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PSEB 9th Class SST Notes Civics Chapter 3 Establishment of Indian Democracy and its Nature

November 20, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Establishment of Indian Democracy and its Nature will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 3 Establishment of Indian Democracy and its Nature

→ Man is a social animal and while living in society, he is required to follow certain rules.

→ It helps not only in one’s personality development but also helps in the smooth functioning of society.

→ To run society smoothly, the state forms certain rules which are formed according to the constitution of the country.

→ The Constitution is a legal document or a book of rules and regulations according to which a country is governed.

→ The process of the making of the Indian Constitution was initiated even before the Indian independence.

→ According to the clauses of the Cabinet Mission 1946, indirect elections for the Constituent Assembly were held.

→ The Constituent Assembly had 389 members which remained 299 after the Indian Independence as a separate Constituent Assembly was formed for Pakistan.

→ Many individuals gave great contributions to the making of the Indian Constitution and some of them were Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, J.B. kriplani, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, T.T. Kishnamachari, etc.

→ On 26th November 1949 rough sketch of the Indian Constitution was passed by the Constituent Assembly but it come into force on 26th January 1950. With this, India became a Republic country.

→ The Constitution starts with the Preamble which can also be called as the essence of the Constitution.

→ All the basic principles of the constitution are given in the Preamble.

→ Our Constitution is a written constitution in which all the rules of running the administration are given.

→ That’s why it is the lengthiest among all the constitutions of the world.

→ Many sources were used in the making of our constitution.

→ The constitution of Britain, U.S.A. Canada, Australia, Ireland, Germany, erstwhile U.S.S.R., South Africa, Japan, etc. were consulted.

→ The laws made by the British Parliament before 1947 also became its important parts.

→ Our constitution has given India the status of a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic, Socialist, and Secular State.

→ Indian Constitution has given us a federal structure which means powers will be divided among Central and State governments.

→ Along with this, a few unitary features are also given according to which the Central government is more powerful.

→ Democratic setup has been established in India which gives all the citizens the right to elect their government. It is known as Universal Adult Franchise.

→ Our Constitution can be amended but for this, consent of the Parliament as well as of the states is required.

→ First Constitutional Amendment was made in 1951 and till today, 103 amendments have been made.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance

November 20, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 2 Democracy: Meaning and Importance

→ Democracy is a type of government elected by the people for a fixed period of time through a universal adult franchise.

→ Democracy is an English word that is made up of two Greek words Demos and Croatia.

→ The meaning of Demos is people and Kratia means ‘Rule’.

→ So the meaning of Democracy is the ‘rule of people’.

→ Democracy is an organisation system in which free and fair participation of the people is ensured to achieve political power.

→ The best definition of Democracy was given by the 16th President of the U.S.A. Abraham Lincoln says that “Democracy is a type of government elected of the people, by the people, and for the people”.

→ The basic concept of democracy is that it gives freedom to everyone to express his/her ideas and to criticize any one.

→ Presently, democracy is of great importance because it is the protector of individual freedom, a symbol of peace and progress, represents the whole public, etc.

→ In the present age, many obstacles are coming in the way of democracy such as casteism, communalism, regionalism, poverty, indifferent attitude towards social development, etc.

→ There are few prerequisites for the success of democracy such as there should be political freedom, there must be economic and social equality, people must be educated and conscious, their moral character should be of high quality, etc.

→ There are many countries where people are deceived in the name of democracy such as Pakistan, China, Fiji, Mexico, etc.

→ In Pakistan, the army always controls democracy.

→ In China, there is only one political party.

→ In Fiji there is a difference in the value of a vote and in Mexico, the government uses unfair means to win elections.

→ Democracy is of two types-direct and indirect.

→ Indirect democracy is also known as the representative democracy in which people directly elect their leaders.

→ Presently, with the increase in population, direct democracy is not possible.

→ It was possible in the republic states of Greece where the population was only in thousands.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy

November 20, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes Civics Chapter 1 History, Development and Expansion of the Modern Democracy

→ Since ancient times, there have been many types of administrative systems in the whole world such as Monarchy, Dictatorship, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism but democracy is most prevalent in the modern world.

→ Democracy in the whole world started in the republics of Greece and Rome where direct democracy was available.

→ Here citizens of the state directly participated in the decision-making process of administration.

→ During ancient times in India, many states adopted the republican system.

→ During the times of Chola Kings, there had been some sort of democracy at the grass-root level.

→ The medieval period is also known as the feudal period when feudal lords were of great importance.

→ Consequently, democracy did not have a chance to come forward.

→ During modern times, the autocratic systems of kings were challenged and their powers were either removed or restricted by the Parliament.

→ The 20th century is known as the golden era for democracy when after the end of imperialism, many countries established democracy as the alternate system to imperialism.

→ After the second world war, many countries got freedom from the imperialist powers and they established democracy. India was one such country.

→ In Chile, Salvador Allende established democracy and did many works of social welfare.

→ But rich people didn’t like his works and with the help of army general Augusto Pinochet, overthrew Allende’s government and established military rule over there.

→ After 17 years of his rule, Pinochet decided to have a referendum from the public which they opposed and he was forced to relinquish the power.

→ Poland was a communist country where workers did a strike that spread on a large scale.

→ The government accepted their demands and workers formed a trade union called ‘Solidarity’.

→ In 1989, independent elections were held in Poland in which solidarity won a complete majority.

→ In this way, democracy was established in Poland.

→ Many Asian and African countries were the victims of Colonialism and European countries made them their colonies.

→ After the second world war, when their power was reduced, colonial countries started giving freedom to their colonies. India was one such country.

→ Ghana in Africa was the first country that gained independence from the British in, 1957 A.D.

→ At the international level, there is an institution called United Nations Organisation where all the decisions are taken in a democratic way. Each country is having equal voting right. It has 193 members.

→ There is one of the six organs of the United Nations Organisation which tries to solve the disputes between the countries.

→ Security Council has 15 members out of which 5 members (U.S.A., U.K., France, Russia, and China) are the permanent members and 10 are temporary members elected for a term of two years.

→ There is another organization at an international level called the International Monetary Fund with 188 members.

→ All these countries have voting rights in it but their power of voting is fixed according to their financial contribution to the organisation.

→ After looking at the functioning of the International Organisations although it seems that they work for the establishment of democracy but they don’t have democracy in their normal functioning.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes History Chapter 8 Social History of Clothing

November 20, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 Social History of Clothing will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 8 Social History of Clothing

→ Sumptuary Laws:

The Sumptuary Laws of Medieval France controlled the behaviour of the lower class.
According to these Laws, they were not allowed to wear the dress as nobles wore.

→ Women’s Beauty and Clothing:

In England, women’s beauty was given special emphases.
They were given a specific type of tight clothes to wear to show their physical beauty.

→ Women’s reaction towards Clothing:

All the women did not accept the clothing pattern.
Many opposed such tight dresses as they caused deformities and illness among young girls.

→ New Material:

During the 17th century, most British women were clothes made of Linen, flex or wool which were difficult to wash.
Later on, they started wearing cotton clothes.
They were cheap as well as easy to wash.

→ World Wars and Clothing:

As a result of the two World Wars, many changes came in clothing.
Working women started wearing uniforms of blouse and trousers with scarves.
By the twentieth century, the usage of clothes increased.

→ Western Clothes in India:

Parsis were the first in India to adopt western clothes.
Bengalis working in offices and those who converted to Christianity also started using western clothes.

→ Courts and Footwear:

During British rule, there was a restriction On wearing footwear in the courts.
This rule becomes a subject of conflict.

→ Swadeshi Movement:

This movement was initiated in 1905 against Lord Curzon’s decision to partition Bengal.
It boycotted the British goods and called for adopting locally made goods.
It gave great encouragement to the Indian industries.

→ Khadi:

Mahatma Gandhi’s dream was to cloth the whole nation in Khadi.
But many groups were attracted towards western clothes.
Except for this, Khadi was a little bit expensive.
So, Gandhiji’s dream remained a dream.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism

November 20, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism

→ Products available in the forests: We get many products from the forests such as furniture wood, fuel, fruit, gum, honey, wood for making paper, leaves for making bidi, etc.

→ Deforestation: The meaning of deforestation is cutting trees. Forests were cut down for many purposes such as the expansion of agriculture and railway, for ship-building, etc.

→ Bagaan: Large farmhouses where trees of a single type were planted in straight rows were called Bagan.

→ Timber Trees: Timber wood is quite strong. It is available in the form of Seal and Teak trees.

→ Control on Forests: After coming to know the importance of forests, the colonial rulers established a forest department and passed many laws to control the forests.

→ Impact of Forest Control: With the government’s control of forests, the tribals were deprived of their means of livelihood. So, they started thinking about the revolts against the government.

→ Shifting Agriculture: In this type of agriculture, forests are cleared to get agricultural land. After doing agriculture for 2-3 years, the land is left alone and the same process is done on the nearby forest land. After the government’s control of forests, such agricultural practice was banned.

→ Scientific Forestry: The system under the control of the forest department in which old trees are cut down and new trees are planted.

→ Bastar: Bastar is located in Chhattisgarh, bordering Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Maharashtra. Tribals of this area revolted against the British as they were widely affected by the British forest policies. These revolts were started by the Dhruva tribe.

→ Java: Java is now famous as a rice-producing island in Indonesia. Dutch rulers greatly exploited its forest resources and made the locals labourers. Consequently, locals revolted and it took three months to crush the revolt.

→ 1855: Lord Dalhousie made laws for the protection of forests.

→ 1864: Indian Forest Department was established.

→ 1865: Indian Forest Act was passed.

→ 1878: Indian forest Act was amended and three categories of forests were formed.

→ 1906: Imperial forest Research Centre was established at Dehradun.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution

November 20, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution

→ Russian Revolution: In 1917, there had been the first socialist revolution in the world took place in Russia.

→ Reasons for revolution:

Before the revolution, the Russian social, economic, and political conditions were quite conducive to the revolution.
The condition of peasants and workers was quite a pity.
The rule of Tzar (King of Russia) was autocratic.
Common people had no political rights.
Consequently, people were against the Czar.
The Czar forced Russia into World War I and made a great mistake.
The miserable condition of the soldiers also led to frustration against the Tzar.

→ Lenin:

After Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles, Lenin is considered the greatest thinker of the socialist movement.
He played the most important role in organising the Bolshevik party and making the revolution successful.

→ The Revolution of 1905:

In 1905, a procession of workers was attacked by the police.
It took the form of a revolution.
During this revolution, a new form of organization developed.
It was Soviet or a group of workers’ representatives.
This revolution provided a base to the revolution of 1917.

→ The Beginning of Revolution:

The Russian revolution begins with a procession of women.
Then a general strike of workers took place.
On 15th March 1917, the Czar was forced to relinquish his power.
Finally, a temporary government was formed.
According to the Russian Calendar, this incident is known as the February Revolution and people consider its beginning on 27 February.

→ The Success of Revolution:

With the fall of the first interim government (7 October 1917), Lenin’s government came into power.
It is known as the October Revolution. (According to the Russian Calendar on 25th February.)

→ Soviet:

During the 1905 revolution, a new form of the organization come into force. It is known as ‘Soviet’.
It was a council of workers’ representatives.
Initially, such councils were the committees of organizing strikes but later on, they become a means of getting political power.
After some time, Peasant’s Soviets were also formed.
Russian Soviets played an important role in the revolution of 1917.

→ February Revolution:

After a procession of women, a worker’s strike took place.
On 12th March, workers captured St. Petersburg very quickly, they captured Moscow as well.
The Tzar left the power and an Interim Government was formed on 15th March.
According to the old Russian calendar, this revolution took place on 27th February.
That’s why it is called the February Revolution.

→ October Revolution:

The Russian Revolution actually took place on 7th November 1917.
According to the old calendar, it was on 25th October.
That’s why it is called the October Revolution.
This revolution led to the fall of Kerensky’s government.
Its headquarter Winter’s palace came under the control of a group of sailors.
On the same day, a meeting of the Russian Congress of Soviets took place and it took power in its hands.

→ Bloody Sunday:

In 1905, the Russian revolutionary movement was gaining momentum.
In the meantime, a procession of workers, led by Father Gapon, reached the winter palace.
Police attacked them and fired on them with which 100 workers died and 300 wounded.
This incident in history is known as the ‘Bloody Sunday’.

→ Communist Revolution:

The Communist International or Comintern was organized in 1919 A.D.
It is also known as the Third International.
Its objective was to encourage revolutions at the international level.
At the time of the first world war, the socialist movement was divided into two parts.
Its separated group was known as the communist party.
Comintern was associated with the same group.
It was a platform at the world level which made policies for the communist parties around the world.

→ Socialism:

Socialism is a political system in which all the means of production are under the state’s control.
Its main objective is the equal distribution of economic resources.
In this system, no one is exploited and is exactly opposite to capitalism.

→ The 1850s and 1880s – Debates over socialism in Russia.

→ 1898 – Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party.

→ 1905 – The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.

→ 1917 – 2nd March – Abdication of the Tzar, 24th October – Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.

→ 1918-1920 – The Civil War.

→ 1919 – Formation of Comintern.

→ 1929 – Beginning of Collectivisation.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes History Chapter 5 The French Revolution

November 20, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 The French Revolution will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 5 The French Revolution

→ The French Revolution:

The French Revolution took place in 1789 A.D.
Common people lived a miserable life but Nobles lived a luxurious life.
That’s why the French people rose against Louis XVI (King of France) and brought the revolution.

→ The Tennis Court Oath:

Louis XVI did not accept the demands laid down by the representatives of the people.
So, the people collected at the Tennis Court and declared to form the new Constitution.

→ The Fall of Bastille:

On 14 July 1789, the fortress prison of Bastille was captured bj the revolutionaries and this led to its fall.
Even today, 14th July is celebrated as Bastille Day or National Day in France.

→ The Declaration of Rights of Men and Citizens:

This declaration is related to the French Revolution.
It specified the equality of all men before the law and without reason, no one will be captivated.
In this declaration, freedom of speech and press was also accepted.
Most importantly, it gave stress on the concepts of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

→ Louis XVI:

Louis XVI became the French Emperor in 1774 A.D.
He was only 20 years of age.
He was incapable and worked under the influence of his wife.
He had no interest in administrative functions.
He had left all the administrative functions in the hands of corrupt officials who did not care about the public welfare.
Consequently, there was growing dissatisfaction among the people and finally, they revolted against the King.

→ Voltaire:

Voltaire was a famous Satirist writer of his time.
He strongly opposed the social superstitions and the evils prevailing in the Church.
He called Church the ‘infamous thing’.
He encouraged the people to demand reforms.

→ Montesquieu:

Montesquieu was a famous writer of his time.
He opposed the divine right theory of the Kings.
He liked the British system of administration.
His famous book was ‘The Spirit of Laws’.
His ideas gave great impetus to the revolutionary ideas.

→ Rousseau:

Rousseau was a great philosopher of the 18th century.
He gave his views in his book ‘The Social Contract’.
According to him, social composition and people must be based on mutual contracts.

→ Napoleon:

Napoleon was one of those great men who was born in a simple family and reached the highest post.
He progressed from a post of a soldier to the French King.
He was born at Korsika island and by 1812 A.D., he established his supremacy on almost the whole of Europe.
Finally, many European powers collectively defeated him.
He died in 1821 due to abdominal cancer at St. Helena island.

→ Clergy: A group of people working in the Church.

→ Tithe and Taille: Tithe was a religious tax paid by the people to the Church and Taille was a direct tax paid to the government.

→ Manor: An Estate where was situated the land and palace of the Feudal Lord.

→ 1774 – Louis XVI became King of France.

→ 1789 – Convocation of Estates General, Third Estate forms National Assembly, the Bastille was stormed, peasants revolt in the countryside.

→ 1791 – New Constitution is framed to limit the powers of the king and to guarantee basic rights to all human beings.

→ 1792 – 93 – France becomes a republic, the king was beheaded. The overthrow of the Jacobic Republic, a Directory rules France.

→ 1804 – Napoleon becomes emperor of France, annexes large parts of Europe.

→ 1815 – Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo.

PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Natural Resources

November 19, 2021 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Book Solutions Chapter 14 Natural Resources Textbook ExerciseQuestions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 14 Natural Resources

PSEB 9th Class Science Guide Natural Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why is atmosphere essential for life?
Answer:
Importance of atmosphere:

Role of atmosphere in climate control. Atmosphere acts as a blanket and keeps the average temperature of earth steady during day and even during course of year.
Movement of air causes winds.
Rain and rainfall pattern are decided by wind pattern.
Air provides oxygen for breathing.
Atmosphere absorbs the harmful ultrovoilet rays thus protects the living organisms.

Question 2.
Why is water essential for life?
Answer:
Water is a wonder liquid and is essential for life due to the following reasons:

Life is not possible without water.
Water makes up 60-70 per cent of body weight.
All the reactions that take place in our body and within the cells occur between substances that are dissolved in water.
Water is required for transport of materials in living organisms.
The density of water is similar to that of protoplasm.
Water is a universal solvent.

Question 3.
How are living organisms dependent on the soil? Are organisms that live in water totally independent of soil as a resource?
Answer:
Functions of Soil:

Soil plays an important role in plant growth by providing water, nutrients and anchorage i.e. fixation of plant in it.

Soil also supports the growth of crops, grassland and forests which provide us food, fibre, wood and building material.
Soil is an important resource and decides the diversity of life in an area. Plants living in water are also dependent on soil.

Question 4.
You have seen weather reports on television and in newspapers. How do you think that we are able to predict the weather?
Answer:
Weather can be predicted on the basis of the study of the following:

Movement of air resulting in diverse phenomena caused by uneven heating of the atmosphere in different regions of the earth.
Rainfall pattern is decided by the prevailing wind pattern.

Question 5.
We know that many human activities lead to increasing levels of pollution of the air, water bodies and soil. Do you think that isolating these activities to specific and limited areas would help in reducing pollution?
Answer:
Pollution of air, water and soil is caused by human activities such as:

Combustion of fossil fuels for energy used for industries, automobiles.
Further use of insecticides and fertilizers cause pollution of soil and water.
Release of chemicals from industries also cause pollution.
If separate industrial zones are created, it will help in reducing pollution.
Controlled release of pollutants from automobiles.

Question 6.
Write a note on how forests influence the quality of air, soil and water resources.
Answer:

Roots of plants have important role in preventing soil erosion.
Forests have moderating effects on climates.
Forests prevent floods.
Forests release O₂ evolved during photosynthesis into atmosphere, thus renewing the oxygen.

Science Guide for Class 9 PSEB Natural Resources InText Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is our atmosphere different from atmosphere on Venus and Mars?
Answer:
In planets such as Venus and Mars the major component of atmosphere is 95-97% of C0₂ and it does not support life. Atmosphere on planet Earth is a mixture of nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), C0₂ (0.03%) and water vapours that help life to exist here.

Question 2.
How does atmosphere acts as a blanket?
Answer:
Atmosphere acts as a blanket because of following reasons:

Air is a bad conductor of heat.
The atmosphere keeps the average temperature of earth fairly steady during the day and even during the course of whole year.
The atmosphere prevents the sudden increase or decrease in temperature.

Question 3.
What causes winds?
Answer:
All movements of air are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere in different regions of earth. Air above the land gets heated faster and being light starts rising. As the air rises, a region of low pressure is created. Due to this, air over the sea moves into this area of pressure.
PSEB 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 14 Natural Resources 1
Factors which control the movement of wind:

The rotation of earth and presence of mountain ranges are other factors which cause winds.
Uneven heating of land in different parts of earth.
Differences in heating and cooling of land and water.

Question 4.
How are clouds formed?
Answer:
Clouds are formed by the condensation of water droplets in air. It occurs as large amount of water evaporates and goes into air. Air rises up, it expands and cools. The cooling causes the water vapours in the air to condense in the form of tiny droplets. These water droplets get bigger by more and more condensation of other droplets and form clouds.

Question 5.
List any three human activities that you think would lead to air pollution.
Answer:

Combustion of fossil fuels. Excessive use and burning of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum by man in industries and automobiles produce different oxides of nitrogen and sulphur.
These are not only dangerous to our respiratory system but also leads to acid rain.
Deforestation i.e. cutting of trees leads to deterioration of atmosphere. The pollutants also come from industries.
Forest fires, excessive mining and ore refining, excessive use of chloro-fluoro carbons and excessive industrialisation leads to air pollution.

Question 6.
Why do organisms need water?
Answer:
Importance of water:

All cellular processes take place in water medium.
All reactions that take place within our body and within the cells occur between substances that are dissolved in water.
Substances are also transported from one part of the body to the other in a dissolved form.
Organisms need to maintain the level of water within their bodies in order to survive.
Water is a universal solvent and helps the organism in many ways.
Water is required by organisms for many of their activities such as agriculture, production of hydropower, drinking, cooking etc.
Terrestrial life forms require freshwater because their bodies cannot tolerate high amount of dissolved salts in saline water.
The availability of water is the major resource which determines the diversity of life on land.
Thus, water is essential for maintenance and very existence of life.

Question 7.
What is the major source of fresh water in the city/town/village where you live?
Answer:
Freshwater is found in ice-caps and on snow-covered mountains. The underground water and the water in rivers, lakes and ponds is also fresh. This water is available for human use.

Question 8.
Do you know any activity which may be polluting the water sources?
Answer:

Sewage from towns and cities and waste from factories released into water bodies.
Discharging hot water from cooling towers into water bodies affects the living organisms.

Question 9.
How is soil formed?
Answer:
The weathering of rocks at or near the surface of earth over long period of time results in soil formation. They are broken down by various physical, chemical and biological processes. The end products of this breaking down are the fine particles of soil.

Soil: There are many other factors which play a vital role in the formation of soil. These factors are:

The Sun: It causes heating of rocks which Causes cracking and ultimately breaking up into smaller pieces.
Water: It breaks rocks both by freezing and fast flow.
Wind: It causes erosion of rocks.
Living Organisms: Lichens and mosses growing dn rock surface form cracks in them and result in their breakdown.

Question 10.
What is soil erosion?
Answer:
Removal of useful components from the topsoil which affects the fertility of soil is called soil erosion.

Question 11.
What are the methods of preventing or reducing soil erosion?
Answer:
Prevention of Soil Erosion:

It can be prevented by intensive cropping.
It can be prevented by providing proper drainage canals around the fields.
Soil erosion in hilly areas can be prevented by practising terrace farming.
It can be prevented by planting trees and sowing grasses.
It can be prevented by constructing strong embankments along the river banks.

Question 12.
What are the different states in which water is found during water cycle?
Answer:
Groundwater, surface water, water vapours, water droplets, clouds. Water is found in gaseous state, liquid state and solid state during water cycle.

Question 13.
Name two biological important compounds that contain both oxygen and nitrogen.
Answer:
Proteins and Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Question 14.
List any three human activities which would lead to an increase in CO, in air.
Answer:

Combustion of fossil fuel to provide energy for various needs like heating, cooking transportation etc.
Respiration.
Deforestation.

Question 15.
What is greenhouse effect?
Answer:
Greenhouse effect. The increase in global temperature due to rise in CO-, is called greenhouse effect. It causes global warming.

Question 16.
What are the two forms of oxygen found in the atmosphere?
Answer:

Oxygen (0₂), about 21%.
Ozone: In the upper region such as stratosphere oxygen is found in the form of ozone.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill

November 19, 2021 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill Important Questions and Answers.

PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Discuss the modes of transmission of diseases.
Answer:
Transmission of Communicable Diseases: Diseases are transmitted from the reservoir of susceptible persons in tire following ways:
1. Direct transmission:
(a) Direct contact between infected and healthy person, e.g. chickenpox, leprosy.
(b) Droplet infection from sneezing, coughing, spitting and talking. e.g. T.B, Whooping cough.
(c) Contact with soil which contains saprophytic disease-causing agents.
(d) Bite of an animal, e.g. Rabies, by bite of rabid dog.
(e) Transplacental transmission (from mother to foetus).

2. Indirect transmission:
1. Air-borne diseases such as common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Such disease causing microbes are spread through the air. This occurs through little droplets thrown out by an infected person who sneezes or coughs. Someone standing closeby can breathe in these droplets, and the microbes get a chance to start a new infection.

2. Water-borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, jaundice. Infectious diseases can be spread through water. This occurs if the stool or other wastes from person suffering from an infectious intestinal disease, gets mixed with the drinking water used by people living nearby. The cholera-causing microbes will enter new hosts through the water they drink and cause disease in them.

3. Sexually-transmitted diseases such as Syphilis and AIDS. Both of these pathogens are transmitted by sexual contact from one partner to the other. Such sexually transmitted
diseases are not spread by casual physical contact. Casual physical contacts include handshakes or hugs or sports as wrestling or by any of the other ways in which we touch each other socially.

4. Spread of disease through vectors. Many animals which live with us may carry diseases. These animals carry the infecting agents from a sick person to another potential host. These animals act as intermediate host and are called vectors. Mosquitoes (Anopheles) are vector of a disease called malaria and dengue fever.

Question 2.
Show the common modes of transmission of diseases.
Answer:
Modes of transmission of diseases
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill 1

Question 3.
What are general ways of preventing infectious diseases?
Answer:
General ways of preventing infectious diseases:
The general ways of preventing infections mostly relate to preventing exposure. Public hygiene is one basic key to the prevention of infectious diseases.

The following practices are adopted in this method of prevention of diseases:

For air-borne microbes, we can prevent exposure by providing living conditions that are not overcrowded.
For water-borne microbes, we can prevent exposure by providing safe drinking water.
For vector-borne infections, we can provide clean environment. Such a clean environment would not allow mosquito breeding.

Question 4.
Explain acute and chronic diseases.
Answer:
Acute and Chronic diseases: The manifestations of disease will be different depending on a number of factors. One of the most obvious factors that determine how we perceive the disease is its duration. Some diseases last for only very short periods of time, and these are called acute diseases.

The common cold lasts only a few days. Other ailments can last for a long time, even as much as a lifetime and are called chronic diseases. An example is the infection causing elephantiasis, which is very common in some parts of India.

Question 5.
Make a table showing organ specific and tissue-specific manifestation of diseases.
Answer:
Organ-specific and tissue-specific manifestations depend on the target organ which the microbes target after their entry. They are as follows:

Target organ	Specific manifestation
1. Lungs	Cough, breathlessness, chest pain and may be bloody sputum as in TB and lung cancer.
2. Liver	Inflammation of liver cells leading to jaundice characterized by yellowness of skin and eyes as in Hepatitis.
3. Intestine	Inflammation of intestinal mucosa leading to acute diarrhoea and dehydration as in cholera.
4. Nasal chambers	Inflammation of nasal mucosa leading to sneezing, bronchitis, coughing, fever, etc. as in influenza.
5. Brain	Headaches, vomiting, fits or unconsciousness.

Question 6.
Expand AIDS. Explain causes/modes of transmission, effects, incubation period, diagnosis, symptoms and preventive measures of AIDS. What is the significance of 1st December?
Answer:
AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome)
(a) Cause. AIDS is caused by a retro-virus-HIV (Human immuno-deficiency virus).
In India, it was first reported in the prostitutes of Chennai in 1986. It is a pandemic disease.

(b) Epidemiology (Transmission). Human infection occurs through:

Unprotected sexual intercourse,
Use of contaminated syringes,
Blood transfusion,
Organ transplantation,
Common razor of the barbers, etc.

Effects: It causes damage, decrease in number of platelets, swollen lymph nodes, ritght sweats, loss of memory, etc. It is a 100% fatal disease.

(d) Diagnosis by ELISA test and Western Blot test.

(e) Symptoms: HIV kills the Helper T-lytnphocytes. It is characterized by following symptoms :

Prolonged fever.
Swollen lymph nodes.
Weight loss and loss of appetite.
Unexplained bleeding.
Loss of memory and mental ability.
Patient becomes susceptible to other infectious diseases.
Night Sweats.

(f) Preventive measures: Involves educating the high risk groups use of disposable syringes; screening tests of blood, organs, semen, etc; monogamous relationship avoiding prostitution, polygamy and heterosexuality, using condoms, avoiding the use of common razor; etc.

(g) Treatment: Drugs like AZT (Azidothymidine), TIAS injection and Protease inhibitors, etc. are known to suppress AIDS virus. Efforts are on for a vaccine against the virus. Ist December is observed as World AIDS Day.

Question 7.
Make a list of common communicable diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and helminthes.
Answer:
Common communicable diseases. The following table shows some important diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

Name of causative agent	Diseases
1. Bacteria	Pneumonia, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Food Poisoning, Sexually transmitted diseases.
2. Viruses	Chickenpox, poliomyelitis, Influenza, AIDS.
3. Fungi	Skin diseases, Food poisoning.
4. Protozoans	Malaria, Kala-Azar, Amoebic dysentery, and African sleeping sickness.
5. Helminthes	Taeniasis, Cysticercosis, Ascariasis, Elephantiasis.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Define disease and health?
Answer:

Disease: It is defined as a condition of the body or a part of it in which functions are disturbed. The word disease means lack of ease and comfort.
Health: It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Health is also linked with social environment and cultural background.

Question 2.
What precautions could you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases?
Answer:

Providing safe and clean drinking water.
Providing clean environment to prevent vector-borne infections.
Adopting public hygienic measures.

Question 3.
Discuss the principle of prevention of communicable disease.
Answer:
Principles of Prevention: Following three limitations are normally confronted while treating an infectious disease:

If a person has a disease, his/her body functions are damaged and may never recover completely.
Treatment will take time, which means that person suffering from a disease is likely to be bedridden for sometime even if given proper treatment.
The person suffering from an infectious disease can serve as the source from where the infection may spread to other people. It is because of such reasons that prevention of diseases is better than their cure.

Question 4.
Differentiate between infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Answer:
Differences between infectious and non-infectious diseases

Characters	Infectious diseases	Non-infectious diseases
1. Transmission	Can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.	Cannot be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person.
2. Causative agents	Microorganisms called pathogens.	Deficiency of nutrient or hormone: or degeneration of tissue or hypersensitivity of body or tumour formation.
3. Nature	They are brought about by extrinsic factor.	They are brought about by intrinsic factors.
4. Examples……..	Typhoid, Cholera, T.B., AIDS, Malaria etc.	Diabetes, Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Goitre, Cancer, Allergy etc.

Question 5.
What are congenital diseases? Name the three types. Give examples.
Answer:
Congenital diseases: These are inborn diseases present since birth caused by gene or chromosomal mutation.
Types of congenital diseases:

Diseases caused by gene mutation, e.g. Haemophilia, colorblindness, alcaptonuria and sickle cell anaemia.
Diseases caused by chromosomal mutation, e.g. Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome.
Diseases caused by environmental factors such as radiations or pollutants. They are non-inheritable,

Question 6.
List various modes of direct transmission of diseases, giving one example of each type.
Answer:

By direct contact with an infected person e.g. Leprosy, chickenpox etc.
By droplet infection e.g. Diphtheria, tuberculosis, etc.
By contact with soil e.g. bacterial cysts of tetanus.
By animal bite e.g. rabies viruse.
Transplacental transmission e.g. viruses of German measles and AIDS.

Question 7.
What are sources of diseases? Name various sources of diseases, giving one example of each.
Answer:
1. Sources of diseases are those sites which are occupied by the pathogens before entering inside the human body. These are also called reservoirs of infection.
2. Types of sources of diseases:
(a) Carriers or vectors e.g. Plasmodium (female Anopheles).
(b) Soil e.g. bacterial cysts of Clostridium tetani.
(c) Air e.g. bacterial cysts of TB.
(d) Food and water e.g. bacterial cysts of Cholera.

Question 8.
Differentiate symptoms and signs.
Answer:
Differences between symptoms and signs:

Symptoms

Signs

1. They indicate presence of disease.

2. They are collective manifestations of a number of diseases of a particular part or organ.

1. They provide information about the presence of particular diseases.

2. They are distinct for different diseases.

Question 9.
Differentiate acute diseases and chronic diseases.
Answer:
Differences between acute diseases and chronic diseases:

Acute diseases

Chronic diseases

1. They occur very rapidly but for only short period.

2. Do not cause major effects on general health.

3. Examples: Common cold. Cough.

1. These diseases last for a long time and could be dangerous.

2. They have prolonged and major effects on general health.

3. Examples: T.B., Cancer, Diabetes, Arthritis.

Question 10.
How do antibiotics function?
Answer:
Action of antibiotics: Antibiotics commonly block biochemical pathways important for bacteria. Many bacteria, for example, make a cell-wall to protect themselves. The best illustration is action of penicillin, ft blocks the bacterial processes that build the cell-wall. As a result, the growing bacteria become unable to make cell-walls, and die easily.

Human cells don’t make a cell-wall anyway, so penicillin cannot have such an effect on us. Penicillin will have this effect on any bacteria that use such processes for making cell-walls. Similarly, many antibiotics work against many species of bacteria rather than simply working against one.

Question 11.
Why do antibiotics not work against viral infection?
Answer:
Viruses do not have their own metabolic pathways at all, and that is the reason why antibiotics do not work against viral infections. In case of common cold, taking antibiotics does not reduce the severity or the duration of the disease.

Question 12.
What is hydrophobia? How does it occur in man? Why is it called a neurotrophic disease?
Answer:

Hydrophobia is another name of a viral disease called Rabies.
It is caused by a RNA-virus, Rabies vires, which is injected in the human being along with saliva of rabid animals like dogs, cats, monkeys etc.
Because the virus damages the motor neurons of brain and spinal cord, therefore causes paralysis and death.

Question 13.
What are vaccines?
Answer:
Vaccines are produced by deliberate infection of animals, recombinant DNA techniques coupled with hybridomas have opened up the way for custom-made monoclonal antibodies for preventive and therapeutic use. The vaccination prepares the body to fight against the attack.

Question 14.
Give a few examples of vector-borne diseases.
Answer:
Vector-borne diseases:

Vector

Disease

Tse Tse fly (Glossina)

Sandfly (Phlebotomus)

Female mosquito (Anopheles)

Rat flea (Xenopsilla)

Aedes mosquito

African sleeping sickness

Kala-azar and Oriental sore

Malaria

Bubonic plague

Yellow fever, Dengue.

Question 15.
Write the name of causal organism of the following diseases:

Malaria
Rabies
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Typhoid

Answer:

Disease

Casual Organism

1. Malaria

2. Rabies

3. Influenza

4. Tuberculosis

5. Typhoid

Plasmodium vivax

Rabies-virus

Myxovirus influenzae

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Salmonella typhosa

Question 16.
Draw simple diagrams to show the structure of Staphylococcus, Heliobacter, SARS, Leishmania and Trypanosoma.
Answer:
Structure of disease-causing agents
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill 2

Question 17.
Name the infectious disease that leads to immunodeficiency and wasting of body parts. Give the scientific name of the pathogen causing the disease and mention the body organs it primarily affects.
Answer:

AIDS is characterized by immunodeficiency and wasting of body parts.
It is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
HIV attacks helper T-lymphocytes, so causing cell-mediated immunodeficiency, so making the body more prone to various infections.

Question 18.
Which disease is called epidemic jaundice? List its main symptoms? How can it be prevented?
Answer:

Epidemic jaundice is commonly called Hepatitis-A.
It is characterized by yellowing of skin, urine and stool due to damage of liver cells and overproduction of bilirubin.
It can be prevented by proper sanitation, use of boiled or ozonised water and intramuscular injection of human immunoglobulins.

Question 19.
Explain the differences between active and passive immunization.
Answer:
Differences between active immunization and passive immunization:

Active Immunization	Passive Immunization
1. Antigens are introduced from outside which trigger off the formation of antibodies in the body.	1. Ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body.
2. It does not provide immediate relief.	2. It provides immediate relief.
3. Immunity thus achieved is long-lasting.	3. It is not long-lasting.

Question 20.
How is health at risk in a cyclone?
Answer:
Health is at risk in case of cyclone because:

Social environment is disturbed as it is an important factor in case of individual health.
Garbage collected in places is source of multiplication of microbes and breeding place for various vectors.
Stagnant water will provide breeding surface for mosquitoes and other such disease spreading agents.

Question 21.
Show by simple diagram how airborne diseases are easier to catch the person who is near the infected person.
Answer:
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill 4
Fig. Air-transmitted diseases are easier to catch the closer we are to the infected person. However, in closed areas, the droplet nuclei recirculate and pose a risk to everybody. Overcrowded and poorly ventilated housing is therefore a major factor in the spread of airborne diseases.

Question 22.
Draw a diagram showing structure of HIV Virus.
Answer:
Structure of HIV Virus
PSEB 9th Class Science Important Questions Chapter 13 Why Do we Fall Ill 5

Question 23.
What is meant by hydrophobia (rabies)? Write its four symptoms. Suggest four preventive measures to check this disease.
Answer:
Rabies: It is caused by bite of rabid or mad dog and other rabid animals.
Causative agent: Rabies virus present in saliva of dog.
Symptoms:

High fever.
Severe headache.
Painful contraction of muscles of throat and chest.
Fear of water.

Preventive measures:

Wound should be cleaned.
Immunise dogs and cats.
Kill highly rabid dogs.

Question 24.
A person is suffering from chest pain, breathlessness, loss of body weight, persistent cough and produces blood stained sputum.

Name the disease and its causative agent.
Mention two means of its transmission.
Name the vaccine used to prevent this disease.
Who discovered this disease?

Answer:

Person is suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis: Causative agent Bacterium namely Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Modes of transmission: It is a communicable disease. Droplet infection during sneezing or otherwise.
BCG vaccine can prevent TB.
Robert Koch (1882).

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Health and diseases are complex problems in which group of organisms?
Answer:
Human.

Question 2.
List four special activities which occur in human body?
Answer:

Heartbeat
Breathing with lungs
Working of brain
Excretion in kidneys.

Question 3.
What will happen due to malfunctioning of kidney?
Answer:
Toxic substances will accumulate in the body.

Question 4.
Why is food necessary?
Answer:
Food is necessary for cell, tissue functions and maintenance.

Question 5.
What is health?
Answer:
Health is a state of being well enough to function well physically, mentally and socially.

Question 6.
List two other factors which affect health.
Answer:
Personal and community issues both matters for health.

Question 7.
Define disease.
Answer:
Any condition which interferes with the normal functions of the body and impairs the health. It literally means being uncomfortable.

Question 8.
What do you mean by symptoms of a disease? Give example.
Answer:
Symptoms of a disease are things we feel as being wrong, e.g. headache, cough, loose motions etc.

Question 9.
What are the signs of disease?
Answer:
Signs indicate a little more definite indications of presence of disease.

Question 10.
What are two types of diseases on the basis of duration?
Answer:

Acute diseases
Chronic diseases

Question 11.
What do you understand by acute diseases?
Answer:
The diseases which last only for a short period of time.

Question 12.
Define chronic diseases.
Answer:
Diseases which last for long time, even life time are called chronic diseases.

Question 13.
Give two examples of acute diseases.
Answer:
1. Cough and cold
2. Flu

Question 14.
Write example of chronic disease.
Answer:
Elephantiasis.

Question 15.
Which kind of diseases are more harmful to the body?
Answer:
Chronic diseases.

Question 16.
What is the cause of dysentary?
Answer:
Contaminated food and water.

Question 17.
Name two types of diseases on the basis of their occurrence.
Answer:

Congenital diseases
Acquired diseases

Question 18.
Why are communicable diseases called infectious diseases?
Answer:
Because these are caused by the infection and multiplication of some kind of micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses etc.

Question 19.
What are congenital diseases?
Answer:
Diseases present in the body from the birth. They are mostly hereditary disorders.

Question 20.
Name a disease which is no longer chronic disease.
Answer:
Peptic ulcer.

Question 21.
Name the bacterium responsible for peptic ulcer.
Answer:
Helicobacter pylori.

Question 22.
Who discovered that Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcer and were awarded Nobel prize?
Answer:
Robin Warren and Barry Marshall.

Question 23.
Name a few disease-causing microbes.
Answer:
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and some Protozoans.

Question 24.
Name any four diseases caused by bacteria.
Answer:
Typhoid, Cholera, Tuberculosis (TB), Anthrax.

Question 25.
List a few common diseases caused by viruses.
Answer:
Common cold, Influenza, Dengue fever and AIDS.

Question 26.
Write examples of protozoanal diseases.
Answer:
Malaria, Kala-azar, Amoebic dysentary.

Question 27.
Name a cutaneous disease caused by fungi.
Answer:
Ringworm.

Question 28.
Name two 100% fatal diseases.
Answer:
Rabies and AIDS.

Question 29.
What is the common name of influenza? Give its causative agent.
Answer:
Influenza is commonly called flu. It is caused by Myxovirus influenza virus.

Question 30.
How does Penicillin acts as a useful antibiotic?
Answer:
Penicillin blocks the pathway that build the cell wall as a result growing bacteria are unable to form a cell wall.

Question 31.
Why antibiotic do not affect cough and cold?
Answer:
Cough and cold are mostly caused by viruses and antibiotics fail to act on viruses.

Question 32.
Name three sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:
AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea.

Question 33.
Sexually transmitted diseases are not spread by which factors?
Answer:
Handshake, embracing, wrestling.

Question 34.
How do bacteria causing T.B. reach lungs?
Answer:
Through nose during breathing.

Question 35.
How do bacteria causing typhoid enter body.
Answer:
During intake of contaminated food and water.

Question 36.
What is the cause of jaundice?
Answer:
Hepatitis virus.

Question 37.
Who proposed the name malaria from bad air?
Answer:
Macculoch (1827).

Question 38.
Why is rabies called a neurotrophic disease?
Answer:
Because the toxins of Rabies-virus damage the motor neurons of the brain.

Question 39.
Expand the term AIDS.
Answer:
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

Question 40.
Give the full form of HIV.
Answer:
Human-Immuno Deficiency Virus.

Question 41.
What is the significance of December 1?
Answer:
World AIDS Day falls on December 1.

Question 42.
Which disease is characterized by yellowing of skin?
Answer:
Hepatitis (epidemic jaundice).

Question 43.
Name three modes of transmission of AIDS.
Answer:

Sexual intercourse with infected partner
Use of contaminated syringes and
Contaminated blood transfusion.

Question 44.
Who prepared the first vaccine?
Answer:
Edward Jenner.

Question 45.
Why is it difficult to make antiviral substances?
Answer:
Viruses do not have their own biochemical pathways, instead they utilize the machinery of cells they attack, therefore, it is difficult to make antiviral substances.

Question 46.
Define vectors.
Answer:
Vectors: They are organisms which spread the disease-causing agents from infected person to a healthy person.

Question 47.
Encephalitis attack which organ of body?
Answer:
Brain.

Question 48.
List a few symptoms of encephalitis.
Answer:
Headache, Vomitting, Unconsciousness.

Question 49.
Name a disease which does not occur after one attack?
Answer:
Small-pox.

Question 50.
Which disese have been eliminated from the world.
Answer:
Small pox.

Question 51.
List some common modes of spread of disease.
Answer:

Direct contact
Air
Indirect contact
Insect bites
Contaminated food and water
Rabid animal.

Question 52.
Name the two ways of preventing diseases.
Answer:

General way is preventing exposure.
Strong immune system.

Question 53.
Name a few diseases for which vaccines are available.
Answer:
Whooping cough, Diphtheria, Measeles, Polio and Tuberculosis.

Question 54.
What is immune system?
Answer:
The system of animal body, which protects it from various infectious agents and cancer is termed immune system.

Question 55.
List two features for individual health.
Answer:
Good economic conditions of jobs and stress-free life are needed for individual health.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom

November 19, 2021 by Bhagya

This PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Notes History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom

Guru Arjan Dev Ji:

Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Sikh Guru.
Guru Sahib completed the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.
Guru Sahib also founded the cities of Taran Taran and Kartarpur.
The fifth Guru Sahib also wrote the first Divine book of the Sikhs, ‘Adi Granth Sahib Ji’, and placed it in Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Baba Buddha Ji was appointed as the Head Granthi at Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji consolidated the Sikh religion by sacrificing his life for the protection of Sikhism.

Masand System:

Masand is a Persian word.
The meaning of the word Masand is a higher place or raised status.
It was established by Guru Ram Dass Ji and Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave the system an organized form.
As a result, Guru Sahib started receiving regular donations from his Sikh followers for his religious activities.

Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib:

The Adi Granth Sahib was compiled and written by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji dictated the contents of Adi Granth Sahib and his devoted follower Bhai Gurdas noted it down.
The Adi Granth Sahib was completed in 1604 A.D.

Foundation of Tarn Taran:

Except for Amritsar, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded and built many Cities and sarovars.
Tarn Taran was one of them.
It was founded in the middle of an area like Amritsar, Tarn Taran also became one of the famous pilgrimage centres of the Sikhs.

Foundation of Kartarpur:

In 1593 A.D., Guru Ji founded a new city in Jalandhar Doab, which was given the name of Kartarpur.
Here Guru Ji constructed a pond that became famous with the name of Gangsar.

Reforms in Masand System:

Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to bring reforms in the Masand System.
Guru Ji instructed his Sikhs to give one-tenth of their income to Masands.
On the day of Baisakhi, Masands deposited the collection in the treasury of Guru Sahib.
The Masands had appointed their representatives who were called the Sangrias, to collect the Daswandh.

Construction of a Baoli in Lahore:

Guru Arjan Dev Ji had constructed a large well (Baoli) in Dubbi Bazaar in Lahore.
It became a place of pilgrimage for his Sikh followers.

Construction of Hargobindpura and Chheratta:

In order to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded a city on the banks of the river Beas and called it Hargobindpur.
In addition to that Guru Sahib got dug a well near Amritsar to overcome the shortage of water in the region.
Guru Sahib got manufactured six pulleys (rehats) to draw water from the well.
Therefore the city became popular as Chheratta while referring to the six pulleys.

Guru Hargobind Ji:

Guru Hargobind Ji was the sixth Guru of the Sikhs.
Guru Sahib adopted the New Policy.
According to this policy, Guru Sahib became the religious as well as the political leader of the Sikhs.
Guru Sahib constructed Akal Takht, which stands before Sri Harmandir Sahib.
Guru Sahib also gave to the Sikhs training in the use of arms.

Miri and Piri:

Guru Hargobind Sahib put on two swords which he called one of Miri and the other of Piri.
His sword of Miri symbolized his leadership of the Sikh followers in worldly affairs.
The Piri sword represented his leadership of the Sikhs in spiritual affairs.

PSEB 9th Class SST Notes History Chapter 4 Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Contribution in the Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom