Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 1 Punjab: Physical Features and its Impact

→ Punjab (Meaning): The word Punjab is derived from two Persian words, Panj and Aab. The meaning of Panj is five and the meaning of Aab is water, which is a symbol of the river. Thus Punjab is the region of five glasses of water.

→ Changing Names of Punjab: Punjab was known by different names during different periods of history. The ancient names of Punjab were Sapt Sindhu, Panchnand, Pentapotamia, Tseh-Kia, Lahore Suba, Punjab, etc.

→ The Geographical Divisions: From the geographical point of view, Punjab can be divided into three divisions:

• The Himalayas and its North-Western mountain ranges
• The foothills or Terai region (the sub-Mountainous Region)
• The Plains

→ The Malwa Region: The Malwa region is surrounded by the rivers Sutlej and Ghagghar. During ancient times, the ‘Malava’ tribe lived here. The region is named Malwa after the name of the Malava tribe.

→ The effects of the Himalayas on the history of Punjab: Punjab was the ‘Gateway of India’ due to the existence of a number of passes in the North-West ranges of the Himalayas. During the medieval period, all the invaders came through these passes to invade India.

→ The plains of Punjab: The plains of Punjab are very fertile. The prosperity of Punjab encouraged foreign invaders to attack India.

→ The influence of rivers of Punjab on its history: The rivers of Punjab were a hurdle in the path of the invaders.

→ They also played a role in providing natural boundaries. The Mughal rulers adopted river boundaries as the administrative divisions like Parganas, Sarkars, and Subas.

→ Terai Region: The Terai region is covered with dense forests. The Sikhs took shelter in these forests during their hard times.

→ They organized themselves, increased their military strength, and effectively faced the oppressive rulers.

→ The different Castes and Tribes of Punjab: The people of different castes and tribes lived in Punjab.

→ The prominent were the Jats, Sikhs, Rajputs, Khatris, Aroras, Gujjars, Ariansetc.

→ Punjab was annexed into the British Empire in – 1849 A.D.

→ The areas of Punjab and Hissar were included in Punjab in – 1857

→ North-Western Frontier Province was made out of Punjab in – 1901

→ Delhi was separated from Punjab in – 1911

→ At the time of Indian Independence, Punjab was divided into Western Punjab and Eastern Punjab in -1947

→ Punjab was divided into two states – Punjab and Haryana on a Linguistic basis on – 1st Nov. 1966.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Food Security in India will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Economics Chapter 4 Food Security in India

→ Food security: It is as essential for living as air is for breathing. It mainly means something more than getting two square meals.

→ Dimensions of Food Security:

• Availability of food
• Accessibility of food
• Affordability of food.

→ Availability: Availability of food means there should be food production within the country.

→ Accessibility: Accessibility of food means that a sufficient quantity of food should be within the reach of people.

→ Affordability of Food: It means that a person has enough money to buy sufficient .food.

→ Buffer Stock: It is the stock of foodgrains, namely wheat and rice, procured by the government through the Food Corporation of India. (FCI)

→ Calamity: A greater misfortune or. disaster, like a flood or serious injury, grievous affliction, adversity, misery; the calamity of war.

→ Green Revolution: A large increase in crop production in developing countries was achieved by the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and HYV.

→ Self Sufficiency: It is the state of not requiring any aid, support or interaction for survival, It is a type of personal or collective autonomy.

→ Fair Price Shops: Fair price stops are distribution channels of Govt, making available essential commodities like rice, kerosene, wheat, etc to the common man at controlled prices.

→ Public Distribution System: It is a govt, sponsored chain of shops, entrusted with the work of distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the needy sections of the society at very cheap prices.

→ Natural Disasters: A natural event such as flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life.

→ Ration Card: An official document entitling the holder to a ration of food, clothes, or other goods.

→ Revamped Public Distribution System: It is govt, programme that started in 1992.

→ Minimum Support Price: It is a form of market intervention by the Govt, to agricultural producers against any shortfall in farm prices.

→ Issue Price: The price at which the procured buffer stock foodgrains are sold through the PPS.

→ Chronic Hunger: It is a consequence of having a persistently inadequate diet in terms of quantity and quality.

→ Seasonal Hunger: It is related to cycles of food production.

→ Need for Food Security: It is due to poverty and higher prices, qualitative factor, and quantitative factor.

→ Cooperative: It is a form of business organization in which members voluntarily form a society for producing, procuring, and marketing goods and services at rib profit no loss basis to their members.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance

→ Democracy is a type of government elected by the people for a fixed period of time through a universal adult franchise.

→ Democracy is an English word that is made up of two Greek words Demos and Croatia.

→ The meaning of Demos is people and Kratia means ‘Rule’.

→ So the meaning of Democracy is the ‘rule of people’.

→ Democracy is an organisation system in which free and fair participation of the people is ensured to achieve political power.

→ The best definition of Democracy was given by the 16th President of the U.S.A. Abraham Lincoln says that “Democracy is a type of government elected of the people, by the people, and for the people”.

→ The basic concept of democracy is that it gives freedom to everyone to express his/her ideas and to criticize any one.

→ Presently, democracy is of great importance because it is the protector of individual freedom, a symbol of peace and progress, represents the whole public, etc.

→ In the present age, many obstacles are coming in the way of democracy such as casteism, communalism, regionalism, poverty, indifferent attitude towards social development, etc.

→ There are few prerequisites for the success of democracy such as there should be political freedom, there must be economic and social equality, people must be educated and conscious, their moral character should be of high quality, etc.

→ There are many countries where people are deceived in the name of democracy such as Pakistan, China, Fiji, Mexico, etc.

→ In Pakistan, the army always controls democracy.

→ In China, there is only one political party.

→ In Fiji there is a difference in the value of a vote and in Mexico, the government uses unfair means to win elections.

→ Democracy is of two types-direct and indirect.

→ Indirect democracy is also known as the representative democracy in which people directly elect their leaders.

→ Presently, with the increase in population, direct democracy is not possible.

→ It was possible in the republic states of Greece where the population was only in thousands.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy

→ Since ancient times, there have been many types of administrative systems in the whole world such as Monarchy, Dictatorship, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism but democracy is most prevalent in the modern world.

→ Democracy in the whole world started in the republics of Greece and Rome where direct democracy was available.

→ Here citizens of the state directly participated in the decision-making process of administration.

→ During ancient times in India, many states adopted the republican system.

→ During the times of Chola Kings, there had been some sort of democracy at the grass-root level.

→ The medieval period is also known as the feudal period when feudal lords were of great importance.

→ Consequently, democracy did not have a chance to come forward.

→ During modern times, the autocratic systems of kings were challenged and their powers were either removed or restricted by the Parliament.

→ The 20th century is known as the golden era for democracy when after the end of imperialism, many countries established democracy as the alternate system to imperialism.

→ After the second world war, many countries got freedom from the imperialist powers and they established democracy. India was one such country.

→ In Chile, Salvador Allende established democracy and did many works of social welfare.

→ But rich people didn’t like his works and with the help of army general Augusto Pinochet, overthrew Allende’s government and established military rule over there.

→ After 17 years of his rule, Pinochet decided to have a referendum from the public which they opposed and he was forced to relinquish the power.

→ Poland was a communist country where workers did a strike that spread on a large scale.

→ The government accepted their demands and workers formed a trade union called ‘Solidarity’.

→ In 1989, independent elections were held in Poland in which solidarity won a complete majority.

→ In this way, democracy was established in Poland.

→ Many Asian and African countries were the victims of Colonialism and European countries made them their colonies.

→ After the second world war, when their power was reduced, colonial countries started giving freedom to their colonies. India was one such country.

→ Ghana in Africa was the first country that gained independence from the British in, 1957 A.D.

→ At the international level, there is an institution called United Nations Organisation where all the decisions are taken in a democratic way. Each country is having equal voting right. It has 193 members.

→ There is one of the six organs of the United Nations Organisation which tries to solve the disputes between the countries.

→ Security Council has 15 members out of which 5 members (U.S.A., U.K., France, Russia, and China) are the permanent members and 10 are temporary members elected for a term of two years.

→ There is another organization at an international level called the International Monetary Fund with 188 members.

→ All these countries have voting rights in it but their power of voting is fixed according to their financial contribution to the organisation.

→ After looking at the functioning of the International Organisations although it seems that they work for the establishment of democracy but they don’t have democracy in their normal functioning.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 Social History of Clothing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 Social History of Clothing

→ Sumptuary Laws:

• The Sumptuary Laws of Medieval France controlled the behaviour of the lower class.
• According to these Laws, they were not allowed to wear the dress as nobles wore.

→ Women’s Beauty and Clothing:

• In England, women’s beauty was given special emphases.
• They were given a specific type of tight clothes to wear to show their physical beauty.

→ Women’s reaction towards Clothing:

• All the women did not accept the clothing pattern.
• Many opposed such tight dresses as they caused deformities and illness among young girls.

→ New Material:

• During the 17th century, most British women were clothes made of Linen, flex or wool which were difficult to wash.
• Later on, they started wearing cotton clothes.
• They were cheap as well as easy to wash.

→ World Wars and Clothing:

• As a result of the two World Wars, many changes came in clothing.
• Working women started wearing uniforms of blouse and trousers with scarves.
• By the twentieth century, the usage of clothes increased.

→ Western Clothes in India:

• Parsis were the first in India to adopt western clothes.
• Bengalis working in offices and those who converted to Christianity also started using western clothes.

→ Courts and Footwear:

• During British rule, there was a restriction On wearing footwear in the courts.
• This rule becomes a subject of conflict.

→ Swadeshi Movement:

• This movement was initiated in 1905 against Lord Curzon’s decision to partition Bengal.
• It boycotted the British goods and called for adopting locally made goods.
• It gave great encouragement to the Indian industries.

→ Khadi:

• Mahatma Gandhi’s dream was to cloth the whole nation in Khadi.
• But many groups were attracted towards western clothes.
• Except for this, Khadi was a little bit expensive.
• So, Gandhiji’s dream remained a dream.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism

→ Products available in the forests: We get many products from the forests such as furniture wood, fuel, fruit, gum, honey, wood for making paper, leaves for making bidi, etc.

→ Deforestation: The meaning of deforestation is cutting trees. Forests were cut down for many purposes such as the expansion of agriculture and railway, for ship-building, etc.

→ Bagaan: Large farmhouses where trees of a single type were planted in straight rows were called Bagan.

→ Timber Trees: Timber wood is quite strong. It is available in the form of Seal and Teak trees.

→ Control on Forests: After coming to know the importance of forests, the colonial rulers established a forest department and passed many laws to control the forests.

→ Impact of Forest Control: With the government’s control of forests, the tribals were deprived of their means of livelihood. So, they started thinking about the revolts against the government.

→ Shifting Agriculture: In this type of agriculture, forests are cleared to get agricultural land. After doing agriculture for 2-3 years, the land is left alone and the same process is done on the nearby forest land. After the government’s control of forests, such agricultural practice was banned.

→ Scientific Forestry: The system under the control of the forest department in which old trees are cut down and new trees are planted.

→ Bastar: Bastar is located in Chhattisgarh, bordering Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Maharashtra. Tribals of this area revolted against the British as they were widely affected by the British forest policies. These revolts were started by the Dhruva tribe.

→ Java: Java is now famous as a rice-producing island in Indonesia. Dutch rulers greatly exploited its forest resources and made the locals labourers. Consequently, locals revolted and it took three months to crush the revolt.

→ 1855: Lord Dalhousie made laws for the protection of forests.

→ 1864: Indian Forest Department was established.

→ 1865: Indian Forest Act was passed.

→ 1878: Indian forest Act was amended and three categories of forests were formed.

→ 1906: Imperial forest Research Centre was established at Dehradun.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution

→ Russian Revolution: In 1917, there had been the first socialist revolution in the world took place in Russia.

→ Reasons for revolution:

• Before the revolution, the Russian social, economic, and political conditions were quite conducive to the revolution.
• The condition of peasants and workers was quite a pity.
• The rule of Tzar (King of Russia) was autocratic.
• Common people had no political rights.
• Consequently, people were against the Czar.
• The Czar forced Russia into World War I and made a great mistake.
• The miserable condition of the soldiers also led to frustration against the Tzar.

→ Lenin:

• After Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles, Lenin is considered the greatest thinker of the socialist movement.
• He played the most important role in organising the Bolshevik party and making the revolution successful.

→ The Revolution of 1905:

• In 1905, a procession of workers was attacked by the police.
• It took the form of a revolution.
• During this revolution, a new form of organization developed.
• It was Soviet or a group of workers’ representatives.
• This revolution provided a base to the revolution of 1917.

→ The Beginning of Revolution:

• The Russian revolution begins with a procession of women.
• Then a general strike of workers took place.
• On 15th March 1917, the Czar was forced to relinquish his power.
• Finally, a temporary government was formed.
• According to the Russian Calendar, this incident is known as the February Revolution and people consider its beginning on 27 February.

→ The Success of Revolution:

• With the fall of the first interim government (7 October 1917), Lenin’s government came into power.
• It is known as the October Revolution. (According to the Russian Calendar on 25th February.)

→ Soviet:

• During the 1905 revolution, a new form of the organization come into force. It is known as ‘Soviet’.
• It was a council of workers’ representatives.
• Initially, such councils were the committees of organizing strikes but later on, they become a means of getting political power.
• After some time, Peasant’s Soviets were also formed.
• Russian Soviets played an important role in the revolution of 1917.

→ February Revolution:

• After a procession of women, a worker’s strike took place.
• On 12th March, workers captured St. Petersburg very quickly, they captured Moscow as well.
• The Tzar left the power and an Interim Government was formed on 15th March.
• According to the old Russian calendar, this revolution took place on 27th February.
• That’s why it is called the February Revolution.

→ October Revolution:

• The Russian Revolution actually took place on 7th November 1917.
• According to the old calendar, it was on 25th October.
• That’s why it is called the October Revolution.
• This revolution led to the fall of Kerensky’s government.
• Its headquarter Winter’s palace came under the control of a group of sailors.
• On the same day, a meeting of the Russian Congress of Soviets took place and it took power in its hands.

→ Bloody Sunday:

• In 1905, the Russian revolutionary movement was gaining momentum.
• In the meantime, a procession of workers, led by Father Gapon, reached the winter palace.
• Police attacked them and fired on them with which 100 workers died and 300 wounded.
• This incident in history is known as the ‘Bloody Sunday’.

→ Communist Revolution:

• The Communist International or Comintern was organized in 1919 A.D.
• It is also known as the Third International.
• Its objective was to encourage revolutions at the international level.
• At the time of the first world war, the socialist movement was divided into two parts.
• Its separated group was known as the communist party.
• Comintern was associated with the same group.
• It was a platform at the world level which made policies for the communist parties around the world.

→ Socialism:

• Socialism is a political system in which all the means of production are under the state’s control.
• Its main objective is the equal distribution of economic resources.
• In this system, no one is exploited and is exactly opposite to capitalism.

→ The 1850s and 1880s – Debates over socialism in Russia.

→ 1898 – Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.

→ 1905 – The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.

→ 1917 – 2nd March – Abdication of the Tzar, 24th October – Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.

→ 1918-1920 – The Civil War.

→ 1919 – Formation of Comintern.

→ 1929 – Beginning of Collectivisation.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 The French Revolution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 The French Revolution

→ The French Revolution:

• The French Revolution took place in 1789 A.D.
• Common people lived a miserable life but Nobles lived a luxurious life.
• That’s why the French people rose against Louis XVI (King of France) and brought the revolution.

→ The Tennis Court Oath:

• Louis XVI did not accept the demands laid down by the representatives of the people.
• So, the people collected at the Tennis Court and declared to form the new Constitution.

→ The Fall of Bastille:

• On 14 July 1789, the fortress prison of Bastille was captured bj the revolutionaries and this led to its fall.
• Even today, 14th July is celebrated as Bastille Day or National Day in France.

→ The Declaration of Rights of Men and Citizens:

• This declaration is related to the French Revolution.
• It specified the equality of all men before the law and without reason, no one will be captivated.
• In this declaration, freedom of speech and press was also accepted.
• Most importantly, it gave stress on the concepts of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

→ Louis XVI:

• Louis XVI became the French Emperor in 1774 A.D.
• He was only 20 years of age.
• He was incapable and worked under the influence of his wife.
• He had no interest in administrative functions.
• He had left all the administrative functions in the hands of corrupt officials who did not care about the public welfare.
• Consequently, there was growing dissatisfaction among the people and finally, they revolted against the King.

→ Voltaire:

• Voltaire was a famous Satirist writer of his time.
• He strongly opposed the social superstitions and the evils prevailing in the Church.
• He called Church the ‘infamous thing’.
• He encouraged the people to demand reforms.

→ Montesquieu:

• Montesquieu was a famous writer of his time.
• He opposed the divine right theory of the Kings.
• He liked the British system of administration.
• His famous book was ‘The Spirit of Laws’.
• His ideas gave great impetus to the revolutionary ideas.

→ Rousseau:

• Rousseau was a great philosopher of the 18th century.
• He gave his views in his book ‘The Social Contract’.
• According to him, social composition and people must be based on mutual contracts.

→ Napoleon:

• Napoleon was one of those great men who was born in a simple family and reached the highest post.
• He progressed from a post of a soldier to the French King.
• He was born at Korsika island and by 1812 A.D., he established his supremacy on almost the whole of Europe.
• Finally, many European powers collectively defeated him.
• He died in 1821 due to abdominal cancer at St. Helena island.

→ Clergy: A group of people working in the Church.

→ Tithe and Taille: Tithe was a religious tax paid by the people to the Church and Taille was a direct tax paid to the government.

→ Manor: An Estate where was situated the land and palace of the Feudal Lord.

→ 1774 – Louis XVI became King of France.

→ 1789 – Convocation of Estates General, Third Estate forms National Assembly, the Bastille was stormed, peasants revolt in the countryside.

→ 1791 – New Constitution is framed to limit the powers of the king and to guarantee basic rights to all human beings.

→ 1792 – 93 – France becomes a republic, the king was beheaded. The overthrow of the Jacobic Republic, a Directory rules France.

→ 1804 – Napoleon becomes emperor of France, annexes large parts of Europe.

→ 1815 – Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.