Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 2 Critical Thinking will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 2 Critical Thinking

→ We live in society and while living in society, we have certain dreams.

→ To fulfill our dreams, occasionally we do daydreaming or talk in vague.

→ We have to fight and win the war to fulfill our dreams.

→ We have to work hard to fulfill our dreams which give us determination.

→ Only with a concentration of mind, we can make our dreams come true.

→ While living in the world, we compare many things with others. Sometimes, the comparison is positive which is good.

→ But if the comparison becomes negative then the person becomes jealous and starts walking on the path of despair.

→ If we are not satisfied with our situation and do not adopt positive thinking then we cannot have all-around development.

→ So, instead of trying to be negative, we must learn good things from others and should talk in a constructive way.

→ No two individuals are the same in this world.

→ They must have some differences between them.

→ We must learn from such differences to move forward, Modern media has made the whole world much smaller.

→ We can see and talk to a person sitting thousands of kilometers away.

→ But we must use the media wisely and not let them dominate us.

→ In the age of modernization, one should use the means of entertainment for one’s own entertainment but we must not forget the books which cannot be replaced in any case.

→ We must use social media wisely and in a constructive way.

→ We must not let social media dominate us and only use it to increase our knowledge.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 1 Self Awareness and Self Discipline

→ Man is a social animal and from the ages, he is struggling to find his identity and true existence.

→ That’s why he needs to coordinate with others to live in society, there is much hidden in a person’s mind and personality.

→ The real purpose of self-consciousness is to identify oneself correctly.

→ Every person has some of the other quality and often he does not even know it.

→ You need to find and use that particular quality.

→ Everyone needs to build their identity while living in society and he can do this by finding qualities within himself.

→ One should always analyze oneself and needs to find the answers to all the questions which revolve around his identity. We must always improve ourselves.

→ If a person has qualities then he also has weaknesses.

→ One can only make one’s true identity if one realizes one’s shortcomings and does not allow them to dominate one another.

→ In this way, he should always be willing to cooperate with others.

→ There is a time limit for everyone. He must complete his tasks on time and live a disciplined life.

→ We must know the importance of time.

→ Once the time is gone, it doesn’t come back.

→ So, we must not waste our time on idle work and spend it on fruitful work, That’s why we must know how to manage the time, must make the time table.

→ Everyone does his work only while living in society.

→ In this way, everyone’s duty is to fulfill their responsibilities properly.

→ If everyone does not fulfill their responsibilities properly, society will not move properly.

→ We have many obligations to other people and if we fulfill these obligations properly, it helps in our physical, emotional, and social development.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Fundamental Rights of Citizens under Constitution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 6 Fundamental Rights of Citizens under Constitution

→ While living in society, people enjoy many facilities such as equality, expression of speech, to move anywhere, to adopt any occupation, to follow any religion, etc. Such facilities are called rights.

→ We can say that the rights are such genuine demands of an individual or group of individuals which are recognized by society and state.

→ To give citizens a happy life and to maintain the dignity of individuals, our Constitution has given us a few rights which are known as fundamental rights.

→ These are given in the 3rd part and under Articles 12-35 of the Constitution.

→ Our rights are quite lengthy and extensive, positive and negative, they are limited but justiceable and they cannot be violated.

→ Initially, the Indian citizens were given seven fundamental rights out of which the right to property was deleted in 1978 through the 44th constitutional amendment and was made a legal right Consequently this number came down to six.

→ In 2002, through the 86th constitutional amendment, children were given the Right to Education (RTE) and it was kept under Article 21A.

→ We are given six fundamental rights and these are:

• Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Right (Articles 29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedy (Articles 32)

→ In our country, many provisions are kept to maintain the security and independence of the judiciary.

→ This is done so that judiciary must give its decisions without any fear.

→ Our courts (Supreme Court and High Courts) are given the power of judicial review.

→ It means that the judiciary can check any law made by the legislature.

→ If it feels that the law made by the legislature is against the basic structure of the Constitution, it can declare that law illegal (null and void).

→ The power of judicial review is given so that the different organs of government must work according to their jurisdiction and according to the spirit of the Constitution.

→ Fundamental Rights are fundamental because they are very much necessary for the all-round development of an individual.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Democracy and Election Politics will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 5 Democracy and Election Politics

→ Our country is a democratic country and the most important feature of democracy is its electoral politics.

→ In a democracy, elections are held after a fixed period of time and a new government is elected.

→ To run the administration, few decisions are taken and the power to take decisions lies in the hands of those who are elected directly by the people.

→ People elect their representatives to solve their problems at the local level or they will have to run from pillar to post for the solution of their problems.

→ Presently, elections are quite important because it helps in changing the government and it restrict the government from becoming autocratic.

→ In our country, a concept of one adult-one vote-one value is implemented to bring equality in electoral politics.

→ In our country, direct elections are conducted for Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and for local self-government.

→ To conduct all such elections, a voters’ list is prepared by the Election Commission.

→ In India, elections are conducted on the basis of adult franchise and those individuals who have attained the age of 18 years have the right to vote.

→ Voters of the country are given the right to secretly cast their vote so that no one should come to know that to whom one has given his valuable vote.

→ The responsibility of conducting elections in our countries is given to an independent and impartial Election Commission.

→ It consists of three members who are appointed by the President of India.

→ Election Commission performs many important functions such as preparing voters’ lists, directing the elections, framing election-related rules, implementation of code of conduct, allot election symbols, giving recognition to political parties, conducting elections, etc.

→ Independent and impartial elections are expected in a democracy.

→ That’s why the government and the election commission have made many changes in the process of elections.

→ The process of elections is quite lengthy which includes delimitation of constituencies, the announcement of election dates, filing of nomination and withdrawal, election campaigning, conducting elections, counting, and declaration of results.

→ Political parties play a very important role in democracy because, in their absence, elections cannot be conducted.

→ There is a multi-party system in India.

→ There are two types of parties in the country – National Parties and Regional Parties.

→ There are 7 national parties and many regional parties in the country.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 India’s Parliamentary Democracy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 4 India’s Parliamentary Democracy

→ There are three organs of government-legislature, executive, and judiciary.

→ The major function of the legislature is to make laws, the executive is to implement the laws and the judiciary is to use the laws.

→ Our country has the parliamentary form of government which means that the members of the council of ministers must be the members of Parliament.

→ Any minister can remain on his post until he enjoys a majority in Legislature.

→ In the parliamentary form of government, there is a constitutional Head of the country who is given enormous powers.

→ But practically he cannot use his powers. On his name, his powers are used by the Council of Ministers.

→ In this system, the administration of the country is run by the political party, for a fixed period of time which enjoys a majority in the Parliament (Lok Sabha).

→ In the Parliamentary form of government, Prime Minister is the leader of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party. He uses all the powers assigned to the President.

→ Article 79 of the Indian Constitution has made arrangements of the Parliament which consists of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and the President.

→ Lok Sabha is elected by the whole public on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise and it represents the people.

→ Rajya Sabha represents the states and its members are elected indirectly by the members of State Legislative Assemblies.

→ The Constitutional Head of the country is the President who is elected by the elected members of an electoral college.

→ The whole of the country’s administration is run in the name of the President.

→ The Constitution has given many powers to the President but an arrangement has been made that he will use all of his powers on the advice of the council of ministers.

→ He is given many legislative, executive, financial, judicial, emergency powers, etc.

→ To aid Prime Minister, a council of ministers is appointed which consists of three types of ministers-Cabinet Minister, Minister of state, and Deputy Minister.

→ In the Parliamentary form of government, actual power lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.

→ Whichever political party gets a clear-cut majority after Lok Sabha elections, elects its leader who is appointed as the Prime Minister by the President.

→ After looking at the powers of the Prime Minister, it seems that he is above all but it’s not that.

→ His powers are limited to an extent and he cannot oppose public opinion.

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Establishment of Indian Democracy and its Nature will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Establishment of Indian Democracy and its Nature

→ Man is a social animal and while living in society, he is required to follow certain rules.

→ It helps not only in one’s personality development but also helps in the smooth functioning of society.

→ To run society smoothly, the state forms certain rules which are formed according to the constitution of the country.

→ The Constitution is a legal document or a book of rules and regulations according to which a country is governed.

→ The process of the making of the Indian Constitution was initiated even before the Indian independence.

→ According to the clauses of the Cabinet Mission 1946, indirect elections for the Constituent Assembly were held.

→ The Constituent Assembly had 389 members which remained 299 after the Indian Independence as a separate Constituent Assembly was formed for Pakistan.

→ Many individuals gave great contributions to the making of the Indian Constitution and some of them were Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, J.B. kriplani, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, T.T. Kishnamachari, etc.

→ On 26th November 1949 rough sketch of the Indian Constitution was passed by the Constituent Assembly but it come into force on 26th January 1950. With this, India became a Republic country.

→ The Constitution starts with the Preamble which can also be called as the essence of the Constitution.

→ All the basic principles of the constitution are given in the Preamble.

→ Our Constitution is a written constitution in which all the rules of running the administration are given.

→ That’s why it is the lengthiest among all the constitutions of the world.

→ Many sources were used in the making of our constitution.

→ The constitution of Britain, U.S.A. Canada, Australia, Ireland, Germany, erstwhile U.S.S.R., South Africa, Japan, etc. were consulted.

→ The laws made by the British Parliament before 1947 also became its important parts.

→ Our constitution has given India the status of a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic, Socialist, and Secular State.

→ Indian Constitution has given us a federal structure which means powers will be divided among Central and State governments.

→ Along with this, a few unitary features are also given according to which the Central government is more powerful.

→ Democratic setup has been established in India which gives all the citizens the right to elect their government. It is known as Universal Adult Franchise.

→ Our Constitution can be amended but for this, consent of the Parliament as well as of the states is required.

→ First Constitutional Amendment was made in 1951 and till today, 103 amendments have been made.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions

→ All living things carry out certain basic functions.

→ Roots, stems, leaves, and flowers are the organs of plants.

→ Animals have also parts such as hands, feet, legs, etc.

→ You cannot observe small pores in your skin without the help of a magnifying lens.

→ All living organisms take and digest food, respire, and excrete waste products.

→ Each organism represents an individual of its own kind.

→ Cells in living organisms are complex structures unlike bricks in a building.

→ Cells found in living organisms show a variety of numbers, shapes, and sizes.

→ Single-celled organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium, and Bacteria are called unicellular organisms.

→ Cells in multicellular plants and animals have a variety of shapes. Cells are generally round or spherical in shape.

→ The yellow part of the hen’s egg is called yolk and it is surrounded by white albumen, yellow yolk represents a single cell.

→ All cells are bounded by a membrane called plasma membrane or cell membrane.

→ Plasma membrane encloses a liquid substance known as protoplasm.

→ The cell wall is present in plant cells which are made up of cellulose.

→ Both the plasma membrane and cell wall give shape to the cell.

→ Ostrich egg represents the largest cell visible to the unaided eye.

→ Each cell has smaller components called cell organelles.

→ Cell multiplies and organisms become multicellular and grow in size.

→ Cells in the living organism are basic structural units.

→ Different groups of cells perform a variety of functions.

→ The number of cells being less in smaller organisms does not affect the functioning of the organisms.

→ WBC in human blood is also single-celled.

→ A group of cells performing a definite function is called a tissue.

→ Each organ is made up of a number of tissues.

→ Organ: These are the smaller parts of all living organisms. Each organ is made up of a number of tissues.

→ Tissue: A group of cells performing a definite function is called a tissue.

→ Cell: It is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

→ Unicellular: Some living organisms are made up of only a single cell that performs all the metabolic functions. Such organisms are called unicellular.

→ Multicellular: Some organisms are made up of a number of cells. Such organisms are called multicellular. In these organisms, different cells perform different functions.

→ Pseudopodia: These are finger-like false feet of amoeba.

→ White Blood Cell (WBC): These are some of the components of blood cells that engulf harmful foreign materials. These are single-celled.

→ Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane: It is a thin covering present outside the cell which gives shape to it.

→ Cytoplasm: It is a liquid portion present between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell.

→ Organelles: These are the living components of cells present in their cytoplasm.

→ Cell Wall: It is an extra covering present around the cell membrane of only plant cells. It gives shape and rigidity to the cell.

→ Nucleus: It is the round part of the cell which is called the controlling centre of the cell.

→ Nucleolus: It is a component of the nucleus which is dense and has a spherical body.

→ Nuclear Membrane: The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear membrane.

→ Prokaryotes: The organisms whose cells are without a well-organized nucleus i.e. lacking nuclear membrane are called prokaryotes.

→ Eukaryotes: The organisms whose cells have a distinct and clear nucleus bounded by the nuclear membrane are called eukaryotes.

→ Vacuole: The fluid-filled organelles present in a cell are called vacuoles.

→ Plastids: Small coloured bodies present in plant cells only are called plastids.

→ Chloroplasts: Green plastids present in plant cells are called chloroplasts.

→ Gene: Genes are dot-like structures present on chromosomes that help in the inheritance of characters from parents to the next generation.

→ Chromosome: These are thread-like structures present in the nucleus of a cell.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 7 Conservation of Plants and Animals

→ These days the forests are being cut down and that land is used for other purposes.

→ Some natural causes of deforestation have been forest fires and severe drought.

→ Deforestation increases the temperature and pollution on the earth. It disturbs the balance in nature.

→ Deforestation also leads to global warming, change in soil properties, results in soil erosion, leads to a decrease in water holding capacity of the soil.

→ The government has framed rules, methods, and policies to protect and conserve plants and animals in forests.

→ The biosphere is that part of the earth where organisms live or which supports life.

→ Biodiversity can be defined for a specified geographical region, or for the entire biosphere.

→ Biosphere reserves are the areas meant for the conservation of biodiversity.

→ The plants and animals found in a particular area are known as flora and fauna respectively of that area.

→ A species is a group of populations that are capable of interbreeding with each other.

→ The areas where wild animals are protected and preserved area known as wildlife sanctuaries.

→ It provides protection and suitable living conditions to wild animals.

→ Sometimes the protected forests are not safe because the people living in the neighbourhood encroach upon them and destroy them.

→ National parks preserve flora, fauna, landscape, and historical objects of an area.

→ The forest teak of India is found in Satpura National Park.

→ Project Tiger was launched on 1st April 1973 by our government to protect the tigers of our country.

→ Endangered animals are those which are facing extinction.

→ The ecosystem consists of plants, animals, and micro-organisms in an area alongwith non-living components.

→ Red Data Book is a book that keeps a record of all the endangered animals and plants.

→ Migratory birds fly too far away from specific areas every year during a particular time because of climatic changes.

→ Paper is one of the important products we get from forests. So we should save paper.

→ Reforestation is the restocking of the destroyed forests by planting new trees.

→ Biodiversity: It refers to the variety in life existing on earth, their interrelationships, and their relationships with the environment.

→ Deforestation: Cutting and clearing trees on a large scale is called deforestation.

→ Desertification: The conversion of fertile land into the desert is called desertification.

→ Ecosystem: The relationship between a living community and its non-living environment is known as an ecosystem.

→ Reforestation: It is the restocking of the destroyed forests by planting new trees.

→ Endangered Species: The species which are facing the danger of extinction are called endangered species. e.g. Leopard, Wild dog, etc.

→ Fauna: The animals found in a particular area constitute the fauna of that area.

→ Red Data Book: A book that contains a record of all the endangered species is called a red data book.

→ Endemic Species: These are exclusively found in a particular area only which may be any geographical unit.

→ Flora: The plants found in a particular area constitute the flora of that area.

→ Extinct: It means the disappearance of the species from the earth.

→ Migration: Going far away from the original habitat of some species during a particular period of the year is called migration.

→ Sanctuaries: These are the places where killing or capturing any animal is strictly prohibited.

→ National Parks: These are the reserves or places which preserve flora, fauna, landscape, and historical objects of an area.

→ Biosphere Reserves: It is a specified area in which multiple uses of land is permitted by dividing it into certain zones and each zone is specified for a particular activity.

This PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 8th Class Science Notes Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame

→ Fuels of different varieties are used for various purposes.

→ Fuels are used in homes, industries, automobiles.

→ Cowdung, wood, coal, charcoal, petrol, diesel, natural gas. L.P.G. etc. is various fuels.

→ Some fuels burn with flame and some do not give a flame on burning.

→ Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat and light.

→ Fuel is a substance that gives off heat and light on burning.

→ Food is fuel to one’s body.

→ Fuels can be classified into solid, liquid, or gas fuels.

→ The substance which can burn to give light and heat are called combustible substances.

→ The non-combustible substance cannot react with oxygen on burning and cannot give light or heat.

→ Wood, Paper, Kerosene oil, Straw, Charcoal, Match sticks are combustible substances.

→ Iron nails, stone pieces, glass, etc. are non-combustible substances.

→ The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire is called its ignition temperature.

→ The burning of various combustible materials requires different temperatures.

→ Inflammable substances are those substances that have very low ignition temperature and they easily catch fire with a flame.

→ Petrol, Diesel, LPG, alcohol are a few examples of inflammable substances.

→ Forest fire is very harmful.

→ Oxygen is necessary for combustion.

→ Three requirements for producing fire are:

• Presence of oxygen
• Presence of combustible substance
• Minimum ignition temperature of the substance

→ To control fire, one of the requirements for combustion is to be removed.

→ Water is mainly used to control fire as it lowers the ignition temperature.

→ Oil or petrol fire cannot be controlled by water as water is heavier than oil, it gets settle down below the oil and oil continues to burn.

→ Being a good conductor of electricity water is also not used in case of fires produced by short-circuiting.

→ Sand/soil is used to control fires caused by the burning of liquid fuels or electricity.

→ Fires can be controlled either by cutting off the supply of air or bringing down the ignition temperature or removing the combustible substance.

→ Different types of fire extinguishers are used to control fire.

→ Combustion is of many types such as Rapid combustion, Spontaneous combustion, Explosion.

→ Flame is formed by the burning of vapours or combustible substances.

→ The Blue non-luminous zone of the flame is the hottest part of the flame.

→ A luminous zone of flame usually contains unburnt particles of carbon.

→ The calorific value of a fuel is energy produced by the complete combustion of kg of the fuel.

→ The unit of calorific value in kilojoules per Kg (KJ/Kg).

→ No fuel is an ideal fuel.

→ The burning of fuels is caused by air pollution, health hazards, global warming, acid rains, etc.

→ Global warming is a slow rise in the temperature of the environment of the earth.

→ Nitrogen and Sulphur oxides produced by the burning of fossil fuels, dissolve in water to produce acid rains.

→ Acid rain is harmful to crops, buildings, and soil.

→ CNG is a clean fuel as it causes no air pollution.

→ Combustion: It is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give off heat and light.

→ Combustible Substance: The substance which on burning produces light and heat, is called a combustible substance.

→ Non-Combustible Substance: The substance which cannot produce light and heat and cannot react with oxygen on burning is called a non-combustible substance.

→ Ignition Temperature: The lowest temperature at which a substance catches fire, is called its ignition temperature.

→ Inflammable Substance: The substance which has low ignition temperature and catches fire easily.

→ Fire Extinguisher: A device used to control fire.

→ Combustion: The process of burning fuel to give light and heat.

→ Calorific Value: The energy produced by the complete burning of 1 kg of fuel.

→ Global Warming: The slow rise in temperature of the environment of the earth.