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PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 5 Class Inequalities

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 5 Class Inequalities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Class Inequalities

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Class Inequalities Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The history of all existing societies is the history of class struggle is stated by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) V.I. Lenin
(c) Antonio Gramsci
(d) Rosa Luxemburg
Answer:
(a) Karl Marx

2. Who propounded the concept of class-in-itself and class-for-itself?
Or
Who propounded the concept of class consciousness and class struggle?
(a) Marx
(b) Weber
(c) Durkheim
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Marx

3. The class theory given by Eric Olin Wright is synthesis of ideas of:
(a) Marx and Durkheim
(b) Marx and Weber
(c) Marx and Spencer
(d) Marx and Engels
Answer:
(b) Marx and weber

4. Property less white collar professionals as one of the classes is discussed by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Max Weber
(c) Lloyd Warner
(d) Vilfredo Pareto
Answer:
(b) Max Weber

5. Which does not reveal the distinction between caste and class:
(a) Ascription and achievement
(b) Closed and open mobility
(c) Sacred and Secular
(d) Ruling and ruled.
Answer:
(d) Ruling and ruled

6. Which does not constitute the means of production:
(a) Land
(b) Culture
(c) Labour
(d) Capital
Answer:
(b) Culture

7. Who gives importance to life chances and market situation for class analysis:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Max Weber
(c) Alfred Weber
(d) C.W. Mills
Answer:
(b) Max Weber

8. The ownership over the means of production is a determinant of:
(a) Status group
(b) Class
(c) Caste
(d) Social category
Answer:
(b) Class

9. The class of serf is opposite to
(a) Lords
(b) Petty-Bourgeois
(c) Bourgeois
(d) Master
Answer:
(a) Lords

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Class system is ……………… in nature.
Answer:
open

2. Class system is …………… in status
Answer:
achieved

3. Weber considered class in ……………….. term.
Answer:
inequality

4. Class status is determined by …………….. and ………………… of an individual.
Answer:
income, education

True/False:

1. Class system is one of the major forms of social stratification.
Answer:
True

2. A social class is essentially a status group.
Answer:
True

3. According to Weber, wealth, power and status form the basis of inequality.
Answer:
True

4. Social classes are open groups.
Answer:
True

Match the Columns:

Column A	Column B
1. Social classes	Bourgeoisie
2. Capitalist	Lifestyle of a particular class
3. Determinant of class	Open group
4. Class consciousness	Occupation
5. Mode of living	Self-awareness

Answer:

Column A	Column B
1. Social classes	Open group
2. Capitalist	Bourgeoisie
3. Determinant of class	Occupation
4. Class consciousness	Self-awareness
5. Mode of living	The lifestyle of a particular class

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
In which social group members share the same relationship to the forces of production?
Answer:
Social class.

Question 2.
Can one have upward and downward mobility in classes?
Answer:
Yes, one can have upward and downward mobility in classes.

Question 3.
Individuals or groups between different social economic positions are known as:
Answer:
Class.
Question 4.
Which social class broadly composed of people is involved in blue collar or manual occupation?
Answer:
Labour class.

Question 5.
Identify two important features of class.
Answer:

There are many bases of class system.
People of a group have class consciousness for their class.

Question 6.
What do you mean by ownership over the resources?
Answer:
It means that some individual has ownership over resources and he is the owner of such resources.

Question 7.
Identify means of production.
Answer:
Those means which help in the production of anything are known as means of production such as machines, industries, tools etc.

Question 8.
Name two classes that were found during slavery.
Answer:
Master and Slave.

Question 9.
Who is a bourgeois?
Answer:
One who holds all the means of production with whose help, he exploits other classes is known as bourgeois such as an industrialist.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you mean by class?
Answer:
A class is a group of people who consider each other equal and every class has its own status in society. Members of every class are given certain specific responsibilities, rights and powers.

Question 2.
Differentiate between caste and class.
Answer:

Caste is a closed group but the class is an open group.
Membership of caste is based on birth but membership of class is based on individual ability.

Question 3.
Identify those classes found in rural India.
Answer:
Big landlords, the absentee landlords, the upper and middle peasantry, the capitalist farmers, low peasantry, marginal famers, landless agriculturists, money lenders etc. are the classes found in rural India.

Question 4.
“What is the meaning of this statement of Marx that the history of all existing societies is the history of class struggle”?
Answer:
‘According to Marx, till today, there existed many societies in which there were two main groups—one which owned all the means of production and the other which didn’t. That’s why, there existed a struggle among them. That’s why Marx said, “The history of all existing societies is the history of class struggle.”

Question 5.
Name those classes which have been discussed by Max Weber.
Answer:

Propertied bougeosie
Non-propertied white collar workers
Middle class
Class working in industries.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Discuss the views of Eric Olin Wright on class.
Answer:
Eric Olin wright gave class theory which was the mixture of Marx and Weber’s views. According to Wright, there are three bases of controlling economic resources in a capitalist society and these are:

Control over capital
Control over land, factory or offices
Control over labourers.

These bases form many classes such as owner, blue collar workers, white collar workers, professional employees, manual workers etc. According to him, workers of middle classs (managers and supervisors) have direct relation with the owners but labour class is exploited.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Caste and Class.
Or
What is the relationship between Caste and Class?
Answer:

Caste	Class
1. Membership of caste is based on birth.	1. Membership of class is based on occupation and individual ability.
2. Ascribed status is given in caste.	2. There is achieved status in the class.
3. Caste is an endogamous group.	3. Class is an exogamous group.
4. Caste gets validity from the Hindu religious activities.	4. Class gets validity from individual ability in the capitalist system.
5. There is no mobility in the caste system as it is a closed system.	5. There is mobility in the class system as it is an open system.
6. One cannot change his caste in any case.	6. One can change his class at any time with his ability.

Question 3.
Briefly write about those classes which are found in Rural India.
Answer:
See Question No. 3-short answer type questions (III).

Question 4.
Briefly write about those classes which are found in urban India.
Or
Write about those classes which are found in Urban India.
Answer:

Corporate Capitalists
Industrial Capitalists
Financial Capitalists
Bureaucrats/Academia of upper category
Culture, political and economic elites
Middle class-managers, businessmen, traders, self-employed people, small shopkeepers, bankers etc.
Lower class
Industrial working class in organised sector
Working class in unorganised/semi-organised sectors
Construction workers on daily wages.
Unemployed persons.

Question 5.
Explain the middle class phenomenon.
Answer:
See Question 24—short answer type questions (other important questions)— Chapter-3.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain the Marxian theory of class.
Or
Describe the Marxian theory of class.
Answer:
Karl Marx has given conflict theory of social stratification and this-theory comes out because of political and social conflicts of 19th century. According to Marx, economic factor is the alone factor of social stratification and struggle in different classes. Marx has given this theory on the base of division of labour. According to him, labour is of two types—physical and mental and this difference is the main reason of difference in social classes.

Marx was of the view that there are two classes in society. First class is the owner of the means of production and second class is not the owner of means of production. On the basis of this ownership the position of owner class is higher and position of non-owner class is lower. According to Marx, owner class is capitalist class and non-owner class is labourer class. Capitalist class economically exploits the labourer class and labour class fights with capitalist class to get their rights. This is the result of stratification.

Marx was of the view that the main reason of stratification is the unequal distribution of property. Nature of stratification depends upon the classes of that society and the nature of classes depends upon the means of production. Ways of production depend upon technique. Class is a group in which relations of its members with forces of production are equal. In this way all those persons, who control the forces of production, come in first class i.e. capitalist class. Second class is that class

which is not the owner of forces of production but it earns its livelihood by selling its labour and that is labour class. Their name in different societies is different. For example, Feudal Lords and agricultural labourers in Feudal societies and capitalist and labourer in capitalist societies. Capitalist class has all the forces of production and labourer class has only its labour to sell with which it earns its livelihood. In this way the classes made on the basis of ways of production and unequal distribution of property are, according to Marx, social classes.

According to Marx, society today comes out of four stages or societies and these are:

Primitive ancient society or communism
Ancient society
Feudal society
Capitalist society

According to Marx, the classes did not come into being in first type of society but in later societies two main classes came into being. In ancient society owner and servant, Feudal Lords and agricultural labourer in Feudal society and capitalist and labourer class in capitalist society’came into being. In every society labour was being done by second class. Labour class is more in number and capitalist class is less in number. Marx has given two classes in every type of societies but on this point his views were not the same. Marx was of the view that there are three classes in capitalist society and these are labour class, capitalist class and land owners. Marx has given difference in these three classes on the basis of means of income, profit and rent of land. But Marx’s this three classes system never came into being in England.

Marx has written that with the development of capitalism three classes system will change into two classes system and middle class will come to an end. About this he has written in Communist Manifesto. Marx has also said about other classes in specific society. He has divided the capitalist class into two sub groups and these are effective capitalists and smaller capitalists. Effective capitalists are those capitalists which are bigger capitalists and industrialists which give work to thousands of labourers in their industries. Small capitalists are those small industrialists or shopkeepers whose business is at low level and they are not giving work to many labourers. They are doing most of their work themselves. Here Marx again says that with the development of capitalism middle class and small capitalists will come to an end and will join hands with labourer class. In this way there will be two classes in society and that is capitalist class and labourer class.

Relations Between Classes:

According to Marx capitalist class always exploits the labourer class and labourer class always fights for its rights. That is why the relations between both the groups are of opposition. Yet this opposition between these groups will hide due to their mutual interests but this opposition is always there. It is not necessary that we can see this opposition directly or opposition never comes in front of us but they know about each other’s opposition.

According to Marx, relations between the classes depend upon the mutual interdependence and conflict. We can take example of capitalist society in which two classes are there. First class is of capitalist class and second class is of labour class. These both classes depend upon each other for their existence. Labour class doesn’t have the ownership of forces of production. It doesn’t have any other mean to earn its livelihood except selling its labour. Labourers sell their labour to the capitalist class and are dependent upon them. They give their labour to capitalist and for that capitalist gives money to labourers for their labour. With this money or rent of labour, labourer takes care of the needs of the family. Capitalist also depends upon the labour of labourer because without their work, production in his factory is not possible and accumulation of capital is also not possible.

In this way both these classes depend upon each other. But this dependence doesn’t mean that they have relations of equality. Capitalist class always exploits the labour class. They want to make things in their factory by giving less money so that they can earn more profit. Labourer wants more money so that he can take care of the needs of his family. Capitalist tries to sell his product with more value by paying less money so that he can earn more profit. In this way conflict of interests is always there between both the classes. This conflict will give birth to communism later on in which there would be no opposition, there would be no exploitation and there would be no conflict of interests. This society will be classless society.

Karl Marx has explained the conflict theory of stratification on historical basis. Important things in the conflict theory of stratification of Marx are given below:

1. Two Classes in Society. Marx was of the view that generally two types of classes exists in every type of society. First one is” that which has all the means of production in its hands and this class is known as capitalist class. Second class is that which doesn’t have any means of production and which earns money only by selling its labour. This class is known as labour class. First class exploits the other class. It means that capitalist exploits and labourer is being exploited by capitalist.

2. Right Over Means of Production. While explaining stratification on historical basis Marx says that the stratification in society is based on the right over means of production. There exist two types of classes in every society on this base. First class is that which has the right over all the means of production. Second class is that which doesn’t have any right over means of production and which earns money by selling its labour.

3. Modes of Production. Nature of social stratification depends upon the modes of production. Position of that class is higher than other classes which has all the means of production. According to Marx, this class is known as capitalist or Bourgoisie. Second class is that which doesn’t have means of production, which is not satisfied by its position and which wants to change its position. Marx has given it the name of labour class or proletariat class.

4. Human History-History of Class Struggle: Marx was of the view that human history is the history of class struggle. We can take example of any society. Struggle in class is going on, in every society, in one form or the other. In this way Marx was of the view that two types of classes exist in all the societies- capitalist and labour class. Class struggle always goes on in both the classes. There are many reasons of class struggle in both the classes for e.g. too much economic differences between both the classes because of which class struggle is going on.

Capitalist becomes rich even without doing any hard work and labourer becomes poor even after doing a lot of hard work. With the passage of time, labour class makes its organization to save and meet its demands and this organisation does struggle with capitalist class to meet its demands. Result of this struggle between both the classes comes in the form of revolution which labour class does against the capitalist class.

After revolution, labourer class will eliminate the capitalist class and establish its authority. Capitalist tries to start anti-revolution movement against labourers but this movement will be suppressed and authority of the labourer class will be established. First of all communism and then the state of socialism will come in which every one will get according to its needs and ability. There will be no class in society and this will be a classless society in which every one will get equal share. No one will be of higher or lower status and the authority of labour class will remain there. Marx was of the view that this state has never yet come but it will come very shortly and stratification in society will come to an end.

Question 2.
Explain the Weberian theory of class.
Or
Discuss the Weberian view on the concept of class.
Answer:
Max Weber gave the theory of stratification in which he explained class, status group and party differently. Weber’s theory of stratification is considered as practical and rational. That’s why his theory is given enough importance by American Sociologists. Weber has explained stratification from three aspects and these are class, status and party. All these groups could be called as interest groups which not only can fight within themselves but they can fight even against each other. They tell us about a specific authority and are interrelated as well. Now we will explain . them one by one:

Class: Karl Marx has defined class on economic basis and in the same way Weber has also defined class on economic basis. According to Weber, “Class is a group of those people which are at equal status in structure of social, economic opportunities and which live in same conditions. These conditions depend upon their form and quantity of economic power.” In this way Weber talks about a type of group in which a specific number of people have equal chances in life. Yet this concept of Weber is not very much different from Marx’s concept of class but Weber has imagined class as the group of people living in same economic conditions not as a group of self-consciousness. Weber has given three types of classes which are given below:

A Property Class
An Acquisition Class
A Social Class

1. A Property Class: A property class is that group whose position depends upon the fact that how much property it has? This class is again further divided into two parts:

The Positively Privileged Property Class. This class owns a lot of property and it lives on the income generated from its property. This class can keep monopoly over selling or buying of consumer goods, by collecting property or on taking education.
The Negatively Privileged Property Class. Illiterate, poor, property less and people under debt are major members of this group. But there is one another group between these two groups and that is Privileged Middle class in which members of both the given classes are included. According to Weber, Capitalist is member of this group due to his privileged position and Labourer is its member due to its negatively privileged position.

2. An Acquisition Class: It is that type of group whose position is determined by taking advantage from opportunities of services available in the market. This group is of three types:

The Positively Privileged Acquisition Class. This class keeps monopoly over administration of producer manufacturers. These factory owners are bankers, industrialists, financiers etc. These people not only keep control over administrative system but they exert influence on government’s economic policies as well.
The Middle Privileged Acquisition Class. This class belongs to middle class people in which small professional people, artisans, independent farmers etc. are included.
The Negatively Privileged Acquisition Class. People of lower classes are part of this group which include trained, semi trained and untrained labourers.

3. Social Class: Most number of people are included in this group. This class observes definite changes due to progress made by different generations. But Weber does not explain social class according to privileges. According to him people of labour class, lower middle class, intellectual class, property owner class are included in it.

According to Weber, members of class work with each other under specific circumstances and to this protest of doing work is being given the name of class action by Weber. According to Weber feeling of mutually related gives birth to class action. Weber has not believed that the thing like class action could take place all the times. Weber was of the view that there is no class consciousness in class but its nature is completely economic. There is no possibility among them that they would struggle collectively to achieve their common objectives. A class is only a group of people whose economic condition is same in the market. They can feel changes in their lives while collecting those things which have some respect in society and there is a possibility that they would collectively perform some action. Weber was of the view that if it does so then class can take the form of a community.

Status Group: Status group is generally considered as opposite to economic class stratification. Class is only based on economic assumption which is a group of same interests due to market conditions. These are not statistical classes but these are actually those groups whose life-style is common, outlook towards the society is common and which keeps unity among them.
According to Weber there is some difference between status group and class. Each has its own style and people can be unequal among them.

For example, teacher of a school. Yet his income might be 8-10,000 per month which is quite less in today’s age but his status is quite high due to his sacred profession. But on the other hand any smuggler or a prostitute could earn lakhs in a month but their status group will remain low because their profession is not sanctioned by society. In this way difference is there between both the, groups. Any occupational group can be called as a status group because in each type of profession, people get equal opportunities to earn money. This group also leads to same life-style of people. Members of one occupational group remain near to each other, wear same type of clothes and even have same type of values. That’s why its members have quite a wide circle.

Party: According to Weber, Party represents the determined interests associated with class status or status group. This party enrolls those members, in any condition, whose ideology matches with the ideology of party. But it is not necessary that the party could become status party for them. Weber was of the view that Parties always want to keep control over power. It means power should remain in their hands. Weber was of the view that yet parties are a part of political authority but even then power could be gained through various means like wealth, influence, pressure, rights etc. Parties want to obtain the power of State and State is an organisation.

Each activity of the party is concentrated on the fact that how the power could be obtained? Weber analysed the state and from here he gave the theory of Bureaucracy. According to Weber, parties are of two types. First one is Patronage party in which there are no .class rules, concepts, ideology etc. These are made for special purposes and could be left after the completion of objective. Second type of party is party of Principles which has clear and strong rules. These parties are not made for specific purposes. Weber was ‘of the view that there is quite much difference between these three i.e. class, status group and party but the mutual relation is always there among them.

Question 3.
What is the relationship between class, social mobility and social stratification?
Answer:
Class, social mobility and social stratification are deeply related but before checking their relation, we need to look into their meaning.

Class: Class is a group of people which is different from the other groups on one base or the other. Members of a group are conscious of their group and never let others to enter in their group very easily.
Social Mobility: Whole of the society is divided into different groups and when people leave their group to join the other one then this process is known as social mobility. With their individual ability, people change their class and the process of mobility is always going on.
Social Stratification: The process of dividing society into different layers is known as social stratification. Society is divided in different layers on different bases such as age, caste, sex, income, education, wealth, etc.

If we look at the meaning of all these concepts carefully, we observe that they have quite a close relationship with each other. The process of dividing society into different classes is known as stratification and people keep on changing their groups. One can change his class according to his ability and the process of moving from one group to the other is known as mobility.

Presently, people are taking education and are adopting different occupations. After getting an education, their social status moves upward and they get a better job. This job brings a lot of money for them and they reach a higher level of social stratification. Gradually, they change their job to earn more money. In this way, they become the members of different groups and the process of social mobility moves on.

After looking at the given explanation, we can say that class, mobility, and stratification are deeply related. All these help in individual as well as social progress.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Major Dhyan Chand-The Magician of Hockey

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 3 Major Dhyan Chand-The Magician of Hockey Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 3 Major Dhyan Chand-The Magician of Hockey

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB Major Dhyan Chand-The Magician of Hockey Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When was Major Dhyan Chand Born?
Answer:
Major Dhyan Chand was born on 29 August 1905 at Allahabad in the house of father Sameshwar Dutt.

Question 2.
When did Indian hockey team participate for the first time in the Olympic games? Which medal was won by Indian team in these games?
Answer:
In 1928, the Indian team participated in Amesterdom Olympic Games for the first time and also won the gold medal in it.

Question 3.
Describe any one episode related to Major Dhyan Chand’s life.
Answer:
There are many legends about this great player. Once in Holland, the authorities broke Dhyan Chand’s hockey stick to check if there was any magnet like element inside it. Actually Dhyan Chand had a great control on ball. His ball did not separate from his stick. Many people believed that his hockey stick was a magical stick. Dhyan Chand won the heart of German Dictator Hitler. Hitler even had offered a high post in German army, but Dhyan Chand declined the offer and felt proud to play only for India.

Question 4.
hen and where did Major Dhyan Chand play his first International match?
Answer:
He played his first International match in New Zealand on 13th May, 1926. In New Zealand 21 matches were played. India won 18 matches, out of these.

Question 5.
In which country Major Dhyan Chand’s statue is installed?
Answer:
Statue of Dhyan Chand was placed in Biana at Australia. This statue was made with four hands and one hockey stick is put in each hand.

Question 6.
Write a brief note about Major Dhyan Chand’s life.
Answer:
Major Dhyan Chand was bom on 29th August, 1905 at Allahabad in the house of father Sameshwar Dutt. Dhyan Chand’s father & elder brother were also prominent players of hockey. Thus Dhyan Chand received his game in heritage. He was a famous player of hockey in India. He brought laurels for India at World level. He won gold and silver medals on International level in the field of sports. His father worked in British Indian Army.

Major Dhyan Chand joined army as the soldier at a age of t sixteen. There a Subedar Major Tiwari motivated him to play hockey. Major Dhyan Chand used to practise hockey with great dedication after his duty hours in the evening till late night in the moonlight. He participated in sports competitions of army from 1922 to 1926. Dhyan Chand’s game was highly appreciated during the annual sports competition in Delhi. The appreciation boosted Dhyan Chand’s spirit high. He played his first International match in Newzealand on 13th May, 1926. In New Zealand 21 matches were played, India won 18 matches out of these.

Question 7.
What efforts have been done by the Indian government dedicated to the memory of Major Dhyan Chand?
Answer:

Indian government recognized Dhyan Chand’s wonderful game skill & honoured him with “Padam Bhushan” in 1956.
Dhyan’s birthday is celebrated as National Sports Day in India with great pomp & show.
The Indian postal service had even issued a postage stamp in his memory.
International Stadium at New Delhi has been named after him in his memory.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide Major Dhyan Chand-The Magician of Hockey Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When Major Dhyan Chand was born?
(A) 1905
(B) 1910
(C) 1912
(D) 1916.
Answer:
(A) 1905

Question 2.
When did Indian hockey team participate for the first time in the Olympic games?
(A) 1928
(B) 1932
(C) 1936
(D) Never.
Answer:
(A) 1928

Question 3.
When and where did Major Dhyan Chand play his first International Match?
(A) 1926 Newzealand
(B) 1928 Koser
(C) 1932 England
(D) All above.
Answer:
(A) 1926 Newzealand

Question 4.
In which country Major Dhyan Chand’s statue is installed?
(A) In Biana at Australia
(B) America
(C) Newzealand
(D) All above.
Answer:
(A) In Biana at Australia

Question 5.
Which awards were given to Major Dhyan Chand by the Govt, of India?
(A) Padam Bhushan in 1956.
(B) Dock ticket was released on his name.
(C) International Stadium at his name in New Delhi.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 6.
Major Dhyan Chand was attached with which game?
(A) Football
(B) Hockey
(C) Cricket
(D) Badminton.
Answer:
(B) Hockey

Question 7.
Dhyan Chand started playing hockey in which place?
(A) At home
(B) In Military
(C) School
(D) College.
Answer:
(B) In Military

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Major Dhyan Chand was attached with which game?
Answer:
Major Dhyan Chand was attached with Hockey.

Question 2.
Dhyan Chand started playing Hockey in which place?
Answer:
Dhyan Chand started playing Hockey in Army.

Question 3.
Who is called the magician of Hockey?
Answer:
Major Dhyan Chand.

Question 4.
When was Dhyan Chand Born?
Answer:
Dhyan Chand was bom on 29 August, 1905 at Allahabad.

Question 5.
What was his father’s name?
Answer:
His father’s name was Sameshwar Dutt.

Question 6.
His elder brother was also hockey player or not?
Answer:
Yes, his elder brother ‘Roop Singh’ was also a good player of hockey.

Question 7.
In which place Major’s father did his job?
Answer:
He did job in British India Army.

Question 8.
Major started job of army in which age?
Answer:
At the age of 16 years.

Question 9.
Dhyan Chand first participated in which International match?
Answer:
13 May, 1926 at New Zealand.

Question 10.
In which Olympics he participated first?
Answer:
In 1928, at Amesterdom.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When did Major Dhyan Chand born and died?
Answer:
Major Dhyan Chand was bom on 29 August, 1905 in Allahabad and he died on 3 December, 1979.

Question 2.
Major Dhyan’Chand did how many goals against another teams?
Answer:
He did 1000 goals.

Question 3.
How many goals Major Dhyan Chand did in International matches?
Answer:
He did 400 goals in International matches.

Question 4.
What did Hitler offer to Dhyan Chand?
Answer:
Hittler offered him to play as a team member of Germany.

Question 5.
What question was asked by Bradman to Dhyan Chand?
Answer:
He said that how you could do so many goals by hockey.

Question 6.
After awarded Padam Bhushan award Indian Olympic Association gave which award to Dhyan Chand?
Answer:
Shtabdi of Sarvotam player.

Question 7.
Statue of Dhyan Chand is installed in which country?
Answer:
In Australia.

Question 8.
Why Dhyan Chand’s hockey was broken?
Answer:
Te see if it was magical stick or not.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the story attached to the life of Dhyan Chand.
Answer:
Even great cricketer Don Bradman became Dhyan Chand’s fan. He asked Dhyan Chand how he scored so many goals? Dhyan Chand
answered him that as he made runs by cricket bat, similarly goals are scored by a hockey stick.

Question 2.
What things got Dhyan Chand in his life?
Answer:
Indian Government recognized Dhyan Chand’s wonderful game skill & honoured him with “Padam Bhushan” in 1956. He was declared the best player of the century by the Indian Olympic Association. 29 August, Chand’s birthday is celebrated as National Sports Day in India with great pomp & show. A statue of Dhyan Chand has been set up in Vienna, Australia to honour him. This statue has four hands holding four sticks. This statue is a symbol of his marvellous skills of his game. He also won a lot of gold & silver medals.

Question 3.
Dhyan Chand play first international match in which state? In 1928 he participated in which Olympic game?
Answer:
He played his first international match in New Zealand on 13th May, 1926. In 1928, the Indian team participated in Amesterdom Olympic Games for the first time. Indian team after winning initial matches defeated Australia by 6-0, Beligum 9-0, Denmark 5-0, Switzerland 6-0 & Holland 3-0 in final match & India emerged as a hockey champion of Olympic games. In this final match two goals out of three were exclusively scored by Dhyan Chand.

Question 4.
Write the achievements of Dhyan Chand in 1932 Olympics.
Answer:
Dhyan Chand played’a crucial role as a centre forward player. In these Olympic games the final match was played between India and America. In which India defeated America team by 24-1. Among these 24 goals, Dhyan Chand alone scored 8. An American newspaper after the shameful defeat of America wrote that Indian team was a typhoon that came from East. Indian team scored 262 goals during these Olympic games. Dhyan Chand scored 101 goals alone. Major Dhyan Chand’s name was included among the top most players of the world.

Question 5.
Write two lines about the family of Dhyan Chand?
Answer:
Dhyan Chand was bom in 29 August, 1905 at Allahabad. His father’s name was Sameshwar Dutt and his elder brother was Roop Singh. His brother was also a famous player of hockey. Dhyan Chand received his game as a heritage. His father worked in Indian Army. He participated in Olympic & Asian games and won so many awards. In this way the whole family was related with Hockey.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Hygiene And Maintenance

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 2 Hygiene And Maintenance Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 2 Hygiene And Maintenance

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB Hygiene And Maintenance Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why cleanliness is important for our house?
Answer:
Our human body is just like a machine. If we do not maintain our machines then they get damaged as well as if we can’t clean our body well then it can covered with diseases. We need petrol and diesel to move vehicles as same as a human body needs balanced diet, clean water and air to work. If we do not give proper attention to our body then physically, mentally & socially our structure also gets effected.

It is too important to clean our body parts. It is also important to clean our home and our surroundings. Cleanliness is the sign of health. It is not even imagined that a life without cleanliness. If we do not take care of our home then it also causes a lot of problems. By this our surroundings also become dirty and our nation as well as we all are harmed.

Question 2.
How can the cleanliness of the house be maintained?
Answer:
(a) There should be proper arrangement for the outflow of the dirty water to keep the house safe from moisture & fungus etc. Sunlight & air should be sufficiently available in all parts of the house. There should be lattictel windows & doors. They should always be kept closed.

(b) Kitchen is a vital part of house. Kitchen & the utensils, hearth/gas stove used in the kitchen should be cleaned daily. The eatable food should always be kept covered because flies, worms & cockroaches poison the uncovered food. Stale vegetables, stale food, rotten fruits spread diseases if kept in the kitchen. They should be dropped in the garbage tin with a lid, outside the house. The garbage should not be kept for a long time even outside the house.
PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Hygiene And Maintenance 1
(c) Children should not scatter the peels here & there while eating vegetables & fruits etc. They should be put into some utensil & then thrown into the bin.

(d) Proper care should be taken of the cleanliness of the bathrooms. The floor of the bathroom should not remain wet.

Question 3.
Which things should be borne in mind for the cleanliness of the surroundings of the house?
Answer:
Cleanliness of surroundings is also important as such as cleanliness of home. If our home is clean but our surroundings are dirty then we also cause by different diseases. Some steps should be taken to maintain cleanliness of surroundings of the home are as follow-

Streets and roads should be cleaned.
Water flowing pipes or areas should also be cleaned time-to-time.
Do not tie your pets outside the house.
Do not throw garbage on the road or in the streets. Put it in the ground to decompose itself.
Do not spit on road while walking.
Always use washrooms to expell out your waste.

Question 4.
What role can be played by the students in maintaining the .cleanliness of the school?
Answer:
School is a temple. Cleanliness of school is also very important. School is a place in which children spend their lot of time. If we do not maintain our school then children have to fight with so many diseases. So hat’s why it is very important to maintain our schools well. There are some steps to maintain it:

Do not throw pieces of papers here & there.
Always throw it in the dustbin.
Benches, classrooms & doors should be cleaned daily.
Always clean washrooms daily.
Maintain your water-tank properly.
Always clean your playgrounds.

Question 5.
How can the objects of the house be maintained?
Answer:
We also have to take care of things of the house. All the objects of the house should be at proper places, so that there is no difficulty in finding them. Things placed at proper places also look good. They add to the beauty on one hand, save us from many accidents on the other hand.
In winter, we should manage the summer clothes and in summer the winter clothes at home according to the season.

We should sprinkle insecticide on wooden fruniture, windows & doors etc. to make them safe from woodworms. The iron articles which get rusted should be painted from time to time. The glass-made things used in the houses knife, scissors, screw driver, needle, nail cutter, blade, insecticide made to protect wheat, medicines for the sick at home, phenyl, Bottle of acid etc should be placed separately and at safe places so that they may remain out of reach of small children.

Question 6.
Which things should the children keep in their mind to maintain the objects of the school?
Answer:
Every child should take care of the school & its objects. Children should not be damaged’the walls by drawing lines on them. Furniture of the schools should not be damaged. They should not damage the fans, tubelights, the taps of drinking water. They should switch off the electric buttons when not needed. They should not pluck flowers of their garden of school.

They should protect these flowers & beautify the school. Boxes in the library should be placed properly in separate boxes according to the subjects. Students should not tear the pages from the books, newspapers & magazines. They should observe silence while sitting in library.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide Hygiene And Maintenance Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
How can the cleanliness of the house be maintained?
(A) There should be proper care for the outflow of waste and dirty water.
(B) Everyday clean all rooms of the house.
(C) Keep the water of the house in pot which must have cover
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 2.
Rules for the student in maintaining the cleanliness of school.
(A) Clean the bench and desk everyday.
(B) Don’t throw waste in rooms.
(C) Never prick ink while writing.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 3.
Write the causes of dirty house.
(A) Keep the waste garbage of house at proper place.
(B) Proper arrangement of dirty water of kitchen and bathroom.
(C) Garbage are not properly outlet.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 4.
Where we should construct our house?
(A) Hard and high place.
(B) Have must be away from Railway station, Mandir.
(C) Proper arrangement of air and light.
(D) All. above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 5.
Rules of the body cleanliness.
(A) We should take bath everyday with fresh water.
(B) Rub your body after bath with clean towel.
(C) Comb your hair after bath.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is necessary to be cleaned while cleaning your own body?
Answer:
Our house & our surroundings.

Question 2.
Where our house should be placed?
Answer:
At hard and high place.

Question 3.
What will happen if we live in dirty house?
Answer:
Lot of diseases are caused.

Question 4.
Which type of place is required while making house?
Answer:
Deep, Broad and Strong.

Question 5.
What is important in the rooms?
Answer:
Light, air and water.

Question 6.
If we live in dirty, less light and tight houses then what will happen?
Answer:
Then we don’t become fit.

Question 7.
Which things should be away from the house?
Answer:
Railway station and Mandi.

Question 8.
Where we have to place our garbage in house?
Answer:
In a covered dustbins.

Question 9.
Where animals should not be tied?
Answer:
In streets.

Question 10.
What is to be put in water to pure it?
Answer:
Pottasium Permagnet.

Question 11.
By which thing be used to clean the toilets?
Answer:
With Phenyl.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write five steps to maintain the cleanliness of our home.
Answer:

We should sprinkle insecticide on wooden furniture, windows & doors to make them safe from woodworms.
The iron articles which get rusted should be painted time to time.
Always put garbage in the closed dustbins.
Clean your washrooms with Phenyl.
Clean your rooms daily with Brooms.

Question 2.
Write five steps to clean your schools?
Answer:

Classrooms, should be large & airy. There should be proper arrangements of light in classrooms.
There should be no dust or dirt in the classroom of the children. The study tables and chairs should be cleaned. Tables and chairs should be cleaned properly before sitting.
Pure drinking water should be provided.
The meals provided by the school should be pure & balanced.
Children should come to school in neat & clean uniform. Teachers should also check the children clothes & cleanliness.

Question 3.
What are the causes of dirt in the house?
Answer:

Fruits, vegetables, leaves & other waste materials etc. are not put in a particular place.
Washrooms and flushes are not properly built.
Family members are not awared about cleanliness.
Many members live in small house.
Due to large family & many members, proper cleanliness can’t be maintained.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What should be kept in mind while building your home?
Answer:
(A) Situation of a house:

House should be built on height & strong floor.
House should be built away from factories, railway stations etc.
Ways of House is straight & vast.
House should be very airy.
Neighbours should be friendly.

(B) Construction of house:

House should be placed at deep, broad & strong foundation.
Floor should be very strong and plain.
Net should be placed on window to prevent house flies and mosquitoes from house.
Also clean your house daily.
Rooms & kitchen should be away from washrooms.
There is also a proper arrangement of light.

Question 2.
Write the steps of cleanliness of body.
Answer:

Take bath daily with fresh water.
Rub your body after bath with clean towel.
Take proper head/hair wash.
Wear clothes according’ to the climatic conditions.
Wash your eyes with cold water.
Always brush your teeth twice in a day.
Wash your hands before and after meal.
Wash your hair with lemon, amla, with best shampoos.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
Explain why some fibres are called synthetic.
Answer:
Some fibres are called synthetic fibres because they are not obtained from natural sources. They are made by human beings. The raw materials used for preparing synthetic fibres are petrochemicals, which in turn are produced from fossil fuel, petroleum.

Question 2.
Mark (✓) the correct answer.
Rayon is different from synthetic fibres because
(a) it has a silk-like appearance
(b) it is obtained from wood pulp
(c) its fibres can also be woven like those of natural fibres.
Answer:
(b) It is obtained from wood pulp.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
(а) Synthetic fibres are also called …………… or ……………….. fibres.
(b) Synthetic fibres are synthesised from raw material called ………………. .
(c) Like synthetic fibres, plastic is also a ………………… .
Answer:
(a) Man made, artificial
(b) Petrochemicals
(c) Synthetic.

Question 4.
Give examples which indicate that nylon fibres are very strong.
Answer:
Parachutes, ropes for climbing, tents made of nylon.

Question 5.
Explain why plastic containers are favoured for storing food.
Answer:
Advantages of using plastic containers for storing food:

They do not react with food, air and water.
They are strong and light in weight.
They can have different sizes, shapes and colours.

Question 6.
Explain the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.
Answer:
Differences between the Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Plastics

Thermoplastics	Thermosetting plastics
1. It can bend easily.	1. It cannot bend but breaks.
2. On heating, it gets deformed.	2. Heating has no affect on it.
3. It can be used again and again.	3. It cannot be reused.
4. It can be moulded into various shapes on heating. Examples : Polythene, PVC.	4. It can be moulded only once, on heating. Examples : Bakelite, Melamine.

Question 7.
Explain why the following are made of thermosetting plastics.
(а) Saucepan handles
(b) Electric plugs/switches/plug boards
Answer:
(a) Saucepan handles are made of thermosetting plastics because plastic is bad conductor of electricity, fire resistant and heat tolerant.

(b) Electric plugs/switches/plugboards are made of thermosetting plastics because this plastic is bad conductor of electricity and durable.

Question 8.
Categorise the materials of the following products into ‘can be recycled’ and ‘cannot be recycled’.
Telephone instruments, plastic toys, cooker handles, carry bags, ball point pens, plastic, bowls, plastic covering on electric wires, plastic chairs, electrical switches.
Answer:
Can be recycled. Plastic toys, carrybags, ball point pens, plastic bowls, plastic chairs, plastic covering on electric wires.
Cannot be recycled. Telephone instruments, cooker handles, electrical switches.

Question 9.
Rana wants to buy shirts for summer. Should he buy cotton shirts or shirts made from synthetic material ? Advise Rana, giving your reason.
Answer:
Rana should buy cotton shirts.
Preference of cotton clothes to synthetic materials in summers.

Cotton clothes are porous while synthetic materials are non-porous or air resistant.
Cotton clothes soak sweat and give a dry feeling while synthetic clothes have little water absorbing property.

Question 10.
Give examples to show that plastics are non-corrosive in nature.
Answer:
Plastics are non-corrosive in nature. Plastics do not react with air, water etc. so, they do not get corroded.
For example –

Different chemicals are stored in plastic bottles.
Water is kept into plastic bottles.
Pickles and food items are stored in plastic containers.

Question 11.
Should the handles and bristles of a toothbrush be made of the same material ? Explain your answer.
Answer:
No, different materials should be used for making handles and bristles of toothbrush because bristles help in cleaning teeth and handle is just for support. Bristles must be soft and delicate and powerful while handle should be hard and rigid.

Question 12.
‘Avoid plastics as far as possible’. Comment on this advice.
Answer:
Plastics are not environment friendly. They release poisonous gases on burning. They are non-biodegradable, so pollute soil or water in which they are dumped. Therefore, use of plastic should be avoided as far as possible.

Question 13.
Match the terms of Column A correctly with the phrases given in Column B.

Column A	Column B
(i) Polyester	(a) Prepared by using wood pulp
(ii) Teflon	(b) Used for making parachutes and stockings
(iii) Rayon	(c) Used to make non-stick cookwares
(iv) Nylon	(d) Fabrics do not wrinkle easily

Answer:

Column A	Column B
(i) Polyester	(d) Fabrics do not wrinkle easily
(ii) Teflon	(c) Used to make non-stick cookwares
(iii) Rayon	(a) Prepared by using wood pulp
(iv) Nylon	(b) Used for making parachutes and stockings

Question 14.
‘Manufacturing synthetic fibres is actually helping conservation of forests’. Comment.
Answer:
Natural fibres are obtained from natural resources i.e. natural plants. But synthetic fibres are obtained from other materials. So, synthetic fibres are not dependent on natural vegetation or crops grown in the field. Thus manufacturing synthetic fibres actually helps conservation of forests.

Question 15.
Describe an activity to show that thermoplastic is poor conductor of electricity.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 1
Activity.
Take a few samples of thermoplastic such like polythene, PVC, Nylon, Polystyrene etc.
Now set up the circuit as shown in fig. and insert a piece of Nylon between the two terminals A and B of copper wire. If bulb starts glowing then it is good conductor otherwise it is a bad conductor. Repeat the experiment using different samples of thermoplastics.
In each case, bulb would not glow indicating that thermoplastics are bad conductor of electricity.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In the following diagram, a boy is seen using rope for going up a rock. Tell rope made of which material is most suitable for this purpose ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 3 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics 2
(a) Cotton
(b) Wood
(c) Nylon
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Nylon.

Question 2.
Which of the following is called artificial silk ?
(a) Rubber
(b) Teflon
(c) Rayon
(d) Polythene.
Answer:
(c) Rayon.

Question 3.
…………… is used for making polyester clothes.
(a) P.E.T.
(b) Acrvline
(c) Terrylene
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Terrylene.

Question 4.
Today while studying in the class Nisha came to know that there is such a type of plastic which melts when heated. Name this plastic. (From Board M.Q.P.)
(a) Plastic
(b) Thermoplastic
(c) Acrylic
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(b) Thermoplastic.

Question 5.
Which out of the following is natural fibre ?
(a) Rayon
(b) Terylene
(c) Wool
(cl) Nylon.
Answer:
(c) Wool.

Question 6.
Which out of the following fibres is made by man ?
(a) Cotton
(b) Wool
(c) Rayon
(d) Silk.
Answer:
(c) Rayon.

Question 7.
Which out of the following is biodegradable ?
(a) Metal
(b) Plastic
(c) Paper
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(c) Paper.

Question 8.
Which of the following material is used to make ropes ?
(a) Cotton
(b) Wool
(c) Nylon
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Nylon.

Question 9.
Which type of thermoplastic is used to make switches, which is poor conductor of heat and electricity ?
(a) Nylon
(b) Backelite
(c) Melamine
(d) Polythene
Answer:
(b) Backelite.

Question 10.
Which out of the following is thermoplastic ?
(a) Nylon
(b) Polythene
(c) Acrylic
(d) Backelite
Answer:
(d) Backelite.

Question 11.
Synthetic fibres are made from small units called:
(a) Cell
(b) Molecules
(c) Polymer
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Polymer.

Question 12.
Sericulture is the bringing up of which creature ?
(a) Sheep
(b) Goat
(c) Hare
(d) Silk worm
Answer:
(d) Silk worm

Question 13.
Natural Polymer is:
(a) Rayon
(b) Cotton
(c) Nylon
(d) Polyster
Answer:
(b) Cotton.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name few natural fibres.
Answer:
Cotton, wool, silk.

Question 2.
Name a natural polymer.
Answer:
Cellulose.

Question 3.
Name a fibre which is silk like but man made.
Answer:
Rayon.

Question 4.
Which fibre is obtained from woodpulp ?
Answer:
Rayon.

Question 5.
In which year, Nylon was made ?
Answer:
In 1931.

Question 6.
Which fibre was made from coal, air and water ?
Answer:
Nylon

Question 7.
Of which fibre, parachutes and tents are made of ?
Answer:
Nylon

Question 8.
What is PET ?
Answer:
PET. It is a form of Polyester.

Question 9.
Why do parachutes and ropes for climbing rocks are made of Nylon ?
Answer:
Due to its strength.

Question 10.
Give few characteristics of plastics.
Answer:
Plastics can be recycled, reused, coloured, melted, rolled into sheets or made into wires.

Question 11.
What are Polythene and PVC ?
Answer:
Thermoplastics.

Question 12.
Bakelite is an example of which type of plastic ?
Answer:
Thermosetting plastic.

Question 13.
Where is Teflon used ?
Answer:
For making kitchen cookware and tape sealing.

Question 14.
Which of these fibres is costly-wool, rayon ?
Answer:
Wool.

Question 15.
Why does hot water deform plastic bottles ?
Answer:
Because they are made of thermoplastic, which melts on heating.

Question 16.
Which thermosetting material is versatile, heat resistant and fireproof ?
Answer:
Melamine.

Question 17.
Why is plastic used in cars, aircrafts etc. instead of metals ?
Answer:
Because it is lighter than metals.

Question 18.
Why are plastic containers convenient to use ?
Answer:
Plastic containers are light, cheap, strong and can be handled easily.

Question 19.
Which synthetic fibre resembles wool ?
Answer:
Acrylic.

Question 20.
Give two reasons for prefering synthetic fibres over natural fibres.
Answer:

Durability and
affordability.

Question 21.
Give one disadvantage of synthetic fibres.
Answer:
They melt on heating.

Question 22.
Which substances are non-biodegradable ?
Answer:
Non-biodegradable substances: Those substances which cannot be decomposed by bacteria are called non-biodegradable substances.

Question 23.
Which material or thing is responsible for choking drains and death of herbivores ?
Answer:
Polythene bags.

Question 24.
What is 4R principle ?
Answer:

Reduce,
Reuse,
Recycle and
Recover.

Question 25.
Plastics are non-biodegradable. Are they environment friendly or environment non-friendly ?
Answer:
Environment non-friendly.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are polymers ? Give an example of natural polymer. Are polymers found in nature ?
Answer:
Polymer.
A Polymer is a long chain consisting of lakhs of small units (molecules). It is made by combining together small molecules of chemical substances. Cellulose is natural polymer.

Polymers are found in nature. As for example, cotton is a natural fibre which in fact is cellulose. Cellulose is made up of large units of glucose. Similarly, wood pulp is cellulose from which rayon is manufactured. Therefore, rayon also a polymer.

Question 2.
What are synthetic fibres ?
Answer:
Synthetic Fibres.
The fibres other than natural fibres which are made by human beings are called synthetic fibres.
These are made of very large units which in turn are made up of similar small units.

Question 3.
Give few examples of synthetic fibres.
Answer:
Rayon, Nylon, Polyester, Plastic, Acrylic, Terylene etc. are synthetic fibres.

Question 4.
Give uses of Rayon and Nylon.
Answer:
Rayon is used to make clothes, bedsheets and carpets.
Nylon is used to make clothes, socks, ropes, tents, tooth brushes, belts, sleeping bags, curtains, parachutes etc.

Question 5.
List the characteristics of synthetic fibres which make them popular dress material.
Answer:
Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres:
Synthetic fibres possess the following unique characteristics:

They are durable.
They are less expensive.
They dry up quickly.
They are readily available.
They are easy to maintain.
It is easy to wash and does not wrinkle.
These characteristics make them popular dress material.

Question 6.
What happens when different synthetic fibres like Nylon, Polyester and Acrylic burn in air ?
Answer:
On burning the different fabrics, the following results are obtained :

1. Nylon	Burns with difficulty, fabric shrinks from flame, forming hard beads, smells of burning hair.
2. Polyester	Same as nylon, produces a black smoke on burning.
3. Acrylic	Shrinks from flame forming a black bead and a sooty flame.

Question 7.
Why plastic material like polythene is preferred over natural materials ?
Answer:
Advantages of Plastic material over Natural Material. Following are some advantages of plastic material (polythene etc.) over natural materials:

It is cheaper and can be made on a large scale.
It is light weight and can be easily transported.
It is unbreakable, corrosion free, tough and flexible.
It can be easily moulded.

Question 8.
Give uses of polythene.
Answer:
Uses of Polythene.
Polythene sheets are used for packing, satchels are used for packaging milk, polythene containers and pipes are used for storing and transporting water, oil and other materials. Polythene is also used as a water-proofing material.

Question 9.
Give some uses of PVC.
Answer:
Uses of PVC. PVC is used to make bottles, floor coverings, rain coats, soles of shoes, sandals and leather like materials.

Question 10.
What is blended fabric ? Why is it more comfortable to wear them than fabrics from pure synthetic fibres ?
Answer:
Blended Fabric (Polycot and Polywool).
It is a mixture of synthetic (man-made) and natural fibres such as terrycot (polyester and cotton fibres), terrywool etc. Pure synthetic fibres do not absorb sweat so well, so they stick to the body in hot weather. Some synthetic fibres catch fire very easily. To overcome this defect, synthetic fibres are mixed with natural fibres to make blended fabrics.

Question 11.
What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances ?
Answer:
Biodegradable Substances.
Substances which are decomposed by microbes (bacteria) are known as biodegradable substances. Bodies of dead animals, human excreta and many other substances are decomposed into simpler compounds or elements by bacteria. Such substances are biodegradable substances.

Non-biodegradable substancs.
Those substances which are not decomposed into simpler compounds by naturalprocessesor or bacteria are known as non-biodegradable substances.

Question 12.
What are natural and synthetic polymers ?
Answer:
1. Natural Polymers. The polymers which occur in nature and are obtained from plants and animals e.g. rubber, starch, cellulose, proteins etc. are called natural polymers.

2. Synthetic Polymers. The polymers which do not occur in nature and have been synthesised in laboratory are called synthetic polymers. These are also called manmade polymers e.g. polythene, poly-vinyl chloride, teflon, bakelite etc.

Question 13.
Suggest some ways to reduce the use of plastic materials.
Answer:
Plastic is non-biodegradable and is therefore, not environment friendly. The best way to reduce its use is to follow the 4R principle, which is as follows:

Reduce – use less
Reuse – use again
Recycle – cycle again
Recover – get again

Question 14.
Which way the plastic/polythene bags and wrappers thrown carelessly be harmful to animals ?
Answer:
The plastic/polythene bags and wrappers thrown carelessly after use are swallowed by stray animals. These plastic made materials are non-biodegradable either choke the respiratory canal of the animals or forms a lining in their stomach resulting in the cause of their death.

Question 15.
In which ways excessive use of plastic materials is harmful for environment and society ?
Answer:
Plastic is harmful for environment and the man in the following ways:

Since Plastic is synthesised from petrochemicals so its excessive use would lead to exhaustion of non-renewable petrochemical the reserve of which is limited.
Plastic is non-biodegradable and clogs the drains and sewage system if thrown carelessly after use which usually happens.
Plastic does not burn completely and releases lots of poisonous fumes in the atmosphere causing air pollution.
Sometimes carelessly thrown plastic/polybag are swallowed by animals resulting in their death.

Question 16.
Why it is not advised to wear polyester clothes while working in a kitchen ?
Answer:
Polyester is a synthetic fibre. It easily catches fire and melts so that it sticks to the body causing harmful and painful burns. That is why women are advised not to wear polyester clothes while working in kitchen.

Question 17.
As a sensible and responsible citizen what measures would you adopt in your individual capacity to keep public places free from plastic ?
Answer:

I would not throw plastic carry bags in water bodies and on the road after use.
While going to market for shopping I would take cotton or jute bag with me or I would insist on the shopkeeper to give me paper bag.
I would use steel lunch box instead of one made from plastic.

Question 18.
Four students planned to climb the top of mountain. They have selected the rope according to the table shown below. Which student has selected the correct rope and why ?

Name of the Students	Rope
Inderjeet	Cotton
Gopal	Silk
Saloni	Nylon
Karamjit	Wool

Answer:
Saloni has choosen the correct rope because the rope of nylon is stronger than silk and wool.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give uses of the following:
(a) Polyester fibres
(b) Teflon
(c) Polythene
(d) Polypropylene
Answer:
(a) Uses of Polyester Fibres:

Polyester fibres are used in textile industry for making a variety of clothes, such as sarees, dress materials, curtain clothes, etc.
Polyester fibres mixed with natural fibres are used for making blended textiles such as terrycot (mixed with cotton), terry wool (mixed with wool).
It is used for making sails of sail boats.
It is used for making water hoses for fire fighting operations.

(b) Uses of Teflon:

It is used for coating inside of non-stick cooking utensils.
It is used in the manufacture of seals and gaskets.

It is used in the manufacture of bags, toys and pipes.
It is used for covering electric cables because it is a good electrical insulator.

(d) Uses of Polypropylene:

It is used to prepare seat covers.
It is used for making ropes, fishing nets etc.

Question 2.
State four important properties and uses of nylon fibres.
Answer:
Properties of Nylon Fibres:

Nylon fibres are very strong.
Nylon fibres absorb very less water. Therefore, these can be dried rapidly.
Nylon is wrinkle resistant and keep permanent creases.
Nylon fibres have high wear and tear resistance and therefore, have longer life.

Use of Nylon:

Nylon is used for a large number of purposes where high strength fibres are required.
Nylon is used for making parachute fabrics, fishing nets, tyrecord, ropes, stockings (socks) and other textiles.
Nylon is mixed with wool to make long-lasting fabrics.

Question 3.
Give the properties common to Nylon and Polyester fibres.
Answer:
Properties of Nylon and Polyester Fibres:

Nylon and polyester fibres are very strong threads in comparison to silk, cotton, and wool.
Both the threads have excellent resistance to wrinkles.
Both the threads absorb very little water, so they dry out quickly.
They have the high abrasion resistance and are not attacked by moths.
Ordinary chemicals have no effect on them.
They are lightweight and fine in texture.
They are insoluble in common solvents.

Question 4.
What is plastic? What are its different types? Give properties of plastics which render them as a material of choice. Also, give its uses.
Answer:
Plastic. It is a polymer like synthetic fibre.
Example. Polythene

Types of Plastic. All plastics do not have the same arrangement of units. There are two types of plastics: One has a linear arrangement of units and the other has a cross-linked arrangement of units.

Properties of Plastics:

Plastic is not attacked by air and water. That is they are non-reactive and non¬corrosive.
Plastic is light, strong, and durable.
Some plastics can be easily deformed on heating and some others do not soften on heating.
Plastics are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Uses of Plastics:

In Health Care Industry. Plastics find extensive use in the Health care industry for packaging tablets, threads used for stitching wounds syringes, doctor’s gloves, and many other instruments.
In Kitchen Cookwares. Plastic is used for making special cookwares to be used in micro-ovens which can withstand high temperatures.
In making non-stick cookwares on which Teflon, a kind of plastic is used, oil and water do not stick.
Fire Proof Plastics. Melamine plastic is used for coating the uniforms of firemen. This makes the uniform flame resistant.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Health

September 27, 2024September 26, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 1 Health Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 1 Health

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB Health Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How many kinds are there of health?
Answer:
According to World Health Organisation “Health is a state to complete physical, mental & social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Kinds of Health:
1. Physical Health
2. Mental Health
3. Social Health
4. Emotional Health

1. Physical Health:
A physical health is that all organs of the healthy person work properly. His body become active, healthy and ready to do the physical work. His body structure remains beautiful. He looks scout & beautiful. His all systems, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, digestive system work properly.

2. Mental Health:
Mental Health means a person should take right, decision with his mind. His confidence must be remained up. He adjusts himself according to the circumstances.

3. Social Health:
In social health, the relationship of a person describes with his family & society as we know man is a social animal who has to go in hand with his family & society to fulfil his daily needs. He gets respect from his family or society. A person is incomplete without society.

4. Emotional Health:
In a different situation, different type of emotions arise in our mind Fear, Happiness, Anger etc. These emotions require a great balance in our life. So, we can perform our work very well.

Question 2.
What kind of food should children eat?
Answer:

Children should eat balance diet, it must consist of necessary elements, like children should eat pure
Balanced diet. It should contain all the necessary elements, like proteins, carbohydrates, oily substance, minerals & water.
Wash your hands properly before your meals.
They should not take hot & cold water.
Children should not take food while watching T.V. or working on computers.
They should take food while sitting straight, do not eat it while lying down.
Fast food like-Pizza & burger is harmful to health, children should prefer homemade food.
The food should be clean from dust & flies.
The fruits should be clean & wash properly before eating.

Question 3.
Which things should we take care of to remain healthy?
Answer:
(a) Medical check up:
Children should take medical check up time-to-time. Vaccination is also important. If there is any injury treatment is necessary.

(b) Nature:
Children should lead happy life. Good nature also requires for health. Irritating nature has bad effect on our health.

(c) Habits:
Children should follow the good habits to maintain the health. To wake up, eat, read, play or rest in time. Somebody has rightly said in Punjabi “vele da kam, kuvele diyan takkran.”

(d) Exercise, Games & Yoga:
Children should do exercise and yoga daily to keep themselves fit. Yoga & exercise should be performed empty stomach. Airy & open environment should require. Before participating in any game children should warm up properly.

Question 4.
Which things should we take care of while eating?
Answer:

We should wash hands properly before & after taking meal.
We should take balanced diet.
Always refrain from fast food and take homemade food.
They should not take hot & cold food.
Food should be taken according to need & chew it properly.
Don’t take food while watching T.V. & working on computer.
Don’t eat food while lying down.
We should take meal while sitting straight.
Fruits should be washed properly before eating.

Question 5.
Write a short note on the following:
1. Cleanliness of the skin
2. Cleanliness of the hair
3. Cleanliness of the eyes
4. Cleanliness of the ears
5. Cleanliness of the nose
6. Cleanliness of the teeth
7. Cleanliness of the nails
Answer:
1. Cleanliness of the skin:
The skin covers all of our body parts and protects them. It is helpful in maintaining our body temperature. It beautifies our body. If we neglect the cleanliness of our skin, then skin pores will be blocked with dust particles, due to which unwanted & harmful elements do not exit our body & many kinds of skin diseases develop.

2. Cleanliness of the hair:
Long hair add charm to one’s beauty. Balanced diet contributes a lot to make the hairs beautiful & strong. Hair should be combed daily with a clean comb. The hairs should be dried properly after washing. Let lice not be developed. Lice do not develop if you want your hair keep clean and healthy.

3. Cleanliness of the Eyes:
Eyes are more sensitive part of the body. We cannot enjoy scenic beauty of nature without eyes. Therefore, care of eyes is very necessary, wash your eyes 2-3 times daily with cold water. Protect your eyes from dizzling light. Sunglasses should be used while going out in the sun.
PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Health 1
4. Cleanliness of the Ears:
Cleanliness of ears is equally impotant as of the other orgAnswer: The ear drums of our ears are very delicate. We should not insert any sharp thing inside the ear, as it can tear the ear drum. Do not listen music on mobile while putting head phone.

5. Cleanliness of the Nose:
We breathe through nostrils & mouth, but breathing through nostrils is useful. Breathing through nostrils makes the inhaled air pure & in accordance with the body temperature when it enters the body. Nose works as a filter. The tiny hair in the opening of the nose like filter hold the dust particles & germs in them. If any tiny particle does not get stuck in these tiny hair of the nose, it sticks to the inner side of the nose. In this way the nose purifies the air that goes to our lungs. We should clean our nose also while breathing.

6. Cleanliness of the teeth:
Teeth help us in chewing the food. Chewed food is good for digestion. We should daily brush our teeth in morning. Always gargle properly after eating anything, so that no food particle should be left stuck in teeth. Teeth start becoming hollow inside which results in the weakning of teeth.
PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 1 Health 2
7. Cleanliness of the Nails:
Cleanliness of nails of hands & feet is also very important like other parts of body. Dirt gets stuck in long grown nails. As a result of it enters our body while eating. That is why we should wash our hands & feet properly. Nails should be pared once or twice in a week.

Question 6.
Write about five healthy habits to maintain good health.
Answer:

Always take balanced diet and fresh food.
Internal organs of our body like lungs. We should know the complete knowledge of all organs.
Take proper sleep according to your age.
Always take medical check up time-to-time.
We should exercise & stall according to the age.
Always inhale from nose.
Always live in fresh air.
We should wear the clothes according to the seasons.
Always remain happy.
Always keep standing posture, sitting & walking posture.
Always wear neat & clean clothes.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide Health Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Write the types of health.
(A) Physical health
(B) Mentle health
(C) Emotional health
(D) All mentioned above.
Answer:
(D) All mentioned above.

Question 2.
Which type of foods you will provide to the children?
(A) Balanced diet
(B) Clean the hands before taking meals.
(C) Don’t take food very hot.
(D) All mentioned above.
Answer:
(D) All mentioned above.

Question 3.
Which things be born in mind to lead healthy life?
(A) Medical check-up
(B) Good habits
(C) Exercise, games & yoga
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 4.
How you will keep your skin clean?
(A) Taking bath with fresh water everyday.
(B) You must go toilet before bath.
(C) Don’t take bath after taking meal.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 5.
How you will clean your teeth?
(A) Keep your teeth clean early morning and sleeping at night with brush.
(B) Don’t take very hot milk or tea.
(C) Never prick the teeth with iron stick.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 6.
Write the rules of personal hygiene.
(A) Clean and Balanced diet
(B) Inhale with nose
(C) Always be happy
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Question 7.
How you will clean your hair when hair fell the clutch of dandruff?
(A) Take 250 gram fresh water and pour borik of one spoon and wash your hair.
(B) Use coconut oil in hair.
(C) Use glycerine with lemon in hair.
(D) All above.
Answer:
(D) All above.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What we should call the Science which give us knowledge of health?
Answer:
Personal Health Hygiene.

Question 2.
Where the healthy mind lives?
Answer:
In Healthy Body.

Question 3.
If we do not clean the skin properly which diseases are caused?
Answer:
Internal & External diseases.

Question 4.
What parts of eyes are called in our body?
Answer:
Soft and costless.

Question 5.
What we should do in a day to clean the eyes?
Answer:
Wash it with cold water.

Question 6.
What we should do daily to clean our teeth?
Answer:
Brush or Datun.

Question 7.
How for we should keep the eyes from books?
Answer:
30 cm or 1 feet.

Question 8.
If we do not clean the teeth then what will happen?
Answer:
Pyorrhoea.

Question 9.
What should we do to clean the skin daily?
Answer:
Taking bath.

Question 10.
What type of clothes we should wear after bath?
Answer:
Neat & Clean.

Question 11.
Do, we read books while sitting on train or bus?
Answer:
No.

Question 12.
What thing is not used to clean our ears?
Answer:
Pen or sharp objects.

Question 13.
If anything enters in our eye then what we should do?
Answer:
Do not rub your eyes.

Question 14.
Which posture is harmful for us to study?
Answer:
Lying down or bending while sitting.

Question 15.
In which disease we should have to give more attention to the child?
Answer:
Chicken pox.

Question 16.
Which part of our mouth is safe to respirate?
Answer:
Nose.

Question 17.
If teeth are not present in our mouth then what would happened?
Answer:
Our Taste will end.

Question 18.
In which stage permanent teeth will grow in a child’s mouth?
Answer:
6 to 12 years.

Question 19.
If dust is collected in our ears then which thing is used to clean it?
Answer:
Hydrogen Peroxide.

Question 20.
By which things nails should not be cut?
Answer:
With mouth.

Question 21.
If peek is collected in our ears then how should we clean it?
Answer:
By using Boric Acid Or Glycerine.

Question 22.
How we can cut our growing nails?
Answer:
By using nail cutter.

Question 23.
The hair present in our nose work as a?
Answer:
Net.

Question 24.
Beautiful hair make a lady?
Answer:
Attractive.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give five steps to live healthy?
Answer:

Eat neat & clean food.
Always respiratef through nose.
Take proper sleep.
Always be happy.
Take regular medical check-up.

Question 2.
Why should we always respirate through nose?
Answer:
We always respirate through nose because small hairs-are present in our nose. When we respire with oxygen we also inhale a lot of impurities. These hair catch that impurities in it & fresh air passes to wind pipe. If we take breath through mouth then the impurities also enter in our lungs through wind pipe, it causes many diseases in our body.

Question 3.
If we do not clean our skin then what will happen?
Answer:
Skin makes safe our internal body organs. If we do not clean skin then skin pores will be blocked with dust particles, due to which unwanted and harmful elements do not exit our body and many diseases develop.

Question 4.
How we prevent dandruff present in our hair?
Answer:
If dandruff is present in our hair then take 250 gms water put one spoon of Boric Powder, mix it well and wash your hair with it. After washing your hairs put coconut oil in it. It is always prevented by Glyerine or lemon.

Question 5.
Why it is important to clean our teeths?
Answer:
Teeths are the important part of our body. If our teeths damages then heart also. Our mouth also releases bad smell. A person can also make irritate others. It also causes a disease named Pyorrhoea. That’s why it is important to clean our teeth well.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why it is important to clean our hair? How we can clean them?
Answer:
Long hair add charm to one’s beauty. Long and beautiful hair make our body beautiful and attractive. If we don’t give proper care to hair then they become weaker and falling down. They causes with dandruff and some more diseases can also cause. So, that’s why it is important to clean our hair. We should clean our hairs by following these steps-

Comb your hair before sleeping at night.
Properly comb your hair with clean comb.
Comb them daily at morning also.
Do not use sharp pins in your hair.
Do not leave your hair more oily and more rough.
Always take proper hair wash & after washing it rub it with clean towel.
Wash your hair with Egg, Amla, Curd, Soap or Shampoo of better . company. In summer in one week wash your hair atleast for 2 times and in winter atleast one time.
Sometimes also put some coconut oil in your hair.
In your daily food eat, butter, cheese, salad, green vegetables & fruits.

Question 2.
What is called Personal Hygiene?
Answer:
To take care of your body is called personal hygiene. It is made of two words-Personal and Hygiene. Personal is a English word which means Self and Hygiene is a European word Hygienous which means without diseases. Now-a-day it means life test. To prevent from diseases there is compulsory to have a knowledge about personal health.

Personal hygiene is that part which gives the knowledge to maintain ourself. By this education we know about environment, its causes & prevention also. By this knowledge we also physically & mentally developed. The importance of health of a person is like a fragrance of flowers. To live healthy personal hygiene helps us a lot. It is that branch by which we get the knowledge about the rules of disease free life.

Question 3.
What rules are followed to science of personal hygiene?
Answer:

Always take fresh food.
Take proper knowledge about internal and external parts of our body.
Take proper sleep according to your age.
Take proper medical check up time-to-time.
Do exercise daily.
Always respirate through nose.
Take breath in open air.
Wear clothes according to climatic conditions.
Always be happy.
Always stand, sit & walk in a good posture.

Question 4.
Write the harmful effects of dirty hair.
Answer:
If we do not take proper care of our hair then it causes a lot of problems which are as follows-
1. Dandruff: Dandruff takes place at rough hair. They cause due to dust particles and soap.

2. Treatment:
If there a lot of dandruff is present in your hair then take 250 gms water and one spoon of Boric powder mix it well and wash your head with this mixture. Before washing your hair massage your hair with coconut oil. It is also prevented by glycerine as well as lemon. It is also prevented with the usage of amla.

3. Lice:
If we do not give proper attention to hair then lice grow in our hair. One louse gives 300 eggs at one time. After two weeks these eggs break and they start growing. Except daily cleanliness some suggestions are also there to prevent from lice; these are-

Do not use others comb, handkerchief, cap, turban etc.
Do not lie down your head on seat of bus, cinema hall on chair.
Use clean comb. Try to place the comb at dust free area in clean box.

4. Falling of hair:
If we don’t take proper care of hairs then they start falling down. To prevent from these give proper attention to your hair. Always take proper balance diet and use shampoo of good company.

5. Change in Colour:
If we do not take proper balanced diet then our hair become white before old age. If we want to prevent it then eat well balanced diet, and clean your body daily.

Question 5.
Why hair of our nose are advantageous for us?
Answer:
We breathe through nose and mouth, but breathing through nose is useful. Breathing through nose makes the inhaled air pure and in accordance with the body temperature when it enters the body. Nose works as a filter. The short hair in the opening of the nose like a filter held the dust particles and germ in them. If any tiny particle does not get stuck in these tiny hair of the nose, it sticks to the inner side of the nose. In this way the nose hair purifies the air that goes to our lungs. We should clean our nose also while bathing. This results in protecting our body from many diseases. So, that’s why hair of nostrils are more advantageous.

Question 6.
How we clean our feet?
Answer:

It is also important to clean our feet as same as our body. During bath we also have to wash & clean our feet and spaces between our fingers of foots.
Always wear neat and clean socks.
Before sleep at night we should also have to wash our feet and properly rubbed with towel.
Always wear slippers & shoes of your own size.
Do not move without slippers.
Cut your nails of feet at proper time.
Sometimes massage your feet with oil or glycerine.

Question 7.
How should we dean our hands?
Answer:

Always wash your hands with soap after and before taking meal.
Always keep your hands soft and clean.
Massage your hands with cream or glycerine.
Wash your hands with clean water. By which we can prevent it from a lot of diseases.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 4 Folk Games of Punjab

September 26, 2024September 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 4 Folk Games of Punjab Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Physical Education Chapter 4 Folk Games of Punjab

Physical Education Guide for Class 6 PSEB Folk Games of Punjab Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name any two games of Children.
Answer:
Bandar Killa and Gulli Danda.

Question 2.
How many ways are there of ‘Pugatta’? Explain anyone.
Answer:
There are two methods of Pugatta.
First Method:
First of all three players place their right hands on one- another’s hands and toss their hands together in the air and then they are reversed or kept straight. If hands are placed upturned by two or three players and the third player’s hands remain straight, then that player is supposed to be ‘puggna’. In this way one by one all the players except one supposed to be ‘puggna’. If the position of the hands of all the three players is same, it means either their hands are upright straight reversed.

Question 3.
Write a note on the importance of the folk games.
Answer:
While children play different games. Every game teaches different qualities to the child. They become strong, active & alertness in brain. Kotla Chipaki game increases quickness in the child! Pithu Garam and aiming with Catapult make the child a good shot and Bandar Killa teaches how to be defensive. Wrestling & Kabaddi increase the physical strength. All these games even make the brain sharp. It makes understanding among the children & we can heritage our folk games.

Question 4.
Describe the method of playing the game ‘Bandar Killa’.
Answer:
It is very famous game of children. Children get together in the lanes of colony & find the place for Killa (Peg) to play the game of Bandar Killa. The children address each other by singing on starting the game.
‘Juttian-chapplan da,
Kar lo ve heela.
Hun apan rail ke,
Khedna Bandar killa.’
PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 4 Folk Games of Punjab 1
In this game children take off their shows & place them near the peg then they tie a rope of 5-7 metres at the bottom of the peg. All the children play the game of Bandar Killa. Do ‘puggatta’ for fixing the turn for any child. All the children after ‘pugatta’ select the child for the ‘turn’. This selected child is called ‘Bandar’. A children who make Bandar hold the rope which was tie to the peg & guard the heap of shoes. The child without leaving the rope will try to touch any child.

The other players without being touched by the .Bandar try to pick up the shoes & chappal if the Bandar touches any child while picking the chappals that child becomes Bandar. If all the children become successful in picking all the shoes & chappals without being touched by the Bandar all will run towards the place to be touched which is already fixed. All the children beat the Bandar with shoes until he reaches the fixed place as soon as Bandar reaches the fixed place beating with shoes stopped. After this another child will take the turn to perform as Bandar.

Question 5.
Which folk game do you like the most? How is it played?
Answer:
Our most wanted game is Kotla Chhapaki. In this game there is no counted of children. This game is also known as Kaji ‘Kotle di Maar.’ This game is played by 10-15 children. Children prepare a kotla making a thick rope of cloth after twisting. Then a child draw a circle with a sharp object on the ground. All the children set on the edge of the drawn circle facing inside. Now the child whose turn is fixed runs outside the circle with kotla and sing the song-
‘Kotla chhapaki, jumme raat ayie
Jehra agge-pichhe dekhe, ohdi shamat ayie’.

A child, who takes the turn runs around the children by repeating same song. No child can see at the back in this game. All the children keep their heads down. If any child looks at the back a child who takes his turn give 4-5 beats with this kotla. After running he keeps kotla behind any child & completes his round & comes back to the same child. Where he has kept kotla. If the child behind kotla at the back is placed does not aware about kotla. The child who is taking round start beating him with his kotla.
PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 4 Folk Games of Punjab 2
The child who is being beaten starts running very fast around the circle to escape his beating he has to bear beating of the kotla until he reaches back to his seat. If the child notices about kotla he picks the same & beats the child on his turn. He keeps on beating until he takes round & places the weekend seat.

PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Guide Folk Games of Punjab Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Method of Pugna:
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five.
Answers:
(A) Two

Question 2.
Name the Folk game of your choice.
(A) Bandar Killa
(B) Kotla Chhapaki
(C) Rope Skipping
(D) None of them.
Answers:
(A) Bandar Killa

Question 3.
Name two games:
(A) Hockey
(B) Football
(C) Cricket
(D) All above.
Answers:
(A) Hockey
(B) Football

Question 4.
Write two Folk games:
(A) Bandar Killa and Kotla Chhapaki
(B) Thief and Police man
(C) Rope Skipping
(D) Circle Kho-Kho.
Answers:
(A) Bandar Killa and Kotla Chhapaki

Question 5.
Write the importance of folk games.
(A) Development of body and mind
(B) Activeness
(C) Attentiveness
(D) All above.
Answers:
(D) All above.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any two names of folk games.
Answer:
Kotla Chhapaki
Kikli.

Question 2.
Write the song of Kotla Chhapaki.
Answer:
‘Kotla Chhapaki, jumme raat ayie
Jehra agge-pichhe dekhe, ohdi shamat ayie.’

Question 3.
Write four lines of ‘Bandar Killa’.
Answer:
Juttian-chapplan da,
Kar lo ve heela,
Hun apan rail ke,
Khedna Bandar Killa.

Question 4.
Write how many methods of Pugatta?
Answer:
There are three methods of pugatta.

Question 5.
Write any folk game do you like most.
Answer:
Bandar Killa.

Question 6.
Which is the best game for health?
Answer:
Rope skipping.

Question 7.
Which game provide activeness, alertness and concentration?
Answer:
Pithhu Garam.

Question 8.
Write one name of big and one name of folk games.
Answer:
Hockey & Kotla Chhapaki.

Question 9.
Write one importance of folk games.
Answer:
Body become healthy.

Question 10.
Who plays the kikli?
Answer:
It is for girls.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is play?
Answer:
Play is a that activity which is performed for recreation and from these activities we get pleasure.

Question 2.
Write the types of games.
Answer:
We can describe the games in many ways-

Physically games
Mentally games

Our games like Cricket, Hockey, Volleyball, Football are those type of games by playing these games, we require a lot of equipments and particular playfield which are played under certain rules. Folk games are contrary of these games.

Question 3.
At what age people play the games?
Answer:
Games are played at every age-children, young & elder people. Boys & girls both play the games.

Question 4.
How can we divide our games?
Answer:
Our games like Cricket, Hockey, Football etc.

Question 5.
Which are the important rules of playing the folk games?
Answer:
In these games we don’t require any equipment & certain rules.

Question 6.
What are main rules of big games?
Answer:
In big games equipments, playfield & particular rules are required. These games are played under certain rules.

Question 7.
Write the method pugatta in folk games.
Answer:
First of all three players place their right hands on one-another’s hands & toss their hands together in the air and then they are reversed or kept straight. If hands are placed upturned by two or three players and the third player’s hands remain straight then that player is supposed to be puggna. In this way one by one all players supposed to be puggna.

Question 8.
Write the song of pugatta of second method.
Answer:
“Eengan meengan tadi talingan
Kala, peela, dakkra
Gurh khawan, vail wdhawan,
Mooli patra
Pattan Waley, ghorre aye,
Hath Kutarri, Paer kutarri
Nikkal baleya teri wari.”

Question 9.
Is their any division of team in folk games?
Answer:
Yes, in many games we divide the players in two teams like- Gulli Danda, Kabaddi etc.

Question 10.
Write the five names of folk games.
Answer:
Bandar Killa, kotla Chhapaki, Kikli, Pittu Garam, Skipping rope.

Question 11.
Write any two importance of folk games?
Answer:
By playing these games we get strength, activeness & alertness of mind. When a player aim at the thikri he know how to concentrate.

Question 12.
Write the importance of Rope Skipping.
Answer:

This game is very important for the point view of exercise.
It develop the strength & flexibility.

Question 13.
What is Pithhu garam?
Answer:
Pithhu garam is one of the favourite game of children. No. of children is not fixed in this game. Children are divided into two groups. Seven broken pieces of earthen ware are placed on one-another. These are called Pithhu.

Question 14.
What is the importance of Kikli?
Answer:
It is very important of punjabi girls and it is the combination of giddha.

It help in co-ordination.
It also help to increase understanding.
It is main cause of recreation and using leisure time.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the second method of Pugna.
Answer:
Second method of Pugna:
All players have stand in a circle. One of them players sing his hand shoulder on the other player and sing a song.

Eengan meengan tadi talingan
Kala peela, dakkra
Gurh khawan, vail wdhawan
Mooli patra
Pattan waley, ghorre aye.
Hath Kutarri, paer kutare
Nikkal baleya teri wali

The player who is touched at the sound of the last word spoken is not supposed to take his turn. He is supposed to be pugna. By using this method again and again, the player is left in the end, get his turn fixed.

Question 2.
Write about the rope keeping and pithhu kho game.
Answer:
It is very important Khel for exercises after pugna, two players remain they stand against each other and swing the rope by put in slope and rotate the rope in one side. The other player in a line by one by one take two steps in the rope. Those players who will touch the rope while
jumping we go out and takes the turn rotating the rope. This game is very important and recreational but in these days it is diminished.

Pithhu Garam:
In this game the player beats at the back of the other player. It is also very favourite game of the students in Punjab. Children are divided into two groups. Seven broken pieces of earthenware are placed on one another. These are called Pithu. A line is drawn at a distance of 10-15 feet from the pieces which are put in an orderly manner, both teams perform pugatta.
PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 4 Folk Games of Punjab 3
Any player of the winner team stand of the line and try to hit ordinary player placed pieces of earthenware with ball. A player gets three chances to hit the target. If he is unable to hit the target, he is declared out of the game. If the ball is got after one balance by the opposite even then the player hitting the pieces is declared to be out. If a player hitting them successfully and scattered them to be out. It is known as breaking of the pithu. After breaking the pithu the hitter tries to collect all the pieces meanwhile the member of the opposite team hits the player collecting the pieces with the ball. If the player places the pieces before he is hit with a ball he deserves another turn. The other player takes his turn to hit him. In this way the game starts again.

Question 3.
Write about the Kikli.
Answer:
Kikli is a famous game among girls of Punjab. Kikli means happiness and it creates the voice of interest. Kikli game is a combination of giddha which is played by girls with great interest. The girls gathered in a particular place join hands with hands of other girls and start moving around. They catch the opposite hands of the girls and make a shape of figure eight (infinity°o). While rotating they sing a song:
Kikli Kallir di
Pagg mere veer di
Duppatta Bharjai da
Phite muh Jawai da.
PSEB 6th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 4 Folk Games of Punjab 4
In this way, while participating in Kikli they start competition. When any one of the girls leaves her hands and falls down, the other girls make a shout of joy after her fall. In this way the girls enjoy the game very well.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame

September 26, 2024September 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Combustion and Flame Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
List conditions under which combustion can take place.
Answer:
Conditions necessary for combustion:

Presence of a combustible substance.
Presence of a supporter of combustion.
Attainment of ignition temperature.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) Burning of wood and coal causes ……………… of air.
(b) A liquid fuel, used in homes is ………………
(c) Fuel must be heated to its …………………………………… before it starts burning.
(d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by …………………..
Answer:
(a) Pollution.
(b) Kerosene.
(c) Ignition temperature.
(d) Water.

Question 3.
Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.
Answer:
CNG is a clean gaseous fuel. It burns completely in air and does not produce any harmful gases. So, the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.

Question 4.
Compare LPG and wood as fuels.
Answer:
LPG is a clean fuel. It is liquefied petroleum gas and is filled in cylinders. It burns with a blue flame and leaves no residue. Its calorific value is high. Wood is not a clean fuel. It burns and release lots of smoke and ashes are left behind. It give very low amount of heat.

Question 5.
Give reasons:
(a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.
(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe does not.
Answer:
(a) The substance used for extinguishing fires on electrical appliances or circuit should not be good conductor of electricity as there are chances of electrocution. So, water being a good conductor of electricity, is not used for extinguishing fires on electrical appliances or circuit. Carbon-tetrachloride (non-electrolyte) is used for this purpose.

(b) LPG is liquefied petroleum gas. It has high calorific value of 50 kJ/g. It is neat and clean fuel. It burns with a smokeless flame and does not produce poisonous gases. While wood has less calorific value of 17 kJ/g. It gives out smoke and poisonous gases on burning. So, LPG is better fuel than wood.

(c) When paper wrapped around an aluminium pipe is brought near a flame, it does not burn because the heat gets transferred to aluminium pipe and the ignition temperature of paper is not achieved.

Question 6.
Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame 1

Question 7.
Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.
Answer:
Kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).

Question 8.
Explain how CO₂ is able to control fires.
Answer:
CO₂ gas is heavier than air. So, it forms an envelope around the burning fire. This, cuts off the supply of oxygen gas and fire stops burning and gets under control.

Question 9.
It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.
Answer:
Green leaves have a high moisture content in them and in the heap of green leaves, oxygen present is very less. Whereas dry leaves have no moisture content and there is lot of oxygen available in this heap. So, it is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves than a heap of dry leaves.

Question 10.
Which zone of flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why ?
Answer:
Goldsmith usually uses the upper most, non-luminous, blue flame for melting gold and silver because it is the hottest part of the flame.

Question 11.
In an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be 180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
Solution:
Mass of fuel = 4.5 kg
Heat produced = 180,000 kg
Now, Calorific value of a substance = \(=\frac{\text { Heat produced }}{\text { Mass }}\)
= \(\frac{180,000}{4 \cdot 5}\) kj/kg
= \(\frac{40,000}{1}\)
= 4 × 10⁴ kj/kg

Question 12.
Can the process of rusting be called combustion ? Discuss.
Answer:
Rusting.
When iron is exposed to moist air, it gets coated with hydrated iron oxide. This process is called rusting and the coating formed is called rust. Chemically rust is hydrated form of ferric oxide, Fe₂O₃. xH₂O. It is reddish brown in colour.
The overall reaction for rusting is:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame 2
Combustion is an oxidation reaction and rusting is also an oxidation reaction but very slow. So, rusting can be termed as slow combustion reaction.

Question 13.
Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated in a shorter time.
Answer:
Ramesh’s beaker will get heated in a shorter time because the outermost part of flame is the hottest part.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Combustion and Flame Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
With the help of the following diagram tell the colour of its flame?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame 3
Answer:
The colour of the flame of lamp: yellow
The colour of the flame of candle : yellow
The colour of the flame of bunsen burner : blue.

Question 2.
In the figure below various parts of candle flame are given. Tell which one of them is less hot ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame 4
(а) Outer Zone
(б) Inner Zone
(c) Middle Zone
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Middle Zone.

Question 3.
Fuel is:
(a) Solid
(b) Liquid
(e) Gas
(d) Solid, liquid and gas
Answer:
(d) Solid, liquid and gas

Question 4.
Which of the following gas is supporter in combustion?
(a) Oxygen gas
(b) L.P.G.
(e) Nitrogen gas
(d) Carbondioxide gas
Answer:
(a) Oxygen gas.

Question 5.
Which of the following is combustible substance ?
(a) Iron nail
(b) Glass
(c) Paper
(d) A piece of stone
Answer:
(c) Paper

Question 6.
The conditions for combustion are:
(a) Fuel and air
(b) Fuel, air and ignition temperature
(c) Fuel and ignition temperature
(d) Air and ignition temperature.
Answer:
(b) Fuel, air and ignition temperature.

Question 7.
Which out of the following has minimum ignition temperature ?
(a) Petrol
(b) Kerosene
(c) Coal
(d) L.P.G.
Answer:
(d) L.P.G.

Question 8.
Which of the following gas causes acid rain ?
(a) H₂
(b) N₂
(c) Carbon-monoxide
(d) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen
Answer:
(d) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen.

Question 9.
While extinguishing fire of electric wires and electric instruments, which of the following item is not used ?
(a) Sand
(b) Water
(c) Foam
(d) Carbondioxide
Answer:
(b) Water.

Question 10.
The unit of Calorific value of a fuel is:
(a) Joule
(b) Kilo joule/kg
(c) Kilo joule
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) Kilo joule/kg.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
List the fuels used in rural areas in our country.
Answer:
Wood, agricultural wastes and cow-dung cakes.

Question 2.
Which of the following solid fuels has the highest heat value: Cow-dung cakes, coal, wood?
Answer:
Coal.

Question 3.
Name the most commonly used liquid fuel in Indian homes.
Answer:
Kerosene.

Question 4.
Name three liquid fuels.
Answer:
Kerosene oil, Petrol, Diesel.

Question 5.
When fuels burn, what do they produce?
Answer:
Heat and light.

Question 6.
What is ignition temperature?
Answer:
Ignition temperature. The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire in the presence of oxygen, is called its ignition temperature.

Question 7.
Name two liquids which have low ignition temperatures.
Answer:

Alcohol and
ether.

Question 8.
What type of fire èxtinguisher is used to extinguish fire caused by
electricity?
Answer:
Carbon tetrachioride (CCl₄) fire extinguisher.

Question 9.
What is combustion ?
Answer:
Combustion.
It is the process of heating of a substance in the presence of oxygen with the evolution of heat and light.
It is an oxidation reaction in which substance (fuel) burns in the presence of oxygen so as to liberate heat and light.

Question 10.
Define heat value of a fuel.
Answer:
Heat value of fuel. The amount of heat liberated when 1 kg of substance is burned, is called heat value of that fuel.

Question 11.
Name the type of fire extinguisher used for extinguishing oil fires.
Answer:
Foam type fire extinguisher.

Question 12.
Why charcoal is considered better fuel than wood ?
Answer:
It is because calorific value of charcoal is higher than that of wood.

Question 13.
Name the zones of a candle flame.
Answer:

Cold innermost zone,
middle zone,
outermost non-luminous zone.

Question 14.
Name two substances which may be effective in fire fighting.
Answer:
Water and Foam.

Question 15.
Name three combustible substances.
Answer:
Paper, wood and cooking gas are three combustible substances.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are fuels ? In which different states fuels are found?
Answer:
Fuels. The materials which are burnt to produce heat and light, are called
fuels.
Fuels are found in three states:

Solid (wood, coal, charcoal etc.)
Liquid (petrol, kerosene, diesel)
Gases (natural gas, coal gas, bio-gas etc).
Fuels are found in Maharashtra and Gujarat states.

Question 2.
How will you prove that air is required for combustion?
Answer:
A burning coal or wood piece stops burning after some time, if it is covered with a glass vessel. This is because the supply of air is cut off, which stops combustion. If air is blown on this burning piece, it again starts burning with a blaze. It is therefore, concluded that air (supporter of combustion) is required for burning of a substance.

Question 3.
How can accidental fires be extinguished?
Answer:
Accidental fires can be extinguished by controlling any one of the three conditions responsible for producing fire:

by cutting supply of air (oxygen) so that the combustible substance does not come in contact with the supporter of combustion.
by cooling the burning substance or by lowering its ignition temperature.
by removing nearby combustible substances so that fire does not spread.

Question 4.
Why do Goldsmiths use a blow-pipe?
Answer:
Goldsmiths use a blow-pipe to intensify a kerosene lamp flame for moulding pieces of gold or silver into desired shapes. The air blown through the pipe aids combustion of unburnt particles of fuel, thereby making the flame hotter.

Question 5.
Why do combustible substances not catch fire on their own ?
Answer:
Combustible substances cannot catch fire on their own as their ignition temperature is higher than normal temperature. When the temperature is lowered than ignition temperature, they catch fire.

Question 6.
Explain Ignition temperature, combustible substance, supporter of combustion in reference to conditions of combustion.
Answer:
Ignition temperature is the minimum temperature at which fuel catches fire. Each substance has definite ignition temperature below which it will not catch fire.

Combustible substance is that which readily catches fire. Paper, LPG, cloth etc. are combustible substances.

Supporter of combustion is that substance which helps in burning the combustible substance. Combustible substances like petrol, LPG will not burn till supporter of combustion like oxygen is supplied in ample amount.

Question 7.
Given the reaction:
C + O₂ → CO₂ + 385 kJ
Calculate the calorific value of carbon (atomic weight of C = 12, O = 16).
Solution:
According to equation, 1 mole of carbon or 12 g of carbon on burning produce 385 kJ of heat.
Thus
12 g of carbon produce heat = 385 kJ
1 g of carbon produces heat = \(\frac{385}{12}\)
∴ Calorific value of carbon = 32.1 kJ/g

Question 8.
Why is a match stick lighted on rubbing it on the rough surface provided on the side of the match box ?
Answer:
This is due to the fact that when we rub the match stick on the rough surface of the match box, the work done during rubbing produces heat due to friction. This heat raises the temperature of the chemical present on the match stick head to its ignition temperature. Therefore, the chemical substance catches fire and the match stick starts burning.

Question 9.
Why is coke considered a better fuel than coal ? Give four reasons.
Answer:
Coke is considered a better fuel than coal because of the following reasons:

Coke has higher calorific value than coal.
Ignition temperature of coke is less than that of coal.
Coke produces less smoke than coal.
Coal on burning produces some pollutants like CO₂, CO and small quantities of SO₂ whereas coke does not
produce these pollutants.

Question 10.
What do you mean by fire fighting ?
Answer:
Fire Fighting.
By fire fighting we mean to put out the fire. A fire may be due to an accident, short circuiting or human negligence. The combustion of a substance requires combustible substances, oxygen (or air) and heat. Therefore, to put out fire the air or oxygen supply should be cut off.

Question 11.
What should you do to put out the fire ?
Answer:
A fire may be due to an accident, short circuiting or human negligence. The combustion of a substance requires combustible substance, oxygen and heat. Therefore, to put out fire the air supply should be cut off. The fire can be put out by using carbon dioxide, water, sand etc.

Question 12.
Why should water not be used to extinguish fire due to :
(i) Kerosene or Petrol
(ii) Short circuiting ?
Answer:
(i) This is because kerosene and petrol being lighter than water, float on it and may further spread fire.

(ii) This is because water conducts electricity and it can cause a fatal shock to the person who is putting out the fire.

Question 13.
Why do we wrap a blanket around a person who has caught in lire ?
Answer:
When a person is caught in fire is wrapped with blanket does not get proper supply of oxygen which is necessary for combustion to take place.

Question 14.
Why are we advised not to sleep in a room with a burning coal ingithi in it ?
Answer:
In a closed room there is limited supply of oxygen and due to incomplete combustion of coal, carbon monooxide gas is produced. This gas is poisonous and may prove fatal. So we are advised not to sleep in a closed room with burning coal ingithi in it.

Question 15.
Explain Global warming.
Answer:
Global Warming. Combustion of most fuels releases carbondioxide in the air resulting in the increase of temperature of the atmosphere which is believed to be the cause of Global warming. Global warming results in melting of polar glaciers causing floods in the low lying coastal areas.

Question 16.
What is acid rain ?
Answer:
Acid Rain.
Burning of coal and diesel releases sulphur dioxide gas which is very pungent and suffocating. Moreover, petrol engines give off oxides of nitrogen. These oxides of sulphur and nitrogen dissolve in water of rain to form acids. Such rain is called Acid rain.

Question 17.
Why does the flame shown in the picture extinguishes when a glass jar is put on the burning candle ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame 5
Answer:
We know that oxygen is necessary for burning but when we put a glass jar on the burning candle, the amount of oxygen becomes less. The flame of candle extinguishes because of shortage of oxygen.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the various combustion zones of a candle flame with the help of a diagram.
or
Explain the zones of candle with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame 6
A candle flame has three distinct zones.
1. Dark inner Zone
2. Luminous Zone
3. Non-luminous Zone.

1. Dark inner zone.
The innermost zone is dafk and is the coldest part of the flame. It consists largely of the hot vapours of wax (the combustible material). Introduce one end of a glass tube in the zone, you will see white vapours coming out from the other end of the tube. On being lighted with a matchstick, these emerging vapours burn with a flame.

2. Luminous Zone.
The middle zone is a bright luminous zone. In this zone the fuel partially burns forming carbon particles. It is the glow of these particles that makes this zone luminous. The carbon particles leave the flame as smoke and soot.

3. Non-luminous Zone.
It is the outer zone which is faintly bluish in colour. In this zone oxygen from the air mixes with the fuel bringing about complete combustion. This zone is the outermost non-luminous zone. It has the highest temperature of around 1800°C.

Question 2.
Describe
(i) Rapid combustion
(ii) Spontaneous combustion
(iii) Slow combustion
(iv) Explosion.
Answer:
(i) Rapid Combustion.
The oxidation reaction in which heat and light is produced in a short time is called rapid combustion. For example, when a burning splinter is brought near the gas burner, the gas tap of which is opened, the gas immediately starts burning with the production of heat and light. Similarly, a candle starts burning when a burning splinter is brought close to its wick.

(ii) Spontaneous Combustion.
Combustion which takes place without the application of any external heat is known as spontaneous combustion.
White phosphorus is the best example of a substance burning with spontaneous combustion.

(iii) Slow Combustion.
It is a slow oxidation process in which no light is produced. In such a reaction the heat liberated is at such a low rate that we cannot feel it.
Rusting of iron and the process of respiration are examples of slow combustion.

(iv) Explosion.
Such a process of combustion, where a large number of gases with the evolution of the tremendous amount of heat and light are evolved is called an explosion. During the Diwali festival, we observe that certain crackers explode only when pressure is applied. In this process, the oxidation of the chemicals in the cracker takes place at a very high speed. Large amounts of gases are liberated with the evolution of a tremendous amount of heat and light.
Gunshot, when fired, is called an explosion.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

September 26, 2024September 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 2 Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:
(а) Micro-organisms can be seen with the help of a ……………. .
Answer:
microscope

(b) Blue green algae fix ……………….. directly from air to enhance fertility of soil.
Answer:
nitrogen

(d) Cholera is caused by ……………. .
Answer:
bacteria

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) Yeast is used in the production of:
(i) sugar
(ii) alcohol
(iii) hydrochloric acid
(iv) oxygen.
Answer:
(ii) alcohol

(b) The following is an antibiotic :
(i) Sodium bicarbonate
(ii) Streptomycin
(iii) Alcohol
(iv) Yeast.
Answer:
(ii) streptomycin.

(c) Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is:
(i) female anopheles mosquito
(ii) cockroach
(iii) housefly
(iv) butterfly.
Answer:
(i) female anopheles mosquito.

(d) The most common carrier of communicable diseases is :
(i) ant
(ii) housefly
(iii) dragonfly
(iv) spider.
Answer:
(ii) housefly.

(e) The bread of idli dough rises because of:
(i) heat
(ii) grinding
(iii) growth of yeast cells
(iv) kneading.
Answer:
(iii) growth of yeast cell.

(f) The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called:
(i) nitrogen fixation
(ii) moulding
(iii) fermentation
(iv) infection.
Answer:
(iii) fermentation.

Question 3.
Match the organisms in Column ‘A’ with their action in Column ‘B’

Column A	Column B
(i) Bacteria	(a) Fixing nitrogen
(ii) Rhizobium	(b) Setting of curd
(iii) Lactobacillus	(c) Baking of bread
(iv) Yeast	(d) Causing malaria
(v) A protozoan	(e) Causing cholera
(vi) A virus	(f) Causing AIDS
	(g) Producing antibodies

Answer:

Column A	Column B
(i) Bacteria	(а) Causing cholera
(ii) Rhizobium	(b) Fixing nitrogen
(iii) Lactobacillus	(c) Setting of curd
(iv) Yeast	(d) Baking of bread
(v) A protozoan	(e) Causing malaria
(vi) A virus	(f) Causing AIDS

Question 4.
Can micro-organisms be seen with the naked eye ? If not, how can they be seen ?
Answer:
No, micro-organisms cannot be seen with naked eye because they are too small. So, we can only see them under microscope.

Question 5.
What are the major groups of micro-organisms ?
Answer:
The various groups of micro-organisms are:

Bacteria
fungi
protozoa
algae
virus.

Question 6.
Name the micro-organisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
Answer:

Rhizobium bacteria
Blue green algae.

Question 7.
Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.
Answer:
Micro-organisms are bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoans. The beneficial aspects of Micro-organisms are as given ahead:
Beneficial aspects of Bacteria:

Formation of milk products like curd and cheese.
Tenderization of meat by breaking down tough muscle fibre.
Formation of vinegar and wines.
Decomposition of organic matter.
Tanning of leather.
Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to usable nitrogenous compounds.

Beneficial aspects of Fungi:

Production of bakery products like bread and cakes.
Other products like idli, dosa, processed cheese, etc.
Beverages like wines, beers, etc.
Mushrooms are edible fungi.
Medicines such as penicillin are made from fungi.

Beneficial aspects of Algae:
They help in the production of organic matter through photosynthesis which provides food to aquatic animals.

Algae cell extracts like agar and alginic acid are used for preparing medicines, food and cosmetics, etc. Kelp that is a brown algae is a rich source of iodine and potassium.
The cell walls of diatom (an alga) are a natural source of fine silica.
Many sea weeds are used as food in China and Japan.

Beneficial aspects of Protozoans:

They form an important link in the food chain.
They feed on fungi and bacteria. Mix it with potato glucose solution prepared earlier. Store the mixture so obtained in the suitable container. The PDA medium is ready and can now be used to culture microorganisms in petri dishes or test tubes.

Question 8.
Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by microorganisms.
Answer:
Harmful effects of Microorganisms:
1. These microorganisms cause a large variety of diseases in plants, animals and human beings.
2. They spoil food items as well as other articles like clothes, leather etc.
3. Micro-organisms spoil food by:

breaking down its molecules and make new products called (amines) which are generally smelly. This changes its chemical composition as well as its texture and physical appearance.
some microbes secrete poisonous substances called toxins which if consumed lead to food poisoning.
micro-organisms grow in the food and sometimes form a whole colony consisting of such large numbers that this food, if consumed can cause illness. It is called food poisoning.

Question 9.
What are antibiotics ? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics ?
Answer:
Antibiotics. These are those chemical secretions which are secreted by certain microorganisms and inhibits the growth of other microorganisms without harming the host.
Alexander Fleming, an English scientist in 1929, discovered Penicillin.
Precautions to be taken while taking antibiotics
Given ahead precautions should be taken while taking antibiotics:

Antibiotics should be taken only on the advice of a qualified doctor,
You must finish the course prescribed by the doctor,
Antibiotics, however, are not effective against cold and flu as they are caused by viruses.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Microorganisms: Friend and Foe Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The following slide shows which micro-organism ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 1
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Amoeba
(c) Bacteria
(d) Fungi on bread.
Answer:
(c) Bacteria.

Question 2.
Is of which micro-organism is shown in the diagram ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 2
(a) Spirogyra
(b) Amoeba
(c) Bacteria
(d) Fungi on bread
Answer:
(c) Bacteria

Question 3.
The slide which is being shown below with the help of microscope is of which micro-organism ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 3
(a) Amoeba
(b) Bacteria
(e) Paramecium
(d) Virus
Answer:
(d) Virus.

Question 4.
Which of the following micro-organisms can be seen only with the help of microscope ?
(a) Virus
(b) Bacteria
(c) Yeast
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Question 5.
Today the teacher in the class showed a slide to his students with the help of microscope. To which micro-organism does this slide belong ?
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 4
(a) Amoeba
(b) Bacteria
(e) Paramecium
(d) Penciliam
Answer:
(c) Paramecium.

Question 6.
For what purpose yeast is used ?
(a) Sugar
(b) Wine
(c) Hydrocloride Acid
(d) Oxygen
Answer:
(b) Wine

Question 7.
Which of the following is antibiotics ?
(a) Sodium Bicarbonate
(b) Streptomycin
(c) Alcohol
(d) Yeast
Answer:
(b) Streptomycin.

Question 8.
The carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is:
(a) Female anopheles mosquito
(b) Cockroach
(c) Housefly
(d) Butterfly
Answer:
(a) Female anopheles mosquito.

Question 9.
The most common carrier of communicable diseases is:
(a) Ant
(6) Housefly
(c) Dragonfly
(d) Spider.
Answer:
(b) Housefly

Question 10.
The bread or idli dough rises because of:
(a) Heat
(b) Grinding
(c) The growth of yeast cells
(d) Kneeding
Answer:
(c) The growth of yeast cells.

Question 11.
The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called:
(a) Nitrogen fixation
(b) Moulding
(c) Fermentation
(d) Infection.
Answer:
(c) Fermentation.

Question 12.
Which instrument is used to see micro-organisms ?
(a) Magnifying glass
(b) Microscope
(c) Telescope
(d) All the above.
Answer:
(b) Microscope.

Question 13.
Which of the following micro-organisms is responsible for causing cholera ?.
(a) Virus
(b) Protozoa
(c) Bacteria
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Bacteria.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Microorganisms can be seen with the aid of ……………….. .
Answer:
microscope

2. Bacteria normally multiply by ……………….. .
Answer:
binary fission

3. Disease producing microbes are called ……………….. .
Answer:
pathogens

4. The poisonous substances produced by some pathogenic bacteria are known as ……………… .
Answer:
toxins

5. Algae can make their own food because they can ………………… .
Answer:
photo- synthesise

6. The chief source of food for fishes is ……………….. .
Answer:
algae

7. The product of algae used for raising bacterial culture is called ……………….. .
Answer:
agar

8. Algae are plant-like but ……………….. are animal-like.
Answer:
protozoans

9. Mushroom is a type of ………………. .
Answer:
fungus

10. Microorganisms which form the borderline between the living and nonliving world are called …………..
Answer:
viruses

Question 2.
Define microscope.
Answer:
Microscope. It is an optical instrument which enables us to see the very tiny organisms called microorganisms.

Question 3.
Which micro-organism lies on the borderline dividing the living world from the non-living ?
Answer:
Virus lies on the borderline dividing the living and non-living.

Question 4.
Name four antibiotics.
Answer:
Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline and Gramicidin.

Question 5.
What are micro-organisms ?
Answer:
Micro-organisms. These are small organisms which are too small to be seen with naked eyes.

Question 6.
Name the major groups of micro organisms.
Answer:
The major groups of microorganisms are:
Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae and Viruses.

Question 7.
Write the average size of bacterium.
Answer:
1.25 mm (1μm = \(\frac{1}{1000}\) mm) in diameter.

Question 8.
Which is the smallest bacteria ?
Answer:
The smallest is rod-shaped bacteria measuring 0.15 mm.

Question 9.
Name the largest bacteria.
Answer:
Spiral shaped bacteria measuring upto 15 mm in length and 1.5 μm in diameter.

Question 10.
Name two examples of Bacillus.
Answer:
Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas.

Question 11.
Write examples of blue-green algae.
Answer:
Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria.

Question 12.
How much nitrogen is fixed by blue-green algae in a paddy field in a year ?
Answer:
About 625 kg of nitrogen in one square km area.

Question 13.
Which micro-organism is used in the preparation of bread and alcohol ?
Answer:
Yeast.

Question 14.
Name two nitrogen fixing algae.
Answer:
Nostoc and Anabaena.

Question 15.
What are the two major groups of fungi ?
Answer:
Yeast and moulds.

Question 16.
Under which group of micro-organisms Amoeba fall ?
Answer:
Protozoa.

Question 17.
Name two antibiotics.
Answer:

Streptomycin
Erythromycin.

Question 18.
Who discovered vaccination ?
Answer:
Louis Pasteur.

Question 19.
Name unicellular micro-organism.
Answer:
Bacteria, Protozoa.

Question 20.
Name multicellular micro-organisms.
Answer:
Algae, Fungi.

Question 21.
Name a micro-organism which can live independently.
Answer:
Amoeba.

Question 22.
Name micro-organisms which live in groups.
Answer:
Fungi and Bacteria.

Question 23.
For which purpose antibiotics are used ?
Answer:
Antibiotics are used for curing diseases.

Question 24.
Which micro-organisms are used to prepare antiboitics ?
Answer:
Bacteria and Fungi.

Question 25.
When and who first invented first antiboitic ?
Answer:
Alexander Fleming in 1929, invented first antibiotic.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Are all micro-organisms of similar sizes ?
Answer:
No, all micro-organisms are not of similar size. The size of bacteria ranges from 0.2 to 100 microns. The size of yeast ranges from 5 to 10 micron and that of moulds from 2 to 10 micron. The size of algae ranges from 1 micron to several metres in length. The size of protozoa ranges from 2 to 200 microns. The size of viruses ranges from 0.015 to 0.2 micron.

Question 2.
Give examples of a slow and fast growing bacteria.
Answer:
Examples of slow growing bacteria:

Mycobacterium tuberculi
Mycobacterium leprae

Examples of fast growing bacteria:

Pseudomonas
E. coli.

Question 3.
What are the two groups of organisms of fungi ?
Answer:
Fungi consists of two main groups:
Yeasts and Moulds.

Yeasts. They are usually unicellular.
Moulds. They are usually multicellular and have a filament-like appearance.

Question 4.
How do microbes survive adverse conditions ?
Answer:
Micro-organisms are very hardy. They can survive under extreme conditions of temperature and dryness by forming a hard outer coating called a cyst. Within this protective shell, they remain inactive as such, until more favourable conditions return. They, then emerge from their shell, multiply and go through their life cycles.

Question 5.
In what ways, are viruses different from other microbes ? Name two plant viruses and two animal viruses.
Answer:
Viruses are different from other microbes due to the following facts:
1. They are the smallest microbes.
2. They cannot be totally called living beings because they do not grow on their own.
3. They are mostly harmful and cause a number of diseases.

Plant viruses.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Bacteriophage.

Animal viruses.

Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)
Measle virus.

Question 6.
Why are viruses placed on the border line between living and nonliving things ?
Answer:
Viruses resemble living objects due to following reasons:

They contain nucleic acids.
They grow and multiply like living beings.

Viruses resemble non-living things due to the following reasons:

They do not contain cytoplasm and definite nucleus.
They can be crystallized like salts or sugar.

Question 7.
Differentiate between yeasts and moulds.
Answer:
Differences between Yeasts and Moulds

Yeasts	Moulds
1. They are unicellular.	1. They are multi-cellular.
2. They range in size from 5-10 microns.	2. They range in size from 2-10 microns.
3. Yeasts are both aerobic as well as anaerobic.	3. Moulds are aerobic.

Question 8.
Write some examples of commercial products obtained from fungi.
Answer:

Some fungi are directly used in the preparation of dishes.
Some antibiotics are obtained from fungus.
Some fungi are used in the preparation of bread and alcohol.
Wines, beers are prepared with the help of certain fungi.

Question 9.
What are Bacteriophages ?
Answer:
Bacteriophage. Viruses are heterotrophic. Virus which depend on bacteria are called bacterial viruses or bacteriophages.
It is shaped like a rod. They destroy bacteria which are responsible for spoilage of organic matter.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 5

Question 10.
Describe the various products involving action of fungi.
Answer:
The various products involved are as follows:

Bakery products. Bread and cakes from wheat flour.
Food products. Wines, beers from fruit juices or barley ; idli and dosa from a mixture of powdered rice and dal.
Processed cheese.
Some fungi such as mushrooms are directly used as food products.
Some very important medicines, such as penicillin are made from fungi.
Moulds spoil food, damage potato and crop plants, corn and wheat. They also cause rotting of clothes, shoes and wooden materials.
Some fungi cause diseases like athlete’s foot and ringworm.

Question 11.
How is bread formed ?
Answer:
When yeast together with some sugar and warm water is mixed with flour (atta or maida), the dough begins to rise. The presence of sugar and the warmth stimulates rapid growth of the yeast cells. During their reproduction, yeast cells produce carbon dioxide. Bubbles of CO₂ fill the dough and make it rise. When baked into a loaf, the bread becomes light and spongy.

Question 12.
How is the mixture of ground rice and dal made sour ?
Answer:
The mixture of ground rice and dal is allowed to stand for a few hours. It becomes sour. It is the growth of yeast cells that causes the mixture to rise and become sour.

Question 13.
Suggest some methods to prevent the growth of moulds.
Answer:

Keep the things at low temperatures.
Keep the things in clean closed containers.
Keep the things in dry condition in dry storage.
Keep the food in the form of syrups, pickles, in the form of preserved food.
Keep the articles away from the reach of microorganisms present in the air.

Question 14.
Write the importance of fungi in medicines.
Answer:
Antibiotics are obtained from fungi, and Penicillin is obtained from the fungus, Griscofulvin is extracted from the fungus Griscofulvum.

Question 15.
What are the major differences between algae and fungi ?
Answer:

Algae	Fungi
1. Green in colour.	1. Colourless or non-green.
2. Outer cell wall is formed by cellulose.	2. Outer cell is formed of fungus cellulose.
3. Autotrophic.	4. Saprophytic or Parasitic.
4. Aquatic in habitat.	3. Heterotrophic.
5. Grow on wet surfaces.	5. Grow on moist organic surface.

Question 16.
What are vaccines ?
Answer:
Vaccines.
A vaccine consists of antigens of mild strains of pathogens of a specific disease. When injected into the blood stream, it stimulates while blood cells to produce antibodies.

Question 17.
Describe the role of blue green algae in the fertility of soil.
Answer:
Blue green algae play an important role in the fertility of soil due to the following reasons:

They make the nitrogen available to the soil.
They increase the humus content of the soil.
They support the crop growth.
They improve the water holding capacity of the soil.

Question 18.
Describe some of the important landmarks in the study of microorganisms.
Answer:
Important landmarks in the study of microorganisms are as follows:

Name of the scientist	Year	Contribution
Robert Hooke	1665	Observed cork cells, spermatozoa and bacteria using a simple microscope and named them as tiny animalcules.
Louis Pasteur	1857 1859	Fermentation is a biochemical process. Microbes produce only from pre-existing microbes of same species.
Robert Koch	1872	Tubercle bacillus is the main cause of tuberculosis germ theory of disease.
Shikabasaburo Alexander Fleming	1889 1929	Tetanus disease is due to Tetanus bacillus. Antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium notatum (a fungus).

Question 19.
What is food poisoning ?
Answer:
Food Poisoning. Sometimes the microorganisms grow on our food items and spoil it. When we eat this food, it causes food poisoning. It causes serious illness and even death.

Question 20.
Explain the following terms in brief:
(a) Immunity
(b) Antibodies
(c) Vaccination.
Answer:
(a) Immunity.
Immunity is the ability of a person (or organism) to resist the development of a disease even when infective dose of the pathogen has been introduced. The science of development of resistance or defence to the causative agents of the diseases is termed as immunology. Foundations of immunology were laid by Edward Jenner (1796) who successfully developed first vaccine against small pox.

(b) Antibodies.
It is a substance occurring naturally in the blood or produced in response to the presence of antigen which is able to overcome the toxic effect of an antigen.

(c) Vaccination.
It is a process of injecting a substance (Vaccine) into a healthy person in order to develop immunity against a specific disease.

Question 21.
Write three ways of entering microorgnisms into the body.
Answer:
Entry of microorganisms into the body

Through the air we inhale.
Through the water we drink, and the food we eat.
Through skin.

Question 22.
What is vaccine ? Describe the importance of vaccination.
Answer:
Vaccine. A vaccine consists of a small amount of dead or weakened germs of a particular disease that are injected into the body. Injecting or swallowing a vaccine is called the vaccination when the vaccine is injected into our body. Our body produces antibodies that fight with those dead or weakened germs. These antibodies stay in our body to prevent the future attack of such kind of microbes. Thus, our body develops immunity against the particular disease for which vaccination is provided.

Question 23.
Write a note on cyanobacterial cell.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 6
Cyanobacteria.
These are chlorophyll containing autotrophic microscopic bacteria, also called blue green algae. They may be filamentous or colonial in form. Main examples are Oscillatoria, Spirulina, Nostoc, Stigonema.

A typical cyanobacterial cell consists of a four layered cell-wall followed by plasma membrane. The cytoplasm contains gas vacuoles, ribosomes photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, carotenoids and circular double stranded naked DNA. The reserve food is in the form of cyanophycean starch, liquid globules and cyanophycean protein granules.

Question 24.
What are diatoms ? Sketch a few examples of diatoms.
Answer:
Diatoms.
They are microscopic unicellular algae found in fresh water springs, estuaries and marine water of ocean. They occur mostly as individual cells and some form colonies. Diatoms deposit silicon dioxide in their cell wall. They reproduce asexually as well sexually.
Examples of Diatoms
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 7

Question 25.
Ajit kneaded 1/2 kg maida along with lukewarm water. He also added some sugar and yeast in it. What will be the effect on kneaded flour after 2 hours ? Give reason for your answer.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 8
Answer:
The dough begins to rise. The presence of sugar and yeast stimulates rapid growh of the yeast cells. During their reproduction, yeast cells produce carbon dioxide. Bubbles of CO₂ fill the dough and make it rise.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Sketch few of the micro-organisms.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 9

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 11

Question 2.
Give in a tabulated form some of the common diseases affecting man and their mode of transmission and methods of prevention.
Answer:
Some Common Human Diseases Caused by Micro-organisms:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 2 Microorganisms Friend and Foe 12

Question 3.
Give some of the common plant diseases caused by micro-organisms.
Answer:
Common Plant Diseases Caused by Micro-organisms

Plant Diseases	Micro-organism	Mode of Transmission
Citrus canker	Bacteria	Air
Rust of wheat	Fungi	Insects and seeds
Yellow vein mosaic of Ladyfinger	Virus	Insect

Question 4.
What is meant by food preservation? Explain the different methods of food preservation used for foods.
Answer:
Food Preservation. The processes by which the perishable food materials are treated to prevent their spoilage and retain their nutritive value for long periods
is called food preservation.
The substances used for food preservation are called food preservatives.
Different Methods of Food Preservation:

1. Dehydration and Sun Drying.
The process of removal of water from fruits, vegetables is called dehydration. It reduces the moisture content of food materials and, therefore, prevents the food from spoilage. Drying in the sun is one of the oldest methods of food preservation.

2. Preservation by Salt and Sugar.
Common salt and sugar are good preservatives. These stop the bacterial growth in the food material. Pickles, jam, jelly, ketchup, squash, etc. are preserved by adding salt and sugar.

3. Deep Freezing. It is a direct method for the prevention of bacterial growth. In this method, the food materials are cooled below 0 C. Fruits vegetables, meat, fish, etc. can be easily preserved by this method.

4. Chemical Preservation. Certain chemicals can be used to preserve food. The substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage are called food preservatives. Benzoic acid, Potassium metabisulphite, etc. can be used. Irradiation, canning, and bottling are also used for the preservation of food.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum

September 26, 2024September 25, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Coal and Petroleum Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?
Answer:
Advantages of LPG:

LPG is considered to be a better fuel because of the following reasons:

LPG has a high calorific value. Its calorific value is about 50 kJ/g. This means that when 1 gram of LPG burns in a gas stove, it produces about 50 kilo-joules of heat energy.
It burns with a smokeless flame and so does not cause pollution.
LPG does not produce any poisonous gases on burning.
LPG is easy to handle and convenient to store.
It undergoes complete combustion.
LPG is a very neat and clean domestic fuel.

Advantage of CNG:
It does not cause air pollution.

Question 2.
Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.
Answer:
Bitumen.

Question 3.
Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called ?
Answer:
Formation of coal from dead vegetation:
About 300 million years ago, the forests got buried under the soil. They were compressed by soil deposits and temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. Due to this high temperature and pressure coal was formed from dead vegetation by process of carbonisation.

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) Fossil fuels are …………….. , …………… and ……………
(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is called ………………… .
(c) Least polluting fuel for vehicle is ………………..
Answer:
(a) Coal, petroleum, natural gas.
(b) refining.
(c) CNG (Compressed natural gas).

Question 5.
Tick True/False against the following statements.
(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory.
Answer:
False

(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol.
Answer:
False

(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances.
Answer:
True

(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.
Answer:
Fossil fuels are formed from remains of dead organisms and it took million of years to get these organisms converted into fuels. The known reserves of these fuels are limited and so, these are exhaustible fuels.

Question 7.
Describe the characteristics and uses of coke.
Answer:
Characteristics of Coke:

It is tough, porous and black substance.
It is pure form of carbon.

Uses of Coke:

It is used to manufacture artificial graphite.
It is used in manufacture of calcium carbide required for manufacture of acetylene gas. Acetylene gas is the basic raw material for manufacture of acetic acid and P.V.C.
It is used in manufacture of water gas and producer gas used as an important fuel.
- Water gas is not single gas. It is a mixture of equal volumes of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
- Producer gas is produced by passing controlled amount of air over red hot coke. Producer gas is in fact a mixture of one part of carbon monoxide and two parts of nitrogen by volume.
It is used to extract metals like copper, iron, zinc, lead, tin etc., from their ores.
Since coke does not produce any smoke, hence it is used as a household fuel.

Question 8.
Explain the process of the formation of petroleum.
Answer:
Formation of Petroleum.
Petroleum is formed from the bacterial decomposition of the remains of animals and plants which got buried under the sea millions of years ago. When these organisms died, they sank to the bottom and got covered by sand and clay. Over a period of millions of years, these remains got converted into petroleum oil by heat, pressure and catalytic action. The hydrocarbons formed rose through porous rocks until they were trapped by impervious rocks forming an oil trap. Natural gas is found above the surface of petroleum oil.

Question 9.
The following table shows the total power shortage in India from 1991-1997. Show the data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for the years on the Y-axis and the year on the X-axis.

S. No.	Year	Shortage %
1	1991	7.9
2	1992	7.8
3	1993	8.3
4	1994	7.4
5	1995	7.1
6	1996	9.2
7	1997	11.5

Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum 1

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Coal and Petroleum Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Gurmeet’s mother uses cylinder to cook chapatti on gas burner at home. Name the gas in cylinder.
(a) Air
(b) Oxygen
(c) L.P.G.
(d) C.N.G.
Answer:
(c) L.P.G.

Question 2.
Monika read in a newspaper that a man became unconscious because of burning coal in a closed room. The teacher told her that during burning coal, a gas is produced which causes death of a person. Name
this gas.
(a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Carbon-monoxide
(d) Hydrogen.
Answer:
(c) Carbon-monoxide.

Question 3.
The example of fossil fuel is:
(a) Air
(b) Sunlight
(c) Water
(d) Coal
Answer:
(d) Coal

Question 4.
Which out of the following is used as fuel in households ?
(a) Diesel
(b) Petrol
(c) Kerosene oil
(d) Bitumen.
Answer:
(c) Kerosene oil.

Question 5.
The purest form of carbon is:
(a) Coaltar
(b) Coal gas
(c) Diamond
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Diamond.

Question 6.
Which out of the following is the least pollution causing fuel ?
(a) Petrol
(b) Coal
(c) Kerosene oil
(d) C.N.G.
Answer:
(d) C.N.G.

Question 7.
Which is the natural solid fuel ?
(a) Coal
(b) Coke
(c) L.P.G.
(d) Coal tar
Answer:
(a) Coal.

Question 8.
Which among the following is the best domestic fuel ?
(a) Petrol
(b) Coal
(c) Kerosene oil
(d) C.N.G.
Answer:
(d) C.N.G.

Question 9.
Which of the following is the fossil fuel ?
(a) Air
(b) Hydrogen gas
(c) Water
(d) Coal.
Answer:
(d) Coal.

Question 10.
Which out of the following is the non renewable source of energy ?
(a) Air
(b) Sunlight
(c) Coal
(d) Forests
Answer:
(c) Coal

Question 11.
Which out of the following is called black gold ?
(a) Diesel
(b) Coal
(c) Bitumen
(d) Petroleum.
Answer:
(d) Petroleum.

Question 12.
Which out of the following is limited natural resource ?
(a) Air
(b) Sunlight
(c) Natural gas
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(c) Natural gas.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name some natural materials.
Answer:
Air, water, soil, forests, minerals etc.

Question 2.
Name some man-made materials.
Answer:
Glass, cement, clothes, houses etc.

Question 3.
Define the term fossil fuel. Name three fossil fuels.
Answer:
Fossil fuels.
These are the fuels which are formed in nature from the dead remains of organisms over millions of years ago.
Examples. Coal, natural gas, petroleum etc.

Question 4.
How is coke prepared ?
Answer:
Coke is prepared by the destructive distillation of coal. The gases, and other substances present in coal are given off on heating. The black residue left behind is coke.

Question 5.
Name two products formed by Destructive distillation of Coal.
Answer:

Coal gas
Coal tar.

Question 6.
Name some products formed as a result of Fractional distillation of Petroleum.
Answer:
Asphalt, petrol, diesel oil, paraffin wax, fuel oil, kerosene oil.

Question 7.
Name three products of petroleum.
Answer:
Fertilizer, Insecticide, Artificial rubber.

Question 8.
What will happen if fossil fuels are used up at a fast rate ? Give reasons.
Answer:
Fossil fuel will get exhausted because the earth cannot recreate them rapidly.

Question 9.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas are example of which type of fuel ?
Answer:
Fossil fuel.

Question 10.
What is petroleum ?
Answer:
Petroleum. Petroleum is thick viscous crude oil with an unpleasant odour.

Question 11.
Which type of rocks store petroleum in them ?
Answer:
Impervious (non-porous) rocks.

Question 12.
Which process is used for refining petroleum ?
Answer:
Fractional distillation.

Question 13.
How is petroleum gas produced ?
Answer:
It is produced in the form of uncondensed gas during fractional distillation of crude petroleum oil.

Question 14.
What is the use of bitumen ?
Answer:
Road surfacing.

Question 15.
Which liquid fuel is used in stoves, lamps and jet air-crafts ?
Answer:
Kerosene oil.

Question 16.
Which product of petroleum is used for dry cleaning ?
Answer:
Petrol.

Question 17.
Name few exhaustible natural resources.
Answer:
Forests, wild life, minerals, coal etc.

Question 18.
Give examples of in-exhaustible natural resources.
Answer:
Air, water, sunlight etc.

Question 19.
Which natural material is available at a blacksmith’s place ?
Answer:
Coal.

Question 20.
What is main component of coal ?
Answer:
Carbon.

Question 21.
Which process converts dead vegetation into coal ?
Answer:
Carbonisation.

Question 22.
What happens when coal is heated or burn in air ?
Answer:
Carbondioxide gas is released.

Question 23.
Which condition is necessary for destructive distillation ?
Answer:
Absence of oxygen.

Question 24.
What is the latest use of coal-gas ?
Answer:
As a source of heat energy.

Question 25.
What is destructive distillation ?
Answer:
Destructive Distillation – The process of heating coal in the absence or limited supply of air is called destructive distillation.

Question 26.
What are hydrocarbons ?
Answer:
Hydrocarbons. The compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called Hydrocarbons.

Question 27.
What are Petrochemicals ?
Answer:
Petrochemicals.
These are the substances obtained from Petrol and Natural gas. These are largely used for the manufacture of detergents, synthetic fibres and plastics etc.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write two differences between Exhaustible and In-exhaustible Resources.
Answer:
Differences between Exhaustible and In-exhaustible Natural Resources.

Exhaustible Natural Resources

In-exhaustible Natural Resources

1. Limited quantity in nature.

1. Limitless or unlimited quantity in nature.

2. Gets exhausted on consumption.

Examples: Forests, wild life.

2. Cannot exhaust on consumption i.e. can be retrieved back.

Examples: Air, Sun energy.

Question 2.
Where is petroleum found in India ?
Answer:
In India, petroleum is found in the states of Gujarat and Assam. It is also obtained from reservoirs buried deep under the sea bed near Mumbai. This oil-bearing region is called Bombay-High. Recently, oil has also been discovered in Godavari and Kaveri basins.

Question 3.
What are the major products of Petroleum refining ?
Answer:
During refining of petroleum following fractions are produced:

Natural gas, Petrol,
Naphtha,
Kerosene oil,
Gas oil (diesel),
Lubricating oil/waxes,
Fuel oil and
Bitumen.

Question 4.
What are the products of coal ?
Answer:
Coal on heating in the absence of air gives coal gas, coal tar, and coke. Coal gas is also a good fuel. Coal tar gives important chemicals such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracene etc.

Question 5.
What is coal gas ? How is it formed ? Give its uses.
Answer:
Coal Gas. Coal gas is a mixture of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
When coal is heated in the absence of air, coal gas is formed.
Uses.

It is used as a fuel.
It is used for providing reducing atmosphere in metallurgical operations.

Question 6.
Give few uses of coal.
Answer:
Uses of Coal:

As a fuel to cook food.
To produce steam to run an engine.
To produce electricity in Thermal Power plants.
As a fuel in industry.

Question 7.
What is coal tar ? What are its uses ?
Answer:
Coal Tar. Coal tar is a black thick liquid with unpleasant smell. It is a mixture of about 200 substances, which are used as starting materials for the manufacturing of various daily need ithins such as paints, dyes, plastics, films, perfumes, explosives, drugs etc.
Coal tar is also used for road surfacing.

Question 8.
Name at least three constituents of petroleum and give their uses.
Answer:
Constituents of Petroleum

Petrol
Paraffin wax
Diesel.

Uses of Petroleum:

Petrol is used as a motor fuel and aviation fuel. It is also used for dry cleaning.
Paraffin wax is used for making ointments, candles, vaseline etc.
Diesel is used as a fuel for heavy motor vehicles and electric generators.

Question 9.
Define natural resource.
Answer:
Natural Resource. The resource that is obtained from nature is called natural resource.

Question 10.
What are the characteristics of a good fuel ?
Answer:
Characteristics of Good Fuel:

It should be easily available.
It should be cheap.
It should be clean and should not produce poisonous gases and ash after burning.
It should produce more energy.
It should be easy to transport and store.

Question 11.
What is the difference between coal and coke ?
Answer:
Differences between Coal and Coke

Coal	Coke
1. It is a non-crystalline form of carbon	1. It is an amorphous form of carbon.
2. It is obtained bj? death and decay of plants which remain buried under the earth for years together.	2. It is obtained by heating soft coal in the absence or limited siuply of air.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are fossil fuels ? How are they formed ? Why are they called non¬renewable sources of energy ?
Answer:
Petroleum, natural gas, coal etc., are main forms of fossil fuels. Millions of years ago, remains of animals, plants got buried under the earth before dinosaurs. These remains are called fossils. They remained inside the earth under huge pressure and high temperature in the absence of oxygen, these remains got converted into fossil fuel.

Fossils as a source of non-renewable source of energy.
Fossils were formed several hundred years ago under the earth. Man uses these for his various activities. These cannot be regained after use. So they are called non-renewable source of energy.

Question 2.
Describe the formation of
(a) Coal
(b) Petroleum.
Answer:
(a) Coal Formation.
Coal is believed to be formed from fossils which got buried inside the earth during earthquakes, volcanic eruptions etc., which occurred about 300 million years ago. These fossils were covered with sand, clay and water. In the absence of air and under high temperature and high pressure inside the earth, the fossils got converted into coal. This process of conversion of plants and animals buried inside the earth under high temperature and pressure to coal is called carbonisation. It is a very slow process and may have taken thousands of years.

(b) Formation of Petroleum.
It is believed that petroleum was formed and preserved in its crude state in the earth from the remains of dead microscopic marine plants (phytoplankton) which settled in muddy sediments at the bottom of sea millions of years ago. Prolonged sedimentation and cooking of these organic debris under pressure in the presence of natural catalysts, converted them into petroleum . For this reason, petroleum is also called fossil fuel.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 5 Coal and Petroleum 2

Question 3.
What is petroleum? How does it occur? How is it mined?
Answer:
Petroleum.
It is dark coloured viscous, foul-smelling, oily liquid. It is a complex mixture of several solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with water, salt, and earth particles.

Occurrence of Petroleum.
Petroleum occurs deep down under the earth between two impervious rocks (non-porous rocks) as shown in Fig. Natural gas occurs above the petroleum oil trapped under rocks.

The crude petroleum is obtained by drilling a hole into the earth’s crust and sinking pipes into it. When the pipe reaches the oil deposit, natural gas comes out with great pressure. After the pressure has subsided, the crude oil is pumped out of the oil well. This process of obtaining crude oil from its sources is called mining.

Diving Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

September 25, 2024September 24, 2024 by Prasanna

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Diving Game Rules.

Diving Game Rules – PSEB 10th Class Physical Education

Question 1.
Describe the rules of Diving?
Answer:
Special Rules for Diving
1. All diving competitions at the international level shall be subject to the regulations of the FINA.

2. The spring board, the fixed boards and all diving installations shall be in accordance with the present regulations, and shall be tested and approved by the delegates of the FINA prior to the start of the competition.

3. All diving centres shall be available to the listed competitors for use at least eight days before the competition. On the day of the competition, the diving centres shall remain open for training when no contest is in progress.

4. The order of starting shall be decided by lot.

5. The drawing by lot shall be public and the place and time of such drawing shall be announced along with that of the contest.

6. If the number of dives in one diving competition is excessive, the competition shall be divided into several groups of dives in order to ensure that the number of dives in any one group does not exceed 210.

7. Before the start of each dive, the referee or the official announcer shall announce in the language of the country the name of the competitor, and the type of dive he is going to execute.

8. The number of the dives to be performed and the manner of execution shall be displayed on an indicator board, visible’to both divers and judges. The dive to be executed shall not be announced until the diver has taken his position on the board or platform.

9. The dive shall be executed after the referee has given signal. If a competitor dives before the signal he shall repeat the dive.

10. Only listed dives shall be executed.

11. Each competitor shall deliver to the diving secretary four copies of a complete statement of the dives selected on an official form written in ink, or typewritten, not less than 24 hours before the date of each competition. This list should be in English or French language. If any other language is used, the competitor shall have to attach along with a translated version in English or French, for the accuracy of which he is entirely responsible in accordance with Rule 13.

The following details shall be given on this form:

The group, the number and the denomination of each dive according to the FINA diving list.
The manner of take-off (running or standing), only for highboard contests.
The execution of dive-(a) straight, (b) with pike, (c) with tuck.
The height of the board or platform.
The degree of difficulty.

12. Like voluntary dives, the required dives shall not be repeated, and all dives of the same number shall be deemed as the same dive.

13. The competitors shall follow the list of dives, and the dives shall be executed in the order listed on the diving forms by the competitors. Once the closing date has passed, as provided in Rule No. 11, no change shall be permitted in the dives to be performed. Each competitor is entirely responsible for the accuracy of the statements in the list.

14. A competitor is not admitted to the competition unless the list is submitted in time.

15. The referee shall examine the list. In case the statement is not in accordance with the rules, he shall decide before the start of the competition as to whether or how the statement can be corrected. The competitor must be informed of the referee’s decision immediately or at least one hour before the competition.

16. All dives shall be executed by the divers themselves with no assistance from any other person. Any assistance in dives is not allowed.

Question 2.
What are the rules for the execution of the Dive?
Answer:
Rules for the Execution of the dive
Dives shall be executed on the following principles:

1. The starting position shall be free and unaffected. The approach to the starting position shall not be taken into consideration.

2. In the starting position, the competitor stands on the front end of the board or platform, with his body straight, head erect, arms straight and to the sides or above the head. The arm swing commences when the arms leave the starting position. If a competitor fails to assume the correct standing position, each judge shall deduct 1 to 3 points from his award.

The starting position of a running dive shall be assumed when the diver is ready to take the first step of the run. Forward take-off dives from the spring board may be performed either standing or running on the opinion of the diver. A prior declaration of the manner of take-off is not essential. The judge shall award points for a standing dive keeping in view the height and standard of execution.

3. The run should be smooth, straight and unhesitant. In a running dive from the spring board or platform the diver shall take at least four steps, including the take-off from one or both feet. If the diver takes less than four steps, one referee shall deduct two points from the award of each judge.

4. The take-off shall be bold, quite high and confident. In running dive, the take-off from the spring board shall be from both feet simultaneously, but from fixed boards the take-off may be from one foot only. While executing a standing dive, the diver shall not bounce on the board before the take-off.

While executing a running dive, the diver shall not be permitted to stop his run before the end of the board and to make more than one jump on the same spot before the final take-off. If a competitor, preparing for the take-off in backward dives, lifts his feet slightly off the board, it shall not be taken as a bounce but as an involuntary movement, but the judges may make a deduction from their awards according to individual opinion.

If in a dive, the diver touches the end of the board, or dives to the side of the direct line of flight, it indicates, no matter how well the dive may have been executed, that he was quite close to the heal’d for proper execution. Each judge shall decide about the deduction of awards according to his individual opinion.

If, in an Arm Stands Dive, a steady balance in the straight position is not shown, the judges shall deduct 1 to 3 points from the award. If the diver loses his balance of mind and reattempts the dive, he shall receive 2 points less. In case of a strong wind, the referee may give all divers the right to make a second attempt without deduction of points.

5. In all flying somersault dives, a straight position should be clearly shown for nearly half a somersault.

6. In straight dives with one half or full twist, the twisting should not manifestly be done from the board. In pike dives with twist, the twist must not be started until there has been a marked pike position. In somersault dives with twist, the twist may be performed at any time during the dive at the opinion of the diver.

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Protest

In case of any dispute, the protest, in writing, shall be given to the referee.
Protest, the reason of which is already known, shall be lodged before the test of the contest.
No protest can be lodged in respect of marking by the judges.
Decisions regarding protests shall be given by the Jury.
Protest against incidents not covered by these regulations shall be referred to the International Diving Committee of FINA which shall consider them at the earliest.

Important Information About the Diving Game

The arrangement for diving in the deep side of the swimming pool by erecting a board is made.
The order of starting is decided by lot.
All dives are made without a person’s help.
It is essential to get one’s name notified for diving well in time.
The participation only in listed dives is permitted.

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