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Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 12 Form of Governments: Parliamentary and Presidential Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 12 Form of Governments: Parliamentary and Presidential

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Parliamentary System? Discuss its essential features.
Answer:
What is a Parliamentary form of government? Parliamentary type of government is also called Cabinet government or Responsible government. In this form of government there is a nominal head of the State and all executive powers are exercised by a Cabinet or ministers. These ministers are usually members of the legislature. They are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature for their action and policies.

They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer the questions put to them by the members of the legislature. If the legislature passes a vote of no-confidence against them, they resign their offices. Other members who possess the confidence of the legislature are then appointed as ministers. The members of the Cabinet are usually selected from among the legislators or the party or parties which command a majority in the legislature.

Each minister is incharge of one or more, departments. Garner observes, “Cabinet government is that system in which the real executive the Cabinet or Ministry is immediately and legally responsible to the legislature or one branch of it. (usually the more popular chamber) for its legislative and administrative act and ultimately or politically responsible to the electorate, while the titular or nominal executive the chief of the State-occupies a position of irresponsibility.

Parliamentary system had its origin in Britain and now most of the countries have adopted it. India, England, Canada, Denmark, Australia, Belgium, Japan, Bangla Desh and so many other countries have adopted parliamentary form of government.

Features Of Parliamentary Government:
The important features of Parliamentary government are as follows:
1. Head of the State is a Nominal Executive:
There is a titular executive head of the state either elected for a definite time or a hereditary monarch. Almost all the executive powers of the government are vested with the head of the State but it is only in theory and in practice all these powers are exercised by the real executive.

The nominal head of the State always acts on the advice of the council of ministers. The head of the State cannot do anything at his own initiative. In fact it is the council of ministers which exercises the power of the head of the State. The head of the State cannot do anything without taking the council of ministers into confidence.

2. Close Relationship between Executive and Legislature:
There exists a close relationship between the Cabinet and the Legislature. All the members of the cabinet are the members of the legislatures. They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer questions put to them by the members of the legislature. If an outsider is oppointed a minister he must become the member of the legislature within a definite period otherwise he ceases to be the member of the council of ministers. The ministers pilot the bills and see that they are passed. They are legislators as well as administrators.

3. Responsibility of the Cabinet:
The responsibility of the Cabinet means that so long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature, it remains in power. Whenever the majority party is turned into minority or a vote of no-confidence or a vote of censure is passed against the government, it must go out and give place to the party which can then command majority. The council of ministers always acts in accordance with the wishes of the legislature.

4. Tenure of the Cabinet is not Fixed:
The tenure of the council of ministers is not definite. They can remain in office till the legislature wishes them to remain in office. The legislature can remove the members of the council of ministers from their office. If the majority of the members of the legislature passes a vote of no-confidence against the cabinet, then cabinet will have to resign.

5. Leadership of the Prime Minister:
In parliamentary system, Cabinet works under the leadership of the Prime Minister. Leader of the majority party in the Lower Chamber is appointed as the Prime Minister of the country and all other ministers are appointed by him. The head of the State neither appoints ministers of his own accord nor he can ask them to quit the office.

The Prime Minister selects his colleagues from among the members of his party and the President approves them. He forms the Cabinet, he can alter it, he can destroy it altogether. If he resigns, the whole Council of Ministers goes out of office. He summons the meetings of the Cabinet and presides over them. He can ask any minister to resign.

6. Political Homogeneity:
Cabinet works as a unit. But it can work as a unit only when all ministers in the Council of Ministers are taken from the single political party. The Prime Minister includes all the “big guns’ of his party in the Council of Ministers.

7. Secrecy:
Proceedings of the Cabinet are confidential. No minister can give publicity to the proceedings of the Cabinet. The decision of the Cabinet can be disclosed only by a minister authorised by the Prime Minister. At the time of the assumption of the office, every minister takes the oath of secrecy.

8. Dissolution of the Lower House:
One of the important feature of the Indian and British parliamentary government is the right of the council of ministers to dissolve the Lower House of the Parliament. On 26th April, 1999 President K. R. Narayanan dissolved Lok Sabha on the advice of Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee.

Question 2.
Discuss the merits and demerits of Parliamentary government.
Answer:
Merits of Parliamentary Govt. Following are the merits of Parliamentary government:
1. It is more Democratic:
The great merit of the parliamentary government is that the people have share in this type of government and the representatives of the people exercise real authority. The members of the Cabinet are the real executive and they are selected from among the members of the legislature and are responsible to the legislature for all their actions and policies. In short, the representatives of the people are the rulers and they are responsible to other representatives. The ministers are to run the administration of the State in accordance with the wishes of the people.

2. Harmony between Executive and Legislature:
There is harmony between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary type of government. All the laws introducted by the Cabinet are bound to be passed because they possess a majority in the legislature. On the other hand, the Cabinet works in accordance with the desires of the legislature because it can be removed from the office by a vote of no-confidence, passed in the legislature. In short, under this system there is no difference between the law-makers and Cabinet ministers who enforce the laws because both are inter-dependent on each other and work in harmony.

3. Responsible Government:
The Cabinet government is a responsible one and it cannot behave dictatorially. The members of the legislature ask questions and supplementary questions to the members of the Cabinet. They criticise the working of different departments on the floor of the House. In case the legislature indicates a loss of confidence over the Council of Ministers, the ministers are to resign. It is why the ministers always act in accordance with the wishes of the people. They cannot afford to go against public opinion. The government in this system always remains responsible to the legislature which is directly elected by the people.

4. Strong Government:
In a Cabinet government there is a strong administration. The government can enforce its policies strongly and vigorously. It is an age of political parties and the leader of the majority party is appointed the Prime Minister of the country. The Prime Minister selects other ministers from among the members of his party in the legislature. As the Cabinet is confident of its majority in the legislature, so it can act effectively. It has the support of the majority of the members in the legislature.

5. Timely Change in Government:
It is a great merit of parliamentary government that it changes when the time demands it so. The Cabinet is changed when the change is inevitable. During the .general elections the people get an opportunity to seek a change in the Cabinet. The change of Cabinet can be sought by passing a vote of no-confidence over it by the legislature. During the Second World War it was the Conservative Party which ruled Britain, and it conducted the war very successfully.

But after the war was over the people of Britain voted the Labour Party in power and not the Conservative Party. The parliamentary system is flexible in nature. Under this system the government can be changed and moulded in accordance with the desire of the country. Moreover, under this system in war times the election can be easily postponed for some time in national interest.

6. It is more Responsive to the Public Opinion:
Parliamentary government is more responsive to public opinion. The reason for this is that the administration under this system of government comes under terrible criticism. The majority party forms the government and the minority parties or opposition parties keep a strict watch on it.

They criticise the wrong actions of the government. The opposition parties bring the weakness of the government to light and try to win public opinion to their side. The ministers are always afraid of the criticism by opposition parties and hence they do not do any such thing which is not liked by the people.

7. It is more Educative:
Under the parliamentary system of government the masses get more political education than under the Presidential system. Under this system the people are always interested and take active part in the affairs of the government because they think that their criticism has an effect on the policy of the government.

It is the majority party which gets an opportunity to form the government. During elections each political party strives hard to get the maximum votes of the people in order to have a majority in the legislature. Each party tries to attract voters by advocating its view-point on the various problems of the State. In criticises the policies of the government and brings to light the wrongs committed by the government. It offers solutions to the problems facing the country.

No individual can keep himself aloof from the happenings in the country. Even after elections each political party from time to time discusses national or local problems with the people. All these things provide political education to the people.

8. Government of able Statesmen:
Parliamentary government is called the aristocratic government of modern age. In this system of government the authority remains in the hands of capable men. The leader of the majority party is appointed the Prime Minister and all other ministers are selected by him. It is essential that the Prime Minister should be equipped with all the qualities which are required to run the administration of the State quite successfully.

The ministers are taken from among the members of the legislature. Only the capable and experienced persons are selected to be appointed as ministers. If inexperienced and incapable persons are selected as ministers, they cannot run the administration efficiently. People elect only those people who are popular and are capable to participate in the proceedings of the legislature.

Demerits Of Parliamentary Government:
Following are the demerits of Parliamentary government:
1. It is against the theory of separation of powers:
The theory of separation of powers lays emphasis on the point that concentration of powers in the same hands is harmful. But in the parliamentary government the executive and legislative powers are concentrated in the same hands.

The members of the council of ministers make laws as well as run the administration of the State. There is always a danger that ministers may not frame laws which are not in the interests of the people. As the ministers belong to the majority party in the legislature, with its support in the legislature they may not assume dictatorial powers.

2. Dictatorship of the Cabinet:
Under certain circumstances, a Cabinet government may develop dictatorial tendencies. The fear of a new type of despotism arising in the Cabinet system cannot be ruled out. This may happen when the Cabinet belongs to a party which has an overriding majority in the legislature and opposition parties in the legislature are weak and divided.

In such a situation, the Cabinet exercises immense powers being supported in all its policies by members of its own party, the members of which do not try to evaluate these measures on merit. Further the power of the leader ‘of the Cabinet to propose a dissolution of the legislature, very often compels the legislature to support legislation which otherwise they would not favour. Cabinet rule is thus likely to result in a new despotism, a tyranny of the majority party.

3. Unstable Government:
The Government is always unstable in this form of government. This is simply because the Cabinet is responsible to the legislature and it can be removed by a vote of no-confidence passed by the legislature against it. Due to this instability, the government cannot make long term plans for the welfare of the masses.

In practice it has been estimated that the average life of the Cabinet in France is only eight months and in England nearly three years. The stability of the executive is very much threatened especially when no political party can command a majority in the legislature. The whims and fancies of the legislature may throw out an otherwise efficient and competent Cabinet.

4. It lacks Efficiency:
The great defect of this form of government is that it lacks efficiency. The rulers are always over-burdened with work and they cannot do it efficiently. The ministers are to perform various functions. They are to supervise the working of their own department and are to run the administration. They are to attend the meetings of the legislature and are to answer questions put to them by the members of legislature.

They are to pilot the bills and see them through. They answer the criticism of the legislators. They are to remain in touch with the people, because in the next election they are to seek their votes. They are so much over-burdened with work that they cannot attend to the governmental work properly.

5. Weak in time of Emergency:
The parliamentary government is very weak in times of great emergenices like the war or foreign attack or internal disturbance. This is simply because under this system, the Cabinet will have to get the consent of Parliament, or legislature before taking any strong action against the aggressors.

The long discussion of the ministers or of the legislature may ruin the country. Sometimes the ministers differ among themselves on the solution to certain serious problems. Sometimes the members of the Cabinet fail to reach a decision and the fate of the country hangs in the balance. Under these circumstances the country fails to meet the emergency successfully.

6. It is a Party Government:
The parliamentary government is essentially a party government. The party which gains majority in the legislature forms its own government. Therefore all the political parties organise themselves politically and if a member violates the discipline of the party, disciplinary action is taken against him.

As the political parties are well-organized, so the individual members lose their individual liberty and they cannot express their opinions freely. The political parties want all the members to remain loyal to the party. This way the people are always divided into various groups and factions.

Conclusion:
The parliamentary from of government has its merits and demerits. Some of the demerits of this form of government are most undesirable. The ministers sometimes are incapable and this government is weak in emergencies. The political parties do have some evil influence upon the people, but a democratic government cannot be run without the existence of political parties. In this system of government the administration is responsible and always respects public opinion. Most of the countries have adopted this form of government.

Question 3.
What is a Presidential System? Discuss its essential features.
Answer:
As against the parliamentary system there is a Presidential type of government which exists in U. S. A. By this government we mean that type of government in which the executive is not responsible to the legislature. Under this government the head of the State appoints his own advisers for the performance of his functions. Neither the President nor his secretaries are the members of the legislature.

They never attend the meetings of the legislature and are not responsible to it for their actions and policies. The President is appointed for a fixed term. He is boss of his secretaries and they are his servants. In fact there is a complete divorce between the executive and the legislature.

1. According to Dr. Gamer, “Presidential government is that system in which executive (including both head of state and his ministers) is constitutionally independent of legislature in respect to the duration of his or their tenure and, to large extent, as to his policies and acts. In such a system the Chief of a state is not merely the titulor executive but he is the real executive and actually exercises his power which the Constitution and laws confer on him.”

2. According to D. V. Verney, “The term Presidential has been chosen because in this system the office of the Head of Government and Head of the State are combined in the President.”

3. According to E. Asirvatham, “The Presidential system of government is that in which the executive is constitutionally independent of the legislature in respect of the duration of its tenure and irresponsible to it for its Political Policies.”

4. According to Gettel, “Presidential Government is that form in which the chief executive is independent of the legislature as to his tenure and to a large extent as to his policies and acts.” Presidential Govt, exists in U. S. A., France, Sri Lanka, etc.

Features Of The Presidential Government:
The important features of Presidential type of government are as follows:
1. Real Executive:
The head of the State in a Presidential type of government is the real executive and not a nominal one. He is the effective executive head of the State. Whatever are allotted to the head of the State, he exercises them effectively.

2. Cabinet is only an Advisory Body:
In a Presidential form of government cabinet is merely an advisory body. President is not bound to accept the advice of the cabinet. His secretaries and can rule in accordance with his own wishes. It is entirely his sweet will whether to consult his secretaries or not on a certain issue.

3. Separation of Executive and Legislature:
Under Presidential type of government, the executive is not dependent upon the legislature. It means that there is complete divorce between the executive and the legislature. If the legislature does not approve the action of the executive, it cannot remove the executive by a vote of no-confidence passed by the members. Neither the President nor his secretaries are the members of the Congress in U. S. A. The secretaries do not attend the meeting of the legislature and so do not participate in the proceedings of the House.

4. Irresponsibility of the Executive:
In a Presidential type of government the executive is not responsible to the legislature. The legislature in any way does not control the executive. The legislature cannot compel the executive to do particular thing. In other words, the legislature cannot dictate terms to the executive. The members of the legislature can ask questions to the executive only in writing. The ministers may or may not answer the questions, it entirely depends upon their sweet will.

5. Tenure of the Executive is Fixed:
In a Presidential type of government the tenure of the executive is fixed and the legislature cannot remove it from office. The secretaries are appointed by the President and for their actions and policies, they are responsible to the President. It is the President who can remove his secretaries from office.

6. President cannot dissolve the Parliament:
Presidential government is based on the theory of separation of powers. Hence the President has no power to dissolve any house of the legislature. The tenure of the legislature is fixed and it cannot be dissolved before the expiry of the term.

7. Political Homogeneity is Unncessary:
In a Presidential form of government it is not essential that all ministers should be taken from one party. It is because ministers are individually responsible to the President and there is no principle of collective responsibility.

Question 4.
Discuss the merits and demerits of presidential government.
Answer:
Merits Of Presidential Government:
Following are the merits of Presidential form of government:
1. Stable Government:
The government is stable in a Presidential type of government and it does not change frequently. The President exercises his authority himself and appoints a few secretaries for his assistance. The government is always stable because the term of office of the President is fixed by the Constitution. For instance, the President holds the office for a period of 4 years in America. The stability of government brings some definiteness and certainty in policy for running the administration of the country honestly and efficiently.

2. Efficiency in Administration:
The Presidential form of government is based on the theory of separation of powers. The secretaries neither contest elections nor they participate in the deliberations of the legislature. Their main function is to run the administration of the State. They run the administration neither under the dictation of the legislature and nor according to the dictates of the people. They run the administration quite independently. It is but natural that under such conditions the administration would be quite efficient.

3. Administration by able Statesman:
In this form of government the ministers are not the members of legislature. The President appoints only those persons as his secretaries who are experienced persons and can prove able administrators. He only makes appointments of so many federal officers and only those persons are appointed to these posts who can run the administration quite efficiently and smoothly.

In this system of government the secretaries can be taken from all the political parties. These secretaries run the administration quite independently and bother a little about the criticism of the legislature. Almost all the time the secretaries are busy in the work of the government. .

4. Suitable in time of Emergency:
The Presidential from of government suits the best at the time of emergency, because all the powers are concentrated in the hands of the President and he can use them quite effectively. The President can use his authority in whatever way he likes. He is not required to consult the legislature. The legislature may or may not like the action taken by the President to meet the emergency, the President can have his own way. The decisions are taken very promptly and the decisions are carried out very effectively. In a parliamentary type of government it takes time to take a decision.

5. Less Possibilites of Bad Effects of Party Politics:
In the Presidential form of government there is no such party split. The only function of the executive is to run the administration for the best interests of the society. The parties in the legislature do not have much conflict because they cannot change the government by passing a vote of no-confidence. Thus under a Presidential system the legislature also passes those laws which promote national welfare. In fact the Presidential system can be regarded as above party politics.

6. It is based on the Theory of Separation of Powers:
The Presidential form of government is based on the theory of separation of powers. The legislature is not controlled by the executive. Both the executive and the legislature are quite independent in their own sphere. .

7. Suitable for a Multi-Party System:
In a country where no party gains absolute majority and each party has captured some seats in the legislature, this system of government is very successful. If there is a multiple-party system, the parliamentary government cannot be a success because the government changes frequently. In a Presidential form of government, it is only during Presidential elections that the parties are active, and afterwards they become passive and hence the government does not change hands so frequently.

Demerits Of Presidential Government:
Following are the demerits of Presidential form of government:
1. Autocratic and Irresponsible Government:
In a Presidential type of government, neither the President nor his secretaries are the members of the legislature. They do not attend the meeting of the legislature. They are not to answer the questions on the floor of the House. They are not responsible to the legislature for their actions and policies. The President is their boss and they are his servants. The secretaries are responsible to him for all their actions and policies.

Under the Presidential system, the secretaries can become dictators in the exercise of their powers. This is simply because the secretaries cannot be removed from their offices by the legislature after passing a vote of no-confidence against them. The absence of this responsibility makes the executive officers at a superior position as a result of which they can become dictators for the administration of government, though for a limited period.

2. It does not Change according to Time:
Presidential system is rigid because the tenure of the President is fixed by the Constitution. This system is defective because the people will have to tolerate the Head of the State whether he is good or bad and they cannot change him before the fixed period.

It is due to the rigidity of the Presidential system that the elections could not be postponed in U.S.A. during Second World War. If instead of President Roosevelt, another man had come to power, America would have suffered great loss. The Presidential system is defective because it cannot adjust itself in accordance with the changing requirements of the country.

3. Possibility of Deadlock of the Government:
This form of government is based on the theory of separation of powers. The executive and legislative organs of the government are separated from each other and there is no close relationship between the two. This separation between the executive and the legislature leads to disputes and deadlocks.

The possibility of deadlocks increases when the President belongs to one party and the legislature has the majority of the members of another party. Under these circumstances the policy of the executive and the policy of the legislature differ widely. But the legislature and the executive will work independently. The national interest is bound to suffer if the deadlocks and disputes arise so often.

4. No Possibility of Good Laws:
There is no possibility of goods laws and hence the administration cannot be run smoothly. Good laws can be made only when the legislature and the executive work in close cooperation with each other. If the laws are not enforced with the same spirit with which they were framed, they cannot prove useful. Similarly if the laws are not framed according to the needs of government, the administration cannot be run efficiently. The peace and order cannot be maintained in the State properly under such circumstances.

5. Weak in Conduct of Foreign Relations:
The government cannot establish sound relations with foreign countries under this form of government. The reason for this is the legislature which has the power of declaring war and concluding peace. Moreover, all the treaties made with foreign countries by the executive are to be ratified by the legislature. The President is never sure about the the fact whether the legislature will ratify a particular treaty or not. Even if the approval of legislature for the treaties entered into with foreign countries is not essential, the laws are required for enforcing these treaties and they are to be passed by the legislature.

6. Rigid Constitution:
Due to rigidity of the Constitution presidential government is not changeable according to needs and circumstances. Everything happens in accordance with the provisions elaborately prescribed by the Constitution. No danger, no crisis can melt the inflexible Constitutional rules.

7. Public Opinion Neglected:
In a Presidential government chances of neglecting the public opinion is more because President and ministers are not responsible to the legislature.

8. Separation of Powers is not Practicable:
Presidential form of government is mainly based on the idea of separation of powers among the organ of the government. But practically separation is neither possible, nor practicable nor desirable. In fact the strict separation of powers is not found in any country of the world.

Question 5.
Distinguish between Parliamentary and Presidential forms of Government.
Answer:
The Parliamentary and Presidential governments differ from each other in a number of important respects. In India and Britain Parliamentary forms of government have been adopted and U.S.A. had adopted Presidential form of government. Both the forms of governments differ on the points given ahead:
(a) Position of the Executive
(b) Relations between the Executive and the Legislature.
(c) Responsibility and Tenure of the Executive.
Following are the points of difference between the Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government:
(a) Position of the Executive

Parliamentary Government	Presidential Government
Head of the State is a Nominal Executive	Head of the State is Real Executive
1. The head of the State is a nominal one and the powers conferred on him by the Constitution are not exercised by him according to his own sweet will. In England, the head of the state is queen and in India the head of the State is President. Neither of the two exercise his/her authority according to his/her will.	1. The head of the State is not the nominal executive but the real effective executive head of the State. He exercises his powers according to his sweet will. In U.S.A., the head of the State is President and he can exercise his authority according to his will. He selects ministers of his own sweet will. His tenure of office is fixed.
2. There is a council of ministers to aid and advise the President. In fact all the powers of the head of the State are exercised by the council of ministers. The head of the State can do nothing without the advice of his council of ministers.	2. There is a council of ministers to aid and advise the President. But the President is not bound to act on the advice of the council of ministers. He can do anything without consulting his ministers or even he can go against their advice. His ministers are merely his advisers.
3. The President does not have a free hand in the case of the appointment of his ministers. The leader of the majority party is to be appointed Prime Minister by the head of the state and other Ministers are appointed on the recommendations of the Prime Minister. The head of the State cannot remove the ministers from office.	3. The President has a free hand in the appointmentof his ministers. He can appoint any one as his minister and can remove any minister whenever he likes. He is not required to seek the advice of anybody in the case of appointment and removal of his ministers.
4. The head of the council of ministers is the Prime Minister and not the President.	4. The head of the State is also the head of the council of ministers.

(b) Relations between the Executive and the Legislature.

Parliamentary Government	Presidential Government
Close relations between the Executive and the Legislature	Separation of the Executive and the Legislature.
The members of the council of ministers are taken from the legislature.	1.The members of the council of ministers are not taken from amongst the members of the legislature.
2.The ministers participate in the meetings of the legislature. They introduce bills, participate in discussions of the House and support their measures. They participate in voting on bills.	2.The ministers do not attend the meetings of the legislature. They neither introduce bills nor deliver speeches in the house. They do not participate in voting on bills in the House.
3. The head of the State calls the meeting of the legislature in accordance with the wishes of the ministry.	3. The head of the State does not convene the meetings of the legislature.
4. The executive can at any time seek the dissolution of the legislature and can order fresh elections. The council of ministers can advise the head of the State to do so.	4. The executive cannot dissolve the legislature. The Lower Chamber continues to exist for a fixed and definite period.

(c) Responsibility and Tenure of the Executive.

Parliamentary Government	Presidential Government
Responsibility and Unfixed Tenure	Irresponsibility and Fixed Tenure
1. The ministers are responsible for their actions to the legislature.	1.The executive is not responsible for its actions and policies to the legislature.
2. The members of the legislature can ask the ministers questions and they have to answer them.	2. The members of the legislature can ask questions from the ministers, but they may or may not answer their questions.
3. The tenure of the executive is not fixed. If the legislature loses confidence in the ministers they have to resign from office.	3. The tenure of the executive is fixed. The legislature cannot remove the ministers from office. The head of the State appoints them and removes them from office.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Parliamentary form of Government?
Answer:
Parliamentary type of government is also called Cabinet government or responsible government. In this form of government there is a nominal head of the state and all executive powers are exercised by a Cabinet of Ministers. These ministers are usually members of the legislature. They are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature for the their action and policies. They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer the questions put to them by the members of the legislature. If the legislature passes a vote of no-confidence against them, they resign their offices.

Question 2.
What are the merits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

1. The great merit of the parliamentary government is that the people have share in this type of govt, and the representatives of the people exercise real authority.
2. There is harmony between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary type of govt.
3. In a Cabinet government there is a strong administration.
4. Parliamentary government is more responsible to public opinion.

Question 3.
What are the demerits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

• It is against the theory of separation of powers.
• Under certain circumstances, a Cabinet government may develop dictatorial tendencies.
• The government is always unstable in this form of government.
• The Parliamentary govt, is very weak in times of great emergencies like war or foreign attack or internal disturbance.

Question 4.
What are the merits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

• The government is stable in Presidential type of government and it does not change frequently.
• The Presidential form of govt, suits the best at the time of emergency.
• The Presidential government is based on the theory of separtion of powers.
• In a country where no party gains absolute majority, this system is very successful.

Question 5.
What are the demerits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

• Presidential system is rigid because the office of the President is defined by the Constitution. Therefore, it does not change according to time.
• In a Presidential government chances of neglecting the public opinion are more because President and ministers are not responsible to the legislature.
• There is no possiblity of goods laws and hence the administration cannot be run smoothly.
• The separation of powers leads to disputes and deadlocks.

Question 6.
What is Presidential Government?
Answer:
Presidential form of government is that government in which the head of the state and the ministers are constitutionally free from the legislature for their tenure. They are not responsible to the legislature for their policies. Thus the head of the state in a Presidential type of government is the real executive and not a nominal one. Whatever powers are allotted to the head of the state by the constitution, he exercises them effectively.

Question 7.
Mention the various features of parliamentary form of Government.
Answer:
Following are the features of parliamentary government:

• Head of the state is a nominal executive.
• Difference between re.al executive and nominal executive.
• Close relationship between executive and legislature. All the members of the cabinet are the members of the legislature and they attend meetings of the legislature.
• Cabinet is colloectiv.ely responsible to the legislature. So long it enjoys the confidence of the legislature, it remains in power.

Question 8.
Mention the various features of presidential form of government.
Answer:
Following are the features of presidential form of government:

• The head of the state is the real executive and not a nominal one.
• Cabinet is only an advisory body. President is not bound to accept the advice of the cabinet.
• Separation of executive and legislature, neither the President nor cabinet members are the members of the legislature.
• The executive is not responsible to the legislature.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Parliamentary Govt, and Presidential Government?
Answer:

• In Parliamentary Govt, the head of the State is a nominal one whereas the head of the state is real executive in residential Government.
• The head of the Council of Ministers is the Prime Minister not President in parliamentary government whereas the head of the state is also the head of the Council of Ministers in Presidential govt.
• In Parliamentary govt., the members of the council of ministers are taken from the legislature whereas the member of the council of ministers are not the members of legislature in Presidential govt.
• The head of the state calls the meetings of the legislature in accordance with the wishes of the ministry in the
• Parliamentary system whereas the head of State does not convene the meetings of the legislature in Presidential system.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Parliamentary form of government?
Answer:
In Parliamentary type of government there is a nominal head of the state and all executive powers are exercised by a Cabinet of Ministers. These, ministers are usually members of the legislature. They are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature for the their action and policies. They attend the meetings of the legislature and answer the questions put to them by the members of the legislature.

Question 2.
Explain the merits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

• The great merit of the parliamentary government is that the people have share in this type of govt, and the respresentatives of the people exercise . real authority.
• There is harmony between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary type of govt.

Question 3.
Explain the demerits of Parliamentary Government?
Answer:

• It is against the theory of separation of powers.
• Under certain circumstances, a Cabinet government may develop dictatorial tendencies. .

Question 4.
What are the merits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

• The government is stable in Presidential type of government and it does not change frequently.
• The Presidential form of govt, suits the best at the time of emergency.

Question 5.
Discuss the demerits of Presidential Government?
Answer:

• Presidential system is rigid because the office of the President is defined by the Constitution. Therefore, it does not change according to time.
• In a Presidential government chances of neglecting the public opinion are more because President and ministers are not responsible to the legislature.

Question 6.
What is Presidential Government?
Answer:
Presidential form of government is that government in which the head of the state and the ministers are constitutionally free from the legislature for their tenure. Thus the head of the state in a Presidential type of government is the real executive and not a nominal one.

Question 7.
Explain the various features of parliamentary form of Government.
Answer:
Following are the features of parliamentary government:

• Head of the state, is a nominal executive.
• Difference between real executive and nominal executive.

Question 8.
Explain the various features of presidential form of government.
Answer:
Following are the features of presidential form of government:

• The head of the state is the real executive and not a nominal one.
• Cabinet is only an advisory body. President is not bound to accept the advice of the cabinet.

Question 9.
What is the difference between Parliamentary Govt, and Presidential Government?
Answer:

• In Parliamentary Govt, the head of the State is a nominal one whereas the head of the state is real executive in Pesidential Government.
• The head of the Council of Ministers is the Prime Minister not President in parliamentary government whereas the head of the state is also the head of the Council of Ministers in Presidential govt.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention one feature of Parliamentary government.
Answer:
In a Parliamentary government head of the state is a constitutional head.

Question 2.
Write down any one demerit of Parliamentary government.
Answer:
The government is always unstable in Parliamentary form of governments.

Question 3.
Write down any one feature of Presidential form of government.
Answer:
The head of the state is real executive in Presidential form of government.

Question 4.
Write down any one demerit of Presidential form of government.
Answer:
Presidential form of government does not change according to time.

Fill in the blanks

1. There is a close relationship between the Cabinet and the……………….. in Parliamentary form of government.
Answer:
Legislature

2. In the Parliamentary System, cabinet works under the leadership of the ……………….. .
Answer:
Prime Minister

True or False statement:

1. In Presidential form of Government the administration is run quite independently.
Answer:
True

2. Parliamentary form of Government is not a democratic.
Answer:
False

Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
In Parliamentary government Cabinet is collectively responsible to the:
(A) Legislature
(B) Prime Minister
(C) President
(D) People.
Answer
(A) Legislature

Question 2.
In which of the country leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister?
(A) U.S.A.
(B) India
(C) Iraq
(D) China.
Answer
(B) India

Question 3.
Presidential government is that form of government in which:
(A) Head of the state is a nominal executive
(B) Executive is free from the Legislature
(C) The office of the President is hereditary
(D) None of the above.
Answer:
(B) Executive is free from the Legislature

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class English Book Solutions English Main Course Book Poem 4 Razia, the Tigress Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 English Main Course Book Poem 4 Razia, the Tigress

Question 1.
Write a summary of the poem, ‘Razia, the Tigress’.
Answer:
Razia is a young tigress. She has two little cubs. Her male companion, Sheru, has left her. Now Razia is worried about her two cubs. She can’t leave them alone and go hunting for food. Hyenas can come and kill the little cubs. She is afraid of the poachers also.

रज़िया एक युवा बाघिन है। उसके दो छोटे बच्चे हैं। उसका नर साथी, शेरू, उसे छोड़कर चला गया है। अब रज़िया अपने दो बच्चों के बारे में चिन्तित है। वह उन्हें अकेला छोड़ कर भोजन के लिए शिकार करने नहीं जा सकती है। लकड़बग्घे आकर उन्हें मार सकते हैं। वह शिकार-चोरों से भी डरती है।

Question 2.
What is the theme (central idea) of the poem, ‘Razia, the Tigress’ ?
Answer:
This poem underlines the grave danger to wildlife resulting from the destruction of forests. Man has usurped the land belonging to wild animals. Now the poor animals have nowhere to live. They live in the danger of poachers.

यह कविता जंगलों के विनाश-स्वरूप वण्य जीवों को होने वाले भयानक ख़तरों को रेखांकित करती है। मनुष्य ने जंगली जानवरों की जमीन पर अनुचित अधिकार जमा लिया है। अब बेचारे जानवरों के
पास रहने की कोई जगह नहीं है। वे शिकार-चोरों के भय में रहते हैं।

Question 3.
Why does Razia, the tigress, live alone ?
Answer:
Razia, the tigress, used to live with her mate, Sheru. But soon after the birth of two cubs, Sheru left her. He has not come back. That is why Razia is living alone with her cubs.

बाघिन रज़िया अपने साथी शेरू के साथ रहा करती थी। किन्तु उसके दो बच्चों के जन्म के शीघ्र ही बाद शेरू उसे छोड़ कर चला गया। वह वापस नहीं आया है। इसी कारण से रज़िया अपने बच्चों के
साथ अकेली रह रही है।

Question 4.
What was Sheru’s expertise ?
Answer:
Sheru was very good at hunting. He had a good knowledge of the winds and their directions. He knew that he should keep himself on the upside of the wind. Thus his scent would not reach the deer and he could get at them easily.

शेरू शिकार करने में बहुत कुशल था। उसे पवनों तथा उनकी दिशाओं का अच्छा ज्ञान था। वह जानता था कि उसे स्वयं को पवन की ऊपर वाली दिशा में रखना चाहिए। इस प्रकार उसकी गन्ध मृगों तक
नहीं पहुंचेगी और वह आसानी से उन का शिकार कर सकेगा।

Question 5.
What happened to Sheru ?
Answer:
Forests had been destroyed. There was not enough game for Sheru. It became difficult for him to find food. There was the danger of poachers also. So he left the forest and went somewhere else.

जंगल नष्ट कर दिए गए थे। शेरू के लिए शिकार करने को ज्यादा जानवर नहीं बचे थे। उसके लिए भोजन ढूंढना मुश्किल हो गया। वहां शिकार-चोरों का ख़तरा भी था। इसलिए उसने जंगल छोड़ दिया तथा कहीं और चला गया।

Question 6.
What are Razia’s fears ?
Answer:
Razia has two little cubs. She can’t leave them alone and go hunting. Hyenas can come and kill them. Then there is the fear of poachers also. They can come with their guns and kill all of them.

रज़िया के दो छोटे बच्चे हैं। वह उन्हें अकेला छोड़ कर शिकार करने नहीं जा सकती है। लकड़बग्घे आकर उन्हें मार सकते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त वहां शिकार-चोरों का भय भी है। वे अपनी बन्दूकें लिए आ सकते हैं और उन सभी को मार सकते हैं।

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Razia, the Tigress has …………. cubs.
(i) two
(ii) three
(iii) four
(iv) five.
Answer:
(i) two

Question 2.
Sheru was an expert on ….
(i) hunting
(ii) winds
(iii) racing
(iv) aiming at birds.
Answer:
(ii) winds

Question 3.
Razia was not afraid of poachers. (True False)
Answer:
False.

Answer each of the following in one word / phrase / sentence :

Question 1.
Who wrote the poem, ‘Razia, the Tigress’ ?
Answer:
Keki N Daruwalla.

Question 2.
Who was Sheru ?
Answer:
A tiger.

Question 3.
Who left Razia after she had given birth to two cubs ?
Answer:
Sheru, her male companion.

Question 4.
What do we call the people who illegally hunt birds and animals ?
Answer:
Poachers.

Question 5.
What does the poet say about the tiger’s claw ?.
Answer:
He calls it a giant club.

Complete the following :

1. Sheru had left Razia shortly after ………….
2. Sheru had a good knowledge of …………….
3. Man has usurped the land belonging to ….
Answer:
1. the birth of two cubs
2. winds and their directions
3. wild animals.

Write True or False against each statement :

1. Sheru was very good at hunting.
2. Poachers are the people who legally hunt animals.
3. Razia’s male companion has left her.
Answer:
1. True
2. False
3. True.

Choose the correct option for each of the following :

Question 1.
Razia is worried about her ………
(a) male companion
(b) the poachers
(c) two cubs
(d) none of these three.
Answer:
(b) the poachers

Question 2.
Sheru was expert in the knowledge of ………….
(a) poachers
(b) his prey
(c) winds
(d) hunting
Answer:
(c) winds

Reading Comprehension

Razia, the Tigress Poem Summary in English

Razia, the Tigress Introduction:
A tigress named Razia lived in a forest. She lived with her male companion and her two cubs. The cubs were yet too little and had not been given any name. The male, named Sheru, left Razia and the two cubs alone. (Perhaps he had been killed by poachers). He went away because men had cut down the forest and there was no deer, antelope or any other game to hunt for food. Now Razia was worried about herself and her two little cubs. She feared that one day some poacher would come and hunt her down and also her little cubs. Thus the poet tries to show how by cutting down our forests, we have harmed our flora and fauna.

Razia, the Tigress Summary in English:

The tigress named Razia is now living alone. She has two little cubs. The cubs have not been given any name yet. Their father, Sheru, merely played with them a couple of days and is now gone. What a shame that he has left his mate and the two little cubs to suffer alone. (Perhaps Sheru has been killed by poachers.)

Sheru was an expert at hunting. He had a good knowledge of the winds and their directions of blowing. He knew how they flew over the hills and valleys. He knew the places where no wind blew during the night and not even a leaf moved there. The place was all still where he could lie hiding and waiting for his victim.

He knew what winds blew at what time of the year and what way they went. He also knew that the herd of deer would smell him out if they were on the down side of the wind and he was on the upper side. So he would keep lying on his belly in a crouching position.

Sheru wanted to avoid being smelt out by the deer. He would keep crouching and would take a long circular route. He would keep himself hidden behind bushes and other small plants. When he became certain that the wind won’t carry his scent to the deer, he would spring up in a flash and pounce on his victim.

Clearly the deer had not been able to sniff the thick and mouldy smell of the tiger. Among people, this smell is known as tiger-scent. From among the herd, the tiger chose a stag as its victim. Using his claws as a giant club, he fell upon the stag and caught it.

The tiger caught hold of the antler’s neck with his giant claws. The antler fell dead at once. But now sadly the male tiger Sheru is gone. Now the people living around are no longer afraid of the dreadful tiger-scent. Now no pug-marks are ever seen on the floor of the forest.

In the absence of Sheru, Razia’s heart is filled with grief and fear. She fears that with Sheru gone, the wild hyenas (lakarbaggas) could chase her cubs like hounds and kill them. Thus how could she now leave her little ones alone and go hunting for their food ?

Thus the tigress Razia now lives in fear. She can’t leave her kids alone for fear of their being killed by the wild hyenas. She can’t go to hunt for flesh and bone as food for her little ones. But she has a still greater fear. The poachers can come again any time with their guns and kill the mother as well as her cubs.

Razia, the Tigress Poem Summary in Hindi

Razia, the Tigress Introduction:
रज़िया नाम की एक मादा-बाघ किसी जंगल में रहा करती थी। वह अपने नर साथी और अपने दो नन्हें बच्चों के साथ रहा करती थी। बच्चे अभी बहुत छोटे थे और उन्हें कोई नाम नहीं दिया गया था। शेरू, जो कि उसका नर साथी था, रज़िया और दोनों बच्चों को अकेला छोड़ कर भाग गया (वह शायद शिकारियों द्वारा मार दिया गया था)। वह इसलिए चला गया क्योंकि मनुष्यों ने जंगल को काट दिया था और भोजन के लिए शिकार करने को वहां कोई मृग, बारहसिंघा या कोई अन्य जानवर नहीं बचा था। अब रज़िया अपने बारे में और अपने दो छोटेछोटे बच्चों के बारे में चिन्तित थी। वह डरती थी कि किसी दिन कोई शिकार-चोर आएगा और उसे तथा उसके दो छोटे-छोटे बच्चों को भी मार गिराएगा। इस प्रकार कवि यह दिखाने की कोशिश करता है कि अपने जंगलों को काट कर हम ने किस तरह अपने पेड़-पौधों तथा वन्य प्राणियों को. हानि पहुंचाई है।

Razia, the Tigress Summary in Hindi:

कविता का विस्तृत सार रज़िया नाम की मादा-बाघ अब अकेली रह रही है। उसके दो छोटे-छोटे बच्चे (शावक) हैं। बच्चों का अभी कोई नाम नहीं रखा गया है। उनका पिता शेरू उनके साथ मात्र कुछ-एक दिन खेला और अब वह उन्हें छोड़कर चला गया है। कितनी लज्जा की बात है कि वह अपनी साथिन और दो छोटे-छोटे बच्चों को अकेले ही कष्ट झेलने के लिए छोड़ गया है। (या शायद शेरू शिकारियों द्वारा मार दिया गया है।)

शेरू शिकार करने में बड़ा माहिर था। उसे पवनों और उनके चलने की दिशाओं का बहुत अच्छा ज्ञान था। वह जानता था कि वे पहाड़ियों और घाटियों के ऊपर से होकर किस प्रकार चलती हैं। वह उन जगहों के बारे में भी जानता था जहां रात के दौरान कोई हवा नहीं चलती थी और एक भी पत्ता हिला नहीं करता था। वह जगह बिल्कुल शांत हुआ करती थी जहां वह छिपकर बैठे हुए अपने शिकार की प्रतीक्षा कर सकता था।

शेरू जानता था कि वर्ष के किस समय के दौरान कौन सी हवाएं चलती हैं और वे किस रास्ते से होकर गुज़रती हैं। वह इस बात को भी जानता था कि मृगों का झुण्ड उसके बारे में सूंघ कर जान सकता था यदि वे हवा के नीचे वाली दिशा में होंगे तथा वह ऊपर वाली दिशा में होगा। इसलिए वह अपने पेट के बल झुक कर रेंगने वाली स्थिति बनाए हुए पड़ा रहता।।

शेरु मृगों के द्वारा सूंघ कर पता चलने से बचना चाहता था। वह झुक कर पड़ा रहता और रेंगते हुए एक गोलाई वाला रास्ता धारण कर लेता। वह स्वयं को छोटी-छोटी झाड़ियों तथा अन्य छोटे-छोटे पौधों के पीछे छिपाए रखता। जब उसे इस बात का निश्चय हो जाता कि हवा उसकी गंध को मृगों तक नहीं ले जाएगी तो वह बिजली की सी चमक के साथ उछलता और अपने शिकार के ऊपर झपट पड़ता।

स्पष्ट रूप से मृग, बाघ की घनी और बासी गंध को संघ पाने में असमर्थ रहते थे। इस गंध को लोगों में बाघ की गंध के नाम से जाना जाता है। झुण्ड के मध्य में से बाघ अपने शिकार के रूप में एक हिरण को चुन लेता। अपने पंजों को एक भारी गदा के रूप में इस्तेमाल करते हुए वह हिरण के ऊपर झपटता और इसे पकड़ लेता।

बाघ हिरण की गर्दन को अपने बड़े-बड़े पंजों से पकड़ लेता। वह हिरण तुरन्त ढेर हो जाता। किन्तु अब दुर्भाग्यवश वह नर-बाघ शेरू चला गया है। अब वहां इर्द-गिर्द रहने वाले लोग उस भयानक गंध का कोई भय नहीं रखते हैं। अब जंगल की धरती पर बाघ के पैरों के कोई चिन्ह दिखाई नहीं देते हैं।

शेरू की अनुपस्थिति में रज़िया का दिल भय और दुःख से भरा रहता है। वह डरती है कि शेरू के चले जाने पर जंगली लकड़बग्घे उसके बच्चों को शिकारी कुत्तों की भान्ति दबोच लेंगे और मार डालेंगे। इस प्रकार अब वह किस तरह अपने छोटे बच्चों को अकेले छोड़ सकती थी और उनके भोजन के लिए शिकार पर निकल सकती थी?

इस प्रकार मादा-बाघ रज़िया अब अपने दिन भय में काटती है। वह जंगली लकड़बग्घों के द्वारा अपने बच्चों के मारे जाने के भय से उन्हें अकेले नहीं छोड़ सकती। वह अपने बच्चों के लिए भोजन के रूप में कोई मांस या हड्डी की खोज करने के लिए नहीं जा सकती। किन्तु उसे इससे भी बड़ा एक भय है। शिकारी-चोर अपनी बंदूकें लिए हुए किसी भी समय दोबारा आ सकते हैं तथा मां और उसके बच्चों को मार सकते हैं।

Razia, the Tigress Poem Translation in Hindi

(1) (Lines 1-2)
The tigress Razia lives alone.
Her two cubs haven’t yet been named.
Sheru barely played with them
And now he’s gone, O what a shame !
Sheru was an expert on winds,
Knew how they traversed dale and hill,
And where they put up for the night.
When no leaf stirred and all was still.

Word-meanings : 1. cubs-बच्चे (शावक); 2. barely-मुश्किल से ही; 3. shame-लज्जा की बात; 4. traversed-घूमती थीं; 5. dale-घाटी; 6. put up-निवास करना; 7. stirred-गति करता था; 8. still-शांत।

अनुवाद-मादा-बाघ रज़िया अकेली ही रह रही है। उसके दो बच्चों का अभी नामकरण नहीं हुआ है। शेरू (उनका पिता) मुश्किल से ही उनके साथ खेला होगा और अब वह चला गया है। अरे कितनी लज्जा की बात है! पवनों के सम्बन्ध में शेरू बहुत माहिर था। वह जानता था कि पवनें घाटी और पहाड़ी के ऊपर किस तरह घूमती-फिरती हैं और रात को वह किस जगह विश्राम करती हैं, जहां कोई भी पत्ता हिल नहीं रहा होता और सब कुछ बिल्कुल शांत होता है।

(2) (Lines 3-4)
He knew his winds, their traffic lanes !
He knew the deer would smell him out,
If they were down-wind.
So he would belly-crawl and crouch
And take a long circular route,
Hiding behind bush and shrub
Once he knew his scent won’t carry,
In a flash he would erupt.

Word-meanings : 1. traffic lanes—आने-जाने के रास्ते; 2. the deer-मृगों के झुण्ड; 3. smell him out-सूंघकर उसका पता लगाना; 4. down-wind-हवा बहने की दिशा में; 5. belly-crawl—पेट के बल रेंगना; 6. crouch-दुबक कर बैठना; 7. circular route-घुमावदार रास्ता; 8. bush and shrub- झाड़-पात; 9. in a flash-पल भर में; 10. erupt-उछल पड़ना।

अनुवाद-वह अपने क्षेत्र की पवनों को और उनके बहने के रास्ते को जानता था। वह जानता था कि मृगों के झुण्ड सूंघकर उसके बारे में जान लेंगे यदि वे पवन के बहने की दिशा में किसी जगह पर हुए। इसलिए वह पेट के बल रेंगते हुए और दुबकते हुए एक लम्बा घुमावदार रास्ता ले लेता। वह झाड़-पात के पीछे स्वयं को छिपाए रखता। जब उसको इस बात का निश्चय हो जाता कि उसकी गंध उन तक नहीं पहुंचेगी तब वह पल भर में उछल पड़ता।

(3) (5–6)
(Deer hadn’t sniffed that thick and musty
Smell of his which people dubbed As tiger-scent.)
He got the stag, His claw fell like a giant club
On neck and antler – both were crushed.
Now Sheru’s gone. Not any more
Do people fear his dreaded spoor,
Pug-marked on the forest floor.

Word-meanings : 1. sniffed—नाक से सूंघा ; 2. musty-सीली और बासी ; 3. dubbedनाम देते थे ; 4. stag-हिरण, मृग, बारासिंघा ; 5. giant club–भारी गदा (पंजा); 6. antler-बारासिंघे का सींग; 7. crushed-कुचले जाना ; 8. dreaded spoor – भयभीत कर देने वाली जानवर की गंध ; 9. pug-marked-पंजों के निशान।।

अनुवाद-मृगों के झुण्ड उस घनी और सीली बासी गंध को सूंघ नहीं पाए थे जिसे लोग बाघ-गंध का नाम देते हैं। वह हिरण के ऊपर झपट पड़ा। उसका पंजा एक भारी गदा की भान्ति हिरण की गर्दन और सींगों पर एक साथ जा पड़ा और उन्हें वहीं कुचल दिया। अब वह शेरू चला गया है। अब लोग उसकी भयानक गंध से डरते नहीं हैं और न ही जंगल की धरती पर उसके पैरों के कोई निशान देखने को मिलते हैं।

(4) (Lines 7-8)
Grief and fear start competing
In Razia’s heart. With Sheru gone,
Will the hyenas hound her cubs ?
Can she leave the little ones alone,
When she goes hunting flesh and bone ?
The tigress Razia lives in fear.
A greater dread, when will again
The poachers with their guns appear ?

Word-meanings : 1. grief-दुःख ; 2. hyenas-लकड़बग्घे ; 3. hound-शिकार करना ; 4. flesh and bone-मांस-हड्डी का भोजन ; 5. dread-भय ; 6. poachers-चोर-शिकारी।

अनुवाद-रज़िया के दिल में दुःख और भय का अन्तर्द्वद होने लगता है। अब जब कि शेरू चला गया है तो क्या लकड़बग्घे उसके बच्चों को शिकारी कुत्तों की भान्ति नोच नहीं डालेंगे? क्या वह अपने छोटे-छोटे बच्चों को अकेले छोड़ जाए जब वह उनके लिए मांस-हड्डी का भोजन ढूंढने को जाए? इसलिए मादा-बाघ रज़िया भय में रह रही है। उससे भी बड़ा एक अन्य भय यह है कि पता नहीं कब चोर-शिकारी लोग अपनी बंदूकें लेकर एक बार फिर वहां आ जाएं!

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class Political Science Book Solutions Chapter 11 Form of Governments: Democratic and Authoritarian (Dictatorial) Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 11 Form of Governments: Democratic and Authoritarian (Dictatorial)

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term democracy? Discuss with one illustration each, six of its characteristic features.
Answer:
Modem age is an age of democracy. In majority of the countries of the world, democracy is adopted. The term ‘Democracy’ is derived from the Greek words demos and krates, the former meaning the people and the latter ‘power’. Democracy thus mean ‘power of the people’ or ‘rule of the multitude.’

Democracy means that the Govemmentof the State is to be run by the people. People will have a share in the administration of the State. Aristotle has called this type of Government as polity and in his view this is the best type of Government.

1. According to Dicey,” Democracy is a Government in which the governing body is comparatively a large fraction of entire nation.”
2. According to Prof. Seeley “Democracy is a Government in which everyone has a share.”
3. According to Lord Bryce, The word democracy, ever since the time of Herodotus has been used to denote that form of government in which the ruling power of State is legally vested not in a particular elass but in the members of the community as a whole.”
4. According to Abraham Lincoln, Democracy is a Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Of all the definitions of democracy, the one given by Lincoln is considered to be the best.

In Democracy the sovereignty resides in the people and the people either directly or indirectly govern over themselves. The administration is run to promote public welfare.

Characteristics Of Democracy:
The characteristics or fundamental principles of the democracy are as follows:
1. Sovereignty of People:
Sovereignty resides in the people and the administration is run in accordance with the wishes of the people.

According to Austin Renney, The principle of popular sovereignty requires the basis of governmental decision making power to be vested in all the members of the community and not any particular person or ruling class.”

2. Rule of People: The administration is run by the people either directly or indirectly.

3. Interest of People: The administration is run in the best interests of the people.

4. Right of Participation: Democracy has its fundamental principle that every citizen has the right to take part in day to day affairs of the state.

5. A Majority Rule:
The significant principle of democracy is that it is a majority rule and decisions are taken by majority of votes. The party which gets file majority is allowed to rule. In the parliament all decisions are taken by majority of votes.

6. Universal Franchise: Another principle of democracy is that every citizen is given the right to vote without any discrimination.

7. Right to Criticise the Govermnefat:
One of the important principle of democracy is that the people are given the right to criticise the Government.

8. Share in the Administration: Everybody has a share in the administration.

9. Equality: Everybody enjoys the right of equality and liberty. All the people are equal in the eyes of law.

10. Fraternity: It is another fundamental assumption of democracy. It deals with dignity of the individual.

11. Rule of Law: Nobody is above the laws of the State.

12. Fundamental Rights: In a democracy citizens enjoy Fundamental Rights which are protected by the Judiciary.

13. Justice: Everybody gets impartial justice.

14. Change in Government according to Time:
Democracy provides for a change in Government according to constitutional principles, and it is against any change by violent or revolutionary means.

15. Freedom of Thought, Speech and Expression:
Democracy is characterised by freedom of thought and expression. In democracy, every one is free to think and express his views.

16. Independent and Healthy Public Opinion: The democratic government functions on the principle of independent and healthy public opinion.

Question 2.
Define Democracy? What are its merits and demerits?
Or .
Discuss the merits of a democratic form of government.
Answer:
Definitions of Democracy:

Modem age is an age of democracy. In majority of the countries of the world, democracy is adopted. The term ‘Democracy’ is derived from the Greek words demos and krates, the former meaning the people and the latter ‘power’. Democracy thus mean ‘power of the people’ or ‘rule of the multitude.’

Democracy means that the Govemmentof the State is to be run by the people. People will have a share in the administration of the State. Aristotle has called this type of Government as polity and in his view this is the best type of Government.

1. According to Dicey,” Democracy is a Government in which the governing body is comparatively a large fraction of entire nation.”
2. According to Prof. Seeley “Democracy is a Government in which everyone has a share.”
3. According to Lord Bryce, The word democracy, ever since the time of Herodotus has been used to denote that form of government in which the ruling power of State is legally vested not in a particular elass but in the members of the community as a whole.”
4. According to Abraham Lincoln, Democracy is a Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.” Of all the definitions of democracy, the one given by Lincoln is considered to be the best.

In Democracy the sovereignty resides in the people and the people either directly or indirectly govern over themselves. The administration is run to promote public welfare.

Characteristics Of Democracy:
The characteristics or fundamental principles of the democracy are as follows:
1. Sovereignty of People:
Sovereignty resides in the people and the administration is run in accordance with the wishes of the people.

According to Austin Renney, The principle of popular sovereignty requires the basis of governmental decision making power to be vested in all the members of the community and not any particular person or ruling class.”

2. Rule of People: The administration is run by the people either directly or indirectly.

3. Interest of People: The administration is run in the best interests of the people.

4. Right of Participation: Democracy has its fundamental principle that every citizen has the right to take part in day to day affairs of the state.

5. A Majority Rule:
The significant principle of democracy is that it is a majority rule and decisions are taken by majority of votes. The party which gets file majority is allowed to rule. In the parliament all decisions are taken by majority of votes.

6. Universal Franchise: Another principle of democracy is that every citizen is given the right to vote without any discrimination.

7. Right to Criticise the Govermnefat:
One of the important principle of democracy is that the people are given the right to criticise the Government.

8. Share in the Administration: Everybody has a share in the administration.

9. Equality: Everybody enjoys the right of equality and liberty. All the people are equal in the eyes of law.

10. Fraternity: It is another fundamental assumption of democracy. It deals with dignity of the individual.

11. Rule of Law: Nobody is above the laws of the State.

12. Fundamental Rights: In a democracy citizens enjoy Fundamental Rights which are protected by the Judiciary.

13. Justice: Everybody gets impartial justice.

14. Change in Government according to Time:
Democracy provides for a change in Government according to constitutional principles, and it is against any change by violent or revolutionary means.

15. Freedom of Thought, Speech and Expression:
Democracy is characterised by freedom of thought and expression. In democracy, every one is free to think and express his views.

16. Independent and Healthy Public Opinion: The democratic government functions on the principle of independent and healthy public opinion.

Merits Of Democracy:
Following are the main merits of democracy:
1. It is a Government of the People:
As compared to the monarchical car aristocratic forms of Government, democracy is indeed the best form of Government. The monarch or the aristocracy may be good and look after the interests of their people well but in so far as both these forms of Government exclude the majority of the people from the administration of their own State and in so far as democracy ensures such people’s participation, democracy must necessarily be termed as superior. Democracy is a Government by the people themselves. In this form of Government every step is taken in the best interests of the people.

2. Equality:
It is the best form of Government because it puts the supreme controlling power in the hands of the whole community. It recognizes the natural rights of man in the street and raises him high on the peak of political glory. Moreover, democracy ensures the equality of political rights. All people possess equal opportunities to participate in the affairs of Government. Everybody has the opportunity to progress in life.

3. Liberty:
The democratic form of Government enables us to reconcile the liberty of the people with the authority of the State. Obedience to law is liberty only when the law is expression of the will-of the people and conforms to their wishes. But this is possible only under a democracy.

In this System of Government people enjoy more liberty as compared to monarchy and aristocracy. People enjoy the freedom of speech and expression, religion and worship and the freedom of movement and correspondence. They are free to assemble together, to form a procession, to hold a public meeting and to criticise the policies and actions of the government. The newspaper enjoys a greater degree of freedom in the expression of public view-point.

4. Freedom of Expression:
Another good point of democracy is that freedom of expression is guaranteed to the citizens.

5. It is based on public opinion:
It is the only form of government which is more . popular in the modem world because it rests on the consent of the people. The people feel that the laws in democratic Governments are self-made and self- enforced. By the force of the public opinion, it possesses a valuable and easier 1 instrument to keep the government on the right path.

The mass of people is given an opportunity to take part in government. At the time of elections, national policies are freely discussed and debated. The representatives of the people frame the laws in accordance with the wishes of the people. If the representatives violate public opinion, the people may not vote for them in the next election.

6. Stable and Responsible Government:
A democratic Government is always stable and responsible. It avoids revolutions because the people themselves are the makers and the breakers of laws and governments. Moreover, it possesses the easier means through their elected legislature to change and mould the laws to meet their immediate needs.

The government in a democratic State runs the administration in accordance with the wishes of the people. If they feel that a particular Government does not cany out their wishes, they can replace it by another through peaceful and constitutional meAnswer: The Government for all its actions and policies is responsible to the people. If the people indicate a lack of confidence over the government, the government will have to resign.

7. A Liberal Government:
One of the strong point of democracy is that it is a liberal Government because reforms can be brought about in it. It makes as possible to introduce various social, political and economic reforms as to the needs of time.

8. A Useful form of Government:
Democratic form of government is the most useful form of government because in this type of government, rulers are the elected representatives of the public.

9. Best Government during Emergency: The protagonists of democracy holds that in the time of Emergency, democratic government is the best government.

10. No Possibility of Revolutions:
The democratic Government rests on the hopes and wishes of the people. It changes with the change in the attitude of the people. The elected representatives of the people runs the administration of the State. The party which is favoured by the voters at the polls forms the Government and it carries out the wishes of the people. People can change the Government whenever they so desire. Therefore, the democratic government changes with the change in times. Thus there is less chance of revolution in a democracy.

11. Political Education:
Democratic Government gives political education to the people. In a democracy the institutions of local self-government are established in large number. The election to the local self-government institutions and to the legislature are held very frequently. During the elections the political parties explain their view-point to the public regarding the problems facing the country.

In the legislature the executive is responsible to it for all its actions and policies. The executive is to answer the questions and supplementary questions is put to it by the members of the legislature. The proceedings of the legislature are read by the people in the newspapers. Moreover, every voter casts his vote after a thorough consideration and after weighing the programme of each political party. People have got the right to criticise the Government. The entire procedure gives the people political education.

12. Willing Obedience of Laws:
There is very little possibility on the part of the people for breaking or violating the laws of the State. The people very willingly obey the laws of the State. In Monarchical and Aristocratic type of Government laws are not framed on the will of the people. Their force is needed for rendering obedience to laws. But in a democracy, the people themselves make laws and they cannot afford to break the law themselves. They are morally bound to obey the laws of the State. Moreover, all the laws in a democracy are framed in the best interests of the people.

13. The Lesson of Citizenship: Another important aspect of democracy is that it teaches us the lesson of citizenship. It creates social and economic consciousness in citizens.

14. Development of Human Personality: Another important merit of democracy . is that individuals develop a sense of freedom in themselves because they become i well aware of their rights, duties and interests. Therefore the proper development of one’s personality is possible only in the democratic form of government.

15. It upholds Human Dignity. Democracy has the strong point because it upholds human dignity. The individual enjoy all rights and liberties in democracy which 1 uphold his dignity.

16. National Unity and Patriotism:
The democratic form of government increases the spirit qf national unity and patriotism in the people. It induces in the common man a great love for his country. The people feel that they are part and parcel of the government. They feel that if the government is weak, they will remain weak and the country will remain weak.

According to J.S. Mill, “Democracy strengthens the love of country because citizens feel that the government is their own creation and the magistrates are their servants rather than their masters. It promotes A patriotism by making the citizens feel that they .are an integral part of the government and the welfare of the State is their welfare”.

17. Character Building:
Democracy is a live, active school for character building. As Bryce said, the manhood of the individual is dignified by his political enfranchisement and he usually raised to higher level by the sense of duty which it throws Upon him. As the people participate in -the operation of the government, it imparts to them a sense of dignity and responsibility and stimulates their whole mental make-up.

18. It is based upon three Important Pillars:One of the important point on the credit side is that it is based upon three pillars of equality, liberty and fraternity.

19. Reforms:
Democratic government is the best type of government for introducing reforms in the society. This type of government introduces various reforms in the economic, social and political fields of the life of the citizens of the State.

Demerits Of Democracy:
Democracy is not without its defects and weakness. The critics of democracy put forward the following arguments against it:
1. Government of the Ignorant and Incompetent:
It is said that a democratic government is a government by the incompetent and the ignorant. Democracy is based on the theory that an ordinary man possesses sufficient intelligence to decide public affairs. But the common man is neither politically intelligent nor sufficiently educated.

He does not possess the capacity to understand the problems of a modem community. The masses are normally passive and incapable of common aim. Sir Henry Maine described the democratic government as the government by ignorant and unintellectual which is detrimental to modem civilization. Most of the people in the government are ignorant and incompetent and hence such a government cannot promote public interests in a better way.

2. It gives more importance to Quantity rather than to Quality:
This type of government attaches more importance to quantity than to quality. The working of administration requires special knowledge and ability which the ordinary persons can never possess. It is based on the assumption that all men are equal, that one man is as good as another. So the common man feels that there is no necessity for employing experts or men possessing special qualifications. But it requires great skill to run an administration.

And if amateurs or ordinary men are placed incharge of government, its efficiency is bound to suffer. The equality of man is a myth for all .men are not bom equal. All men, therefore, are not capable of taking part in government of the country. In democracy, on the election day a wise man and a fool are on the same level. Democracy merely counts votes and does not weigh or consider them. It puts all emphasis on quantity and not on quality.

3. Administration is an Art:
Administration is an art and everybody cannot be the master of this art. It is the business of experts to make a law and everybody cannot learn the art of the law making. It is after a long experience that a man becomes perfect in this art. But it is not essential that either the elected persons or the electors should be educated in a democratic form of government. It seems very strange that to get an ordinary clerkship one should be educated to a certain degree but to become a minister one may be even uneducated. How can an uneducated minister run the department of education?

4. It is a Government of the Rich:
The democratic government is criticised on the point that in theory it is a government by the common man but actually it is a , government by the rich. In a democracy elections are held to elect representatives but money is the most potent factor to win an election. The candidates spend lakhs of rupees to win an election. The poor man cannot afford to spend this much amount on elections and hence his right to contest elections becomes meaningless.

5. It is more Expensive:
Democratic government is wasteful and expensive. Party members spend huge amounts of money in order to get themselves elected to the legislature. In the government itself the need to consult various individuals and institutions means further expenditure. Most of it is necessary and therefore wasteful. Lacs of rupees which are spent on elections can be used for public welfare works. Heavy expenditure defeats the very purpose of democracy. Much money is spent on the payment of the salary of the representative and other officials.

6. Bad effects of Political Parties:
The existence of political parties is quite essential in a democracy because in democracy the government is run by one or the other party. But the parties have a bad effect on the daily life of the people. They badly influence the moral and political life of the people.

Each party makes use of all the undesirable and other means in order to get its candidates elected. The parties befool or exploit the people in the name of religion, caste and language etc. In order to get their votes, they make false promises with the people. The parties relegate the interests of the people and the nation to the background and try to promote the party interests. The parties are a danger to the unity of the nation.

7. Most of the people do not take interest in the election:
It has been observed that most of the people do not take interest in elections. Some people make politics as their profession and do nothing except befooling people. During elections the candidates discuss the problems of the State with the people and take their votes.

According to Gamer such like people always have some influence over the public. Those who are shrewd, tactful and active, manage to win the election. In legislature only a few representatives participate in the debates and discussion, and others are simply silent listeners. In this way even in democracy only a few persons govern the country.

8. Dictatorship of the Majority:
The majority party may not work in the interest of all the people. It can equally be selfish and not take into account the wishes and the interests of the majority. The majority party may thus develop despotic tendencies which are harmful to the developments of human personality. It may not secure equal opportunities and freedom to all and rule in its selfish interest.

The very essence of democracy, providing opportunities for every man to be himself in his best, is thus not realised. The majority party may become a dictator and it may curtail the liberty of the individuals. The majority party sometimes does not tolerate the view-points of the opposition.

9. No Possibility of Progress of Civilisation and Culture:
The progress of art, literature, science, civilization and culture is not possible in a democracy. In a democracy all the individuals are considered equal. A scientist or a renowned man of letters is in no way considered better than an ordinary man. In a monarchical type of government art and literature are patronised by the members of the royal family. In Aristocracy, even effort is made for the promotion of culture and civilization. According to Trietzschke, in a democracy literature, science and art do not make progress.

10. Hostile to Liberty:
According to critics democracy is hostile to the spirit of liberty. The ordinary man neither desires freedom for himself nor tolerates it for others. To place supreme power in the hands of the common people is to place it in the hands of those who have no understanding of the spiritual value of liberty and lack the necessary character for vindicating liberty.

11. Unstable and Weak Government:
Stability and continuity of policies in the administration are not ensured in a democratic form of government. Since one party tries to displace the other which is in power by securing more votes at the election by any methods, there will frequently be changes in government. No party, therefore, is secure in its position.

Further when the opposition party comes to power by obtaining large number of votes: it would try to undo the policies of its predecessor in the government. Every representative, to maintain his popularity will try to place something on the statute book. Hasty all ill-digested legislation is passed. Democratic government, therefore, is neither constant, steady nor stable.

12. Biological Arguments:
Democracy has come to be criticised on biological grounds. According to Faguet, democracy is a biological misfit or biological monstrosity.

13. Psychological Arguments:
The Psychologists have also criticised democracy. They have shown that the individual is not guided by reason or conscious thinking but by-irrational and unconscious motivations.

14. Democracy is Ethically Wrong:
Democracy is ethically wrong because it emphasises on numbers while only a few have the requisite judgement, understanding and moral strength to abide by the right ideals and standards.

15. Evil of Party System:
The working of democracy has brought in its wake all the evils of party politics. The rigidity of the party system is responsible for the destruction of the liberty and the individuality of the people.

16. From Administrative Point pf View:
From the view point of administration democracy has proved to be the most inefficient Government. Red-tapism, favouritism, political influence, nepotism and corruption are the order of the day in democracy.

Conclusion:
Democracy has merits and demerits, but not withstanding its demerits, it is considered the best form of government now-a-days. It is the only form of government where people enjoy liberty, equality and have the right to criticise the wrong actions of the government. People can develop their personality to the full only in such a form of government. According to J.S. Mitt, “Giving full weight to all that appeared to me well against the arguments of democracy, I unhesitatingly give my decision in its favour.”

C.D. Bums observes, “No one denies that existing representative assemblies are defective, but even if an automobile does not work well, it is foolish to go back into farm cart, however romantic.” Democracy is a human institution and its failings are the failings of human beings. Moreover, democracy has never claimed pn its own behalf that it is a panacea for all ills.

Question 3.
Distinguish between the Direct and Indirect Democracy and explain the institutions of Direct Democracy.
Answer:
Democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by the people. Power is not vested in a single individual but it is shared by all. Everybody has a share in this form of government. The democratic government stands for the welfare of all. The laws are framed keeping in view the opinion of the public. It is the age of democracy. In 1 the past democracy was prevalent in India, Greek City States and Rome. Democracy is of two types:

1. Direct Democracy:
Direct democracy is the real or true democracy. In such a system of government the people directly participate in the government of the
country. The entire population forms an assembly for the purpose of making laws. People discuss the problems of the State and control the State machinery. The system prevailed in the past in India, Rome and Greek city States. The population of States used to be very less in those days and very few people enjoyed the rights of citizenship. It was possible for the people to assemble at a particular place for t the purpose of law-making.

2. Indirect or Representative Democracy:
But now a days the system of direct democracy cannot be practised easily. We have big nation states these days. The I population of the States runs into crores. Every citizen is granted equal rights. It is impossible for all the people of the State to assemble at one place in order to make laws. People participate in law-making indirectly. People elect some representatives and these representatives act according to the wishes of the people.

Their main aim is to promote the welfare of the people. They frame laws for the s State and run the administration for the best interests of the people. The entire country is divided into equal electoral constituencies and from each constituency one representative is elected. The representatives are elected for a fixed period and after the expiry of their term fresh elections are held. Ibis system prevails in almost all the countries of the world today.

Institutions Of Direct Democracy:
It is not possible to practise direct democracy completely in the present age. But some devices have been used in certain countries in order to remove the defects of indirect i democracy. Switzerland is famous for the use of these democratic devices. Switzerland
has been called the home of direct democracy. These devices empower the citizen to get certain laws passed by the Legislature and to reject certain laws already passed by the legislature.

Panchayati Raj is a type of chrect democracy. In certain Cantons of Switzerland all the people assemble at one place in order to frame laws. They also appoint government officials. But it is difficult to practise this method in the whole of the country. Modem , devices of direct democracy are practised in some countries. These devices are Initiative,
Referendum, Recall and Plebiscite. They are briefly described as ahead:

1. Initiative. The device gives the power to the voters to get the laws passed in accordance with their wishes. If a specified number of voters demands the making of a particular law, the legislature cannot reject of its own. If the legislature makes a law according to the demand of the people, it is good and if the legislature does not agree with the view-point of the voters, then view-point of the entire electorate is sought.

If the majority voters favours the law, then it is to be passed by the legislature. In Switzerland, one lakh voters have the right to demand and making of a law. They can demand the complete or partial amendment of the Constitution. If the legislature does not accept their demand, then the matter is referred to the entire populace. If the majority of the voters favours the issue the legislature is bound to make that law and make amendment in the Constitution.

2. Referendum:
The method of referendum gives the final authority to the people to accept or reject the laws passed by the legislature. If the legislature passes a law which is not in accordance with the wishes of the people, the people can stop the execution of such a law. The system prevailing in Switzerland is that the opinion of the people is sought before the execution of laws. Referendum is of two types in Switzerland
(1) Compulsory Referendum and
(2) Optional Referendum.

Important laws are referred to the people before they are executed and people cast their votes in favour or against the law. If the majority of the cantons and the majority of the voters favour the law, it is enforced, otherwise it is rejected. In the case of optional referendum it entirely depends upon the will of the legislature whether to refer it to the voters or not. This practice is followed in the case of ordinary laws. If 50,000 voters demand that the law should be referred to the voters for their opinion then it is to be referred to them for their verdict. Such a law can be enforced only if the majority favours it.

3. Recall:
This method gives the power to the voters to recall their representatives even before the expiry of his term. They can elect a new representative. This method is applied against those representatives of the people who do not work in the best interests of the public. In most of the countries the representatives of the people are elected for a fixed term and after their election, file voters have no control over them.

The representatives may do whatever they like and the public cannot exercise any control over them. But through the method of recall, a fixed number of voters can manage to recall their representatives. This way the voters control file activities of their representatives. They cannot go against the wishes of the electorate. This system prevails in some States of U.S.A. and Switzerland.

4. Plebiscite:
The method of Plebiscite is used in case of political questions and public opinion of laws is called referendum. Pakistan demands that there should be plebiscite on the Kashmir issue, whether the people of Kashmir want to remain in India or want to go to Pakistan. In 1935, it was through the method of Plebiscite that Saar was integrated into Germany.

Question 4.
Discuss the conditons that are essential for a successful democracy.
Or
What are the conditions necessary for the successful functioning of democracy? In your opinion how far do they exist in India?
Answer:
Believing the cause of democracy to be just as against all other forms of government, it is necessary to lay down some definite conditions which are essential for . the successful working of democracy. The success of democracy depends upon the active participation and co-operation of the people in the administration of the State. People will co-operate with the government only when they realize their responsibilities and try to discharge them properly. In order that democracy may work successfully in any State, there are certain conditions which must be satisfied.

1. Faith in Fundamental Democratic Principles:
For the success of democracy, it is necessary that there should be inculcation of faith in certain fundamental democratic principles.

2. Enlightened Citizenship:
Enlightened citizenship is the first condition for the success of democracy. If the people of a country lack the quality of deep thinking, they will never be politically conscious. They will not be performing their duties properly and there the democracy will never be a success.

Every individual in a democracy must, be prepared to perform his duties in a sincere manner. The conferment of the right to vote on a citizen implies that he has the duty to vote and must perform it intelligently. Likewise he must perform his other duties. It is not only the government officials who should be honest, impartial, just and efficient but the citizens should also realize their full responsibility towards the State. The citizens should remain alert and protect their rights. If their rights are violated, they should raise their voice against it.

3. Education:
‘The citizens should participate in governmental work in an intelligent way. This is possible only when the bulk of population is educated. By education we do not mean only book learning, butan intelligence “elevated by honour, purified by sympathy and stimulated by a sense of duty to the community.” Education makes people responsible and responsive. It helps men to choose the right and reject the wrong, be it an argument, a policy or a person.

Democracy means government by discussion and debate, but there cannot be any fruitful debate or ‘ discussion amongst people who are illiterate., and ignorant. Education sharpens the human intellect and enables men to think and decide on the right lines. It is only the educated electorate that will elect the right type of persons to government, ‘persons’ who will adopt the right type of policies to promote the maximum of public good.

4. Local Self-Government:
It is quite essential for the success of democracy that the administration should be a decentralized one. Bryce observes that without the
existence of local self-government institutions, people cannot develop the spirit of independence. Panchayats, municipal committees, Zila Parishads etc. give training of governing over themselves. Slowly and gradually every individual acquires the quality ofgoveming his country.

This way the people develop political consciousness and start taking interest in their own problems. If the membership of a local self¬government institution is made compulsory for becoming a member of the legislature, then only able and capable persons would be elected to the legislature.

5. Protection of Fundamental Rights:
In a democratic State people are granted various fundamental rights, with the help of which they can participate in the administration of the State and this would help in the development of their personality. These rights should be protected by the Constitution so that no administrator violates them. Fundamental rights help in the development of individual personality.

6. Economic Equality and Security:
Economic equality and security is also an essential condition for the success of democracy. It is remarked that extremeness of wealth and poverty militate against the spirit of democracy. Moreover, citizens cannot enjoy political equality in the absence of economic equality.

If there is too much gulf between the rich and the poor, democracy becomes a misnomer only. For example, in U. S. A. and India democracy exists only for the rich people because it is they who control the government on account of their immense wealth. Thus an equal distribution of wealth which checks the capitalist to exploit the labour class, is an essential condition for the success of democracy.

7. Freedom of Press:
Democracy cannot flourish best without the freedom of press. This is essential both to keep the government always on its right path by pointing out defects and to form the public opinion for the welfare of the whole society. A free and an independent pressexposes the arbitrary activities of government when it behaves undemocratically.

On the other hand, it enables the government to shape its policy in accordance with the public opinion. One of the shortcomings of present democracy and the cause of its decline is the absence of an independent and free press. The government should not impose restrictions on newspapers. The newspapers help in conveying to the government the views of the people.

8. Toleration:
Spirit of toleration in the people is most essential for the success of democracy. The working of modem party system is such that it requires a great spirit of toleration for the differences of opinion. Though this toleration can never be absolute, but still the active wdrkers and leaders of political parties must patiently tolerate the attacks of their rival parties.

All citizens should be open and broadminded and must be ready for conviction. Thus the citizens must possess a spirit of national character and national habits which .provide equal opportunities to all for successful working of democratic system of government.

9. Well-organized Political Parties:
Political parties occupy an important place in a democracy. These political parties should be well organized and should be based on political or economic grounds. If the political parties are based on religion or language or caste, they create disunity in the people. The people must posses a strong sense of solidarity and univy in order to make democracy a successful form of government.

A society tom by religious and caste differences will not be able to show that unity, harmony and like mindedness which compel people to sacrifice their selfish interests for the sake of national interests. Well-organized political parties extend political education to the people. They make a constructive criticism of the policies of the government. They express their views on general problems of the State and this way help in making democracy a success.

10. Sound Public Opinion:
For the successful working of democracy, it is necessary that there should be a sound public opinion, a sensitive social conscience and an effective general will.

11. Peace and Order:
It is essential for the success of democracy that there should be perfect peace and order in the State. Democracy can never be a success in the presence of disputes, disorder and revolts. This type of administration cannot be successful if there are wars and disorder.

12. Independence of Judiciary:
An independent Judiciary plays an important role in making democracy successful. An independent judiciary protects the individual liberty in a better way and people can make use of their rights quite finely.

13. Written Constitution:
A written Constitution makes democracy more successful because its violation can be declared all at once as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the country. But if the Constitution is unwritten, the government can change the provisions according to its own selfish interest after ignoring the wishes of the people.

14. No Centralisation of Power: For the success of democracy there should be no Centralisation of powers.
15. Free and Fair Elections: Free and fair elections are the important conditions for the successful working of- democracy.

Are these conditions available in India?
Is there a suitable atmosphere in India for the success of Democracy? This question is t confronting people here. Though Democracy was established in India from 1947, yet many people opine that it is not proper for India. Those who doubt the success of Democracy in India believe that the country doesn’t possess adequate atmosphere for the same. India, lacks following conditions:

1. Lack of Enlightened Citizenship: The citizens of India don’t take interest in administration and moreover they don’t abide by their rights and duties honestly.

2. Illiterate Citizens: Most of the citizens in India are illiterate and rough. So they under the influence of clever leaders, wrongly cast their votes and elect misfit representative.

3. Lack of High Moral Standard: The citizens of India don’t possess high moral standard. Every work can be done by bribe and recommendation.

4. Economic Inequality: The wealth of the country is centred in few people’s hands. As a result thousands of people are unemployed and can’t get two square meals a day. The poor man sells his vote.

5. Social Inequality: Untouchability is all powerful in India even today.

6. Multi-Party System: Many parties are present in India and every day a new . party comes into existence. Many parties are organised on religious basis and some parties believe in using violent means.

All these factors show that future of Democracy in India is not bright. Therefore, some people are of the view that Democracy in India should be abolished and Dictatorship should be established in its place.

No doubt all those conditions are not present in India which are essential for the successful working of democracy. But our government right from the very beginning started making efforts for creating an atmosphere which is essential for the success of democracy. The government made efforts to spread education and in this field tremendous progress has been made so far.

Efforts are being made to establish a socialist society so that economic and social equality may come to stay on in the country. People are now conscious of their rights and duties. They are developing national character now. We can say that at present proper atmosphere for the proper functioning of democracy does not exist in the country but all out efforts are being made to create a proper atmosphere.

Question 5.
What is dictatorship? What are its features?
Answer:
Though modern age is considered to be an age of democracy, but the fact remains that it is becoming an age of dictatorship. It is quite true that democracy is indispensable for bright future, but dictatorship is found in many countries of the world. Latin America, Africa and several countries in Asia have dictatorial rule. Dictatorial government is most primitive because ancient Rome and Greece had this system.

But the word ‘dictatorship’ came into use only after the First World War. Throughout the course of history, powerful men haji often come on the scene and dominated the administration of government. Some of these had even enjoyed the support of public opinion and got full obedience in times of war and other emergencies. But the modem dictatorship is quite different from the ancient one. Modem dictatorship is the result of the First World War. Dictatorship means the rule of one powerful man without any regard for the wishes of the people.

It prevailed in so many modem States after the First World War. For example Italy came under the heels of Fascist leader Mussolini in 1922. The economic dislocation of Germany made Hitler the virtual dictator of the country. In Yugoslavia, King Alexander dismissed the Parliament and suspended the Constitution. In Rumania, King Carol established his royal dictatorship in 1931. Besides these States, Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, Spain and Poland also came under the sway of such dictators.

U. S. S. R. witnessed another kind of dictatorship i.e., dictatorship of the Proletariat. Dictatorship in other countries of the world may be termed as the dictatorship of the capitalist class over the workers for exploitation. But the common feature between both these kinds of dictatorships is the rule of one person or a single group and existence of only one party in the State.

According to Ford, “Dictatorship is the assumption of extra legal authority by the Head of the state.”

According to Alfred, Dictatorship is the government of one man who has not primarily obtained his position by inheritance, but by either force or consent and normally by a combination of both. He must possess absolute sovereignty, that is all political power must ultimately emanate from his will and it must be unlimited in scope. It must be exercised more or less frequently in an arbitrary manner by decree rather than by law, and finally it must not be limited in duration to any other authority for such restrictions would be incompatible with absolute rule.”

The analysis of Alfred’s definition of dictatorship leads to following conclusions:

1. It is a one-man rule.
2. It is a combination of force and consent.
3. The dictator enjoys unlimited powers.
4. The dictator owes responsibility to none.
5. The dictator rules over the country in an arbitrary manner by decree and not by law.
6. The tenure of dictatorship is not fixed.

Characteristics Of Dictatorship:
Keeping in view the definitions of dictatorship we come to know that it .has the following characteristics:
1. Based on Physical Strength:
Dictatorship is a Government by the powerful man who has a right to exercise authority because of his superior physical force.

2. Arbitrary Rule:
Dictatorship is an arbitrary rule. Hie dictator runs the Government according to his. own sweet will and the other people have no right to participate in the Government. The dictator is not responsible to any other authority for all his actions and policies.

3. Absolute Powers:
The dictator does not exercise authority in accordance with the provisions of any Constitution. He commands law for the people and they 1 must obey his commands.

4. Term not Fixed: The tenure of office of a dictator is not fixed. He remains in i office so far as he can maintain his authority.

5. Either No Party or One Party System:
In a dictatorship either there is no party or there exists only one party. During the dictatorship of Ayub Khan and , Yahaya Khan in Pakistan there existed no political party. In China and in other communist countries there exists only one political party, i.e., the communist party.

6. Totalitarian State:
In dictatorship the concept of a totalitarian State is generally adopted. According to this view-point the State is concerned with all the aspects of individual’s like and it can interfere in the fives of the individuals whenever it thinks necessary. People are considered the means and the State an end. The people exist for the State and not the State for the people.

7. No Rights:
In a dictatorship rights are not given to the citizens. They are not allowed to express their opinion or criticise, and those who venture to do so are sent to Concentration Camps or slave labour camps or liquidated. Only those rights which are allowed by the dictator can be enjoyed by the people.

8. Control over Means of Communication:
All agencies of public opinion and means of communication are controlled and censored by the State.

9. Wide Gulf between Dictator and People:
In a dictatorship, there is a wide gulf between the dictator and the people and there is no distinction between state and government.

Question 6.
Discuss the merits and demerits of dictatorship.
Answer:
Merits Of Dictatorship:
Following are the merits of dictatorship:
1. Strong Administration:
The administration under a dictator is always very strong. The dictator suppresses disorder and opposition with a strong hand and he gives his country a strong government which can perform its functions well. Nobody under a dictatorial type of regime can dare disobey the orders of government and anybody violating the laws is severely punished.

The people obey the laws not because they like them but because they are afraid of punishment. Whatever the dictator does, he does it according to his own will. In such a system of government, corruption, favouritism and nepotism are rooted out speedily.

2. Administration becomes Stable and Efficient:
The administration under a dictator is always stable and efficient. The administration is not responsible to the public and the dictator remains in office till his death. There is no change in administration and the same policy continues for long. The dictator spares no effort to make administration efficient for he knows that the people will continue to support him as long as he carries on the administration efficiently.

History knows that dictators successfully solved the problems which the democratic governments could not. In dictatorship the judiciary co-operates with the administration and it never gives a decision against the government. AH the citizens and the officials are always afraid of the dictator’s strong rule and they never do anything wrong.

3. Useful in Emergency:
Dictatorial government is very useful in emergencies and crises. The dictator organizes, a strong army in order to establish a strong and stable government. He requires the establishment of a strong and powerful army in order to make himself strong. The dictator always rules with the help of a strong military force and he makes the people obey laws through the fear of punishment.

The major portion of the income of the country is spent on the military. All the big officers of the government are from the army and the administration is normally run from the military point of- view. In this system of government the cases are decided very speedily. The dictator does not feel the need of taking the advice of anybody for making a decision. He always sticks to his decision and never changes the decision under pressure. Under such circumstances the country can face emergencies and crises successfully.

4. Progress:
In this form of government the nation makes tremendous progress. The State becomes self-sufficient and there is no scarcity of anything. The country makes progress in all the fields of life. The problems which are not easily solved in a parliamentary form of government?are speedily solved by a dictator. The prices of essential goods are not made to shoot up.

Art, literature and agriculture progress under a dictator. Corruption is rooted out completely. The people develop? the spirit of patriotism and they are always ready to sacrifice their lot for the country. Individual has no importance and he is sacrificed at the alter of the State.

5. Prestige in the International Field:
A dictator makes his country strong and increases its power and prestige in the; international field. The country becomes self-sufficient and its military power increases. The country gets an important place in the international field, and it is all because of its military strength. No I other country can easily attack the country where there is dictatorship. A country ruled by a dictator is always counted as a first rate power.

6. National Solidarity. In dictatorship the individuals are completely subordinated to the authority of the dictator. The people do not enjoy the right to freedom of speech and expression. These rights to some extent are deterimental to the unity of the nation. The dictators generally create an atmosphere of war. All this helps in the development of patriotic feelings and national solidarity.

7. Less Expensive:
Dictatorship is less expensive whereas democratic government\is very costly. In dictatorship one does not find the costly luxuries of insecure and superfluous posts, particularly committees, sub-committees and commissions.

Demerits Of Dictatorship:
1. Despotic Government:
A dictator is an absolute ruler of the State. The dictator is not responsible to anybody for his actions and policies. His will is law for the people. People cannot expect justice at the hands of the ruler. The orders of the dictator are laws for the people. They may or may not like the laws but they render obedience to them. Atrocities are committed over the people and their wishes are not respected by the dictator. .

2. It attaches no importance to the individual:
In dictatorship the individual is not attached any importance.The State is an end and the individual is a means to achieve that end. The individual fives for the State and it is not the State which is to exist for the individual. The individual can he sacrificed for the progress, safety and security of the State.

It is the sacred duty of the individual to obey the laws of the State. The orders of the State are the orders of the dictator. It is expected that the individual will always remain loyal to the State. The individual is expected to sacrifice himself at the altar of the State.

3. No individual Liberty to the People:
Individuals are not granted civil liberties and other rights in dictatorship. Everybody, of course, is provided two times meals in this form of government but he is denied the freedom of speech and expression and the freedom to criticise the government. The individuals cannot express their opinions freely and they are not permitted to criticise the wrongs of the government.

People cannot organize themselves politically and they cannot even agitate against the government. The freedom of expression is even denied to newspapers. The newspapers cannot publish news against the government. Man does not live by bread alone, he requires so many other things which are essential for the development of his personality. The individual cannot develop his personality to the full if he does not breathe in a free atmosphere. He must enjoy some rights and should live in a free atmosphere. He gains confidence if he is. permitted to live in such an atmosphere.

4. Government is Unstable:
The government under a dictator is unstable, because it is not based on the will of the people. The dictator rules with the help of force and he gets his orders obeyed by the people by the use of force. If the dictator fails to maintain a strong military, he may not be able to continue in office for long because any other powerful person may replace him.

The people can also raise the standard of revolt against the dictator if his rule is not just and he commits atrocities on the people. It is an admitted fact that anything which is based on force cannot last long, because the people cannot tolerate unjust rule for long.

5. Problem of Successor of the Dictators:
There is a defect in this system of government that there is no definite method of appointing a successor to the dictator. It is not essential that the son of a dictator would be as able and powerful as his father. It has been observed that after the death of the dictator, there is a struggle amongst his party members to capture authority and sometimes it so happens that there is a great blood-shed to capture power.

6. War is Natural:
In dictatorship war is considered natural and essential and battles are fought against other countries in order to attain glory. A dictator always talks in terms of war in order to divert the attention of the people from political and economic problems of the country. The dictator fights battles in order to extend his territories. However, strong and powerful country may be, the war results in a big loss even to that country. War affects badly the economic condition of the country. War disturbs the peace of the world. In a war thousands of people lay down their lives.

Question 7.
Distinguish between the democracy and dictatorship.
Or
If you were to choose between democracy and dictatorship which one would you prefer? Give arguments to support your answer.
Or
Distinguish between democratic government and authoritarian government.
Answer:
Though modem age is considered to be an age of democracy, but the fact remains that it is becoming an age of dictatorship. It is quite true that democracy is indispensable for bright future, but dictatorship is found in, many countries of the world. Latin America, Africa and several countries in Asia have dictatorial rule. Dictatorship is completely opposite to democracy. If I am asked to choose one of the two then my preference is for democracy. Without any doubt democracy is the best form of government and it is very clear from the comparison between democracy and dictatorship.

Democracy	Dictatorship
1. Govt, of the People: Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. In a democracy the people rule the country either directly or indirectly. Democracy is a government by the people themselves.	1.Govt, of One Man or One Party: In dictatorship the powers of the government are concentrated in the hands of one person or one party. In dictatorship people have no participation in government.
2. Based on Public Opinion: Democracy is based on public opinion. It rests on the consent of the people.	2. Based on Force: Dictatorship is based on force. Dictators run the government on the basis of force.
3. Govt, can be changed by Peaceful Methods: Democratic government can be changed by the people whenever they so desire. Government is changed by peaceful methods e.g. by election.	3. Govt, can be changed by Revolution: Dictatorship cannot be changed by peaceful methods because no elections are held. Govt, can be changed by revolution only.
4. Development of the Personality of the Individual: In a democracy the aim of the government is to develop the personality of the individual. The state is a mean, while individual is an end.	4. Development of the State: In dictatorship importance is given to the state and not to the individual. The end of the state is development of the state. The state is the end, while individual is the means.
5. Importance to Individual Liberty: In democracy liberty and rights are given to the citizens.	5. No Liberty and No Rights: In dictatorship rights are not given to the citizens.
6. Based on Equality: Democracy is based on equality and it ensures the equality of rights. Everybody is equal before law and everybody has the opportunity to progress in life	6. No Importance to Equality: In dictatorship no importance is given to the principle of equality. Some persons are considered superior and everybody is not given the right to participate.
7. Belief in Peace: Democracy believes in peace and it is against violence and war.	7. Belief in War and Violence: Dictatorship believes in war and violence.
8. Against Imperialism: Democracy is against imperialism and it believes that every nation has the right to freedom.	8. Belief in Imperialism: Dictators believe in the policy of expansion. In dictatorship slogan is given ‘Expand or Perish.’
9. Decision by Discussion: In democracy decisions are taken after lot of discussion.	9. No Importance to Discussion: In dictatorship no importance is given to discussion. Decisions are taken by the dictator without any discussion.
10. Right to Criticise the Govt: In democracy people have the right to criticise the government.	10. No Right to Criticise the Govt: In dictatorship people have no right to criticise the government.
11.Existence of Political Parties a Necessity: In democracy the existence of political parties are essential. Democratic government cannot work successfully without political parties.	11. No Political Party or one Party: In dictatorship either there is no political party or there is only one political party. In China there is only one political party.
12. Distinction between State and Govt: In democracy distinction is maintained between  State and Govt.	12. No Distinction between State and Govt: In dictatorship no distinction is maintained between State and Govt.
13. Responsibility of the Government: In democracy government is responsible to the people. If the people indicate a lack of confidence over the government, the government will have to resign.	13. Irresponsible Govt: In authoritarian system government is not responsible to the people or to the legislature.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of democracy.
Answer:
The term democracy is derived from the Greek words—demos and krates, the former meaning ‘the people’ and the latter ‘power’. Democracy thus means ‘power of the people’ or *rule of the multitude’. Democracy means that the government of the state is to be run by the people. People will have a share in the administration of the state. Aristotle has called this type of Government as polity and in his view this is the best type of Government.

According to Dicey, “Democracy is a government in which the governing body is comparatively a large fraction of entire nation.” According to Seeley, “Democracy is a Government in which everyone has a share. According to Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.”

Question 2.
Explain the fundamental principles of democracy.
Answer:
Democray is based on the following fundamental principles :

1. Sovereignty resides in the people and administration is run in accordance with the wishes of the people.
2. The administration is run by the people either directly or indirectly.
3. Everybody has a share in the administration.
4. In a democracy, citizens enjoy Fundamental Rights.

Question 3.
What are the merits of democracy?
Answer:

1. As compared to monarchial or aristocratic governments, democracy is indeed the best form of government.
2. It is the only form of government which is more popular in the modem world because it rests on the consent of the public opinion.
3. Democratic Government gives political education to the people.
4. A democratic govt, is always stable and responsible.

Question 4.
What are the demerits of democracy?
Answer:

1. It is said that a democratic govt, is a government by the incompetent and the ignorant.
2. It gives more importance to quantity rather than to quality.
3. Democratic government is wasteful and expensive.
4. There is no possibility of progress of civilisation and culture in democratic government.

Question 5.
Discuss four conditions that are essential for a successful democracy.
Answer:
1. Enlightened Citizenship:
Enlightened citizenship is the first condition for the success of democracy. Every individual in a democracy must be prepared to perform his duties in a sincere manner.

2. Education:
The citizens should participate in governmental work in an intelligent way. This is possible only when the bulk of population is educated. Education makes people responsible and responsive.

3. Local Self-Government:
It is quite essential for the success of democracy that the administration should be a decentralized one. Bryce observes that without the existence of local self-government institutions, people cannot develop the spirit of independence.

4. Fundamental Rights should be protected by the Constitution so that no administrator violates them.

Question 6.
Define dictatorship.
Answer:
Dictatorship means the rule of one powerful man without any regard for the wishes of the people.
According to Ford, “Dictatorship is the assumption of extra legal authority by the Head of the state.”

According to Alfred, ‘Dictatorship is the government of one man who has not primarily obtained his position by inheritance, but by either force or consent and normally by a combination of both. He must possess absolute sovereignty, that is all political power must ultimately emanate from his will and it must be unlimited in scope. It must be exercised more or less frequently in an arbitrary manner by decree rather than by law, and finally it must not be limited in duration to any other authority for such restrictions would be incqmpatible with absolute rule.”

Question 7.
What are the main features of Dictatorship?
Answer:

1. Dictatorship is a government by the powerful man who has a right to exercise authority because of his superior physical force.
2. Dictatorship is an arbitrary rule. The dictator run the govt, according to his own sweet will.
3. The tenure of office of dictator is not fixed. He remains in office so far as he can maintain his authority.
4. In a dictatorship either there is no party or there exists only one party.

Question 8.
What, are the merits of dictatorship?
Answer:

1. Strong Administration. The administration under a dictator is always very strong. The dictator suppresses disorder and opposition with a strong hand.
2. Administration becomes stable and efficient. The administration is not responsible to the public and dictator remains in office till his death.
3. Useful in Emergency. Dictatorial govt, is very useful in emergencies and crises. He requires the establishment of a strong and powerful army in order to make strong and stable govt.
4. Progress. In this form of govt, the nation makes tremendous progress.

Question 9.
Make a brief distinction between democracy and dictatorship.
Or
Bring out distinction between democratic and authoritarian government.
Answer:

• Democracy is the rule of people while dictatorship is rule of one man or one party.
• Democracy is based on public opinion, while dictatorship is based on force.
• In democracy government can be changed by peaceful methods, while in dictatorship government can be changed only by revolution.
• Democracy emphasises on individual rights and freedom, while in dictatorship no rights and freedom.

Question 10.
What is Direct Democracy?
Answer:
In direct democracy people directly participate in the government of the country. The entire population forms an assembly for the purpose of making laws. People discuss the problems of the state and control the state machinery. But it is not possible to practise : direct democracy completely in the present age. Modem devices of direct democracy are Initiative, Referendum, Recall and Plebiscite.

Question 11.
What do you understand by direct democratic devices? Mention one device of direct democracy.
Answer:
Direet democracy is the real or true democracy. In such a system of government the people directly participate in the government of the country. The system prevailed in the jpast in India, Rome and Greek City States. The population of States used to be very less in tljpse days and very few people enjoyed the rights of citizenship. It was possible for the people to assemble at a particular, place for the purpose of law making in those times.

But it is not possible to practise direct democracy completely in the present age. But some devices have been used in certain countries to remove the defects of indirect democracy. Switzerland is famous for the use of these democracy devices. These devices are-Initiative, Referendum, Recall and Plesbiscite.

Question 12.
Distinguish between Direct and Indirect democracy with examples.
Answer:
Democracy is of two types-Direct democracy and Indirect democracy. Following are the differences between
the two :

1. In direct democracy people participate in law-making, while in indirect democracy people indirectly participate in the government.
2. In direct democracy people directly participate in law-making, while in indirect democrcy participation in law-making is indirect.
3. Selection of magistrates is directly in indirect democracy, while in direct democracy selection of magistrates is indirectly.
4. In direct democracy the institutions of initiative, referendum and recall exist, but no initiative and referendum in direct democracy.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of democracy.
Answer:
The term democracy is derived from the Greek words-demos and krates, the former meaning ‘the people’ and the latter ‘power’. Democracy thus means ‘power of the people’ or ‘rule of the multitude’. Democracy means that the government of the state is to be run by the people.

Question 2.
Define Democracy.
Answer:
According to Dicey, “Democracy is a government in which the governing body is comparatively a large fraction of entire nation.” According to Abraham Lincoln, “Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.”

Question 3.
Explain the fundamental principles of democracy.
Answer:
Democray is based on the following fundamental principles :

• Sovereignty resides in the people and administration is run in accordance with the wishes of the people.
• The administration is run by the people either directly or indirectly.

Question 4.
Discuss the merits of democracy?
Answer:

• As compared to monarchial or aristocratic governments, democracy is indeed the best form of government.
• It is the only form of government which is more popular in the modern world because it rests on the consent of the public opinion.

Question 5.
Discuss the demerits of democracy?
Answer:

• It is said that a democratic govt, is a government by the incompetent and the ignorant.
• It gives more importance to quantity rather than to quality.

Question 6.
Define dictatorship.
Answer:
Dictatorship means the rule of one powerful man without any regard for the wishes of the people.
According to Ford, ‘Dictatorship is the assumption of extra legal authority by the Head of the state.”

Question 7.
What are the main features of Dictatorship?
Answer:

• Dictatorship is a government by the powerful man who-has a right to exercise authority because of his superior physical force.
• Dictatorship is an arbitrary rule. The dictator run the govt, according to his own sweet will.

Question 8.
What are the merits of dictatorship?
Answer:

1. Strong Administration: The administration under a dictator is always very strong. The dictator suppresses disorder and opposition with a strong hand.
2. Administration becomes Stable and Efficient: The administration is not responsible to the public and dictator remains in office till his death.

Question 9.
Make a brief distinction between democracy and dictatorship.
Answer:

• Democracy is the rule of people while dictatorship is rule of one man or one party.
• Democracy is based on public opinion, while dictatorship is based on force.

One Word to One Sentence Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain any one factors which determine the form of government.
Answer:
Size of the population determines the form of government.

Question 2.
Mention the basis of Aristole in classification of state.
Answer:

1. Number of persons
2. The end or aim of the government.

Question 3.
Give one definition of Democracy.
Answer:
According to Abraham Lincoln,“Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.”

Question 4.
Explain any one basic principles of democracy.
Answer:
The administration is run by the people either directly or undirectly.

Question 5.
Write down any one feature of dictatorship.
Answer:
Dictatorship is a Government by the powerful man who had right to exercise authority because of his superior physical force.

Question 6.
Write down any one demerits of dictatorship.
Answer:
Individuals are not granted civil liberties and other rights in dictatorship.

Fill in the blanks

1. Aristotle has classified the state on the basis of ………………… of persons in whom the sovereign power is vested.
Answer:
Number

2. In ………………… Democracy thf people directly participate in the government of the country.
Answer:
Direct

3. Indirect democracy is also called as ………………… democracy.
Answer:
Representative

4. The administration under a ………………… is always very strong.
Answer:
Dictator

5. The dictator is not ………………… to any body for his action, policies.
Answer:
Responsible.

True or False statement:

1. Federal government is suitable for big states and unitory governments for small states.
Answer:
True

2. According to Lincoln,“Democracy is a government in which everyone had a share.
Answer:
False

3. Enlightened citizenship is the first condition for the success of democracy.
Answer:
True

4. Democracy is of five types.
Answer:
False

5. Democracy based on public opinion while dictatorship based on force.
Answer:
True

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The term democracy is derived from which of the following Greek words :
(A) Demos and Cratia
(B) Casta
(C) Famulus
(D) Pocta.
Answer:
(A) Demos and Cratia

Question 2.
“Democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by the people.”
(A) AB. Hal
(B) Abraham Lincoln
(C) Aristotle
(D) Herodotus.
Answer:
(B) Abraham Lincoln

Question 3.
Which of the following is the basis of democracy?
(A) Equality
(B) Liberty
(C) Fraternity
(D) All of the above.
Answer:
(D) All of the above.

Question 4.
Which of the following is the feature of dictatorship?
(A) It is based on equality
(B) It is based on public opinion
(C) The dictator enjoys unlimited powers
(D) It ifr based on rule of law.
Answer:
(C) The dictator enjoys unlimited powers

Question 5.
Which one of following is merit of dictatorship?
(A) Strong Administration
(B) Weak Government
(C) No Individual Liberty
(D) Less Expensive.
Answer:
(A) Strong Administration

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Book Solutions Chapter 8 Storage Devices Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Computer Science Chapter 8 Storage Devices

Computer Guide for Class 7 PSEB Storage Devices Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Primary memory is also called ……………..
(a) Internal memory
(b) External memory
(c) Physical memory
(d) Auxiliary memory.
Answer:
(a) Internal memory

Question 2.
…………….memory is not a Read-Only Memory.
(a) ROM
(b) PROM
(c) EPROM
(d) RAM.
Answer:
(a) ROM

Question 3.
…………….is not a portable storage device.
(a) External Hard Disk
(b) Pen Drive
(c) Hard Disk Drive
(d) Memory Card.
Answer:
(c) Hard Disk Drive

Question 4.
The memory is divided into number of small parts called ……………. .
(a) Cells
(b) Area
(c) Inter-section
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Cells

Question 5.
USB means ……………. .
(a) Uniform Service Book
(b) Universal Serial Bus
(c) Universal Straight Bus
(d) Uniform Serial Bus.
Answer:
(b) Universal Serial Bus

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the capacity of floppy disk?
Answer:
1.4 MB.

Question 2.
What is the capacity of Compact Disc (CD)?
Answer:
650-700 MB.

Question 3.
Which memory unit is usually used to measure the Storage capacity of a hard disks?
Answer:
1 GB Memory unit is used to measure the storage capacity of a hard disk.

Question 4.
Which is having greater storage capacity out of CD or DVD?
Answer:
DVD has higher storage capacity.

Question 5.
Which computer port is used to attach Pen Drive?
Answer:
USB Port.

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is memory? Write down two main categories of memories.
Answer:
Computer memory is a physical device capable of storing data and information. It is a storage space where data and instructions are stored either for processing or for further uses. It can store data and instructions either temporarily (RAM) or permanently (ROM).
Memory can be of two types, Primary Memory and Secondary Memory.

Question 2.
Write the name of any four Secondary Memory devices.
Answer:
Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Pen Drive and Memory Card.

Question 3.
What is Memory Card?
Answer:
A memory card is a flash memory. It is used in electronic devices such as digital cameras, mobile phones or video game consoles. The memory card can , store data, images, music, games or other computer files. Memory cards have no J moving parts so they are not easily damaged. They are more compact and portable than CDs or DVDs, and they can store more data than CDs. The data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.

Question 4.
Write a short note on Pen Drive.
Answer:
A pen drive is a portable Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash memory device. It is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer. The major advantage of USB pen drives over other portable storage devices such as floppy disks or DVDs / CDs is their compact shape and size; they work faster and can store more data.

Question 5.
Write about CD.
Answer:
A compact disc (CD) is a type of optical secondary storage media. It is circular in shape and small in size. A CD is a portable device that we use for ,, storing text, video, audio, graphics, images, or taking backup of data, programs and software. A CD can store around 700 MB data.

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on Primary Memory.
Answer:
The primary memory is also known as the main memory of a computer. It is in-built memory of a computer in which data and instructions are stored for processing. It is essential for the working of a computer.
There are two types of primary memory: RAM and ROM.

RAM:
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. This is a volatile memory. This means it stores data or instructions temporarily. It is located on the motherboard. When you start the computer, Data and instructions from the hard disk are stored in RAM.

RAM is further divided into two types:

• SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): This stores a bit of data using the state of a six transistor memory cell.
• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): This stores a bit data using a pair of transistor and. capacitor which constitute a DRAM memory cell.

ROM:
The term ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is a non-volatile memory. As the name indicated, information can only be read from this type of – memory. It stores the data permanently.
Types of Read Only Memory (ROM):

• PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
• EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).

Question 2.
What is HDD? Explain.
Answer:
Hard disks are the secondary storage devices used to store data permanently. It is directly connected to the disk controller on the motherboard. Hard disks are flat, circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disk platters typically spin very fast at 5400 to 7200 cycles/minute.
There are two types of Hard disks:

1. Internal Hard Disk:
Internal hard drives are located inside your computer. Most computers come with a single internal hard drive, which includes the operating system and pre-installed applications.

2. External Hard Drive:
An external hard drive, also called a portable hard drive. It is a device connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection. It is often used to back up a computer or portable storage.

Question 3.
What is Secondary Memory? Explain any one secondary memory device.
Answer:
Secondary memory is permanent memory. It is not directly accessible by CPU. It communicates with the CPU through the main memory. Secondary memory stores data and holds it even when power is off. It is used to store large amount of data or programs. It is less expensive than the primary memory.

Pen Drive:
A pen drive is a portable universal serial bus (USB) flash memory device. It is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer. The major advantage of USB pen drives over other portable storage devices such as floppy disks or DVDs/CDs is their compact shape and size; they work faster and can store more data.

Question 4.
Write precautions that we must follow while using CD/DVD.
Answer:
While using CDs and DVDs, we should keep the following in mind :

• CD / DVD should always be covered.
• The back shiny part of the CD / DVD should not be touched.
• Don’t write on the back of the CD / DVD.
• CD / DVD should not be folded.
• To clean CDs / DVDs, a soft cloth should be used. You can also use water to remove dust from it.

Question 5.
What is External Hard Disk drive? Write its advantages.
Answer:
External disk drive is a portable secondary memory. It has large storage capacity. It is a removable device. The external disk drive is connected to computer through USB port. These disks allow user to put sensitive, confidential or important information on them, then disconnect them and store them in secure locations.

Activity

Question 1.
Put the following Terms in respective Groups
1. RAM
2. CD
3. Hard Disk
4. ROM
5. EPROM
6. Memory Card
7. DVD
8. EEPROM

Answer:

PSEB 7th Class Computer Guide Storage Devices Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
The size of a commonly used floppy is ……………. inches.
(a) 2.5
(b) 3.5
(c) 4.5
(d) 5.25
Answer:
(b) 3.5

Question 2.
A CD can store ……………..MB data.
(a) 600
(b) 700
(c) 800
(d) 200.
Answer:
(b) 700

Question 3.
1 GB ……………. is equal to MB.
(a) 512
(b) 8
(c) 1024
(d) 256.
Answer:
(c) 1024

Question 4.
Primary memory is divided into ……………. parts.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five.
Answer:
(a) Two

Question 5.
Used to store a lot of multimedia information …………….  .
(a) CD
(b) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
(c) B.D.
(d) Floppy.
Answer:
(b) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

Question 6.
1024 bytes = ……………. .
(a) 1 MB
(b) 1 GB
(c) 1 KB
(d) 10 MB.
Answer:
(c) 1 KB

Question 7.
Which of the following is an optical storage media?
(a) Hard disk
(b) CD
(c) RAM
(d) Floppy.
Answer:
(b) CD

Question 8.
Which of the following stores high definition videos?
(a) CD
(b) DVD
(c) Blu-ray
(d) Floppy Disk.
Answer:
(c) Blu-ray

Question 9.
The CPU directly retrieves information or data from the …………….  .
(a) Hard disk
(b) CD
(c) RAM
(d) DVD.
Answer:
(c) RAM

Question 10.
Which of the following is a secondary storage device?
(a) ROM
(b) Cache
(c) Hard disk
(d) RAM.
Answer:
(c) Hard disk

2. True/False

1. The main memory is available in the form of an electronic chip.
Answer:
True

2. The floppy disk can store 700 MB of data.
Answer:
False.

3. A DVD can store 4.7 GB data.
Answer:
True

4. Always write with a sharpened pen on the back of the CD/DVD.
Answer:
False.

5. Do not keep the floppy in a dry, clean and cool place.
Answer:
False.

6. A hard disk can store 2 TB to 5 TB data.
Answer:
True

7. The primary memory comprises of RAM and ROM.
Answer:
True

8. The secondary memory is also known as main storage.
Answer:
False.

9. 1 GB is equal to 1024 MB.
Answer:
True

10. Individually, a binary number is known as bit.
Answer:
True

11. RAM is not faster than secondary storage devices.
Answer:
True

12. Bits and bytes are units of computer memory.
Answer:
True

13. A portable hard disk is generally used for taking back up.
Answer:
True

14. The instructions that are written onto ROM can be altered.
Answer:
False.

3. write the Full Forms

Question 1.
1. KB.
2. MB,
3. GB,
4. TB,
5. ROM,
6. RAM,
7. CD,
8. DVD.

Answer:

1. KB: Kilobytes
2. MB: Megabytes
3. GB: Gigabytes
4. TB: Terabytes
5. ROM: Read Only Memory
6. RAM: Random Access Memory
7. CD: Compact Disc
8. DVD: Digital Versatile Disc.

4. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name two types of primary memory.
Answer:

• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory).

Question 2.
Name four storage devices.
Answer:

• CD (Compact Disc)
• DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
• Floppy disk
• Hard disk.

Question 3.
Explain the differences between RAM and ROM.
Answer:
Following are the important differences between RAM and ROM:

RAM	ROM
1. RAM stands for Random Access Memory	1. ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
2. RAM data is volatile. Data is present till power supply is present.	2. ROM data is permanent. Data remains even after power supply is not present.
3. RAM data can be read, erased or modified.	3. ROM data is read only.
4. RAM is used to store data that CPU needs for current instruction processing.	4. ROM is used to store data that is needed to bootstrap the computer.
5. RAM speed is quite high.	5. ROM speed is slower than RAM.
6. CPU can access data stored on RAM.	6. Data to be copied from ROM to RAM so that CPU can access its data.
7. RAM memory is large and of high capacity.	7. ROM is generally small and of low capacity.
8. RAM is used as CPU Cache, Primary Memory.	8. ROM is used as firmware by micro controllers.
9. RAM is costly.	9. ROM is cheap.

Question 4.
What is a floppy disk?
Answer:
It is a secondary device in which data is stored. It is a circular plastic plate. It is 3.5 inches in size. The floppy disk can store 1.44 MB of data.

Question 5.
Provide information about CD ROM.
Answer:
The full name of CD ROM is Compact Disk Read Only Memory. It can store up to 700 MB of data. The information is written only once in Read Only CD. It cannot be changed after that.

Question 6.
Why we use DVD?
Answer:
The full name of DVD is Digital Versatile Disk. It can store a lot of data. DVD is a type of optical media used to store digital data. A DVD can store 2 TB to 5 TB data.

5. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the types of memory. Answer in detail.
Answer:
Types of Computer Memory –
There are many types of memory in a computer; the most basic is primary memory, also called system memory, and the secondary memory, commonly called storage. Details about these memories are given ahead:

Primary Memory:
Primary memory is the main memory of a computer system. It stores the data temporarily. It holds only those data on which computer is currently working. Primary memory is directly accessed by the CPU. It has limited storage capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. Primary memory is a semiconductor memory because it is manufactured using semiconductor devices. The capacity of primary memory is very limited and is always less than that of secondary memory. It is more expensive than secondary memory.

Characteristics of Main Memory:

• These are semiconductor memories.
• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

Types of Primary Memory:
There are two types of primary memory:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)

1. RAM:
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. This is a volatile memory. This means it stores data or instructions temporarily. It is located on the motherboard. When you start the computer, Data and instructions from the hard disk are stored in RAM. The CPU uses this data to perform the required functions. RAM loses all data as soon as you shut down the computer.

The most important thing to understand about RAM is that RAM memory is very fast, it is a read/write memory. It is much more expensive than secondary memory. Due to the high cost of RAM, most computer systems use both primary and secondary memory, RAM is further divided into two types :

(a) SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): This stores a bit of data using the state of a six transistor memory cell.
(b) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): This stores a bit data using a pair of transistor and capacitor which constitute a DRAM memory cell.

SRAM:

• Transistors are used to store information in SRAM.
• Capacitors are used to store data in DRAM.
• SRAM is faster as compared to DRAM.
• DRAM provides slow access speeds.
• These are expensive.
• These are cheaper.
• SRAMs are low density devices.
• DRAMs are high density devices.
• These are used in cache memories.
• These are used in main memories.

2. ROM:
This means read only memory. It is a non-volatile memory. It stores the data permanently. These are the IC (integrated circuits) inside the PC that makes up the ROM. ROM stores a startup program called ‘Bootstrap Loader’. When the computer’s power is turned on “Bootstrap Loader” checks and starts the device connected to the PC. ROM can only be read by CPU but cannot be changed.
Types of Read Only Memory (ROM) :

(a) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory):
PROM is read¬only memory that can be modified only one time by a user.. Once programmed, the data and instructions contained in it cannot be changed.

(b) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory):
It can be reprogrammed. To delete data from it, place it in front of an ultra violet light. To re-program it, delete all previous data

(c) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory):
Data stored in EEPROM can be deleted and modified as many times as user wants. Implementing electric field can erase data, no need for ultra-violet light. We can only delete parts of the chip.

Secondary Memory:
Secondary memory is permanent memory. It is not directly accessible by CPU. It communicates with the CPU through the main memory. Secondary memory stores data and holds it even when power is off. It is used to store large amount of data or programs. It is less expensive than the primary memory.

Secondary memory refers to the various storage media on which a computer can store data and programs. Floppy disks, Hard Disks, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes are the examples of secondary memory.
The Secondary storage media are of two types :

• Fixed: Fixed Storage media is an internal storage medium like hard disk that is fixed inside the computer.
• Removable: Storage medium that are portable and can be taken outside the computer are termed as removable storage media like CD, DVD, Pen drive etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory:

• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

(i) Magnetic Tapes:
Magnetic discs are made of hard metal or synthetic plastic material. Magnetic material is coated on both sides of the disc platter and both sides can be used for storage. The magnetic disk provides direct access to both small and large computer systems. Magnetic audio tapes are used to record sound and music. Magnetic video tapes are used to record analog voice and video signals. These are low cost tapes. Hard disks and floppy disks are examples of magnetic tapes.

(ii) Floppy Disk:
Also known as floppy diskette, it is a removable, portable secondary storage device. This was created in 1964 by IBM. It is a small plastic disc about 3.5 inches in size. These disks have very low storage capacity and can store approximately 1.4 MB of data. It can be read or written by a floppy disk drive.

(iii) Hard Disk:
Hard disks are the secondary storage devices used to store data permanently. It is directly connected to the disk controller on the motherboard. Hard disks are flat, circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disk platters
typically spin very fast at 5400 to 7200 cycles/minute.

It has unlimited storage space and its storage capacity ranges from 20 GB to 500 GB. It used to install a new program or application on the device. Software programs, images, videos, etc. all can be saved to the hard drive. There are two types of hard disks.
1. Internal Hard Disk: Internal hard drives are located inside your computer. Most computers come with a single internal hard drive, which includes the operating system and pre-installed applications.

2. External Hard Drive:
An external hard drive, also called a portable hard drive. It is a device connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection. It is often used to back up a computer or portable storage.

(iv) Optical Drives:
Optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and written by a laser. Optical disks can store up to 6GB of data. Optical storage devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices. The most commonly used types of optical storage devices are:

1. 1. CD-ROM
   2. DVD-ROM
   3. CD-RECORDABLE
   4. CD-REWRITABLE
   5. PHOTO-CD

CD:
A compact disc is a flat, round, optical storage medium invented by James Russell. It is a portable storage medium that was used to digitally store and play the audio, video and other data. Compact discs have greater storage capacity than floppy disks. These disks can store 650-700 MB of data. This is a very reliable storage media. There are two types of CDs :

(а) CD-R:
CD-R stands for Compact Disc-Recordabie, also known as ROM is a digital optical disk storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can be written once and arbitrarily read multiple times.

(b) CD-RW:
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) is a digital optical disk storage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RW) can be read, written, erased, and rewritten.

2.DVD:
Stands for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc. It is a digital optical disc data storage format that was invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. DVD is a type of optical media used to store digital data. It is the same size of a CD, but it has a large storage capacity. Some DVDs are specifically formatted for video playback, while others contain different types of data, such as software programs and computer files.

While using CDs and DVDs, we should keep the following in mind:

• CD / DVD should always be covered.
• The back shiny part of the CD / DVD should not be touched.
• Don’t write on the back of the CD / DVD.
• CD / DVD should not be folded.
• To clean CDs / DVDs, a soft cloth should be used. You can also use water to remove dust from it.

Pen Drive:
A pen drive is a portable universal serial bus (USB) flash memory device. It is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer. The major advantage of USB pen drives over other portable storage devices such as floppy disks or DVDs / CDs is their compact shape and size; they work faster and can store more data. Memory Card: A memory card is a flash memory. It is used in electronic devices such as digital cameras, Mobile phones or video game consoles. The memory card can stores data, images, music, games or other computer files. Memory cards have no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. They are more compact and portable than CDs or DVDs, and they can store more data than CDs. The data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.

Question 2.
What is secondary memory? Explain its types in detail.
Answer:
Secondary Memory:
Secondary memory is permanent memory. It is not directly accessible by CPU. It communicates with the CPU through the main memory. Secondary memory stores data and holds it even when power is off. It is used to store large amount of data or programs. It is less expensive than the primary memory.

Secondary memory refers to the various storage media on which a computer can store data and programs. Floppy disks, Hard Disks, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes are the examples of secondary memory.
The Secondary storage media are of two types:

• Fixed: Fixed Storage media is an internal storage medium like hard disk that is fixed inside the computer.
• Removable: Storage medium that are portable and can be taken outside the computer are termed as removable storage media like CD, DVD, Pen drive etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory:

• These are magnetic and optical memories.
• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

(i) Magnetic Tapes:
Magnetic discs are made of hard metal or synthetic plastic material. Magnetic material is coated on both sides of the disc platter and both sides can be used for storage. The magnetic disk provides direct access to both small and large computer systems. Magnetic audio tapes are used to record sound and music. Magnetic video tapes are used to record analog voice and video signals. These are low cost tapes. Hard disks and floppy disks are examples of magnetic tapes.

(ii) Floppy Disk:
Also known as floppy diskette, it is a removable, portable secondary storage device. This was created in 1964 by IBM. It is a small plastic disc about 3.5 inches in size. These disks have very low storage capacity and can store approximately 1.4 MB of data. It can be read or written by a floppy disk drive.

(iii) Hard Disk:
Hard disks are the secondary storage devices used to store data permanently. It is directly connected to the disk controller on the motherboard. Hard disks are flat, circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disk platters typically spin very fast at 5400 to 7200 cycles/minute.

It has unlimited storage space and its storage capacity ranges from 20 GB to 500 GB. It used to install a new program or application on the device. Software programs, images, videos, etc. all can be saved to the hard drive. There are two types of hard disks.
1. Internal Hard Disk: Internal hard drives are located inside your computer. Most computers come with a single internal hard drive, which includes the operating system and pre-installed applications.

2. External Hard Drive:
An external hard drive, also called a portable hard drive. It is a device connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection. It is often used to back up a computer or portable storage.

(iv) Optical Drives:
Optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and written by a laser. Optical disks can store up to 6 GB of data. Optical storage devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices. The most commonly used types of optical storage devices are:

1. 1. CD-ROM
   2. DVD-ROM
   3. CD-RECORDABLE
   4. CD-REWRITABLE
   5. PHOTO-CD

1. CD:
A compact disc is a flat, round, optical storage medium invented by James Russell. It is a portable storage medium that was used to digitally store and play the audio, video and other data. Compact discs have greater storage capacity than floppy disks. These disks can store 650-700 MB of data. This is a very reliable storage media. There are two types of CDs :

(а) CD-R:
CD-R stands for Compact Disc-Recordabie, also known as ROM is a digital optical disk storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can be written once and arbitrarily read multiple times.

(b) CD-RW:
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) is a digital optical disk storage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RW) can be read, written, erased, and rewritten.

2. DVD:
Stands for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc. It is a digital optical disc data storage format that was invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. DVD is a type of optical media used to store digital data. It is the same size of a CD, but it has a large storage capacity. Some DVDs are specifically formatted for video playback, while others contain different types of data, such as software programs and computer files.

While using CDs and DVDs, we should keep the following in mind:

• CD / DVD should always be covered.
• The back shiny part of the CD / DVD should not be touched.
• Don’t write on the back of the CD / DVD.
• CD / DVD should not be folded.
• To clean CDs / DVDs / DVDs, a soft cloth should be used. You can also use water to remove dust from it.

3. Pen Drive:
A pen drive is a portable universal serial bus (USB) flash memory device. It is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer. The major advantage of USB pen drives over other portable storage devices such as floppy disks or DVDs / CDs is their compact shape and size; they work faster and can store more data.

4. Memory Card:
A memory card is a flash memory. It is used in electronic devices such as digital cameras, Mobile phones or video game consoles. The memory card can stores data, images, music, games or other computer files. Memory cards have no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. They are more compact and portable than CDs or DVDs, and they can store more data than CDs. The data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.

Question 3.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary memory.
Answer:
Differences between Primary Memory and Secondary Memory:
In this lesson, we have talked about both primary and secondary memory. Both are quite useful in their own way, now we will look at the difference between the both.

1. Primary memory is also called internal memory. Secondary memory is also called backup memory or auxiliary memory.
2. Primary memory can be accessed by data bus while secondary memory is accessed through I/O channels.
3. Primary memory data is accessed directly by the processing unit. Secondary memory data cannot be accessed directly by the processor.
4. Primary memory is more expensive than secondary memory. Secondary memory is cheaper than primary memory.
5. Primary memory is both unstable and static. Secondary memory is always unchanging memory.

Question 4.
What is DVD? Explain in detail.
Answer:
DVD:
Stands for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc. It is a digital optical disc data storage format that was invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. DVD is a type of optical media used to store digital data. It is the same size of a CD, but it has a large storage capacity. Some DVDs are specifically formatted for video playback, while others contain different types of data, such as software programs and computer files.

While using CDs and DVDs, we should keep the following in mind :

• CD / DVD should always be covered.
• The back shiny part of the CD / DVD should not be touched.
• Don’t write on the back of the CD / DVD.
• CD / DVD should not be folded.
• To clean CDs / DVDs / DVDs, a soft cloth should be used. You can also use water to remove dust from it.

Question 5.
What is a magnetic tape? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Magnetic Tapes:
Magnetic discs are made of hard metal or synthetic plastic material. Magnetic material is coated on both sides of the disc platter and both sides can be used for storage. The magnetic disk provides direct access to both small and large computer systems. Magnetic audio tapes are used to record sound and music. Magnetic video tapes are used to record analog voice and video signals. These are low cost tapes. Hard disks and floppy disks are examples of magnetic tapes.

Question 6.
What is a hard disk and how many types are there?
Answer:
Hard Disk:
Hard disks are the secondary storage devices used to store data permanently. It is directly connected to the disk controller on the motherboard. Hard disks are flat, circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic material. Hard disk platters typically spin very fast at 5400 to 7200 cycles/minute.

It has unlimited storage space and its storage capacity ranges from 20 GB to 500 GB. It used to install a new program or application on the device. Software programs, images, videos, etc. all can be saved to the hard drive. There are two types of hard disks.

1. Internal Hard Disk:
Internal hard drives are located inside your computer. Most computers come with a single internal hard drive, which includes the operating system and pre-installed applications.

2. External Hard Drive:
An external hard drive, also called a portable hard drive. It is a device connected to the outside of a computer via a USB connection. It is often used to back up a computer or portable storage.

Question 7.
What do you mean by Optical drive?
Answer:
Optical Drives:
Optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and written by a laser. Optical disks can store up to 6 GB of data. Optical storage devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices. The most commonly used types of optical storage devices are:

1. 1. CD-ROM
   2. DVD-ROM
   3. CD-RECORDABLE
   4. CD-REWRITABLE
   5. PHOTO-CD

1. CD:
A compact disc is a flat, round, optical storage medium invented by James Russell. It is a portable storage medium that was used to digitally store and play the audio, video and other data. Compact discs have greater storage capacity than floppy disks. These disks can store 650-700 MB of data. This is a very reliable storage media. There are two types of CDs :

(а) CD-R:
CD-R stands for Compact Disc-Recordabie, also known as ROM is a digital optical disk storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can be written once and arbitrarily read multiple times.

(b) CD-RW:
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) is a digital optical disk storage format introduced in 1997. A CD-RW compact disc (CD-RW) can be read, written, erased, and rewritten.

2. DVD:
Stands for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc. It is a digital optical disc data storage format that was invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996. DVD is a type of optical media used to store digital data. It is the same size of a CD, but it has a large storage capacity. Some DVDs are specifically formatted for video playback, while others contain different types of data, such as software programs and computer files.

While using CDs and DVDs, we should keep the following in mind:

• CD / DVD should always be covered.
• The back shiny part of the CD / DVD should not be touched.
• Don’t write on the back of the CD / DVD.
• CD / DVD should not be folded.
• To clean CDs / DVDs / DVDs, a soft cloth should be used. You can also use water to remove dust from it.

3. Pen Drive:
A pen drive is a portable universal serial bus (USB) flash memory device. It is used to store and transfer audio, video and data files from a computer. The major advantage of USB pen drives over other portable storage devices such as floppy disks or DVDs / CDs is their compact shape and size; they work faster and can store more data.

4. Memory Card:
A memory card is a flash memory. It is used in electronic devices such as digital cameras, Mobile phones or video game consoles. The memory card can stores data, images, music, games or other computer files. Memory cards have no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. They are more compact and portable than CDs or DVDs, and they can store more data than CDs. The data stored in the memory card can be read with the help of card reader.