This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management will help you in revision during exams.
PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 1 Crop Production and Management
→ Any plant grown and cared for in a field for some output is known as a crop plant or simple crop.
→ Crops that are raised basically for obtaining cash are known as cash crops.
→ In addition to crop plants, vegetables, fruits, and flowers are also grown on a large scale. These come under horticulture.
→ The necessary conditions for the healthy growth of plants are oxygen, water, sunlight, and nutrients.
→ Agriculture involves the systematic use of some basic practices that fulfill the needs of plants grown in a field.
→ The process of loosening and turning the soil is known as tilling or ploughing.
→ This allows the roots to penetrate freely and deeper into the soil.
→ The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called irrigation.
→ The sources of irrigation are wells/tubewells, ponds/lakes, rivers, dams, and canals.
→ The latest irrigation methods are sprinkler systems, drip systems.
→ Seeds are sown in the field by hand or by using a seed drill. This is called broadcasting.
→ Seedlings are tiny plants. The transference of seedlings from nurseries to the main fields is called transplantation.
→ Humus is a layer of mixed organic matter on the topsoil which is made of partially or fully decomposed plant and animal remains and wastes.
→ Manure is made of waste products of animals and plants.
→ A fertilizer is a mixture of chemicals rich in potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
→ When added to soil, manure and fertilizers replenish the soil with nutrients.
→ Weeds are unwanted plants that grow in the fields along with crops. They are removed by spraying weedicides.
→ Pests destroy our crops which are removed by spraying pesticides or insecticides.
→ There are two groups of crops according to the season
- Kharif
- Rabi
→ In harvesting, crops are removed or cut close to the ground.
→ The process of separation of grains from the chaff is known as threshing.
→ Winnowing helps in separating seeds from the chaff.
→ Mixed cropping is the process of growing two or more crops together.
→ Animals such as cows, buffalo, poultry birds, and fish are reared for major food items like meat, eggs, and milk.
→ Domesticated animals need proper feeding, weeding, and protection against diseases and parasites.
→ The animal food output can be increased through proper animal husbandry practices as well as through cross-breeding.
→ Special festivals are associated with the harvest season such as Pongal, Baisakhi, Holi, Diwali, Nabanya, and Bihu.
→ Agricultural Practices: Cultivation of crops involves several activities undertaken by the farmers spread over a time period. These are called agricultural practices.
→ Soil Preparation: Before growing a crop, the soil is first prepared by ploughing, levelling, and adding manure. This is called soil preparation.
→ Sowing: Sowing is the process of putting seeds in the soil.
→ Manure and Fertilisers: The substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients for the healthy growth of plants are called manure and fertilizer;
→ Irrigation: Giving water to the fields at different intervals for the growing crops is called irrigation.
→ Weeding: The removal of unwanted plants (weeds) from the field is called weeding.
→ Harvesting: The cutting of crops after maturity is called harvesting.
→ Storage: The storing of grains after harvesting and threshing in large godowns is called storage.
→ Animal Husbandry: The study of all aspects such as food, shelter, health care of domesticated animals is called animal husbandry.
→ Silo: Silos are the storage structures for storing food grains on small scale.
→ Granaries: Granaries are the storage structures for storing food grains on large scale.
→ Threshing: The process of separation of grains from the chaff is known as threshing.
→ Weeds: Unwanted plants which grow along with the crops in the field are called weeds.
→ Weedicides: The chemicals which are used to destroy the weeds are called weedicides.