Prasanna

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Science Guide for Class 7 PSEB Motion and Time Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 162)

Question 1.
What is a simple pendulum?
Answer:
Simple pendulum. It consists of a heavy mass (metal sphere) tied to a thread and suspended a fixed point of rigid support.

Question 2.
What is the to and fro motion of a simple pendulum called?
Answer:
The to and fro motion of a simple pendulum is called oscillation.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Question 3.
The time taken for one oscillation of the pendulum is called its ……………… .
Answer:
Time Period.

Question 4
………………… is the number of oscillations per unit time.
Answer:
Frequency.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 163)

Question 1.
What do we measure by using a stop clock ?
Answer:
Stop clock is used to measure short-time intervals.

Question 2.
What is the unit of measuring distance ?
Or
Name the S.I. unit of distance.
Answer:
Meter.

PSEB 7th Class Science Guide Motion and Time Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The motion of an object in a straight line is called ……………… .
Answer:
Linear motion

(ii) A clock is used to measure …………………. .
Answer:
Time

(iii) The distance-time graph for uniform speed is a ………………. line.
Answer:
Straight line

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

(iv) The motion of a simple pendulum is called ………………….. motion.
Answer:
Oscillatory

2. Write True or False:

(i) Speed is the distance travelled by an object per unit time.
Answer:
True

(ii) The S.I. unit of speed is Km/s.
Answer:
False

(iii) The time taken to complete one oscillation of a pendulum is its time period.
Answer:
True

(iv) The instrument used to measure the speed of a vehicle is odometer.
Answer:
True

Match the Column I with Column II:

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 1
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 2
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 3

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Which of the following is a Distance-Time Graph for an object at rest ?
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 4
Answer:
(c) A straight line graph parallel to horizontal (x-axis) axis

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Question (ii)
Which of the following relation is a correct for finding speed of an object ?
(a) Speed = Distance × Time
(b) Speed = Distance/Time
(c) Speed = Time/Distance
(d) Speed = 1 /Distance × Time.
Answer:
(b) Speed = Distance/Time

Question (iii)
Simple pendulum is an example of ……………….. motion.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 5
(a) Rectilinear motion
(b) Oscillatory motion
(c) Periodic motion
(d) Rotational motion.
Answer:
(c) Periodic motion

Question (iv)
A car moves with a speed of 40 km/h for 15 minutes and then with speed of 60 km/h for the next 15 minutes. The total distance covered by the car is:
(a) 100 km
(b) 25 km
(c) 15 Km
(d) 10 Km
Answer:
(b) 25 km.

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define speed. Give its S.I. units ?
Answer:
Speed. The distance travelled per unit time is called speed of the object.
Speed (v) = Total distance covered (s)/ Total time spent (t)
S.I. unit of speed is m/s.

Question (ii)
Which instruments were used for measuring time by the ancient people ?
Answer:
In ancient times, people measured time by natural phenomena. Over time some devices were invented for measuring time. Some of them are given below:
(1) Solar Clock. A change in the position of the sun due to a change in the position of the shadow is used to measure time.
(2) Hour Glass. To measure the time it takes one hour for sand to flow from one bulb to another.
(3) Water Clock. Used to measure the flow of water from one vessel to another at a particular time.
(4) Pendulum. A simple pendulum takes equal time for each oscillation. So Pendulum was used to measure time.

Question (iii)
Name the instruments used for measuring : (a) the speed of a moving vehicle, (b) the distance moved by a vehicles.
Answer:
(a) Instrument for measuring speed of a moving vehicle is Speedometer.
(b) Instrument for measuring distance covered by a vehicle is Odometer.

Question (iv)
What is Graph ? Give its types.
Answer:
Graph. A graph is a pictorial representation of variation of one quantity with respect to the other quantity. When one quantity is changed, the value of the other quantity also changes by itself.

Types of Graph. There are several types of graphs, such as:

  1. Linear graph,
  2. Bar graph,
  3. Pie chart.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Differentiate between slow and fast motion. Give examples.
Answer:
Slow motion. If an object takes too long to cover a short distance, its motion is called slow motion. Example : Motion of tortoise and snail.

Fast motion. If an object takes less time to cover the same distance, its motion is fast motion.
Example : Racing car and leopard is fast motion.

Question (ii)
Differentiate between uniform and non-uniform motion. Give examples.
Answer:
Uniform motion.
If an object travels equal distances in equal interval of time regardless of the however small the interval may be their its motion is called uniform motion.
For example : A bus covers a distance of 10 km in the first 15 minutes and a distance of 10 km in the next 15 minutes, then again in the next 15 minutes it covers the same distance of 10 km. The bus is said to have uniform motion.

Non-uniform motion.
If an object does not cover equal distances in equal interval of time however small the time interval may be, then the motion of that object is called non-uniform motion.
Example : Suppose a car covers a distance of 25 km in 10 minutes on a straight road and travels 30 km in the next 10 minutes and 20 km in the next 10 minutes, then the car is said to have is non-uniform motion.

Question (iii)
Ajay goes to his school 600 meters away from his house. Find the speed in ms-1, with which he must walk to reach his school in 5 minutes.
Solution:
Distance from Ajay’s school from his house = 600 meters
Time taken to cover the distance from school to house = 5 minutes
We know 1 minute = 60 sec.
So, Time taken = 5 × 60 seconds
= 300 seconds
Total distance covered = 600
Now speed of Ajay = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 6
= \(\frac{600 \text { metres }}{300 \text { second }}\)
= 2 m/s

Question (iv)
The distance between two stations is 216 km. In how many hours will a train reach the destination which is moving at a speed of 20 m/s ?
Answer:
Distance between two stations = 216 km
Speed of train = 20 m/s. [∵ 1km/h = \(\frac {5}{18}\) m/s]
= 20 x \(\frac {18}{5}\) km/h
= 72 km/h
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 7

Question (v)
Find the time period of a simple pendulum, which takes 20 s to complete 50 oscillations ?
Solution:
Number of oscillations of a simple pendulum = 50
Time taken to complete 50 oscillations = 20 seconds
We know, Frequency = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 8
= \(\frac {20}{50}\)
= \(\frac {2}{5}\) = 0.4 sec-1

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Describe the method to find the time period of a simple pendulum.
Answer:
Make a simple pendulum by tying a metal sphere with one end of a thread about 1 meter long as shown in the diagram. If there is a fan running around, turn it off. Now let the bob of the pendulum come to rest in the middle position. Mark the middle position with chalk on the floor. Take a stop watch or mobile or wrist watch to measure the time period of the pendulum. Hold the bob and ensure that the thread is stretched and take it one extreme. Now release the sphere slowly. When the sphere is at its starting end, start the stop watch. Count the oscillations.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 9
Note the time taken by the pendulum to complete 20 oscillations. Record your observations in the table below. Time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its time period. It is measured in second.

Sr. No. Time taken for 20 oscillations Time period
1.

2.

3.

Repeat this action 3-4 times and note observations in the table above.
You will notice that the time period of pendulum will be almost the same each time.

Question (ii)
A car moves a distance of 60 km in 1st hour, 75 km in 2nd hour, 55 km in 3rd hour and 50 km in 4th hour. Plot a distance-time graph for the motion of the car.
(1) Find the speed of the car for the whole journey.
(2) Find the speed of the car between 1st and 3rd hour.
Answer:
(1) Distance covered in the entire journey = 60 km + 75km + 55 km +50 km
= 240 km
And, Total time spent = 4 hours
The average speed of the car = The total distance covered/Total time spent
= 240 km/4 hr
= 60 km/hr

(2) Speed from the first hour to the third hour
Distance covered = 75 km + 55km
= 130 km
= 2 hours
Car speed between the first hour and the third hour =130 km/2hr = 65 km/hr
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 10

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Question (iii)
Figure shown below represents the distance-time graph for the motion of two vehicles A and B. Which one of them is moving faster ?
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 11
Answer:
Study of the distance-time graph of both the vehicles shows that the ratio of distance and time for vehicle A is higher than that of vehicle B, hence the speed of vehicle A is higher than that of vehicle B.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Motion and Time Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) The distance covered by an object in unit time is called …………………
Answer:
Speed

(ii) The time taken by a pendulum to make a swing is called ………………………..
Answer:
Time period

(iii) An instrument used to measure the distance covered by vehicles is called ……………….
Answer:
Odometer

(iv) …………………… is the instrument that measures the speed of moving vehicles.
Answer:
Speedometer

(v) A graph drawn for the distance and time taken for a uniform motion is ………………………
Answer:
Straight line parallel to time axis

2. Match the Column ‘I’ with Column ‘II’:

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 12
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 13
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 14
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 15

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
The basic unit of time is:
(a) Minute
(b) Hour
(c) Second
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Second.

Question (ii)
The Speed of train is expressed in :
(a) m/h
(b) km/h
(c) cm/h
d) mm/h.
Answer:
(b) km/h.

Question (iii)
The S.I. unit of speed is:
(a) m/s
(b) km/s
(c) cm/s
(d) mm/s.
Answer:
(a) m/s.

Question (iv)
Which of the following relation is correct:
(a) Speed = Distance × Time
(b) Speed = \(\frac{\text { Distance }}{\text { Time }}\)
(c) Speed = \(\frac{\text { Time }}{\text { Distance }}\)
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Speed = \(\frac{\text { Distance }}{\text { Time }}\)

Question (v)
A motion which repeats itself after fixed interval of time is:
(a) Oscillatory motion
(b) Periodic motion.
(c) Time period
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Periodic motion.

Question (vi)
The device which measures the distance moved by the vehicle is called:
(a) Speedometer
(b) Odometer
(c) Pendulum
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Odometer.

Question (vii)
The time taken by a vibrating body to complete one oscillation is called:
(a) Time period
(b) Oscillation
(c) Uniform motion
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Time period.

Question (viii)
Which of the following Distance-Time Graph shows the object at rest position ?
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 16
(a) (i)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iii)
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) (i).

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Question (ix)
What is the basic unit of speed ?
(a) km/min.
(b) m/min.
(c) km/hr.
(d) m/s.
Answer:
(d) m/s.

State True or False:

(i) The basic unit of time is second.
Answer:
True

(ii) Every object moves with a constant speed.
Answer:
False

(iii) Distances between two cities is measured in kilometres.
Answer:
True

(iv) The time period of a given pendulum is not constant.
Answer:
False

(v) The speed of a train is expressed in m/h.
Answer:
False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The rate at which distance is covered corresponds to which quantity-speed or velocity ?
Answer:
Speed.

Question 2.
The rate at which displacement is covered corresponds to which quantity, speed or velocity ?
Answer:
Velocity.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Question 3.
What is formula of average speed ?
Total distance covered
Answer:
Average speed = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 17

Question 4.
Name two types of motions.
Answer:
(i) Uniform motion
(ii) Non-uniform motion.

Question 5.
Working of clock depends on which type of motion ?
Answer:
Periodic motion.

Question 6.
Name any two time measuring devices.
Answer:
(1) Clock,
(2) watch.

Question 7.
What is metallic ball of a pendulum known as ?
Answer:
Bob of the Pendulum.

Question 8.
What type of motion is shown by simple pendulum ?
Answer:
Oscillatory motion / Periodic motion

Question 9.
What is basic unit of time ?
Answer:
Second.

Question 10.
What are larger units of time ?
Answer:
Minute, hour

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time

Question 11.
What is odometer ?
Answer:
Odometer. The device which measures the distance moved by the vehicle, is called odometer.

Question 12.
What is function of speedometer ?
Answer:
It records speed directly in km/h.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which devices were used for measuring time before pendulum clocks ?
Answer:
(i) Sundial.
(ii) Water clock,
(iii) Sand clock.

Question 2.
What important points are to be kept in mind while choosing the most suitable scale for drawing a graph ?
Answer:
Points to be considered while choosing the scale for drawing a graph :
(0 The difference between the highest and the lowest values of each quantity.
(ii) The intermediate values of each quantity.
(iii) To utilize the maximum part of the graph paper.

Question 3.
What is a simple pendulum ?
Answer:
Simple pendulum. It consists of a small metallic ball or a piece of stone suspended from a rigid support by a thread. The metallic ball is called the bob of the pendulum.

Question 4.
Classify the following as Linear, circular or Periodic motion :
(i) Motion of your hands while running.
(ii) Motion of a horse pulling a cart on a straight road.
(iii) Motion of a child in a merry go round.
(iv) Motion of a child over see-saw.
(v) Motion of the hammer of an electric bell.
(vi) Motion of a train on a straight bridge.
Answer:
(i) Periodic motion
(ii) Linear motion
(iii) circular motion
(iv) Periodic motion
(v) Periodic
(vi) Linear Motion.

Question 5.
A simple pendulum takes 32 s to complete 20 oscillations. What is the time period of the pendulum ?
Solution:
Number of oscillations = 20
Time taken to complete 20 oscillations = 32 s
∴ Time period of pendulum = PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 18
(i.e. time taken to complete 1 oscillation) = \(\frac {32}{20}\)
= \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= 1.6 s

Question 6.
The distance between two stations is 200 km. A train takes 4 hours to cover this distance. Calculate the speed of the train.
Solution:
Distance covered by train between two stations = 200 km
Time taken t = 4 hr
∴ Speed of the train =PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 19
= \(\frac{200 \mathrm{~km}}{4 \mathrm{hr}}\)
= 50 km/hr

Question 7.
Salma takes 15 minutes from her house to reach her school on a bicycle. If the bicycle has a speed of 2 m/s, calculate the distance between her house and her school.
Time taken = 15 min.
= 15 × 60
= 900 sec
Speed of bicycle = 2 m/s
Distance covered = Speed × Time
= 2 × 900 m
= 1800 m
= \(\frac{1800}{1000}\)
= 1.8 km.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Define
(i) Periodic motion
(ii) Oscillatory motion
(iii) Oscillation
(iv) Time period.
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 13 Motion and Time 20
(i) Periodic motion. A motion that repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is periodic motion.
(ii) Oscillatory motion. To and fro motion of an object about a fixed mean position is oscillatory or vibratory motion.
(iii) Oscillation. The motion of the pendulum from one extreme position to another extreme position and back to the first extreme position is one complete oscillation.
(iv) Time period. The time taken by a vibrating particle to complete one oscillation is called the time period of the pendulum.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

PSEB 6th Class Science Guide The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks :

(a) The respiratory organs of fish are ………………
Answer:
Gills

(b) Environment consist of ……………. and ……………… component.
Answer:
Biotic and Abiotic

(c) Sunlight is ………………. component of a habitat.
Answer:
Abiotic

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

(d) Animals that live on land are called …………………
Answer:
Terrestrial animals

(e) All ……………….. beings show growth and reproduction.
Answer:
Living

2. Write True or False:

(a) Cactus carry out photosynthesis using their stems.
Answer:
True

(b) A camel’s hump stores food and water.
Answer:
False

(c) All green plants are consumers.
Answer:
False

(d) Biotic components consist of water, air and soil.
Answer:
False

3. Match the Column A with Column B:

Column A Column B
1. Main source of energy on earth (a) Plants or animals
2. Arboreal (b) Waxy coating on stem
3. Cactus (c) Monkey
4. Biotic components (d) The sun.

Answer:

Column A Column B
1. Main source of energy on earth (d) The sun
2. Arboreal (c) Monkey
3. Cactus (b) Waxy coating on stem
4. Biotic components (a) Plants or animals.

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Abiotic components include:
(a) Air, water, plants
(b) Air, water, soil
(c) Plants and animals
(d) Soil, plants, water.
Answer:
(c) Plants and animals

Question (ii)
Cactus is a ……………..
(a) Xerophyte
(b) Decomposer
(c) Hydrophyte
(d) Herb.
Answer:
(a) Xerophyte

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question (iii)
…………….. have a streamlined body.
(a) Earthworms
(b) Tigers
(c) Fishes
(d) Polar bears.
Answer:
(b) Tigers

Question (iv)
Organisms living in water are called ……………….. animals.
(a) Aquatic
(b) Terrestrial
(c) Xerophytes
(d) Aerial.
Answer:
(a) Aquatic

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define habitat.
Answer:
The place where living beings live is called Habitat.

Question (ii)
Define adaptation.
Answer:
The ability of living things to adjust themselves to their surroundings is called adaptation.

Question (iii)
Give two examples -each of terrestrial and aquatic animals.
Answer:
Terrestrial animals : Monkey, Human beings

Question (iv)
What are the producers ?
Answer:
Organisms that can manufacture their own food are called producers.

Question (v)
What are biotic components ?
Answer:
Living things like plants, animals, human beings and micro-organisms in a habitat are biotic components.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define scavengers and decomposers.
Answer:
Scavengers. The animals that feed on dead animals and help us in keeping our environment clean, e.g. vultures, dogs etc.

Decomposers. Micoorganisms which feed on dead bodies of plants and animals and break them into simple substances are called Decomposers.

Question (ii)
What are two adaptations of fish ?
Answer:
Two adaptations of fish are :

  1. They have streamlined body to reduce resistance due to water.
  2. Fins in fish and flippers in whales help them in swimming.

Question (iii)
Which animal is called ‘ship of desert’ ? Write its two features.
Answer:
Camel is known as ‘ship of desert’.

Question (iv)
What is Hibernation ? Give one example.
Answer:
The long winter sleep of animals for survival is called Hibernation.
For example : Frogs, Lizards.

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Write short notes on :
(1) Producers
(2) Consumers
(3) Decomposers.
Answer:
(1) Producers. Organisms that can manufacture their own food are called producers. For example, green plants make their own food by photosynthesis.

(2) Consumers. Organisms that cannot prepare their own food but consume food pepared by green plants are consumers. They also obtain their food by eating other living or dead animals.

Types of Consumers :
(a) Primary Consumers or Herbivores. Animals that get their food directly from plants are Herbivores, e.g. cow, dear, goat etc.
(b) Secondary Consumers or Carnivores. They eat primary consumers, e.g. snakes, frog, lizard.
(c) Tertiary Consumers. They eat secondary consumers, e.g. lion, tiger, leopards etc.

(3) Decomposers. The microorganisms which fed on the dead bodies of plants and animals and break them into simple substances are caled Decomposers, e.g. Bacteria and fungi.

Question (ii)
Briefly describe the various types of habitats.
Answer:
Types of Habitat. There are three main kinds of habitat :
(1) Terrestrial
(2) Aquatic and
(3) Aerial or Arboreal Habitat.

(1) Terrestrial habitat. The organisms that live on land are called Terrestrial organisms and their habitat is terrestrial habitat. Examples of terrestrial habitats are desert, grasslands, mountain.

(2) Aquatic (water) habitat. Organisms that live in lakes, ponds, rivers and oceans are aquatic organisms and their habitats are aquatic habitat. Examples of aquatic habitats are Oceans, seas, certain lakes etc.

(3) Aerial or Arboreal habitat. Organisms that live in air are called aerial or arboreal animals and their habitats are called aerial or arboreal habitats. Most birds and winged animals are arboreal in habit. Organisms are adapted for aerial existence as no organism is bom in air.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question (iii)
Distinguish between living and non-living things.
Answer:

Living things Non-living things
(1) Living things grow. (1) They do not grow.
(2) They show movement. (2) They never move.
(3) They can reproduce. (3) They cannot reproduce.
(4) Living things can respire. (4) They do not respire.
(5) Living beings need food. (5) They don’t feed.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Pick out living among following :
(a) Plough
(b) Mushroom
(c) Water
(d) Wool.
Answer:
(b) Mushroom

Question 2.
The process by which waste materials of a body are thrown out, is:
(a) Digestion
(b) Excretion
(c) Reproduction
(d) None.
Answer:
(b) Excretion

Question 3.
Gills are breathing organs of :
(a) Fishes
(b) Frog
(c) Flies
(d) None.
Answer:
(a) Fishes

Question 4.
Pups of a dog grows into adult. This characteristic of living organisms is
(a) Reproduction
(b) Growth
(c) Respiration
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Growth

Question 5.
Basic unit of life is:
(a) Tissue
(b) Organ
(c) Cell
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Cell

Question 6.
Average life span of Bacteria is :
(a) Two days
(b) 20 minutes
(c) 10 seconds
(d) 20 seconds
Answer:
(b) 20 minutes

Question 7.
Which of the following is a Decomposer ?
(a) Lion
(b) Deer
(c) Monkey
(d) Bacterium.
Answer:
(d) Bacterium.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question 8.
Plants live on desert area are:
(a) Hydrophytes
(b) Xerophytes
(c) Aquatic
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Xerophytes

Question 9.
Which of the following has webbed feet for swimming ?
(a) Fishes
(b) Whales
(c) Jelly fish
(d) Duck.
Answer:
(d) Duck.

Question 10.
Forelimbs are modified in :
(a) Animals
(b) Plants
(c) Birds
(d) None.
Answer:
(c) Birds

Fill in the Blanks :

(a) In every habitat, there are many ……………… of various kinds.
Answer:
organisms

(b) Bones are …………… in aerial organisms.
Answer:
hollow

(c) Winter sleep by animals are called ……………….
Answer:
Hibernation

(d) The plants live in water are ………………..
Answer:
Hydrophytes

(e) In cactus plants, leaves are reduced to ……………….
Answer:
spines

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

(f) Lion and …………… are animals of ………………..
Answer:
deer, grasslands

(g) Steamlined body is present in …………………
Answer:
fishes

(h) Frogs have ……………….. feet to swim in water.
Answer:
webbed

(i) The ability of animals to adapt themselves according to the environment is called ………………
Answer:
Adaptation

(j) …………….. feed on dead animals.
Answer:
Scavangers

True/False:

(a) There is lot of water available in deserts.
Answer:
False

(b) All animals cannot adapt themselves to their surroundings.
Answer:
False

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

(c) Sunlight and heat form biotic components of a habitat.
Answer:
False

(d) Desert plants have deep roots for absorbing water.
Answer:
True

(e) Snow leopard has no fur to cover its body.
Answer:
False

(f) All living organisms excrete.
Answer:
True

(g) Aquatic plants are found on the land.
Answer:
False

(h) Frogs have strong back legs for jumping.
Answer:
True

(i) Car, scooter, bus etc. are moving but are non-living.
Answer:
True

(j) All living things have same characteristics.
Answer:
True

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Match the following:

Column A Column B
(1) Hydrilla Webbed feet
(2) Cactus Streamlined body
(3) Ducks Modified leaves into spines
(4) Whales Hydrophytic plant

Answer:
(1) Hydrilla – Hydrophytic plant
(2) Cactus – Modified leaves into spines
(3) Ducks – Webbed feet
(4) Whales – Streamlined body.

(b)

Column A Column B
(1) Camel Cold habitat
(2) Lion Aerial Habitat
(3) Bat Desert animal
(4) Penguine Aquatic animal
(5) Fish Terrestrial animal

Answer:
(1) Camel – Desert animal
(2) Lion – Terrestrial animal
(3) Bat – Aerial Habitat
(4) Penguine – Cold habitat
(5) Fish – Aquatic animal.

(c)

Column A Column B
(1) Vultures Consumers/carnivores
(2) Fungi Producers
(3) Green plants Decomposers
(4) Lion Scavengers

Answer:
(1) Vultures – Scavengers
(2) Fungi – Decomposers
(3) Green plants – Producers
(4) Lion – Consumers/camivores.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the trees found on mountains.
Answer:
Oaks, pines, deodars.

Question 2.
Give example of unicellular organisms.
Answer:
Amoeba.

Question 3.
Why do living beings need food ?
Answer:
They need food to cany out their daily activities.

Question 4.
Define stimuls.
Answer:
Living things respond to immediate and long term changes in their environment called stimulus.

Question 5.
What do you mean by life span ?
Answer:
The duration if life for which living organisms live.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question 6.
What is life span of a housefly ?
Answer:
1 – 4 years.

Question 7.
Can plants reproduce ?
Answer:
Yes, they reproduce with the help of seeds.

Question 8.
Define respiration.
Answer:
Process of taking oxygen in, combining with food and throwing out carbon dioxide and water vapour.

Question 9.
How do plants take carbon dioxide ?
Answer:
Through stomata.

Question 10.
In what forms our body excrete ?
Answer:
Our body exretes in the form of urine, faeces, sweat and exhaled air.

Question 11.
Why do organisms move ?
Answer:
They move to protect themselves from their enemies and natural calamities.

Question 12.
Where cactus plants grow ?
Answer:
Cactus grows in hot and dry areas of deserts.

Question 13.
Name some tertiary consumers.
Answer:
Lion, tiger, leopards.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question 14.
How sunlight is helpful ?
Answer:
Plants make their food with the help of sunlight.

Question 15.
How water is essential ?
Answer:
Water is essential for life as the bodies of plants and animals contain large amounts of water.

Question 16.
How cactus is adapted in xerophytic conditions ?
Answer:
Cactus have very long roots, small leaves or spines and wax coated stem to conserve water.

Question 17.
Who is “ship of desert” ?
Answer:
Camel.

Question 18.
What is the function of Humb in camels ?
Answer:
It stores fat as reserve food.

Question 19.
What is the role of air bladder in Ducks ?
Answer:
They help ducks to float on water.

Question 20.
Name the animals who Hibernate.
Answer:
Frogs, Lizards, Bears.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is function of scales on the body of fish ?
Answer:
Functions of scales. The scales present on the body of fish are slippery in nature. They protect the fish and help for easy movement in water.

Question 2.
Why do camels have long legs ?
Answer:
Camels have long legs to keep its body away from the intense heat during hot days.

Question 3.
How are animals adapted to live in mountain regions ?
Answer:
Adaptations of animals for living in mountain regions.

  1. Thick skin or fur to protect from cold e.g. yak.
  2. Strong hooves (goat) for running up rocky slopes.

Question 4.
Name the sea animals which do not have gills. How do they respire ?
Answer:
Dolphins and Whales do not have gills. They respire through nostrils or blowholes, which are present on the upper parts of their heads. They swim near to the surface and breathe in fresh air. They can stay inside the water for a long time without breathing.

Question 5.
Define respiration, growth, and excretion.
Answer:
Respiration. The process of taking in oxygen and giving out carbondioxide is called respiration.
Growth. The process of changing from a child to a-grown up is called growth. A seed grows into a plant.

Excretion. The process of throwing out waste materials from the body is known as excretion.

Question 6.
Show with an example that living things respond to stimuli.
Answer:
Living things respond to stimuli. When we move from a dark room into bright sunlight, our eyes shut themselves automatically for a moment to adjust themselves to the changed conditions. Similarly, when light is switched on in a dark room, cockroaches run to move in dark comers. Some plants also respond to light and touch (e.g. Touch-me not).

Question 7.
What are adaptations of camel ?
Answer:

  1. Camel has no sweat glands in order to reduce water loss.
  2. Hump is present to reserve food in the form of fat.
  3. They have thick skin to bear heat of desert.
  4. Their toes are bread and pedded that are suitable for walking on hot and loose sand.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question 8.
Write the adaptations of hydrophyts.
Answer:

  1. They have poorly developed roots.
  2. Their stems are flexible
  3. Leaves are wax coated.

Question 9.
What do you mean by terrestrial and aquatic habitat ?
Answer:
Terrestrial habitat. This includes habitat of all the organisms which live and propagate on land. Example; Cow, camel, horse, dog are terrestrial organisms and forest is their terrestrial habitat.

Aquatic habitat. The habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitat. Examples : fishes, crocodile, snake etc. are aquatic organisms and water is their aquatic habitat.

Question 10.
What are biotic and abiotic components ?
Answer:
All living organisms like plants, animals and human beings include biotic components. All non-living parts such as light, water, soil and air are abiotic components.

Question 11.
What are the characteristics of xerophytes ?
Answer:
Characteristics of Xerophytes.

  1. These plants have extensive long root system.
  2. The stem of plants become thick and store water. Example, Opuntia.
  3. Leaves are modified into spines as in cactus.
  4. Leaves are coated with cuticle to check the loss of water.

Question 12.
Write physical conditions of Terrestrial habitat.
Answer:
Physical conditions of terrestrial habitat,

  1. Oxygen supply is uniform, sufficient and easily available.
  2. Temperature varies from place to place and season to season.
  3. Light is available in sufficient quantity and for sufficient duration.
  4. In certain region organisms have to adapt to avoid dehydration.

Question 13.
Write physical conditions of aquatic habitat.
Answer:
Physical conditions of aquatic habitat,

  1. Except in deep ocean, uniform supply of light, temperature, oxygen is available.
  2. Light and temperature vary in deep oceans at different depths.
  3. Pressure also varies in deep oceans at different depths.

Question 14.
Write the main characteristics of living and nor living things.
Answer:
We have many things around us which are two types i.e. living and non-living.
Living things. In living things life processes take place, so they need food. They grow upto a certain age. They respire and respond to external stimuli. They have ability to produce their young ones. They die after a certain age.

Non-living things. In non-living things, no life processes take place, so they do not need food. They do not grow and do not respond to external stimuli. They do not excrete. There is no death in the case of non-living things.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question 15.
What are hydrophytes ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings 1
Hydrophytes. These are the plants which grow in watery places or the places which remain wet throughout the year. Examples : Hydrilla, Pista,
Lotus, Vallsneria.

Question 16.
What are the differences between Aquatic and Terrestrial habitat ?
Answer:
Difference between Aquatic and Terrestrial habitat:

Aquatic habitat Terrestrial habitat
(1) These include habitat of organisms that live and propagate in water. (1) These include habitat of organisms that live and propagate on land.
(2) Water absorbs and loses heat gradually therefore, sudden fluctuation in temperature is not found in aquatic habitat. (2) The terrestrial habitat have rapid fluctuation in the climate, temperature, moisture, i.e. it is not uniform everywhere.

Question 17.
What are unicellular of multicellular organisms ?
Answer:
Organisms made up of only one cell are Unicellular organisms, e.g. : Amoeba, Paramoecium. Organisms made up of large number of cells are called multicellular organisms, e.g. Humans, cat, dog etc.

Question 18.
What do you mean by excretion ? Write different modes of excretion in animals.
Answer:
Excretion.
The process of getting rid of waste or removal of waste materials from body is called excretion.

Mode of Excretion.
Larger animals even the human beings remove these wastes in the form of fluids like urine and faecal matter. The removal of waste is necessary since these may be poisonous and harmful to the organism.

Smaller organisms like bacteria, amoeba (one celled animals) remove their waste through body surfaces.

Question 19.
Differentiate living and non-livings on the basis of Growth and Respiration.
Answer:
Living organisms can grow as well as respire but non-living cannot.

Question 20.
What are the saline water habitats and fresh water habitats include ?
Answer:
Fresh water habitat. Rivers, ponds, lakes.
Saline water habitat. Oceans, seas, certain lakes.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by the term ‘Adaptation’ ?
Answer:
Adaptation.
The development of characteristics which help an organism to sun’ive in a particular environment is known as adaptation.
Adaptation commonly involves a combination of characteristics, shape, size, structure, colour and mode of life. For example, a fish shows many adaptations for aquatic life. It has a streamlined body provided with fins which enables it to swim in water, presence of gills for breathing.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

Question 2.
How biotic and abiotic components of a habitat are interacted ? Draw its chart also.
Answer:
Interaction of biotic and abiotic environment.
All biotic components such as plants, animals and micro-organisms are influenced by abiotic components such as water, light, air, oxygen and temperature in different ways. Green plants prepare their own food and all the animals depend upon plants for the food. Some animals feed on other animals. Plants also provide shelter to the animals thus all the organisms are related through food chain.
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings 2
After death and decay of the plants and animals, they are decomposed into simple minerals into soil. These minerals are again used by plants through the roots. Thus they are interrelated and share common surroundings.

Thus we see that all the plants and animals and the abiotic components involving air. light, water are related and interdependent on each other in the habitat.

Question 3.
In what ways living things differ from non-living things ?
Answer:
Differences between living and non-living things :

Living things Non-living things
(1) Food is necessary for the life processes in living things. (1) In non-living things, no life processes take place, so they do not need food.
(2) Respiration is necessary for living things. (2) There is no respiration in non-living things.
(3) Living things grow upto a certain age. (3) These do not grow on their own.
(4) Living things respond to external stimuli. (4) Non-living things do not respond to external stimuli.
(5) Living things excrete waste product from their body. (5) Non-living things do not excrete.
(6) Living things produce their young ones. (6) There is no procreation in non-living things.
(7) The body structure of living things is cellular. (7) Non-living things do not have cellular body.

Question 4.
How is camel adapted for xeric adaptation / deserts ?
Answer:
PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 9 The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings 2
The camel is superbly adapted for xeric conditions that is why it is rightly called the ‘ship of the desert’. The following adaptations are found in camel :

  • It uses its entire foot while walking and its hooves are covered by a large sole which helps it to move on hot, slippery sand.
  • It has a hump on the back which is filled with fat. This stores food that is utilized during the time when the camel does not get anything to eat.
  • It can drink as much as 50 litres of water in one gulp when water is available to it.
  • It excretes very little water from its body.
  • It passes nearly dry dung.
  • It does not perspire.

Question 5.
What are the abiotic components? Explain.
Answer:
The non-living components like rocks, roil, air, water, sunlight, temperature are abiotic components

  • Air. Both plants and animals require air to live. Animals take oxygen and give out carbon dioxide while plants give out oxygen and take carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis also takes place in the air.
  • Soil. It contains water, air, and living organisms. It provides nutrients to plants.
  • Sunlight. Plants perform photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight. Humans require sunlight for vitamin D. So, All organisms depend on sunlight directly and indirectly.
  • Water. Water is essential for life as it is present in large amounts in plants and animals.
  • Temperature. All living organisms can receive only within a specific range of temperature

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Physical Education Chapter 3 Yoga

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the oldest method of Indian exercises?
Answer:
Yoga Asana.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 2.
How much time Search Asana may be performed daily?
Answer:
2 minutes only

Question 3.
Name the Asana which prevents Hernia and Urinary diseases.
Answer:
Chabar Asana.

Question 4.
Mention any two advantages of Searsh Asana.
Answer:

  • Increase the learning power.
  • Remove the fat of the body.

Question 5.
Mention any two advantages of Vazur Asana.
Answer:

  • It cures night fall.
  • It also cures diabetes.

Question 6.
Mention any two advantages of Padam Asana.
Answer:

  • Cure the pain of waist.
  • Passing of urine become normal.

Question 7.
Describe any two advantages of Bhujang Asana.
Answer:

  • Remove constipation.
  • Albumin disease is cured.

Question 8.
Mention any two advantages of Dhanur Asana.
Answer:

  • Arthritis is cured.
  • Menstruation and Venereal diseases of women are cured.

Question 9.
Which is the means of uniting soul with God?
Answer:
Yoga.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 10.
Which is the best Asana for mental concentration?
Answer:
Padam Asana.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 11.
How many types of Fatigue are there?
Answer:
Two types of fatigue:

  • Mental
  • Physical.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.

“Yoga is the means of uniting soul with God.” How?
Answer:
Yoga can be defined as science of healthy and better living physically, mentally, intellectually and spiritually. Thus, Yoga is the union of soul with God. The medium of this sweet and happy union is body. The union of soul and God takes place by means of healthy and strong body, and we can have a vision of the Almighty God. Yoga makes body strong and healthy.
As such, it is the only means of the union of soul and God.

God is the embodiment of other-worldly qualities, actions and knowledge. He is all pervading like the sky. The mutual relation between the living being and God is a must. Yoga is helpful in strengthening’these bonds or connections.Man’s aim is to enjoy all the comforts of the world and to make the living soul one with God so that he may get rid of the cycles of births and rebirths and attain salvation.

Question 2.
Yoga is becoming very popular in foreign countries. Why?
Answer:
Yoga is an ancient knowledge of India. Yogic science is very important in human life. All over the world doctors and physical education teachers accept the importance of this ancient knowledge. Yoga Asana is a scientific knowledge and useful for persons of all ages. Yoga contributes in the complete development of man.

Question 3.
Write any five points which one should keep in mind while doing Asana.
Answer:
1. Yoga Asanas should be performed in the morning after the practitioner eases himself. It is better to perform Yoga Asanasafter having a bath. After taking bath body feels light and flexib and Asanas get performed very easily. Asanas can, of course, be don with empty stomach in the evening, too.

2. The place of Asanas should be clean and peaceful. It is desirable if Asanas are performed in a green park or garden.

3. The place where Asanas are to be performed should be even. Asanas should be performed on a mat so that one’s concentration is not disturbed by gravitational pull of the earth or by anything else.

4. One should not indulge in talks while performing Asanas. One should concentrate on one’s breathing and on the organ on which pressure is felt. The more one gets concentrated the more shall be the benefit of the Asanas performed. Perform Shavasana before doing other Asanas to make body, mind and breath calm and poised.

5. Yogic exercises are slow and non-aggressive. They should never be performed with jerks. Each Asana should be performed slowly by making the body alert and tense. Then the body should be kept in a relaxed state after some time. The second Asana should be performed when breathing becomes normal.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 4.
Describe tKe importance of Shav Asana.
Answer:
This asana should be performed for 3-5 minutes. It should be performed at the start and end of every asana.
Importance-

  • Shavasana helps in getting rid of high blood pressure and mental tension.
  • It keeps the heart and the brain fresh.
  • It removes the fatigue in the body.

Question 5.
Describe the Advantages of Yoga Asana.
Answer:

  • Man’s basic faculties of body and mind develop by means of Yoga. Lungs get enough air through the exercise of pranayama, as a result of which they get exercised and energised, and get rid of many ailments.
  • Man’s body remains completely healthy through Yoga.’ Dhoti and Basti help in cleaning liver and intestines respectively. Clean body, we know, always remains healthy.
  • Body gets strengthened with Yoga.
  • By doing Yogic Asanas the organs of body become flexible. For example Hal-Asana and Dhanur-Asana help in increasing the flexibility of the backbone.
  • All body systems begin to function properly with Yogic exercises.
  • Yogic exercises keep human body in good and correct posture, as a result of which man’s personality improves. For example, by doing Brikh-Asana, knees do not strike, and by doing Padam-Asana, one’s belly does not protrude and shoulders do not develop hump.
  • Mental discipline develops by doing Yoga. By doing Yama and
    Niyama, one is enabled to exercise control on one’s undesirable emotions and vices.
  • Many ailments get removed by performing Yoga Asanas correctly. Vajar-Asana and Mastainder-Asana help in the removal of diabetes. Similarly, Pranayama keeps the lungs free from ailments.
  • Yoga Asanas help in removing physical and mental fatigue. Shavasana helps in the removal of tiredness.
  • Man’s intelligence and memory increase as a result of performing Yoga Asanas. Shirsh-Asana proves to be very useful in this respect.
  • Yogic exercises develop a sort of rhythm in man’s body.
  • Yogic Asanas are the best means of attaining peace and balance of mind.

Question. 6.
Describe the Technique of Shav Asana.
Answer:
Shav Asana:
In this asana, one lies down prostrate and loosens the body. In order to perform this asana, lie down straight on the ground over the back and loosen all the parts of the body completely. Gradually, breathe in deeply. The distance between the feet should be 1.5 ft.Keep the wrists of the hands away from the body, facing the sky. Close your eyes, introspect and think as if the body were getting loose. Feel that the body is in a position of rest.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 1

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Yoga? What are the advantages of Yoga?
Answer:
‘Yoga can be defined as science of healthy and better living physically, mentally, intellectually and spiritually.” Thus, Yoga is the union of soul with God. The medium of this sweet and happy union is body. The union of soul and God takes place by means of healthy and strong body, and we can have a vision of the Almighty God. Yoga makes body strong and healthy. As such, it is the only means of the union of soul and God. God is the embodiment of other-wordly qualities, actions and knowledge. He is all-prevading like the sky. The mutual relation between the living being and God is a must. Yoga is helpful in strengthening these bonds or connections.

Advantages of Yoga:

  • Prevention of Diseases.
  • Corrective Values and Relaxation.
  • Development of Strength.
  • Development of Physical, Mental and Latent power of man.
  • Emotional development.
  • Internal cleanliness of body.
  • Spirit of Sacrifice and Discipline.

Question 2.
“Yoga is the means of uniting soul with God.” How?
Answer:
Yogic science is very important in human life. Yoga is not only the ancient knowledge of India but of the whole world. All over the world doctors and Physical Education teachers accept the importance of this ancient knowledge. Through Yoga body and mind remain healthy and nerves also remain strong and flexible. Yoga keeps one away from all ailments, and in case one falls ill, Yoga helps him to cure through various exercises. Not only does it make one healthy, strong and energetic it also makes one’s personality attractive. In fact, it takes one to a world of supreme bliss, life, health, comfort and peace.

It is the river of that knowledge, the single drop of which is sufficient to cure an ailment. It is a great means of uniting one with God. Body is, thus, a medium of the meeting of soul and supreme soul (God). Through a healthy body one can visualize the Almighty God. Yoga makes one healthy and strong as also efficient and skilful. It infuses in us energy. It is useful not only for the patients but also for the healthy persons. Healthy persons can make best use of Yoga. Yoga is useful for persons of all ages.

Aim of Yoga:
The main aim of Yoga is to win over the mind by maintaining the body healthy, flexible, energetic and active and by developing Great Powers by which the soul may unite with the Supreme Soul (God). In fact, salvation (‘Mukti’) is getting rid of the cycles of births and deaths by uniting the soul with the Supreme Soul. Two forms of ’V Yoga Asanas and Pranayams are directly related to Physical Education. Through Yogic science, man merges into God by winning over the mind, keeping the body healthy, energetic and active, and disciplining conduct and behaviour.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question. 3.
Describe the technique of any five Asana and explain their advantages.
Answer:
Shavasana:
Position: In Shavasana one lies down prostrate loosing the body-

  • Technique. In order to do this asana lie down straight on the ground ones the back and loosen all the parts of body completely.
  • Then breathe in deeply.
  • Relax the whole body.
  • Keep the distances of the feet of 1.5 ft.
  •  Keep the wrists away from the body facing the sky.
  •  Close your eyes, try to concentrate your mind.

Fact as of the whole body is getting loose and that the body is in the state of rest.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 2

Advantages:

  •  Shavasana helps in geting rid of blood pressure and mental tension.
  •  It keeps the heart and the brain fresh.
  •  It removes physical fatigue.

Paschimottan Asana:
In it, one holds, the thumbs of the feet with fingers and sits in such a say that the trunk moves towards one side.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 3
Position of Paschimottan Asana:
In doing this asana, the whole body is stretched and bent:
Technique of Paschimottan Asana-

  • Spread both the legs forward.
  • Sit on the ground. Hold the thumbs of the feet with both the hands.
  • Breathe out slowly and try to touch the knees.
  • Breathe in slowly. Raise the head upwards and return to the former position.
  • Repeat this asana 10-15 times.

Advantages:

  • It lends strength to the thighs.
  • It helps cleanse the blood vessels.
  • It helps in getting rid of the various diseases of the belly.
  • It reduces the excess fat of the body.
  • It helps in the removal of gas trouble.

Dhanur Asana:
In performing this asana one lies prostrate, pulls up the legs and holds*the knees with the help of hands.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 4
Technique of Dhanurasana:
In this asana, the shape of the body is like that of a bow. In order to perform this asana, lie over the belly on the ground. Bend the knees backward. Hold the feet near the ankles with hands. Breathe in deeply and raise the chest upwards as much as possible. Now make the feet tense so that the body acquires the shape of a bow. Remain in the position as long as possible. Breathe out. Keep the body loose and go back to the former position. Repeat this asana 3-4 times. Shalabhasana and Dhanurasana should be done turn by turn.

Advantages:

  • Dhanurasana reduces obesity.
  • It increases digestive power.
  • It helps in getting rid of rheumatism and urinary diseases.
  • It makes the stomach and intestines strong.
  • The vertebral column and muscles become strong and flexible with this asana.

Padam Asana:
In performing this Asana, one sits squatting.
Position of Padam Asana:
In this asana the position of the body is like that of lotus.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 5
Technique of Padamasana-
After sitting in the squatting position, place the right foot on the left thigh in such a way that the heel of the right foot touches the hip bone of the left thigh. Then lift the left foot up, and in the same way place it on the right thigh of the right foot. The vertebral column should be perfectly straight. Stretch the arms on the knees. It becomes very easy to perform this asana after a few days’ practice.

Advantages:

  • It increases the digestive power.
  • It is very good for the concentration of the mind.
  • It helps in getting rid of backache.
  • It enables a person to escape from the diseases of the heart and belly.
  • It helps in the removal of urinary troubles.

Halasan:
Position: In doing this asana one lies in the supine position.

  • Technique. Raise both legs and keep the head away and lift both feet and bring both legs behind the head.
  • Touch the thumb of your feet to the ground. .
  • Maintain the position as you can.
  • Bring your feet at the same place from where you have started to left.PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 6

Advantages:

  • Hal Asana is very useful for every men and women of every age.
  • It is the best asana for the person of heart disease or a person who is suffering from high or low blood pressure.
  • It regulates the circulation of blood.
  • Removes fat of the body slim the waste and belly.
  • It provides flexibility to the backbone.

Sarvang Asana:
In this Asana, one stands on one’s shoulders.
Technique of Sarvang Asana: In this asana, the position of the body is like that of Ardh Hal Asana. For performing this asana, straighten the body and lie on the ground over the back. Place both the hands along the thighs. Lift both the feet once. Resting the back with the help of wrists, let the elbows rest on the ground. Keep the whole of your body straight. Let the weight of the body be on the shoulders and the neck. Let the chin touch the neck.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 7
After remaining in this position for some time, return td the former position slowly. In the beginning, do this asana for a minute or two. Then increase the duration of this asana from 5 to 7 minutes.The persons who cannot perform Sheershasasna should do Sarvangasana

Advantages:

  •  This asana helps to remove constipation.
  •  It increases appetite.
  •  The bulging belly goes in.
  •  All the body organs become active.
  •  The gas trouble is removed.
  •  The blood circulation quickens and blood is purified.
  •  It helps in getting rid of piles.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Bhujang Asana:
In this asana, one lies down straight and loosens the trunk.
Technique of Bhujang Asana .It is also called Sarpasana. In it, the position of the body is like that of a serpent.
In order to perform it, lie down on the belly on the ground. Place both hands near the shoulders. Make the legs tense slowly, and with the help of wrists raise the chest so much that the arms are completely straight. Pull in the toes and hang the head slowly backwards. Return gradually to the former position. Repeat this asana 3-5 times daily.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 8
Advantages:

  • Bhujangasana increases the digestive power.
  • It helps get ride of the diseases of liver and spleen.
  • It strengthens vertebral column and muscles.
  • It helps in the removal of constipation.
  • It helps the bulge of the belly go in.
  • It makes the lungs strong.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 4.
Discuss the techniques of Garur Asana and Tar Asana. Describe their advantages.
Answer:
Position of Garur Asana:
The position of Garur Asana is standing on both feet-
Techniques:

  • While standing straight, lift the left leg and encircle the other leg.L
  • Left thigh will come over right thigh. The part of the lower leg will cover right side of the lower leg.
  • Put the body weight on one foot.
  • Encircle left arm to the right arm and left.
  • Both palm and come to the position of Namaskar.
  • Then bend the left leg and bring the body in sitting position. In this way all nerves of the body will get stretched. Again straighten up the body and come to the position of Attention.
  • Now change your legs and hands and repeat the same. Garur asana should be performed on each leg from one minutes to five minutes.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 9

Advantages of Garur Asana:

  • It strengthens all parts of the body.
  • Body becomes healthy.
  • It prevents the disease of Hernia.
  • Legs become strong.
  • One feels fresh and light.
  • Circulation of blood increases.
  • Man remains healthy and away from so many diseases.

1. Tar Asana:
In this asana the trunk is pulled upwards while in the standing position. The position of tar asana is like the Tar tree.
Technique of Tar Asana. Stand up, join the heels and toes of both the feet and lift the arms straight upward. Let the fingers of one hand cross those of the other hand. The wrists should be upward and the sight in front. Breathe in fully. Raise the heels and put the whole body weight on toes. Pull the body upwards. After sometime, breathe out and lower the body. Repeat this action 10-15 times.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 10
Advantages of Tar Asana:

  • It reduces obesity of the body.
  • It raises the stature
  • It removes constipation.
  • It prevents the diseases of the intestines.
  • It serves to cleanse the bowels if it is done after taking cold water everyday.

Question 5.
What is the technique of Shirsh Asana ? Discuss its advantages. What precaution would you take while performing Shirsh Asana?
Answer:

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga
Shirsh Asana:
Position. Bring your head down and keep legs upward.
Technique-

  • Put blanket or towel on the floor and sit down on your knees.
  • The fingers of both hands should be tightly interlocked. Put both hands on blanket.
  • Put your head between both hand in such a way that thumb of the hand may press back part of your head.
  • Bring both legs inside and put your thumb and legs straight upward.
  • Lift the feet gradually. Firstly straight one leg and another.
  • Try to keep your body in a straight line.
  • Put your body weight on head and both arms equally.
  • You can take help of the wall or your team-mates.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 11
Advantages:

  • Increases apettite.
  • Make a person slim.
  • Live and spleen become more active.
  • It removes all diseases concerning primary track.
  • Piles are cured.
  • By doing regular practice of Shirsh Asana, mental diseases are cured.

Precautions:

  • When eyes become red, Asana should be stopped.
  • On feeling giddiness don’t do Shirsh Asana.
  • Shirsh Asana should be stopped while feeling too much air in the ears.
  • This asana should not be performed when inhalation becomes difficult.
  • When body do not bear the weight.
  • On shivering arms and legs.
  • While feeling uneasiness. Shirsh Asana may not be performed.
  • Shirsh Asana should be performed all alone.
  • Take assistance when you feel necessity.
  • Shirsh Asana can be performed from one minute to five minutes. More time would be harmful.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 6.
Describe the technique and advantages of Vajur Asana.
Answer:
Vajur Asana:
Position. Sitting on legs while keeping his feet behind.
Technique-

  • Put on knees under your hip and sit down while facing the feet upper side.
  • The thumb of the feet should touch each other.
  • Both the knees may touch each other back and waist must be in a straight line.
  • Put both hands on the both thighs.
  • Breathing may be long.
  • Vajur Asana may be performed daily from three minutes to twenty minutes.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga 12
Advantages:

  • Body becomes more active.
  • Remove the fats of the body.
  • Body becomes healthy.
  • Muscles get strengthened.
  • It helps to get rid of Night fall.
  • It removes the pain of feet and legs.
  • Mind becomes cool.
  • Person becomes carefree.
  • It cures diabetes.
  • It improves digestion.

Question 7.
What are the eight components of Yoga according to Patanjali Rishi? Discuss in brief.
Answer:
According to Rishi Patanjali, there are eight stages or components of Yoga. They are follows:

  • Yama, Forbearance
  • Niyama, Observance
  • Asana, Posture
  • Pranayama, Regulation of Breathing
  • Pratyahara, Abstraction
  • Dharana, Concentration
  • Dhyana, Meditation
  • Samadhi, Trance

The first five components or stages out of the above-mentioned eight stages are connected with external Yogic exercises, and the remaining three are related to internal Yogic exercises. All these stages have been further divided as follows:

1. Yama:
Forbearance. It has the following five components:

  • Ahimsa (Non-violence)
  • Satya (Truth)
  • Astey (Conquest of the senses of mind)
  • Aprigraha (Non-receiving)
  • Brahamcharya (Celibacy)

2. Niyama:
Observance: These two have the following five stages of components :

  • Shauch (Obeying the call of nature)
  • Tapa (Penance)
  • Santosh (Contentment)
  • Savadhyaye (Self-study)
  • Ishwar Paridhan (God-consciousness).

3. Asana:
Posture The number of Asanas is as much as the number of birds. Asanas should be performed according to the capacity of the body. They should be done by exhaling air through breathing, stopping breath and re-Breathing everyday.

4. Pranayama:
Regulation of Breathing. Pranayama is a part of meditation. It has the following three parts:

  • Purak (Inhalation)
  • Rechak (Exhalation)
  • Kumbhak (Holding of Breath): Holding breath and exhalation are called Pranayama (Regulation of breathing).

5. Pratyahara: Abstraction. Pratyahara means detachment of mind from all the vgorldly pleasures and comforts.

6. Dharana: Concentration Dharanameans exercising control over our organs But it is very difficult to practise it.

7. Dhyana:
Meditation. When a person gains control over mind the state of Dhyana sets in. In this state, body and mind become like the flow of the river in which the currents of water have no effect at all.

8. Smadhi Trance:
It is the state of mind which starts with Dharana and ends with Samadhi. All these states have deep connection among them.The science of Yoga is a valuable contribution of India to the world. Yoga is gaining popularity at home and abroad. All the doctors and teachers of Physical Education acknowledge its utility. Yogic exercises are completely scientific in nature and in accordance with the structure of the body.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question 8.
Discuss the main principles of Yoga
Answer:
Main Principles of Yoga:
There are some principles which one must observe while doing Yoga. An account of these principles is given below:
1. Yoga Asanas should be performed in the morning after the practitioner eases himself. It is better to perform Yoga Asanas after having a bath. After taking bath body feels light and flexible and Asanas get performed very easily. Asanas can, of course, be done on empty stomach in the evening, too.

2. The place of Asanas should be clean and peaceful. It is desirable if Asanas are performed in a green park or garden.

3. The place where Asanas are to be performed should be even. Asanas should be performed on a mat so that one’s concentration is not disturbed by gravitational pull of the earth or by anything else.

4. One should not indulge in talks while performing Asanas. One should concentrate on one’s breathing and on the organ on which pressure is felt. The more one gets concentrated, the more shall be the benefit of the Asanas performed. Perform Shavasana before doing other Asanas to make body, mind and breath calm and poised.

5. Yogic exercises are slow and non-aggressive. They should never be performed with jerks. Each Asana should be performed slowly by making the body alert and tense. Then the body should be kept in a relaxed state after some time. The second Asana should be performed when breathing becomes normal.

6. Increase the duration of the Yoga Asanas slowly. Practise daily to reach the optimum level of an Asana. The body will become flexible slowly.

7. One should put on minimum clothes while doing Asanas,
keeping in view the needs of the season, of course. .

8. The Yoga Asanas can be performed by persons of all ages, children, old men, men or women. Persons from 10 to 80 or 85 years of age can perform Yoga Asanas. But Asanas should be performed systematically.

9. The person who performs Asanas should take light food. Food should be easily digestible, fresh and ‘Satwik’. Lighter the food, the more will be the efficiency of the Yogic practitioner.

10. A person suffering from some acute disease should not perform Asanas or Pranayam.

11. Don’t perform many Asanas in the beginning. Every Asana should be done slowly by keeping the eyes closed. Sarvangasana and Shishasana can be slowly performed upto 10 minutes. Don’t come back too soon from the initial stage to the last.

12. The order of the Asanas should be so arranged that one should be able to perform the counter-pose of the Asana performed. For example, Paschimotanasana followed by Konasana, its counter-pose, and Sarvangasana followed by Matsyasana, its counter-pose.

13. Shavasana must be performed after the completion of Yoga Asanas. One can have the benefit of Asanas only if one allows the body rest and relaxation by doing shavasana. Shavasana is a complete Asana in itself. It generates great power in the body.

14. Don’t eat anything at least for half an hour after completing the programme of Asanas or Pranayam.

15. Practise stopping breathing after exhaling air.

16. Yoga Asanas should be performed daily.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 3 Yoga

Question. 9.
Yoga is the means of Health. Describe.“Yoga is the means of uniting soul with God.” How?
Answer:
“Yoga is the means of Health”
The prominent aim of Yoga is to keep man strong and energetic physically and mentally, and to increase his sensibility and con- sciouness. The chief qualities of Yoga are as follows :

  • Man’s basic faculties of body and mind develop by means of Yoga. Lungs get enough air through the exercise of pranayama, as a result of which they get exercised and energised, and get rid of many ailments.
  • Man’s body remains completely healthy through Yoga. Dhoti and Basti help in cleaning liver and intestines respectively. Clean body, we know, always remains healthy.
  • Body gets strengthened with Yoga.
  • By doing Yogic Asanas the organs of body become flexible. For example Hal-Asana and Dhanur-Asana help in increasing the flexibility of the backbone.
  • All body systems begin to function properly with Yogic exercises.
  • Yogic exercises keep human body in good and correct posture, as a result of which man’s personality improves. For example, by doing Brikh-Asana, knees do not strike, and by doing Padam-Asana, one’s belly does not protrude and shoulders do not develop hump.
  • Mental discipline develops by doing Yoga. By doing Yama and Niyama, one is enabled to exercise control on one’s undesirable emotions and vices.
  • Many ailments get removed by performing Yoga Asanas correctly. Vajar-Asana and Mastainder-Asana help in the removal of diabetes. Similarly, Pranayama keeps the lungs free from ailments.
  • Yoga Asanas help in removing physical and mental fatigue. Shavasana helps in the removal of tiredness.
  • Man’s intelligence and memory increase as a result of performing Yoga Asanas. Shirsh-Asana proves to be very useful in this respect.
  • Yogic exercises develop a sort of rhythm in man’s body.
  • Yogic Asanas are the best means of attaining peace and balance of mind.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Computer Science Book Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Computer Science Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Computer Guide for Class 7 PSEB Typing Tutor Textbook Questions and Answers

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
To use number pad, ……………. should be kept ON.
(a) Num lock
(b) Caps lock
(c) Scroll lock
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Num lock

Question 2.
In home-row, …………… key is pressed with the little finger of left hand,
(a) A
(b) S
(c) D
(d) F.
Answer:
(a) A

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Question 3.
In home row, ……………. key is pressed with Middle finger of right hand.
(a) J
(b) K
(c) L
(d) ;
Answer:
(b) K

Question 4.
In second row, ………………. key is pressed with ring finger of left hand.
(a) Q
(b) W
(c) E
(d) R.
Answer:
(b) W

Question 5.
In third row, …………….. key is pressed with the index finger of right hand.
(a) B
(b) N
(c) M
(d) M, N.
Answer:
(d) M, N.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

2. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
For typing purpose, a keyboard can be divided in how many parts?
Answer:
The keyboard for typing is divided into two parts. The first part is on the left side and the second part is on the right side.

Question 2.
Write the name of the technique for typing with all fingers without looking at the keyboard.
Answer:
Touch typing technology allows us to type without looking.

Question 3.
Write the name of any one font.
Answer:
Anmol Lipi font.

Question 4.
Which finger is used to press spacebar during typing?
Answer:
The thumb of your right hand is used to press the space bar key.

Question 5.
Which key is used to go to new line during typing?
Answer:
Enter key is used to move to new line.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is touch typing?
Answer:
This is a technique by which we learn how to type correctly without looking at the keyboard. The keyboard is divided into two parts, left side and right side. Typing is done by placing the fingers on right position accordingly.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 1

Question 2.
Describe the position of our fingers on Home Row Key.
Answer:
The “home row” is the center row of keys on a keyboard. It starts from the alphabet A. The fingers are always rest on this line. The position of the fingers on this row is as follows:
First of all, the fourth finger (little finger) of our left hand is on the ‘A’ key, then third finger on the ‘S’ key, then second finger on the ‘D’ key and then first finger on the ‘F’ key and alternately on the ‘7’ key. The fourth, third, second and first fingers of the right hand should be on ‘L’, ‘K’, ‘J’ and ‘H’ respectively. Thumbs of both hands should be on space bar.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 2

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger A
Ring Finger S
Middle Finger D
Index Finger F & G
Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger ;
Ring Finger L
Middle Finger K
Index Finger J & H

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Question 3.
What are the tips to improve typing speed?
Answer:
Typing speed can be increased by keeping the following in mind:

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 3

    • Concentrate in consistently, comfortably and correctly typing.
    • The position of our hands I fingers should always be on the home-row We should always start from this position and come back to the saine position. We should move from the home-row position to other keys.
    • As we press each key, we should repeat that letter in our mind.
    • We should focus on pressing the right key rather than speed. Speed will increase automatically with time and practice.
    • Do not look at the keyboard.

Question 4.
While typing numbers from numeric keypad, which hand we should use? Explain the position of your fingers on numeric keypad
Answer:
The numeric keypad is located on the right hand side of the keyboard and has a total of 17 keys. They act as a calculator. While using the numeric keypad Num lock key must be turned on. Use the right hand when typing numbcon the numeric keypad.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 4
The position of the fingers on the numeric keypad is as follows:

      • The thumb of the right hand is on the ‘0’
      • On the first finger of the right hand ‘4’
      • The second finger of the right hand on the ‘5’ The third finger of the right hand on the ‘6’

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the proper posture while typing.
Answer:

      • The computer monitor should be in front of our eyes.
      • Our focus should be on the monitor.
      • Our fingers should be on the home-row keys.
      • We should sit straight and in front of the keyboard.
      • We should quickly press each key and return to the home- row position.
      • Our feet should be straight on the ground.
        PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 5

Question 2.
Explain Following Keys
(a) Enter key
(b) Backspace key
(c) Shift key Answer:
Answer:
(a) Enter Key: This key is used to move to a new line. We use the smallest finger of our right hand to press the Enter
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 6
(b) Backspace key:
This key is used to delete a character to the left of the cursor. We use the little finger of our right hand for this.

(c) Shift Key:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters. If you want to type a capital letter with your left hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand similarly, to write a capital letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 7

PSEB 7th Class Computer Guide Typing Tutor Important Questions and Answers

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Question 1.
Type master is used for learning,
(a) Programming
(b) Computer
(c) Printing
(d) Typing.
Answer:
(d) Typing.

Question 2.
Keyboard is divided into sections.
(a) Three
(b) Four
(c) Two
(d) Five.
Answer:
(b) Four

Question 3.
The numeric pad is on the side.
(a) Right
(b) Left
(c) Upper
(d) Lower.
Answer:
(a) Right

Question 4.
The key is on both sides of the keyboard.
(a) Function
(b) Special
(c) Arrow
(d) Shift.
Answer:
(d) Shift.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

2. True/False

Question 1.
The typemaster helps to improve the typing speed.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
In touch typing we can type without touching the keyboard.
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
The numeric pad is on the right side of the keyboard.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Text is typed with a numeric pad.
Answer:
False.

Question 5.
Shift key is only one.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

3. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write instructions for keyboard expertise.
Answer:

  • Do not press the keys too quickly.
  • Press the keys evenly and equally.
  • Make it a habit to press the keys lightly.
  • After typing each word, press the space bar with the thumb of your right hand.
  • Your eyes, hands and brain need to be in perfect balance as you type.

Question 2.
What is a type master?
Answer:
Type master is a program that helps you learn to type and improve your speed. It helps us to type without looking at the keyboard.

Question 3.
What is numeric keypad?
Answer:
The numeric keypad is located on the right hand side of the keyboard and has a total of 17 keys. They act as a calculator. While using the numeric keypad Num lock key must be turned on. Use the right hand when typing numbers on the numeric keypad.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Question 4.
What is a shift key?
Answer:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters. If you want to type a capital letter with your left hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand similarly, to write a capital letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.

Question 5.
State the position of the fingers on the second row.
Answer:
The keys on the above line of the home row are called the keys on the second line. It starts with the letter Q’. Turn the fourth finger (little finger) of your left hand on the ‘Q’ key, the third finger on the ‘W’ key, the second finger on the ‘E’ key and the first finger on the ‘R’ key or the “T” key. Similarly, place the fourth finger of the right hand on the ‘P’ key, the third finger on the ‘O’ key, the second finger on the T key and the first finger on the ‘U ’or‘ Y ’key alternately.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 9

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger Q
Ring Finger W
Middle Finger E
Index Finger R & T
Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger P
Ring Finger O
Middle Finger I
Index Finger U & Y

4. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give some instructions for keyboard mastery.
Answer:
Typing speed can be increased by keeping the following in mind:
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 10

      • Concentrate in consistently, comfortably and correctly typing.
      • The position of our hands I fingers should always be on the home-row We should always start from this position and come back to the saine position. We should move from the home-row position to other keys.
      • As we press each key, we should repeat that letter in our mind.
      • We should focus on pressing the right key rather than speed. Speed will increase automatically with time and practice.
      • Do not look at the keyboard.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Question 2.
Write a note on shift key.
Answer:
Shift Key:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters, If you want to type a capital letter with your left
hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand. Similarly, to write a capit.al letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.

Question 3.
State the position of the fingers on the fourth row.
Answer:
Fourth Row:
The fourth row corresponds to the numeric keys. Be careful while typing the numbers. Our fingers should be on the home row. To type the numbers 100 correctly, it is recommended to press the numeric key with the corresponding finger and then bring it back to the home row, If all work is related to numbers, keep your fingers on the fourth line.
PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor 11

Left Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger Z
Ring Finger X
Middle Finger C
Index Finger V & B
Right Hand
Little/ Pinky Finger /
Ring Finger .
Middle Finger ,
Index Finger M & N

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Question 4.
Write in detail about the special keys of the key board.
Answer:
Special Keys on Keyboard:
The special keys of the keyboard are as follows:
1. Enter Key:
This key is used to move to a new line, We use the smallest finger of our right hand to press the Enter key.

2. Space Bar: The space-bar key is used 1.0 leave a space in two words. We use our thumb to press the space key.

3. Shift Key:
This key is located on both side of the keyboard. It is used to write capital letters. If you want to type a capital letter with your left hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of your right hand. Similarly, to write a capital letter with the right hand, press the shift key with the fourth finger of the left hand.

4. Backspace:
This key is used to delete a character to the left of the cursor. We use the little finger of our right hand for this.

5. Caps lock Key:
If the whole word, line or paragraph is to be written in capital letters, keep the Caps Lock Key in ON position. We use the little finger of our left hand for this.

PSEB 7th Class Computer Solutions Chapter 1 Typing Tutor

Question 5.
What are some ways to avoid stress and mistakes while typing on the computer?
Answer:
How to Avoid the Stress of Typing:
Stress and mistakes while typing on computer can be avoided as follows.

  • Set your keyboard so that it is straight and slightly raised at the back. Do not keep your keyboard tilted downwards.
  • Sit properly in front of your computer. Our screen should be two feet away from u and our copy should be in front of our eyes.
  • Stretch your arms before starting work and also during intervals and strengthen your arms with exercise.
  • We should re-st our wrists when we are not typing.
  • When typing, keep your wrists straight and bend your elbows at a 90 degree angle. Our wrists should not rest on the table while typing.
  • If sitting on a chair, our knees are bent 90 degrees and our feet are straight on the ground, then the height of our chair is perfect.
  • Exercise daily. This helps our body avoid stress after typing.
  • Rest for a short time instead of a large interval while typing.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Physical Education Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the various functions of the Food?
Answer:
Whatever the food we take, it performs so many functions after digestion and absorption. The functions of foods are as under:
1. It helps for the growth and development of the body. Food helps us in the development of the various organs of our body.

2. Provide strength. It gives us the strength to do various activities. To perform these activities the power comes from the food.

3. Produce energy in our bodies. When the food after absorption mixes with the oxygen which we inhale, produces energy in our body. This energy is very necessary for us. We cannot live without energy.

4. Construct new cells and repair old ones. Food repairs the broken cells and also produces new cells due to the activities of our body. So many cells destroy and much of them are broken. It is the food which creates new cells.

5. Prevent diseases. Food is to human-machine what petrol is to an automobile. It creates strength in our body which enables us to fight against diseases

Question 2.
What is food? Why we take food?
Answer:
Food is such type of material which produces blood in our body.

  1. Formation of new cells.
  2. Food supplies energy to body.
  3. Food supplies heat to body.
  4. Food helps in growth and development of body.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Book Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 3.
What are vitamins? Why are vitamins needed for our body?
Answer:
Vitamins are such chemical materials which help our body for proper growth and development. By now many vitamins have been discovered but the most prominent of all these are vitamins A, B, C, D and K.

Need of Vitamins to Our Body:

  • Vitamins maintain our health.
  • Vitamins help in the growth and development of our body.
  • Vitamins increase appetite.
  • Vitamins purify our blood and increase blood in our body.
  • Vitamins strengthen the bones and teeth.
  • Vitamins help us to create immunity in our body.
  • Vitamins cure the skin diseases.
  • Vitamins provide energy to our body.

Question 4.
What is Calorie?
Answer:
Calorie. The smallest unit to measure food constituents is called a calorie.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are various types of vitamins? Describe their functions and their sources.Write down the sources and advantages of the following vitamins A, B, C, D and K.
Answer:
Vitamins. By now many vitamins have been discovered, but the most prominent of all these are vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. The details about the sources and functions of various vitamins have been given below:

1. Vitamin A:
The following are the functions of vitamin A:

  • It improves eyesight.
  • It increases appetite.
  • It keeps digestive function normal.
  • It helps in the development and strengthening of body.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 1

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin A:

  • The lack of vitamin A causes night blindness.
  • The skin becomes dry.
  • Nose, throat, eyes and skin become more prone to infectious diseases.
  • The body becomes weak and its development stops.
  • The lungs get weakened.

Sources:
It is available in plenty in milk, curd, butter, cheese, egg, fish, fresh vegetables such as spinach, carrot, cabbage and tomato, orange, mango, papaya, fig, etc.

2. Vitamin B:
The following are the functions of vitamin B:

  • It regulates Nervous System and keeps it normal.
  • It energizes nerves, muscles, heart and brain.
  • It stimulates appetite.
  • It gives protection against skin diseases.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 2

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin B:

  • One feels less appetite.
  • The development of children stops.
  • One is afflicted with a disease called beri-beri and skin diseases.
  • One develops blisters on the tongue.
  • The hair begins to fall off.

Sources:
It is available in milk, curd, butter,cheese, whole pulses, cereals, soyabean, peas, eggs, leaves of green vegetables, cabbage, onion, spinach, tomato, salad, etc.

3. Vitamin C:
The functions of vitamin C are:

  • It purifies the blood.
  • It strengthens teeth.
  • It helps in the % rapid recovery of fractured bones.
  • It protects the body against diseases.
  • It saves throat from several diseases.
  • It protects one from bad cold, etc.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 3

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin C:

  • One is afflicted with such teeth diseases as pyorrhoea.
  • The bones get weakened.
  • Wounds do not heal quickly.
  • One suffers from anaemia.
  • Bleeding does not stop quickly.

Sources:
It is found in orange, lemon, malta, pomegranate, guava, amla, etc. In addition to these, it is available in green vegetables, tomato, cabbage, carrot, spinach, etc. ,

4. Vitamin D:
The functions of vitamin D are :
1. It helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
2. It strengthens bones and teeth.
3. It is needed most for the growth of children. Vitamin D we get from sun.
Sources
It is found in milk, egg yolk, butter, ghee, cod liver oil, etc. It forms itself in the rays of the sun.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 4

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin D:

  • Bones become weak.
  • The teething of childern gets delayed.
  • One is afflicted with such diseases as epilepsy, hysteria and rickets.
  • Muscles become weak.

5. Vitamin E:
The functions of vitamin E are

  • It increases the reproduction power.
  • It prevents impotency in men and infertility in women.PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 5

Harms due to lack of Vitamin E:

  • Boils are formed on the skin.
  • One is afflicted with infertility

Sources:
It is available in cabbage, carrot, salad, peas, onion, tomato, cauliflower. In addition to these, it is found in honey, wheat, rice, egg yolk, almond, pistachis, gram pulse, etc.

6. Vitamin K:
The functions of Vitamin K are as follows:

  •  It stops blood flow from cuts.
  •  It helps in blood clotting.
  •  It saves one from skin diseases.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 6

Harms due to lack of Vitamin K:

  • The process of blood clotting gets stopped.
  • One is afflicted with some skin diseases.

Sources: It is found in cabbage, spinach, fish, soyabean, tomato and egg yolk.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 2.
Why carbohydrates and Fats are essential for us?
Answer:
Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body. Indians, in general, compensate 70-80% of their food with this compound.

Sources:
Carbohydrates are available in wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, jaggery, sugar, potatoes, etc.
Advantages of Carbohydrates.

  • Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body.
  • They help in digesting fat.
  • They cleanse intestines and liver.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 7

Harms Due to Lack of Carbohydrates:

  • As a result of the lack of Carbohydrates, blood loses its alkaline nature, and becomes more acidic. In such a condition, a person may become unconscious. In such a condition due to hunger one may get diabetes.
  • Intestines are not cleaned properly.
  • As a result of lack of carbohydrates, fats remain undigested in the body.
  • As a result of lack of carbohydrates acidic elements in the liver get cleansed, and it is harmful to the body.
  • A person becomes very weak and may die in case there is excess or lack of carbohydrates in his food.

Harms due to Excess of Carbohydrates. The excess of carbohydrates causes:

  • fatness
  • high blood pressure
  • joint pains and
  • diabetes.

Proper Quantity. Our food has 50-80% of carbohydrates. 50-60% part of balanced diet consists of carbohydrates. A normal person should have 400 to 700 gms. of carbohydrates in his daily food.

Fats – Fats are of two types:
1. vegetable fats
2. animal fats
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 8

Sources:

  • Vegetable Fats. These are available in almonds, walnuts, soyabeans, groundnuts, coconut oil, mustard, etc.
  • Animal Fats. These are available in ghee, butter, milk, meat, fish, egg, etc.

Advantages:

  • It provides energy to the body.
  • It keeps the body temperature stable.
  • It protects all parts of the body against external injuries.
  • It keeps in reserve vitamins A, D and K according to the needs of the body.

Harms due to the Lack of Fats:
The body suffers in the following ways in case there is lack of fats :

  • Skin becomes dry.
  • The deficiency of vitamins A, D and K follows.
  • The skin goes dry because of the lack of acids of fat.

Harms due to the Excess of Fats:
The excess of fats in one’s food also proves to be harmful in the following ways:

  • One suffers from obesity.
  • Heart diseases are caused.
  • Digestion weakens.
  • One suffers from diabetes.
  • Stones may form in the abdomen.

Proper Quantity:
A normal person should have 50 to 75 gms of fats in his daily food.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 3.
Why different mineral salts are necessary for our body?
Answer:
Mineral Salts. Our body has 4% of minerals and salts. Phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 9
Sources:
Minerals and salts are available in green vegetables, green fruit, meat, milk. Milk has less amount of iron, but it has all other minerals.
Advantages

  • Minerals strengthen our teeth and bones.
  • They help in the development of muscular tissues.
  • They make the blood red.
  • Calcium helps in blood clotting,
  • Minerals help in the proper functioning of all parts of the body.

Harms due to Lack of Minerals:

  • The lack of calcium causesthe weakening of teeth and bones.
  • Body loses its power of resistance to diseases.
  • The lack of iodine is the cause of goitre in the body.

1. Calcium and Phosphorus:
These minerals are found in abundance in milk, curd, cheese, eggs, fish, meat, vegetables, fresh fruit, pulses, almonds, etc. They are helpful in the growth of body. They help in formation of teeth and bones. The are useful to heart and brain.

2. Iron:
Iron is available mostly in green vegetables, fruit, cereals, eggs and meat. It helps in producing new iron and stimulates hunger. It cleanses blood.

3. Sodium:
It is generally available in lady fingers, fig, coconut, salt, radish, carrot, turnip, etc. It removes many diseases of stomach and kidneys.

4. Potassium:
It is available in pear, coconut, lemon, fig, cabbage, radish, etc. It nourishes liver and heart, and removes constipation.

5. Iodine:
It is availablein sea fish, sea salt, onion, garlic, tomato, apple, spinach, carrot and milk, etc. It gives energy and increases body weight. Lack of Iodine cause Goitre disease.

6. Magnesium:
It is available mostly in orange, fig, tomato, wheat, spinach, malta, etc. It prevents skin diseases and strengthens muscle’s.

7. Sulphur:
It is available in plenty in onion, radish, cabbage, cauliflower. It helps in increase of nails and hair. It cleanses skin.

8. Chlorine:
It is available in plenty in onion, spinach, radish, carrot, cabbage and tomato. It excretes waste products from the body. It cleanses the body.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 4.
Write a note on the following :
A. Balanced diet
B. Proteins
C. Water
Answer:
A. Balanced Diet:
Food, nutritious elements, the need of food, all relate to nutrition. The science deals with our food, its related customs, traditions and our mental attitude or feelings.Balanced Diet. Balanced diet is the diet which has all the nutrients in right proportion, and which is capable of fulfilling all the needs of the body.

It should have all nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, salts and water in proper proportion. Such a diet needs to be taken for the proper development of body, protection from diseases and good health. No single item of food is balanced diet in itself. Only milk is an exception, as it has got almost all nutrients.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 10

B. Proteins:
Proteins. Protein is a complex compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen. It is of two kinds-vegetable protein and animal protein.
Sources

  • Vegetable Protein-It is availably in soyabeans, groundnuts, cashew-nuts, pistachio, walnuts, wheat, millet, maize, etc.
  • Animal Protein-It is available in meat, fish, egg, cheese, etc.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 11

Advantages of Protein:

  1.  It ensures physical growth and development
  2.  It repairs broken tissues
  3.  It keeps the body temperature normal
  4.  It produces energy in case there is lack of the quantity of carbohydrates or fats in the body.

Harms due to lack of Proteins:
The body catches the following diseases due to lack of proteins:

1. Kwashiorkor:
This disease is common in children in the age group of 1-3 years in case there is lack of proteins. At first, the child’s legs are affected. Then this disease causes swelling on his face and then the whole body. The skin of the child becomes rough and red. The child becomes irritated.

2. Rickets or Rachitis:
As a result of the lack of proteins children suffer from rachitis. A child affected with this disease looks very thin and weak. Bones are visible through his flesh.

3. Hunger Oedema:
Because of prolonged hunger and lack of protein, the body does not get nourishment, and water gets accumulated in cells, and body appears to be swelled up.

4. Pellagra:
As a result of this disease, one’s skin appears to be rough and dry.

5. Defect of the Livbr:
Liver gets damaged due to the lack of protein in food.

Harms of the Excess of Proteins:
One may suffer from kidney ailments in case of excessive intake of proteins. Blood vessels too get affected, and one begins to have joint pains.

Proper Quantity:
Children in the age group of 1-6 years are in dire need of proteins in large amounts. A normal person should consume 70 to 100 gms. of proteins everyday.

C. Water:
Our body is composed of 2/3rd of water. It is formed of the combination of oxygen and hydrogen. It is as important as air for our body.

Sources:
It is available in pure form in many nutrients also such as milk, fruit and vegetables.
Advantages of Water

  • Water helps in the formation of cells.
  • It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
  • It helps in digestion of food.
  • It regulates the heat in our body.
  • It helps in mixing nutrients with blood.
  • It keeps the parts and joints of body soft.
  • It ensures blood circulation in the body.

Harms due to Lack of Water in the Body:
There are many harms of drinking less water –

  • The food does not digest properly in case one drinks less water.
  • Liver remains heavy.
  • Constipation is caused.
  • One feels physical fatigue all the time.
  • The body gets weakened.
  • The face turns pale.
  • Waste products in the body do not get excreted properly.
  • One is afflicted with joint pains.
  • Stones are formed in kidneys.

Harms due to Excess of Water:
Water should always be taken in right proportion. Liver remains filled by taking water in excess and one does not feel appetite. If one continues taking water with food, food does not digest properly.
Proper Quantity:
The quantity of water intake varies with season, exercise and food. Normally, 5-6 glasses of water are enough for a normal person.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 5.
What is importance of Roughage in food?
Answer:
For our growth and development we take balance diet which must consists all food constituents in proper ratio as carbohydrates, fat, protein, mineral salts, water and vitamins, all these elements are not useful. The waste material, which are to be thrown out, can not excrete and it gets stuck with intestine. Raw vegetables like radish, turnip, flour should not be suited which eating. The unseived flesh works as a cleaning, brush in stomach and intestine. Body remain vigorous. Therefore food should be fibrous.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the various constituents of Balanced diet. Discuss them briefly.
Answer:
Balanced Diet. Balanced diet is the diet which has all the nutrients in right proportion, and which is capable of fulfilling all the needs of the body. It should have all nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, salts and water in proper proportion. Such a diet needs to be taken for the proper development of body, protection from diseases and good health. No single item of food is balanced diet in itself. Only milk is an exception, as it has got almost all nutrients.
1. Proteins:
Protein is a complex compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen. It is of two kinds vegetable protein and animal protein.

Sources:
Vegetable Protein. It is available in soyabeans, groundnuts, cashew-nuts, pistachio, walnuts, wheat, millet, maize, etc.Animal Protein. It is available in meat, fish, egg, cheese, etc.

Advantages of Protein:

  1. It ensures physical growth and development
  2. It repairs broken tissue
  3. It keeps the body temperature normal
  4. It produces energy in case there is lack of the quantity of carbohydrates or fats in the body.

Harms due to Lack of proteins:
The body catches the following diseases due to lack of proteins:
(i) Kwashiorkor:
This disease is common in children in the age group of 1-3 years in case there is lack of proteins. At first the child’s legs are affected. Then this disease causes swelling on his face.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 12
(ii) Rickets or Rachitis:
As a result of the lack of proteins children suffer from rachitis. A child affected with this disease looks very thin and weak. Bones are visible through his flesh.

(iii) Hunger Oedema:
Because of prolonged hunger and lack of protein, the body does not get nourishment, and water gets accumulated in cells, and body appears to be swelled up.

(iv) Pellagra:
As a result of this disease, one’s skin appears to be rough and dry.

(v) Defect in the Liver:
Liver gets damaged due to the lack of protein in food.

Harms of the Excess of Proteins:
One may suffer from kidney ailments in case of excessive intake of proteins. Blood vessels too get affected, and one begins to have joint pains.

Proper Quantity:
Children in the age group of 1-6 years are in dire need of proteins in large amounts. A normal person should consume 70 to 100 gms. of proteins everyday.

2. Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body. Indians, in general, compensate 70-80% of their food with this compound.

Sources:
Carbohydrates are available in wheat, rice, barley, maize, millet, jaggery, sugar, potatoes, etc.
Advantages of Carbohydrates:

  • Carbohydrates provide heat and energy to the body.
  • They help in digesting fat.
  • They cleanse intestines and liver.
    PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 13

Harms Due to Lack of Carbohydrates:

  • As a result of the lack of carbohydrates, blood loses its alkaline nature, and becomes more acidic. In such a condition, a person may become unconscious. In such a condition due to hunger one may get diabetes.
  • Intestines are not cleansed properly.
  • As a result of lack of carbohydrates, fats remain undigested in the body.
  • As a result of lack of carbohydrates acidic elements in the liver get cleansed, and it is harmful to the body.
  • A person becomes very weak and may die in case there is excess of lack of carbohydrates in his food.PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 14

Harms due to Excess of Carbohydrates:
The excess of carbohydrates causes

  • fatness
  • high blood pressure
  • joint pains, and
  • diabetes.

Proper Quantity:
Our food has 50-80% of carbohydrates, 50-60% part of balanced diet consists of carbohydrates. A normal person should have 400 to 700 gms. of carbohydrates in his daily food.

3. Fats:
Fats are of two types:

  • vegetable fats
  • animal fats.

Sources:

  • Vegetable Fats:
    These are available in almonds, walnuts, soyabeans, groundnuts, coconut oil, mustard etc.
  • Animal Fats .
    These are available in ghee, butter, milk, meat, fish, egg, etc.,

Advantages:

  • It provides energy to the body.
  • It keeps the body temperature stable.
  • It protects all parts of the body against external injuries.
  • It keeps in reserve vitamins A, D and K according to the needs of the body.

Harms due to the Lack of Fats:
The bod suffers in the following ways in case there is lack of fats :

  • Skin becomes dry.
  • The deficiency of vitamins A, D and K follows.
  • The skin goes dry because of the lack of acids of fat.

Harms due to the Excess of Fats:
The excess of fats in one’s food also proves to be harmful in the following ways:

  • One suffers from obesity.
  • Heart diseases are caused.
  • Digestion weakens.
  • One suffers from diabetes.
  • Stones may form in the abdomen.

Proper Quantity:
A normal person should have 50 to 75 gms. of fats in his daily food.

4. Mineral Salts:
Our body has 4% of minerals and salts. Phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine.
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 15
Potassium, magnesium, manganese, iodine and zinc are some prominent minerals.
Sources:
Minerals and salts are available in green vegetables, green fruit, meat, milk. Milk has less amount of iron, but it has all other minerals.
Advantages:

  • Minerals strengthen our teeth and bones.
  • They help in the development of muscular tissues.
  • They make the blood red.
  • Calcium helps in blood clotting.
  • Minerals help in the proper functioning of all parts of the body.

1. Calcium and Phosphorus:
These minerals are found in abundance in milk, curd, cheese, eggs, fish, meat, vegetables, fresh fruit, pulses, almonds, etc. They are helpful in the growth of body. They help in formation of teeth and bones. They are useful to heart and brain.

2. Iron:
Iron is available mostly in green vegetables, fruit, cereals, eggs and meat. It helps in producing new iron and stimulates hunger. It cleanses blood.

3. Sodium:
It is generally available in lady fingers, fig, coconut, salt, radish, carrot, turnip, etc. It removes many diseases of stomach and kidneys.

4. Potassium:
It is available in pear, coconut, lemon, fig, cabbage, radish, etc. It nourishes liver and heart, and removes constipation.

5. Iodine:
It is available in sea fish, sea salt, onion, garlic, tomato, apple, spinach, carrot and milk, etc. It give energy and increases body weight.

6.  Mangesium:
It is available mostly in orange, fig, tomato, wheat, spinach, malta, etc. It prevents skin diseases and strengthens muscles.

7.  Sulphur:
It is available in plenty in onion, radish, cabbage, cauliflower. It helps increase nails and hair. It cleanses skin.

8. Chlorine:
It is available in plenty in onion, spinach, radish, carrot, cabbage and tomato. It excretes waste products from the body. It cleanses the body.

9.  Water:
Our body is composed of 2/3rd of water. It is formed of the combination of oxygen and hydrogen. It is as important as air for our body.

Sources:
It is available in pure form in many nutrients also such as milk, fruit and vegetables.
Advantages of Water

  • Water helps in the formation of cells.
  • It carries nourishment to cells. It helps in the excretion of waste products from the body.
  • It helps in digestion of food.
  • It regulates the heat in our body.
  • It helps in mixing nutrients with blood. .
  • It keeps the parts and joints of body soft.
  • It ensures blood circulation in the body.

Harms due to Lack of Water in the Body:
There are many harms of drinking less water:

  • The food does not digest properly in case one drinks less water.
  • Liver remains heavy.
  • Constipation is caused.
  • One feels physical fatigue all the time.
  • The body gets weakened.
  • The face turns pale.
  • Waste products in the body do not get excreted properly.
  • One is afflicted with joint pains.
  • Stones are formed in kidneys.

Harms due to Excess of Water:
Water should always be taken in right proportion. Liver remains filled by taking water in excess and one does not feel appetite. If one continues taking water with food, food does not digest properly.

Proper Quantity:
The quantity of water intake varies with season, exercise and food. Normally, 5-6 glasses of water are enough for a normal person.

6. Vitamins:
By now many vitamins have been discovered, but the most prominent of all these are vitamins, A, B, C, D, E and K. The details about the sources and functions of various vitamins have been given below :

(i) Vitamin A:
The following are the functions of vitamin A:

  • It improves eyesight.
  • It increases appetite.
  • It keeps digestive function normal.
  • It helps in the development and strengthening of body.PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 16

The lack of vitamin A causes night blindness.

  • The skin becomes dry.
  • Nose, thorat, eyes skin become more prone to infectious diseases.
  • The body becomes weak and its development stops.
  • The lungs get weakened.

Sources:
It is available in plenty in milk, curd, butter, cheese, egg, fish, fresh vegetables such as spinach, carrot, cabbage and ’ tomato, orange, mango, papaya fig, etc.

(ii) Vitamin B:
The following are the functions of Vitamin B –

  •  It regulates nervous system and keeps it normal.
  •  It energizes nerves, muscles, heart and brain.
  •  It stimulates appetite.
  • It gives protection against skin diseases.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin B:

  • One feels less appetite.
  • The development of children stops.
  • One is afflicted with a disease called beri-beri and skin diseases.
  • One develops blisters on the tongue.
  • The hair begins to fall off.

Sources:
It is available in milk, curd, butter, cheeses, whole pulses, cereals, soyabean, peas, eggs, leaves of green vegetables, cabbage, onion, spinach, tomato, salad, etc.

(iii) Vitamin C:
The functions of vitamin C are :

  • It purifies the blood.
  • It strengthens teeth.
  • It helps in the rapid recovery of fractured bones
  • It protects the body againstdiseases
  • It saves throat from several diseases.
  • It protects one from bad cold Sources, etc.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin C:

  • One is afflicted with such teeth diseases as pyorrhoea.
  • The bones get weakened.
  •  Wounds do not heal quickly.
  • One suffers from anaemia.
  • Bleeding does not stop quickly.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Sources:
It is found in orange, lemon, malta, pomegranate, guava, amla, etc. In addition to these, it is available in green vegetables, tomato, cabbage, carrot, spinach, etc.

(iv) Vitamin D:
The functions of Vitamin D are :
1. It helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
2. It strengthens bones and teeth.
3. It is needed most for the growth of children.
Sources.
It is found in milk, egg yolk, butter, ghee, cod liver oil, etc. It forms itself in the rays of the sun.
Harms due to Lack of Vitamin D:

  • Bones become weak.
  • The teething of children gets delayed.
  • One is afflicted with such diseases as epilepsy, hysteria and rickets.
  •  Muscies become weak

(v) Vitamin E:
The functions of vitamin E are :

  • It increases the reproduction power.
  • It prevents impotency,in men and infertility in women.

Harms due to Lack of Vitamin E:

  • Boils are found on the skin.
  • One is afflicted with infertility.

Sources:
It is available in cabbage, carrot, salad, peas, onion, tomato, cauliflower. In addition to these, it is found in honey, wheat, rice, egg yolk, almond, pistachio, gram, pulse, etc.

(vi) Vitamin K:
The functions of Vitamin K are as follows :

  •  It helps in blood clotting.
  •  It saves one from skin diseases.

Harms due Lack of Vitamin K:

  •  The process of blood clotting gets stopped.
  • One is afflicted with some skin diseases.

Sources:
It is found in cabbage, spinach, fish, soyabean, tomato and egg yolk.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 2.
How many calories should a normal player take?
Answer:
Porper Quantity of Diet for a player –
The following is the proper quantity of diet for a normal player Porper:
PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet 17

Question 3.
Milk is a complete diet. Discuss.
Answer:
Milk:
Milk is an ideal and whole food. It has got all the essential nutrients. It has 3.6% fat, 3.4% protein, 4.8% carbohydrates,0. 7% salts and 7.5% water. Milk is given to growing children because it is a complete food. At home patient is also given milk which acts as complete food.For good health milk serves as balanced diet.

All the essential nutrients as portein, carbohydrates, fat, minerals, salts, water,vitamins are available in milk in right proportion. All these nutrients have different functions to perform in our body. Milk is considered to be an ideal food as it has all the essential nutrients including vitamins, though it does not have iron.

Question 4.
Write down important Rule for taking food.
Answer:
Important Rules for Taking Food
We must follow some essential rules if we want to make the best use of the food we eat. These rules are as follows :

  1. Food must be taken at fixed time.
  2. Hands should be properly washed before eating food.
  3. Food must be eaten slowly, and chewed properly.
  4. At the time of taking food one should refrain from reading anything or talking to somebody else.
  5. One should remain cheerful. One should stop worrying.
  6. Food should be taken when one is hungry.
  7. Food must be taken according to need. Neither should it betaken less nor in excess.
  8. Fried eatables are not easily digested. So fried things should be used sparingly.
  9. Stale or bad food is harmful to health.
  10. Rest for some time after taking noon-time food (lunch) is beneficial to health.
  11. Food should be taken 2 hours before one goes to bed. It is harmful to sleep immediately after taking dinner.
  12. Doing exercise immediately after taking food is harmful.
  13. One should avoid taking cold water immediately after taking food.
  14. Teeth should be properly rinsed and brushed after taking meal, otherwise small pieces of food remain stuck in bet ween teeth, and one suffers from many tooth diseases and bad odour.
  15. The place where one takes food should be clean.
  16. Extremely hot and spicy food is harmful to health.
  17. Food should be kept covered.
  18. There should be variety in food items.
  19. Excessively sweet or sour things should be avoided.
  20. Water should always be taken during the taking of one’s meal.
  21. Food should be properly cooked.

PSEB 10th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 2 Balanced Diet

Question 5.
Why do we cook food? What are the various methods of cooking food?’Discuss which is the best.
Answer:
Need for Cooking Food. Properly cooked food is useful for health, Food must be cooked properly. If food is over-cooked, it loses some essential nutrients like vitamins C and D. Food must be cooked for the following reasons:

  • Properly cooked food becomes easily digestible.
  • By cooking food disease germs get killed.
  • Cooked food is tasty. One feels like eating it.
  • We can preserve the cooked food for long.

Methods of Cooking Food:
The following methods for cooking are generally followed :

  • Boiling
  • Cooking with steam
  • Roasting
  • Frying.

These methods are explained in brief below :
1. Boiling:
In this method, food articles are cooked by boiling in water. But essential vitamins and mineral salts dissolve in water
and are lost in this method of cooking. A little quantity of water should be used in boiling eatables. If water used in boiling is excessive, it should not be thrown. Rice, pulses, meat and vegetables are cooked by boiling.

2. Cooking with Steam:
Food is also cooked with steam. Essential nutrients do not lost in cooking by this method. The food cooked in a steam cooker is nutritious and beneficial to health. So, this method is considered to be better than other methods.

3. Roasting:
In this method, food is directly roasted on the fire. Excessive roasting also destroys essential nutrients. The roasted meat is tasty and easily digestible.

4. Frying:
There are many food items such a ‘pakora’, ‘samosa’ and “puriran” which are fried. Food is cooked very soon by frying. But essential nutrients also lost in this method. Moreover, fried food is not easily digestible, and is often harmful to one’s health. Best Method. Of all the methods of cooking, cooking with steam is the best. The food cooked in this way does not lose essential nutrients, and it is very beneficial to one’s health.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Science Guide for Class 6 PSEB Garbage Management and Disposal Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 164)

Question 1.
Vegetable peels are ………………… waste. (Biodegradable/Non-Biodegradable)
Answer:
Biodegradable.

Question 2.
Glass is a ………………. waste. (Biodegradable/Non-Biodegradable)
Answer:
Non-Biodegradable.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Question 3.
Plant leaves are ………………. waste. (Biodegradable/Non-Biodegradable)
Answer:
Biodegradable.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 165)

Question 1.
Compost is rich in nutrients. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
We can use non-Biodegradable waste in composting. (True/False)
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Vermicomposting is done by ……………..
Answer:
Earthworms.

Question 4.
Kitchen waste (biodegradable waste) is used in Vermicomposting. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 167)

Question 1.
We can also recycle glass and metals to useful product. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
The process of changing the waste and non-useable materials into useful material is called recycling. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

PSEB 6th Class Science Guide Garbage Management and Disposal Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(a) Solid waste is commonly called ………….. .
Answer:
garbage

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

(b) Plastic is a ……………….. material.
Answer:
non-biodegradable

(c) Composting done by earthworms is called ………………
Answer:
vermicomposting

(d) …………… dustbin is used for collecting non-biodegradable waste.
Answer:
Blue

2. Write True or False:

(a) Green dustbin is used for collecting non-biodegradable waste.
Answer:
False

(b) Biomedical wastes are hazardous and infectious.
Answer:
True

(c) A large, low lying area used to dispose off garbage is known as a dump.
Answer:
True

(d) Landfill site is ideal for making parks and playgrounds.
Answer:
True

3. Match the Column A with Column B:

Column A Column B
1. Biomedical waste (a) fly ash
2. Industrial waste (b) medicines and syringes
3. Domestic waste (c) Paddy husk
4. Agricultural waste (d) vegetable peels

Answer:

Column A Column B
1. Biomedical waste (b) medicines and syringes
2. Industrial waste (a) fly ash
3. Domestic waste (d) vegetable peels
4. Agricultural waste (c) Paddy husk

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Hospital waste is generally:
(a) Recycled
(b) Incinerated
(c) Dumped in landfill
(d) Composted.
Answer:
(b) Incinerated

Question (ii)
The earthworms used for composting are called:
(a) Redworms
(b) Blueworms
(c) Greenworms
(d) Whiteworms.
Answer:
(a) Redworms

Question (iii)
……………. is a non-biodegradable waste.
(a) Plastic
(b) paper
(c) Vegetable
(d) Animal dung.
Answer:
(a) Plastic

Question (iv)
We can recycle ……………. .
(a) Glass
(b) Metals
(c) Plastic
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
What is meant by dump ?
Answer:
The low lying areas used for disposing off garbage are called dumps.

Question (ii)
What type of garbage is collected in blue dustbin and green dustbin ?
Answer:
Blue dustbins are used for collecting non-biodegradable wastes like polythene bags, plastics, glass, etc.
Green dustbins are used for collecting biodegradable wastes like sewage waste, news papers, etc.

Question (iii)
What is meant by recycling ?
Answer:
The process of changing the waste and non-useable materials into useful material is called recycling.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste.
Answer:

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable waste
(1) Waste materials that can be decomposed by micro-organisms. (1) The waste materials that cannot be decomposed easily.
(2) For example-Sewage waste, vegetable peels, etc. (2) For example-Plastics, glass, chemicals, construction site wastes, etc.
(3) Such wastes are not harmful to environment. (3) Such wastes are harmful to environment.

Question (ii)
What is vermicomposting ? How is it done ?
Answer:
The method used to prepare compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting. The redworms eat the waste material using their gizzards along with soil and convert it into compost.

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Explain how plastic is a boon.
Answer:
Plastic is a latest addition to our development. It is prepared chemically. It has become part of our life. It has both aspects – useful and harmful.

Useful aspects. Everything found around us is made of plastic – shoes, toys, buckets, tubes, pens, bags etc. Even electronic things have plastic components. Life seems to come to an end when we consider to abolish plastic. It is used for making things because it is tough, hard, shiny, durable and above all inexpensive.
From the different uses we can consider that plastic is a boon.

Question (ii)
List various methods of garbage disposal. Explain any one.
Answer:
There are three methods for disposal of garbage. These are :
(1) Composting
(2) Landfill
(3) Incineration
Landfilling. This is a commonly used method for disposing the waste.

Method : Collect the garbage from house and separate it into two groups before it is thrown into the dustbin.
Group I : Garbage from the kitchen like fruits and vegetable peels, egg shells, tea leaves etc.

Group II : Pieces of cloth, polythene bags, broken glass, old shoes, aluminium wrappers etc. Make separate heaps of this garbage and labelled as A, B, C and D. Put these into . separate plastic bags. Tie the mouth of these bags tightly. Put the four heaps in separate pits and cover them with the soil. This way of dumping is done in open land. The dumped content, with time changes to garbage.

Question (iii)
Explain the 4R’s.
Answer:
4R’s are used for waste management. These are (1) Reuse, (2) Reduce (3) Recycle and (4) Refuse.

(1) Reuse. It means to use an item again instead of throwing it away. We can reuse things after separating. For example fans and mobiles can be reused.

(2) Reduce. Reducing the amount of waste we produce is the best way to protect our environment. We can use glass and metal utensils instead of disposable utensils.

(3) Recycle. Conversion of waste material into usable form is called recycling of the waste. We can recycle old news papers into cardboard. Similarly plastic, glass, metals can be recycled.

(4) Refuse. Refuse the plastic and polythene bags. Disposable plastic pollutes our environment. For example using a reusable metal water bottle instead of disposable water bottle.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Science Garbage Management and Disposal Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question (i)
Name the material which can be recycled ?
(a) paper
(b) old clothes
(c) toys
(d) all.
Answer:
(d) all

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Question (ii)
Domestic waste constitutes :
(a) bandages
(b) kitchen waste
(c) syringes
(d) none.
Answer:
(b) kitchen waste

Question (iii)
The following item is not one of the waste material:
(a) broken glass
(b) a new bottle
(c) wrappers
(d) broken toy.
Answer:
(b) a new bottle

Question (iv)
Some animals die when they swallow
(a) fruit peels
(b) pieces of clothes
(c) plastic bags
(d) food.
Answer:
(c) plastic bags

Question (v)
Red worms survive at:
(a) high temperature
(b) low temperature
(c) average temperature
(d) none.
Answer:
(c) average temperature

Fill in the Blanks:

(a) All the wrapping materials go out as ………………..
Answer:
garbage

(b) Garbage has both ……………….. and non-useful components.
Answer:
useful

(c) Burning of …………….. produces smoke and ……………… gases which affect the health.
Answer:
agricultural waste, harmful

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

(d) ……………. , ……………………. and ……………. do not rot in the garbage heaps.
Answer:
Iron, glass, plastic

(e) The rotting and conversion of some materials into ……………… is called composting.
Answer:
manure

(f) The food of red worms is ……………….. and ……………….. waste.
Answer:
fruit, vegetables

(g) Red worms have structures like …………….. which help in grinding the food.
Answer:
gizzards

(h) Paper-mache is a paste made of clay and ……………. .
Answer:
paper

(i) Same kind of plastic can be …………… .
Answer:
recycled

(j) The plastic bags are cause of ………………… of drains and sewer system.
Answer:
choking

(k) We should not use ……………. to store eatables.
Answer:
plastic bags

(l) We should never bum ……………… and plastic ………………. .
Answer:
plastic bags, items

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Write (T) against true and (F) against false statements:

(a) Garbage is always non-useful.
Answer:
False

(b) Composting of waste material can be done only by red worms.
Answer:
False

(c) Every type of plastic can be recycled.
Answer:
False

(d) We are irresponsible as we do not take proper care of the wastage.
Answer:
True

(e) The plastic bags are cause of death of animals.
Answer:
True

(f) Burning of leaves is done to reduce garbage.
Answer:
True

(g) Vermicomposting is a process to reduce useful garbage into useful components.
Answer:
True

(h) Red worms can survive any conditions of the weather.
Answer:
False

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

(i) Landfill is a low lying area.
Answer:
True

(j) Bum the garbage that do not rot.
Answer:
False

Match the column A with column B:

Column A Column B
(1) Composting 3 categories
(2) Landfill sewage, kitchen waste, garbage
(3) Domestic wastes area where garbage dumped
(4) Sewage waste converting waste into manure.

Answer:
(1) Composting – converting waste into manure
(2) Landfill – area where garbage dumped
(3) Domestic wastes – sewage, kitchen waste, garbage
(4) Sewage waste – 3 categories.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is land fill ?
Answer:
Land fill is a low lying open area to dump the waste.

Question 2.
What is garbage ?
Answer:
Garbage: All the waste material from houses, markets, school, offices etc. constitute
garbage.

Question 3.
Name different components of garbage.
Answer:
Useful and non-useful components.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Question 4.
Which part of red worms help in grinding the food ?
Answer:
Gizzard helps in grinding the food.

Question 5.
Used paper can be remade and is used for other purposes. What is this process known as ?
Answer:
Recycling.

Question 6.
What is colour of garbage after rotting ?
Answer:
Black.

Question 7.
Can salt, pickets be given to red worms ? Why ?
Answer:
No, These materials produce disease causing organisms.

Question 8.
Which coloured bin is used for collecting kitchen waste or degradable waste ?
Answer:
Green.

Question 9.
Blue coloured bin is used for which type of substances ?
Answer:
Recycling material.

Question 10.
What is compost ?
Answer:
Compost. Dead leaves and other plant material are broken down in the soil into nutrients for plants to use is known as compost.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Question 11.
What do you mean by vermicomposting ?
Answer:
Vermicomposting. It is the method of making compost from kitchen garbage using red worms is called vermicomposting.

Question 12.
Write the types of garbage.
Answer:
Garbage consist of two type of components :

  1. Useful components.
  2. Non-useful components.

Question 13.
How non-useful components of waste or garbage are dumped ?
Answer:
The non-useful component is separated from garbage. It is then spread over the landfill and then covered with a layer of soil. Once the landfill is completely full, it is usually converted into park or play ground.

Question 14.
What is composting ?
Answer:
Composting. The rotting and conversion of some garbage into manure is called composting.

Question 15.
Why it is necessary for us to separate waste into two groups ?
Answer:
It is necessary for us to separate waste into two groups because waste contains two type of components. One are useful and recycled and other are non useful and can not be recycled like polythene bags.

Question 16.
Can polythene bags be recycled ?
Answer:
No, polythene bags cannot be recycled.

Question 17.
Name the material which can be recycled.
Answer:
Paper can be recycled.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is recycling ?
Answer:
Recycling is making of useful substance from the used materials i.e., rotten paper can be recycled to get fresh paper for use.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Question 2.
Write a short note on Red worms.
Answer:
Red worms. Red worms are small organisms which can convert useful component of garbage into manure. These can survive under normal conditions and get doubled in one month. They feed on vegetable and fruit waste only. Milk products, salt, lemon pickles are harmful to them. Red worms have structures called gizzard for grinding the food material.

Question 3.
How can we minimize the use of plastics ?
Answer:
Steps to minimize the use of plastics

  1. Use paper bags instead of plastic bags.
  2. Use jute or cloth bag while shopping.
  3. Never bum plastic bags and plastic item.
  4. Use washable utensils instead of plastic ones.

Question 4.
How does garbage spoil the landscape ?
Answer:
Spoilage of landscape. Improper management of solid waste leads to spoilage of landscape. Solid waste left untreated is unhygienic. It destroys the surrounding greenery. The texture of soil becomes toxic and rats, house flies, mosquitoes and bacteria make their homes in this waste heap. Thus, destroying the beauty and usefulness of that area.

Question 5.
How is a landfill used for composting ?
Answer:
Following steps are taken for composting the waste in a landfill –

  1. Deposit the garbage in a landfill.
  2. Compress it with bulldozers.
  3. Cover the garbage with at least 6 inches deep soil after every deposit of garbage.
  4. Finally cover properly the top layer with 2 inches of soil.

Question 6.
Why burning of agricultural waste is not safe ?
Answer:
Burning of dried leaves, husk and agricultural waste produces smoke and harmful gases which have an adverse affect on the health.

Question 7.
What is role of municipality to separate the garbage ?
Answer:
Role of municipality to separate the garbage. In some town and cities, municipality provides separate dustbin for collecting different kinds of garbage. Blue coloured bin is for materials which can be recycled and green coloured bin is for kitchen waste, or the waste which can easily rot or decompose, when get buried in the soil.

Question 8.
Is it possible for all of this garbage to be changed into compost ? How ?
Answer:
No, it is not possible to change all of this garbage into compost because it contains two kind of components- (i) useful (ii) non-useful.

(i) Useful Components : The components from kitchen waste like fruits, vegetable peels, eggs shells, waste food can be changed to manure. Waste papers can be recycled.

(ii) Non Useful Components : The components like piece of cloth, polythene bags, broken glass, aluminium wrappers and broken toys cannot be changed to manure or compost.
Hence all type of garbage cannot be changed into compost.

Question 9.
How does a landfill basically works ?
Answer:
The basic working of a landfill involves the following three steps:

  • Deposit the refuse.
  • Compact it with buldozers.
  • Cover the garbage with at least 6 inches deep of soil after each day operation and with a final cover of 2 feet when the area is full.

PSEB 6th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Garbage Management and Disposal

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How can we reduce garbage and deal with it ?
Answer:
Steps taken to reduce and deal with garbage are:

  1. Reuse plastic items and bags whenever it is needed.
  2. Use vermicomposting at home.
  3. Recycle paper.
  4.  Donot throw plastic bags here and there after use.
  5. Make full use of your note books. Use slates for rough work.
  6. Make people aware of proper practices for disposing different kinds of waste.

Question 2.
Discuss whether plastic is a boon or a curse ?
Answer:
Plastic is a latest addition to our development. It is prepared chemically. It has become part of our life. It has both aspects – useful and harmful.

Useful aspects. Everything found around us is made of plastic – shoes, toys, buckets, tubes, pens, bags etc. Even electronic things have plastic components. Life seems to come to an end when we consider to abolish plastic. It is used for making things because it is tough, hard, shiny, durable and above all inexpensive.

Harmful aspects. It is difficult to dispose plastic as it bums with a foul smell and lots of smoke containing harmful gases.

Plastic do not rot even under undesirable conditions. Instead it create havoc in daily routine. Such as plastic bags when swallowed by animal are cause of their death as they choke their alimentary canal. These bags choke the drains and sewage thus causing a great problem. Some times food becomes poisonous when stored in plastic bags. Plastic things become shapeless when kept near fire.
So from above point of view plastic is a boon as well as a curse.

Question 3.
What do you know about waste ? Classify them according to their nature.
Answer:
Waste : The materials discarded by human beings in their day to day activities are considered as domestic waste.
Domestic waste may be classified into the following types :

  1. Food Waste : The animal, fruit or vegetable residue (also called garbage) resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking and eating of food.
  2. Ashes : Residue left over from the burning of wood, coal, coke etc. or from partially burnt materials.
  3. Rubbish : Waste material like cardboard, plastics, rubbers, wood, furniture, glass, broken utensils etc.
  4. Human excreta : Waste product excreted from the body is termed excreta.
  5. Plastic bag : Used plastic bags made of synthetic material are often thrown away.

Question 4.
What do you mean by dumping ? Explain improved form of open dumping method (Land filling).
Answer:
Waste dumping is a method of controlled final disposal at landfill sites which must be done by using state-of-the art method.
The improved form of open dumping is termed as land-filling.

Method: Collect the garbage from house and separate it into two groups before it is thrown into the dustbin.

Group I: Garbage from the kitchen like fruits and vegetable peels, egg shells, tea leaves etc.

Group II: Pieces of cloth, polythene bags, broken glass, old shoes, aluminium wrappers etc. Make separate heaps of this garbage and labelled as A, B, C and D. Put these into separate plastic bags. Tie the mouth of these bags tightly. Put the four heaps in separate pits and cover them with the soil. This way of dumping is done in open land. The dumped content, with time changes to garbage.

Question 5.
What do you mean by vermicomposting ? How can we prepare manure by vermicomposting ? Explain with activity.
Answer:
The method of preparing compost from kitchen wastes with the help of red worms is called vermicomposting.

Method to prepare manure by vermicomposting (Activity): Take a wooden box and place it where there is neither too hot nor too cold. Spread a net at the bottom or spread sand as an alternative. Also, spread some vegetable waste along with it. Dried animal dung could also be used as a spread over-sand. Sprinkle some water to make this layer wet. The pit is ready for composting. Now put some red worms on the pit. Cover them loosely with a gunny bag. To feed red worms vegetable waste, coffee, tea leaves can be used.

Question 6.
How do red worms make vermicompost?
Answer:
Redworms do not have teeth. They have a structure called ‘gizzard’ which helps them in grinding their food. Eggshells could be mixed with the wastes. They help redworms in grinding their food. Red worms need moisture around them. With all this, the number will be doubled. After 3-4 weeks, we will see loose soil-like material in the pit called vermicompost.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Book Solutions  Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Physical Education Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

Physical Education Guide for Class 8 PSEB Sports and Discipline Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the relation between Sports and Discipline?
Answer:
Sports have a very deep relation with discipline because one cannot achieve victory without discipline in sports. Sports causes development in the behaviour of player/sportsperson. Discipline plays an important role in building up the character of a player and without discipline, a good character cannot be developed. Lack of discipline causes several problems in the life of a player which further gets tough for the player to overcome.

No example can be better than that of the ‘Nature’, everything is disciplined as far as the functioning of Nature is concerned. For example; the sunrise and sunset always occur timely and with strict discipline; earth revolves around the sun with a fixed speed and time, likewise, there must be a proper and strict discipline in the life of an individual as well.

If an individual wants to become a successful player, he/she should practice discipline right from childhood because discipline can be developed aptly in one’s childhood. Sports teach discipline to the player in a way because sports demand obedience, co-operation, honesty, peace of mind and responsibility, which in turn brings discipline in the life of a player. It can be concluded that discipline is the key to success, and discipline can be easily achieved through sports.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

Question 2.
What is the meaning of Discipline?
Answer:
Meaning of Discipline. Discipline means to follow the rules strictly or everybody should perform all his duties. Every citizen should remain in discipline. “Discipline makes a nation great” is a well-known saying. If every citizen is disciplined, the nation can make rapid progress. By abiding all rules and regulations, a citizen can make his contribution to his society or country.

Question 3.
What are the types of discipline?
Answer:
Types of Discipline.
Discipline is of two types:

1. Self Discipline
2. Forced Discipline or Commanded Discipline.

1. Self Discipline:
The feeling of abiding by the rules comes from his own and perform his duties without any external command. This is permanent discipline.

2. Forced Discipline.
In forced discipline the rules and regulations are followed by command or the directions of someone. This type of discipline is temporary. Forced discipline will remain only upto that time when you have a fear of someone or a person who commands on your head. Out of these, self discipline is better. Children must have the feeling to be self-disciplined, so that they may become good students or good citizens.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

Question 4.
What is the need and importance of discipline?
Answer:
Importance of Discipline in our life. Discipline is a milestone of our society. Without discipline man can’t move in society. If every citizen is disciplined the nation can make rapid progress. By abiding the rules, a good citizen can make his contribution to his society or country. Discipline is the base of every caste, creed, society and country. In every sphere of life, Discipline is needed. Importance of Discipline is known by the following facts:

  • Discipline makes a good student an ideal citizen.
  • Disciplined boys learn to respect their teachers, parents and elders.
  • Through Discipline children become obedient.
  • Disciplined children behave nicely with others.
  • Disciplined boys become punctual.
  • Discipline develops the personality of a person.
  • Discipline develops good habits and good qualities in a person.
  • Discipline helps to reform social life.
  • Discipline makes the society and the nation more strong.
  • Discipline makes a nation strong and keeps it strong.
  • Discipline helps the society and country for its progress and happy life of their citizens.
  • Discipline helps a person to lead a successful and happy life.
  • Discipline also protects the country from foreign invaders.
  • Discipline helps to run school, house and other organisations smoothly.
  • Discipline helps a person for his harmonious development of his personality.
  • Disciplined labour can increase the production of their factory.
  • Discipline assists a person for his mental development because a person performs his duties after proper thinking and according to rules.

One should remain in discipline to lead a successful life. Home, School, Play fields are such places where a person gets an opportunity to remain in discipline.

Question 5.
How do the sports create discipline in Hie life of the students?
Answer:
Sport and discipline are integral part of each other. Victory can not be achieved without discipline. Sports build the character of the players. Discipline plays an important role in character. building. Character building is impossible without discipline because indiscipline creates many problems in the life of a player. It becomes difficult for a player to overcome these problems. The nature works in discipline. The sun rises in the east in the morning and sets in the west in the evening.

The earth moves in an order. Similary discipline is very important in the life of a human being. We can teach discipline in better way to the children. Sports create discipline in the innocent mind of the children. Sports teaches them to be disciplined because sports teaches punctuality, coordination, leadership, honesty, and sense of responsibility to fulfil their duties. Discipline is the key to success because it creates opportunity to succeed.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Guide Sports and Discipline Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Types of discipline :
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Five.
Answers:
(A) Two

Question 2.
Importance of discipline:
(A) Children become obedience.
(B) Disciplined boys behave good with others.
(C) Discipline causes to do the work on time.
(D) Above all.
Answers:
(D) Above all.

Question 3.
Sports and discipline are related:
(A) There is discipline in sports.
(B) Discipline develops character in sports man.
(C) Without discipline character cannot be developed.
(D) Above all.
Answers:
(D) Above all.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

Question 4.
These qualities belongs to:
(A) Punctuality
(B) Obedience
(C) Tolerance
(D) All above in discipline.
Answers:
(D) All above in discipline.

Question 5.
Why indiscipline is harmful for the country?
(A) Country cannot remain happy.
(B) Country cannot progress.
(C) Country will depend on other countries.
(D) All Above.
Answers:
(D) All Above.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by obeying the rules or remain in control?
Answer:
Discipline.

Question 2.
On which thing the ancient institution used to stress mostly?
Answer:
To be disciplined.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

Question 3.
How students behave these days in their institutions?
Answer:
Indiscipline.

Question 4.
How is the nation built and how it remains stable?
Answer:
Through discipline.

Question 5.
What type of education discipline provides to the children?
Answer:
Obedience.

Question 6.
Discipline develops the personality. How?
Answer:
Mental development.

Question 7.
How the quality of discipline is improved?
Answer:
Games and sports.

Question 8.
Whose important place is there to instil discipline in students.
Answer:
The important place to instil discipline in student is teacher.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Children learn discipline at Home. How?
Answer:
Home is the first school of Discipline for children. Parents, grandmother, grandfather; uncle and aunty, brothers and sisters live together in a house. The elder person in family leads it in all activities. All other follow him according to the sweet will of his elders. Everyone love each others and respect to the elders. Everybody share their happy and sorrows. They had very congenial and wholesome atmosphere of his family. All the members of the family perform their duties. In such congenial atmosphere children remain in discipline. They start to be in discipline from his house in their childhood, small children respect elders and follow them.

Question 2.
How sports developed discipline in students.
Answer:
School and discipline. Atmosphere of the school provides training to the students for discipline. In school, students respect their teachers and obey them. They live together with their friends and co-students. Playing, and sitting together become their habits. They attend their school in time and do their home work regularly. They are afraid of theft and telling lie and help each other. These qualities become part and parcel of their character.

All the teacher obey the order of the headmaster and other workers follow him in carrying the order of the teacher, everything is performed in a disciplined way in the school. The students start learning discipline in such type of atmosphere of the school. In this way, environment of school is helpful in teaching their students about discipline.

Question 3.
Do our society and our country need discipline? Write your ideas.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. He has to depend upon others for the satisfaction of many of his needs. He cannot live alone. He cannot fulfil all his desires all alone. We have to take help from one another in some work. We can not disobey the rules of our society. To imbide the rules of our society we have to remain in discipline people can get benefits by obeying Laws in other fields of life. The society will be stable if we remain in discipline. Indiscipline is harmful for the society.

Law treats all men as equal. Therefore, it is the duty of every person to obey Law. Law are made for the welfare of the people . Our society and country are facing so many troubles from outside and within the country to safe the country from foreign invasion. Everyone should obey rules and laws in life and lead an organised and disciplined life. A country can progress only if has inhabitants leads disciplined life. For the progress of the country the whole society must be disciplined. Indiscipline is not in favour of the country. We should not go against the country. So we can say that our society and country needs Discipline.

PSEB 8th Class Physical Education Solutions Chapter 6 Sports and Discipline

Question 4.
Why indiscipline is harmful for the country?
Answer:
It is the duty of every citizen to obey laws and to be disciplined.

  • Indiscipline is harmful to our society.
  • For the development and progress of the country discipline is the need of the hour. Discipline has great importance for the citizen of the country to develop and for stability.
  • Indiscipline is very very harmful to the nation.
  • Students, labourers, and so many others employees, of Govt, and private institutions go on strike and destroy the national property. Such type of indiscipline is not in favour of the welfare of our country.

Everybody is aware that he can play an important role to form government because government is for the people, by the people and of the people. Laws are made by the government and the people has to obey these Laws. If the countrymen are indisciplined it causes internal disturbance, thereby causing foreign forces to attack. So a country cannot progress due to indiscipline.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 15 Light Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 15 Light

Science Guide for Class 7 PSEB Light Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 186)

Question 1.
The process of change in direction of light after falling on a mirror is called ……………….. of light.
Answer:
Reflection.

Question 2.
Angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 189)

Question 1.
The distance between the object and the mirror is ……………… to the distance
between the image and the mirror.
Answer:
Equal.

Question 2.
Thes plane mirror has to be placed vertically on the graph paper. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
The plane mirror should be vertically upright.
Answer:
Right.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 191)

Question 1.
The image of the sun formed by the concave mirror on the wall is …………………… image.
(Real/Virtual)
Answer:
Real.

Question 2.
Is the image of a candle seen using a concave mirror same as that the image of the Sun seen on the wall ?
Answer:
In both cases the rays of light are reflected from a concave mirror to form a real image.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 192)

Question 1.
When the object is very far from the concave mirror, the image formed is ………………….
and
Answer:
Real, inverted/small in size.

Question 2.
The image formed on the screen is real.
Answer:
True. (True/False)

Question 3.
For a concave mirror, the image formed is always real.
Answer:
False.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 195) (True/False)

Question 1.
The bright spot of light obtained on the paper is the image formed due to effect.
Answer:
Converging.

Question 2.
The image obtained on the paper is the virtual image.
Answer:
False.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 196) 

Question 1.
The convex lens is placed between the object and the screen. (True/False)
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
For a convex lens, the image formed is always real. (True/False)
Answer:
False.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 198)

Question 1.
White light is composed of ………………. Colours. (True/False)
Answer:
Seven.

Question 2.
When disc with seven colours is rotated, it appears to be red. (True/False)
Answer:
False.

Question 3.
Name the seven colours of which the white light is made of.
Answer:
The seven colours of white light are:

  1. Violets,
  2. Indigo,
  3. Blue,
  4. Green,
  5. Yellow,
  6. Orange
  7. Red.

Collectively called VIBGYOR.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

PSEB 7th Class Science Guide Light Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) An image formed by a ………………….. mirror is always of the same size as that of object.
Answer:
plane

(ii) In a plane mirror, the left hand of a person appears to be the ………………… hand in the image and ……………. hand appears to be the left hand in the image.
Answer:
right, right

(iii) The image formed by a convex mirror is always ………………… and ……………….. in size.
Answer:
erect, smaller

(iv) Convex lenses are ………………… in the middle and concave lenses are ……………….. in the middle than at the edges.
Answer:
thin, thick

(v) A prism splits the white light into ……………….. colours.
Answer:
seven

2. State True or False:

(i) There is reflection of light through a lens.
Answer:
False

(ii) The ray of light coming towards the plane mirror is called the reflected ray.
Answer:
False

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

(iii) The image formed by a plane mirror is always in front of the mirror.
Answer:
False

(iv) A concave mirror is a part of hollow sphere of glass, whose outer side is coated with silver layer and reflection takes place from the inside.
Answer:
True

(v) Concave lens always forms a virtual, erect and smaller image of the object.
Answer:
True

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Which of the following does not show reflection of light ?
(a) Plane mirror
(b) Concave mirror
(c) Convex mirror
(d) Card board.
Answer:
(d) Card board.

Question (ii)
Which is used for rear view in cars and other vehicles:
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Convex mirror
(c) Convex lens
(d) Concave lens.
Answer:
(b) Convex mirror.

Question (iii)
The image of an object formed by a concave lens is always ?
(a) Real and diminished
(b) Virtual and larger
(c) Real and larger
(d) Virtual and diminished.
Answer:
(d) Virtual and diminished.

Question (iv)
The process of splitting of white light in seven colours on passing through a prism is called:
(a) Reflection of light
(b) Refraction of light
(c) Bending of light
(d) Dispersion of light.
Answer:
(d) Dispersion of light.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

4. Match the Column ‘I’ with Column ‘II’:

Column ‘I’ Column ‘II’
1. Mirror used by dentists (a) Spectacles
2. Rear view Mirror (b) Microscope
3. Magnifying glass (c) Vehicles
4. Concave Lens (d) Concave

Answer:

Column ‘I’ Column ‘II’
1. Mirror used by dentists (d) Concave
2. Rear view Mirror (c) Vehicles
3. Magnifying glass (b) Microscope
4. Concave Lens (a) Spectacles.

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Is the image formed by a plane mirror real or virtual ?
Answer:
The image formed by the plane mirror is Virtual.

Question (ii)
Which lens forms a real image of an object ?
Answer:
Convex lens forms a real image of the object.

Question (iii)
Which optical instrument uses convex lens ?
Answer:
Convex lens is used in a microscope.

Question (iv)
What is the seven rainbow coloured disc called ?
Answer:
The seven-rainbow coloured disc is called Newton’s disc.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Differentiate between Real and Virtual images. Give examples.
Answer:
Difference between Real image and Virtual image:

Real image Virtual image
1. The rays of light coming from the object are actually found to meet at a point after reflection or refraction. 1. The light rays coming from an object do not actually meet but appear to meet at a single point after reflection or refraction.
2. They are always inverted. 2. They are always erect.
3. Real image can be obtained on a screen.

Example : (a) If the object is too far away from the concave mirror, the image becomes too small and inverted. When the object is brought closer to the concave miiror, the image after reflection becomes large and real.

(b) If the object is in front of a convex lens then the rays coming from that will form a real, inverted image after refraction.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 1

 3. Virtual image can not be obtained on a screen

Example : (a) If the object is between the focal point of the concave mirror and the object, then the image is large, upright and virtual.In the convex mirror for each position of the object, the image obtained is virtual, erect and small.

(b) If the object is between the focal point of the convex lens and the lens, then image is virtual, erect and large.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 2

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Question (ii)
A person is standing 5m away from a plane mirror. How far will his image be:
(a) from the mirror
(b) from the person himself ?
Solution:
We know that the image formed in a plane mirror is at the same distance behind the mirror is as the object is in front of the mirror. So,
(a) Distance of image from the mirror = Distance of person from the mirror
= 2 meters

(b) Distance of the image from the person = Distance of the person from the plane mirror + Image distance from the mirror. = 2 meters + 2 meters
∴ Distance of the image from the person = 4 meters

Question (iii)
Give two uses of concave mirrors.
Answer:
Uses of concave mirrors:

  • Concave mirror is used as a having mirror, as the concave mirror produces a large and erect image when the mirror is placed close to the face.
  • Concave mirrors are mostly used on the headlights of vehicles. Here the bulb (light source) is placed on the principal focus of the concave mirror.

Question (iv)
State two differences between convex lens and concave lens.
Answer:
Difference between convex lens and concave lens:

Convex lens Concave lens
(1) It is thick in the middle and thin at the edges. (1) It is thin in the middle and thick at the edges.
(2) It generally forms a large image of the object. (2) It forms a small and virtual image of the object.

Question (v)
Of how many colours is white light made of ? Name them.
Answer:
White light consists of seven colours. Their names are:

  1. Violet,
  2. Purple (Indigo),
  3. Blue,
  4. Green.
  5. Yellow,
  6. Orange and
  7. Red.

Question (vi)
Ravi is observing his image in a plane mirror. The distance between the mirror and his image is 6 m. If he moves 2 m towards the mirror, then the distance between Ravi and his image will be:
Answer:
Given, the distance between the plane mirror and the image = 6 meters
We know, the distance between the object (Ravi) and the mirror = Distance between the mirror and the image
Distance between Ravi and mirror = 6 meters (Given.)
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 3
When he moves 2 meters forward then the distance between Ravi and mirror will be
= 6 meters – 2 meters
= 4 meters.
Now,
Distance between Ravi and his image = Distance between Ravi and Plane mirror + Distance between plane mirror and image
= 4 meters + 4 meters
= 8 meters

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
State and explain the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror.
Answer:
Characteristics of the image formed by the plane mirror:

  • The image of the burning candle (object) is seen behind the mirror at the same distance. Therefore the image formed by a plane mirror is always formed as far behind the mirror as the objects is in front of it.
  • Since the image of the candle behind the mirror cannot be obtained on the screen, therefore, The image formed by the mirror is always virtual.
  • When we place the candle upright the image formed is also upwards. This shows that the image formed by a plane mirror is erect.
  • When we compare the size of the candle and its image formed in a plane mirror, they are of the same size. This shows the size of the object and the size image formed by the plane mirror is equal.
  • The distance between the candle and the mirror is equal to the distance between the image of the candle and the minor.
  • The image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted. That is, the left side of the object appears to the right side of the image and the right side of the object is to the left side of the image.

Question (ii)
What is meant by dispersion of the light ? Explain by using a Prism. Which natural phenomenon is associated with dispersion of light ?
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 4
Dispersion of Light.
It is the phenomena of spliting the white light into its seven colours. The process of its separation into seven colors is characterized by a white ray of light passing through the prism as shown in the figure.

Place a white screen on the other side of prism. You will see that the white light will be splited in seven colors. These colors form a band of the seven colors received on the screen called the spectrum. Due to the different wavelengths of the seven colors, these seven colors diverge at different angles. These seven colors are: (1) Violet, (2) Indigo, (3) Blue, (4) Green, (5) Yellow, (6) Orange, (7) Red.

We can remember these names with the word VIBGYOR formed from their first letters. You may have seen rainbows forming in the sky after rain. It causes the rays of the sun’s white light to be dispersed from the water droplets hanging in the atmosphere. Here the water droplets act like a prism and split up the white sunlight into its seven colours.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Light Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) An image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called …………………..
Answer:
virtual image

(ii) Image formed by a convex …………………. is always virtual and smaller in size.
Answer:
mirror

(iii) An image formed by a ………………….. mirror is always of same size as that of an object.
Answer:
plane

(iv) An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a ………………. image
Answer:
real

(v) An image formed by a …………………. lens cannot be obtained on a screen.
Answer:
concave

2. Match the Column ‘A’ with Column ‘B’:

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(i) Convex lens (a) Rainbow
(ii) Real, inverted and equal image (b) Concave mirror
(iii) Alphabetical process (c) Magnifying glass
(iv) Virtual image (d) Convex lens
(v) The reflecting surface is inward (e) Cannot be obtained on screen

Answer:

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(i) Convex lens (c) Magnifying glass
(ii) Real, inverted and equal image (d) Convex lens
(iii) Alphabetical process (a) Rainbow
(iv) Virtual image (e) Cannot be obtained on screen
(v) The reflecting surface is inward (b) Concave mirror.

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Light travels in:
(a) Straight lines
(b) Curved lines
(c) Circles
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Straight lines.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Question (ii)
Erect, virtual and diminished image is formed in:
(a) plane mirror
(b) concave mirror convexo.
(c) convex mirror
(d) concave mirror
Answer:
(c) convex mirror.

Question (iii)
To see an object it is necessary:
(a) Source of light
(b) Source of light and an object
(c) Source of light, object and an eye
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Source of light, object and an eye.

Question (iv)
After passing through a prism, light is split up into:
(a) two colours
(b) five colours
(c) seven colours
(d) six colours.
Answer:
(c) seven colours.

Question (v)
To see magnified view of teeth, dentists use:
(a) plane mirror
(b) concave mirror
(c) convex mirror and convex mirrors.
(d) combination of concave
Answer:
(b) concave mirror

Question (vi)
Which mirror is used to get magnified and real image ?
(a) convex mirror
(b) plane mirror
(c) concave mirror
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(c) concave mirror.

Question (vii)
Convex lens is:
(a) thick at the centre and thin at the edges
(b) thick at the edges and thin at the centre
(c) uniformly thick
(d) irregularly thick.
Answer:
(a) thick at the centre and thin at the edges.

Question (viii)
When Newton disc is rotated fast which colour is seen ?
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 5
(a) Black
(b) White
(c) Blue
(d) Yellow.
Answer:
(b) White.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give one property of light.
Answer:
Light travels in a straight line.

Question 2.
Which surface acts as a mirror ?
Answer:
Any smooth and polished surface.

Question 3.
If you are standing in front of a plane mirror and observing your own image what is the relation
Answer:
Distance of the object from the mirror = Distance of the Image from the mirror.

Question 4.
What are spherical mirrors ?
Answer:
Spherical Mirrors. Spherical mirrors are the part of hollow spherical reflecting surface of which the mirror is a part. The spherical mirrors are of two types:

  1. Concave mirrors
  2. Convex mirrors.

Question 5.
One wants to get an enlarged image of an object in a mirror. What type of mirror should one use ?
Answer:
Concave mirror.

Question 6.
What type of mirror is used in automobiles for the benefit of drivers ?
Answer:
Convex mirror.

Question 7.
What type of mirrors are used in search-lights and head lights of cars ?
Answer:
Concave mirror.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Question 8.
Name the mirror in which the image of object is always diminished and virtual.
Answer:
Convex mirror.

Question 9.
Name the kind of mirror which produces a diminished real image.
Answer:
Concave mirror.

Question 10.
Write a note on convex lens.
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 6
Convex lens.
A convex lens is thick in the centre and thin at the edges. This lens has the capability to converge a beam of light. So this lens is also called a converging lens.

Question 11.
What is a concave lens ?
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 7
Concave lens.
A concave lens is thin at the centre and thick at the edges. This lens has a capacity to diverge a beam of light. So this lens is also called a diverging lens.

Question 12.
Name the seven constituent colors of light.
Answer:
Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red.

Question 13.
Describe a natural phenomenon in which seven colors of light are displayed.
Answer:
View of the rainbow after rains.

Short Answer Type Qucstions

Question 1.
Why should not we see towards sun through a convex lens ?
Answer:
A convex lens is a converging lens. It converges a beam of parallel rays coming from the Sun at the focus. If a piece of paper or cloth is placed at the focus of a convex lens from the sun, these catch fire. So, if we see towards the sun through a convex lens, large amount of heat will be produced which is very harmful for the eyes. Hence we should not see the sun through a convex lens.

Question 2.
What is a virtual image ? Give one situation where a virtual image is formed.
Answer:
Virtual image. An image which cannot be obtained on a screen, is called a virtual image.
Image formed in a plane mirror is always virtual.
Image in a concave mirror is virtual when object is placed very close to the mirror.
Image formed in a convex mirror is always virtual.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light

Question 3.
State two differences between a convex and a concave lens.
Answer:
Differences between a Convex and a Concave lens:

Convex lens Concave lens
1. It is thick at the centre and thin at the edges.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 8

 It is thin at the centre and thick at the edges

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 9
2. The image is generally formed on the other side of the lens (except when the object is between F and optical centre). The image is formed on the same side of the object.
3. It converges a beam of light to a It diverges a beam of light as coming from a point.

Question 4.
Give one use each of a concave and a convex mirror.
Answer:
Use of concave mirror. It is used as reflector in a searchlight or car head-light.
Use of convex mirror. It is used in cars and other vehicles as a rear view mirror.

Question 5.
Which type of mirror can form a real image ?
Answer:
A concave mirror forms a real image.

Question 6.
Which type of lens forms always a virtual image ?
Answer:
Concave lens.

Question 7.
Give the conditions necessary for seeing an object.
Answer:
Conditions for seeing an object. To see an object the following three conditions are required to be satisfied:

  1. Source of light to make the object visible.
  2. The object.
  3. Eye.

Question 8.
What are the uses of mirrors ?
Answer:
Uses of Mirrors. We use mirrors in our daily life for one or the other purpose.
(i) Plane Mirror. Plane mirrors are used in the barber’s shops and in homes as looking glass. It is also used in periscope and other optical instruments.

(ii) Concave mirror.

  1. It is used as reflector in a search light or in a car head light.
  2. It is used in the solar cookers to converge the radiations coming from the sun.

(iii) Convex mirror.

  1. It is used in the cars and other vehicles as a rear view mirror to have look at the vehicles coming behind.
  2. It is used in amusement parks for showing strange looking images of people who stand in front of them.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Give an experiment to show that white light is made up of seven colours.
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 15 Light 10
White light is a mixture of seven colours. To prove that white light is a mixture of seven colours, the following activity is performed.

Make a small top with a rotating disc. Paint the upper surface of the disc with sectorial area proportionately to the seven colours of the rainbow. Now rotate the disc when a white colour will appear on the disc. Light helps us to see the objects around us.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Science Guide for Class 7 PSEB Respiration in Organisms Intext Questions and Answers

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 117)

Question 1.
How long were you able to hold your breath?
Answer:
Up to 35 seconds.

Question 2.
Why can we not hold our breath for a long time?
Answer:
We need oxygen all the time within our body, by holding breath for too long the amount of Carbon dioxide will increase which can be fatal.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Think and answer (Textbook Page No. 118)

Question 1.
In which condition the rate of breathing is slowest ?
Answer:
After resting, the respiratory rate is at least 12 to 20 breaths per minute. A lower rate is a sign of a physical problem.

Question 2.
What is your normal breathing rate ?
Answer:
20 breaths per minute.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 121)

Question 1.
What does the rubber sheet represent ?
Answer:
The Diaphragm represents the rubber seat.

Question 2.
Which organs are represented by balloons ?
Answer:
The two lungs represent the balloons.

Question 3.
Can you explain the mechanism of breathing with the help of this model ?
Answer:
Yes, because it is working model of breathing. Therefore, this will explain that action completely.

Think and Answer (Textbook Page No. 118)

Question 1.
Why does lime water turn milky ?
Answer:
When we blow in lime water the exhaled carbon dioxide reacts with lime water to make lime water milky.

Question 2.
What is the formula of lime water ?
Answer:
Chemical formula of Lime water: Ca(OH)2

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

PSEB 7th Class Science Guide Respiration in Organisms Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) Lactic acid is produced during ………………….. respiration.
Answer:
Aerobic

(ii) Taking in of air rich in oxygen is called ………………… .
Answer:
Breathing

(iii) The number of times a person breathes in a minute is termed as ……………………. .
Answer:
Breathing rate

(iv) Exchange of gases in the leaves of plants takes place through ……………….. .
Answer:
Stomata

(v) The skin of an earthworm is …………….. to touch.
Answer:
Wet and slippery

2. State True or False:

(i) Frogs breathe through their skin as well as lungs.
Answer:
True

(ii) We cannot feel breathing movements in our body.
Answer:
False

(iii) Aerobic respiration produces more energy than anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
True

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

(iv) During heavy exercise the breathing rate of a person slows down.
Answer:
True

(v) Insects have organ, called trachea for respiration.
Answer:
True

3. Match the Column ‘A’ with Column ‘B’:

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(i) Lenticels (a) Gills
(ii) Yeast (b) Old stem
(iii) Fish (c) Skin
(iv) Stomata (d) Alcohol
(v) Earthworm (e) Leaves

Answer:

Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(i) Lenticels (b) Old stem
(ii) Yeast (d) Alcohol
(iii) Fish (a) Gills
(iv) Stomata (e) Leaves
(v) Earthworm (c) Skin

4. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
The earthworms respire through:
(a) Trachea
(b) Gills
(c) Lungs
(d) Skin.
Answer:
(d) Skin

Question (ii)
Respiration helps in:
(a) Digestion
(b) Energy production
(c) Locomotion
(d) Chromosomes.
Answer:
(b) Energy production.

Question (iii)
In cockroaches, air enters the body through:
(a) Skin
(b) Lungs
(c) Spiracles
(d) Gills.
Answer:
(c) Spiracles.

Question (iv)
In old and woody stem gaseous exchange take place through:
(a) Stomata
(b) Lenticels
(c) Root hair
(d) Do not respire.
Answer:
(b) Lenticels.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Question (v)
During heavy exercise we get cramps due to:
(a) Glucose
(b) Oxygen
(c) Lactic acid
(d) Alcohol.
Answer:
(c) Lactic acid.

5. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Define the term breathing rate.
Answer:
Breathing Rate. The number of times a person breathes in a minute, is called the breathing rate. Breathing once means inhaling once and exhaling once.

Question (ii)
What is respiration ? Name two types of respiration.
Answer:
Respiration. This is a simple physical activity during which oxygen-rich air from the atmosphere is drawn into the respiratory organs (lungs in humans). This part of the respiratory system is called breathing and after breathing, carbon dioxide-rich air is expelled from the respiratory tract into the atmosphere.
There are two types of respirations:

  1. Aerobic respiration.
  2. Anaerobic respiration.

6. Short Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
Why do we get muscle cramps after heavy excercise ?
Answer:
After exercise we feel tired due to Anaerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, lactic acid is formed due to the partial oxidation of glucose. Lactic acid builds up in the muscles causing fatigue and stiffness.

Question (ii)
Why does an over watered potted plant die ?
Answer:
When we water the plants more than what plants need, they die. This is because more water fills the air spaces between the soil particles. As a result, the roots of the plants do not get enough oxygen.

Question (iii)
Why do we often sneeze when we inhale a lot of dust-laden air ?
Answer:
When we inhale in a dusty environment, the unwanted dust particles get trapped in the nasal passage, nasal hair and mucus causing irritation or itching in the nose which makes us sneeze. With the onset of sneezing, those unnecessary dust particles are expelled and clean air begins to enter our lungs.

7. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question (i)
How respiration is different from breathing ?
Answer:
Differences between Respiratory and Breathing.

Respiration Breathing
(1) This action takes place in cells. (1) This action takes place outside the cells.
(2) Energy is produced in this action. (2) This action does not produce energy.
(3) It is a chemical reaction. (3) It is a physical activity in which gases are exchanged.
(4) Respiratory organs are not required in this activity. (4) The respiratory organs (lungs) are required.
(5) It requires enzymes. (5) Enzymes are not required in this activity.
(6) This action produces carbon dioxide and energy. (6) It releases carbon dioxide.
(7) It involves oxidation of glucose. (7) It draws in oxygen.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Question (ii)
Draw a labelled diagram of human respiratory system.
Answer:
Labelled diagram of human Respiratory System:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms 1

Question (iii)
List similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
Difference between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration :

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
(1) This action occurs in the presence of oxygen. (1) This action takes place in the absence of oxygen.
(2) This action takes place in both the biological fluid and the mitochondria biological fluid. (2) This action takes place only in the of the cells.
(3) In aerobic respiration, complete oxidation of glucose occurs. (3) In anaerobic respiration incomplete oxidation of glucose takes place.
(4) In this action CO2 and water are formed. (4) Alcohol and carbon dioxide are formed in this process.
(5) In this action from a molecule of glucose 38 ATP molecules are free. (5) From a molecule of glucose in this action 2 ATP molecules are free.
(6) Complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose releases 673 kcal of energy. (6) Partial oxidation of one molecule of glucose releasing 21 kilo calorie of energy.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Science Respiration in Organisms Important Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the Blanks:

(i) Organisms that do not require oxygen for respiration are called ………………..
Answer:
Anaerobic organisms

(ii) Accumulation of ………………….. causes stiffness in muscles.
Answer:
Lactic acid

(iii) Our breathing rate ………………… when we do exercise or work hard.
Answer:
Increases

(iv) The leaves of plants use ……………….. for the exchange of gases.
Answer:
Stomata

(v) Fishes breathe through …………………..
Answer:
Gills

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

2. Match the Column ‘I’ with Column ‘II’:

Column ‘I’ Column ‘II’
(a) Yeast (i) Earthworm
(b) Diaphragm (ii) Gills
(c) Skin (iii) Alcohol
(d) Leaves (iv) Chest Cavity
(e) Fish (v) Stomata
(f) Frog (vi) Lungs and skin

Answer:

Column ‘I’ Column ‘II’
(a) Yeast (iii) Alcohol
(b) Diaphragm (iv) Chest Cavity
(c) Skin (i) Earthworm
(d) Leaves (v) Stomata
(e) Fish (vi) Gills
(f) Frog (vii) Lungs and skin

3. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question (i)
Which one of the following is an anaerobic organism ?
(a) Cow
(b) Yeast
(c) Frog
(d) Butterfly.
Answer:
(b) Yeast.

Question (ii)
The percentage of CO2 in exhaled air is:
(a) 0.4%
(b) 4%
(c) 4.4%
(d) 14.4%.
Answer:
(c) 4.4%.

Question (iii)
The products of anaerobic respiration are:
(a) Carbohydrate and O2
(b) Ethylalcohol and CO2
(c) Carbohydrate and CO2
(d) Ethylalcohol and O2
Answer:
(b) Ethylalcohol and CO2

Question (iv)
Respiratory organs of fish are:
(a) Skin
(b) Lungs
(c) Gills
(d) Stomata.
Answer:
(c) Gills.

Question (v)
Plants carry out photosynthesis only during:
(a) Night
(b) Day
(c) Day and Night
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Day

Question (vi)
Respiratory organs of frog are:
(a) Lungs and Skin
(b) Gills
(c) Only skin
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Lungs and Skin.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Question (vii)
The Vital biological system of organisms is:
(a) Digestion
(b) Reproduction
(c) Excretion
(d) Respiration.
Answer:
(d) Respiration.

Question (viii)
Which organism uses more than one organ for respiration?
(a) Fish
(b) Cockroach
(c) Human
(d) Frog.
Answer:
(d) Frog.

Question (ix)
Air enters ¡n the body of cockroach:
(a) Through lungs
(b) Through gilds
(e) Through spricales
(d) Through skin.
Answer:
(e) Through spricals.

4. State True or False:

(i) During heavy exercise the breathing rate of a person slows down.
Answer:
False

(ii) Plants carry out photosynthesis only during the day and respiration only at night.
Answer:
False

(iii) Frogs breathe through their apart from skin.
Answer:
True

(iv) The fishes have lungs for respiration.
Answer:
False

(v) The size of the chest cavity increases during inhalation.
Answer:
True

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Very Short Answer Type Qucstions

Question 1.
Name the energy giving processes.
Answer:
Nutrition and respiration.

Question 2.
What are the end products of aerobic respiration ?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Question 3.
What are the end products of anaerobic respiration ?
Answer:
Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Question 4.
Define breathing.
Answer:
Breathing. The process by which organisms take oxygen from environment and release carbon dioxide, is called breathing.

Question 5.
What are the two main processes in respiration ?
Answer:
The two main processes in respiration are:
(i) Breathing i.e. taking in O2 and giving out CO2.
(ii) Using O2 in the cells (internal respiration).

Question 6.
What are anaerobes ?
Answer:
Anaerobes. Organisms which can survive in absence of free air are called anaerobes.

Question 7.
Give an example of anaerobe.
Answer:
Yeast.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Question 8.
What is cellular respiration ?
Answer:
Cellular respiration. Respiration taking place in living cells is called cellular respiration.

Question 9.
Which functions of cell need energy ?
Answer:
Nutrition, transport, excretion, reproduction.

Question 10.
What is the reason of cramps in legs ?
Answer:
Formation of lactic acid.

Question 11.
How can the muscles of legs be relieved ?
Answer:
By massaging or taking hot water bath.

Question 12.
When does breathing rate increase ?
Answer:
During exercise or running.

Question 13.
What is diaphragm ?
Answer:
Diaphragm. It is a large muscular sheet forming the floor of chest cavity.

Question 14.
What happens to chest cavity during inhalation ?
Answer:
During inhalation, the space in chest cavity increases.

Question 15.
When does the space in chest cavity decrease ?
Answer:
During exhalation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is anaerobic respiration ?
Answer:
Anaerobic respiration. Some cells like bacteria and yeast release energy by breaking down glucose into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in the absence of oxygen. This process is called anaerobic respiration.

PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms

Question 2.
What are stomata ? Give two functions of stomata.
Answer:
Stomata. These are the small holes (pores) present on the lower surface of leaves. It is guarded by two kidney-shaped guard cells. The light affects its opening.
Functions. (i) Exchange of gases, (ii) Control of transpiration.

Question 3.
Explain respiration in plants.
Answer:
Respiration in plants. Plants, during the process of photosynthesis, give off oxygen which is utilized during respiration.
Stomata are the openings located on the lower surface of the leaves which are guarded by two kidney-shaped guard cells. Through stomatal opening exchange of gases takes place.

Question 4.
Is respiration the same as breathing ?
Answer:
Resiration and breathing are not the same processes. During respiration oxidation of food occurs along with the release of energy. It is purely a chemical process. Breathing is purely a physical process. It mainly occurs by inhalation and exhalation. In breathing simply exchange of gases occurs, where O2 is drawn in and carbon dioxide is thrown out.

Question 5.
Give chemical equation for Aerobic respiration.
Answer:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + energy.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Question 6.
Give an account of movement of ribs during inhalation and exhalation processes.
Answer:
Movement of Ribs

  1. During inhalation. Ribs move up and outwards to increase space in chest cavity.
  2. During exhalation. Ribs move down and inwards to decrease space in chest cavity.

Question 7.
Describe the importance of respiration in plants. .
Answer:
Importance of respiration in plants. During respiration the energy rich foodstuffs (glucose and fructose) are changed into water and carbon dioxide accompanied by the release of usable energy which is necessary for the sustenance of plant life. The carbon dioxide so released is made use of in the manufacture of food by the plant during the process of photosynthesis.

Question 8.
Give an account of respiration in fishes.
Answer:
Respiration in fishes. Fishes live in water and breathe through gills which is their breathing organ. Fishes take in water through their mouth and force is out through the gills. In gills water and blood flow in opposite direction to increase diffusion of oxygen.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms 2

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Show by an experiment that CO2 is present in the exhaled air.
Answer:
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms 3
We can prove by the following experiment that CO2 is present in the exhaled air:
Experiment. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. Exhale air through your mouth into the tube provided for this purpose. You will notice that the lime water is kept in test B. Through which exhaled air is passing has turned milky.

On the other hand, test tube A through which exhaled air is not passing has shown slight milkiness due to atmosphere air entering from the side tube. It proves that carbon dioxide is present in exhaled air which has turned lime water present in test tube B milky and milkiness is due to the formation of calcium carbonate in the figure.
PSEB 7th Class Science Solutions Chapter 10 Respiration in Organisms 4

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

by

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

PSEB 8th Class Science Guide Chemical Effects of Electric Current Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks.
(a) Most liquids that conduct electricity are solutions of ……………….. , ………………. and ………………. .
(b) The passage of an electric current through a solution causes ……………….. effects.
(c) If you pass current through copper sulphate solution copper gets deposited on the plate connected to the ………………… terminal of the battery.
(d) The process of depositing a layer of any desired metal on another material, by means of electricity is called ……………………… .
Answer:
(a) acid, bases, salts.
(b) chemical
(c) negative (- ve)
(d) electroplating.

Question 2.
When the free ends of a tester are dipped in a solution, the magnetic compass needle shows deflection. Can you explain the reason ?
Answer:
Deflection of compass needle is due to conduction of electricity through the solution because the solution is good conductor.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Question 3.
Name three liquids, which when tested in a manner shown in fig. may causes the magnetic needle to deflect.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current 1
Answer:

  1. Acid
  2. Base
  3. Acidulated water.

Question 4.
The bulb does not glow in the setup shown in fig. List the possible reasons. Explain you answer.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current 2
Answer:
The set up shows no glowing of the bulb but it does not mean that liquid is not conducting electricity. Liquid may be so weak electrolyte that it can not make the bulb glow. So, to test it for surity, LED can be used, which glows for very minute currents.

Question 5.
A tester is used to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids labelled A and B. It is found that the bulb of the tester glows very brightly for liquid A while it glows dimly for liquid B. You would conclude that.
(i) liquid A is better conductor than liquid B.
(ii) liquid B is better conductor than liquid A.
(iii) both liquids are equally conducting.
(iv) conducting properties of liquids cannot be compared in this manner.
Answer:
(i) Liquid A is better conductor than liquid B.

Question 6.
Does pure water conduct electricity ? If not, what can we do to make it conducting ?
Answer:
Pure water does not conduct electricity but it can be made good conductor by adding few drops of dil. sulphuric acid. The water so obtained is called acidulated water.

Question 7.
In case of a fire, before the firemen use the water hoses, they shut off the main electrical supply for the area. Explain why they do this.
Answer:
Pure water is an insulator but tap water is a good conductor of electricity. To avoid electrocuting, firemen manually shut off the supply before using water hoses.

Question 8.
A child staying in the coastal regions tests the drinking water and also the sea water with his tester. He finds that the compass needle deflects more in case of sea water. Can you explain the reason ?
Answer:
Since sea water is rich in salt concentration. So, compass needle is more deflected in sea water as compared to the drinking water available in coastal areas.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Question 9.
Is it safe for electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoor during heavy downpour ? Explain.
Answer:
No, it is not safe for a wireman to carry out electrical repairs during heavy down pour because water (Impure) is a conductor of electricity. So, wireman can get electric shock.

Question 10.
Paheli had heard that rain water is as good as distilled water. So she collected some rainwater in a clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her surprise she found that compass needle showed deflection. What could be the reasons ?
Answer:
No doubt, rain water is pure like distilled water. But then environment is contaminated with many impurities. These impurities get dissolved in rain water, making it a conductor of electric current.

Question 11.
Prepare a list of objects around you that are electroplated.
Answer:
Electroplated objects.

  1. Handle bar of cycle.
  2. Wheel rims.
  3. Artificial ornaments.
  4. Bath taps.
  5. Kitchen gas burners.

Question 12.
The process that you saw in Activity 14.7 is used for purification of copper. A thin plate of pure copper and a thick rod of impure copper are used as electrodes. Copper from impure rod is sought to be transferred to the thin copper plate. Which electrode should be attached to positive terminal of the battery and why ?
Answer:
Thick rod of impure copper is to be attached to positive terminal of battery as pure copper moves to electrode connected to negative terminal of the battery.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Science Chemical Effects of Electric Current Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In order to keep the flow of electricity continue in circuit, which of the following items should be used in place of iron nail in the given circuit.
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current 3
(a) Graphite
(b) Plastic
(c) Wood
(d) Rubber.
Answer:
(a) Graphite.

Question 2.
Pankaj knows that pure water is bad conductor of electricity. If you dissolve salt in water then what will happen ?
(а) Water will become good conductor of electricity.
(b) Water will remain bad conductor of electricity.
(c) Water will neither be a good conductor nor a bad conductor of electricity.
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(a) Water will become good conductor of electricity.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Question 3.
Which out of the following is insulator of electricity ?
(a) Acid
(b) Bases
(c) Pure water
(d) Solutions of salt
Answer:
(c) Pure water

Question 4.
Which out of the following is not an insulator ?
(a) Rubber
(b) Plastic
(c) Wood
(d) Copper
Answer:
(d) Copper

Question 5.
What is the effect of passing electric current through the solution of electrolytes ?
(a) Magnetic effect
(b) Heat effect
(c) Chemical effect
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Chemical effect.

Question 6.
Which effect of electric current is used in electroplating ?
(a) Magnetic effect
(b) Chemical effect
(c) Heat effect
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Chemical effect

Question 7.
The availability of some amount of impurities make water:
(a) conductor
(b) insulator
(c) pure
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(a) conductor.

Question 8.
A tester is used to check the conduction of electricity through two liquids labelled A and B. It is found that the bulb of the tester glows very brightly for liquid A while it glows dimly for liquid B, you would conclude that:
(а) Liquid A is better conductor than liquid B
(b) Liquid B is better conductor than liquid A
(c) Both liquids are equally conducting
(d) Conducting properties of liquids cannot be compared in this manner.
Answer:
(a) liquid A is better conductor-than liquid B.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is human body a conductor or an insulator ?
Answer:
Conductor.

Question 2.
What are conductors ?
Answer:
Conductors.
Materials like silver, copper, aluminium, iron and human body etc. which allow electric current to pass through them, are called conductors.

Question 3.
What are insulators ? Give two examples.
Answer:
Insulators.
Materials like wood, rubber, silk, plastic etc. which do not allow electric current to pass through them, are called insulators.

Question 4.
Do all liquids allow electric current to pass through them ?
Answer:
No.

Question 5.
What is LED ? ,
Answer:
LED-Light Emitting Diode.

Question 6.
Name the phenomenon of breaking up of a chemical compound under the action of electric current.
Answer:
Electrolysis.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Question 7.
What do we get on electrolysis of acidulated water ?
Answer:
Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas.

Question 8.
Which effect of current is used in electroplating ?
Answer:
Chemical effect.

Question 9.
Which effect of current makes a bulb glow ?
Answer:
Heating effect.

Question 10.
How can small current be tested ?
Answer:
By using LEDs.

Question 11.
Name different effects of electric current.
Answer:

  1. Heating effect,
  2. lighting effect,
  3. chemical effect and
  4. magnetic effect.

Question 12.
Is air an insulator ?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 13.
Name few liquids which can conduct electricity.
Answer:
Lime water, lemon juice, vinegar, tap water.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Question 14.
Can conductors be classified as insulators or vice versa under special conditions ?
Answer:
Yes.

Question 15.
Which commonly used liquids can conduct electricity ?
Answer:
Solution of acids, bases and salts.

Question 16.
What are electrodes ?
Answer:
Electrodes.
Metallic rods or plates immersed in electrolytes to make contact with battery, are called electrodes.

Question 17.
By which phenomenon cheap articles are coated with gold or expensive metals ?
Answer:
Electroplating.

Question 18.
Is electroplating useful process ?
Answer:
Yes.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Air is a bad conductor of electricity. Show with an experiment.
Answer:
Air-a bad conductor of electricity.
Take a battery bulb and connect it to a cell and a switch. When the switch is fixed with a safety pin then the current flows and bulb glows, but when safety pin is removed then there is only air between the gap of switch and current does not flow. It shows that air is bad conductor of electricity.

PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Question 2.
What is electrolysis ?
Answer:
Electrolysis.
Breaking up of chemical compounds under the action of electric current, is called electrolysis. When we pass electric current through water (acidulated), it breaks up into its constituents : hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is liberated at the cathode whereas oxygen is liberated at the anode.

Question 3.
What is electroplating ?
Answer:
Electroplating.
Process of electrolysis is used to deposit thin layers of valuable metals (like zinc, silver or gold) on cheaper metals by the passage of electricity through electrolyte to save them from rusting whereas to give them a decorative look. This process is called electroplating.

Question 4.
Give a brief account of LED.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current 4
LED.
It is light emitting diode. It glows even when the current is .very small. It consists a bulb with two legs called leads. One leg is longer and other leg is shorter.
Longer leg is attached to +ve terminal of battery and shorter leg is attached to -ve terminal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Is water a good conductor ? What happens when common salt is added to water ?
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current 5
Pure or distilled water is an insulator.
Experiment.
Dip two carbon rods in distilled water and connect it to a bulb, 6 V battery and a key. The bulb will not light up showing that distilled water is a bad conductor of electricity.

Now replace distilled water by water mixed with common salt. The bulb will at once light up, when key is introduced. This shows that distilled water is perfectly insulator, impure water specially one containing common salt is highly conducting.

Question 2.
What is electroplating ? Give its uses.
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current 6
Electroplating.
It is the process by which a costlier metal is deposited on base or cheap metal by passing current through its salt solution. When an electric current is passed through an electrolyte (the compound) breaks up into its constituent ions.

Positive ions are attracted towards cathode (negative electrode) and negative ions are attracted towards anode (positive electrode). This process of electrolysis is used in plating materials with a thin coat of metals is called electroplating.

Uses of Electroplating:

  1. Iron is electroplated with nickel or chromium to prevent it from rusting.
  2. Artificial jewellery, made from cheap metals is electroplated with expensive metals like gold and silver to give it an attractive look.
  3. Handle bars of cycle, wheel rims, car parts etc. are coated with chromium to give a shiny look.
  4. Tin cans are made by electroplating a layer of tin on the iron.

Question 3.
How can a spoon be copper plated ?
Answer:
PSEB 8th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current 7
Experiment.
Take a spoon that is to be electroplated with copper. Take a copper plate and make it anode by connecting it to the positive terminal of the battery. The spoon is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. A rheostat (Variable resistance); key and ammeter are also connected in series as shown. CuSO4 solution is put in a glass vessel. A rheostat is adjusted till a proper current flows through electrolyte [For best electroplating 1A of current should be passed for every 100 cm2 of the surface to be electroplated say if the area of a spoon on both sides is 60 cm2, a current of 0.6 A should be passed.] Pass the current for 5-10 minutes, till a layer of shinning copper is seen deposited on a spoon.