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Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 9 Social Movements Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 9 Social Movements

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The movement which aims to remove social evils is known as
(a) Reform movement
(b) Revivalist movement
(c) Revolutionary movement
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Reform movement

2. Who played an important role in the Chipko movement?
(a) Chandi Prasad Bhatt
(b) Lai Bahadur Shastri
(c) Medha Patkar
(d) Arundhati Roy
Answer:
(a) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

3. Who was awarded ‘Padma Vibhushan’ for his contribution to the Chipko movement?
(a) Medha Patkar
(b) Sunder Lai Bahuguna
(c) Chandi Prasad Bhatt
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(b) Sunder Lai Bahuguna

4. Who started Satya Shodhak Movement?
(a) Joti Rao Phule
(b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Dr.B.R. Ambedkar
Answer:
(a) Joti Rao Phule

5. Who started Mahar Movement?
(a) Joti Rao Phule
(b) Dr. B.R. *Ambedkar
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Sunder Lai Bahuguna.
Answer:
(b)Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

6. With whose efforts, Sati Pratha was declared illegal?
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Dr. Ambedkar
(c) Joti Rao Phule
(d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Answer:
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Dr, Ambedkar belonged to …………… caste.
Answer:
Mahar

2. Satya Shodhak Samaj was established in …………………. A.D.
Answer:
1873

3. ………………….. started Self Respect Movement.
Answer:
Periyar Ramaswami

4. Sree Narayan Guru belonged to ………………. caste.
Answer:
Izava

5. Majdoor Mahajan Sabha was started by ………………..
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

True/False:

1. Dr. Ambedkar adopted Jainism.
Answer:
False

2. Periyar Ramaswami started Self Respect Movement in Kerala.
Answer:
False

3. Satya Shodhak Samaj was started in Maharashtra.
Answer:
True

4. All India trade Union congress was started in 1920 A.D.
Answer:
True

5. Kisan Sahha was started in 1930 A.D.
Answer:
True

6. Brahmo Samaj was started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
Who is known as the father of modern India?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the father of modern India.

Question 2.
When and who used the word social movement the first time?
Answer:
German Scholar Lorenz Van Stein was the one who used this term in 1850 A.D. in his book ‘History of the French Social Movement from 1789 to the Present’. Question 3. When did the French and Russian revolutions take place?
Answer:
The French revolution took place in 1789 A.D. and the Russian revolution took place in 1917 A.D.

Question 4.
Give one necessary element of social movement.
Answer:
Collective consciousness is one of the necessary element of social movement.

Question 5.
What is the main objective of social movement?
Answer:
Main objective of social movement is to replace the old system by establishing new system.

Question 6.
Which movement brings sudden change in society?
Answer:
Revolutionary movement brings sudden change in society.

Question 7.
When and who started Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Answer:
Jyoti Rao Phule started Satya Shodhak in 1873 A.D.

Question 8.
What was the major issue of Satya Shodhak Samaj?
Answer:
Major issue of Satya Shddhak Samaj was to end every type of authority of Brahmins.

Question 9.
When, where and who started Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan movement?
Answer:
This movement was started by Sree Narayan Guru in 1895 A.D. in Kerala.

Question 10.
Why was Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan Movement started?
Answer:
To uplift the social status of Izava caste and to remove the evil like untouchability.

Question 11.
When, where and who started Self Respect Movement?
Answer:
Self Respect Movement was started by Periyar E.V. Ramaswami in 1925 A.D. in Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
What was the major objective of Self Respect Movement?
Answer:
To arose the sense of self respect among backward castes in caste based society.

Question 13.
When and which religion was adopted by Dr. Ambedkar?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar adopted Buddhism in 1956 A.D.

Question 14.
What is included in class based movements?
Answer:
Worker’s movement and Peasant’s movement are included in class based movements.

Question 15. Who established Mazdoor Mahajan Sangh?
Answer:
Mazdoor Mahajan Singh was established by Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 16.
When and where was All India Trade Union Congress established?
Answer:
It was established at Bombay in 1920 and Lala Lajpat Rai was its first President.

Question 17.
Where did Indigo rebellion take place in 1866-68?
Answer:
In 1866-68, Indigo rebellion take place in Darbhanga and Champaran.

Question 18.
Where were Peasant movements started?
Answer:
Peasant movements were mainly started in Punjab.

Question 19.
Who helped in removing Sati Pratha from society?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy with the help of Lord William Bentick helped in removing Sati Pratha from society.

Question 20.
When was SEWA Bank started?
Answer:
SEWA Bank was started in 1974 A.D.

Question 21.
When and where was Chipko Movement started?
Answer:
Chipko movement was started in 1973 A.D. in the Garhwal region of Uttrakhand.

Question 22.
Who were the major leaders of Chipko movement?
Answer:
Major leaders of Chipko movement were Cha’ndi Prasad Bhatt, Gaura Devi and Sunder Lai Bahuguna.

Question 23.
When and where was Appiko movement started?
Answer:
Appiko movement was started in 1973 in Karnataka.

Question 24.
Why was Narmada Bachao movement started?
Answer:
It was started in Gujarat to save environment and to place the displaced persons.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are social movements?
Or
Social Movement.
Answer:
There are certain unnecessary conditions in society which are going on from the ages. Under these circumstances, few people collectively try to change the social system. Such collective efforts are known as social movements.

Question 2.
Give two features of social movements.
Answer:

• Collective consciousness is the major feature of social movements. The sense of unity motivates the people to take part in it.
• Social movement runs with an ideology. Without definite ideology, movement cannot start.

Question 3.
Satya Shodhak Movement.
Answer:
This was a non-Brahmin movement started by Jyotiba Phule through Satya Shodhak Samaj. He was of the view that according to traditions, Brahmins have established authority. Such authority should be removed and lower castes should be uplifted.

Question 4.
Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan movement.
Answer:
This movement was started by Sree Narayan Guru in Kerala. He himself belonged to Izava community which was considered a lower caste. He wanted to eliminate untouchability and to establish such temples which are open for all.

Question 5.
Self-Respect Movement.
Answer:
This movement was started in 1925 by Periyar Ramaswamy in Tamilnadu-. Major objective of this movement was to uplift lower castes and to arose self respect for them. He started this movement against the social theory of Dharma and Karma.

Question 6.
Mahar Caste.
Answer:
Mahar Caste was a lower caste of Maharashtra. Before adopting Buddhism, it was one of the major part of Maharashtra’s population. Their socio-economic status was quite low. They lived separately in Maharashtra and it was considered that their touch will impure others. They did menial jobs.

Question 7.
Indigo movement.
Answer:
Indigo movement was mainly started in Darbha’nga and Champaran districts of Bihar because the British greatly exploited the Indigo planters. They were forced to grow indigo and sell it at cheap rates. Planters were fed up with this exploitation and they started these movements.

Question 8.
Brahmo Samaj.
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj was started in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy at Calcutta. It was greatly influenced by the western ideas. It did a lot against Sati system and that’s why the British government declared it illegal. It also gave stress on women education and right of property for women.

Question 9.
Environment movement.
Answer:
To save our environment from getting polluted, many reform movements were initiated in our country. Many people participated in these and saved the environment. Chipko movement, Appiko movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan are few of its examples.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Which changes could be brought with the help of socio-reform movements?
Answer:
India is a welfare state in which every one gets equal opportunity. The main objective of welfare state is to make life of the people happy. But this could be possible if all the existing beliefs and evils of society could be removed. Only socio¬reform movements can remove them. But nothing can be obtained only by making law. For this reforms are necessary in society. For example, laws are there for child marriage, dowry system, child labour etc., but these things are common in our country. All these things are obstacles in our country. If we want to develop our society then socio-reform movements are very much necessary. That’s why socio-reform movements are necessary to bring changes in society.

Question 2.
Give four features of social movements.
Answer:

• Social movements are always anti-social.
• Social movements are always planned and deliberate efforts.
• Their main objective is to bring reforms in society.
• Collective efforts are required in it because one person cannot bring changes in society.

Question 3.
What is the nature of social movements?
Answer:

• Social movements are not institutions because institutions are permanent and traditional and are considered a necessary aspect of the culture. These movements come to an end themselves after the achievement of their objective.
• Social movements are not associations as well because associations have their own constitutions. This movement is generally informal, unorganised and is against traditions.
• Social movements are neither pressure or sectional groups because these movements demand the changes in social norms.

Question 4.
Explain the stages of social movement.
Answer:

• At the first stage, there is discontentment, among the people. Without discontentment, movement cannot start. Dissatisfaction is the major cause of concern at first stage.
• The second stage is also known as the popular stage and people’s dissatisfaction leads to collective mobilisation. The leader promises with them to remove their problems.
• Third stage is known as formalisation stage. The organisation of movement clarifies its ideology and if it is accepted, the collective action takes place. It leads to the beginning of movement.
• The fourth stage is of institutionalisation when the movement becomes crystallised. The goal of the movement is accepted in that society.
• Fifth stage is the dissolution of the movement. Sometimes, after the attainment of objectives, movement itself comes to an end or sometimes the movement itself fades away.

Question 5.
Satya Shodhak Movement.
Answer:
Satya Shodhak movement was a non—Brahmin movement. It was represented by Satya Shodhak Samaj which was started by Jyoti Rao Phule in 1873 A.D. Jyoti Rao phule belonged to Phul Mali caste. Most of the members of this caste were gardners who cultivated flowers, fruits and vegetables. Phule and his associates were of the view that the people of Maharashtra are divided in two ways. On one side there are Brahmins and people of lower castes are on the other side. Brahmins ieployed their traditional religions authority and newly acquired powers as officials marriage, dowry system, child labour etc., but these things are common in our country. All these things are obstacles in our country. If we want to develop our society then socio-reform movements are very much necessary. That’s why socio-reform movements are necessary to bring changes in society.

Question 2.
Give four features of social movements.
Answer:

• Social movements are always anti social.
• Social movements are always planned and deliberate efforts.
• Their main objective is to bring reforms in society.
• Collective efforts are required in it because one person cannot bring changes in society.

Question 3.
What is the nature of social movements?
Answer:

• Social movements are not institutions because institutions are permanent and traditional and are considered a necessary aspect of the culture. These movements come to an end themselves after the. achievement of their objective.
• Social movements pre not associations as well because associations have their own constitutions. This movement is generally informal, unorganised and is against traditions.
• Social movements are neither pressure or sectional groups because these movements demand the changes in social norms.

Question 4.
Explain the stages of social movement.
Answer:

• At the first stage, there is discontentment among the people. Without discontentment, movement cannot start. Dissatisfaction is the major cause of concern at first stage.
• The second stage is also known as the popular stage and people’s dissatisfaction leads to collective mobilisation. The leader promises with them to remove’their problems.
• Third stage is known as formalisation stage. The organisation of movement clarifies its ideology and if it is accepted, the collective action takes place. It leads to the beginning of movement.
• The fourth stage is of institutionalisation when the movement becomes crystallised. The goal of the movement is accepted in that society.
• Fifth stage is the dissolution of the movement. Sometimes, after the attainment of objectives, movement itself comes to an end or sometimes the movement itself fades away.

Question 5.
Satya Shodhak Movement.
Answer:
Satya Shodhak movement was a non-Brahmin movement. It was represented by Satya Shodhak Samaj which was started by Jyoti Rao Phule in 1873 A.D. Jyoti Rao phule belonged to Phul Mali caste. Most of the members of this caste were gardners who cultivated flowers, fruits and vegetables. Phule and his associates were of the view that the people of Maharashtra are divided in two ways. On one side there are Brahmins and people of lower castes are on the other side. Brahmins deployed their traditional religions authority and newly acquired powers as officials under the British rule enforce this divide. The ideology of this movement was based on the idea that every type of Brahmin’s authority should be removed. This is the most important condition for the upliftment of lower castes.

Question 6.
Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan Movement.
Answer:
Sree Narayan Dharam Paripalan movement was started in 1895. by Sree Narayan Guru in Kerala. He himself belonged to Izava community which was considered impure caste. Izava people were not allowed to do idol worship and animal sacrifice. Two main points were centered in this movement. First one was the end of untouchability and the second was the establishment of such temples which could be open for all. He also tried to change and simplify the rules related to marriage, religious customs and last rites. He even gave a new slogan, “One God and one religion for all mankind.”

Question 7.
Self Respect Movement.
Answer:
In 1925, Periyar E.V. Ramaswami started Self Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu. The objective of this movement was to establish such society in which lower castes should have equal rights. Another objective of this movement was to establish self respect for lower castes in caste based society. This movement proved quite effective in Tamilnadu. Major issue of this movement was to establish socio-economic equality. This movement concentrated on removing social evils on the name of dharam—karam. Periyar also said that this movement must be institutionalised to achieve its objective.

Question 8.
Appiko movement.
Answer:
Chipko movement was started in Garhwal region of Uttrakhand. After getting impressed from this, farmers of a district in Karnataka started the same type of movement. In south India, it was known as Appiko movement. In the local language of Karnataka, hugging is known as Appiko. In September 1983, people of Salkani region under the leadership of Pandurang Hegde hugged the. trees of Kalsa forest. It spread everywhere in south India. To make aware to the people, many methods were adopted such as folk dances, street plays etc. This movement got success when state government restricted cutting green trees. Only dry trees were allowed to cut to fulfil local needs.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1. Explain the women’s movements in India.
Or
What do you understand by Women’s movement? Discuss any two movements.
Answer:
Women’s Movement. There exist many women oriented social evils in Indian society right from the ages. That’s why many women’s organisation came into being at national and local level in early 20th century. The Women’s India Association (WIA) (1917), All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) (1926), National Council for Women in India (NCWI) (1925) are worth mentioning. Some of them started with a limited scope but their scope widened over the time. For example, the AIWC started with an idea of ‘Women Welfare’ and ‘Politics’ but few years later its President stated that,“Can the Indian man or woman be free if India be a slave? How can we remain dumb about national freedom, the very basis of all great reforms?” It can be argued that this period of activity did not constitute a social movement. It can be argued otherwise too.

It is generally throught that only middle class educated woman are involved in social movements. But we should keep in mind the women’s participation in freedom struggle. They participated along with men in tribal revolts and struggles in rural areas during colonial times. We can take examples of the Tebhaga movement in Bengal, the Teleangana arms struggle from the erstwhile Nizam’s rule and the Warli tribals revolt against bondage in Maharashtra.

One issue which is generally raised is that if there was an active women’s movement before 1947, what happened after 1947. One explanation can be given that many women who were involved in national movement got involved in the national building task. Some give the reason that trauma of Partition is responsible for it. In the mid 1970’s women’s movement again started in India. Some call it the second phase of women’s movement in India. But some are of the view that nature of both the movements is different. After independence there was a growth of autonomous women’s movements. It means they were independent from political parties. It was felt that political parties always try to marginalise issues of women.

Except the organisational changes and change in nature, new issues were focussed in new movement like violence against women. Many campaigns were initiated, over the years, against this evil. That’s why these days forms of children – having columns of both names of father and mother. Other important legal changes have also taken place because of campaign by women’s movement. Issues of employment, land rights have been fought alongside rights against dowry and sexual harassment.

Question 2.
Environmental movements often also contain economic and identity issues. Discuss.
Answer:
The Modern period has greatly emphasised the issue of development. From many decades people are concerned about uncontrolled use of natural resources and a model of development which creates new needs. It further demands more exploitations of already depleted natural resources. This model of development has also been criticised because it has been assumed that all the sections of society are benefited from this development. So big dams displaced the people from their livelihood and homes. The impact of industrial pollution is another story. Here we can take example of an ecological movement in which many issues are interlinked.

The Chipko movement, in the foothills of Himalayas, is an example of interlinked issues. Ramachandra Guha wrote in his book, ‘Unquiet Woods’, that villagers rallied together to save the Rhododendron and Oak forests near their villages. When government contractors came to cut down the trees, all the villagers stepped forward and hugged the trees to prevent them for being axed. Villagers’ subsistence was also at stake. All of them were dependent on forests to get firewood, fodder and things of daily needs. That’s why villagers stood against government’s desire to generate revenues by selling timber.

The economy of subsistence stood against the economy of profit. Along side the issue of social inequality, the Chipko movement also raised the issue of ecological problem. Cutting down of forests could have led to ecological destruction which could have resulted in devastating floods and landslides in the region. These red and green issues were interlinked for the villagers. As their survival was dependent upon forests, they also valued the forests for their own sake because ecological wealth benefits everyone. Moreover this movement also showed people’s anger, living in hill villages, against a distant government, in plains, which seemed indifferent and hostile to their concerns. So concerns of economy, ecology and political representation were important in Chipko movement.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 9 Social Movements Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 9 Social Movements

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Social Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following is not the feature of a social movement?
(a) Group consciousness
(b) Set ideology
(c) Collective rfiobilisation
(d) only violent in nature
Answer:
(d) Only violent in nature

2. Who represented Satyashodhak Movement?
(a) Jotirao Phule
(b) Dj. Ambedkar
(c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(d) Sri Narayan Guru
Answer:
(a) Jotirao Phule

3. Which of the following is not a caste movement?
(a) Mahar movement
(b) SNDP movement
(c) Satyashodhak movement
d) Indigo movement
Answer:
(d) Indigo movement

4. Who founded Self Respect Movement?
(a) Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy
(b) Dr. Ambedkar
(c) Sri Narayana Guru
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Periyar E.V. Ramaswamy

5. When people are not satisfied with the existing social order and advocate reconstructing of the entire social order, this type of movement is called :
(a) Revivalist Movement
(b) Reform Movement
(c) Revolutionary Movement
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Revolutionary Movement

Fill In The Blanks:

1. SEWA stands for ……………
Answer:
Self Employed Women’s Association

2. Class movement includes …………… and …………… movements.
Answer:
Workers, Women

3. ……………. gave the slogan “One religion and one god for mankind.
Answer:
Sri Narayana Guru

4. ……………. made great efforts in order to abolish the practice of sati.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy

5. The peasants were compelled to grow …………….. crop which led to the initiation of Indigo Movement.
Answer:
Indigo

True/False:

1. Social movements involve sustained collective mobilisation through organisation either informal or formal.
Answer:
True

2. Social movement is always peaceful in nature.
Answer:
False

3. Mahar movement is based on total rejection of the religion of the caste Hindu.
Answer:
True

4. SNDP movement was founded by Jotirao Phule.
Answer:
False

Match The Columns:

Answer:

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who founded Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana movement?
Answer:
Sri Narayana Guru.

Question 2.
Who founded the Majdoor Mahajan Sangh?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 3.
Who founded Brahmo Samaj?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Question 4.
Who is the father of Chipko Movement?
Answer:
Chandi Prasad Bhatt.

Question 5.
Name the person who has been awarded Padam Vibhushan for his contribution in Chipko Movement.
Answer:
Sunder Lai Bahuguna.

Question 6.
Who was the leader of Chipko Movement?
Answer:
Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunder Lai Bahuguna.

Question 7.
Name any two caste movement.
Answer:
Satya Shodhak movement and Sri Narayana Dharam Paripalana movement.

Question 8.
Who are called peasants?
Answer:
Those persons who do agriculture on their land to grow something are known as peasants.

Question 9.
What does SEWA stand for?
Answer:
Self Employed Women’s Association.

Question 10.
Sundar Lai Bahuguna was conferred which award for his contribution?
Answer:
He was awarded Padma Vibhushan for his contribution to Chipko Movement.

Question 11.
Who founded Brahmo Samaj?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan roy founded Brahmo Samaj.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Why it is called Chipko Movement?
Answer:
The government at Garhwal region gave the contract of forests to private contractors to cut the trees down. Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Gaura Devi and Sunder Lai Bahuguna started this movement. Whenever cdhtractors come to cut trees, women hugged the trees. That’s why it is called Chipko Movement.

Question 2.
What do you understand by Caste Movement?
Answer:
Main objective of caste movement was to highlight the struggle of lower castes. These movements were started to get rid of economic exploitation and to remove evil custom like untouchability and related ideology from society.

Question 3.
Describe
(a) Peasant movement
(b) Women’s movement
Answer:
(a) Peasant movement. Peasant movements mainly started in Punjab. Their main aim was to reduce loan and land tax of peasants. These movements continued till related laws were passed.
(b) Women’s movement. Female were suppressed from the ages. To uplift their social status, many movements were organised in 19th and 20th century. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, D.K. Karve etc. were major leaders of such movements.

Question 4.
What do you understand by class movement? Name any one movement.
Answer:
In class movement, we can include workers movements and peasant movements. Major demand of workers and peasants was to get rid of their economic exploitation. Trade Union movement was one such class movement.

Question 5.
Discuss briefly the factors responsible for the emergence of class movement.
Answer:
Major aim of class based movements was to get rid of economic exploitation of workers. Less wages, more hours of work, unhygeinic conditions of work, exploitation at the hands of local and foreigner capitalist etc. were few of the reasons for organising such movement.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by environmental movement? Specify reasons for the initiation of such movements.
Or
What do you understand by Environment movement? Name any such movements.
Answer:
Environment movement is one of the finest example of collective struggle of many groups. These movements aimed at saving environment. Major objectives of such movements were control over resources, right of locals to save their culture, environment protection and to maintain ecological balance. Actually, in modern times, stress is given on development which can only done by exploiting natural resources. But this development has some adverse effects on nature. To remove such adverse effects, many reform movements were initiated to protect environment and maintain its balance. Chipko Movement was one of the such movement.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly any two caste movements.
Answer:

• Satya Shodhak Movement. This movement was organised by Satya Shodhak Samaj which was started by Jyotirao Phule. He was of the view that major division of Maharashtra was Brahmins on one side and lower castes on the other. That’s why the main objective of this movements to stop all the priviledges given to Brahmins so that the lower castes could be uplifted.
• Sri Narayana Dharam Paripalana Movement. This movement was started in Kerala by Sree Narayan Guru in 1895 A.D. He himself belonged to Izava community which was considered untouchable. This caste was not allowed to sacrifice animals or to do idolworship. Major objective of this movement was to uplift Izava community and to remove the custom of untouchability. Along with this, they, wanted to establish such temples which could be open for all the castes.

Question 3.
Enumerate determinants of peasant movement held in Punjab.
Answer:
Peasant movement in Punjab was confined only to the districts of Jalandhar, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Lyalpur and Shekhupura. In these districts, only those Sikh peasants lived who themselves tilled the land. The Princely states in Punjab also faced the outbreak of peasant movements. One such movement was organised in Patiala whose main aim was the restoration of land which was captured by the combine of land lords and officers. Peasants working on the land of landlords refused to share their crop. Major leaders. of this movement were Bhagwan Singh Longowalia, Jagir Singh Jaggo and later on Teja Singh Swatantra. This movement continued till the passing of legislations and peasants, tilling the land, were made owners of that land.

Question 4. What do you understand by Women’s movement? Name any one such movement.
Or
What do you mean by Women’s movement? Discuss any two such movements.
Answer:
During Vedic age, the status of women was quite good and they enjoyed high status in society. Gradually their status declined and all the rights were taken away from them. Most of the social evils are related with them. That’s why to uplift their status, during 19th century, many movements were started which were known as women movement. First movement was started by Brahmo Samaj which was started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. This movement was against the prevailing custom of Sati. Due to their efforts, in 1829, Lord William Bentick passed a law, Sati Prohibition Act, 1829 and declared Sati system illegal. In the same way Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar started a movement in favour of Widow Remarriage. That’s why in 1856, the British passed the ‘Widow Remarriage Act’ and allowed widows to remarry.

Question 5.
In what way the position of women is different in pre and post independent India?
Answer:
In 1947, India got freedom from the British and if we compare the situation before and after 1947, it is quite different. Before 1947, females had no rights. They were not allowed to take education. Yet many schools were opened for them but of no avail. They had no property rights. But after 1947 the Indian Constitution was made and implemented on 26th January, 1950 and women were given equal rights as compared to men. To uplift their social status, many laws were made and were given right in her father’s and husband’s property. They started getting education and doing jobs. In 2011, around 65% women were literate. Now they are taking part in every sector and are uplifting their social status.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on social movement and its features.
Answer:
When people of any society are dissatisfied with prevailing social circumstances of society and they want to bring change in it then social movement comes into being. Social movement always starts with an ideology. Sometimes social movement develops to oppose any change. Earlier sociologists used to think that social change is an effort to bring change but modern sociologists think that movement either brings social change or stops any change. Different thinkers have given their views about social movement and these are given below :

According to Merril and Eldridge, “Social movement is more or less conscious effort for change in mores of society.” According to Hurton and Hunt, “Social movement is the collective effort for bringing change or doing opposition in society or in its members.”
According to Herbert Blummer, “Social movement can be called as the collective effort to establish a new system of life.”

So on the basis of the views of these different scholars, we can say that social movement is the collective behaviour of members of society, whose aim is to either change prevailing culture and social structure or to oppose that change. So social movement can be understood in the form of effort of social action and collective effort.

Features. Following are the features of social movements :

1. Group Consciousness: The first and important feature of any movement is the existence of group consciousness in it. Consciousness brings unity and more people participate in movement.

2. Collective Action: Social movement cannot be started by one or two persons. For this, many people and their collective actions are required. In the absence of collective action, movement cannot be initiated.

3. Set Ideology: To start a social movement, it is must to have a set ideology and members should have faith in it. In the absence of set ideology, movement cannot start. Along with this, ideology must continue for a longer period so that the movement must not deviate from its path.

4. To Promote Change: Social movement is initiated because of two reasons. First of all it wants to bring change in the existing system and secondly it can oppose the change. Change is must in both the circumstances. In this way social movement brings change in one- way or the other.

5. Brings New social Order: Major objective of social movement is to bring change in the existing system. This change replaces the old system with the new system which in itself is a symbol of change.

6. Violent or Non-violent: It is not necessary that social movement will only non-violent in nature. Sometimes, it can be violent. Sometimes, people are so much fed up with the existing system that they even take the violent path to change it.

7. Unlimited Period: Every social movement starts with an objective in mind. But no one knows that for how much time will it continue and when will the objectives be achieved. In this way movement is for unlimited time period.

Question 2.
What do you understand by social movement? Discuss its various types.
Answer:
Meaning of Social Movement. See previous question no. 1.
Types of Social Movements. Following are the types of social movements :

1. Reform Movement. Reform movements are those which are actually satisfied with the existing social system but they don’t want to change whole of society but only few parts of society. The institutions such as Press and Church are used to start social movement. For example socio reform movement started in India out of which Brahmo Samaj movement was quite important. It tried to eliminate many social evils such as Sati Pratha, Child marriage, no intercaste marriage, restrictions on marriage etc.

2. Revolutionary Movements. Revotionary movements are not satisfied with the existing social system. Such movements aimed at bringing quick and sudden change in society. As they are not satisfied with the system, that’s why they want to change whole social system. For example, the French Revolution of 1789 and the Russian Revolution of 1917 with which the existing social system was thrown away and the new social system was established.

3. Revivalist Movement. Revivalist movement is also known as Reactionary movement. Secret of such movement lies in the dissatisfaction of society. Some of the members of society do not like few changes and they try to reestablish old values. For example, the movement of Khadi Gramodyog started by Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 3.
Differentiate between caste and class movements. Substantiate by giving examples.
Answer:
Caste based Movement. Caste based movements were started to highlight the struggle of lower castes and backward classes. These movements were not only aimed at removing economic exploitation but also wanted to get rid of social evils such as untouchability and its related ideology. Lower castes were suppressed from the ages, they had no rights, they were given only cleaning work which fetch them very less income. So, they were quite poor. They were exploited in everyway. That’s why, from time to time, many movements were started to uplift their social status.

First of all Joti Rao Phule started Satya Shodhak movement in Maharashtra to remove authority of Brahmins and to give higher status to lower castes. After this, in 1895, Sri NarayanA Guru started Sree Narayana Paripalana movement in Kerala to give certain rights to Izava Community. He wanted to remove untouchability and to establish such temples which could be open for all. He, even gave the slogan of ‘One religion and one god for mankind.’ After this, in 1925, Periyar Ramaswami started self Respect movement in Tamilnadu whose main aim was to establish such a society in which backward castes could have equal rights. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar also started many movements to uplift the social status of Mahar Castes. Class based Movement.

In class based movement, we can include workers movements and peasants movements. Workers and peasants demanded to remove their economic exploitation. Many trade unions were formed in the country from which we come to know about workers’ demands. During the British times, Jute industry, Cotton industry and tea industry started in India. Poor people started getting work in these industries. They had to work for more hours, were given less wages and worked under unhygienic conditions. Capitalists always exploited them. During different times, many laws were made for them but of no avail. That’s why trade unions were formed to improve their condition. In the same way peasants were also exploited. Zamindars gave their land on rent to peasants and without doing anything took away large portion of their production. Peasants remained poor and zamindars continued to prosper. That’s why in Punjab and many other areas, few movements were organised. After the Indian freedom, government-made many laws and removed zamindari system. One who actually tilled the land was made owner of the land.

Question 4.
What do you understand by peasant movement? Discuss its determinants by citing any one peasant movement.
Answer:
Peasant movements are associated with the relations between farmers and land owners. When there is lack of co-ordination between agricultural workers and land owners then workers take the path of movement and peasant movement starts from here. Actually these movements start because of exploitation of farmers. Its main base is class struggle and it is different from workers movement. Important base of these movements is agricultural system. A different type of structure has been developed among agricultural classes due to agriculture relations and diversity of land systems. This structure is different in different areas. Agricultural classes of India can be divided into three parts:

• Owner,
• Farmer,
• Labourer.

The owner is also known as land owner. This class is the owner of whole of that land on which agricultural work takes place. Farmers come after land owners. Small marginal farmers are the owners of small pieces of land. They used to till their land themselves. Third class is of labourers who used to earn money by working in agricultural field. They are generally landless and very poor.

Peasant movements started because of different reasons. As the earning of agricultural labourers is affected by industrialisation, they used to oppose it with a movement, Except this there are certain other reasons of initiating peasant movements like demand of more value of their produce, their exploitation by the officials, bonded labourers, opposition of reducing farming subsidies etc.

Peasant Movement in Punjab. Punjab was the major centre of peasant activities. Around 1930, Kisan Sabha originated. Its major demand was reduction in loan and taxes. Except this, another issue which raised concern was the resettlement of land revenue in Amritsar and Lahore districts. Groups were send to district headquarters and strikes were organised. The culmination of the movement occured with the advent of Lahore Kisan Morcha in 1939. Hundreds of peasants were arrested in the state.

Peasant movement in Punjab was confined only to the districts of Jalandhar, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, layalpur and Shekhupura. In these districts, only those Sikh peasants, lived who themselves field the land. The Princely states in Punjab also faced the outbreak of peasant movements. One such movement was organised in Patiala whose main aim was the restoration of land which was captured by the combine of landlords and officers. Peasants working on the land of landlords refused to share their crop. Major leaders of this movement were Bhagwan Singh Longowalia, Jagir Singh Jaggo and later on Teja Singh Swantartra. This movement continued till the passing of legislations and peasants tilling the land were made owners of that land.

Question 5.
Elucidate the position of women in India. How do the women’s movement lead to the upliftment of their position.
Answer:
Around half of population in world and in India is of women. But the status of women is not the same in different countries. Hindu shastras consider woman as ‘ARDHANGINP and she is considered as the LUXMI, DURGA, KALI, SARASWATI goddesses in Hindu society. Woman is also known as ‘BHARAT MATA’ in India and people pay homage to her. Even many religious yagyas and rituals are considered incomplete without female. Status of women was very good in Vedic Age but their conditions became pitiable after that and during Medieval Age. Many social reformers tried to improve the status of women in 19th century. Women started to become conscious about their rights in 20th century and they took part in the freedom struggle with great zeal. With this their point of view started to change and their participation in political and economic sectors was increased to a great extent.

1. Vedic Age. The vedic age is also known as the golden age of Indian society. Status of women in this age was very good. Whatever literature is available to us, if we read that then we come to know that women had rights to get education, marriage and to keep property and they were equal with males. Status of female wa£ very good in family and she was considered as necessary to complete religious and social functions.

Enough importance was given to the education of girls. No evils of purdah, system and child marriage prevailed in that society, yet polygamy was there but woman was kept with great respect in the family. Widow remarriage was not restricted. There was no place of Sati Pratha and that’s why widow female can opt for Sati or not. Status of women in early Vedic Age was equal to males. Disrespect of women was considered as sin and the security of woman was considered as the work of courage. Status of women was very high in India but she was just like a servant in western countries.

2. Post Vedic Age. This age was started from 1000 B.C. and went up to 300 A.D. Woman was unable to get that respect which she was getting in Vedic Age. Custom of child marriage was started during this age because of which it became diffcult for women to get education. Due to nonavailability of education, her knowledge of Vedas came to an end and she was restricted to “take part in religious activities. It became necessary for female, in this age, to obey her husband and marriage also became necessary for her.

Polygamy became very famous in this age because of which her position became lower. In this age people started to. restrict widow remarriage and her function remained confined only to fulfil the responsibilities of the family. Till the later part of this age, independence and rights of female were reduced to a great extent and her independence was very much under the control of males.

3. Smriti Age. This age started to give emphasis on the rules given in Manu Smriti. Many books like Manu Smriti, Prashar Samhita etc. were written’in this age. That’s why this age is also known as the age of Dharm Shastras. Position of female became lower in this age as compared to post Vedic Age. She was respected only in the form of mother. Age of marriage was further reduced and her position was not good in this age. Even in Manu Smriti it is written that woman should be kept under observation all the times. In childhood age she should remain in the observation of father, at young age in the observation of husband and in the old age she should be under the observation of her sons.

Widow remarriages completely came into end in this age and Sati Pratha started to get great importance. The main aim of female was considered as to serve the husband. Age of marriage was around 10-12 years. There was no independent existense of female. All the rights of females were given to either husband or son. Husband was considered as god for her and his service became the main aim of her life.

4. Medieval Period. In Medieval Period and after the advent of Mughal Empire, status of women further deteriorated. Brahmins made many strict rules for females for the security of Hindu religion, to secure respect and to maintain purity of blood. There was no scope of education of women. Purdah Pratha was increased. Age of marriage of girl was further reduced to 8-9 years. That’s why she faced many problems even during earlier part of her life. Sati pratha was very famous and there was no place of widow remarriage. She was confined under the hold of males. Medieval age was considered as the black age for woman. Her position in the family was just like a maid. She had no rights over the property of the family.

5. Modern Age. The Modern age started after the advent of the British. First time in the history, voice was raised to uplift the position of women and the first man to raise his voice for women was Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Sati Pratha also come to end due to his efforts and widow remarriage was also given legal sanction. Later on other social reformers like Dayanand Sarswati, Govind Ranade, Ramabai Ranade, Vivekananda also raised their voice for the education and rights of women. Due to their efforts, the status of women started to improve.

Women started to get education and she came out of four walls of house to take part in freedom struggle. She started to go out for job after getting education and became independent and economically self-dependent. Presently the position of women is very good because she came to know about her rights due to education and self dependence. Now she has every right equal to males like to keep property, to take share in father’s property etc.

Role of movements in uplifting their social status :
Half of the population of the country is of women. So it is necessary, for the development of the country, that their condition should also be improved and the evils related to them should also be removed. After independence many provisions were kept in the Constitution with which efforts were done to improve the status of women. Many laws were made to uplift her social status. The following efforts were done to improve the status and the welfare of the women.

1. Constitutional Provisions. Many provisions were kept in constitution to improve the status of women :

• Article 14 of the Constitution says that everyone is equal in front of law.
• According to Article 15 (1) of the Constitution, there shall be no discrimination with Indian citizen on the bases of religion, caste, sex or living place.
• Article 15 (3) says that the state shall do special efforts for women and children.
• Article 16 says that state shall give equal opportunities to all Indian citizens in the matters of employment and appointments.
• Article 39 (D) of the Constitution says that males and females will get same pay for same work.
• Article 42 of the Constitution says that state shall produce judicial condition of functions and shall provide more and more maternity help.
• Article 51 (A) (E) says that the customs disgracing women’s respect shall be sacrificed.
• Article 243 of the Constitution says that one third seats in local governments- panchayats and municipalities shall be kept reserved.

2. Legislations. Many laws have been made for the security of interests of women and to improve their social status which are given below :

• The Sati Prohibition Act 1829, 1987.
• The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856.
• The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929.
• The Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act, 1937.
• The Special Marriage Act, 1954.
• The Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act 1955 and 1967.
• The Hindu Succession Act, 1956.
• The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, 1986.
• The Maternity Relief Act, 1961, 1976.
• The Muslim Women Protection of Right of Divorce, 1986.

Yet many of these laws were made even before independence but they were also amended after independence. Many problems of women came to an end due to these laws like Dowry system, Sati pratha, Child marriage, No Right to keep property etc. These laws have greatly helped in the improvement of status of women.

3. Women Welfare Programmes. Many programmes were started after independence to uplift the status of women whose description is given below :

• International Women Day was celebrated in 1975 and many programmes were started for their welfare.
• DWAKRA programme was started in 1982-83 to strengthen the rural women from economic point of view.
• Women Development Corporation was established in 1986-87, so that the women could get opportunities of employment.
• National Women Commission was reorganized in 1922 so that the attrocities committed on women could be stopped.

4. Women cells were established in the country. These are those organization of women which arranges for the welfare programmes for women in rural areas. 75% of total money spending on these programmes is given by central social welfare board.

5. Many houses have been established for the working women in cities. Central Social Welfare Board has established hostels in many cities so that the working women could be able to live in cities.

6. Central Social Welfare Board has started many socio-economic programmes after 1958 in country so that the needy women could be provided the employment. Dairy programmes are also included in this. In this way, many programmes were started after independence so that the social status of women could be uplifted. In this way, we can see a very good future of women in coming days.

Question 6.
What do you understand by environmental movement? Discuss two such movements in detail.
Or
Explain Chipko Andolan and Narmada Bachao Andolan as Environmental Movement.
Answer:
In modern times, more stress is given on development. That’s why more natural resources are used and concerns are raised on their uncontrolled usage. Presently, it has been said that development will give benefits to all. The classes. But actually large industries are made and peasants are displaced from their lands. With industrial development a major problem of industrial pollution is coming farmers. To reduce industrial pollution, many movements were started which were known as environment movements. We can look at environment movement as a collective step taken by many social groups. Major objective of this movement was control on resources, environment protection and to maintain ecological balance. During the decades of 1970’s and 1980’s, many struggles were started to save country from environment pollution, to stop large protects and to stop displacement of the people.

1. Chipko Movement. Chipko movement started during the decade of 1970 in the mountaneous regipn of Gharwal, Uttrakhand. Forests were the means of livelihood for the people living over here. They fulfilled their needs by collecting things from the forests. Government wanted to earn money, so ’it gave forests to contractors. Whenever people visited forests to collect things, contractors stopped them. People of many villages collectively started struggle against this. Whenever contractor come to forest to cut trees, people hugged trees to save them: Women and children greatly participated in it. Chandi Prasad Bhatt and Sunder Lai Bahuguna were the major leaders of this movement. As people hugged the trees, that’s why it is known as Chipko movement. Finally, movement got success and government stopped cutting trees for 15 years.

2. Narmada Bachao Andolan. Narmada Bachao Andolan was started by Medha Patkar and Baba Amte along with few others. It was quite a powerful movement which was started in 1985. This movement was started against the Sardar Sarovar Dam to be constructed on Narmada river of Gujarat. In 1978, Narmada water Dispute Tribunal gave its approval to the Narmada Valley Development Project. Most controversial dam was Sardar Sarovar Project. With the making of this project, 40 lakh people were to be displaced from their homes, lands.

Medha Patkar was the major leader of this movement and she filed a petition in the Supreme Court to stop the construction of this dam. Initially, the supreme court ruled in favour of movement and the work of constructing dam was stopped. Then, the Supreme Court ordered the related states to first place the displaced people. Later on, under certain conditions, it gave its permission to start the work of dam. The Supreme Court further arranged to care about the displaced people. Yet, this movement was not been able to get success for which it aimed, but it made people conscious about their environment.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What do we call the process which is based on change which tells us about good or had of anything?
(a) Sanskritisation
(b) Industrialisation
(c) Urbanisation
(d) Modernisation
Answer:
(d) Modernisation

2. What is necessary for modernisation?
(a) Higher level of education
(b) Development of means of transport and communication
(c) Giving preference to industries
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

3. Who was responsible for bringing modernisation in India?
(a) Mughal Emperor
(b) Indian Government
(c) The British Government
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) The British Government

4. What do we call the process in which there is a free flow of trade, services, capital investment and people between countries?
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Liberalisation
Answer:
(b) Globalisation

5. The process of selling public sector companies to private hands is known as …………….
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Liberlisation
Answer:
(a) Privatisation

6. Removing unnecessary restrictions from controlled economy is known as ………………
(a) Privatisation
(b) Globalisation
(c) Liberalisation
(d) Modernisation
Answer:
(c) Liberalisation

Fill in the Blanks:

1. The concept of cultural lag was given by …………….
Answer:
William Ogburn

2. In Japan, globalisation is known as ………………
Answer:
gurobaruka

3. ………………. gave four bases of globalisation.
Answer:
Giddens

4. The process of removing unnecessary restrictions in controlled economy is known as ……………
Answer:
liberalisation

5. The process of selling public sector companies to private sector is known as ……………
Answer:
Privatisation

True/False:

1. In globalisation, there is no exchange of capital and services.
Answer:
True

2. Globalisation has made world a ‘global village’.
Answer:
True

3. According to Weber, modernisation changes personal relations into impersonal relations.
Answer:
True

4. In modernisation, less capital investment brings modernity in the country.
Answer:
False

5. With modernisation, technology changes from simple to complex. :
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
What is meant by modernisation?
Answer:
The process of adopting modern values and ways of living is known as modernisation.

Question 2.
Which areas were developed under modernisation?
Answer:
Industries, means of transport and communication, health and educational facilities etc.

Question 3.
What is the major feature of modernisation?
Answer:
Modern societies depend upon each other to fulfill their needs.

Question 4.
Who used the word modernisation first time?
Answer:
First of all, this word was used by Daniel Lerner.

Question 5.
Why is the process of modernisation lengthy?
Answer:
Because it takes generations to make a society modern.

Question 6.
Who gave the concept of culutral lag?
Answer:
The concept of cultural lag was given by William F. Ogburn.

Question 7.
Give views of Durkheim about the process of modernisation.
Answer:
According to Durkheim, in modernisation, mechanical solidarity gets changed into organic solidarity.

Question 8.
Give one obstacle in the way of modernisation,
Answer:
Colonial rule in the less developed countries.

Question 9.
Give one reason of modernisation.
Answer:
Increase in urbanisation, development of industries, spread of education.

Question 10.
Who gave the concept of ‘Global Village’?
Answer:
The concept of Global Village was given by Marshall Mclluhum.

Question 11.
What do we call globalisation in Indonesia?
Answer:
In Indonesia, globalisation is known as ‘globalisasi’.

Question 12.
Give one feature of globalisation.
Answer:
In globalisation, local functions spread everywhere in the world.

Question 13.
What is meant by LPG?
Answer:
L means liberalisation, P means privatisation and G means globalisation.

Question 14.
Give one reason of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation has been made possible because of developed means of transport and communication.

Question 15.
Give one result of globalisation.
Answer:
It increase foreign direct investment in the country.

Question 16.
What is meant by FDI?
Answer:
The meaning of FDI is Foreign Direct Investment.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by modernisation?
Answer:
The meaning of modernisation is adopting modern values and ways of living life. It takes generations for society and individuals to become modern because they easily adopt modern things but they do not change their views.

Question 2.
Give three negative consequences of modernisation.
Answer:

• Joint families are disintegrating and nuclear families are coming forward.
• Leisure goods are increasing in the market which exerts the wrong impact on kids.
• Immorality has increased in society.

Question 3.
What is necessary for modernisation?
Answer:

• There should be a better level of education.
• Means of transport and communication should be developed.
• In place of agriculture, industries should develop.

Question 4.
What is meant by globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of a country is attached to the economies of other countries. It means that the unrestricted flow of goods, services, capital and labour between different countries is globalisation. There is the free flow of trade among them.

Question 5.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Removing unnecessary restrictions in a controlled economy is liberalisation. Removing unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade to make the economy more competitive and progressive is liberalisation. It is an economic process and a process of economic changes in society.

Question 6.
What is Privatisation?
Answer:
In democratic countries, there is mixed economy. In such economy, there are public sector companies which are under the control of government. Selling of such public sector companies to private hands is called privatisation.

Question 7.
What are three major aspects of globalisation?
Answer:

• Positive aspect in which there are many advantages of globalisation.
• Neutral aspect according to which globalisation is a necessary process of development.
• Negative aspect which brings economic problems and inequality in income.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Modernization.
Or
Define Modernization.
Answer:
The meaning of the process of Modernization is that change which comes under the influence of westernization but it exists only in a basic direction. With this process, a new form was taken by many Indian institutions and change in modern times is because of the result of the modernization. Results of this process are always positive and developing.

Question 2.
Two characteristics of Modernization.
Answer:

• Social Differentiation: Many sectors of society became complex due to the process of modernization. Because of this, the process of differentiation has been fastened.
• Social Mobility: Ancient social, economic elements are changed because of modernization and new values of human ideals are established.

Question 3.
Two changes due to Modernization.
Answer:

• Secularization. The idea of secularization has been established in Indian society. Member of any religious group can achieve highest or higher post of the country. Qualities of cooperation, love, patience create equality in society. It is because of Modernization.
• Industrialization. With the advent of industrialization, the growing demands of increasing population of India were fulfilled. On one side, large scale industries came into being and on the other side domestic industries and joint families came to an end.

Question 4.
Modernization increases Social Mobility.
Answer:
Social mobility is the main characteristic of modern societies. Division of labour, specialization, different occupations, industries, business, means of communication and transportation in urban society have increased the social mobility. Every person can become rich from poor with his intelligence and capabilities. He adopts that occupation which gives more profits to him. Even he changes his place of residence with occupation. In this way, with social mobility, new values are developed in place of old traditional values. So from this, we can say that the modernization increases social mobility.

Question 5.
Establishment of new classes with Modernization.
Answer:
Process of modernization gives enough opportunities to person. That is why new classes are established in society. If there will be only one class in society, then that society will be known as classless society. That is why new classes came into being in modern society. Another reason for new classes came into being because different persons have different abilities because of which they are different from each other from the point of view of money, occupation, education. That is why new classes are coming in front of us. Money is of great importance in modern society. That is why people are divided in different classes on political and religious basis. Labour unions are using war path to achieve their goals. Even people of different occupations have made their own unions.

Question 6.
Modernization or Mechanization.
Answer:
Lot of changes have come in the occupations related to agriculture through mechanization. In earlier times, India was dependent upon other countries for food grains. But after modernization and with the use of mechanization, our country became self-dependent in this sector and other parts also have been changed.

Question 7.
Modernization and Social Change.
Answer:
The process of modernization has brought very quick revolutionary changes in our society. Female education has been increased. Except this lot of change have come in widow marriage, dowry system and position of women. Many laws were also passed in this regard. In this way, this process became very effective in eradicating social evils.

Question 8.
Industrialisation.
Answer:
Every society has to make itself industrialised to fulfil all of its needs. Development of industries in every sector of the society is known as Industrialisation. Its main aim is to produce at a large scale so that the society could be able to meet its demands. Industrialisation also comes due to fhe increasing population of the society. Capitalism also came after the advent of this Industrialisation.

Question 9.
Urbanisation.
Answer:
Migration of people towards cities and increasing numbers of cities is known as urbanisation. Many changes came in society due to urbanisation. Increase in population, social mobility, change in the forms of social institutions, increase in the means of enjoyment etc. also came due to urbanisation. Villages were also affected by urbanization because people of villages started to move towards cities. Change in every sector of society came due to urbanisation.

Question 10.
Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is a very wide economic process which is spread over all countries and societies. In this, different countries have free trade and economic relations. Different countries depend upon each other for their needs because of which the concept of free trade and economic relation in different countries came in front of us. This concept is known as Globalisation.

Question 11.
Characteristics of Globalisation.
Answer:

• Business in the whole world goes on in this.
• New economy has been established with this in the world.
• Market has been expanded to the whole world.
• Division of labour has been increased with this.
• Specialized persons are moving from one country to another country with this.

Question 12.
Effects of Globalisation on India.
Answer:

• Export from India has been increased.
• Foreign investment in India has been increased.
• The foreign exchange of India has been increased.
• India’s Gross Domestic Production (G.D.P.) has been increased.
• Technical and educational improvements are there.
• Industries have been developed.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Explain the impact of modernisation on Indian society.
Answer:
1. Secularization: The process of secularization has reached the people by the processs of modernization. After Independence of India, every person of India is treated as equal in front of law. Now person of every religion can achieve any status in society. People were made conscious to make friendly relations with members of other religions. Different activites of different relations were given respect. In this way the sense of unity started to develop among people. The concept of secularization was applied in every sector after independence.

2. Westernizatipn: Process of modernization is related with the process of westernization. Westernization started to affect the Indian society after the advent of Britishers and slowly and slowly the process of Westernization was transformed into Modernization. All those elements of western culture, which were adopted by Indian people, also transformed into Indian way. On one side some elements and life styles of British culture attracted many Indians and on another side many parts of Indian population were specifically attracted by the different aspect of British culture. In this way the transformation of Indian people towards the process of modernization is also related with the mobility of westernization.

3. Industrialization: Industrialization is an important feature of modern society. Existence of industrialization in India is also by the effect of western culture. Many big industries were established in India with the help of foreign countries. Industrialization is related with the production on large scale. Capitalism is developed in society due to development of industrialization. Now person is doing that work which gives him more profit. Industrial revolution has produced many new technical occupations. Person in Industrial society gets occupation on the bases of his ability not according to his caste.

That’s why the traditional custom of adopting ancestral occupation came to an end. Life style of the people living in industrial cities was completely changed. Domestic production of villages was destroyed due to development of industrialization. That’s why the joint family system of ancient times also came end. Economic system of India was also changed. Every sector of industries started to develop. Many countries like U.K., U.S.A., Japan etc. have established their industries in India. In this way, from this description, it is clear that the industrialization of our society was progressed through the process of Modernization.

4. Urbanization: The process of urbanization came into being with the development of industrialization. With the industrial development, cities were also developed near to these industries. People came to cities from villages in search of employment. Process of modernization was started with the development of cities. More density of population and social mobility is there in cities. Contact between villages and cities was established with the development of means of transport and communication. In this way different social institutions were completely changed through urbanization. Position of female was changed very quickly.

They started to demand, status equal to males. Nuclear families got more sanctions in cities than joint familis. Male and female got equal status in nuclear families. If we look at the educational sector in modern times then we can see that females are more as compared to males. Females are doing more progress in every sector i.e. governmental jobs, business, industries etc. Now she is not dependent upon the males. She is now earning herself and is self-dependent.

In this way the importance of wealth, status and education was increased. Effect of religions, in cities is very less due to dominance of religions. In cities dominance of secondary groups, more density of population, modernization, scientific outlook are there and people are, trying to obtain more and more facilities. That’s why relations among humans in cities are formal and temporary in nature. Gist and Helbert are of the view that “The city encourages impersonal rather than personal contacts.”
Urban people are more literate because of which they adopt new circumstances by understanding them very quickly. Some problems also came into being due to urbanization like unemployment, slums, more divorce rate, suicide etc. But many problems are also eliminated like caste system, child marriage, sati pratha etc.

5. Development of New Classes: The process of modernization has given many opportunities to person to do progress. That’s why many new classes are established. If there will be one class in society then that society will be known as classless society. That’s why new classes came into being in modern societies. One reason of new classes came into being is that different people don’t have same ability and that’s why they are different from the aspect of wealth, occupation, education etc. That’s why new classes came into being.

Maclver and Page are of the view that, “Wherever social inter-course is limited by consideration of status by distinction between higher and lower there social class exists. A social class, then is a portion of a community marked off from the rest by social status. A system or structure of social classes involves, first, a hierarchy of status groups, second, the recongnition of the superior, inferior stratification and finally some degree of performance of the structure.”

Money and wealth has more importance in modern society. That’s why people are not divided in different classes on the basis of caste but are divided in different classes on political and economic basis. In industrial sector labourers have established their labohr unions to fight with the capitalists. Even different people have made their different occupational unions.

6. Development in Agricultural Area: Most of the population of Indian villages does the work of agriculture. People were using physical power in ancient societies to do agricultural works but new machines are invented in modern times. Agriculture is being done with the help of tractors. New chemical manures are used with which production has been increased. Produce is being cut down by combines. That’s why more production is there with less physical work. Now less number of persons are used in agricultural work. That’s why people become unemployed and started to work in industries.

Mechanization in the sector of agriculture is being done with modernization. Earlier India was dependent upon other countries for its foodgrains. But with green revolution it became self-dependent. In this way economic condition of people of villages started to improve and their standard of living became higher.

7. Establishment of Welfare State: After Independence, the word ‘welfare state’ was used by the Indian Constitution for our country because of which burden of the country was increased. That’s why the process of social change is gaining speed day by day. Central and state governments are working for the protection of the rights of businessmen, consumers, collectively. Especially they are working for the welfare of lower caste. The government is trying for the equal distribution of wealth and the process of modernization is responsible for this.

8. Democratization: Democratization of the political sector is being done because of the process of modernization: India is known as the largest democracy in the world because all the adults of the country have the right to vote. All are equal in front of the law. Everyone has got some fundamental rights, the Government is working to remove economic inequalities. Some directive principles of state policy are given in Constitution so that the state should make its policies according to these principles. People have the right to change the government. In this way, democracy in India is very strong and all this is the result of modernization.

Question 2.
Explain the results of globalisation.
Or
Discuss the consequences of globalisation on society.
Or
Write down the impact of globalisation on Indian society.
Answer:
Economic reforms in India were started in 1991 and the process of globalisation and Indian economy was encouraged. Effects of globalisation on different sectors of the Indian economy are given below:

1. Increase of Indian Share in World Export. With the process of globalisation, the Indian share in world expect has been increased. Indian goods and services in India in the decade of 1990-2000 has been increased by 125%. In 1990 Indian sharing world’s export of goods and services was 0.55% which was increased up to 0.75% in 1999.

2. Foreign Investment in India. Foreign direct investment is an important feature of globalisation because foreign investment increases the capacity of production of any economy. Foreign investment in India is continuously increasing. From 1995¬96 up to 2000-01 it has been increased by 53% and during this time 500 corers annually has been invested in India.

3. Foreign Exchange Reserves. Foreign exchange is necessary for import. In June 1991 foreign exchange reserves in India was One Billion Dollars which was enough only to fulfil the needs of only two weeks of the country. After this India has adopted new economic policies. Globalisation and liberalisation were encouraged because of which foreign exchange reserve was increased very quickly. Now the foreign exchange reserve is near to 395 Billion Dollars.

4. Growth of Gross Domestic Product. Because of globalisation, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country has been increased. In 1980 it was 5.63% which was increased to 5.80% in 1990. Now it is around 7%.

5. Increase in Unemployment. Because of globalisation unemployment in India has been increased. During the decade of 1990-2000, the economic problems came in Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Singapur, Indonesia, Malaysia and it came because of globalization. That’s why millions of people lost their jobs and they had to live below poverty line. At the start of 1990’s decade, the rate of unemployment was 6% which was increased up to 7% in 2000.

6. Impact on Agriculture. The share of agriculture and its related activities in the Gross Domestic Product of country is 29%. But it is 2% in U.S.A., 55% in Japan and France. If we look at the labour force then India’s 69% labour force is related with agricultural functions but labour force in the agriculture sector in U.S.A and U.K. is only 2.6%. In the near future it is necessary for India to open its market for world companies in the agricultural sector which is in agreement with W.T.O. This time will be a challenging one for India.

7. Educational and Technical Development. Globalisation and Liberalization have put a great effect on the education and technical sector which has been a revolution. World is shrinking due to means of transport and communication. Internet and computer has brought a revolution in this sector.

8. Change in the Form of Classes. Globalisation has changed the form of different classes. In 20th century only three main classes i.e. higher class, middle class and lower class were there but now the number of classes has been increased.

9. Privatization. One of the good effects of globalization can be seen in the form of Privatisation. Many Public Sector Undertakings (P.S.U.’s) like V.S.N.L., I.P.C.L., NALCO are now in the hands of private parties because of which they are earning more profits.

10. Development of Industries. Foreign direct investment is very helpful in achieving a higher rate of economic development. It gives not only advantage to industries but consumers are getting products of better quality and better technology. It gives motivation to Indian industries to compete with the foreign companies in international market. So, all in all the process of globalisation is very good in bringing social change and giving good quality products to consumers.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Modernisation and Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is a structural process of change?
(а) Only Modernisation
(b) Only Globalisation
(c) Both Modernisation and Globalisation
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both Modernisation and Globalisation

2. Who among the following said that the process of modernisation leads from personal bonds to impersonal relations?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Weber
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Weber

3. Who among the following said that the process of modernisation occurred from Mechanical Solidarity to Organic Solidarity?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Weber
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Durkheim

4. What is the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services called?
(a) Westernisation
(b) Sanskritisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Globalisation
Answer:
(d) Globalisation

5. Globalisation means:
(a) Reduction of trade barriers
(b) Freer flow of technology
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both

Fill in the Blanks:

1. A charismatic leader is one who is having ……………….. to influence people with his/her personality.
Answer:
charisma

2. In the process of modernisation, the …………….. level entails a change in the attitudes and peculiar personality traits of the person.
Answer:
social

3. LPG stands for liberalization, ………………… and ……………….
Answer:
privatisation, globalisation

4. The transfer of control over ownership from the public sector to the private sector is called………………
Answer:
privatisation

5. ……………. is the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide.
Answer:
Globalisation

True/False:

1. The pace of modernisation varies from society to society.
Answer:
True

2. British policy of least interference at micro-level structures of society that is industrialisation, urbanisation and legal system had brought little or no change at this level.
Answer:
False

3. Modernisation is a systematic process in which change in one sphere leads to changes in another.
Answer:
True

4. The process of globalisation varies from country to country of the world.
Answer:
True

5. Globalisation does not emphasise interdependence.
Answer:
False

Match The Columns:

Answer:

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who has given the concept of global village?
Answer:
Marshall Mclluhan has given the concept of global village.

Question 2.
Who has given the concept of mechanical and organic solidarity?
Answer:
Emile Durkheim has given the concept of mechanical and organic solidarity.

Question 3.
Name the process through which the transfer of control over ownership from the public sector to private sector is done.
Answer:
Privatisation.

Question 4.
Name the process through which the reorientation of economies in the direction of market principles is done.
Answer:
Liberalisation.

Question 5.
Name the leader who can influence people with his/her personality.
Answer:
A charismatic leader.

Question 6.
Name four spheres in the process of modernisation.
Answer:
Technology, agriculture, industry and environment are the four spheres in the process of modernisation.

Question 7.
Name three causes of modernisation.
Answer:
Urbanisation, modernisation, modern education are the three causes of modernisation.

Question 8.
Name two characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:

• This is a lengthy and continuous process.
• It brings a change in every sector of society.

Question 9.
Name two characteristics of globalisation.
Answer:

• This process has increased the interdependence among countries.
• It leads to the free flow of people, technology and ideas.

Question 10.
What do you understand the charismatic leaders?
Answer:
That leader who is having some charismatic features in his personality and who can influence public with his personality.

Question 11.
What does LPG stand for?
Answer:
Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by modernisation?
Or
Write a note on modernisation.
Answer:
The meaning of modernisation is adopting new ways of living life and modern values. Initially, its meaning was taken in quite a narrow manner but now changes in the agricultural economy and industrial economy are also included in it.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly two characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:

• This is a revolutionary process in which society changes itself from traditional to modern. In this, complete change comes in the living style of people.
• The process of modernisation is quite lengthy which takes many generations for becoming modern from traditional.

Question 3.
Discuss briefly two causes of modernisation.
Answer:

• Due to the advent of western education, people started getting an education and they started adopting modern ideas of western countries.
• Industrialization brought many inventions and humans were replaced by machines. It brought modernisation to society.

Question 4.
What do you understand by globalisation?
Or
Globalisation.
Answer:
In simple language, the meaning of globalisation is an unlimited and unrestricted exchange of goods, services, ideas, information, people and capital between different countries. It breaks downs the economic, social and cultural barriers between countries. All this has been made possible with the help of developed means of communication.

Question 5.
What do you understand by privatisation?
Answer:
The government has formed many public sector companies and the process of selling such companies to private hands is known as privatisation. We can take many examples of privatisation such as NALCO, VSNL. Actually govt, always try to sell off the loss making companies. This is privatisation.

Question 6.
What do you understand by liberalisation?
Answer:
Removing unnecessary restrictions from a controlled economy is known as liberalisation. Removing unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade to make the economy more open and competitive is called liberalisation. It is an economic process and a process of bringing economic changes in society.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Differentiate between traditional and modern society.
Answer:

• Traditional societies have subsistence economies. It means production is done only to fulfil needs but in modern societies, production is done while keeping the market in mind.
• Simple division of labour is there in traditional societies which are based on gender but modern societies are based on the division of labour and specialisation with many bases.
• People of traditional societies are locally interdependent but in modern societies, people of the whole world are interdependent.
• Technology in traditional society is at the primary level but modern societies have developed technology available with them.

Question 2.
Differentiate between mechanical and organic solidarity.
Answer:

• Mechanical solidarity connects an individual with society without any middleman. Inorganic society, an individual depends on society because he depends upon other individuals.
• Mechanical solidarity is based on similarities but the base of organic solidarity is the division of labour.
• The strength of mechanical solidarity lies in the power of collective consciousness but the origin of organic solidarity lies in functional differentiation.
• Mechanical solidarity was available in ancient and old societies but organic solidarity is the main feature of modern societies in which division of labour is the main feature of life.

Question 3.
What is modernisation? Discuss its two levels.
Answer:
Meaning of modernisation. See Question No. 1 of short answer type questions. Two levels of modernisation,

• The individual-level includes a change in the attitudes and specific personality features of an individual. There is a transformation with respect to acceptance of new ideas, rational points and readiness to express ideas.
• At the societal level, modernization is characterised by the specificity of roles and goals in the institutional spheres i.e. education, tolerance, communication, secularisation, family, marriage, social mobility etc.

Question 4.
What is globalisation? Name two types of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of one country gets connected with the economies of other countries. In simple words, the unrestricted movement of goods, services, humans, capital etc. between different countries is called globalisation. With this process economies of different countries come in contact with each other. There is free movement of trade in countries. In this way the process of integration of different economies is globalization. It is of many types such as economic globalisation in which different economies of the world get connected and technological globalisation in which technology developed in one country reaches another country.

Question 5.
Substantiate the concept of globalisation with the help of an example.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of one country gets connected with the economies of other countries. In simple words, the unrestricted movement of goods, services, humans, capital etc. between different countries is called globalisation. With this process economies of different countries come in contact with each other. There is free movement of trade in countries. In this way the process of integration of different economies is globalization. It is of many types such as economic globalisation in which different economies of the world get connected and technological globalisation in which technology developed in one country reaches another country.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by modernisation? Discuss its characteristics in detail.
Or
Discuss in detail the characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:
The process of modernization came with the development of modern societies. The process of modernization was started in India after the advent of Britishers. It means that when people come in contact with the people of western culture then many changes came in them. Modernization is the main feature of modern society.

According to M.N. Srinivas, “Difference exists in the processes of modernization and westernization. The concept of westernization is a morally more neutral concept than the concept of modernization. We cannot come to know about the goodness or badness of any culture in it. But modernization is not a value-free concept because modernization is always considered as good and better.” That’s why Srinivas has given more importance to westernization than modernization. He has not given the difference in them but according to him, the results of modernization are always good and better. So from the views of Srinivas, it is clear that the process of modernization is always progressive. Different sociologists have given different views about it which are given below:

1. According to Marrion J. Levy, “My definition of modernization hinges on the use of inanimate tools to multiply the effect of effort. I conceive each of these two elements as the basis of continum. A society will be considered more or less modernized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and or use tools to multiply the effects of these efforts. Neither of these elements is either totally absent from or exclusively present in any society.”

2. According to Weener, “There are many aspects of modernization.”

• Political Modernization. In these important institutions, political parties, parliaments, right to vote, development of secret vote which are capable of reaching at any participant decision, etc. are included.
• Cultural Modernization. It produces likeness with ideologies and secularization.
• Economic Modernization. It is different from industrialization.

According to Dr. Yogender Singh, “Modernization includes rational attitude, universalistic view point, sympathy, scientific world view, humanity, technological advancement etc.” So we can say that the process of modernization is that process in which change comes in old system and new and better system takes place of old system. This process exists in any society but its degree is different in different societies.

Characteristics Of Modernization:

1. It leads to the development of urbanization and industrialization. Industrialization also exists with urbanization. Wherever big industries were established, cities were also developed there. With this process the population of village started to move towards cities. Means of communication and transport have brought many changes in urban society. That’s why many changes came in institutions like family, religion and caste etc. That’s why change came in urbanization. That’s why we believe that urbanization and modernization are interrelated. Wherever cities are developed modernization exists there. That’s why we can see more progress in urban society as compared to rural communities.

2. This process develops education. With the process of modernzation educational sector has been developed very quickly. Lot of development has come in technical education. In ancient times only higher castes were given religious education. But with the progress of society, need was felt of technical institutions. That’s why technical institutions were opened. Except this the importance of occupational education was increased because every person started to get work according to his ability. The process of specialization is also increased. Whichever person gets technical education, gets job or work. In this way the process of modernization has brought many changes in the educational sector.

3. It increases the international relations. Cooperation is increased in different countries with the process of modernization. Every country gets security with the advents of U.N.O. To produce peaceful atmosphere in the world mutual relations in different countries were necessary. U.N.O. has tried to protect human rights. It has also given its views to resolve the personal problems of any country. It’s main aim is to maintain peace in the world. If conflict starts in two countries then U.N.O. tries to resolve their dispute. In this way process of modernization has developed the atmosphere of love and cooperation at international level.

4. This process develops and increases the process of social differentiation. With the process of modernization, our society becomes complex and the process of differentiation has been increased. With the material development of society number of social differentiation has been increased. With this process we can come to know about that process with which society is divided into different parts.

This process never allows the feeling of hatredness to come in humans and groups. In this way when society moves from simple situation to complex situation then differentiation definitely exists in society. Without this process we can divide the functions in society. The way in which this process of modernization develops, in that same way every sector of society i.e. religious, economic, educational etc. starts to develop. That’s why the process of differentiation takes the pace and speed.

5. It increases social mobility. Social mobility is the main feature of modern
societies. Specialization of division of labour in urban societies, differentiation of occupations, business, industries, facilities of means of communication and transport has brought great pace in social mobility. Now every person can become rich from the state of poverty with his ability and brain. Now they adopt that occupation in which he sees more profit. Even they change their place of living due to occupation. In this way, with the process of social mobility, new values were developed instead of traditional values.

6. Social reform movements came into being due to this. Social,reform movements started to develop through the process of modernization, Whenever any change comes in society then it has both good and bad effects on society. Whenever we look at its good effects then we feel that progress has come in society but whenever we look at its bad effects then we can come to know about the disorganization of society. Many social reform movements came into being due to this process whose main aim was to eradicate social evils from the society so that the balance of society can be maintaind. Progress also comes, with this, in society. All those social evils are being eradicated from society through these movements which bring downfall of the society. In this way changes come in society due to this process.

7. It changes the status of individuals: Process of modernization changes the status of a person. In earlier societies it was necessary for a person to adopt hereditary occupation. But with this process, a number of occupations were emerged and specialization was produced. Because of this the status of a person started to change at once. Class system came into being in place of caste system. Humans started to get status according to their ability. In this way the status of different groups and organizations changes with this process.

Question 2.
Write a note on modernisation.
Answer:
The process of modernization came with the development of modern societies. The process of modernization was started in India after the advent of Britishers. It means that when people come in contact with the people of western culture then many changes came in them. Modernization is the main feature of modern society.

According to M.N. Srinivas, “Difference exists in the processes of modernization and westernization. The concept of westernization is a morally more neutral concept than the concept of modernization. We cannot come to know about the goodness or badness of any culture in it. But modernization is not a value-free concept because modernization is always considered as good and better.” That’s why Srinivas has given more importance to westernization than modernization. He has not given the difference in them but according to him, the results of modernization are always good and better. So from the views of Srinivas, it is clear that the process of modernization is always progressive. Different sociologists have given different views about it which are given below:

1. According to Marrion J. Levy, “My definition of modernization hinges on the use of inanimate tools to multiply the effect of effort. I conceive each of these two elements as the basis of the continuum. A society will be considered more or less modernized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and or use tools to multiply the effects of these efforts. Neither of these elements is either totally absent from or exclusively present in any society.”

2. According to Weener, “There are many aspects of modernization.”

• Political Modernization. In these important institutions, political parties, parliaments, right to vote, development of secret vote which are capable of reaching at any participant decision, etc. are included.
• Cultural Modernization. It produces likeness with ideologies and secularization.
• Economic Modernization. It is different from industrialization.

According to Dr. Yogender Singh, “Modernization includes rational attitude, universalistic view point, sympathy, scientific world view, humanity, technological advancement etc.” So we can say that the process of modernization is that process in which change comes in old system and new and better system takes place of old system. This process exists in any society but its degree is different in different societies.

Question 3.
Enumerate various causes of modernisation.
Or
Describe four causes of modernisation.
Or
Explain urbanisation and industrialisation as responsible causes for modernisation.
Or
Discuss various causes of modernisation.
Answer:
There are many causes of modernisation and some of them are as follows:

1. Urbanisation. With the advent of the British in India, the process of urbanisation started to develop over here. They established many major Indian cities such as Kolkata, Chenai, Mumbai etc. After Indian independence, this process grew rapidly. It has been said that urban areas have a better infrastructure as compared to rural areas. One can live a better life in cities. That’s why from last few decades, rural people started migrating to urban areas. There can be few other reasons such as more employment opportunities, better health facilities, educational institution, better entertainment facilities etc. In this way, the process of urbanisation has greatly helped in increasing this process of modernisation.

2. Industrialisation. The meaning of urbanisation is the process of industrial development. Due to industrial revolution, many large scale industries were established and gradually many changes came in machinery. New and modern machines further enhanced the production process. All the machines and technology spread everywhere. Production process changed frflm hands to machines which helped in increasing the process of modernisation. ‘

3. Education. Education helps in finding abilities of an individual and fills in him the knowledge. Only because of education, people make new inventions. This is considered as an important symbol of development. Because after getting education, people make new inventions, that’s way it is considered quite important in bringing modernisation.

4. Charismatic Leadership. Charismatic leader is that one who influences others with his personality. He holds the capacity of influencing others and many people start to follow him. Such leaders, due to their charismatic personality, motivate their followers to adopt modern ideas and values. Consequently modernisation comes in society.

5. Mass Media. In mass media, we include newspaper, magazines, books, T.V. radio, films, internet etc. Such means of mass media opened up new ideas, ways of behaviour, information for the traditional minded people. To bring out new information, mass media emerged as a very important mean which helped in increasing modernisation.

Question 4.
Write a note on the process of modernisation.
Answer:
Modernisation is the process which has greatly influenced every aspect of our society. It also includes the spread of new system with the passage of time and this has changed even social structure and psychological facts. Because society becomes more productive and progressive, that’s why it becomes more complex from social and cultural point of view. About this, Max Weber has rightly said, “With the change in modernisation process personal relations convert into impersonal relations.” Here Emile Durkheim also says, “With the change in modernisation, mechanical unity of society gets converted into organic solidarity.

With the advent of industrialisation, change came in every sector of society and society changed from traditional to modern. All this was made possible when people of less developed area started moving to developed area. To start the process of modernisation, few pre-requisites are necessary such as the adoption of new educational system, wish to adopt new technology etc. Sociologists have given four interrelated processes in modernisation and these are:

• In the technological sector, transformation comes from simple to scientific technology. For example change of handloom to power loom.
• In the agricultural sector, this change came from subsistence economy to market economy. For example, presently, farmers with the help of labourers, grow cash crops to sell in the market.
• In the industrial sector, it gets transformed from human labour to mechanised labour. For example, during earlier times, agriculture was done with plough, now it is done with a tractor.
• In the environmental sector, rural people are migrating to urban areas. For example, people living in the nearby villages started migrating to cities to get work in industries.

Modernisation can be understood at two levels. At individual level, change comes in individual’s behaviour and his specific traits. Change also comes in his acceptance of new ideas, his approach and wish to express ideas. Modern individual lays stress on making plans, organization and showing ability. He believes in science and technology. Presently laying stress on modernity is spreading everywhere in the world.

Question 5.
Write a note on globalisation.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has been spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Actually not even a single country is completely self-dependent to fulfil its needs. It has to depend upon other countries to fulfil the basic needs of its people. With this all countries are dependent upon each other to fulfil their needs. That’s why because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations were increased in different countries and one idea came into being to increase relations of free trade with other countries. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalization. The concept of Globalization is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalization is not very old. It is only 25-30 years old and has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get the foreign made goods while living in our small town or city. We can see any sector of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedees, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Farrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota etc. have come to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980’s. It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened for foreign companies. In this way a lot of foreign made goods and Indian goods are there in our country.

It is Globalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days world is shrinking and it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing foreign direct investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalization.

At the end of 20th century, a new process came forward which greatly influenced whole of the world on the basis of mutual exchange and interdependence. This process is known as globalisation. It is a multi-aspect process. Presently whole of the world has become a global world. Just within few minutes, we come to know about what is going on in the whole world. Presently, world is changing into a society. Due to globalisation, people are migrating to other countries, With the help of means of communication, we can talk with any one sitting in any part of the world and this has been made possible only with internet and globalisation.

Question 6.
What is globalisation and discuss its types.
Or
Highlight technological globalisation as type of globalisation.
Answer:
Meaning of globalisation. See the previous q.no. 5. Types of globalisation. There are many type of globalisation which are given below:

1. Ecological globalisation. In this type of globalisation, we can include environmental pollution which is affecting ozone layers and there is increase in global warming. On world level, efforts are being made to solve this problem. Agreements are signed between countries to reduce environment pollution. To save ozone layer, a Montreal Protocol was signed to reduce the level of carbon dioxide emitted in atmosphere.

2. Economic globalisation. The meaning of economic globalisation is the interdependence occurring due to the increasing exchange of goods, services and capital in the whole world. Due to this interdependence, we can see the wrong impact of one economy at world level. For example one global problem came in 2009 which greatly affected most of the countries.

3. Technological globalisation. The meaning of technological globalisation is revolutionary change coming in the means of communication with which one part of the world gets easily connected with other parts. Modern means of transport have reduced the geographical distances and many exchanges started. For example mobile, internet etc.

4. Cultural globalisation. The meaning of cultural globalisation is exchange of present rules, ideas, values etc. of one part with the other. This exchange has been made possible with the help of internet, media, travelling etc. It increased interaction between the people of different cultures and exchange of cultural customs started between them.

5. Political globalisation. In political globalisation, same policies are adopted everywhere. Due to their personal problems, different countries are signing agreements with others. That’s way many international organizations came forward such as United Nations.

Question 7.
Discuss in detail the characteristics of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation has come into being because of the interdependence of different countries. Different countries are dependent upon each other for their needs. That’s why they are doing export and import of things. That’s why the concept of Globalisation has come in front of us. Its main characteristics are given below:

1. World Trade. The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example. India has lot of surplus tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way almost all the countries of the world are dependent upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this with the exchange of goods and because of business they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has been increased.

2. Economic Globalisation. Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of World economy has come into being. Different countries unite with each other because of economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialization, production, consumption etc. play an important role in this business. Economic Globalisation has encouraged Capitalism. Now people are thinking even for international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market. Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other country or international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this the business with other country increases and foreign exchange comes in country. In this way marke.t depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign made goods in our market. Even the eatable things are available in cans in market. In this way the market is expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour. Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour: Now people are doing many courses to go to foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in a foreign country. We can see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Other Countries. Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers of different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way because of globalisation people of different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy. Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of the world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way because of inter¬dependence world economy and world trade has been increased.

Question 8.
Write a note on the process of globalisation.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has been spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Actually not even a single country is completely self-dependent to fulfil its needs. It has to depend upon other countries to fulfil the basic needs of its people. With this all countries are dependent upon each other to fulfil their needs. That’s why because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations were increased in different countries and one idea came into being to increase relations of free trade with other countries. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalization. The concept of Globalization is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalization is not very old. It is only 25-30 years old and has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get the foreign made goods while living in our small town or city. We can see any sector of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedees, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Farrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota etc. have come to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980’s. It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened for foreign companies. In this way a lot of foreign made goods and Indian goods are there in our country.

It is Globalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days world is shrinking and it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing foreign direct investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalization.

At the end of 20th century, a new process came forward which greatly influenced whole of the world on the basis of mutual exchange and interdependence. This process is known as globalisation. It is a multi-aspect process. Presently whole of the world has become a global world. Just within few minutes, we come to know about what is going on in the whole world. Presently, world is changing into a society. Due to globalisation, people are migrating to other countries, With the help of means of communication, we can talk with any one sitting in any part of the world and this has been made possible only with internet and globalisation.

Meaning of globalisation. See the previous q.no. 5. Types of globalisation. There are many type of globalisation which are given below:

1. Ecological globalisation. In this type of globalisation, we can include environmental pollution which is affecting ozone layers and there is increase in global warming. On world level, efforts are being made to solve this problem. Agreements are signed between countries to reduce environment pollution. To save ozone layer, a Montreal Protocol was signed to reduce the level of carbon dioxide emitted in atmosphere.

2. Economic globalisation. The meaning of economic globalisation is the interdependence occurring due to the increasing exchange of goods, services and capital in the whole world. Due to this interdependence, we can see the wrong impact of one economy at world level. For example one global problem came in 2009 which greatly affected most of the countries.

3. Technological globalisation. The meaning of technological globalisation is revolutionary change coming in the means of communication with which one part of the world gets easily connected with other parts. Modern means of transport have reduced the geographical distances and many exchanges started. For example mobile, internet etc.

4. Cultural globalisation. The meaning of cultural globalisation is exchange of present rules, ideas, values etc. of one part with the other. This exchange has been made possible with the help of internet, media, travelling etc. It increased interaction between the people of different cultures and exchange of cultural customs started between them.

5. Political globalisation. In political globalisation, same policies are adopted everywhere. Due to their personal problems, different countries are signing agreements with others. That’s way many international organizations came forward such as United Nations.

Globalisation has come into being because of the interdependence of different countries. Different countries are dependent upon each other for their needs. That’s why they are doing export and import of things. That’s why the concept of Globalisation has come in front of us. Its main characteristics are given below:

1. World Trade. The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example. India has lot of surplus tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way almost all the countries of the world are dependent upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this with the exchange of goods and because of business they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has been increased.

2. Economic Globalisation. Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of World economy has come into being. Different countries unite with each other because of economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialization, production, consumption etc. play an important role in this business. Economic Globalisation has encouraged Capitalism. Now people are thinking even for international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market. Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other country or international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this the business with other country increases and foreign exchange comes in country. In this way marke.t depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign made goods in our market. Even the eatable things are available in cans in market. In this way the market is expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour. Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour: Now people are doing many courses to go to foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in a foreign country. We can see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Other Countries. Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers of different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way because of globalisation people of different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy. Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of the world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way because of inter¬dependence world economy and world trade have been increased.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 12th Class Sociology Important Questions Chapter 7 Westernisation and Sanskritisation

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The process in which lower caste people start to imitate upper caste people is known as
(a) Westernization
(b) Sanskritization
(c) Secularization
(d) Modernization
Answer:
(b) Sanskritization

2. The change which comes in society or culture of any country is known as …………….
(a) social change
(b) religious change
(c) cultural change
(d) evolutionary change
Answer:
(c) cultural change

3. Which of these books was written by M.N. Srinivas?
(a) Cultural change in India
(b) Social change in Modern India
(c) Geographical change in Modern India
(d) Regional change in Modern India
Answer:
(b) Social change in Modern India

4. Who gave the concept of westernisation?
(a) Srinivas
(b) Majumdar
(c) Ghurye
(d) Mukherjee
Answer:
(a) Srinivas

5. What was the impact of westernization on our country?
(a) Weakening of caste system
(b) Increase in number of divorces
(c) Advent of nuclear families
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

6. What is required to be a dominant caste?
(a) More population
(b) More arable land
(c) Higher status in caste hierarchy
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Fill in the Blanks:

1. …………….. gave the concept of westernization.
Answer:
Srinivas

2. In westernization …………….. is known as a model.
Answer:
British

3. …………… and ……………. brought many changes in Indian society.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Rabindra Nath Tagore

4. First three castes had to go through ……………. samskara.
Answer:
Upanayan

5. Srinivas used the sanskritization instead of using …………………
Answer:
Brahminization

6. Srinivas studied the ……………. people.
Answer:
Coorg

True/False:

1. Srinivas was the student of Ghurye.
Answer:
True

2. Educated Indians were the carriers of westernisation.
Answer:
True

3. Westernisation brought many changes in Indian society.
Answer:
True

4. In Sanskritisation, living style of upper castes is adopted.
Answer:
True

5. To be a dominant caste, more arable land is required.
Answer:
True

6. Srinivas studied the Coorgs of south India.
Answer:
True

One Word/One Line Questions Answers:

Question 1.
Who gave the concept of Sanskritization?
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas.

Question 2.
Who gave the concept of Westernization?
Answer:
M. N. Srinivas.

Question 3.
Give any two, helping factors of Sanskritization.
Answer:
Industrialisation and Modernization.

Question 4.
In which book did Srinivas explain Sanskritization?
Answer:
Social change in Modern India.

Question 5.
What is cultural change?
Answer:
When change comes in culture or society of any country, it is called cultural change.

Question 6.
What is meant by Westernisation?
Answer:
When, in our country, western living style, habits etc. are adopted it is known as Westernisation.

Question 7.
What is Sanskritisation?
Answer:
When people of lower castes imitate upper castes and uplift their status by imitating them, it is called sanskritisation.

Question 8.
Which country, in Westernisation, is considered a role model?
Answer:
In Westernisation, England is considered a role model.

Question 9.
Which social reformers brought many changes in Indian society?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dayanand Saraswati, Jyoti ba Phuley, Vivekananda etc.

Question 10.
What is Gurukul?
Answer:
During ancient times, children were taught in Gurukuls.

Question 11.
Which castes are known as ‘DWIJA’?
Answer:
Upper three castes-Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya.

Question 12.
Where do Coorgs live?
Answer:
Coorgs live near Mysore (Karnataka).

Question 13.
Lower castes of Mysore adopted the life style of which caste?
Answer:
Lower castes of Mysore adopted the life style of Lingayat community.

Question 14.
While analysing which village, does Srinivas use the word ‘dominant caste’?
Answer:
Rampur village situated near Mysore (Karnataka).

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by Sanskritization?
Answer:
When lower caste people start imitating upper caste people and try to adopt their living style, habits etc. to uplift their social status, this process is known as sanskritization. It only changes social status but not the caste.

Question 2.
Give any two features of Sanskritization.
Answer:

• In sanskritization, lower caste people adopt the living style of upper caste people. So, imitation is a necessary element in this process.
• The process of sanskritization is a continuous process in which change comes in social status of lower castfefe.

Question 3.
What is Westernisation?
Answer:
Srinivas says, “I have used the term westernization to characterise the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occuring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.

Question 4.
What was the impact of Westernisation on Indian society?
Answer:

• Westernisation broke the clutches of caste system and it weakened.
• Due to Westernisation, women started getting education, came out of their houses and started doing jobs.
• Marriages started breaking down and number of divorces increased.

Question 5.
What is Dominant caste?
Answer:
According to Srinivas, dominant caste is that caste in village which has lot of arable land at village level, more population and higher status in local hierarchy. Presently few more attributes are attached with it such as western education, jobs in administration etc.

Question 6.
What is upanayan samskara?
Answer: Children of first three castes had to wear a sacred thread which was known as upanayan. After completition of this samskara, they moved to gurukul to take education. It was one important Samskara of Hinduism and lower castes were not allowed in this ceremony.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Sanskritization.
Answer:
The word Sanskritization was used by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas to explain the process of social mobility in traditional Indian society. This is a process in which lower castes collectively adopt the customs, traditions and ways of life of upper caste people. Through this process, lower caste people even sacrifice their actual traditions, customs etc.

Question 2.
Characteristics of Sanskritization.
Answer:

• Universal Process. Whole of the Indian society was affected by this. It means that it was not limited only to Hindu castes but its influence was also seen among Sikhs, Jains and Muslims.
• Group Mobility. This process affects whole of the group. Every lower caste group wants to lift itself upwards in society.
• Positional Change. In Sanskritization, positional change takes place but not the structural change. It means that caste hierarchy remains as it is.
• Imitation. Imitation is a necessary element of this process because lower caste people try to follow or imitate the living style of upper castes.

Question 3.
Any two sources of Sanskritization.
Answer:

• Impact of Western Education. First of all the upper castes were affected by the western education as they were first to take this education. Later on other castes also joined this race of western education.
• Impact of Urbanization. Industrial development led to development of urbanization. Restrictions of caste system came to an end with which personal change also took place. In urban conditions, it was very easy for lower castes to hide their actual caste and to adopt the new caste.

Question 4.
Any definition of westernization.
Or
Westernization.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “I have used the term westernization to characterise the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.”

Question 5.
How has westernization affected our society?
Answer:

• Caste System has weakened due to westernization.
• Separation in marriages and number of divorces increased due to westernization.
• Females came out of four walls of house to work in offices.
• Joint families started to change into Nuclear families.

Question 6.
What are the results of westernization?
Answer:

• Change in Institutions. Many changes came in institutions of our society due to westernization. Strictness of marriage, family, caste system, religion no more pravails in modern society.
• Change in Values. Values of society are also changing due to this. Every one came to know about right of equality after getting education. Individualism and formal relations are increasing day by day.
• Change in importance of religion. The importance of religion has also been decreased due to this. In earlier times people were afraid of religion but now they use only that much of religion which is required.
• Spread of education. Education in our country is spreading day by day. Literacy rate of our country is 74% and it is increasing day by day.

Question 7.
Define Sanskritization
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “Sanskritization means not only the adoption of new customs and habits but also exposure to new ideas and values which have frequent expression in the vast body of Sanskrit literature, sacred as well as secular. Karma, dharma, pap, maya, sansar, moksha are examples of some of the most common Sanskrit theological ideas and when people become Sanskritized these words are used frequently.

Question 8.
Explain the meaning of Westernization.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, “I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values.” So from this it is clear that concept of westernization includes the changes which came in institutions, ideology etc. of Indian society and which came due to political and cultural contact with western countries.

Question 9.
Give differences between Sanskritization and Westernization.
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the features of Sanskritisation?
Answer:
1. Sanskritization is a Universal Process. The process of Sanskritization was not only related with one caste or even caste system but this process exerted impact on whole of Indian society. This process existed in every part of the country and was an important process of Indian history. It is quite possible that it might have dominance in one age and not in another age but Sanskritization definitely took place. But without doubt we can say that this process is a universal process. This process exists even among tribes and sub tribes. Generally tribes live away from main stream and Hindu society and they are given even lower status than of lower castes. But tribals consider themselves superior than the Hindus. Some tribes have adopted the living style, eating habits, customs etc. of those Hindus which live nearby their areas. In this way not only middle and lower castes but tribal people are also adopting this process.

2. Positional change does happen in it but not the structural change. In Sanskritization, the people of lower castes adopt the living style of higher castes and change comes in their status. Their position changes within their own caste but it hardly changes the structure of caste system. Hierarchy of castes never changes but it remains as it is. In other words, we can say that in this process, people of lower caste can adopt the customs and living styles of their ideal caste but cannot become members of their ideal caste. It is so because caste is based on birth. One can adopt the living style of Brahmana but cannot become a Brahmana.

3. Imitation is a necessary element of Sanskritization. In the process, lower caste people observe the life of upper caste and then they try to follow that life style. In this Way imitation is a necessary element of Sanskritization. It means that lower caste people used to follow the ways of living, eating habits etc. of upper castes. This process even starts with imitation. It means lower caste people begin to imitate the customs of upper castes. Gradually, their status is uplifted in the society. In other words, change comes on caste basis and mobility is possible in caste system.

4. Sanskritization is a process of change in relative sense. In the process of Sanskritization, it has been observed that even upper caste people are imitating tribal people. This process has a local form as well. As compared to upper castes, many local differences have been found among cultures of Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and lower castes. In this way the Sanskritization of few subcastes of lower castes takes place according to local form.

5. Change in status of BrahmAnswer: This process not only brings change in status of lower castes but it also changes the status of upper castes. Brahmanas also started to change themselves according to . western culture. In ancient times, certain restrictions were there on upper castes like not to use meat and alcohol, not to use blade etc. But when they started to change themsglves according to western culture then their status also saw a number of changes.

6. Upward Mobility. In the process of Sanskritization, people of lower castes start to adopt the life style of upper castes. Gradually their social status moves upward and this is the main feature of Sanskritization. In this process, lower caste people or tribal people change themselves according to ideal caste’s ways of living. But even then, their status never reaches to the status of ideal caste. In this way this is an upward mobility.

7. Change in social status but not in caste. Social status of a person changes in this system but not the caste. It means that person can adopt the ways of living of other caste but cannot change his caste. Person has to remain in that caste, for whole of his life, in which he is born.

8. Sanskritization is a Group Mobility. The process of Sanskritization is not related with one person or a family but is related with a group of castes. Any tribe, lower caste or group tries to uplift its social status with the help of this process. Like any lower caste claims to be upper caste status and adopts the norms and values of upper caste. They even try to uplift their social status on the basis of their ideal caste.

9. Sanskritization is related with social mobility. Sanskritization is related to social mobility. Sanskritization gives birth to mobility. Mobility exists in almost all the societies i.e. in closed society like India and open society like America. As a result, sometimes person claims to achieve higher status as compared to his present status. They belong actually to other caste and write the name of other caste.

Question 2.
Explain the different sources of Sanskritization.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas, there are certain sources of Sanskritization which are given below:

1. Development of means of Communication and Transport. Industrialisation started in India which led to the development of means of transport and communication. That’s why industries started to develop in different parts of the country. Development of industries led to the development of means of transport with which it became easy for people to move from one place to another. People came in contact with members of other castes and they began to travel with each other. In this way, mutual exchange started among different castes. This process led to emergence of process of assimilation. As people travelled with each other, it became very difficult to maintain caste system’s concept of purity and impurity.

In this way the process of Sanskritization was greatly affected by the development of means of transport. This process spread in whole of the country with means of transport. Now we never ask any shopkeeper as to which caste he belongs. With means of transport, people came out of their houses and began to make contacts with people of distant places. In this way these means played a very important role in spreading this process.

2. Urbanization. After 1947, industries developed very quickly in India because of which many cities Came into existence. People of different castes, religion, colour etc. live in cities and cities have more population. People living in urban area are hardly aware of the fact that who is their neighbour and to which caste he belongs. Under these circumstances, lower castes took maximum advantage. When they migrated to urban areas from rural areas then they started to claim themselves as of higher caste. They even adopted life style of upper caste people. Class system is of great importance in cities and person is respected not because of his caste but because of his social status. In this way the process of Sanskritization is very much influenced by the process of urbanisation.

3. Socio-religious Movements. Caste system was one of the important bases of Indian society. It was so strict that no one was allowed to go against the caste system. If any one was trying to do so then he was generally thrown out of the caste. Lower caste people were not allowed to uplift their social status as they were kept at lowest level of social hierarchy. Many socio-religious movements started against this system and it was opposed by many social reformers. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Jytoiba Phooley etc. started many reform movements. All these movements wanted to weaken the caste system.

They tried a lot to uplift the lower caste people and women. Mahatma Gandhi tried a lot to uplift the lower caste people and to eradicate untouchability from the society. He even gave the name of ‘Harijan’ to lower Castes. Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj greatly opposed the caste system and discrimination on the basis of caste. They also tried to remove superiority of upper castes. These social reformers tried to awaken the people. Inter-caste marriages began to take place due to these movements. In this way caste system was weakened and process of Sanskritization was encouraged.

4. Western Education. Before the arrival of the British, Indian educational system was based on religion. But when British arrived in India, they first of all tried tostart their own educational system over here. They treated every one on equal terms. They opened many schools, colleges and arranged education for all the castes. Before them, religious education was given to pupils. But they started to provide western education which was based on science and reasoning. Before Britishers, women were not allowed to take education. But Britishers opened many schools and colleges for girls. Many schools were co-educational schools where both boys and girls used to take education with each other. In this way western education removed the caste discrimination. The process of Sanskritization was encouraged by this and transformation came in ancient Indian social values.

5. Different Occupations. One of the important features of caste system was that one had to adopt the occupation of his caste. His occupation was not based on his wish but was based on his caste. He was not allowed to change his occupation. But large industries were established over here after the arrival of the British. Production came out of the houses and went over to factories. It led to emergence of capitalist system and many new occupations were emerged. Division of labour and specialisation is generally given importance in factories. Now every one likes to adopt occupation of his choice. Person can take education of his choice and can adopt occupation according to his education. A number of new occupations came into being in society. This emergence of new occupations led to weakening up of caste system’s restriction of occupation and the process of Sanskritization was encouraged.

6. New Economic System. The British government played a very important role in transforming Indian society. Before the British, person was restricted to adopt his caste’s occupation. One was allowed to adopt the occupation of that caste in which he was born. But many new industries were established with the arrival of the British. Production began to take place on a large scale. The process of production at home came to an end with which people were forced to come out of their houses to adopt another occupation.

It led to increase in importance of money. Now person wants to earn more money and he adopts that occupation which gives him more money. These days person gets social status on the basis of his wealth. In this way status of person is confined to his wealth. Wealthy person gets more status and respect in the society. An individual now gets more opportunities to earn money. A number of changes came in his living style. In this new economic system, things like untouchability are of no importance. Difference of higher or lower class remains no more in society. New economic system gave stress to the process of Sanskritization and its influence increased in society.

7. New Legal System. When the British arrived in India, they started a new legal system over here and began to treat equally all IndiAnswer: In ancient times, different types of punishments were given for same type of committed crime. This system was changed by the British. This system completely came to end after 1947. New Constitution of India was implemented which gave encouragement to process of Sanskritization. Government tried to uplift the lower castes. They were given reservations in educational institutions and government jobs.

A number of laws were made with which the caste system was greatly affected. In 1955 ‘Untouchability Offence Act’ was passed and untouchability was declared illegal. In 1954 ‘Special Marriage Act’ was passed which gave legal sanction to inter-caste marriage. This Act also tried to eradicate the system of endogamy. In 1937, ‘Arya Marriage Validation Act’ was passed which gave permission to Arya Samajis to marry with each other. Our Constitution has prohibited every one from discriminating others on the basis of caste, colour, creed, age, birth etc. Lower caste people were given a number of facilities. In this way new legal system very much influenced the process of Sanskritisation.

8. Political Effect. After independence, new democratic values were developed in the country. That’s why every citizen of country received a number of political rights. Lower caste people received many opportunities to uplift their social status. People were politically motivated to remove caste based discrimination. Many political parties were formed to gain independence and people of all the castes jointly participated in freedom struggle. People collectively went to jails and lived with each other. These circumstances led to the weakening of caste based discriminations.

Now lower caste people have more importance from political point of view. As they are more in number, that’s why their political importance has been increased. Even few seats are reserved for them in Parliament. In this way, it became very easy for lower caste people to adopt living style of upper castes and the process of Sanskritization increased a lot.

9. Modern Education. In ancient times, religion based education was given to pupils. When the British arrived in India, they gave stress on western education and that’s why many schools, colleges were opened. After independence, even our Constitution says that instead of religious education, secular education must be given. The basic principle of new education is that all humans are equal. Only education can break the clutches of caste system. With education, person can gradually change his caste. Only after getting education, person can improve his caste and status in society. In this way modern education is also a source of Sanskritization.

10. Passion for Money. These days, humans have a lot of passion for money and they have become materialistic. Now every one likes to run behind money. When person becomes wealthy then he wants to uplift his social status and living style. He first of all changes his life style and then he even changes his caste. Gradually, he comes to be known by his changed caste. In this way the process of Sanskritization is also encouraged by the increased importance of wealth.

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Book Solutions Chapter 6 Dairy Farming Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Agriculture Chapter 6 Dairy Farming

Agriculture Guide for Class 9 PSEB Dairy Farming Textbook Questions and Answers

(A) Answer in 1 -2 words:

Question 1.
Give the number of cows and buffaloes in Punjab.
Answer:
17 lakh cows and 50 lakh buffaloes.

Question 2.
Give the name of the best cow breed.
Answer:
Sahiwal is the best Indian milk breed.

Question 3.
How much milk is required for a healthy person daily?
Answer:
250 gram.

Question 4.
How much milk is produced by Red Sindhi?
Answer:
1800 kg per lactation.

Question 5.
What is the optimum dry-off period of a pregnant cow?
Answer:
60 days before the expected date of calving.

Question 6.
Give daily green fodder requirement for 400 kg heavy cow or buffalo?
Answer:
35 kg green fodder.

Question 7.
At what age bodyweight of heifer is 300 kg?
Answer:
At the age of 18 months.

Question 8.
What is the average lactation milk yield of Murrah buffalo?
Answer:
Average 1700-1800 kg.

Question 9.
Where one should contact for dairy farming training?
Answer:
Deputy Director (Dairy Development), Krishi Vigyan Kendra of concerned District, GADVASU Ludhiana.

Question 10.
Name the buffalo breeds in Punjab.
Answer:
Murrah, Nili Ravi.

(B) Answer in 1-2 sentences:

Question 1.
Give characteristics of the Sahiwal breed.
Answer:
Characteristics of Sahiwal breed :

Question 2.
What do you know about Holstein Friesian Breed?
Answer:
Characteristics of Holstein Friesian :

Question 3.
How a best cow can be selected?
Answer:

• 305 days lactation milk yield should be 4000 kg.
• Peak yield should be 19-20 kg.
• First time calving age should be 30 months.
• Service period should be 2-4 months.
• Dry off period before calving should be 2 months.

Question 4.
Give management aspect of cow after calving.
Answer:
Animal should be offered one bucket of warm water with 50 gm of common salt after calving. Give the following twice for 4 days-cooked ground wheat dalia in 54 kg jaggery. Milk the cow within 2 hours of calving. High yielder cow should not be milked completely for the first 2-3 days after calving.

Question 5.
Give the characteristics of a good floor in animal shed.
Answer:
An animal requires 5-7 feet (150-210 cm) long and 4 feet (120 cm) wide space for standing. There should be proper slope from manger towards gutter for effective drainage of water. Floor should be pucca made of bricks and cement but it should be non- slippery. There should Jbe corrugations in the floor. If there is open space it should be brick laden.

Question 6.
What is a concentrate ?
Answer:
Concentrate is a mixture. It consists of cereals, oil seed cakes and other biproducts of cereals. It provides energy and protein to the animals. These can be prepared in two ways. One is leguminous fodder consists of berseem, lucerne, cowpeas, which contain 13-15% of protein. The other contains 16-18% protein which is prepared from non-leguminous fodder e.g. maize, oats, bajra etc.

Question 7.
How cow dung should be managed ?
Answer:
Remove the cow dung daily and take it away from the shed to put it in a pit. The pit should be of the size 20 x 14 x 4 feet. Start filling it from one side and cover the filled part with soil. This prevents wastage of nutrients from the dung. Use well rotten prepared farm yard manure for the fields.

Question 8.
How milk utensils can be cleaned ?
Answer:
Wash the utensils 2-3 times with fresh water. Disinfect the utensils using suitable chemicals. Steaming for 2-3 minutes also disinfects the utensils. Sodium and Calcium hypochloride can also be used for disinfection. Wash the utensils with fresh water again to remove any traces of chemicals left in the utentsils after disinfection.

Question 9.
Give detail of management of calves.
Answer:
Calf should be cleaned using a clean dry cloth. Naval cord should be cut after keeping 4 inches using sterlized scissor. Till the sheding off of the Naval cord, it should be dressed with tincture of Iodine or Dettol for 2-3 times everyday. Feed the calf within 2 hours of birth on colostrum. In case its mother is dead, feed the calf with warm mixture of one litre cow milk, 5 ml castor oil, 5 ml cod liver oil and one egg. Feeding of calf starter should be started when it is 15 days of age and then start feeding on succulent green fodder daily.

Question 10.
Give precautions during milking.
Answer:

• Milking should be done in a separate room.
• Milking should be done in a clean and calm place.
• Wash the teats with Dettol or potassium permanganate before milking.
• Milking should be done by full hand method and avoid the use of thumb for milking.

(C) Answer in 5-6 sentences:

Question 1.
Write a note oir management of dairy animals.
Answer:
1. Space Requirement: There is a need of 120-140 square feet space for every adult animal. Out of which 42 sQuestion feet should be covered and 85 sQuestion feet should be open.

2. Floor and Drainage: An animal requires 5-7 feet (150-210 cm) long and 4 feet (120 cm) wide space for standing. There should be proper slope from manger towards gutter for effective drainage of water. Floor should be pucca made of bricks and cement but it should be non-slippery. There should be corrugations Tn the floor. If there is open space it should be brick laden. ’

3. Walls: There should be wall all around the shed.

4. Roof: There should be roof at a height of 10 feet. It can be made from brick and wooden battons. Roof can be covered with plastic sheets to avoid leakage during rains. ‘

5. Water Manger: Water manger height should be 2 feet for adult animals and 1 feet for young calves.

6. Silo pit. It is a pit for silage making: It should be near chaff cutter at higher elevation than ground level to prevent rain water entering into it.

7. Management of Cow Dung: Cow dung should be removed from the shed on daily basis and fill it in a pit. Cover the pit with solid after filling it with cow dung.

8. Disinfecting shed: Disinfect the shed by using 4% phenyl solution. Wash the walls and floor where phenyl was sprayed after six hours with water.

9. Summer and Winter Management: Plant trees around the shed and give bath to animals for 3-4 times in a day in summer. Install fans and cooler in the shed.

Keep animals under the roof in winter and give more energetic ration during winter.

Question 2.
Give important tips for feeding of dairy animals.
Answer:

1. Feed them according to their need and only that much which is necessary.
2. Feed should be given at proper time, concentrate should be given to them before milking or during milking in equal quantity.
3. There should be no sudden change in concentrate.
4. Feed, if it is grains it should be in the form of dalia.
5. Give chopped fodder of Napier bajra, Bajra, Maize etc.
6. One kg dry fodder can replace 5-6 kg of fresh green fodder. Good quality green fodder can save concentrate.
7. Excess feeding can result in bloat and indigestion.
8. Mix some amount of chopped wheat straw in lush green legume or green fodder to avoid bloat and indigestion.
9. Feed silage after milking otherwise a bad smell will appear in the milk.

Question 3.
Write a note on management of fresh milk.
Answer:
1. Handling of fresh milk. Take out the milk from the milk parlour immediately after milking to avoid mixing of smell of the shed in the milk. Also remove the animals from the milk parlour so that it may remain clean. Strain the milk using iron or plastic sieve or muslin cloth. This is done to remove any unwanted material like hairs, dust, insects, straw or fodder particles from the milk. After every straining, wash the sieve and disinfect it with suitable substance. This will decrease bacterial load in the milk. And milk can be preserved for a long time.

2. Cold Storage. Store the milk below 5°C to prevent the growth of bacteria. If milk is not stored at such temperature, it will clot and is of no use. Milk should reach the milk collection centre with in 2-3 hours of milking.

Question 4.
Write a note on disbudding of calves.
Answer:
Disbudding gives a beautiful look to the animal. This also avoids hurting during any fight between two animals. Animals need
less space if disbudded and can be kept in loose housing system. Disbudding should be done at the age of 15-20 days and 7-10 days in case of cow calves and buffalo calves respectively. Disbudding is done with red hot iron method. Apply antiseptic cream on the wound till complete healing.

Question 5.
Give details about purchase of a dairy animal.
Answer:
Before purchasing a dairy animal it should be milked regularly for three times. It should have a wedge shaped body from top, front and hind side, its skin should be thin. Udder must shrink after milking and there should be no hard lumps present in the udder. Purchase animal after second or third lactation. It is better if it has female calf.

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What is the age of good quality breed of buffalo for first lactation?
Answer:
36-40 months.

Question 2.
What is the gap between two lactation for a good breed buffalo?
Answer:
15-16 months.

Question 3.
What is average lactation milk yield in case of Hariana breed?
Answer:
1000 kg.

Question 4.
What is the average lactation milk yield in case of Tharparkar breed?
Answer:
1400 kg.

Question 5.
Within how many hours cow should be milked after calving?
Answer:
Within 2 hours.

Question 6.
How much extra concentrate should be given to milch animals which is less than five years of age?
Answer:
0.5 to 1.0 kg.

Question 7.
How much should-be the height of the water manger for young chives?
Answer:
1 to 1.5 feet.

Question 8.
Write native place of Nili Ravi?
Answer:
Montgomeri (Pakistan).

Question 9.
How much is the 305 days lactation milk yield?
Answer:
It is 2500 kg for buffalo and 4000 kg for cow.

Question 10.
What should be the age of buffalo at first lactation?
Answer:
36 months.

Question 11.
What should be the age of cow at first lactation?
Answer:
30 months.

Question 12.
Which breed of cow is used for cross breeding?
Answer:
Jersey.

Question 13.
After how many milkings a dairy animal should be purchased?
Answer:
After 3 regular milkings.

Question 14.
Write about size of horns and udder of Sahiwal.
Answer:
Horns are short and udder is large.

Question 15.
How much is average lactation milk yield and fat per cent for Hariana breed?
Answer:
Average lactation milk yield is 1000 kg and fat is 4%.

Question 16.
How much is average lactation milk yield and fat per cent for Sahiwal?
Answer:
1800 kg., fat 5%.

Question 17.
Where does Red Sindhi belong?
Answer:
Sindh (Pakistan)

Question 18.
Name the cow breed which belongs to Kutch (Gujarat)?
Answer:
Tharparkar.

Question 19.
Write about average lactation milk yield dhd fat for Holstein-Friesian breed.
Answer:
5500-6500 kg., fat 3.5-4%.

Question 20.
Where does Jersey breed of cow belong?
Answer:
Jersey in England.

Question 21.
Write about average lactation milk yield and fat for Jersey.
Answer:
3000-5000, fat 5%.

Question 22.
In dairy animals 8% energy requirement is met from what?
Answer:
Carbohydrates.

Question 23.
When should disbudding be done in buffalo calves?
Answer:
At the age of 7-10 days.

Question 24.
When should disbudding be done in cow calves?
Answer:
At the age of 15-20 days.

Question 25.
Vaccination is done in calves to prevent which diseases?
Answer:
Foot and mouth diseases, hemorrhagic septicemia etc.

Question 26.
How much time is required to complete milking?
Answer:
For one animal it is 6-8 minutes.

Question 27.
What should be the direction of cow shed?
Answer:
East-West.

Question 28.
How much space is required by adult animal.
Answer:
120-140 square feet.

Question 29.
What is average lactation milk yield in case of buffalo in India?
Answer:
500 kg.

Question 30.
What is average lactation milk yield in case of buffalo in Punjab?
Answer:
1500 kg.

Question 31.
What is average lactation milk yield for Murrah and fat% in milk?
Answer:
1700-1800 kg, 7% fat.

Question 32.
How much milk yield is obtained from dairy animals annually?
Answer:
94 lakh tonnes.

Question 33.
How much per capita milk is produced in Punjab?
Answer:
937 gram per capita per day.

Question 34.
How much milk is produced by indigenous breeds of cows?
Answer:
The average lactation milk yield is 1000 to 1800 kg.

Question 35.
What is fat percent in milk produced by Hariana, Sahiwal and Red Sindhi breeds?
Answer:
Hariana-4%, Sahiwal-5%, Red Sindhi-5%.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What could be done to increase milk production?
Answer:
This can be done by increasing the number of milk giving animals and by making them able to produce more milk. For producing high milk yielding animals, cross breeding is done and exotic bulls are used.

Question 2.
For economical farming, write qualities which dairy animals should have?
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write details about an exotic breed of cow (Jersey)?
Answer:

Question 2.
Write about two breeds of buffaloes found in Punjab.
Answer:

• Murrah: It basically belongs to Rohtak (Hariana). Its horns ’ are curled. Its colour is black. Switch of tail may be black. Its neck and head are slim, udder is large and teats are long. Its weight may be 430 kg. Average lactation milk yield is 1700-1800 kg with 7% fat.
• Nili Ravi: This breed belongs originally to Montgomery (Pakistan). It is of black colour but forehead is white. Its legs are white under knees, tail is white also. It is known as Panj-Kaliani. It is medium statured breed with short horns which are curled and it also has blue eyes. Average lactation milk yield is 1600-1800 kg.

Question 3.
Write characteristics of indigeneous breeds of cows.
Answer:

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Guide Dairy Farming Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Gap between two lactations for a good breed buffalo is :
(a) 15-16 month
(b) 24-25 month
(c) 4-5 month
(d) 6-7 month
Answer:
(a) 15-16 month

2. Native place of Jersey breed is :
(a) Punjab
(b) Haryana
(c) England
(d) Sindh
Answer:
(c) England

3. First time calving age should be :
(a) 30 month
(b) 10 month
(c) 50 month
(d) 100 month
Answer:
(a) 30 month

4. Daily green fodder requirement for 400 kg heavy cow or buffalo is :
(a) 50 kg
(b) 400 kg
(c) 35 kg
(d) 100 kg
Answer:
(c) 35 kg

5. Milk requirement for a healthy person on daily basis is :
(a) 250 gram
(b) 500 gram
(c) 100 gram
(d) 700 gram
Answer:
(a) 250 gram

True/False:

1. Nearly 70% population in Punjab lives in villages.
Answer:
True

2. Dual purpose breeds are Tharparkar and Hariana.
Answer:
True

3. Indigeneous breeds of cows have average lactation milk yield varying from 1000 kg to 1700 kg.
Answer:
False

4. There are 17 lakh cbws and 10 lakh buffaloes in Punjab.
Answer:
False

5. Holstein-Friesian is highest milk giving exotic breed of cow.
Answer:
True

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Feed milk to calf and avoid …………….
Answer:
sucking

2. Milking should be complete in ……………. with full hand method.
Answer:
6-8 minutes

3. Preserve the milk at 5°C. It prevents the growth of …………….
Answer:
bacteria

4. Average lactation milk yield of Indian breeds of buffalo is ……………. at National level.
Answer:
500 kg

5. Clean the milk ……………. properly.
Answer:
containers