class struggle.

Answer:

1. Karl Marx was a German philosopher who gave a great contribution to the development of Sociology. His concepts became the basis of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and paved the way for the making of laborers’ government in Russia.
2. When a group becomes conscious about its existence, features, etc., and starts to consider itself separate from other groups, it is called class consciousness. According to Marx, class consciousness leads to class identification and class solidarity.
3. According to Marx, there are two groups in society-Capitalist and Labourer class. There exist a struggle between both groups. Capitalist always exploits the laborers with the help of their money. He wants to get more work from labourers by paying less money and labourer wants to get more money by doing less work. This leads to a struggle between the both which is known as class struggle.

Question 8.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In rural India th£ big landlords, the absentee landlords, the upper and middle peasantry and the capitalist farmers basically belong to upper and middle castes. And low peasantry, marginal farmers and landless agriculturists belong to lower castes. The class of moneylenders in rural India is basically composed of castes related to Vaishya-Varna. At the same time it is also a reality that because of protective discrimination (e.g. reservations), new opportunity structures based on industries and education and spatial mobility, some sections of lower castes have entered into the sphere of middle and upper classes. However, class status can be altered since it is usually achieved but caste status can never be changed due to its ascriptive nature.

1. Which classes are available in rural areas?
2. Which reasons gave chances to different groups to do progress in society?
3. Is it possible to change status in class?

Answer:

1. In rural India, big landlords, upper and middle-class peasants, big capitalist farmers, and landless laborers live and they are divided into the upper class, middle class, and lower class according to their landholding.
2. Although many facilities are available in society in the present age and one can do progress with his hard work but many groups are provided with reservations and other protective measures with which they can progress in society.
3. Yes, status can be changed in the class system. If an individual has the ability, he can do hard work and earn more money or can get any higher post. It increases his status in society.

Question 9.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Gender relations as we have already discussed refer to men-women relations on the basis of ideological, cultural, political and economic issues. In gender relations, we examine gender subordination. Issues relating to women empowerment and exploitative trends about women are found differently in different societies. In gender relations, it becomes important to talk about the institution of marriage, family, pre-marital, marital, and extramarital relations, the issues of homosexuality, issues related to transgenders, the nature of intimate relations as human sexuality, etc. It is generally accepted that men and women are naturally different because of physiological distinctiveness. But such biological or physiological differences with the support structure of society and culture are converted into social differences. Anthropological and historical evidence has proved that cultural revivalism establishes and re-establishes these differences in relation to vital roles of social interaction.

1. What is meant by Gender Relations?
2. Differentiate between Sex and Gender.
3. How does gender difference become social difference?

Answer:

1. Gender relations tell us about men-women relations on the basis of cultural, ideological, economic, and political issues.
2. Sex differences are understood as biological whereas gender differences refer to that behavior and attitudes which are constructed through social practices.
3.  It is believed that males and females have different natures due to their natural and physical differences but biological and physical differences get converted into social differences with the help of society and culture. Physical differences establish social differences in social interactions.

Question 10.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

In order to understand the socio-cultural changes, one needs to comprehend the meaning of Westernisation. According to M.N. Srinivas, westernization refers to “the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels – technology institutions, ideology, values”. It can therefore be said that the growth of westernization can be traced from the period of the British Raj. No doubt colonial rule lead to exploitation and suppression of the masses. But at the same time, it had also brought a few radical changes in the society and culture of India.

1. Who gave the concept of Westernisation?
2. What is meant by Westernisation?
3. What were the reasons for Westernisation?

Answer:

1. The concept of Westernisation was given by a famous Indian Sociologist M.N. Srinivas.
2. According to Srinivas, “Westernisation refers to the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels technology, institutions, ideology, values”.
3. The British brought many changes to Indian society. They established an army, police, and court system where people of different castes started working together. They also established railways, post and telegraph systems, roads, rivers, etc. They also brought a printing press and established factories in India. People started imitating the British living style which increased the process of westernization a great deal.

Question 11.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes the benchmark according to which one starts changing its opinion, behavior, attitude, and beliefs. For example, Ram is a below-average student in a class. He got inspired by the group of intelligent students in his class and decided to improve himself. There onwards he starts observing their peculiar traits, behavior, and orients himself making them his reference group. He become punctual, disciplined, and improved in his studies. In our day-to-day life, we rely on many reference groups. It may be family, peer group, actor etc.

1. Who gave the concept of Reference Group?
2. What is meant by Reference Group?
3. Does every person have a reference group? If yes then why?

Answer:

1. The concept of Reference Group was given by Herbert Hyman in 1942.
2. Reference group means a group to which we compare ourselves. That group becomes an ideal group according to which one starts to change his opinion, behaviour, attitude and beliefs.
3. Yes, every individual has an ideal group or reference group. Actually, it is human nature that everyone wants to do progress and we start to follow any individual or group. We try to imitate the values, ideas of that group and then it becomes a reference group for us.

Question 12.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Sanskritisation is a broader term and it can include in itself the narrower process of Brahminisation. For instance, Brahmins are vegetarians and teetotallers by and large. But some of them like Kashmiris, Bengali, Brahmins etc. eat non-vegetarian food, as well. If the term Brahminisation had been used, it would have become essential to specify which particular Brahmin group was being discussed Moreover, it has also been asserted by Srinivas that the reference groups of Sanskritisation are not always Brahmins.

The process of imitation need not necessarily be oriented on the model of Brahmins. He has given the example of low castes of Mysore who adopted the way of life of lingayats who are not Brahmins but who claim equality with Brahmins. The lower caste has made not only Brahmins their reference group but also tend to imitate the way of life of Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Jats, etc. in different parts of the country. Hence, Sanskritisation means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.

1. Who gave the concept of Sanskritisation?
2. What is meant by Sanskritisation?
3. Which castes became ideal castes to be imitated in Sanskritisation?

Answer:

1. M.N. Srinivas gave the concept of Sanskritisation.
2. When lower castes start to imitate the living styles, habits, values, etc. of any upper caste or nearby caste, it is called Sanskritisation. It means not only adaptation of new customs and habits, but also exposure to new ideas, values, and behavior patterns of the upper caste.
3. In the process of Sanskritisation, lower castes started adopting customs, habits, values of upper castes or nearby castes and in the process, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas became model castes or ideal castes.

Question 13.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Class-based movements include both worker’s movements as well as peasant movements. The main demand of workers as well as of peasants was freedom from economic exploitation. The trade union movement in India illustrates a study of the working class, their demands, the response of their owners, and measures taken up by the government. With the growth of cotton mills, jute mills, and the tea industry in India the poor Indian masses got employment in these factories as workers. Low wages, long working hours, unhygienic conditions, exploitation at the hands of native and foreign capitalists made their conditions miserable.

A number of Factory Acts came at various points of time but they too, could not improve the plight of the working-class people. Further, peasants were also exploited economically. Well, known peasant revolts were the Bengal revolt against the indigo plantation system and the peasant movement in Punjab.

1. What is meant by class-based movement?
2. Why were class-based movements started in Indian industries?
3. Give examples of class-based movements.

Answer:

1. When a movement is started by keeping in mind the demands of a particular class, it is known as a class-based movement.
2. The condition of laborers in the Indian industries was miserable. They were paid fewer wages, had more working hours, and were exploited by the local and foreign industrialists. That’s why workers movements were started in the Indian industries.
3. In class-based movements, we can include the movement of Trade Union Organisation, Peasant movement, etc. but the Peasantry Movement of Punjab, the Workers Movement of Mumbai textile mills, and Indigo Plantation of Bengal are very important.

Question 14.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely in our society today. Young people are more vulnerable to drug abuse because of poor self-esteem, low achievement at school, family history, and peer pressure. On the other hand, sometimes they feel that they are too bright, too powerful and are too much in control to become addictive and hence get into the habit of taking drugs. Thus, addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming one’s health, causing problems in family structure, and contributing to delinquency in society. The persons who get addicted often lose interest in other activities of their life. As a result, they are not able to take care of their responsibilities and may become a liability for their families as well as their society.

1. What is meant by drug addiction?
2. Why do people consume drugs?
3. What is the result of drug addiction?

Answer:

1. When an individual becomes so addicted to using liquor, opium, or any other drug that he can’t live without it, this is known as drug addiction.
2. Many people consume drugs for fun sake, many consume them to reduce stress, many people use them due to any pressure, etc. Gradually, they become so addicted to the drug that it becomes impossible for them to live without it and become victims of a trap.
3. ⇒ It is having a bad impact on their health as they are unable to do anything.
   ⇒ All of his economic resources get exhausted and economically, he becomes quite weak.
   ⇒ It is having a direct impact on social progress.

Question 15.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

During the course of old age, metabolism processes slow down. People become weak both physically and mentally. They are more prone to sickness, diseases, syndromes, etc. The immunity of a person diminishes. Older people are most vulnerable to non-communicable diseases. Declining health due to increasing age is complicated by the non-availability of good quality age-sensitive health care for a large proportion of older persons. In addition to this, lack of information and knowledge in combination with high costs of disease management puts old-age care beyond the reach of older persons, especially those who are poor and disadvantaged.

1. Who is an old-age person?
2. Which three problems are faced by an old-age person?
3. How can we remove the problems of an old-age person?

Answer:

1. Anyone who is retired from his Job or is above the age of 60 years is known as an old age person.
2. ⇒ He is suffered from many diseases such as sugar, high blood pressure, etc.
   ⇒ After retirement, his income gets exhausted and now he becomes dependent upon his children to meet his daily needs.
   ⇒ His physical ability to fight diseases becomes so low. He is unable to clearly listen or see things.
3. ⇒ Laws must be strictly implemented so that no one could harass them.
   ⇒ Government must provide excellent and free medical facilities to the elders.
   ⇒ Government must provide them good old age pension to reduce their financial dependency on children.

Question 16.
Read the following source and answer the given questions:

There are more than one billion people in the world who live with one or the other form of disability. Many of us have people with disabilities as friends or family, who have difficulties in day-to-day life. People with disabilities are subject to multiple deprivations with limited access to basic services, including education, employment, rehabilitation facilities, etc. Additionally, widespread social stigma plays a major role in hindering their normal social and economic life.

The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It has been defined primarily in terms of medical deficit. Moreover, the word disability is itself not a homogenous category as it includes different kinds of bodily variations, physical impairments, sensory deficits, and mental or learning inadequacies which may be either congenital or acquired.

1. What is meant by disability?
2. Which problems are faced by disabled people?
3. Give types of disability.

Answer:

1. The term disability carries with it a connotation of a lack or deficiency whether mental, physical, or sensory. It is primarily defined in terms of medical deficit.
2. ⇒ Disable people are unable to get a proper education.
   ⇒ Their chances of getting jobs become quite limited.
   ⇒ They cannot do any work fast the way which a normal person can do.
   ⇒ It becomes an obstacle to their economic growth.
3. Disability is of many types such as:
   ⇒ Locomotor Disability
   ⇒ Visual Disability
   ⇒ Hearing Disability
   ⇒ Mental Disability
   ⇒ Speech Disability.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 3 Society, Community and Association

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who said this: “Man is a social animal.”?
(a) Maclver
(b) Weber
(c) Aristotle
(d) Plato
Answer:
(c) Aristotle.

Question 2.
What is the need of similarities and differences for the formation of society?
(а) To make relations
(b) For social progress
(c) To take forward society from demographic point of view
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
According to Marx, which was the first historical society?
(a) Early communism
(b) Feudal
(c) Slave
(d) Capitalist.
Answer:
(a) Early Communism.

Question 4.
Why an individual makes relations with others?
(a) To fulfil his needs
(b) To achieve his objectives
(c) To save himself from other’s selfish interests
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 5.
Man and society are considered ………… to each other?
(a) against
(b) complementary
(c) equal
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) complementary.

Question 6.
Which of these is available in society?
(a) Equality
(b) Cooperation
(c) Conflict
(d) Cooperation and Conflict.
Answer:
(d) Cooperation and Conflict.

Question 7.
An organisation of individuals formed to achieve common objectives ………..
is known as
(a) a society
(b) a class
(c) a group
(d) an organisation.
Answer:
(a) a society.

Question 8.
Which of these is not a community?
(a) People of Kerala in Delhi
(b) People born in USA
(c) Trade union movement
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(d) None of these.

Question 9.
Society is the web of …………
(a) Social norms
(b) Mutual relations
(c) Individual relations
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Mutual relations.

Question 10.
What is the relation between an individual and society?
(a) Man is social by nature and he cannot live alone
(b) Man lives in society to fulfil his needs
(c) Society makes personality of an individual
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the Blanks :

1. Society is made up of ………….
2. Community develops automatically with the ………….. of people.
3. …………… is established deliberately to achieve certain goals.
4. Membership of …………… depends upon one’s wish.
5. Society is …………… in nature.
6. Totem is of great importance in …………. society.
7. Membership of is …………… formal.

Answer:

1. social relations
2. interactions
3. An association
4. association,
5. abstract
6. tribal
7. association.

True/False:

Question 1.
Membership of society depends upon one’s wish.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Society is made up of social relationships.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Community develops automatically.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Association is ‘deliberately formed.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Membership of association is informal.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Language is of great importance in human society.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
An institution is a system of norms to achieve certain objectives.
Answer:
True.

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
Who says that the group of persons, is society ?
Answer:
A common man says that the group of persons is society.

Question 2.
If co-operation between the members of society comes to an end, what will happen ? , .
Answer:
If co-operation between the members of society comes to an end, society will also come to an end.

Question 3.
On what factor is society based ?
Answer:
Society is based on social relations.

Question 4.
Who said, “Society cannot move without similarities and differences.” ?
Answer:
These words are of Westermarck.

Question 5.
In which society, totem is of great importance ?
Answer:
Totem is of great importance in tribal society.

Question 6.
Why is society abstract in nature ?
Anseer:
Society is a web of social relationships and relations are abstract which we can’t see. That’s why society is abstract in nature.

Question 7.
What is society ?
Answer:
In Sociology, society is the web of social relationships.

Question 8.
Give one characteristic of society.
Answer:
Society is based on relations. It is also based on similarities and differences.

Question 9.
What is the base of society ?
Answer:
Relations between individuals are the base of society.

Question 10.
What is Community ?
Answer:
Community is a group of people in a geographical area where they spend whole of their lives.

Question 11.
Do all the human groups are Communities ?
Answer:
No, they could be institutions or any other groups.

Question 12.
Give literal meaning of Community.
Answer:
The word community is derived from the Latin word ‘Communities’ which means things held in common or shared.

Question 13.
How does community develop ?
Answer:
Community develops automatically due to human interactions.

Question 14.
Is there any community feeling in community ?
Answer:
Yes, community feeling does exist among the community members

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 15.
What is Association ?
Answer:
When few individuals come together to form an association to achieve their objectives, it is known as association.

Question 1.
Society.
Answer:
The meaning of society is not by the aggregate of people but is by the web of relationships which exist among the people and with which people are connected with each other. When relations are formed by the people, society is formed.

Question 2.
Definition of Society.
Answer:
According to Morris Ginsberg, “Society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behaviour which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them in behaviour.”

Question 3.
Two features of Society.
Answer:
(i) Society is based on relations. Society cannot be formed without the relations among the people.
(ii) Society also depends upon similarities and differences. Society cannot exist in their absence.

Question 4.
Abstractness.
Answer:
Society is abstract because it is a web of social relationships which we cannot see or touch. We can only feel them. Because we cannot touch them, that’s why society is abstract in nature.

Question 5.
Importance of language in society.
Answer:
Language is of great importance in the society because it is the best method to express our views and ideals. In the absence of language, we cannot establish relations with any one and then society cannot be established.

Question 6.
Community.
Answer:
When few individuals live in a group, in a particular geographical area, in an organised manner and spend whole of their lives without any particular motive, it is known as Community. We-feeling always exists in society.

Question 7.
Literal meaning of Community.
Answer:
Community is an English word. It is made up of two Latin words ‘Com’ whose meaning is to live collectively and ‘Munus’ which means making. So its meaning is to make collective living.

Question 8.
Meaning of Association.
Answer:
Association is based on particular motive and co-operation. When few individuals, for a particular objective, co-operate with each other and form an organisation, this, organised organisation is known as association.

Question 9.
Definition of Association.
Answer:
According to Gillin and Gillin, “An association is a group of individuals united for a specific purpose and held together by recognized or sanctioned modes or procedure and behaviour.”

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Two definitions of Society.
Answer:
(i) According to Maclver, “Society is the system of usages and procedure of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions of controls of human behaviour and of liberties. This everchanging complex system is called society. It is the web of social relationships.”
(ii) According to Giddings, “Society is the union itself, the organization is the sum of formal relations in which individuals are bound together.”

Question 2.
Characteristics of Society.
Answer:

1. Society is based on relationships.
2. Society depends on likeness and differences.
3. Humans of a Society are interdependent.
4. Society is abstract because it is the web of social relationships.
5. Most important feature of society is that it has the population.
6. Cooperation and struggle are must for society.

Question 3.
Relationship between Individual and Society.
Answer:
Greak philosopher Aristotle once said that man is a social animal. It means that the man lives in society and he is nothing without society. Until or unless he does not spend his life with other people, he remains at the lowest level of civilisation. Man needs to live a long life and for this, he is required to depend upon each other to fulfill his needs.

He needs to depend upon others for almost all of his needs ; like protection, food, education, other services etc. He alone cannot do any thing. With this, his existence is nothing without the society. They both are complimentary to each other and they are nothing without each other.

Question 4.
What is Community ?
Answer:
In simple words when some people are living jointly for a particular purpose then that is called a community. It is a concrete concept. Community is not established with conscious efforts. It also not takes birth but it develops and it develops automatically. When people are living in an area and are doing social processes then community develops automatically.

Community has its own geographical area where members are fulfilling their needs themselves. Members of a community fulfil their every type of need because members have mutual exchange. When people cooperate with each other to fulfil their needs then we-feeling comes in them.

Question 5.
Characteristics of Community
Answer:

1. Every community has we-feeling.
2. Members of the community have role feeling among them.
3. Members of the community depend upon each other to fulfil their needs.
4. Community is permanent and its members are not temporary but are permanent.
5. Members of the community spend their life in community.
6. Every community has its own geographical area in which it lives.
7. Community doesn’t have any specific motive. It comes out spontaneously.

Question 6.
Association.
Answer:
Association is based on cooperation. When some people are cooperating with each other for a specific purpose and make an organization then this organization is known as Association. Association has a definite purpose and anyone can leave it after the attainment of his objective.

Question 7.
Characteristics of Association.
Answer:

1. Association is a group of people.
2. Association is formed for the fulfilment of a specific aim and is established with a lot of thpughts.
3. Association takes birth and destroys.
4. Membership of an association is based on the wish of the person.
5. Membership of an association is formal.
6. Every association selects some of its office bearers. .
7. Every association has some definite rules.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define Society. Give its characteristics.
Answer:
Definitions of society given by different sociologists .are given below :

1. According to Maclver, “Society is the system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions of controls of human behaviour and of liberties. This ever-changing complex system we call society. It is the web of social relationships.”

2. According to Giddings, “Society is the union itself, the organization is the sum of formal’ relations in which individuals are bound together.”

3. According to Talcot Parsons, “Society may be defined as total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow out of action in terms of means and relationship intrinsic or symbolic.”

4. According to Cooley, “Scfciety is the complex of forms or processes each of which
is living and growing by interaction with the others, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part affects all the rest.”

5. According to Green, “A society is a larger group to which any individual belongs.”

6. According to Reuter, “An abstract term that connotes the complex of interrelations that exist between and among the people.”

After looking at these given definitions we can say that these definitions are of two types.
The first type is of functional definitions and the second type is of structural definitions. From functional aspect we can define society as a web of groups in which people have complimentary relations, which help the people to do their functions of life and will help the people to fulfil their wishes by living with them. From structural aspect society is a social culture of customs, habits, institutions, wishes etc.

In this way society has been defined from functional and structural aspect that it has been made by mutual relationships of humans and with that it is a system or web, not only the collection of people.

1. Society is based on relationships. According to Maclver and Page, “Society is the web of social relationships.” It means that society is based on social relationships. Why the word Web’ is used here ? Because thousands of relationships exist in society. Just in one family more than 15 types of relations exist. From this we can imagine that how many types of relations are there in society.

Society is not just a collection of humans. For the formation of society some type of relations should be there. But here one” thing should be kept in mind that these relations should be complimentary. If these relations are not complimentary then society cannot be made. Social relations exist in every type of society and among all humans because the relations of humans Are based on mutual consciousness.

2. Society depends upon likeness and differences. Society depends both upon likeness and differences. Without them society cannot exist. Yet they both are opposite to each other but they cannot live without each other. Sometimes uniformity comes in society and sometimes differences come in -society and that’s why they are complimentary to each other.

Social relations can be established if there will be some type of uniformity in them because without this they cannot attract each other and society cannot be formed. Except this differences are also necessary.

3. Interdependence. For the,existence of society interdependence is a necessary element. It is necessary for humans to keep relations with other persons to fulfil their needs because it is not possible for every person to do all of his works. He has to depend upon others. The way in which man grows his dependence upon others also increases and his needs also start to increase. In this way interdependence is a necessary element of. society.

4. Society is abstract. Society is abstract because it is the web of relationships. We neither can see these relations and nor can touch them. We can only feel them. Because 4ve cannot touch them and that’s why they don’t have any concrete form. That’s ,why they are abstract. Because relations are abstract, that’s why the society made by relations is also abstract.

5. Population. The most important element of the society is humans. Without humans society cannot be made. If humans will not be there then who will establish relations and how society will be formed. Without the existence of humans, the existence of society is impossible. That’s why population is a necessary factor.

For population many things are required like availability of enough food, protection of population from every type of problem and the continuation of population and society because if the population will not continue then one day will come when everyone will come to an end. In this way without population, the existence of society is impossible.

6. Cooperation and conflict are a must for society. The way in which likes and differences are necessary for the existence of society, in that same way cooperation and conflict are also necessary for the existence of society. Cooperation is a necessary element for the formation of society. Humans live in society and they depend upon each other.

This interdependence is there only if there will be some cooperation among them. For the upbringing of a child many hands play an important role and it depends upon cooperation. Family runs if husband and wife cooperate with each other. In this way in every part of society cooperation is required. In the same way conflict is also necessary. To live man has to struggle with many forces and has to struggle in life.

Question 2.
What do you mean by association ? Explain it with definitions and characteristics.
Answer:
Man is a social animal and as a social animal he has some basic needs. Man does a lots of efforts to fulfil his basic needs. He does three types of efforts.

1. First effort is that he should fulfil his needs alone and without any one’s help. But in today’s modem age it is impossible to live alone and to fulfil all the needs alone.

2. Second way is that he should fulfil his needs by snatching things from others. But it is not possible to fulfil Ms needs by snatching things from the others because this way is non-social and while living in human society he cannot adopt this type of method.

3. The third and the best method is that man should fulfil his needs while living in the society by cooperating with others because this is the base of life. Association is also based on this co-operation. When some people cooperate with each other for a specific purpose and make an organization then this organized organization is known as association.

Association has a definite purpose and any one can leave it after the attainment of his objective. Natural and the social needs of man force him to five in society. Like animals, humans do not have just physical needs but they have other important social needs also which must be fulfilled. In this way when different persons of a society cooperate with each other to fulfil their needs then an association is formed.

Here one thing should be kept in mind that man can leave tMs association after the attainment of his objectives.

Definitions:
1. According to Bogardus, “An Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purpose.”

2. According to Ginsberg, “An association is a group of social beings related to one another by the fact that they possess or have instituted in common an organization with a view of securing a specific end or specific ends.”

3. According to Gillin and Gillin, “An association is a group of individuals united for a specific purpose and held together by recognised or sanctioned modes or procedure and behaviour.”

From the given definitions it is clear that Association has three main bases:

1. Association is a group of people.
2. This organization is based on cooperation.
3. It fulfil? some of-our needs.

In this way association cannot fulfil all of our needs. In short when people cooperate with each other in an organized and thoughtful way for the attainment of any particular aim then an association is formed.

Characteristics of Association:
1. Association is a group of people. Association is established bysome persons because of which it is known as a group. In this way association is concrete because humans are concrete.

2. Thoughtful establishment. Association does not take place spontaneously like community. It is formed for the fulfilment of any specific aim and is established with a lot of thoughts.

3. Definite aim. Association has a definite aim. Association does not fulfil all the needs of our social life but it fulfils some of our needs and it protects the interests of its members.

4. Association takes birth and comes to an end. Nature of association is temporary because it is established for the attainment of some of our specific aims and after the attainment of those aims, need of association also comes to an end. That’s why it takes .birth and comes to an end.

5. Membership is based on wish. Association is a willful organization. Any one can become member of any association according to his wish and he can leave it at anytime. It is so because when man feels that association is useful for him then he takes its membership and when he feels that his hims are attained then he leaves

6. Formal membership. The membership of an association is formal. Whenever any person wants then he can take its membership and whenever he wants he can leave it but for this he has to resign from its membership. He has to give membership fee also.

7. Selection of office bearers. Every association selects some of its officers like a chairman, deputy chairman, secretary, cashier etc. for conducting and performing its functions. All these are selected for a specific period.

8. Every association has some definite rules. Every association makes some rules for doing its functions and every member has to work according to these rules.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 11th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 2 Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who wrote the book ‘Das Capital’?
Answer:
(c) Marx.

Question 2.
Which of these is not directly related with Economics?
(a) Consumption
(b) Religious activities
(c) Production
(d) Distribution.
Answer:
(b) Religious activities.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of Sociology to History?
(a) History uses the material of Sociology
(b) History has included many Sociological concepts in its subject matter
(c) Social History studies sequal development and changes of any institution
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 4.
Whose words are these, “Society is the detailed form of society”?
(a) Maclver
(b) Aristotle
(c) Weber
(d) Durkheim.
Answer:
(b) Aristotle.

Question 5.
Which of these is the biological feature of human society?
(a) Ability to stand
(b) Developed brain
(c) Ability to speak
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 6.
What is the difference between Sociology and Economics ?
(a) Subject matter of Sociology is whole of society but study of Economics is confined to economic activities
(b) Outlook of .Sociology is social and of Economics it is economic
(c) Sociology studies the group but economics studies an individual
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 7.
What name Comte gave to his philosophy ?
(a) Idealism
(b) Positivism
(c) Experimentation
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Positivism.

Question 8.
Which of these branches of Psychology is related with Sociology ?
(a) Social Psychology
(b) Economic Psychology
(c) Structural Psychology
(d) Cultural Science.
Answer:
(a) Social Psychology.

Question 9.
Sociology takes the help of to study historical facts.
(a) Economics
(b) History
(c) Political Science
(d) Anthropology.
Answer:
(b) History.

Question 10.
Which of these methods is used in Psychology ?
(a) Historical Method
(b) Comparative Method
(c) Experimental Method
(d) Structural Method.
Answer:
(c) Experimental Method.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
………….. called Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters.
Answer:
Krober

Question 2.
There are areas of the study of Anthropology.
Answer:
two

Question 3.
………….. is related with the development of man.
Answer:
Anthropology

Question 4.
…………… stresses on the study of human events.
Answer:
History

Question 5.
Society is made up of …………..
Answer:
humans

Question 6.
…………. is related with production, consumption and distribution.
Answer:
Economics

Question 7.
studies the functions of state and government.
Answer:

True/False:

Question 1.
Astronomy is a natural science.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Economics takes the help of sociology to understand social problems.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Aristotle is known as the father of Political Science.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Sciences can be divided into four parts.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Outlook of Political Science is social.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Inductive and deductive methods are used in Economics.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Economics is related with production, consumption and distribution.
Answer:
True

One Word/Line Question Answers:

Question 1.
With what does Anthropology relate ?
Answer:
Anthropology is related with evolution and development of individuals.

Question 2.
Which branch of Anthropology is related with Sociology ?
Answer:
Social and Cultural Anthropology is a branch of Anthropology which is related with Sociology. >

Question 3.
On whose study History gives stress ? .
Answer:
History stresses on the study of human experiences of the past.

Question 4.
What is society made up of ?
Answer:
Society is made up of humans.

Question 5.
Give examples of natural science.
Answer:
Chemistry, Astronomy, Physics, Biology etc.

Question 6.
Why Sociology depends upon History ?
Answer:
Sociology depends upon History to understand modern society.

Question 7.
What type of Science is History ?
Answer:
History is a concrete science.

Question 8.
With what Economics is related ?
Answer:
Economics is related with production, consumption and distribution.

Question 9.
Why does Economics take help of Sociology ?
Answer:
To understand social problems, Economics takes help of Sociology.

Question 10.
Which method is used by History ?
Answer:
History uses descriptive method.

Question 11.
Who is considered as the father of Political Science ?
Answer:
Aristotle is considered as the father of Political Science.

Question 12.
Who wrote the book ‘Arthashastra’ ?
Answer:
Arthashastra was written by Kautilya or Chanakya.

Question 13.
In how many parts can we divide Science ?
Answer:
Science can be divided into two parts-Natural sciences and Social sciences.

Question 14.
Name the branch of Sociology associated with History.
Answer:
Historical Sociology is a branch of Sociology associated with History.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Division of Science.
Answer:
In Science, we try to find new concepts and methods. That’s why we can divide science into two parts and these are :
(i) Natural Sciences
(ii) Social Sciences.

Question 2.
Natural Sciences.
Answer:
Natrual Sciences are the sciences which are related with nature and biological phenomenon about which they try to find new facts, concepts, theories etc., for example, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy etc.

Question 3.
Social Sciences.
Answer:
Social Sciences are the sciences which try to find concepts, facts and theories related with human society. In these scientific study of social life is done; for exmple, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Anthropology etc.

Question 4.
History.
Answer:
History studies the past time of human society. It tries to understand and explain social life on the basis of past time events. It is mainly concerned with life and events of different kings, important years of their lives etc.

Question 5.
Economic Institutions.
Answer:
Economic institutions study economic aspects of humans. They study how the money can be produced, distributed and consumed. In simple words, all the economic activities of human society are studied by “economic institutions.

Question 6.
Political Science.
Answer:
Political Science is related with the political aspect of human s’oeiety. It studies origin of state, its development and features, organisation, system of government, other political institutions, associations, their functions etc.

Question 7.
Literal meaning of Sociology.
Answer:
Word ‘Sociology’ is made up of two words ‘Socio’ and ‘Logos’. Socio is a Latin word which means society and Logos is a Greek word which means science. So, the literal meaning of Sociology is science of society.

Question 8.
Methods used in Sociology and Economics.
Answer:
Economics uses Inductive method and Deductive method but Sociology uses a number of methods such as Observation, Interview, Schedule, Questionnaire, Case study, Sociometry method etc.

Short Answer Type Questions 

Question 1.
Division of Science.
Answer:
In Science we research for theories and methods and on the basis of this we can divide Sciences in two parts :
(а) Natural Sciences
(b) Social Sciences.

Question 2.
Meaning of Natural Sciences.
Answer:
Natural Science is that branch of science which is related with nature and biological phenomenon with which it tries to find the related facts and theories; for example, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy etc.

Question 3.
Meaning of Social Sciences.
Answer:
Social Sciences are those Sciences which find facts and theories related with human society. Scientific study of Social Life is also being studied in this; for example, Economics, Political Science, Anthropology, Sociology etc.

Question 4.
Relation of Sociology with other Social Sciences.
Answer:
All Social Sciences are not only different from each other from the point of view of their subject matter but they are also different from their outlook and point of view. But all the Social Sciences are studying the human society because of which we cannot differentiate one Social Science from another.

For example, Economics is related with economic problems but these economic problems are the one part of Society. That’s why we have to take help of other Sciences to find its solution.

Question 5.
How is Sociology the mixture of Social Sciences ?
Answer:
Sociology is known as the mixture of the other Social Sciences. It depends upon other Sciences for many things and sometimes it depends upon others to solve its problems. Every problem, which exists in Society, cannot be solved by just Sociology. That’s why* we can not differentiate Sociology from other Social Sciences. Sociology alone is unable to find solution of any problem. That’s why taking help of others is known as mixture of Social Sciences.

Question 6.
What is History?
Answer:
History studies the past time of human history. It also studies phenomenon occurred in past and tries to understand ideology of Social Life on the basis of that phenomenon. In this way it analyzes both the situations ‘what was’ ? And ‘How it happened’ ? In this way we can come to know about Social organization, customs, traditions etc. of human history.

Question 7.
Give difference between Sociology and History.
Answer:
These both Social Sciences study same subject matter from different point of views. History studies some specific phenomenon but Sociology finds rules of general phenomenon and explains their inter-relationships. Sociology uses comparative method but History uses descriptive method.

Sociology studies human groups but History gives emphasis on the study of human action. History is related with phenomenon of past but Sociology is related with the Society of present.

Question 8.
Sociology depends upon History. How ?
Answer:
Sociology takes helps of History to understand modern Society because we can get Social facts of ancient Society from History. To use historical method we need the matter of History because of which Sociology depends upon History. Different Social institutions change because they affect each other and to understand this change historical material helps us. Historical Sociology is a branch of Sociology with which we can understand social circumstances.

Question 9.
What is Anthropology ?
Answer:
Anthropology is made up of two Greek words ‘Anthropos’ and ‘Logy’. ‘Anthropos’ means human and the meaning of Logy is Science which means Science of Man. Subject matter of this Science is quite wide. That’s why it has been divided in three parts.

(i) Physical Anthropology. In this human physical features are being studied from which we can come to know about the origin, development and races of man.

(ii) Pre-historic Archaeology. In this branch the early part of human history is being studied about which we don’t have any written proof like by digging of ancient buildings.

(iii) Social and Cultural Anthropology. In this complete human society is being studied. In this every thing of one Society like economic system, political, religion, art etc. is being studied. Social Anthropology studies primitive society.

Question 10.
What is Psychology ?
Answer:
Psychology studies the individual behaviour and it uses Neuro glandular system to understand mental behaviour and processes of humans. In this the related factors of memory, intelligence, attitude, sympathy etc. are studied. Main centre of its study is human. That’s why it studies the behaviour of man.

Question 11.
Give relation between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer:
Actually the social phenomena are related with individual phenomenon and Society cannot be made with humans. We cannot differentiate man and society. Social relations, which exist in society, have been made by humans. Without society man is just like an animal. In this way they both are related with each other.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the relation of Sociology and Anthropology.
Or
How can you say that inspite of different from each other, Sociology and Anthropology are complementary to each other ?
Answer:
The source of origin of Sociology is History but the source of origin of Anthropology is Biology. If we look at the methods, subject matter of these two, then they are different from each other but their relation is very deep. They cannot be separated from each other. They take each other’s help for their existence. To understand both of these, let us study their subject matter so that we can understand their relation.

Sociology is the study of modern society. Sociology studies social relationships, social institutions, social groups and their inter-relations. With that Sociology also studies different parts of culture and many types of institutions of society.

The word Anthropology has been made by two Greek words ‘Anthropos’ whose meaning is human and ‘Logia’ whose meaning is science. So its literal meaning is science of humans. Anthropology is the science of man’.

Anthropology studies the origin and development of man from physical, cultural and social point of view. Scope of Anthropology is very wide.

That’s why it has been divided in three parts :
1. Physical Anthropology:
This part of Anthropology studies the physical features of man with which humans came into being and developed.

2. Pre-Historical Archaeology:
This part of Anthropology finds that part of history about which no written evidence is available. Digging up of old buildings, skeletons, ancient things come under this. With these physical proofs a light is thrown on the origin, development and the culture of man. In this way it tries to find human culture during ancient times.

3. Social and Cultural Anthropology:
It studies completely the human society. It studies everything of a society like economic, political, family system, religion, art, beliefs etc. It analytically does comparative study of contemporary structures, institutions and behaviour. Kroeber called these both as Twin Sisters. According to Malbet, “Sociology and Social Anthropology in their broadest sense are one and the same.”

According to Kluckhon, ’’The sociological attitude has tended towards the practical and present, the Anthropology towards pure understanding and the past.” According to Redfield, “Viewing the whole united states, one sees that the social relations between Sociology and Anthropology are closer than those between Anthropology and Political Science.”

The branch Of Anthropology, the Social Anthropology is very closely related with Sociology. Sociology studies social relationships, their forms, institutions, groups and processes and Anthropology studies ancient society, ancient human’s origin, development and culture.

From this given description it is clear that Anthropolgy studies the ancient societies. The meaning of ancient society is those groups which live in smaller geogrpahical area, less in numbers and who have less contacts with outer world and which use simple technique.

Contribution of Anthropology to Sociology. Sociology takes a lot of help from the study of Anthropology. Physical Anthropology, which studies groups and races, is used by sociologists to understand various institutions and systems. Exept this Sociologists have tried to understand social stratification on racial basis.

Except this Anthropology also tells us that institutions, system and organization of ancient society were very simple which helps Sociology to understand modern society. Anthropology has given material of origin of relation to Sociology.

In this \yay Sociology shows very keen interest in ancient society which is the subject matter of Anthropology. Sociology has borrowed some concepts of cultural area, cultural trait, cultural complexity, cultural lag etc.

from Anthropology and they are very useful for sociological study. That’s why a new branch Cultural Sociology has been developed. According to Samuel Koening,“Our present forms of social life, our customs, or ways of living have their roots in the past that one can best explain them by tracing them back to their sources.”

Contribution of Sociology to Anthropology. It’s not that only Sociology takes help from Anthropology, but Anthropology also takes help from Sociology. It is necessary for Anthropology to understand social interactions and relationships for the origin and development of culture which come in the area of Sociology. No society is without any culture and its origin depends upon interactions and relations.

One more contribution of Sociology to Anthropology is that the Anthropology has made many hypotheses on the basis of knowledge of modern societies to understand ancient societies which have given a lot of help to Anthropology to understand its subject matter. Anthropology has included some of the concepts and methods of Sociology in its own subject matter. Anthropology has studied the cultural and social facts which produce social solidarity.

Difference between Sociology and Anthropology :
1. There is a difference of subject matter between Sociology and Anthropology. Sociology studies social relations, organizations, social system etc. but Anthropology studies the entire society. It means that it studies every aspect of society like religious, political, economic, cultural etc. That’s why it is also known as science of social heritage because it takes care of culture.

2. Anthropology studies those cultures which are small, and static. But Sociology studies those cultures which are large in size and changeable in nature. On this base we can see that Anthropology grows very fast and is known as better than Sociology.

3. Anthropology and Sociology are different sciences. Anthropology studies man and his culture of ancient times. But Sociology studies same subject matter in modern system. In this way Sociology goes even in future but Anthropology keeps itself upto the limits of past.

4. The methods used by Sociology and Anthropology are also different. Anthropology uses participant observation and inductive method and Sociology uses survey, schedule, questionnaire, statistics methods.

5. Sociology is related with social relationship and Anthropology is related with the whole society. In this way there is a difference of scope between both of these.

Question 2.
Explain the relation between Sociology and Economics.
Or
Explain the relation between Sociology and Economics with their differences.
Answer:
Sociology and Economics are both interrelated and as well as different from each other. That’s why to know their relation and difference first of all it is necessary for us to understand the meanings of Sociology and Economics. In simple words, whatever economic activities are being done by a person, are being studied by economics.

Economics tells us that how a person can fulfil his unending demands or wishes with limited resources. Economic demands of a person are fulfilled by money.

That’s why the study of human behaviour related to production, distribution and consumption of money is being done by Economics. In this explanation, much emphasis is given to money but modern economists give more importance to humans instead of money. According to Dr. Marshall, “Economics is the study of activities of simple business of human life.”

In this way Economics studies money on one side and on the other side it also studies humans which are more important. Economics tries to find that how a person earns the money and how he spends that money. At another place Dr. Marshall has written that, “ Economics on one side is a study of wealth and on the other and more important side a part of the study of man.”

Sociology studies human institutions, relations, groups, traditions, folkways, values, mutual relations, system of relations, ideology and results and changes which come in them. Sociology studies the society which is the web of social relationships. Every economic activity of the the person is the result of interactions of humans.

With this, social relations and social system are also affected by economic activities. That is why to know about Social system, we should know about economic institutions and to know about economic activities we should know about social interactions. After looking at the meanings of Sociology and Economics we come to conclusion that both the sciences are related with society and its humans.

Sociology studies the social aspect of society and Economics studies the economic aspect of society. Person is related with both social and economic activities while living in society. Economist is related with economic conditions of a person and Sociologist is related with social conditions of that same person. According to Karl Marx, “Economic factors are responsible for change in society.”

Contribution of Sociology to Economics. Now we will see that how economists need the help of sociologists. Economics tells a person how to fulfill his unending wishes with limited means. Economist can help a person, if he knows about the social conditions of a person and to know about this he needs the help of a Sociologist.

For example, the problem of poverty. This problem is an economic problem. But the reasons behind the occurrence of this problem are social. Until or unless an economist is able to understand the social conditions, he cannot help us in solving that problem.

It means that our society is surrounded by many ideals which forced the person not to do any work like when caste system was prevailing in Indian society then every person used to adopt his hereditary occupation.

If he vas going against this rule, he was generally thrown out of the caste. In this way, we can see that the ties of caste system have been loosened but still persons of higher castes are feeling shy of doing any work. Another is that even today women are not allowed to come out of the house to work in interiors of India.

So after looking at the problem if any economist thinks that by giving money to poor people, this problem can be solved then it will be incorrect. We have to bring change in social conditions to eradicate poverty. We have to make new social ideals by eradicating old social ideals. So, from this given description it is clear that Economist cannot do anything without the help of Sociologists.

It means that they neither can bring social progress nor they can solve their problems. In this way we can say that economists depend upon sociologists for the study of their subject matter. So, we can say that every economic activity of a person is the result of social interactions. That’s why every economic activity can be understood by keeping it in social context. So, if we want to do economic progress of society or we want to make economic planning then we need to take care of social aspect of that society.

That’s why Economics depends upon Sociology. Contribution of Economics to Sociology. Sociology also takes a lot of help from economics. All the aspects of the society are affected by economic activities in modern society. Many famous sociologists like Max Weber, Karl Marx, Durkheim and Sorokin had studied the social sector after studying the economic sector.

Whenever any change came in society due to economic factors then our society was also affected by this. Whenever sociologist wants to study this why social relations of our society are breaking or why humans are adopting individualistic approach then he always studies the economic activities of that society.

After that he feels that the way in which the need of money in society is increasing, in that same way people are trying to get things which give them more facilities. With this the outlook of society also becomes capitalistic. Every person has to work hard to live in society.

That’s why joint families are disintegrating and person becomes individualistic. Except this Sociology also has to take help of Economics to study many social problems; for example, the problem of Drug addiction. . Because of this problem our young generation is weakening day by day.

The main reason of this problem is economic because the way in which people are earning more money with illegal means (smuggling), in that same way they are misusing that money. So, the problem of drug addiction is weakening our society. We have to check those illegal means of earning, to solve this problem so that the other related problems of dowry, drug abuse, gambling etc. can be eradicated. So, Sociology depends upon economics to solve these problems.

In modern times many new economic classes are coming forward like labourer class, capitalist class, consumer class, producer class etc. That’s why to understand the relation of these classes it is necessary for Sociology to understand the economic relations of these classes. To understand their economic relations Sociology needs the help of Economics.

Difference between Sociology and Economics. Sociology and Economics are very much related with each other and they both use each other’s rules and results. But still they are different from each other in many ways.

Their differences are given below :
1. Difference of Scope:
The Scope of Sociology-and Economics is different from each other. Sociology gives a clear picture of different sectors of society. That’s why the scope of Sociology is wide. But Economics is confined only to the study of economic sector of society. That’s why its scope is limited.

2. General and Specific:
Sociology is a general science because it studies every type of social phenomenon which are not related with one aspect of society but are related with the whole society. But Economics is a special science because it is confined only to the economic activities of society.

3. Different point of view:
Sociology is .related to understanding the social activities which exist in society and it studies the social problems. That’s why its point of view is social. On the other side, Economics is related with materialistic happiness of a person like how to earn more money, its distribution and consumption. That’s why its point of view is economic.

4. Difference in unit of study:
Unit of Sociology is group. It studies the behaviour of a person living in group. But on the other side Economics is related with study of economic aspect of a person. That’s why its unit is one person or human being.

5. Difference in methods:
Sociology and Economics both use different methods:
to study their subject matter because the subject matter of both is different. Sociology uses historical method, comparative method, sociometry method. Economics uses inductive method and deductive method.

Question 3.
Discuss the relations of Sociology and Psychology.
Or
What is the relation of Sociology and Psychology ? Explain it with differences.
Answer:
Sociology and Psychology both are deeply inter-related. They both study the behaviour of man. According to Cretch and Cretchfield, “Social Psychology is the science of behaviour of the man in the society.” In short, Sociology studies the social relations and Psychology studies mental relationships. Now we will see literal meaning of Social Psychology.

Social Psychology studies individual behaviour. It means that whatever effect of society is exerted on mental part, Psychology studies that effect. To understand individual behaviour it is not necessary to see its social circumstances but it is necessary to see Neuro Glandular system. Mind, Reflection, Learning, Love, Hatred, Emotions and these are mental processes which are actually studied by Social Psychology. Sociology studies, scientifically, these social processes.

Both these sciences are very much inter-related. According to Maclver, “Sociology in special gives aid tp Psychology just as Psychology gives special aid to Sociology.” According to Allport, “Social Psychology is the study of the behaviour of the individuals in their reactions with other individuals and the behaviour through which individuals stimulate one another in such situations.”

From this given description we can say that the base of scientific study of social phenomenon is Psychology and we can observe it directly. So, in this way they both are inter-related and that’s why a new branch of Psychology called ‘Social Psychology’ came into being. Contribution of Psychology to Sociology. In Sociology we study social relationships.

To understand social relationships, we need to understand human behaviour because the mental and physical needs of a man affect its relations with other human. Psychology studies these mental processes, thoughts, ideas of mind minutely.

To understand behaviour of man and society, Sociology needs the help of Psychology, For this a branch of Psychology, Social Psychology is very helpful which studies experiences, behaviour and personality of humans in the social context.

Sociologists are also of the view that psychological bases are very important to understand the changes of society. In this way we can say that to understand society we need to understand behaviour of man which is the work of Psychology.

Contribution of Sociology to Psychology. Psychology also depends on Sociology to understand human behaviour because behaviour of man is influenced by culture of society and Sociology gives knowledge of that culture.

Man is a social animal. Humans are more dependent upon parents and society than animal. While living in society and with the process of socialization, a number of qualities develop within individuals.

There are certain laws to live in society. Humans can learn these laws by living in society and these laws change with the passage of time and generations. Every culture develops a personality and this personality is the result of cultural experiences of childhood age.

To understand Political Science studies the origin and development of state, organization of state, administrative system of government and functions related with institution. It studies the groups and institutions related with political life of a person. Political Science studies the political life of a person and the related institutions.

It also studies the origin and development of state, characteristics, organization of state, government and its administrative system and the institutions related to state. In this way Political Science studies only political relations. On the other hand Sociology studies social relations, different forms of relations, groups, customs, norms, structures, institutions and their inter relations, mores, traditions, etc.

Political Science studies the politics means state and government and on the other side Sociology studies the main agencies of social control i.e. political institutions. These both sciences study the whole society. Sociology looks at the state as political institution and Political Science looks it in the form of law and organization of state.

On the basis of given description we can say that Political Science is related with study of the institutions which exist in state, government and its organization but Sociology is related with study of institutions of state. But the scope of Political Science is a part of whole society which is being studied by the Sociology. In this way both these are interdependent.

The Contribution of Sociology to Political Science. Political Science considers a person as a political person but it never tells us that how and when he becomes political. For this Political Science takes help of Sociology.

If Political Science takes help of the rules of Sociology then it can make studies related to a person very easy and correct. When Political Science is making its policies then it has to keep in mind the social values, and social ideals.

While making laws, political science has to keep in mind the social conditions of society. Our social customs, traditions, values, culture etc. are made to control the members of society and to run the society in an organized way. But when these are accepted by government then they become laws; for example, we can see that different countries have different customs. Status of women was very low in India. People tried to change this custom.

When some leaders tried to uplift the status of women with some movements, many laws were made to uplift the status of women. It was so because social sanctions were there behind these movements. Actually we cannot overlook the social traditions and customs while making laws for society. Sometimes public movements come into being due to laws made by government.

When government tries to overlook the customs made by society then the society moves toward the situation of social disorganization which can create obstacles in the way of social progress. Political Science depends upon Sociology to know about social conditions or customs. We can solve many problems of society with the help of laws.

So from the given description it is clear that Political Science needs a lot of help from Sociology to study its subject matter. It helps in social progress, development and maintenance of organization. But it doesn’t mean that only Sociology gives help to Political Science. Infact Political Science also gives help to Sociology.

Contribution of Political Science to Sociology. If Sociology gives something to Political Science then it also takes a lot from Political Science. Sociology also depends upon Political Science and it takes its help. We cannot imagine any society without controls, which come from Political Science in the form of law. Sociology has one branch known as Political Sociology.

If we look carefully then we will come to know that Sociology gets real social life from Political Science. Progress of society, organization, institutions, processes, traditions, culture, social relations depends upon this element. If we discuss the ancient society, when Political Science was not started in its complete form, then the life of a person was very simple and the simple life was controlled by informal means of control.

Slowly and slowly with the development of society, it started to feel the need of laws to control the people. For example when caste system was in its full swing in India then many castes were in very good conditions and they were running the society in their own way. But people of lower castes were living in the hell like circumstances. They were tired of these rules. The main reason of origin of caste system was to maintain social balance.

When Political Science strengthened its roots then it started to control the people with the help of laws. Customs of social evils, which were a type of burden on people, were removed or eradicated with the help of laws. Because every one was equal in front of law that’s why people started to respect those laws. Except this it was not possible for society to eradicate those social evils. In that case Political Science came forward for its help.

On the basis of given description we can say that problem is whether social or political, we need help of both the sciences. Sociology and Political Science both study society from different point of views but still their problems are related with society and that’s why they both are inter-dependent.

Difference between Sociology and Political Science:
1. General and Special:
Sociology is a general science and Political Science is a special science. Sociology is related to the study of every aspect of every person of the society. All the social processes, customs, social control etc. come in this. It means that Sociology studies all those phenomenon which are related with every type of human activities.

It studies the whole society and that’s why it is a general science. But on the other hand Political Science studies the political aspect of human life. It means that it studies all those activities which get legality and security from humans, government or state. That’s why it is a special science.

2. Positive and Idealistic:
Sociology is a positive science and Political Science is an idealistic science because it is related with the form of state. Socially sanctioned rules are accepted in this. But Sociology with complete independence means it studies with objectivity.

3. Difference of Scope:
Sociology and Political Science both are quite different from each other from the point of view of their subject matter. Sociology studies the mutual relations of social, religious, historical, psychological, economic institutions and tells us about individual life. But Political Science tells us about the individual life by studying only state and its different parts.

It is related only with state and state’s government but Sociology is related with the relations which exist in every type of social institutions. That’s why its subject matter is wide. Sociology is related with unconscious processes but Political Science is related with the conscious activities of a person. That’s why it is related only with organized communities.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 8 Polity, Religion, Economy and Education Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 8 Polity, Religion, Economy and Education

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Polity, Religion, Economy and Education Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
What do you mean by power?
Answer:
Power is the ability of individuals or groups to carry out their will even when opposed by others.

Question 2.
Name the three types of authority given by Max Weber.
Answer:
Traditional authority, Legal authority and Charismatic authority.

Question 3.
What do you mean by economy ?
Answer:
According to Sociologists, “Economy is human activities which are associated with food or property.”

Question 4.
Mention any two elements of state.
Answer:
Population, geographical area, sovereignty and government.

Question 5.
Who gave the theory of animism ?
Answer:
The theory of animism was given by E.B. Tylor.

Question 6.
Who made a ‘distinction between sacred and profane things ?
Answer:
Emile Durkheim made a distinction between sacred and profane things.

Question 7.
Who discussed the idea of naturism ?
Answer:
The idea of naturism was given by Max Muller.

Question 8.
Who calls religion ‘a belief in supernatural being’ ?
Answer:
E.B. Tylor called religion ‘a belief in supernatural being’.

Question 9.
Give the names of two Semitic religions.
Answer:
Islam and Christianity are the two Semitic religions in India.

Question 10.
What do you understand by sect ?
Answer:
Sect is a religious group which is having some specific rituals.

Question 11.
Give the meaning of cult.
Answer:
Cult is a religious organisation originated from the views and ideology of an individual leader.

Question 12.
Name the two major classes in the capitalist society as given by Karl Marx.
Answer:
Capitalist class and Labour class.

Question 13.
What is formal education ?
Answer:
The education which we get in school, college, university is known as formal education.

Question 14.
Define informal education.
Answer:
The education we get from our family, our daily experiences, our friends etc. is known as informal education.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What is stateless society ?
Answer:
The societies where there is no institution called state are known as stateless societies. These are simple and ancient societies. These have very less population and people have direct relations. That’s why, to control individual behaviour, there is no need of a formal organisation called state. Council of elders is enough to do so.

Question 2.
Discuss charismatic authority.
Answer:
When a person is influenced by the other in a way that he can do any thing for him, the authority enjoyed by the other is charismatic authority. Many a time people are influenced by the personality of an individual. Religious leaders, political leaders enjoy such authority.

Question 3.
What is legal-rational authority ?
Answer:
The authority given according to some rules and regulations is known as legal rational authority. Government enjoys legal authority. The President, Prime Minister, different officers have such authority which they enjoy according to the rules given in the constitution.

Question 4.
Write down two merits of Panchayati Raj System.
Answer:
(i) Panchayati Raj System is implemented at local level and common people get a chance to participate in the govt.
(ii) In this system, local problems are solved at local level and the work is done very quickly.

Question 5.
What do you mean by animism and naturism ?
Answer:
(i) Animism : This theory was given by Tylor and according to him, religion originated from the idea of spirit. It means that people believe in spirits and consequently religion originated.

(ii) Naturism : According to this theory, humans in ancient times were afraid of natural phenomona such as thunder, rain, fire etc. That’s why they started worshipping nature and thus religion originated.

Question 6.
What is an interest group ?
Answer:
An interest group is a group formed by people of a particular group who work only for the interests of their people. They never care about the interests of other people while achieving their interests. For example, trade union, labour union, FICCI etc. .

Question 7.
Write a short note on sacred and profane.
Answer:
Durkheim gave a description of sacred and profane things associated with religion. He says that sacred things are those which are considered above all and seen with great respect. These are not general and are away .from our daily functions. But there are few things which we confront and use on daily basis. These are known as profane.

Question 8.
WTrite a short note on totemism.
Answer:
In totemism, any tribe starts to associate itself with any object especially any animal, tree, plant, stone or anything. They give respect to it and worship it. They consider their origin from that thing. That thing is known as totem.

Question 9.
What is a ‘pastoral economy ?
Answer:
It is a type of economy in which people depend upon domestic animals to earn their livelihood. They are known as pastorals. They rear sheep, goat, cow, camel and horse. Such societies live in the plains with lot of grass or in mountains. They change their habitat with the change in climate.

Question 10.
How does agrarian economy differ from industrial economy ?
Answer:
In agrarian economy, main occupation of the people is agriculture and they live on this. These societies have less population and informal relations. In industrial economy, people are engaged in industries to earn their livelihood. These societies have more population and formal relations among
them.

Question 11.
What is Jajmani system ?
Answer:
This is a system of exchange in which lower castes provide their service to upper castes and they get renumeration for their service. One who gets service is known as Jajman and one who gives is known as Kameen.

Question 12.
Discuss capitalist society.
Answer:
Western societies are known as capitalist societies where money is earned by investing in industries. Means of production are in the hands of factory owners and they employ labourers to produce things. Major elements of Capitalism are – labourers, means of production, industries, relations between mechanics and owners etc.

Question 13.
What is socialist society ?
Answer:
This concept was given by Karl Marx which says that whole of the economy is in the hands of labourers. Labourers will start revolution against capitalist and will throw away his authority. Then they will establish classless society. Every one will be equal in front of law and they will get according to their needs.

Question 14.
Give example of privatisation of education.
Answer:
In present age, thousands of private schools have opened up in every town, city and metropoliton eity. Private colleges and universities have also opened up. These are the examples of privatisation of education.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Discuss the views of Emile Durkheim on religion.
Answer:
According to Durkheim, “ A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral comnjunity, called a church, also those who adhere to them.” It means that religion is a collective or social phenomenon which is found as a result of beliefs and practices. On this basis, the people of a group get organised. He divided religious things into sacred and profane.

Question 2.
In what way does religion play an important role in society ?
Answer:
Religion plays an important role in giving stability to society and maintaining social organisation. One religion has millions of followers with common beliefs. Such common beliefs, values and ways of behaviour form a sense of unity atleast in that religion and consequently they unite with each other. This unity helps in strengthening social organization. Each religion tells its followers to give alms, to show sympathy and cooperate with others. It also strengthens society. In this way religion plays a very important role in society.

Question 3.
What is an educational institution ? Write down the educational policies adopted by the government.
Answer:
An educational institution gives necessary knowledge to an individual and makes him a responsible citizen. The educational policies adopted by the government are as follows :

1. According to article 45 of the constitution, free and compulsory education will be given to the children upto the age of 14 years.
2. In 1960, the Kothari Commission laid emphasis on universal enrolment and retention.
3. In 1986, a national education policy was adopted with emphasis on vocational education and equal educational opportunities for deprived groups.
4. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 1986 and 1992 laid emphasis on providing useful and relevant educational for all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.
5. Right of children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act (2010) states that every child in the age group of 6-14 years will be provided 8 years of elementary education in age appropriate classroom, in the vicinity of the child’s neighbourhood.

Question 4.
Write the functions of education in brief.
Answer:

1. Education helps in the intellectual development of an individual.
2. Education connects an individual with the society.
3. It helps in maintaining balance in society.
4. Education helps in transmitting culture from one generation to another.
5. It helps in developing individual ability.
6. It develops moral values among children.
7. It also helps in doing socialisation of an individual.

Question 5.
Write a short note on types of authority by Max Weber.
Answer:
Max Weber gave three types of authority – traditional, legal and charismatic. Traditional authority is that which is traditionally going on and no one raises question mark against it. Father’s authority is of this type of authority in the house. Legal authority is that which one gets according to certain rules and laws. Government is having such authority. Charismatic authority is that which one gets due to his charismatic personality and his followers accept his orders without any cry. Religious leaders, Political leaders enjoy such authority.

Question 6.
Differentiate a state society from a stateless society.
Answer:
1. Stateless society:
The society which lacks the institution of state is known as stateless society. These are simple and ancient societies. They have less population and people have direct relation among them. That’s why, to control individual behaviour, there is no need of state or government. It is controlled by council of elders.

2. State society:
Modern societies are state societies where authority is in the hands of state which is obtained from the people. Max Weber says that state is a community of people which uses authority in a geographical area with the help of physical force.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
What is meant by political institutions ? Discuss in detail.
Answer:
Our society is quite large and the political system is one of its parts. Political system defines those human roles which help in regulating society. Polity and society are closely related. To control social humans, political institutions are required and these are-power, authority, state, government, Legislature, Executive, Judiciary etc.

These political institutions keep formal control on society and the means to keep this control are government, police, army, courts at etc. So, political institutions are the means which help in maintaining social order. Political institutions are mainly associated with the distribution of power. Among all the political institutions, few are quite important and these are :

1. Power:
Power is the ability of an individual or a group to force their will on others even when they are opposed. It means that those who have power, they enjoy it at the cost of others. The quantity of power is limited in society. Those who have more power, they use it on those who have less or no power and influence them. Elders of the family, General Manager of a company, Government, Ministers etc. enjoy such power.

2. Authority:
Power is used with the help of authority. It is a form of power which is just and legal. It is institutional and based on legitimacy. Those who have authority, force their will on others as it is considered legitimate. It is implemented not only on humans but on groups and institutions as well. For example, in dictatorship, authority is in the hands of one person, group or party but in democracy, it is in the hands of elected representatives of the people.

3. State:
State is the most important political institution. It is a group of people having a definite geographical area, have population, government and sovereignty. State is a part of society. It affects all the aspects of life but it cannot take the place of society. State is an agency which controls social associations. State influences all the aspects of society and plays a very important role in maintaining balance between them.

4. Government:
Government is an agency of state which has the authority to control the people. It helps in maintaining peace in society. Government has legal sanction because it is elected under certain rules and .has the majority in legislature. Government is an agency to achieve the aims of state. There are three organs of government – Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
(i) Legislature : It is a part of government whose function is to make laws for the country. Parliament of the country is known as Legislature.

(ii) Executive : It is another organ of government which implements the laws made by legislature. The President, Prime Minister and other ministers are the part of executive.

(iii) Judiciary : It is the third organ of government which uses the laws made by legislature and implemented by the executive. Our Courts, Judges are the part of Judiciary.

So, different political institutions contribute in running our country in a smooth way. These institutions do their work without interfering in each other’s matters.

Question 2.
Write a note on Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
There are two ways of development of the local areas in our country. Local governments are there for the development of urban areas and panchayati raj institutions are there for the development of rural areas. Institutions of local government are based upon the concept of division of labour because functions here are divided in government and local groups. 70% of the population in our country lives in rural areas. The institution of local government which administers the rural areas is known as Panchayat.

Panchayati Raj expresses only the institutional structure of rural area. When the British Empire was established in our country, the entire country was under the control of landlords and Zamindars. In 1935, Indian government passed a law which has given the complete sovereignty to states and the panchayati laws were given a new form. In Punjab, one Panchayat Act was passed in 1939 whose aim was to give some powers to the democratically elected institutions with which they could be able to work at a unit of local administration.

On 2nd October, 1961 the three tier structure of Panchayati Raj was applied in the whole country. 73rd constitutional amendment was made in 1992 in which powers were decentralized upto the local level. With this the panchayati raj institutions were given many financial and other types of powers.

Many changes have taken place in Indian rural community during last 65 years. Most of the powers of Indian panchayats were taken away by Britishers. They wanted to run these panchayats according to their own way because of which they applied a new and common legal system in all the villages. Today’s panchayats are the results of the laws made after the independence.

Organization of Village Panchayats. There are two types of panchayats in the village. First type of panchayats which are elected according to the laws made by government and are formal in nature. 2nd type of panchayats are informal and they are known as caste panchayats. They don’t have any legal status but they plays a very important role in keeping social control.

Three types of organization of panchayats exists in our country and these are :

(1) Gram Sabha
(2) Gram Panchayat
(3) Nyaya Panchayat.

1. Gram Sabha.r All the adult persons of total population, of the village, are the members pf Gram Sabha and it is the complete unit of the whole population of the village. This is the basic unit on which the whole structure of our democracy rests. Gram Sabha can be made in that village whose population is more then 250.

If the population of one village is less than 250 then two villages can jointly make the Gram Sabha. Every adult of the village is the member of Gram Sabha, who has the right to vote. There is one chairman and some members of every Gram Sabha. It is elected for 5 years. ,

Functions of Gram Sabha. Gram Sabha approves the annual budget and the functions to be done for the development of the village and helps in applying these function. It also helps in doing the functions of social welfare, programmes of adult education and of family welfare. It also plays an important role in keeping unity in the village.

Village Panchayat or Gram Panchayat. Every Gram Sabha elects one Gram Panchayat from its area. In this way the Gram Sabha is an executive institution which elects members for the Gram Panchayat. It has one Sarpanch and 5-13 panches. There are certain places in Panchayats which are reserved for backward classes and females. It is generally elected for 5 years but state government can dissolve them even before 5 years if it will try to misuse its powers.

If any Gram Sabha is dissolved before completion of its term then all of its position will also comes to an end. Village is generally divided in different parts to elect Panchs and Gram Panchayats. Then the Panches and Sarpanch are elected by the members of Gram Sabha.

One third of the total seats in Gram Panchayat are reserved for women and the seats are also reserved for backward classes according to the ratio of their population in that area. Any governmental official and mentally ill person cannot be elected for panchayat. Gram Panchayat works for the sanitation, recreation, development of industries and means of communication. It also solves the problems of the village. Functions of Panchayats.

Gram Panchayat performs many functions for the village which are given below :
(1) The first important function of Gram Panchayat is to raise the economic and social standard of life of the people. There are many social evils in villages. Panchayat motivates the people to remove those evils and tries to change their traditional point of view.

(2) For the allround development of any area, it is necessary that illiteracy should be eradicated from that area and it is the main reason of backwardness of Indian Society. Indian villages are also backward due to this reason. Panchayat tries to open schools in village and motivates the people to send their children in the school. It also arranges the adult education centre to teach the adults of the village.

(3) Panchayat of the village also works for the welfare of the women and children of the village. It also arranges for giving education to females. The function of arrangement of good food and recreational facilities is also of Panchayat.

(4) There are no means of recreation in rural areas. That’s why Panchayat also arranges to provide recreational means in the village. Panchayat arranges for films, organizing fairs and to’opening up of library in the village.

(5) Increase in production is necessary in the agriculture based country. Panchayat tells the people about new techniques of agriculture, arranges for the new seeds and developed fertilizers for them so that their agricultural production could.be increased.

(6) It is very much necessary to establish small scale industries in villages for its allround development. That’s why Panchayat tries to establish small scale industries in villages with the help of governmental help. It helps in economic progress of the village and people get employment in their villages.

(7) Means of irrigation are of great importance in good production of agriculture. Gram Panchayat arranges the wells and tubewells in Gram Panchayat. It also arranges for river water so that the people could be able to irrigate their fields.

(8) Generally people are fighting in villages. Panchayat tries to solve their problems in village. Panchayat Samiti. Panchayats coming in one block are the members of the Panchayat Samiti and Sarpanchs of these Panchayats are the members of Panchayat Samiti.

Members of Panchayat Samiti are also elected. Panchayat Samiti takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which are coming in its area. It checks the developmental functions of the village and directs the Panchayat for the welfare of the village. It is the second level of Panchayati Raj.

Zila Parishad. The highest level of Panchayati Raj is Zila Parishad which takes care of the functions of the Panchayats which are coming in the district. It is an executive institution. Chairman’s of Panchayat Samiti, elected members, members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and Legislative Assemblies are the members of Zila Parishad.

All these take care of the developmental functions done in the villages of the district. Zila Parishad does many functions such as the improvement of agriculture, improvement of land, irrigation, rural electrification, arrangement of seeds and fertilizers, education, industries etc.

Question 3.
In what way do interest groups act as pressure groups ?
Answer:
During the last few decades, a new concept of division of labour has come forward. In this concept, different people are employed in different professions and as a result, many professional groups have emerged. All these professional groups have their personal interests and they continually work to achieve them. So, the groups which care about the interests of their people and continualy work to achieve their aims are known as interest groups.

In present democratic societies, they always try to change political decisions according to their interests. If need arises, they pledge their support to the political parties and through them, try to influence official decisions. Almost all the interest groups have an objective to achieve higher status in the national politics.

That’s why they pressurise the govt to make policies in their favour. When they start to pressurise the govt, they take the form of pressure group. Pressure groups are organised or unorganised groups who influence govt, policies and promote their interests.

The ways in which they try to influence politices are given below :

1. These pressure groups start a movement on a particular issue to gain public support. They take the help of mass media to draw attention of the people.
2. They generally opt. for strikes, processions and create hurdles in government functioning. They declare strikes to raise their voice. Most of the labour unions opt. for this method to get “their demands met.
3. Most of the trade groups create a loby, with few common motives, to pressurise the govt to change its policies.
4. Each pressure .group or interest group is associated with some political party.
   They support these parties during elections to get their demands met after winning elections and forming the government.

Question 4.
Define Religion. Describe its features.
Answer:
The most difficult function for sociologists is to give that definition which should be accepted by every one and all sections of the society. It’s reason is that the nature of religion is very complex and different Sociologists have different views about it.

It is so because different sociologists are related with different countries and different cultures. There are many religions in the world and because of this diversity, they all are unable to reach on any consensus about the definition of religion. But still different Sociologists have given different definitions of religion which are as follows –

• According to Frazer, “Religion is belief in powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and of human life.”
• According to Maclver, “Religion as we understand the term implies a relationship not merely between man and man but also between man and some higher power.”
• According to Durkheim, “Religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things is to say things set apart and forbidden.”
• According to Malinowski, “Religion is a mode of action as well as system of belief and an ecological, phenomenons as well as personal experience.”

Therefore, from these definitions it is clear that the base of religion is the belief in super- natural power and this power is believed as superior and powerful to man.

It keeps control over all the elements of life which are important for man. Its one base is emotional. There are many methods and rituals to keep this power happy. It is clear that the acceptance of religion is beyond social because religion is explained by supernatural forces. Religion is used very widely in society. According to sociologists, religion represents the habits and emotional experiences of man. Religion came into being because of the feelings of fear and the respect of humans towards many things.

According to Tylor, religion was developed because of belief of ancient humans in the spirits of ancestors. According to this belief, spirit lives at any place, in any thing or animal after the death. It can affect human life. To keep these spirits happy, man started to worship these spirits and from here the origin of religion starts.

Features of Religion:
1. Belief in Supernatural Power. Religion is the complexity of thoughts, feelings and methods which express its belief in super regulates powers. This power is universal and all powerful. It is believed that this power regulates human action. In this way the first characteristics of religion is the belief in supernatural power.

The basis of this super-natural power are different but this power definitely exists in all religions. If any one doesn’t have faith in this power than he doesn’t have faith in religion and because of, this, existence of that person comes to an end. This power is powerful and better than human power. This power is believed to be beyond the range of human brain about which man says that he is afraid of this power.

2. Rituals. Religious rituals are the actions determined by religion. They are sacred in themselves and are the symbols of sacredness. For example according to Hindu religion, there are many fasts and pilgrimages which are religious rituals. Religious rituals bind together the followers of one religion and differentiate them from the followers of another religion.

3. Religious Acts. Another important feature*of religion is that it has different religious acts and actions. With the help of these religious acts man always tries to keep happy to supernatural powers and he expresses his belief in these supernatural powers by doing those acts. These acts are of two kinds. First one are those actions for which special religious knowledge is necessary.

This function has been done by religious priests in every religion. Second are simple religious acts like prayer and going for pilgrimage which even a layman can do very easily. But in every religion one belief prevails that man can keep natural powers happy by completing religious functions.

4. Religious Symbols. In every religion certain symbols are used to see these super natural powers. Like in Hindu religion portraits and sculptures are worshipped. In every religion some stories are there related to this supernatural powers. People believe that by believing these supernatural stories they can keep happy that almighty.

5. Religious Hierarchy. All the followers of any religion don’t have equal status in religious group. In every religion, a system of hierarchy exists. People who sit at high posts, are generally those who are experts in doing religious acts like priests. At second place those persons come who have full faith in religious representatives and concepts. At the end those persons come who cannot be called as sacred and who do those impure functions given by religion. They are restricted in almost all the religions.

6. Religious books. Every religion has one important feature and that is the religious books related to those religions. In every religion, some religious persons are there who write religious books and every religion has some religious stories whose description is generally given in those books. Like in Hindu religion Mahabharta, Ramayana, Bhagwat Gita, Four Vedas, Manu Smriti etc. are there. In the same way ‘Quran’ of Islam, ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ of Sikhs and ‘Bible’ of Christianity are the religious books.

Question 5.
In what way is religion useful and harmful for the society ?
Answer:
1. To give stability to social organization. Religion plays an important role in providing stability to the society and maintaining social organization. Millions of people are there in one religion who have common beliefs. These common beliefs, values and ways of behaviour forms a sense of unity atleast in that religion with which unity comes in that group.

In this way this unity helps in strengthening social organization. Every religion tells its people to give alms, to show sympathy and to cooperate with others because of which stability comes in society. In this way religion saves its people from instability and gives stability to society.

2. Religion gives, definite form to Social Life. Religion is the collection of customs and mores. These customs and mores are parts of the culture also. In this way balance is maintained between social atmosphere and culture. Because of this balance social life gets definite form. Because of religion people respect customs, mores etc. and others also maintain this balance. In this way because of this balance social life moves in a proper way and all this is because of religion.

3. To organise Family Life. Marriage in different religions is done according to different religious traditions. Because of religious traditions religion becomes permanent and its life and organization strengthens. Every religion defines the duties and rights of different members. It tells the parents ahd children that what are their duties towards each other.

Every one, while living in family, obeys and fulfils the duties towards each other and cooperates with each other to run the family. It helps in maintaining balance between members of the family. All the functions of the family are determined by religion. ‘

4. To remove mutual differences. There are many religions in this world. They do not ask their followers to fight with the followers of another religion. Instead they ask to live with each other with love and peace and they ask their followers to remove their mutual differences. Removal of differences will increase unity in the society. That’s why all the religions and the leaders have tried to uplift the lower castes. Gandhiji had tried all his life to uplift scheduled castes and untouchables.

5. To keep Social Control. Religion is one of the important means of social control. Religion has the sanction of the society behind it. Religion affects the people forcefully even without their wish and the person feels that religion is putting a great effect on him.

Religion controls and directs its followers in such a way that the person has to obey the teachings of religion. Religion is the belief in the supernatural power and people never try to work against the wishes of that supernatural power because they are afraid of it. In this way the behaviour and ways of action are controlled by religion.

6. Social Welfare. Every religion encourages its members to do works of social welfare. In all the religions of the world giving alms is known as sacred. People are giving help to orphanages, hospitals, schools etc. and helping them by giving them money. People of every religion distribute food, clothes, medicine, money to poor people. They are doing this because their religion asks them to do so. In this way religion encourages the works of social welfare.

Dysfunctions or Demerits of Religion:
1. Religion is an Obstacle in Social Progress. Religion is fundamentalist by nature and change is the law of nature. Changes are often coming in society because of which society can develop from materialistic point of view but not from spiritual point of view. Religion is basically against any change.

Religion is not in the favour of any change. In fact it believes in keeping the situation as it is. Changed circumstances are not according to the religion because of which religion opposes the change. By opposing the change it becomes an obstacle.

2. Man becomes Fatalist. Religion says that whatever is written in man’s fate he will definitely get that. He will neither get more than that nor get less than that. After thinking this thing man stops working and says that if he will get according to fate then what is the advantage of doing work ? Whatever is written in his fate he will get that. In this way man leaves everything to fate. But he forgets that a person makes and change his own fate. If he will not work then what he will make and change. In this way man leaves everything to fate and becomes fatalist.

3. Opposite to National Unity. We can call the religion as opposite to National Unity. Generally every religion asks its followers to, go according to its rules and generally these rules are against other religion. While loving their religion, sometimes people start opposing other religions. This opposition results in religious narrowness and intolerance. This religious intolerance is dangerous for the unity of the country and even sometimes communal violence starts in different religions. In this way sometimes religion works against National Unity.

4. Religion Increases the Social Problems. There are certain custo’ms and rituals in every religion and according to priests and religious persons these customs and rituals are necessary for every person. Religious persons call their followers to go against other religion. Because of religion many problems in our country like child marriage, Sati system, Dowry system, no widow marriage, untouchability, poverty etc. came. Religion is responsible directly or indirectly for these problems. The government has made many laws to solve these problems but still religion is an obstacle in the way of their solution.

5. Religion is ah Obstacle in the Way of Change. Religion is always against change and is an obstacle in the way of change. Different types of inventions and discoveries are coming in the world. Because religion is always fundamentalist and that’s why it is against change. Any change of the society is opposed by religion. For example when a law was made against Sati system then it was opposed by religious persons. In this way religion is always against materialistic changes of the world.

Question 6.
Briefly discuss the characteristics of primitive, pastoral, agrarian and industrial economies.
Answer:
(i) Primitive Economy. Many tribes live in far off places in forests and mountains. Yet most of the tribes have joined the main stream due to means of transport and have also adopted the occupation of agriculture but still many tribes are there who still spend their life as hunters and food gatherers. They collect roots, fruits, honey etc. and even are hunting smaller animals. Some tribes also exchange many things. In this way they fulfil their needs in the absence of agriculture.

Those tribes are known as ancient tribes which fulfil their needs in this way. These people not only kill animals but also collect fruits, roots and honey from the jungles. In this way they fulfil their needs even without the presence of agriculture. We can come to know about their culture after looking at their way of hunting.

These societies lack tools and means because of which they are the shadow of ancient tribes. There is no concept of surplus production in their societies. It is so because they can neither produce any thing surplus nor they can keep the surplus production. They live like wanderers. Tribes of Chenchu, Katkari, Kames, Baija, Khariya, Kuch, Paliyan etc. live this type of life.

(ii) Pastoral Economy. Pastoral economy is one of the important parts of tribal economy. Tribal people rear animals for different purposes like to take milk, meat and wool and to carry weight. Pastoral tribes of India live a static and permanent life and none according to the season. Tribes of mountainous region move towards plains in the winter season and come back to their areas in summer season. The main pastoral tribe of India is the Gujjar tribe of Himachal Pradesh which rears buffaloes, cows and sheep for business purposes.

This custom also prevails in the Toda tribe of Tamilnadu. This tribe rears animals and gets milk from them. Milk is used either to exchange things or it is used to fulfil their own needs. Indian tribes generally live a permanent life. They live at one place, rear animals and get many things from them such as milk, wool, meat etc. They also trade in animals such as sheep, goat etc.

(iii) Agricultural economy. The main occupation of rural society is either agriculture or any of the related work because they are very much closely related with nature. Because they are closely related to nature, that’s why their views towards life are very much different.

Yet many other occupations like carpenter, blacksmith etc. are there in villages but they also make tools related to agriculture. Land is considered as a very important thing in tribal society and people like to live here because their life depends upon the land. Even the economic, system and development of people and villages depend upon agriculture.

(iv) Industrial economy. Urban economy can also be called industrial economy because urban economy depends upon industries. Very large industries are there in cities where thousands of people work with each other. Production is also on large scale due to large scale industries. Owners of these larger industries are different individuals.

Production is done for the market. They produce not only for internal markets of the country but for foreign markets as well. Even in some cases, production is being done only for foreign markets. Owners of these big industries produce things only for their profit and they exploit the labourers as well.

We can find a number of occupations and occupational diversity in urban societies. Family, in earlier times, was the unit of productions. All the functions were being done only in the family. But due to advent of urban areas, thousands of occupations and industries were developed. For example we confine many types of functions in a factory and we need specialised person to do any specific type to work.

Only the skilled person can do that specific work. In this way functions in cities are divided among different people because of which division of labour prevails in urban society. People are specialised in their work and that’s why specialisation is of great importance. In this way division of labour and specialisation are two important aspects of urban economy.

Question 7.
Write a note on division of labour.
Answer:
In 1893 Durkheim published his first book in French language called ‘De La Division du Trovail Social’. Yet it was his first writing but it was a strong base of his popularity. On this book only he got doctorate from Paris University in 1893. In this great book he has fully explained the social division of labour. Durkheim’s this book has been divided in three parts. In every part he has analysed the different aspects of labour.

In the first part of his book ‘Functions of Division of Labour’ he has tried to prove that division of labour is the base of social solidarity. With that from the point of view of scientific study he has explained different forms of Law, Types of solidarity, different forms of human relations, crime, punishment, social evolution and some problems of society. In second part of this book he has given detailed explanation of reasons and results of division of labour. In 3rd part of this book he has given some abnormal forms of division of labour.

1. Functions of Division of Labour. Durkheim accepts every , social fact as moral fact. Any social behaviour lives on the base of moral base. As a functionalist first of all Durkheim has given function of division of labour. According to him, division of labour is a social fact, that’s why he started his book from its functional analysis. First of all fourkheim has given the meaning of function.

He has given two meanings of function :
(а) Meaning of function is from system of movement which means from action.
(b) Second meaning of function is from this action or movement and from interrelation according to its needs which means The need to be fulfilled by action. Here Durkheim is using meaning of function from second point of view. In this way by function of division of labour his meaning is that by which basic of social existence is fulfilled by the process of division of labour. Function is that in the absence o’f which, the basic needs of its units cannot be fulfilled.

Generally it is been said that the function of division of labour is the development of society because it is a truth that with the development of division of labour and specialization, civilization in the societies increases. Because of division of labour the production force increases, material and intellectual aspect develops, leisure increases in general life and knowledge increases. That’s why generally division of labour is known as the source of civilization.

But Durkheim was against that. He said that the development of civilization is not the function of division of labour. According to him, the meaning of source is not the function. Increase in leisure, development of material and mental level comes due to result of division of labour. That’s why it is the result of this process, not the function. Meaning of function is not the result.

In the development of the society three kinds of development are included. Three types are :
(a) Industrial or economic aspect
(b) Intellectual aspect
(c) Scientific aspect.

Durkheim was of the view that all these three aspects of development are without moral facts. So with the development of industrial, intellectual and scientific aspect, crime, suicide and other immoral phenomena also increases in societies. So according to him the function of division of labour is not the development of civilization.

But what is the function of division of labour ? According to him to make new groups and their solidarity or unity are the functions of division of labour. He has tried to find any moral need related with the existence of society as the function of division of labour. According to him with the increase in members of society and their inter-relations, slowly and slowly the process of division of labour also develops.

In this process so many new business and social groups have been made. For the existence of society the unity or solidarity of these groups is must. Without the solidarity of these groups we cannot imagine the balance in social system. So solidarity is the moral need of different groups.

According to him this need of society is fulfilled by division of labour. On one side division of labour makes new social groups and with that it also helps in maintaining unity and collectivity of these groups. So the function of division of labour is to establish unity in society. Division of labour is related with the differences of functions of humans and these differences are the bases of social solidarity.

He has given factual base for this social reality. He was of the view that the important function is not that it increases the production with the divided work but it organises and unites them. So division of labour makes new social groups and produces unity among them.

(A) Law and Solidarity. Durkheim had the view .that the function of division of labour is to produce solidarity in society. Social solidarity is a moral fact. To clarify the social solidarity which came from division of labour classifies the laws. According to the classification of laws he has decided the types of social solidarity. To classify laws he has taken sanctions, related to that law, as base.

He has given two types of laws:
(i) Repressive law. Repressive laws can be called as Public laws.
These ar’e of two types.
(a) Penal law. These are related with giving suffering, causing loss, to kill and to obstract independence. We can call them organised Repressive laws.
(b) Diffused law. Some repressive laws are there which are spread in the whole society or group on the basis of morality. That’s why Durkheim is calling them diffused law. According to Durkheim, Repressive laws are related with criminal functions.

These laws explain the crime and its punishment. These laws also show the basic conditions of collective life of society. Every society has its basic circumstances. So in different societies repressive laws are also different. The power of these repressive laws is based in collective mind and collective mind gets power from equalities.

(ii) Restitutive law. Another type of law is the Restitutive law system. These laws provide balance to the imbalance produced in the human relations. In this group civil laws, business laws, constitutional laws, administrative laws are included. These laws are not related with , the whole society but are related with human. These laws are regulating the balance and imbalance produced in the personal relations of members of society. Restitutive laws are joining individuals and society with some middle institutions.

On the basis of these two types of laws according to Durkheim two types of solidarities can be made. These two types of solidarities are the result of two different types of lifestyles. Repressive laws are related with general nature of man and with equalities. But Restitutive laws are related with differences or with division of labour.

The type of solidarity which comes due to Repressive laws, according to Durkheim, is Mechanical Solidarity and the solidarity which comes due to Restitutive laws is called Organic Solidarity whose base is division of labour.

In this way according to Durkheim there are two types of social solidarities :
1. Mechanical Solidarity. According to Durkheim, Mechanical solidarity can be seen in the repressive laws of society. The bases of this solidarity are the equalities available in the members of the society. The society in which the life of members is full of equalities, where general norms of thoughts, beliefs, functions, lifestyle and ideal are there and the society which thinks, works as a collective unit on the basis of these equalities shows mechanical solidarity.

Its members are united like a machine. In old primitive societies mechanical solidarity was there. He was of the view that even crime helps in binding the people in solidarity. In this way there is existence of one social solidarity which comes out of definite conditions of consciousness which are normal for the members of any society. These can be shown by Repressive laws. These are based on the power of collective consciousness.

2. Organic Solidarity. According to Durkheim, the second type of solidarity is organic solidarity. The power of Repressive laws is in collective consciousness. Collective consciousness gets power from equalities. In primitive societies repressive laws were there because the base of social life were equalities. According to Durkheim, modern societies are influenced by division of labour and specialization in which instead of equalities, inequalities are the base. This difference of group or collective life gives importance to individual consciousness.

In modern societies man is not directly united with group. In these societies there is a lot of importance of mutual relations of humans. That’s why he was of the view that in modern societies instead of Repressive laws, Restitutive laws are important. In the societies which are based on differences humans are dependent upon each other. Every human can specialize in one field and for other works he is dependent upon others.

This inter-dependence of members of group or society and their personal inequalities force them to come closer to each other with the help of which solidarity in society would be established. To this type of solidarity Durkheim gives the name of organic solidarity. This can be seen in restitutive social system.

3. Contractual Solidarity. After analysing the mechanical and organic solidarity Durkheim has also written about one more solidarity which is known as Contractual Solidarity. According to Durkheim, the process of division of labour gives birth to contractual relations. People of a group are getting the services of each other on the basis of mutual contracts and mutually they are cooperating with each other.

It is right that in modern societies people are establishing cooperation and solidarity on the basis of contracts. But the function of division of labour is not to give birth to contractual solidarity. According to him, contractual solidarity is individual fact, but it is regulated by society.

2. Causes and Conditions. The second part of book ‘Division of Labour in Society’ is related with causes, conditions and results and these are given ahead :
Causes of Division of Labour. Durkheim has explained division of labour on Sociological basis. He has found the causes of division of labour in the conditions of social life and in the social needs produced from them. From this point of view, he has

divided the causes of division of labour in two parts :
(a) Primary Causes
(b) Secondary Causes.

(а) Increase in the size and density of Population. According to Durkheim, the increase in size and density of population is the central and primary reason of division of labour. He says that the increase of population has two aspects-increase in size of population and increase in density of population.

These both aspects give birth to division of labour. With the increase in population old primitive societies are disintegrating and new mixed societies are coming into being. Population started to concentrate in few centres. The density of population he has divided in two parts :

(i) Material Density:
From physical point of view concentration of people at one place is material density.

(ii) Moral Density:
Because of Material density relations of the people are increasing with which actions and reactions are increasing. The complexity which came out of increased rq,utual relations and inter-relations, Durkheim is calling dynamic or Moral Density.

(b) Unclarity of Collective Consciousness. In secondary reasons of division of labour he has given first place to unclarity of collective consciousness. In equality based societies, collective consciousness is quite strong because of which members of societies cannot be motivated by individual or personal point of view. Collective feelings are showing them the way.

Durkheim was of the view that division of labour and individual specialization is possible in that condition when instead of collective point of view, individual point of view will develop and when individual consciousness suppresses collective consciousness. So according to him, the development of division of labour will be slow and difficult if collective consciousness is strong and definite. If this collective consciousness will be loose enough then the division of labour vyill move with quite a good speed.

(c) Ancestral reason and division of labour. The second cause of the division of labour according to Durkheim is the decreasing influence of ancestral influence. How much more influence these ancestral qualities can exert on man that much less chances will be there for change. In other words for the development of division of labour it is must that we should not give importance to ancestral qualities. The development of the division of labour is possible only if there will be differences in the nature and behaviour of the people.

The result of classifying people on the base of their ancestral qualities and with binding them with their ancestors is that man has not been able to develop his special qualities and does not change. In this way it is an obstacle in the distribution of division of labour. He was of view that with the passage of time and change these ancestral bindings yvill become so weak that their ancestral qualities will also become weak. So slowly and slowly different qualities of people will develop and then division of labour will also develop.

Question 8.
Define economic institution. Write down the changes taking place in economic system.
Answer:
Every person has some of his basic needs like food, cloth and shelter. Man always does efforts to fulfil his basic needs. Because of these efforts, economic institutions come in front of us. But here one question arises that if economic activities of humans are being studied by Economics then what they are doing in Sociology ? Then its answer is that economic activities affect other aspects and institutions of human life like religion, family, marriage, kinship etc.

These institutions are of great importance in the human life. That’s why, because the economic institutions affect all the other institutions, interest of sociology has also increased to study these economic institutions. If any change comes in economic institutions then change also comes in all the other institutions. That’s why the importance of economic institutions has been increased. Now we will see that what are economic institutions.

Economic institutions are those institutions which arrange for the things for production, distribution and consumption for the people. Economic institutions are of great importance in society. That’s why different forms of society have been divided on the basis of economy or economic institutions like hunting society, agricultural society and industrial society. All the other institutions of society like family, marriage, religion etc. are affected by these economic institutions.

Economic institutions tell a person and to his coming generations that every society has some of its limited means. These institutions tell every person that he has to use those limited means, their production, distribution and consumption and how he has to use these means for every one. In this way it is a system with which people satisfy their needs and find the solutions of their economic problems. In this way the functions of economic institutions are the production, distribution, consumption and selection of exchange.

According to Jones, “The economic selection of Exchange, complex of techniques, ideas and customs relating to the exploitation of the environment for the satisfaction of subsistence needs.” According to Davis, “The basic ideas, norms,»and statuses which govern the allocation of scarce goods in any society whether the primitive or civilized, we call it economic institutions.” .

According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “The activities of man in relation to fo,od and property constitute the economic institutions.”
In this way after looking at these given definitions we can say that the definite and organised forms of actions done by man to fulfil his basic needs are known as economic institutions.

Changes Coming in the Economic Institutions :
Right since the beginning of the 20th Century, many changes have started to come in the economic institutions

which are given below :

• Now production is done on a large scale and for this pupose, a new technique of‘Assembly Line’ has emerged. In this, humans and machines both help in producing a new thing.
• Large machines are used in the production so that it can be done on a large scale.
• Due to the process of globalisation, all the countries have opened up their economic barriers. Almost all the countries have reduced custom duties. That’s why goods made in a particular country are easily available everywhere.
• The process of Liberalisation has also brought many changes in the functioning of economic institutions. After 1991, Indian Government adopted the liberalisation policy which expanded the Indian economy. Many multi-national companies opened up their factories in India which reduced unemployment over here.
• Many computer based industries have opened up in India. B.P.O. Industry, Call centres, Software services etc. have played a very important role in earning foreign exchange for the country. It has connected Indian economy with the other economies. The use of machines in all the industries has been increased to a great extent.

Question 9.
Define education. Differentiate between formal and informal education with examples.
Answer:
Education is the most important mean of socialisation. It is the best method to transmit cultural values to the next generation. Education is of great help in maintaining balance with industrialisation, urbanisation and other processes. Education is not limited only to the bookish knowledge. It gives every type of knowledge to an individual regarding ways of living life.

It also develops many traits among individuals such as love, friendship, discipline etc. According to Durkheim, “Education is the influence exercised by the adult generation upon those who are not yet ready for adult life.”
According to Philips, “Education is the institution whose central point is collection of knowledge.” ‘

So we can say that education is a process which is a mixture of empirical knowledge and conceptual and practical ideas whose major aim is to establish balance between. an individual’s social and natural environment. It plays a very important role in social control.
Mainly education is of two types:
(i) Formal Education
(ii) Informal Education.

(i) Formal Education :
Formal education is the education which we get formally in school, college, university etc. Such education has definite curriculum and teachers teach according to this curriculum. Such education has a clear motive and that is allround development of an individual and to make him a better citizen of society. Such education is given according to a particular objective. It is having three levels- primary, college and university. Each level has a definite organisation which includes teachers, students and other staff.

(ii) Informal Education :
Informal education is the education which one never gets in school, college or university but he gets it from his daily experiences, views of other persons, family, neighbourhood, friends etc. It means that an individual always learns something from his daily life. It does not have a fixed time, fixed curriculum or a definite place. One can get it at any place and from any one. No degree is given for this but one becomes mature with informal education.

Question 10.
Discuss the views of functionalist sociologists on the role of education in society.
Answer:
If we observe the modern society, we come to know that no other factor has greatly contributed in changing society as education has contributed. Education has played a very important role in bringing change in society. With the increase in education, the first changes came in the European society, and later on in the second half of twentieth century, changes came in the Asian society. These changes completely revolutionized whole of society. Modernization in India came due to education. People in the Indian society, started taking education which brought allround development over here.

Change in the status of women, change in the status of lower castes, all this has happened due to education. That’s why for sociologists, education is a very important subject to study so that they could find its impact on society. As a factor of social change, sociologists show great interest in the study of education.

According to them, education changes a human from an animal to a cultural and civilized person. According to the French Sociologist Emile Durkheim, “Education is the influence exercised by the adult generation upon those who are not yet ready for adult life.”

It means that education exerts its impact on the coming generation with which it can prepare itself to live in society. Durkheim says that society can survive when homogeneity exists among members, which is reinforced by education. Only through education, a child learns the basic rules, norms, values, and ways to live in society.

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore also highlighted the functional aspect of education. According to them, social stratification is a process by which able persons are given suitable status in society. This aim is achieved only through education and it ensures that suitable person should get a suitable place.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 7 Marriage, Family and Kinship

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Marriage, Family and Kinship Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
What do you mean by endogamy?
Answer:
Endogamy is a type of marriage in which one needs to marry within a particular group, caste, or sub-caste.

Question 2.
Name the important bases for the emergence of the institution of marriage.
Answer:
Physical need, emotional need, the perpetuation of society, to upbring the children, etc.

Question 3.
What is Monogamy ?
Answer:
Monogamy is a type of marriage in which one male marries with one female.

Question 4.
What is sororate marriage ?
Answer:
In this type of marriage, man, after the death of his wife, marries her sister.

Question 5.
Mention the types of polyandry.
Answer:
It is of two types : fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands are the brothers and non-fraternal polyandry in which all the husbands are not brothers.

Question 6.
State the types of polygyny.
Answer:
It is of two types : Bigamy in which a male has two wives and polygamy in which a male has many wives.

Question 7.
Give few examples of endogamy.
Answer:
Among Muslims, Shias and Sunnis are endogamous groups and among Christians, Roman Catholics and Protestants are also endogamous groups.

Question 8.
Define Marriage.
Answer:
According to Lundberg, “Marriage consists of the rules and regulations, which define the rights, duties and privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.”

Question 9.
Mention two functions of family.
Answer:
(i) Family socialises its children.
(ii) Family gives property to its children.

Question 10.
Write the name of the forms of family on the basis of composition.
Answer:
On the basis of composition, family is of three types-Nuclear family, Joint family and Extended family.

Question 11.
Write the name of the forms of family on the basis of authority.
Answer:
On the basis of authority, there are two types of family-Patriarchal and Matriarchal family.

Question 12.
What is affinal relationship ?
Answer:
Affinal relationship is the relationship which is made after marriage. For example, father-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law etc.

Question 13.
What do you mean by Joint family ?
Answer:
Joint family is the family in which members of two or more generations live under one roof and eat in a common kitchen.

Question 14.
What do you mean by kinship ?
Answer:
In Kinship, all the relations are included which are based on real or imaginative ties and are influenced by society.

Question 15.
Name the degrees of kinship.
Answer:
There are three degrees of kinship-primary, secondary and tertiary.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term institution ?
Answer:
An institution is not a group of people or an organisation. It is a system of norms to achieve few objectives. It is a collection of folkways centred around specific human activities. Institutions are transmitted process with which humans complete their functions.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
What do you mean by institution ? Discuss its characteristics.
Answer:
Meaning of Institution. We use the word ‘institution’ thousands of time in our life. According to a layman, the meaning of an institution is any building. But in sociology the meaning of an institution is not any building or collection of people. Sociologists use the meaning of institution in detail and according to society. According to them, an institution is a system of rules or norms which help people to fulfil their needs. In this way institution is the collection of folkways and mores to fulfil the needs or actions of society.

These are those processes with the help of which man does his work. Institution is that organized system of relations in which values of society are included and which fulfil the needs of society. Their function is to fulfil the needs of human and to fulfil functions and behaviour of an individual. In this web of status and roles, their an distribution is also there.

In this way we can say that an institution is an organisation of methods and rules for fulfilling the needs of individuals. Man has to take membership of many groups to fulfil his needs. In every group lots of efforts have been done to fulfil the needs of its members. After many successful and unsuccessful efforts members of the groups finds the ways of fulfilling their needs and all the members of the society accept these ways. In this Way most of the members of society start to obey those rules.

In this way for the specific conditions, specific ways will be decided and it will be wrong to go against those ways or rules. In this way socially accepted methods to fulfil specific needs of persons are known as an institution.

Definitions :
1. According to Merill and Eldridge, “Social institutions are the social patterns that establish the organized behaviour of human beings in the performance of basic social functions.”

2. According to El wood, “Institutions are habitual ways of living together which have been sanctioned, systematized and established by the authority of the communities.”

3. According to Sutherland, “In sociological parlance, an institution is a set of folkways and mores that centre in the achievement of some human end or purpose.” So from these given definitions it is clear that an institution is developed for the achievement of any specific aim. That’s why this is a group of customs, norms, rules, values etc. Sumner included social structure in institution in his book ‘Folk Ways’. An Institution expresses the ways of individual behaviour to man.

In short, we can say that an institution is the organization of actions which are accepted by society to fulfil its specific heeds. In society many types of different associations are there and every association has its own institution with which it fulfills its needs or achieve its aims.

Features or Characteristics of Institution :
1. It is made up of cultural elements. The organization of all the elements of culture of any society like folkways, mores, norms, values etc is called an institution. According to one sociologist it is the bunch of customs. When the customs, traditions, folkways, mores etc of a society integrate and take the form of a system then it is known as an institution. In this way it is the system of elements of the culture and it fulfills the different needs of humans.

2. They are Permanent. Any institution cannot be useful if it does not fulfil the needs of persons for a very long time. If it doesn’t fulfil the needs of people then it cannot be called as institution but can be called as the association. In this way institution fulfills the needs of the people for a long time.

But it doesn’t mean that an institution never comes to an end. Demand of any institution depends upon the time. Demand of any institution can be increased or decreased and it depends upon age. If any institution is of no use or any institution is unable to fulfil the needs of the persons then slowly and slowly it comes to an end.

3. It has some special motives or objectives. If any institution is formed then it is because it has some kind of specific motive. That institution knows that if it is formed then what is its function. Its function is to fulfil the specific needs of the people. In this way their main, aim is to fulfil the needs of the people but it is also possible that with the passage of time it will stop fulfiling the needs of the people. Then in that case that “institution can be replaced by any other institution.

4. Cultural Equipments. For the fulfilment of the aims of an institution material aspect of culture is used like furniture, building etc. Their form and behaviour is also fixed. In this way if an institution wants to achieve its objectives then it has to take help of material culture. Many aspects of non-material culture like folkways, mores etc already exist in an institution.

5. It is Abstract. An institution is developed with folkways, mores, customs etc. All these are the parts of non-material culture a©d we cannot see these aspects of non-material culture. We can just feel them.

In this,.the aspect of abstractness is included. It cannot be touched and can be felt only. Institution is not an organization of concrete things but is an organization of rules, methods, folkways etc. \yhich is being developed to fulfil human needs.

6. Tradition based. When an institution is formed then it is formed because of rules. Before the formation of an institution, rules are defined and then aims of that institution are clearly defined. The behaviour of the people who take part in this are also defined. If every thing will be defined earlier then no problem comes later on. If these are not defined then every one will try to change them in their own way which is dangerous for the existence of the institution.

Question 2.
Write a note on marriage as a social institution.
Answer:
Marriage is a socially approved relation of male and female which forms a new family. Marriage not only gives sanction to the relationship of male and female but it also gives approval to many other relations. Meaning of marriage is not sex alone. Marriage is the base of family. With the help of marriage, man enters into sexual relations, makes a house, produces children and upbrings them.

Institution of marriage is a universal social institution. It exists in every type of society whether it is modern or ancient. If we want to maintain human society then institution of marriage is necessary. Fulfilment of sexual needs is a biological need and if this need would be fulfilled outside the institution of marriage then the formation of family is almost impossible. Family is necessary to maintain social structure.

Marriage is an institution which gives permission to male and female to live a family life and legally accept the children produced by the relations of male and female. In this way it regulates the sexual relations of male and female.

Morgan has studied ancient societies and comes to know that life of people in ancient society was like of animals. No one was taking responsibility of upbringing of the children. Because of this problem need was aroused of the institution of marriage. That’s why for the maintenance of stability of modern society institution of marriage was accepted.

Definitions of Marriage:
(1) According to Wester Mark, “Marriage is a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognised by the institution of law, and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of parties entering the cyiion and in the case of children born out of it.”

(2) According to Majumdar, “Marriage is socially approved union of male and female, or as a secondary institution by society to sanction the union and mating of male and female, for purpose of (a) establishing a household (b) entering into sex relations (c) procreating and providing care for the offspring.”

(3) According to Lundberg, “Marriage consists of the rules and regulations, which define the rights, duties and privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.”

(4) According to Anderson and Parker, “Marriage is the sanction by society of a double bond between one or more males and one,, or more females established to permit sexual intercourse for the implied purpose of’parenthood.”

On the basis of given definitions we can say that the institution of marriage is a type of institution on which the social structure of society depends. Only after the regulations of sexual relations between male and female, we can take care of upbringing of our children.

If these sexual relations will be without the approval of the society then they would be known as illegal or extra marital relations and the child produced by this relation would be known as illegal child. That’s why marriage not only fulfills the sexual needs but also does many functions for humans, as are necessary for the development of society.

Question 3.
Discuss in detail the different types or forms of marriage.
Answer:
Every society is different from another society in itself and is different from many aspects. Every society has some of its different rules, traditions, institutions etc. and every society has its different institutions for different purposes. These are different because every society has moulded them according to its facilities and needs. In this way the institution of marriage has different types according to the different needs of different societies.

All these types of marriage are given below :

1. Monogamy:
This type of marriage prevails and is very much popular in today’s modern age. In this type of marriage, one male can marry with one female at one time. Relations, in this type of marriage, are more stable, more loveable, deep and are full of sympathy. The upbringing of children can be done? in a proper way in this type of marriage and children get complete love from their parents.

Husband and wife have complete understanding in monogamy because of which there are very less chances of quarrels or creation of problems in them. But this type of marriage has some of its demerits. If wife or husband will fall ill then every work would be halted and they would not be able to give proper attention to their children.

2. Polyandry:
The custom of polyandry prevails in many societies of the world. The meaning of polyandry is the custom of that marriage in which one female marries to many males at a time and that’s why it is known as polyandry.

In this way when one female has more than one husband then it is known as Polyandry. It is of two types :
(i) Fraternal Polyandry
(ii) Non-Fraternal Polyandry.

(i) Fraternal Polyandry. In the custom of fraternal polyandry, all the husbands of a female are brothers among them. This type of marriage prevails in the Khas Tribe in India. Eldest brother is known as the father of the child and rest of the younger brothers are known as her husbands. They establish sexual relations with their wife without the permission of their elder brother. Elder brother is the head of the family and it is his duty to upbring the children in a proper way.

If even after the marriage, any brother of the husbands will be born then he will also become the husband of that wife. If except elder brother, any other younger brother will marry any where else then other brothers are also permitted to make relations with his wife. If that brother will not permit then he can be thrown out of his property right.

(ii) Non-Fraternal Polyandry. In this type of polyandry, all the husbands of a female are not the brothers. In fact, they live at different places. Time is determined for the female that for how much time she will live with any husband. After the expiry of time period she goes to the other husband and this process goes on. If in this type, female will die then all the males are forced to live the life of the widower.

If at the time of pregnancy any husband will gift her the arrow and the bow then he will be considered as the father of the child. All husbands get a chance for that and it is their right. In this way according to this custom, the rule is that if in a definite period, wife is living with any husband then other husbands are not permitted to establish sexual relations with her. .

3. Polygamy:
The custom of polygamy was prevailing in ancient times in India. Kings were keeping many wives and the status of any king was understandable by looking at the number of his wives. So the system of polygamy is that a person can keep many wives. Number of wives depends upon his ability to keep and economic capacity.

In middle ages this system was prevailing in Muslims and even today Muslims are permitted to keep four wives. The sexual need of males and the wish to have big family has encouraged this type of marriage. Many types of psychological problems are arising due to this system. Females are getting lower social status in society due to this type of marriage.

4. Sororate Marriage:
In this type of marriage male is marrying with the sister of his wife. Sororate marriage is of two types—Restricted Sororate marriage and Simultaneous Sororate marriage. In Restricted Sororate marriage man marries his sister-in-law after the death of his wife. In Simultaneous Sororate marriage man accepts or considers all the younger sisters of his wife as his wives. First type of this marriage is more prevailing as compared to second type. With this the problem of breaking up of families never arises and upbringing of children will be possible in an efficient way.

5. Levirate Marriage:
In this type of marriage, wife marries the younger brother of her husband after the death of her husband. With this type of marriage, property of the family can be secured and family is prevented from breaking. Upbringing of children can be done in an efficient way. Another reason of this type of marriage is that after marriage there is no need to give back the value of the bride.

6. Love Marriage:
We can see a number of love marriages in our day to day life and this type of marriage prevails in modern societies. Boy and girl both are studying in college or are working in any office and at first sight they start to love each other. They start to meet each other very frequently. They meet each other in cinema, parks etc.

They promise each other to live and die with each other and try to show their true love. Society tries to prevent them to be married and tries to obstruct their way but they remain fixed to their decision. Even if their parents are not permitting them to get married then they go to court and become married. In this way love marriage takes place.

7. Endogamy:
According to the rules of Endogamy, a man has to marry in his own caste. Castes are divided into sub-castes and he has to marry in his sub-caste. In the times of caste system this rule was strictly applied. If any one was trying to break this rule then he was thrown out of the caste. So every person had to marry in his sub-caste in endogamy.

It is so because it maintains the purity of blood, it protects the occupation of caste, it fosters the sense of unity within the group, it preserves the property of the caste, it keeps the women happier also because it is easy for them to maintain balance in their own culture. But on the other side it encourages casteism, it limits the sphere of mate selection, it is a danger to national unity and it hinders the social progress also.

8. Exogamy:
The meaning of exogamy is to establish marital relations out of its clan, village and totem. All the persons of one clan, village and totem are considered as the sisters and brothers of each other. According to Wester mark, the main reason behind this type of marriage was to prevent close relatives to establish sexual relations with each other. This marriage is a symbol of progressiveness. It increases the contacts between different groups. This type of marriage is considered as right from biological point of view.

One of the biggest disadvantages of this type of marriage is that the husband and wife have to face many problems in understanding each other’s view because they belong to different groups. Mutual love and co-operation also increase in different groups due to this marriage. It also helps in strengthening national unity.

9. Anulom Marriage:
Anulom marriage is a type of Hindu marriage according to which the males of higher castes can marry the girls of lower castes. For example, one Brahmin boy can marry with the girl of Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra castes. The main reason behind this type of marriage is that the people of lower castes consider it respectful to marry their daughter in the higher castes. It is so because it gives higher position to them in society.

10. Pratilom Marriage:
In this type of marriage males of lower castes marry the females of higher castes. Manu was strictly opposed to this type of marriage. According to Manu, the children produced from this type of marriage should be considered as untouchables or ‘chandals’. Manu says that the children produced by Brahmin girl and Shudra boy are chandals. That’s why this type of marriage is seen with the hatredness. Children from this type of marriage cannot adopt the name of any family.

Question 4.
Define marriage. Write the rules of mate selection in detail.
Answer:
Definitions of Marriage:
(1) According to Wester Mark, “Marriage is a relation of one or more men to one or more women which is recognised by the institution of law, and involves certain rights and duties both in the case of parties entering the cyiion and in the case of children born out of it.”

(2) According to Majumdar, “Marriage is socially approved union of male and female, or as a secondary institution by society to sanction the union and mating of male and female, for purpose of (a) establishing a household (b) entering into sex relations (c) procreating and providing care for the offspring.”

(3) According to Lundberg, “Marriage consists of the rules and regulations, which define the rights, duties and privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other.”

(4) According to Anderson and Parker, “Marriage is the sanction by society of a double bond between one or more males and one,, or more females established to permit sexual intercourse for the implied purpose of’parenthood.”

On the basis of given definitions we can say that the institution of marriage is a type of institution on which the social structure of society depends. Only after the regulations of sexual relations between male and female, we can take care of upbringing of our children.

If these sexual relations will be without the approval of the society then they would be known as illegal or extra marital relations and the child produced by this relation would be known as illegal child. That’s why marriage not only fulfills the sexual needs but also does many functions for humans, as are necessary for the development of society.

Rules of Mate Selection:
In every society rules of selection of mate are there which tell the persons that with which boy or girl he/she can marry and with whom he/she cannot marry. These rules are given ahead :

1. Endogamy
2. Exogamy
3. Hypergamy
4. Hypogamy

1. Endogamy:
According to the rules of Endogamy man has to marry within his own caste. Caste was again divided into sub-castes. In this way man had to marry in sub-caste. In the times of caste system this rule was strictly applied. If any one was trying to break or was breaking this rule then the caste was throwing him out of caste and they were breaking or severing all types of relations with it.

According to religious books society was divided into four castes. These castes were again divided into sub-castes. Every person has to marry in his own sub-caste. In this form of marriage many changes have come due to the passage of time.

There are different forms of endogamy available in India and these are :

1. Tribal Endogamy
2. Caste Endogamy
3. Class Endogamy
4. Sub-caste Endogamy
5. Racial Endogamy.

According to the rule of tribal endogamy the man has the permission to marry only in his tribe. In the same way man should marry in his caste, class, sub-class, race etc.

2. Exogamy. Institution of marriage is one of the important social institutions. Any society cannot give permission to any couple to live as husband and wife-without marriage. That’s why every society has made some rules to establish marriage system in society. The most important function is the selection of the mate. Exogamy is also one of the rules of mate selection.

In many societies the marital relations are forbidden between the persons who are related with each other by blood. According to Sumner, “Endogamy is conservative while exogamy is progressive.” In this way in exogamy marriage is prohibited within the group. Children of same parents are also forbidden to marry.

Among Muslims, marriage between the relatives of parents is permitted. In the Roman Catholic Church of England marriage with the sister-in-law, after the death of the wife, or Sororate marriage was not allowed. In Australia, boy can marry with the wife of his father if she is not his mother.

According to the rule of Exogamy, man is not permitted to marry within his caste, clan, Spraver, Spinda etc. Some of its types are given below :

1. Gotra Exogamy.
2. Spraver Exogamy.
3. Spinda Exogamy.
4. Village Exogamy.
5. Totem Exogamy.

3. Hypergamy and Hypogamy. In ancient Indian Society two forms of inter caste marriages existed (1) Hypergamy and (2) Hypogamy. Hypergamy marriage is that law in which girl can marry either in the same or equal caste or with the boy of higher caste. In other words when a boy of higher caste marries a girl of lower caste then it is known as Hypergamy. In this type of marriage Brahmin girl, can only marry Brahmin boy. Kshatriya girl can marry either to Kshatriya boy or Brahmin boy.

Vaishya girl can marry with Vaishya boy or Kshatriya boy or Brahmin boy. Except this Brahmin boy can marry with the girl of any caste. Kshatriya boy can marry the girl of any caste except Brahmin girl. Vaishya boy can marry with the girl of any caste except Brahmin and Kshatriya girl. When t

he problems were started with the rule of endogamy then this rule of marriage of hypergamy was encouraged. According to Risley, “Aryan women were less in number. That’s why to remove this problem they were accepting the girls of Indian origin and when this problem was removed then this type of marriages came to an end.”

Second type of marriage in this category is Hypogamy. This rule is totally opposite to the rule of Hypergamy. According to this rule boy of a lower caste marries to the girl of higher caste. Like girl of the Brahmin caste would marry with the boy of Kshatriya caste or boy of Kshatriya caste marries the girl of Brahmin caste. According to Radha Krishnan, “In the rule of hypogamy boy of lower caste used to marry with the girl of higher caste. The children produced by this type of marriage were not kept in any caste and they were known as chandal.”

So this type of marriage was restricted in caste system. Only on some special condition this type of marriage was allowed. In the end we can say that now both types of inter-caste marriages are developing in Indian society. In today’s society people are free to do inter-caste marriage. Now people feel that the clutches of caste system have been finished but still we are living in the caste system.

Question 5.
What is family ? What are the basic features of family ?
Answer:
If we study human society we observe that the first group in human society was family. In ancient times division of labour was based on the family. We will not find any society in which the institution of family does not exist. This institution exists from ancient societies till modern societies and it will remain forever yet many other institutions came into being and came to an end. But the institution of family is standing there as it is.

Yet in present developed societies, the importance of family has been reduced because most of the functions have been taken by many other institutions but still even today most of the human actions are centred around family. Psychologists have proved that character of a child will be made in the way in which he gets the family and he functions according to that in his future life. The main reason behind the social disorganization and many other problems is the disintegration of the family.

Family is an important group for social structure. The word family has been taken from the word ‘Famulous’ which is a Roman word that means servant. According to Roman Law, the meaning of this word is by that group in which all those servants, slaves or owners are included which are based on blood relations or marital relations. It is that type of group in which the satisfaction of sexual needs of males and females

are sanctioned by the society. After the upbringing of the child, one becomes the citizen of the society. In simple words the meaning of family is the group of husband, wife and their children. But from sociological point of view its meaning is not only a collection of people but is by the system of their mutual relationship and its main objectives are to produce children, their up-bringing, their socialization and satisfaction of sexual instincts.

Different sociologists have given different views about the family and some of these definitions are given below –
(1) According to Maclver, “Family is a group defined by sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.”

(2) According to G.P. Murdock, “The family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually co-habitating adults.”

(3) According to H.M. Johnson, “Family is a group of two or more individuals related by blood, marriage or adoption and residing together, all such persons are considered as members of one family.”

(4) According to Elliot and Merrill, “Family is the biological social unit which consists of husband, wife and children.” Many differences are there in the definitions given by different sociologists but on one thing their views are same that the family is a group in which the sexual relationships of male and female are accepted by society and it is a universal group.

About its meaning in the end we can say that family is a biological unit which is related as an institution for sexual relationships. Its members are personally related with each other with the process of reproduction. In short, we can say that mother, father and their children are included in the family and if is developed in every society.

Characteristics of Family:
1. Family is a universal group. Family is a social group. It is also known as the first institution in human history because it exists in every society and in all times. Every member of society is definitely a member of any family. It is so because wherever we take birth, we are related with those members of the group. Except this, man can fulfil his basic needs by living only in society.

2. Emotional base. Family is the base of the human society which is based on basic instincts of human like to produce children, relations of husband and wife, maintenance of descent, protection of property and emotions are also included in this. Feelings of cooperation, love, sympathy also are developed in this which is necessary for progress and development of the society.

3. Formative Influence. Family is an important unit in social structure. Family exerts a formative influence on the development of the personality of the child. Family is an institution in which child gets knowledge about social behaviour. All round development of the man is possible only in family. Whatever child observes in family, tries to learn and imitate that thing as quickly as possible.

4. Small in size. Size of family is limited because only those persons are included in family who either have taken birth in family or who have a marital relation. In ancient times when society was based on agriculture then joint families were there in which father-mother, grandfather-grandmother, uncle, aunt etc.

lived collectively. With the development of society, females started to move out of family for the job. Then nuclear family came into being in which only parents and their unmarried children are included. The meaning of small size is that membership of the person in the family is based on birth and blood relatives are also included in this.

5. Central position in the social structure. Our society is based on family and different associations are formed only from family. That’s why it has central position in society. In earlier societies social organization was based upon family. Social progress was also based upon this. Yet most of the functions of family have been taken by other institutions but still a number of functions are there which only family can do for society. No other institution can do that work. ’

6. Sexual relations. In family, male establishes sexual relations with female because society gives sanction to the formation of family only after marriage. In earlier societies there was no rule regarding sexual relation and there was no real form of family and society was moving towards disintegration.

Question 6.
Discuss in detail the different types of family.
Answer:
This world is too big and many types of societies exist in this world. Every society has some of‘its distinct geographical, social and cultural features. These features are different in different societies and that’s .why different types of families exist in different types of societies. It is so because every society has its different ideals, beliefs, culture etc.

For example in India we can see many types of societies like Patriarchal or Matriarchal. In this way family also has many forms. All these forms can be divided on the basis of numbers, on the basis of marriage, on the basis of authority, on the basis of nomenclature, on the basis of place of residence etc. Now we’ll see them one by one.

1. Types of Family on the basis of Marriage. It is of two types :
(i) Monogamous Family. In this type of family, one male marries one female and the family on this type of base is known as Monogamous family. In modern age, this type of family is known as correct type of family.
(ii) Polygamous Family. When one male marries more than one female or one female marries more than one male then this type of family is known as polygamous family.

It is further of two types:
(а) Polyandrous Family. When one female marries with more than one male then it is known as polyandrous marriage. The main feature of this type of family is that one female has many husbands. It is again of two types. First type is Fraternal polyandrous family in which all the husbands are brothers. Second type is non- fraternal polyandrous family in which all the husbands are not the brothers.

(b) Polygamous Family. When a male marries more than one female then it is known as polygamous family. In this type of family, one male has many wives. For example, a Muslim is permitted to keep four wives. Hindu kings, in ancient times, kept many wives. But according to Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, Hindus are not permitted to keep more than one wife. Many tribes in India are still there who have this type of family like Nagas, Gonds etc.

2. Family on the basis of Numbers. Family on the basis of numbers is of three types :
(i) Nuclear Family. Nuclear family is a very small family in which husband, wife and their unmarried children are living. Other relations are not included in nuclear family. This type of family exists in today’s modem societies because people are doing jobs in cities. Children make their own nuclear family after their marriage.

(ii) Joint Family. There are many members in this type of family. Grandfather- grandmother, elder uncle-aunt, younger uncle-aunt, brothers, sisters are included in this type of family. Generally this type of family exists in villages.

(iii) Extended Family. This type of family is generally made only after and with the help of joint family. The advanced stage of joint family is known as extended family. In this all the brothers, their married children and even their grand children are also living. This type of family is not possible in modem societies. This type of family was possible in earlier time when the whole family was engaged in same occupation but today it is not possible.

3. Family on the basis of Nomenclature.

It is further of four types :
(i) Patrilineal Family. In Patrilineal family descent is of the father which generally exists in today’s life. It means that the son gets nomenclature of the father and the nomenclature of the father is of great importance.

(ii) Matrilineal Family. This type of family runs on the name of the mother. It
means that the child gets nomenclature of the mother. This type of family exists in many tribes of India. «

(iii) Bilinear Family. In this type of family descents of both mother and father
are going side by side. It means that the child gets the nomenclature of both the mother and the father. . ”

(iv) Non-Unilinear Family. In this type of family, nomenclature is determined on the basis of nearest relative. It is known as non-unilinear family.

4. Family on the basis of types of relatives. This type of family is of two types :
(i) Consanguine Family. In this type of family, blood relations are at highest place and there are no sexual relations in it. Husband and wife are also there in this type of family but they are not the base of this family. Membership of this type of family can be attained only on the basis of birth. This type of family never comes to an end even after divorce and it is permanent.

(ii) Conjugal Family. Husband-wife and their unmarried children are here in this type of family. In this husband-wife and their relatives are included. This type of family can be broken after the death of either husband or wife or both.

5. Family on the basis of Residence. This type of family is of three types :
(i) Patrilocal Family. In this type of family, bride leaves her father’s house and
goes to the house of her husband to live and establish the family. We can see this type of family very often. – ”

(ii) Matrilocal Family. This type of family is definitely opposite to Patrilocal family in which girl never leaves her father’s house after marriage but lives there only. In this, her husband leaves his father’s house and goes to the house of his wife to live. It is known as Matrilocal family. We can find this type of family in Garo and Khasi tribes.

(iii) Neolocal Family. This type of family is different from other two types. Husband and wife are not living at their father’s house but are making a new house after their marriage and that is why it is known as Neolocal family. We can find this type of family in today’s modern age.

6. Family on the basis of Authority. This type of family is of two types :
(i) Patriarchal Family. In this type of family whole power is in the hands of males. Head of the family is male. Descent also depends upon the father. After marriage wife goes to the husband’s house and property is distributed among the boys of the family. Eldest son of the family gets most respect. His respect in the home is equal to the respect of the father.

In every type of necessary family matters, male’s interference is necessary. It we look at the ancient Hindu society then according to the Vedic descriptions male was just like a God for the female. Eldest son gets all the rights of the family after the death of his father.

(ii) Matriarchal Family. In this type of family, female is dominant in the family, whole ownership of the property of family is in the hands of the female. Females of the family have the right over the property. After marriage husband goes to the house of wife to live. Function of the Brahmin was being done by females. Property was divided among the females of the family. Descent was also moved from females.

Question 7.
Highlight the changes that have taken place in the institution of family in contemporary period.
Answer:
1. Changes brought by the Government. When marriage got sanction of society in the form of an institution then many changes were brought in it. Many laws were passed related to marriage out of which Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 was the most important. According to this law, Polygamy was now restricted and Monogamy was accepted by the society and was ’accepted as an ideal marriage. Problem of child marriage also came to an end and it was written that if any one will try to break the law then he will be punished severely.

A law related to divorce was also passed so that the life of male and female should last without any problems. In earlier times if the wife was manhandled by the husband even then she had to live with her husband because she was dependent on him. But now male and female both are free to use their legal right to get divorce so that they can live a happy life.

2. Marriage is related to social contract. According to ancient ideology of marriage, it was related and limited to religion and couple had to live with each other even if they didn’t like each other. But according to modem ideology if the relations between husband and wife are not good then this contract can be severed. In some cases when the marriage is done forcefully then they both can decide to break this marriage. Now it is equated with a contract that marriage is a social contract and it ean be broken at will.

According to T.B. Bothomore,” Marriage is no longer an economic partnership, and is no longer sustained by wider kinship groups. Finally, the desire for a Hemerous progeny is replaced by the aim of deliberate aim of limiting size. Thus the marriage bond is reduced to simple relations of mutual attraction.” In modern times marriage is related with personal happiness so that the family could take care of their children properly.

3. Change in the status of women. The way in which females started to take part in other sectors of society, in that same way the form of marriage was changed.

Marriage, Family And Kinship:
In earlier societies females were economically dependent upon others. That’s why they loved to suffer a lot of hardships. But slowly and slowly, with the education of females, she became economially independent. She started to take her decisions herself. She got a lot of help from the law. Now she can take divorce from her husband and can live a happy life.

In this way when a female has made her place in the society then the institution of the marriage also changed. Divorce rate is increased. Now females have a better status as compared to earlier times. Now she is economically viable. She can take her decision. She takes part in the economic activities of the family and stand jointly with the husband to face the problems of life.

4. Changes because of development in education. In earlier times, no one was bothering about importance of education. That’s why the institution of marriage was developed to fulfil religious situation. But after the spread of education, compulsion of marriage comes to an end. Child marriage comes to an end. Now educated children marry according to their wish.

5. Changes because of development in industries. In ancient societies rules related to marriage were so strict that one had to marry in his own caste. If he was breaking this rule then he was punished by caste. But with the increased importance of money, marital relations are also changed. Now purity of earliest times does not exist.

Relations of male and female are generally related to money because of which sometimes they hardly believe each other and start to live separately. Except this, many problems have emerged from both sides because of which the importance of marriage is reduced.

6. Changes in the outlook regarding arranged marriages. In ancient societies the institution of marriage was dependent upon elders because a child had to do what his elders wanted. But in modern times the importance of arranged marriage has been reduced because both boy and girl want to marry according to their ideas, ideals and views.

They do not accept the preferences regarding marriage given by their parents because the point of view of new generation has been changed regarding marriage. Sometimes even their decisions are proved wrong but still they want to give importance to their independent thoughts.

7. Change due to scientific outlook. People have changed their views regarding the institution of marriage because of the new inventions which came in the society. Now point of view of the people regarding religious sacrament has been changed. Now people are doing court marriage. The religious feelings of humans are now related to the scientific outlook.

In ancient times husband was like a god for wife and some religious rules were there even for males for marriage. But now all these things have changed and because of which the stability of the family has been decreased. Families have started to disintegrate.

Question 8.
Define Kinship and discuss its types in detail.
Answer:
Meaning of Kinship. ‘Kin’ word is an English word which has been taken from the word ‘Cynn’ meaning relative. Sociologists and Anthropologists have kept this word ‘relatives’ while studying Kinship. In word Kinship all the relatives are included like blood relatives, relatives made by marriage etc.

In simple words, according to Sociology and Anthropology. Kinship System is that collection of rules which regulates the nomenclature, heirness, heritage, marriage, extra marital relations, place of living etc. and determines the status of person in any specific Society or in group from the point of view of blood relation and marital relations.

It means that the system of social relations developed and made by blood relations or affinal relations is known as Kinship system. Its clear meaning is that all those relations which have been made by blood or by marriage are the part of Kinship system. In this all those relations are included which have been made by blood or by marriage. For example, mother-father, uncle-aunt, maternal uncle-aunt, brother-sister, father-in-law-mother-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law etc. All these are relatives and are the part of Kinship System.

1. According to Levi Strauss, “Kinship is an arbitrary system of ideas.”
2. According to Charles Winick, “Kinship system may include socially recognized relationship based on supposed as well as actual geneolocal ties.”
3. According to Redcliffe Brown, “All those relations which came as a result or made because of family and marriage are the part of Kinship System.”

Brown further says that it is that web of relationship which forms due to marriage and family and these relations are the part of our social structure. Relatives keep duties and rights towards each other and obey the social customs in Social meetings because with their help Kinship can be explained.

4. According to Dr. Majumdar, “An individual is tied with many types of relations of group in all societies. The most basic and usual relation among these relations is that which is based upon reproduction which is the internal human motivation. It is ‘ known as Kinship.”

On the basis of given definitions we can say that two persons are relatives. If their ancestor is one then they are the offsprings of one person. Kinship system is the system of relatives which is based on blood relations or affipal relations. Kinship system is cultural and its structure is different in the whole world. In Kinship system all those real or imaginative blood relations are included which are sanctioned by the society.

One illegal child can never get high place in society but one adopted child can get highest place in Kinship system. It is a system of specific relation group in which all the relatives are included which understand the responsibilities towards each other. In this way system of social relations established by socially sanctioned real or imaginative blood and affinal relatives is known as Kinship system.

On the basis of the closeness and distance from a person, Kinship has been divided in different categories. In Kinship we don’t have the same type of relations with all the relatives. The type of relations which we have with our parents, husband-wife and children, we cannot have that type of relations with our uncle, aunt, nephew etc. We don’t have very close relations with them. On the basis of this closeness and distance, Kinship has been divided in three categories

which are given below :
1. Primary Relatives. In the first category of Kinship primary relatives like husband-wife, father-son, mother-son, mother-daughter, father-daughter, sister-sister, brother-sister, brother-brother are coming. According to Murdock, they are of 8 types. They are primary because relations among them are direct and very close.

2. Secondary Relatives. Some of our relatives are primary like mother-father, brother-sister etc. and have direct relations with them. But some relatives are there who are not directly related with us. In fact we are connected with them through the medium of our primary relatives like brother of mother, brother of father, sister of mother, sister of father, husband of sister, wife of brother etc. We don’t have very close relation with them. In fact they are our secondary relatives. According to Murdock, these are of 33 types.

3. Tertiary Kins. First relatives are primary. Then comes secondary relatives which are related with us with the medium of primary relatives. Third type are of those relatives which are primary relatives of secondary relatives. Like son of brother of father, wife of brother of mother, wife of brother of mother etc. According to Murdock these are of 151 types. So in this way there are three types of categories of Kinship but if we want then we can make fourth and fifth categories of Kinship also.

Question 9.
Discuss the importance of Kinship in social life.
Answer:
Kinship system has an important place in the social structure. With this structure, the society .can be formed. If the Kinship system would not be there, society cannot be made like an organization and would not be able to function in a proper way. That’s why it’s importance has been increased

1. With the help of Kinship system rights, marriage, family, production and method of consumption, rights of political power are fixed in tribal and agricultural societies. Even in urban societies we can see the importance of Kinship relations at the time of marriage and family festivals.

2. Kinship, family and marriage are deeply related to each other. With the help of
Kinship system we can determine that who willmarry whom and which name would be given to which relation.’ From Kinship only we can come to know about the nomenclature, clan, and the family of the person and of the concept of exogamy exists in family or linage or clan. , „

3. Family life, relations of family, nomenclature, clan and rituals related to birth and death are fixed by the Kinship and who will perform all the rituals is also fixed by Kinship.

For example, in the rituals related to marriage big brother, mother and sister of the father are of great importance. Who will give fire to the dead body is also related with Kinship. Who will be the heir of the person is also determined by the Kinship. At the time of Social functions, festivals, relatives are of great importance because at these moments it is necessary to call them. It will strengthen the relationship.

4. Kinship system gives strength to the society. Kinship system plays an important role in making social organization. If Kinship system would not be there then the social system will break down and there will be chaos all over the society. ,,

5. Kinship system determines the sexual relations. Sexual relations in;3E^jship system are restricted in our society. If Kinship system would not be there then there will be a lot of illegal relations and children in the society and social disorders will prevail.

6. Kinship System plays an important role in the determination of marriage. You are not supposed to marry in your clan, how many relatives would be left from mother’s side and father’s side all depend upon Kinship system. If this system would not be there then no one will obey the rules related to marriage and social disorder will prevail in society.

7. Kinship system gives mental peace to an individual. Yet in modern industrial Society our views have been changed from emotional to practical but still man is tied with the Kinship ties. He hangs the pictures of his ancestors in his house, he collects their pictures, he even does ‘Shradha’ after their death. Humans are based on the group and Kinship.

Without Kinship man is just like a dead man. Our relatives know us very well. They accept themselves as the part of the family. If we are in any tension then our relatives give us mental peace. Only by lining with our relatives we become happy and feel pleasure in their company.

In this way we can say that Kinship is of great importance in our Society. Nothing will be left in our society if we will take out Kinship system from it. So that’s why Kinship system is very important for our society.

Question 10.
Differentiate between affinal and consanguinal relations.
Answer:
Consanguinity. Consanguinity are the relations based on basic family and the relations based on real or imaginative traditional blood relations. In simple words, all those relatives or persons which are tied with blood relations are known as Consanguinity. Blood relations whether real or imaginary keep a higher place in the Kinship system if these relations are sanctioned by the society.

For example, an illegal child never gets sanction from the society even if he is related by blood. But the adopted child is sanctioned by the Society even if he is not blood relative and is a part of consanguinity system. Blood relations have the Social Sanctions in every type of Society.

In this way it is clear that all those relatives which come out of traditional relatives of blood relations of early family are included in consanguinity system, for example, brother, sister, uncle, grand parents etc. Here one thing should be kept in mind that blood relations are not only from father’s side but are also from the mother’s side. In this way blood relatives of father’s side are known as Patrilineal relatives and blood relatives from mother’s side are know as matrilineal relatives.’

Classification. On the basis of blood relations, relatives can be called by different names. Children of the same parents, which are real brothers and sisters are known as siblings. Step brothers and sisters are known as half siblings. From the side of father blood relatives of only males, which are also only males, are known as agnates.

In the same way from the side of mother blood relatives of only females, which are also only females, are known as utrive. In the same way those persons who are blood relatives are known as consanguined kin.

These blood relatives can be divided in two parts :
1. Unilineal Kin. In this type of Kinship those persons are coming which are related to the single line or unilineal of a descent. For example Father, Father’s father, Son and son’s son.

2. Collateral Kin. These types of relatives are those relatives which are indirectly related through every relative. For example’ Brother of father uncle, Sister of Mother – aunt, Brother of mother – uncle etc. Affinity. It is also known as Social Kinship. In this type of Kinship all those persons are included which are produced because of the marriage of a male and female.

When a boy marries a girl then he not only establishes relation with the girl but with the medium of girl he establishes relations with many members with the family of the girl.

In the same way, when a girl marries a boy then girl also establishes relations with all the members of the family of the boy. In this way just with marriage many new relationships come into being. So in this way the Kinship based on marriage is known as Affinal Kinship.

For example, brother-in-law, son-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law, sister- in-law etc. from both sides. This type of Kinship is not only important from biological point of view but it also has social importance. Biological importance is only for husband and wife but mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother- in-law, sister-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law etc. are the social relationships.

Morgan studied Kinship of many parts of the world and gave them the names of descriptive and objective categories. In descriptive system generally one name is given to marital relatives. These names tell more about a relationship as compared to Kinship. Objective words tell more about real relationship. For example, ‘uncle’ word is used for Mama, Chacha, Fuffa, Mausa etc.

This is example of first type.
But no word can be used for father. In the same way ‘Nephew’ word is used for (Bhatija and Bhanja,) ‘Cousin’ word is used for the children of Mama, Chacha, Taya, Maasi, Bua etc. In the same way the word sister-in-law is used for Sali and Ninaan and brother-in-law is used for Deor and Sala. In this way new words are used in modern society.

Actually all these words are the symbols of kinship and are based on affinal kinship or Affinity. Like the status of son-in-law and husband to man and the status of daughter-in-law and wife to female can be given only after marriage. In this way we can count a number of affinal relationships.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 6 Socialization Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Sociology Chapter 6 Socialization

Sociology Guide for Class 11 PSEB Socialization Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following very short answer questions in 1-15 words each:

Question 1.
What do you mean by socialisation?
Answer:
The process with which an individual learns the ways to live in society.

Question 2.
Name the stages of socialisation.
Answer:
Infant stage, childhood stage, adolescent stage, adulthood stage, and old age.

Question 3.
What is the adolescent stage?
Answer:
The stage starts at the age of 12-13 years and goes till 18-19 years. In this stage, physical changes come in an individual.

Question 4.
What is the infancy stage?
Answer:
This is the stage which starts with the birth and goes till one and half years and child depends upon others to fulfill his basic needs.

Question 5.
Which are the primary agencies of socialisation?
Answer:
Family, school, and play groups are the primary agencies of socialisation.

Question 6.
Give two examples of formal agencies of socialisation.
Answer:
Government, Laws, Courts, Political System etc.

Question 7.
Mention two informal agencies of socialisation.
Answer:
Family, institutions, religion, play group etc.

Answer the following short answer questions in 30-35 words each:

Question 1.
Define socialisation.
Answer:
According to Bogardus, “Socialisation is the -process of working together of developing group responsibility of being guided by the welfare needs of others.”

Question 2.
Write down the stages of socialisation.
Answer:

1. Infant stage
2. Childhood stage
3. Adolescent stage
4. Adulthood’ stage
5. Old age.

Question 3.
Discuss the role of family in the process of socialisation.
Answer:
Family plays a very important role in an individual’s socialisation. Child’s unconscious mind is greatly affected by family. In family, child learns many feelings such as love, sympathy etc. Family tells him about values, cutoms, ways of living etc. which helps in his socialisation.

Question 4.
Describe three formal agencies of socialisation.
Answer:
Police, laws and political system are three formal agencies of socialisation.
If any one commits a crime, he is caught by the police. With the help of laws, he is punished. Our political system prepares strict laws which helps in the reduction of crimes. An individual is having fear of all these and it helps in his socialisation.

Question 5.
Write a short note on primary socialisation.
Answer:
Family and play group are the means of primary socialisation. While living . in family, child learns ways of living in society and becomes a good citizen. In play group, he comes to know that other children also have same aspirations like him and he cares about them. It helps in his socialisation.

Question 6.
Discuss mass media as an agency of socialisation.
Answer:
In present age, the importance of mass media has greatly increased. Different news channels telecast their news all around and inform us about the whole world. We come to know about the events happening everywhere which helps in our socialisation.

Answer the following short answer questions in 75-85 words each:

Question 1.
Discuss the characteristics of socialisation.
Answer:

1. The process of socialisation is universal which exists in all the societies.
2. This process is a iearning process and an individual learns a lot during whole of his life.
3. There are different stages of socialisation and process of learning in different stages is different.
4. The intensity of learning in adulthood stages reduces but it is continued till death.
5. There are many means of socialisation but family is the most important agency which plays the most important role in this process.

Question 2.
What is the importance of peer groups in socialisation ?
Answer:
After family and neighbourhood, the agency which socialises an individual is peer group or play group. Child starts to play with his friends and forms a peer group. His social education starts in the peer group. Here he learns all the things which he cannot learn in family.

He is required to sacrifice his wish in peer group and he comes to know that others also have the same aspirations like him. In peer group, relations are based on equality. That’s why when he takes part in its activities, he learns discipline and co-operation. All these greatly affect his future. While playing children often fight with each other and learn to .protect their rights. So peer group keeps a very important place in one’s socialisation. .

Question 3.
Describe in brief the process of socialisation in youth and old age.
Answer:
(i) Adulthood stage or young age :
This stage keeps a very important place in the process of socialisation. In this stage, one learns to accomodate with others. The major question in this stage is to find employment. While doing so, many a time he gets rejected but he never loses his heart and continues with his efforts. It makes him learn a lot. After marriage and having kids, his role changes which helps him to learn a lot.

(ii) Old age :
In this stage, an individual learns many new things. He starts to realise that he is now dependent upon his family, he gets afflicted with many diseases and needs to learn new ways of accommodation. He is required to work according to his children which further creates many problems. He tries to maintain balance with all these situations.

Answer the following short answer questions in 250-300 words each:

Question 1.
Discuss the development of an individual through the process of socialisation.
Answer:
How man becomes able to live in society ? It is because of his contact with people and materialistic things. When anyone is a child then he doesn’t have the ability to do any of the social work and he is unaware of the things belonging to his surroundings.

But slowly and slowly he starts to see all of them. Child becomes social man because of those persons who surround him all the times because these people tell him the ways of living in society. He adjusts with others and compares his and other’s work.

Slowly and slowly he learns from his experience that other persons are also like him and he expresses his feelings to others. He does this at that time when he thinks that others have also feelings like him. He wanders here and there and he tries to know about every thing which comes in front of him. In this way parents try to explain him with the help of symbols that what is right and what is wrong for him.

Slowly and slowly he is told about going to temple, school, education etc. He is sent to school where he learns to adapt according to the other situations and learns every type of the way of life which is necessary to live a happy life. In this way slowly and slowly he grows up and learns the rules of society.

First relation of child is with his family. After birth his first need is of physical need that is of hunger and thirst. He is more interested in mother because she fulfills his basic needs. After mother other members of the family like father, uncle, aunt, grandfather, grandmother, brother, sister etc. come. All these members tell him about the world in which he has to spend his whole life. In family he experiences things like love, power, force, rights etc. because all these things he gets in the family.

In the beginning child wants everything whatever he likes because he thinks that he has a right over them. If he is unable to get that then he starts crying. When he becomes 2-3 years of age he starts to understand that he cannot get everything what he wants. He feels sad if he is unable to get that thing but slowly and slowly he starts to control himself.

Child is dependent ugon his family for his needs and for this it is necessary for him to get cooperation of the family. He gets their cooperation with self control and he learns norms, values of society which are necessary for him to live and behave in society.

When a person develops then he learns ways of talking, sitting, walking and mannerism. With this his self also develops. When man beqomes conscious about his functions then this consciousness is known as self. In the beginning he cannot differentiate between others and members of the family because he doesn’t know about the relationship of the world. But slowly and slowly he interacts with members of the family and with this he comes to know about socialization also.

After his family members, he goes to his friends. These are his friends who grew in different circumstances. His friends have different ideals which a child learns very slowly and he learns to adjust with difficult circumstances. In play ground he learns to govern and to be governed and learns to make balance with others which is a part of process of socialization.

Another very big change comes in the life of a child and that is when he enters the school. In school he comes under the influence of other students and by the character of teacher. In this way in college he learns a lot of things from his teachers and other students like ways of sitting, walking, talking, behaving etc. which is necessary for his future’s life. After college, business or job, marriage also helps in his socialization.

Personality of husband and wife puts a great effect on each other and on their future. After marriage he has to fulfil a number of duties like of husband, father etc. With these new duties he learns a lot. In this way the process of socialization starts with the birth and ends at the death. Man can finish but this process cannot finish.

Question 2.
Write down about the various stages of socialisation.
Answer:
The process of socialisation is quite wide and starts with the birth of a child. When a child is ban then he is not more than an animal because he does’t know about the ways of living in society and there is lack of social life in him. But with the passage of time when child grows then the process of socialization also goes on with his age and he moulds himself according to the social life. He learns the ideals, values, norms, rules, beliefs, motivations etc. When a child takes birth then he has natural instincts but when he comes in contact with society, his natural instincts change into social habits.

All this happens at different times whose description is given below –

1. Infant Stage
2. Childhood Stage
3. Adolescent Stage
4. Adulthood Stage
5. Old Age.

1. Infant Stage. While explaining the first stage Johnson wrote that this stage starts at the birth of the child and goes up to the age of one and a half years. In this stage child neither can speak nor he can walk. Except this he cannot fulfil his basic needs. He has to depend upon his mother. This is a type of stage in which he is unable to differentiate in things. For the fulfilment of his basic needs like hunger, thrust etc, he depends upon the members of the family.

He tries to take that thing which he likes. According to Talcot Parsons, “Child is a mean of recreation for others in this stage. Generally he can recognise his mother and becomes happy when he comes in contact with his mother. According to him there is no difference in imaginative and real situations.”

After the birth of the child this is the first stage when child doesn’t know’to walk or talk. He has some basic needs and he depends upon his mother for the fulfilment of his basic needs. He cannot differentiate in real and artificial elements. He thinks that others are also like him. Child wants that thing which he likes. This stage goes up to the age of one and half years. In this he tries to establish uniformity with his mother because of which he learns to control his hunger, thirst etc.

2. Childhood Stage. This stage starts at one and half years and goes up to 12 years and in this stage child learns to talk and walk properly. Child starts to fulfil most of his needs himself. Till the age of 2 years he comes to know that except him, other children also have same rights and he cannot get all the things which he needs. He feels sad when all of his demands are not fulfilled but gradually he learns to control himself.

During this time family members try to impart good habits in him by giving reward or punishment. During this time he gets love from others and starts to love others. He starts to learn values of the family and to imitate family members. marriage he has to fulfil a number of duties like of husband, father etc. With these new duties he learns a lot. In this way the process of socialization starts with the birth and ends at the death. Man can finish but this process cannot finish.

Question 2.
Write down about the various stages of socialisation.
Answer:
The process of socialisation is quite wide and starts with the birth of a child. When a child is ban then he is not more than an animal because he does’t know about the ways of living in society and there is lack of social life in him. But with the passage of time when child grows then the process of socialization also goes on with his age and he moulds himself according to the social life. He learns the ideals, values, norms, rules, beliefs, motivations etc. When a child takes birth then he has natural instincts but when he comes in contact with society, his natural instincts change into social habits.

All this happens at different times whose description is given below-

1. Infant Stage
2. Childhood Stage
3. Adolescent Stage
4. Adulthood Stage
5. Old Age.

1. Infant Stage:
While explaining the first stage Johnson wrote that this stage starts at the birth of the child and goes up to the age of one and a half years. In this stage child neither can speak nor he can walk. Except this he cannot fulfil his basic needs. He has to depend upon his mother.

This is a type of stage in which he is unable to differentiate in things. For the fulfilment of his basic needs like hunger, thrust etc, he depends upon the members of the family.

He tries to take that thing which he likes. According to Talcot Parsons, “Child is a mean of recreation for others in this stage. Generally he can recognise his mother and becomes happy when he comes in contact with his mother. According to him there is no difference in imaginative and real situations.”

After the birth of the child this is the first stage when child doesn’t know’to walk or talk. He has some basic needs and he depends upon his mother for the fulfilment of his basic needs. He cannot differentiate in real and artificial elements. He thinks that others are also like him.

Child wants that thing which he likes. This stage goes up to the age of one and half years. In this he tries to establish uniformity with his mother because of which he learns to control his hunger, thirst etc.

2. Childhood Stage. This stage starts at one and half years and goes up to 12 years and in this stage child learns to talk and walk properly. Child starts to fulfil most of his needs himself. Till the age of 2 years he comes to know that except him, other children also have same rights and he cannot get all the things which he needs.

He feels sad when all of his demands are not fulfilled but gradually he learns to control himself. During this time family members try to impart good habits in him by giving-reward or punishment. During this time he gets love from others and starts to love others. He starts to learn values of the family and to imitate family members.

Sometimes he starts crying for that. During this stage he starts talking and walking properly. He also starts to control his wishes. During this age he is motivated to grasp good habits with the help of reward and punishment. For example if he obeys his parents, they love him or give him something to eat or play and if he disobeys them then they either shout on him or slap him. In this stage he starts to grasp the nature of society. He is also influenced by the members of the family. Some things he learns automatically.

Some things he learns by imitation and imitation is a means of entertainment for him. For example he reads newspaper like his father or acts as his grandfather or grandmother. In this stage he starts to adopt that behaviour which he observes in the family. During this stage the internal qualities of a child start to develop. In this way, in this stage, he starts to reeongnise about good or bad works.

In this stage child becomes a member of the group and starts to know about status of others. Even mental consciousness starts up to certain extent. He is hardly conscious about the sexual instincts. Gradually he starts to control his anger and natural instincts. He learns to differentiate between himself and other children. He starts to be influenced by members of the society. This stage gives mental security to him and he stays away from mental tensions.

3. Adolescent Stage. This stage starts at the age of 14-15 years and goes up to 20-21 years. In this age it is not possible for parents to control their children because children think that they are mature enough and need more freedom. That’s why they demand for more freedom! Now his different parts start to develop and with their development new feelings come in him and he starts .to learn new ways of behaviour. It is necessary for girls to stay away from boys. They need readjustments towards other sex or gender.

During this stage many rules related to sex, business, values, beliefs are kept in front of them. They want freedom from these bondages because they thinks that their parents are binding him. Because of this a sense of rebelliousness comes in them. Fast mental conflict starts in them and they learn self-control by tussling with conflict.

4. Adulthood Stage. At this stage, the social circle of an individual becomes quite wide as compared to the third stage. He gets employment and becomes a member of a political group, political party, club, trade union etc. He gets married in this stage and makes new relations in his life, in-laws and new friends.

He is required to maintain balance with his wife and in-laws family. Now he is not dependent upon others instead he becomes a responsible person. He needs to perform many roles such as husband-wife, mother-father, head of family, citizen of country etc. It is expected from him to perform certain roles and continue with the process of socialisation.

5. Old Age. Life of an old age person is greatly influenced by his surroundings, occupations, friends and membership of many groups. He internalises many new values and needs to learn to maintain balance with the new situations. Maintaining balance is quite important in this stage as he faces many adverse circumstances. He gets new roles in this stage such as father-in-law, grandfather, retired person etc. So even in this stage his process of socialisation continues although pace of this process is quite slow.

Question 3.
Write a note on the agencies of socialisation.
Answer:
1. Family:
Family plays the most important role in the socialization of man. According to some prominent Sociologists, the mind of a child is in unconscious state and the effect which family can put on that unconscious mind no one else can put. In childhood we can mould the mind of child in any desired direction. On his unconscious mind every thing puts its effect.

If the behaviour of parents towards child is rude then the child will try to go out of their control when he grows up and if the child will get lots of love and affection then there is no possibility for a child to go to a wrong way. If the child will not be able to get the love of his parents then imbalance can come in his personality. The base of basic education of a child is family. In family many feelings like love and affection always influence the mind of the child from which he learns many qualities.

Family tells the child about the traditions, customs, norms, ways of behaviour of the family and society. Child gets education about ways of behaviour, rules only in the family. In family child learns to obey and respect the elders. If the child is under the control of the parents then it means that child is under the control of society because at the time of the socialization of the child, parents are the representatives of the society. In family child learns many types of qualities and with which he becomes a responsible citizen of society or country. In the family only child gets the chance to express his views and development of his personality.

In its early age whatever a child observes, he starts imitating it. That’s why he depends upon the family so that the family could take him in right direction. According to some psychologists the family puts a great effect not only on the unconscious mind of the child but also affects his future. For example if parents are fighting in the family then the child will definitely live without the love of the parents and this will affect his personality. –

2. Play group:
Play group comes after family as an important means of socialization. Child comes out of the scope of the family, plays with his friends and forms a play group. In play group child starts to get social training. Child can learn a lot of things in play group which he cannot learn in the fatnily.

He has to sacrifice many of his washes while living in play group and he comes to know that others also have wishes like him. Except this relationships in play group are based on equality. That’s why when child plays in play group then he learns discipline, cooperation etc.

which affects his future life. Except this leadership qualities also come in him only by living in play group. While playing children fight with each other and learn to protect the rights of others. Here child comes to know about his role, capabilities, non-capabilities. In play group child grasps many feelings and capabilities. In short, play group plays an important role in shaping the future of the child. If play group is good then child becomes a good human being and if not then he can grasp many bad habits which can affect his future.

3. Neighbourhood:
Neighbourhood of the person is also an important means of socialization. When child comes out of the family and goes in the hands of neighbours then he comes to know that how he has to behave with others. It is so because if the child’s behaviour is not good then the family can ignore it but if his behaviour out of the family is wrong then they can feel.

He has to adapt continuously with his neighbours because neighbours will not tolerate his wrong behaviour and this adjustment will help him for his whole life that how he has to adjust in different circumstances. When he interacts with his neighbours then he comes to know that how he has to behave according to the rules of the society.

4. School:
After all these the next turn is of school whose function is to change an uncivilised child into a civilised child or you can say that school gives shape to raw material into a finished product. In school lots of qualities are developed. In school child studies with other students and many teachers are there in school who exert a great influence on him. Teacher’s ways of talking, walking, sitting, behaving, teaching puts a great influence on the mind of the child.

Here one thing should be kept in mind that different students are influenced by different teachers and they make their teachers as their ideals. They always try to imitate the behaviour of the teachers which puts a great impact on the personality of the child. Except teachers, other students also play an important role in socialization.

While living with them, he gets many roles and status which helps him in future life. Ways of sitting and playing with other children also helps in the development of the personality.In school the scope of play group and interaction of a child becomes so wide because he meets many children in the school. In school child learns many rules, discipline, traditions, subjects etc. which are very helpful in the future life of a child.

5. Social Institutions:
In the process of socialization, not only family or school, but many types of institutions play an important role. In society many types of institutions are there like religious, political, economic, marriage etc. and they play an important role in his socialization. Political institutions tell him the ways of behaving with state or country. Economic institutions tell him about the ways of business. Religious institutions create many types of qualities in him like cooperation, love, sympathy etc.

Every person accepts ways of behaviour given in religion, ways and rules of living, beliefs, with unconscious mind. In this way every society.or caste also tells him about the rules of living in society. Except these many types of recreational activities and behaviour also motivate the mian to become an active member of the society. Social institutions like religious, economic, political also influence the personality of man. For example, man spends most of his time under the influence of economic institutions because he has to earn to live ami earning depends upon his occupation.

A person gets an occupation according to his ability. He has to obey certain rules while accepting any occupation. It means that he changes himself according to the situation. In the area of occupation, he makes relations with many types of individuals. He comes in contact with many persons. That’s why his character and personality is also influenced by all these things.

Except this if we see then we can see that there is no area or part of society which is not under the influence of political institutions. Every type of group like business, language, art, music, education, family etc. are under the control of law. Man has to take the help of law to improve or to do progress in life. That’s why he changes himself according to them.

6. Needs. Man has many types of social and physical needs because of which he has to coordinate with other members of society. Man uses accepted ways of society to fulfil his needs so that he should not be condemned. In this way man does his work which is according to the norms of society with which a sense of accommodation comes in him.

7. Language. Just language can develop every aspect of a child. If child doesn’t know any language then how will he express his views, ideas and feelings towards others. With the help of language, child comes in contact with others because of which he gets many chances to express his ideas. The way in which he learns language, in the same way he gets more chances to express his views. With help of language he makes his social point of view.

With language only he expresses his needs and problems. With language he exchanges his ideas and relations with other people and he learns those rules which can run his life. With this, morality also develops in him. Language prepares him for different types of roles.

With language he comes to know about ideas of others and he also comes to know that what is his position in society. In this way language helps a lot in the process of socialization. Language also helps in the development of the personality. With the help of language, child comes in contact with others and learns social rules, ideals, norms, relations etc.

Question 4.
Discuss the relationship between the various stages of the individual’s development and the agents of socialisation.
Answer:
various stages of socialisation:
The process of socialisation is quite wide and starts with the birth of a child. When a child is ban then he is not more than an animal because he does’t know about the ways of living in society and there is lack of social life in him. But with the passage of time when child grows then the process of socialization also goes on with his age and he moulds himself according to the social life. He learns the ideals, values, norms, rules, beliefs, motivations etc. When a child takes birth then he has natural instincts but when he comes in contact with society, his natural instincts change into social habits.

All this happens at different times whose description is given below:

1. Infant Stage
2. Childhood Stage
3. Adolescent Stage
4. Adulthood Stage
5. Old Age.

1. Infant Stage:
While explaining the first stage Johnson wrote that this stage starts at the birth of the child and goes up to the age of one and a half years. In this stage child neither can speak nor he can walk. Except this he cannot fulfil his basic needs. He has to depend upon his mother. This is a type of stage in which he is unable to differentiate in things. For the fulfilment of his basic needs like hunger, thrust etc, he depends upon the members of the family.

He tries to take that thing which he likes. According to Talcot Parsons, “Child is a mean of recreation for others in this stage. Generally he can recognise his mother and becomes happy when he comes in contact with his mother. According to him there is no difference in imaginative and real situations.”

After the birth of the child this is the first stage when child doesn’t know’to walk or talk. He has some basic needs and he depends upon his mother for the fulfilment of his basic needs. He cannot differentiate in real and artificial elements. He thinks that others are also like him. Child wants that thing which he likes. This stage goes up to the age of one and half years. In this he tries to establish uniformity with his mother because of which he learns to control his hunger, thirst etc.

2. Childhood Stage. This stage starts at one and half years and goes up to 12 years and in this stage child learns to talk and walk properly. Child starts to fulfil most of his needs himself. Till the age of 2 years he comes to know that except him, other children also have same rights and he cannot get all the things which he needs.

He feels sad when all of his demands are not fulfilled but gradually he learns to control himself. During this time family members try to impart good habits in him by giving-reward or punishment. During this time he gets love from others and starts to love others. He starts to learn values of the family and to imitate family members.

Sometimes he starts crying for that. During this stage he starts talking and walking properly. He also starts to control his wishes. During this age he is motivated to grasp good habits with the help of reward and punishment. For example if he obeys his parents, they love him or give him something to eat or play and if he disobeys them then they either shout on him or slap him. In this stage he starts to grasp the nature of society. He is also influenced by the members of the family. Some things he learns automatically.

Some things he learns by imitation and imitation is a means of entertainment for him. For example he reads newspaper like his father or acts as his grandfather or grandmother. In this stage he starts to adopt that behaviour which he observes in the family. During this stage the internal qualities of a child start to develop. In this way, in this stage, he starts to reeongnise about good or bad works.

In this stage child becomes a member of the group and starts to know about status of others. Even mental consciousness starts up to certain extent. He is hardly conscious about the sexual instincts. Gradually he starts to control his anger and natural instincts. He learns to differentiate between himself and other children. He starts to be influenced by members of the society. This stage gives mental security to him and he stays away from mental tensions.

3. Adolescent Stage. This stage starts at the age of 14-15 years and goes up to 20-21 years. In this age it is not possible for parents to control their children because children think that they are mature enough and need more freedom. That’s why they demand for more freedom! Now his different parts start to develop and with their development new feelings come in him and he starts .to learn new ways of behaviour. It is necessary for girls to stay away from boys. They need readjustments towards other sex or gender.

During this stage many rules related to sex, business, values, beliefs are kept in front of them. They want freedom from these bondages because they thinks that their parents are binding him. Because of this a sense of rebelliousness comes in them. Fast mental conflict starts in them and they learn self-control by tussling with conflict.

4. Adulthood Stage. At this stage, the social circle of an individual becomes quite wide as compared to the third stage. He gets employment and becomes a member of a political group, political party, club, trade union etc. He gets married in this stage and makes new relations in his life, in-laws and new friends.

He is required to maintain balance with his wife and in-laws family. Now he is not dependent upon others instead he becomes a responsible person. He needs to perform many roles such as husband-wife, mother-father, head of family, citizen of country etc. It is expected from him to perform certain roles and continue with the process of socialisation.

5. Old Age. Life of an old age person is greatly influenced by his surroundings, occupations, friends and membership of many groups. He internalises many new values and needs to learn to maintain balance with the new situations. Maintaining balance is quite important in this stage as he faces many adverse circumstances. He gets new roles in this stage such as father-in-law, grandfather, retired person etc. So even in this stage his process of socialisation continues although pace of this process is quite slow.

agencies of socialisation:
1. Family:
Family plays the most important role in the socialization of man. According to some prominent Sociologists, the mind of a child is in unconscious state and the effect which family can put on that unconscious mind no one else can put. In childhood we can mould the mind of child in any desired direction. On his unconscious mind every thing puts its effect.

If the behaviour of parents towards child is rude then the child will try to go out of their control when he grows up and if the child will get lots of love and affection then there is no possibility for a child to go to a wrong way. If the child will not be able to get the love of his parents then imbalance can come in his personality. The base of basic education of a child is family. In family many feelings like love and affection always influence the mind of the child from which he learns many qualities.

Family tells the child about the traditions, customs, norms, ways of behaviour of the family and society. Child gets education about ways of behaviour, rules only in the family. In family child learns to obey and respect the elders. If the child is under the control of the parents then it means that child is under the control of society because at the time of the socialization of the child, parents are the representatives of the society. In family child learns many types of qualities and with which he becomes a responsible citizen of society or country. In the family only child gets the chance to express his views and development of his personality.

In its early age whatever a child observes, he starts imitating it. That’s why he depends upon the family so that the family could take him in right direction. According to some psychologists the family puts a great effect not only on the unconscious mind of the child but also affects his future. For example if parents are fighting in the family then the child will definitely live without the love of the parents and this will affect his personality. –

2. Play group:
Play group comes after family as an important means of socialization. Child comes out of the scope of the family, plays with his friends and forms a play group. In play group child starts to get social training. Child can learn a lot of things in play group which he cannot learn in the fatnily. He has to sacrifice many of his washes while living in play group and he comes to know that others also have wishes like him. Except this relationships in play group are based on equality. That’s why when child plays in play group then he learns discipline, cooperation etc.

which affects his future life. Except this leadership qualities also come in him only by living in play group. While playing children fight with each other and learn to protect the rights of others. Here child comes to know about his role, capabilities, non-capabilities. In play group child grasps many feelings and capabilities. In short, play group plays an important role in shaping the future of the child. If play group is good then child becomes a good human being and if not then he can grasp many bad habits which can affect his future.

3. Neighbourhood:
Neighbourhood of the person is also an important means of socialization. When child comes out of the family and goes in the hands of neighbours then he comes to know that how he has to behave with others. It is so because if the child’s behaviour is not good then the family can ignore it but if his behaviour out of the family is wrong then they can feel.

He has to adapt continuously with his neighbours because neighbours will not tolerate his wrong behaviour and this adjustment will help him for his whole life that how he has to adjust in different circumstances. When he interacts with his neighbours then he comes to know that how he has to behave according to the rules of the society.

4. School:
After all these the next turn is of school whose function is to change an uncivilised child into a civilised child or you can say that school gives shape to raw material into a finished product. In school lots of qualities are developed. In school child studies with other students and many teachers are there in school who exert a great influence on him. Teacher’s ways of talking, walking, sitting, behaving, teaching puts a great influence on the mind of the child.

Here one thing should be kept in mind that different students are influenced by different teachers and they make their teachers as their ideals. They always try to imitate the behaviour of the teachers which puts a great impact on the personality of the child. Except teachers, other students also play an important role in socialization.

While living with them, he gets many roles and status which helps him in future life. Ways of sitting and playing with other children also helps in the development of the personality.In school the scope of play group and interaction of a child becomes so wide because he meets many children in the school. In school child learns many rules, discipline, traditions, subjects etc. which are very helpful in the future life of a child.

5. Social Institutions:
In the process of socialization, not only family or school, but many types of institutions play an important role. In society many types of institutions are there like religious, political, economic, marriage etc. and they play an important role in his socialization. Political institutions tell him the ways of behaving with state or country. Economic institutions tell him about the ways of business. Religious institutions create many types of qualities in him like cooperation, love, sympathy etc.

Every person accepts ways of behaviour given in religion, ways and rules of living, beliefs, with unconscious mind. In this way every society.or caste also tells him about the rules of living in society. Except these many types of recreational activities and behaviour also motivate the nian to become an active member of the society.

Social institutions like religious, economic, political also influence the personality of man. For example, a man spends most of his time under the influence of economic institutions because he has to earn to live ami earning depends upon his occupation.

A person gets an occupation according to his ability. He has to obey certain rules while accepting any occupation. It means that he changes himself according to the situation. In the area of occupation, he makes relations with many types of individuals. He comes in contact with many persons. That’s why his character and personality is also influenced by all these things.

Except this, if we see then we can see that there is no area or part of society that is not under the influence of political institutions. Every type of group like business, language, art, music, education, family, etc. is under the control of law. Man has to take the help of the law to improve or to do progress in life. That’s why he changes himself according to them.

6. Needs. Man has many types of social and physical needs because of which he has to coordinate with other members of society. Man uses accepted ways of society to fulfill his needs so that he should not be condemned. In this way, man does his work which is according to the norms of society with which a sense of accommodation comes in him.

7. Language. Just language can develop every aspect of a child. If a child doesn’t know any language then how will he express his views, ideas, and feelings towards others. With the help of language, the child comes in contact with others because of which he gets many chances to express his ideas. The way in which he learns language, in the same way, he gets more chances to express his views. With help of language, he makes his social point of view.

With language only, he expresses his needs and problems. With language, he exchanges his ideas and relations with other people and he learns those rules which can run his life. With this, morality also develops in him. Language prepares him for different types of roles.

With language, he comes to know about the ideas of others and he also comes to know that what is his position in society. In this way, language helps a lot in the process of socialization. Language also helps in the development of personality. With the help of language, the child comes in contact with others and learns social rules, ideals, norms, relations, etc.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 7 Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development

Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
How much population of our country lives in villages?
Answer:
More than two-third.

Question 2.
What proportion of labour force in India is dependent directly on agriculture?
Answer:
54%.

Question 3.
What is the contribution of agriculture in gross domestic product in the country?
Answer:
According to 2012-13 data it was 13.7%.

Question 4.
How much food grains were produced in 1950-51 and how much did it increase to in 2013-14?
Answer:
It was 51 million ton in 1950-51, which was 264 million ton in 2013-14.

Question 5.
Which are the three sectors of Indian economy?
Answer:
Agriculture, Industry and service sector.

Question 6.
Where does India stand in foreign trade?
Answer:
Tenth.

Question 7.
Which country has been left behind by India in the field of rice export?
Answer:
Thailand.

Question 8.
Name the major industries dependent for raft material on agriculture.
Answer:
Textile industry, sugar industry, jute industry.

Question 9.
In which year the Food Security Act was passed?
Answer:
In the year 2013.

Question 10.
What is India’s agricultural balance of trade?
Answer:
According to 2013-14, balance of trade was surplus by 25 billion dollar.

(B) Answer in one-two sentences:

Question 1.
How agricultural development is linked with dependence of population on agriculture?
Answer:
Dependence of people on agriculture helps in good growth and development of economy. As the economy of country develops, dependence on agriculture automatically decreases.

Question 2.
What are the main agricultural exports of India?
Answer:
Cotton, pulses, oil, fruits, tea, coffee, vegetables, cashew, spices, rice, wheat etc.

Question 3.
What are the main agricultural imports of India?
Answer:
Pulses, oil seed, dry fruits, edible oil etc.

Question 4.
Name a few agricultural based enterprises. Or Write the name of any four agriculture based enterprises.
Answer:
Dairy farming, poultry farming, fish farming, piggry, animal husbandry, fish farming, agroforestry etc. are some agricultural based enterprises.

Question 5.
Why a buffer stock of food grains in the country is maintained?
Answer:
This is done to control the rise in prices in case of inflation in future under the fear of fall in supply. Needy families are provided with foodgrains every month from this stock under Public Distribution System (PDS).

Question 6.
What are the main provisions of Food Security Act, passed by Govt of India in year 2013?
Answer:
The main provisions of the food security act is to provide 5 kg of grains per kg per month to 75% rural population and to 25% urban population.

Question 7.
How development of railways is linked to the agricultural development?
Answer:
Railways are used to transport agricultural produce from one part of the country to other parts of country and this way department of railways get income and this helps in the expansion and development of railways.

Question 8.
Name the industries which depend upon agriculture for marketing of their products. Or Write name of four agro-based industries.
Answer:
Tractor, agricultural implements, fertilizers, weedicides, insecticides etc. are used in agricultural sector. Those industries which manufacture them or produce them depend on agriculture sector for marketing these products.

Question 9.
What type of unemployment do we find in agriculture?
Answer:
Unemployment found in agriculture sector is seasonal and .hidden or disguised unemployment.

Question 10.
What are the benefits of allied activities of agriculture?
Answer:
Allied activities of agriculture are helpful to farmers in the sense these fulfil their daily needs by providing them with better and nutritious diet and also as source of extra income, e.g. milk, eggs, meat, fish, honey etc. are the products which they obtained from these allied activity, consume market and sell these and this helps in adding to their income also.

(C) Answer in five-six sentences

Question 1.
What is the contribution of agriculture in economic development of India?
Answer:
Nearly two-third population of our country depends on agriculture and 54% of the labour force directly depend on agriculture. GDP of the nation from agriculture was 13.7% in the year 2012-13. Several industries are based on agriculture e.g. sugar, jute and textile industries. Products from many industries are used in agriculture.

Transportation, godowns, warehouses add to the economy of the country. Several agricultural products are exported and country gain in terms of dollars. Due to export of agricultural products central government gain from export duty. State government earns from land taxes and also from irrigation. Marketing fees also adds to the government treasury. Agriculture adds to the economy of the country.

Question 2.
What is the significance of agriculture in India’s foreign trade?
Answer:
Foreign trade of India is very deeply dependent on agriculture. Several agriculture products are imported e.g. tea, coffee, spices, oil, cotton, fruits, vegetables, pulses, cashew and now wheat and rice,also. In 2012, India was at the top in the export of rice by leaving behind-Thailand. India is at 10th place in export of grains in the world. Some materials like cotton fibre, yam, readymade cloth, jute products etc. are also exported. In year 2013-14 gross export of agricultural products was 42 billion dollar and in the same year import was of 17 billion dollar. This way India’s balance of trade was surplus by 25 billion dollar.

Question 3.
What were the main reasons of Green Revolution in the country?
Answer:
After the independence of India, for many decades we remained dependent on other countries for grain. Hard work of farmers of India, researched by scientists, improved seeds, agricultural implements, fertilizers, pesticides etc. helped in bringing green revolution. Grain production became so large that now we export wheat, rice and other agricultural products.

Question 4.
Why the pressure on agriculture should be reduced in India? Give reasons.
Answer:
Large proportion of our population depends on agriculture. Nearly 54% of labour force is directly engaged in agriculture sector. An economy can develop and grow in a better way if we can reduce our dependence on agriculture. Seasonal and hidden unemployment is found in agricultural sector it is necessary to provide some other jobs to such workers. As the economy of the country grows, dependence on agriculture decreases automatically and dependence on industry and services sector increases.

Question 5.
How does agricultural and industrial growth depend on each other?
Answer:
If agriculture develops and grows in a country, then various types I of agriculture produces are available in large quantities. There is need to establish various industries for the processing and consumption of these produces. Some parts of our country where these products are not available, these are transported to such parts of the country. The excess grains are stored in warehouses.

Some of the industries based on agriculture are sugar industry, jute industry, shellar, oil extracting industry etc. This way agriculture development helps in the growth of industry. But for sustained agricultural development, some other products and implements etc. are needed in the agriculture sector. Products from various industries e.g. tractor industry, machinery, fertilizers, pesticide and other chemicals etc. are used in agriculture sector. This way industrial development is related to agriculture development.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Contribution of Agriculture in Economic Development Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
During the year 2012-13, share for GDP from agriculture sector was:
(a) 13.7%
(b) 15.9%
(c) 11.5%
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) 13.7%

Question 2.
Grain production in India during 2013-14 was:
(a) 264 million ton
(b) 51 million ton
(c) 100 million ton
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) 264 million ton

Question 3.
Main agricultural exports of India:
(a) tea
(b) cotton
(c) pulses
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.

Question 4.
Which country has been left behind by the India in the field of rice export?
(a) Thailand
(b) Bhutan
(c) America
(d) Sri Lanka.
Answer:
(a) Thailand

Question 5.
In 2012 buffer stock of food grain was-
(a) 82 million ton
(b) 25 million ton
(c) 52 million ton
(d) 108 million ton
Answer:
(a) 82 million ton

Question 6.
Under provision of Food Security Act-2013, how much grain to be alloted per person per month?
(a) 5 kg
(b) 10 kg
(c) 15 kg
(d) 20 kg.
Answer:
(a) 5 kg

True or False:

1. Many industries get, their raw material from agriculture.
Answer:
True

2. In the year 2012, India got first position in the export of rice leaving behind Thailand.
Answer:
True

3. There is seasonal and disguised unemployment in the field of agriculture.
Answer:
True

4. India’s gross agricultural exports stood at 42 billion dollar in 2013-14.
Answer:
True

5. The yield of food grains increased to about 2125 kg per hectare.
Answer:
True.

Fill in the blanks:

1 is considered to be back bone of Indian economy.
Answer:
Agriculture

2. India is now placed at number in import of agricultural produce and food grains in the world.
Answer:
Ten

3. In the year 2012, our country had a buffer stock of tones of food grains.
Answer:
82 million

4. About of the households are engaged in dairy farming in India.
Answer:
70 million.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is agriculture for our country?
Answer:
Back bone of our economy.

Question 2.
How much population is involved in the occupation for dairy farming in our country?
Answer:
70 million families.

Question 3.
Which of the sectors come under the service sectors?
Answer:
Banking services, transportation, storage and warehouses, insurance, tourism etc.

Question 4.
What is the place of our country in the world on the basis of population?
Answer:
2nd place.

Question 5.
How much percentage in household consumption is from agriculture?
Answer:
60%.

Question 6.
What is the yield of grains?
Answer:
2125 kg per hectare.

Question 7.
How much was the stock of grains in the country in the year 2012?
Answer:
82 million tons.

Question 8.
How much wheat would be supplied at a subsidized rate to feed to 82 crores of population every year?
Answer:
61 million ton.

Question 9.
In export of which agriculture product India remained at top in year 2012?
Answer:
Rice.

Question 10.
How much was the total agricultural export in the year 2013-14?
Answer:
42 billion dollar.

Question 11.
How many percent of workers in India are directly engaged in agriculture?
Answer:
50% workers.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the small scale industries based on agriculture?
Answer:
Small scale industries based on agriculture are-rice shellar, oil extraction etc.

Question 2.
Which is the third sector of economy? Give example.
Answer:
Third sector is service sector in economy, e.g. Banking services, transportation, warehouses, insurance sector, tourism etc.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Country has become self-dependent in the production of grains. Explain by comparison.
Answer:
In the year 1950-51, food grain production was 51 million ton which in the year 2013-14 became 264 million tons. Grain yield has also increased and is approximately 2125 kg per hectare. In the year 2012 country had 82 million ton of food grains in the buffer stock which itself is a record. This shows that country has become self-dependent.

Question 2.
Write any five reasons for the green revolution in the country?
Answer:

• Increased availability and ease of sources of irrigation.
• The use of fertilizers helped in obtaining higher yields.
• Discovery and use of high-yielding varieties.
• Protection of crops against diseases, weeds, and insects became easy.
• Increased use of Agri machinery.

Question 3.
Write any four reasons for the green revolution in India.
Answer:
Do yourself.

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 Agroforestry Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 6 Agroforestry

Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Agroforestry Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in one-two words:

Question 1.
How much area should under forests in Punjab, as per National Forest Policy 1988?
Answer:
20%.

Question 2.
How much area is under forests and tree cover in Punjab?
Answer:
6.49%.

Question 3.
How many major agro climatic zones are there in Punjab on the basis of climate?
Answer:
Three.

Question 4.
In which season acute shortage of fodder is felt in Kandi region of Punjab?
Answer:
In winter.

Question 5.
What is the spacing for planting of poplar on boundary of a field?
Answer:
3 metres.

Question 6.
What types of .soils are there in Kandi region?
Answer:
Soil is undulating that is not uniformly levelled. It has many ups and down.

Question 7.
Name two trees used for fodder in Kandi region.
Answer:
Dhak, Beri, Chhal, Kachnar etc.

Question 8.
What should be the pH of soil for poplar cultivation?
Answer:
6.5 to 8.0.

Question 9.
Name the trees suitable for commercial agroforestry in Punjab.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus

Question 10.
How many Poplar plants are planted in per hectare?
Answer:
200 trees per acre.

(B) Answer in one-two sentences:

Question 1.
What is the planting time of Poplar in Punjab?
Answer:
Suitable time for planting poplar in Punjab is January-February.

Question 2.
Define Agroforestry.
Answer:
Agroforestry is a land management system in which cultivation of trees and crops is done together in a field along with rearing of animals on the same piece of land.

Question 3.
What type of soil and irrigation facilities are available in Central plain zone in Punjab?
Answer:
In this zone, soil is fertile and irrigation facilities are available here.

Question 4.
What type of trees are found in S-W region of Punjab?
Answer:
Kikar, Tahli, Mango, Dhrek, Nim, Jamun, Toot etc. trees are planted in south-western zone.

Question 5.
Write down planting and spacing requirements of Eucalyptus.
Answer:
Cuttings are used for the propagation of Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus can be planted on the boundaries of the field or in block plantation. Plant to plant spacing on the boundaries should be 2 metres and if planted in block plantation the spacing should be 4 x 2 m.

Question 6.
Write the clones of poplar planted in Punjab.
Answer:
PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, L-47/88, L-48/89 are clones of poplar.

Question 7.
What is the planting time of Eucalyptus in Punjab?
Answer:
Eucalyptus can be planted in March-April and July-August.

Question 8.
Write down the names of the industries where poplar wood is used.
Answer:
Wood obtained from poplar can be used in Match box industry, ply manufacturing, packing cases etc.

Question 9.
What is the spacing for poplar planting?
Answer:
If poplar is planted on boundaries then plant spacing should be 3 metre and if it is planted in die whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x4m.

Question 10.
Write the name of trees grown in Kandi region.
Answer:
Toot, Nim, Tahli, khair, Kikkar, Bel, Kachnar, Mango, Subabaul, Aijun, Harar, Behra, Phalis and dhak, Dehrek, Sohanjana etc.

(C) Answer in Jive-six sentences:

Question 1.
Write down the clones planted and spacing for poplar planting in Punjab. .
Answer:
PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, L-47/88, L^18/89 are some of the clones of poplar. If poplar is planted on boundaries then plant spacing should be 3 metre and if it in planted is the whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x 4 m. 200 plants per acre can be planted in the field.

Question 2.
Write down the source of clonal Eucalyptus plants in Punjab.
Answer:
We should plant Eucalyptus plants prepared from cuttings in Agroforestry. These all grow uniformely. These can be obtained from any nursery of department of forests and wildlife preservation, Punjab, PAU, Ludhiana or any other private registered nursery.

Question 3.
How poplar can be planted?
Answer:
Make a pit which is 3 feet deep and have diameter of 15-20 cm. Use chloropyriphos and Emisan-6 against termies and diseases. Plant poplar trees in the month of January and February. Water the plants immediately after planting the poplar tree. If poplar is planted on boundaries then plants spacing should be 3 metre and if it in planted in the whole field then spacing should be 8 x 2.5 m or 5 x 4 m. 200 plants per acre can be planted in the fields.

Question 4.
Where poplar wood is used?
Answer:
Cultivation of poplar is helpful in creating employment and also in small enterprises in which wood is the raw-material. Poplar is used in various industries e.g. it is used in the manufacturing of match sticks. It is also used in the manufacture of plywood and also in the packaging industry to make boxes. This way one can earn by the cultivation of poplar. It sheds off its leaves in winter thus has no harm for Rabi crops.

Question 5.
Why Poplar and Eucalyptus are suitable for commercial Agroforestry? Or Why are Eucalyptus and poplar cultivated as commercial agro forestry in Punjab?
Answer:
Poplar and Eudalyptus are suitable for commercial agroforestry in Punjab. Wood obtained from these trees can be easily marketed. The income from these trees in more than wheat-rice cropping system.

Safeda:
It grows in less time, stem is straight, its branches shed off regularly. Its wood is used as building material, its pulp is used in paper industry, wooden beams are also obtained from it. Therefore it is suitable for cultivation in agroforestry.

Poplar:
It provides employement. Its wood is used in small scale industry; like, ply, match sticks, packing boxes etc. It also does not affect the Rabi crops.

PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Agroforestry Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
According to National Forest Policy 1988, forests should occupy of area in plain states.
(a) 5%
(b) 20%
(c) 50%
(d) 29%.
Answer:
(b) 20%

Question 2.
In central plain region trees are grown.
(a) Poplar
(b) Dek
(c) Eucalyptus
(d) All
Answer:
(d) All

Question 3.
………….. is not a variety of poplar:
(a) PL-5
(b) PL-47/88
(c) PL-858
(d) PL-48/89.
Answer:
(b) PL-47/88

Question 4.
Poplar trees become ready in years for harvesting.
(a) 5 to 7
(b) 1 to 2
(c) 10 to 12
(d) 15 to 25.
Answer:
(a) 5 to 7

Question 5.
pH value for soil for poplar cultivation.
(a) 10
(b) 6.5 to 8.0
(c) 3 to 4
(d) 4 to 5.5.
Answer:
(b) 6.5 to 8.0

Question 6.
In which direction the trees are planted on ridges of the farms for agro forestry?
(a) North-South
(b) East-west
(c) South-east
(d) North-east.
Answer:
(a) North-South

Question 7.
For timber production after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(a) 13 to 15 years

Question 8.
For batten production, after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(c) 4 to 6 years

Question 9.
For paper pulp production, after how many years Eucalyptus can be harvested?
(a) 13 to 15 years
(b) 6 to 8 years
(c) 4 to 6 years
(d) 2 to 4 years.
Answer:
(b) 6 to 8 years

True False:

1. Poplar is more successful in Bet area.
Answer:
True

2. Poplar tree become ready for harvesting after 5-7 years.
Answer:
True

3. To save orchards from wild life, Jatropha are grown around the orchards.
Answer:
True

4. Poplar cultivation is successful in Kallar and water logged soils.
Answer:
False

5. Eucalyptus clonal plants should be planted in Agroforestry.
Answer:
False

Fill in the blanks:

1. Poplar wood is used in the manufacture of ……………. .
Answer:
Match sticks

2. For boundaries poplar trees are planted at spacing.
Answer:
3 m

3. …………….. erosion is major problem in sub-mountainous zone.
Answer:
Soil

4. Pl-3 is a …………….. clone.
Answer:
poplar

5. In winter the scarcity of ……………. is felt in submountaneous zone.
Answer:
fodder.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is agroforestry suitable for Punjab?
Answer:
It helps in increasing the area under the forests and trees.

Question 2.
Can we take income from agroforestry?
Answer:
Yes, more than the conventional agricultural practices i.e. more than paddy-wheat cropping system.

Question 3.
In which direction, trees should be planted on the boundaries of fields? (PS.E.B. 2017)
Answer:
In North-South direction.

Question 4.
In how many zones is Punjab divided on the basis of climate?
Answer:
Three zones.

Question 5.
On what basis the farmer in Kandi area grow their crops?
Answer:
Agriculture is based on the rainfall.

Question 6.
Which of the trees are planted to save the orchards?
Answer:
Jatroffa, Karonda, Ipomea.

Question 7.
What type of soil is found in south-western zone?
Answer:
Saline and alkaline soil.

Question 8.
Poplar is not harmful for rabi crops, how?
Answer:
Its leaves shed off in winter and it is not harmful for rabi crops.

Question 9.
What type of soil is not suitable for poplar?
Answer:
Kallar and water-logged.

Question 10.
In which area poplar is must successful?
Answer:
In bet area.

Question 11.
How many poplar trees can be planted in the field?
Answer:
200 trees per acre.

Question 12.
In how many years poplar trees are ready?
Answer:
5 to 7 years.

Question 13.
What type of Eucalyptus plants should be planted?
Answer:
Prepared from cuttings.

Question 14.
How many Eucalyptus plants are planted In the whole field?
Answer:
500 trees per acre.

Question 15.
If Eucalyptus cultivation is for long time, what should be row spacing?
Answer:
8 metre.

Question 16.
After how many years can we get wood for buildings (timber) from Eucalyptus?
Answer:
13 to 15 years.

Question 17.
After how many years is Eucalyptus ready for pulp?
Answer:
6 to 8 years.

Question 18.
After how many years Eucalyptus is ready for battens?
Answer:
4 to 6 years.

Question 19.
Write file name of two trees which are mainly grown in Punjab for commercial agroforestry.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucatyplus.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name bf two main models for agroforestry?
Answer:
There are two main models for agroforestry-Boundary plantation and intercropping in block plantation.

Question 2.
Where do farmers plant trees if they use boundary plantation model?
Answer:
They plant trees on the boundaries of fields.

Question 3.
Which of the trees are used for planting on the boundaries?
Answer:
Subabaul, Drek, Toot, Eucalyptus, Poplar, Siris, Lassora, Sohanjana, Nim, Tahli etc. –

Question 4.
Which farmers do the mixed farming of crops and trees?
Answer:
Those farmers who have more agricultural land can do mixed farming.

Question 5.
Which of the trees are suitable for planting in the whole field?
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus, Dhrek and Tun are suitable trees.

Question 6.
In which area is the problem of soil erosion found?
Answer:
Soil found in the Kandi area is not uniform and land has many ups and downs (undulating) therefore problem of soil erosion is also found there.

Question 7.
Which type of soil is suitable for poplar?
Answer:
Well drained, loamy to sandy, fertile soil and which have pH value from 6.5 to 8.0 is suitable for growing popular.

Question 8.
List four uses of wood of Eucalyptus.
Answer:
Batten, pulp, wood used in buildings construction, industry, furniture

Question 9.
Write the name of four trees which are grown in whole field in agroforestry.
Answer:
Poplar, Eucalyptus, Toon, Dhrek.

Question 10.
Why salinity is found in the upper surface of the soil in the South-Western zone?
Answer:
Water under the earth in this zone is saline. This makes upper surface of the soil also saline.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write about trimming and pruning of poplar? Or Write the benefit of correctly pruning poplar plants at the right time.
Answer:
There is no need of trimming in the first year, but in the second year after shedding off the leaves there is a need of pruning of the trees to make it straight and to give it good appearance. If trimming and pruning is done at proper time then the stem remains straight and without nodes.

Question 2.
Which of the qualities of Eucalyptus make it suitable for cultivation in agroforestry? Or For which qualities Eucalyptus is grown in agroforestry?
Answer:
It grows in less time, stem is straight, its branches shed off regularly. Its wood is used as building material, its pulp i§, used in paper industry, wooden beams are also obtained from it. Therefore it is suitable for cultivation in agroforestry.

Question 3.
Define Agroforestry.
Answer:
According to National Forest Policy 1988, to fulfil the needs based on wood and to keep the environment safe, area under the forests should be 20%. But it is not possible to increase the area under the forests therefore this is achieved by agroforestry. Agroforestry is the cultivation of trees and crops together in the same field. The objective behind this, type of cultivation is that farmers can fulfil their needs e.g. cereals, wood, fuel, fodder and also can save the natural resources e.g. soil, water, air etc. There is also an increase in their income.

Question 4.
What do you mean by agroforestry? Explain in detail about the planting trees on farm boundaries in agroforestry.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 16 India and SAARC Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 16 India and SAARC

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on establishment (formation) of SAARC and discuss its objectives.
Or
Describe background and efforts made for the establishment of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC).
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by the late Zia-Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March, 1980, was given concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) in August, 1983. On August 1, 1983, foreign ministers of seven countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) met at New Delhi and approved programme of economic co-operation. They decided on an integrated programme of action for regional co-operation. Thus, the seven South Asian countries formally established the SAARC in 1985.
In its 14th Summit which was held at New Delhi on April 3-4-2007, Afghanistan becomes the 8th member of SAARC.

Background And Efforts Made for the Establishment of SAARC:
1. Working Paper on SAARC:
Before the formal launching of SAARC, useful and productive ground work was done by several meetings of the seven South Asian states. The working paper was prepared by Bangladesh’s former President Mr. Zia-Ur-Rehman. He stressed the need of setting up an organisation to promote regional co-operation.

2. Colombo Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of South Asian States (1981):
At this meeting the foreign ministers of South Asian countries- India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Maldives, acknowledged the importance of regional co-operation. The meeting agreed to explore the possibilities of co-operation in five spheres i.e. agriculture, rural development, communication, weather and health and population activities.

3. Foreign Secretaries. Meeting in Kathmandu (1981):
At this meeting the recommendations of the seven nation study group and the report of the coordination committee of the whole was accepted. It also decided to explore the possibilities of Transport, Postal Service and Scientific and Technological cooperation.

4. Islamabad Meeting of Foreign Secretaries (1982):
This meeting approved the recommendations of the study group set up in Kathmandu and decided to constitute new study groups on sports, arts and culture.

5. Dhaka Meeting (1983):
This meeting evaluated the mutual co-operation in different fields and recommended the adoption of integrated programme of action by the foreign ministers. It also decided to set up a standing committee.

6. New Delhi Meeting of Foreign Ministers (1983):
In this meeting the foreign ministers signed the declaration of South Asian regional cooperation. The declaration listed the following objectives of South Asian Regional Co-operation.

• to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to raise their standard of living,
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries,
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
• to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
• to co-operate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and objectives.

The declaration also stated that SAARC is based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non¬interference in the international affairs of other states and mutual benefits. The heads of state or government meet annually. It also decided to set up different committees.

7. New Delhi Meeting (1984):
This meeting gave a call for developing friendly relations among the countries of this region, along with co-operation in socio-economic and cultural field.

8. Standing Committee Meeting in Male in Feb. 1985:
This meeting recommended the establishment of a ministry council of South Asian countries through which the common will of mutual co-operation could be given institutional form. Thus, after so much hard work, studies and meeting SAARC was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985.

Objectives and Principles of SAARC:
The South Asian Association of Regional Co-operation was formally inaugurated in Dec. 1985. The SAARC is an organisation of Eight countries of South Asia:Bhutan, India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC was established primarily for co-operation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics and terrorism.

Objectives of SAARC:
The objectives of the association are : 1. to promote the welfare of the people of South : 2. to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; 3. to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries. 4. to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems; 5. to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields; 6. to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and 7. to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Principles of SAARC:

1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

Question 2.
What important activities SAARC has taken up during its existence? What has been India’s role in them?
Answer:
SAARC is active since 1985. It has taken up many activities as a regional co-operation association. It’s activities are as follows :
First SAARC Summit:
The leaders of seven South Asian countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and India, concluded on Dec. 8, 1985. at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The Summit Conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of the region. It will also help in the maintenance of peace and stability in the area.

Second Summit of SAARC:
The second summit of SAARC was held at Bangalore on Nov. 16-17, 1986 under the Chairmanship of Sh. Rajiv Gandhi. It decided to evolve a joint policy to fight terrorism in South Asia, to set up technical committees on women’s participation in development, drug abuse and drug trafficking.

Third Summit of SAARC:
The third summit of SAARC was held at Kathmandu (Nepal) in Nov. 1987, where agreements were reached on terrorism and established a SAARC Reserved Food Grain Stock. The Reserved Food Grain Stock, launched at the summit, will begin with a stock of 200,000 tonnes of wheat and rice. The summit also decided to commission a comprehensive study of the region’s environment and the necessary measures for its protection and preservation.

Fourth SAARC Summit:
The fourth annual summit of SAARC ended in Islamabad on December 31, 1988. The summit pledged to stamp out terrorism and meet the basic needs of the people through a regional plan ‘SAARC 2000’ with specific targets.

Fifth SAARC Summit 1990:
Fifth SAARC summit was held in Male, the capital of Maldives, in November, 1990. The summit decided to enlarge visa-free travel facilities beyond the present categories of members of Parliament and Supreme Court Judges.

Ninth Session of SAARC Council of Ministers, 1991. On July 4, 1991 the Ninth Session of the SAARC Council of Ministers agreed on taking co-ordinated action to combat the menace of terrorism which they said threatened to destabilize the region. On the economic front, the SAARC Council-also approved to institutionalise co-operation in tourism and trade manufacture and service.

Sixth SAARC Summit 1991:
Sixth SAARC summit was held in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, on Dec. 21, 1991. The seven SAARC nations have agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation and interaction among the member states to combat terrorism in the region. India has done well by proposing a collective economic security system for the region.

Seventh SAARC Summit 1993:
Seventh SAARC summit was held at Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, on April, 1993. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation entered a new phase of economic co-operation as the seventh summit approved the 63 point Dhaka declaration and endorsing the South Asia Preferential trade agreement seeking to reduce trade barriers in the region.

Eighth SAARC Summit 1995:
Eighth SAARC summit was held in New Delhi on 2nd May, 1995. All the members of SAARC countries agreed to liberalise trade and called for greater co-operation. Delhi declaration of the eighth SAARC summit called for an international convention prohibiting the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances and strongly deploring acts of terrorism spreading in and outside the region. The declaration called for the production of organised tourism in a big way in the SAARC region. Another significance of this Summit was agreement on South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA).

Ninth SAARC Summit 1997:
Ninth SAARC summit was held at Male, the capital of Maldives on 11th May, 1997. Leaders of seven South Asian nations accepted India’s proposal to transform the region into a free trade area by 2001. SAARC countries agreed for the removal of all trade barriers and structural impediments by advancing the deadline by four years from the earlier agreed goal of SAFTA by 2005.

Tenth SAARC Summit 1998:
Tenth SAARC summit was held at Colombo on 29th July, 1998. Despite its failings and shortcomings, SAARC has taken several bold steps including establishing a framework for SAPTA (South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement) and SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Area). India made a fine gesture that it would remove import restrictions on over two thousand products to facilitate intra-regional trade. With the solitary exception of Pakistan, all other member-countries of SAARC also agreed on the need to hasten the process by two years to realise SAFTA by 2001.

Eleventh SAARC Summit, 2002:
The Eleventh SAARC summit was held at Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal on 5th Jan. 2002 under tenscious shadow of Indo- Pak relations. The 11th SAARC Summit decided for the urgent conclusion of comprehensive convention on combating International terrorism and conducting international cooperation in ending this scourge in conformity with the U.N. Charter. The Summit recognised the importance of creating a free trade area. The declaration called for coordination among the SAARC member states on all World Trade Organisation issues.

Twelfth SAARC Summit (2004):
The 12th SAARC Summit was held at Islamabad; the capital of Pakistan in January 2004. During this summit firstly, SAFTA was approved and it will take effect from January, 2006. Secondly, all the SAARC nations signed its ‘Social Charter’. Thirdly, it was decided to start a ‘SAARC Award’ to respect and encourage the contribution of individual in the spheres of peace, poverty alleviation, social welfare etc. Fourthly, the SAARC nations signed a protocol on the prevention of terrorism.

Thirteenth SAARC Summit (2005):
The 13th SAARC summit was held at Dhaka on November 12, 2005. Summit decided a united fight against terrorism afflicting the region.

Fourteenth SAARC Summit:
The Fourteenth SAARC Summit was held at New Delhi on April 3-4, 2007. All the eight members were present. Afghanistan is the latest addition in the SAARC and because of this addition the total members of the SAARC are eight now. SAARC Summit adopted a 30-point declaration with commitment to ensure market access by all SAARC member countries and also collectively combat poverty, diseases, disaster and terrorism. All the eight members of the SAARC were unanimous for taking strict steps to curb terrorism in the Universe. Two agreements on establishing South Asian University and SAARC Food Bank were signed in the concluding session of the 14th SAARC Summit in New Delhi.

Fifteenth SAARC SUMMIT:
The Fifteenth SAARC Summit was held in Colombo, SRI LANKA on August, 2-3, 2008. The Summit concluded with the leaders expressing serious concern over the threat posed by terrorism to the peace, stability and security of the region and emphasizing the need for strongest possible co-operation in fighting terror and transnational organised crime. The Summit adopted the Colombo Declaration titled ‘Partnership for the growth of our people’ at the concluding session on August 3. The declaration stressed the importance of completing all legislative and other relevant measures to implement within the member states the provisions of the Regional Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances.

Sixteenth SAARC Summit:
The Sixteenth SAARC Summit was held in Thimpu, Bhutan on April 28-29, 2010. The Summit concluded with the leaders express serious concerns over terrorism. SAARC leaders also decided to celebrated the decade of 2011-2020 as a ‘Decade of Intraregional Connectivity in SAARC’.

17th SAARC Summit (2011):
The 17th SAARC Summit was held in Addu (Maidive) on Nov. 10-11, 2011. The Addu declaration said that the leaders agreed upon the theme of ‘Building Bridges.’ The leaders committed to work towards a huge boost in intra SAARC trade, improving air, rail, motor and water transport connectivity between member countries and putting their heads together to solve common development concerns.

18th SAARC Summit-2014:
The 18th SAARC Summit was held in 2014 in Nepal. It concluded adopting a 36-point declaration with commitment to control Terrorism and Religious Fundamentalism.

India’s Role in SAARC :
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

Question 3.
Describe India’s role in SAARC.
Answer:
India has been playing a vital role in the activities of SAARC. To make this organisation a success India has made constructive contributions. Its contributions in the founding and functioning of the organisation are significant and these are as follow:

1. India played a leading role in the formation of SAARC. With India’s effort SAARC was constituted in 1985 with a view to promote co-operation in the neighbouring countries.
2. The second SAARC Summit was held in Bangalore in 1986 under the chairmanship of Late Prime Minister Sh. Rajiv Gandhi.
3. India announced a grant of Rs. 150 lacs to SAARC for the year 1987-88.
4. In 1988, India offered 1,53,200 tonnes of foodgrains to create a reserved foodgrains stock for SAARC nations.
5. India announced a contribution of Rs. 2 crores for SAARC activities for the year 1989-90.
6. Industrial Development Bank of India hosted a meeting of national development institutions of the member countries in October 1991.
7. In Dec. 1991, during the Sixth SAARC Summit India proposed a collective economic security system for the region.
8. India hosted the first cultural festival of SAARC countries in October, 1992.
9. India also ratified SAARC convention on Narcotic Drugs.
10. The Eighth SAARC Summit was held in New Delhi on 4 May, 1995.
11. The first SAARC Trade fair was also held in New Delhi from 9th to 14th January, 1996.
12. India has removed all Quantitative Restrictions from SAARC countries from August 1, 1998.
13. To boost the trade within the region India has placed over 2000 products from the Restricted List to Open General List.
14. Under SAPTA India offered duty concessions to SAARC nations on 160 items.
15. India has offered to conclude bilateral free trade agreements with those SAARC nations who are willing to move faster.
16. India has already free trade agreements with Nepal and Bhutan.
17. India has given financial aid to SAARC nations on a large scale particularly to Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.
18. In 12th SAARC Summit India pledged a contribution of Rs. 21.5 million for conferences to give concrete shape to freeing the SAARC region from hunger and giving an added impetus to the SAARC food bank.
19. In the 13th SAARC Summit India offered concrete proposals to strengthen, including the facility of daily air services by designated airlines on a reciprocal basis, provision of transit facilities, setting up of a South Asian University and establishment of Regional Food Bank, SAARC High Economic Council and SAARC Museum of Textiles and Handicrafts.

Thus, India has played a constructive role in SAARC. It has always helped the member-states in time of need and emergency. India’s role in SAARC activities is a mark of India’s firm belief in SAARC and its policies.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit. The summit conference adopted a Charter of this regional body to be known as South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

This marked a major development in co-operation among the countries of this region. The Indian Prime Minister in his inaugural address termed it as the beginning of a new dawn. The Dhaka Declaration stated that the Heads of State or Government shall meet annually. The SAARC Secretariat was set up at Kathmandu on 16 January, 1987. In its 14th summit which was held at New Delhi on April, 3-4-2007, Afghanistan became the 8th member of SAARC. The basic aim of the organisation as declared by Dhaka Declaration is “to make the full use of all the human and natural resources and to accelerate the economic and social development of the region.”

Question 2.
Write main objectives of SAARC.
Answer:
The objectives of the association are:

• to promote the welfare of the people of South
• to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region;
• to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among these countries.
• to contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another’s problems;
• to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields;
• to strengthen co-operation among themselves and regional forums; and
• to co-operate with international and regional organisations.

Question 3.
WHhat are the main principles of SAARC? Write the names of its member countries.
Or
Write down the names of the member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
Principles of SAARC:

1. SAARC is based on the principles of sovereign equality; territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states and mutual benefits.
2. Decisions at all levels are taken on the basis of unanimity. But bilateral and contentious issues will be excluded from the deliberations.
3. SAARC is not a political organisation but is formed to accelerate development through mutual co-operation.
4. The members of SAARC would not act as obstruction in having relations with the individual countries of SAARC and with other countries.

Names of the member countries of SAARC:

1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. Bhutan
5. Maldives
6. Sri Lanka
7. Nepal,
8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA.
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asian Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions. During its establishment it was hoped that SAFTA will replace SAPTA before the start of 21st century. The Tenth SAARC Summit decided to set up a committee of experts to conclude on Treaty 2001 on SAFTA. In 12th SAARC Summit held on January, 2004 in Islamabad the SAARC nations have signed the treaty.

On December 29, 2005 the Union Cabinet of India cleared the implementation of South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement though the actual movement of commodities among Seven Nations started from July 1, 2006. SAFTA allows for a differential and progressively freer regions. India, in effect, will offer relatively unhindered access to its markets for Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal, the poorest SAARC members, while different ‘sensitive lists’ on goods and services would be prepared for Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Question 5.
Write down any four achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

• All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
• All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.
• SAARC has created “Food Stock Pool”. It has developed a sense of self-reliance and self-respect among SAARC nations.
• SAARC has accelerated development in the region.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about SAARC?
Answer:
The quest for regional co-operation in South Asia, as initiated by late Zia- Ur-Rahman of Bangladesh in March 1980, was given a concrete foundation with the emergence of SAARC. The leaders of seven South Asian countries India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives concluded on December 5, 1985 at Dhaka their first ever regional summit.

Question 2.
Write the full name of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:
The full name of SAARC is South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Question 3.
Write down the names of SAARC member countries.
Or
Write the names of any four countries of SAARC.
Answer:

1. India
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. Bhutan
5. Maldives
6. Sri Lanka
7. Nepal,
8. Afghanistan.

Question 4.
Write a short note on SAFTA
Answer:
The aim of SAFTA is to establish a ‘South Asia Free Trade Area’ through mutual co-operation. A free trade area means that trading among the countries of the area is free from taxes and custom restrictions.

Question 5.
Write down any two achievements of ‘SAARC’.
Answer:

• All the member countries of SAARC have come closer to one another and their mutual tension has been lessened.
• All the member countries are collectively working for their socio-economic development.

Question 6.
Write any two problems of SAARC.
Answer:

• The first problem is Political lnstability in the SAARC Region.
• The second problem of SAARC is Terrorism.

One Line Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by SAARC?
Or
What is the full form of SAARC?
Answer:
SAARC i.e. South Assian Association for Regional Cooperation is an organisation of eight countries of South Asia. It has been established with the objective of increasing mutual co-operation between these countries.

Question 2.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
A Conference of the Foreign Ministers of seven countries was held on 1-2 August, 1983. They deliberated about the establishment of SAARC. It was formally founded in its first conference at Dhaka in Bangladesh in 1985.

Question 3.
What has been the impact of SAARC as a means of Regional Co-operation?
Answer:
Because of SAARC, the South Asian Countries have come closer to each other. It has been successful in settling some common problems in these countries.

Question 4.
Mention full form of SAARC and SAFTA
Answer:

• SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.
• SAFTA: South Asian Free Trade Area.

Question 5.
When and where was the 18th SAARC Conference held?
Answer:
The 18th SAARC Summit conference was held at Thimpu, the capital of Nepal on Nov. 2014.

Question 6.
Write down names of member countries of SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC includes countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bengladesh, Maldives and Afganistan.

Question 7.
When and in which conference, Afganistan was made a member country of SAARC?
Answer:
Afganistan was made a member of SAARC in the 14th Summit Conference held in India in April, 2007.

Question 8.
Where is the office of SAARC situated?
Answer:
The office of SAARC is in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

Question 9.
Write down any two countries in the north of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the north of India, Nepal and Bhutan are the member countries of SAARC.

Question 10.
Write down any two countries in the south of India who have joined SAARC.
Answer:
In the south of India, Sri Lanka and Maldives are the member countries of SAARC.

Question 11.
When was SAARC established?
Answer:
1985.

Question 12.
Write down any one name of the member country of SAARC.
Answer:
India.

Question 13.
How many conferences of SAARC have been held so far?
Answer:
There have been 18 Summit Conferences of SAARC so far.

Question 14.
Where was the 14th Summit Conference of SAARC held?
Answer:
In India.

Fill in The Blanks

1. The SAARC is an organisation of ………….. member states.
Answer:
Eight

2. ………….. is playing an important role in SAARC activities.
Answer:
India

3. First SAARC Summit was concluded on 8 Dec ………….. .
Answer:
1985

4. 17th SAARC Summit was held in ………….. .
Answer:
Maldives.

True Or False Statement

1. SAARC is a national organisation.
Answer:
False

2. SAARC is an Institution of South Asian countries.
Answer:
True

3. India is not a member of SAARC.
Answer:
False

4. Afghanistan becomes 8th member of SAARC.
Answer:

5. So far fifteen summits have concluded of SAARC.
Answer:
False.

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
SAARC was initiated by:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman
(b) Mr. Zia-ul-Haq
(c) Mrs. Indira Gandhi
(d) Mr. Mujib-ur-Rehman
Answer:
(a) Mr. Zia-ul-Rehman

Question 2.
SAARC is a/an:
(a) Universal Organisation
(b) Regional Organisation
(c) World Organisation
(d) International Organisation
Answer:
(b) Regional Organisation

Question 3.
The 18th Summit of SAARC
(a) India
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Bhutan.
Answer:
(c) Nepal

Question 4.
The SAARC was formed
(a) 1987
(b) 1983
(c) 1985
(d) 1982.
Answer:
(b) 1983