Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Tenses Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 11th Class English Grammar Tenses

प्रत्येक Tense के चार भिन्न-भिन्न रूप होते हैं:

1. Simple
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous

Carefully study the following table of Tenses of the Verb to love. Simple Continuous

It will be seen that there are twelve tenses in the Active Voice, and eight in the Passive.

1. Present Indefinite Tense (V₁ + s al es)

Present Indefinite Tense ( 37erar Simple Present) at veita farfafena freferent a fenen GIAT :
1. Ferreit Freit ato forgi
(For universal truths)
1. The sun shines by day. 2. Two and two make four. 3. The Ganga rises in the
Himalayas. 1. I keep my promises. 2. He never tells a lie. 3. You quarrel over trifles.
2. चरित्र-सम्बन्धी स्थायी व्यवहार अथवा
आदतों के लिए। (For habitual actions)

Exercise

Use the correct form of the verbs (with ‘noť if necessary) given in brackets:

1. Lions …………………………. (live) on fruit and vegetables.
2. What …………………. (make) the moon go round the earth ?
3. Irregular work ………… (bring) success.
4. This parcel ………………… (contain) a gift for you.
5. My friends often ………………… (send) me presents.
6. My mother rarely ……………….. (sleep) in the daytime.
7. I ………. (understand) everything the teacher says.
8. Your health …………… (depend) on nutritious food.
Answer:
1. do not live
2. makes
3. does not bring
4. contains
5. send
6. sleeps
7. understand
8. depends.

2. Present Continuous Tense (is / am / are + V₁ -ing)

Present Continuous Tense ait yeim faaraon frerfarent * fefell Gran :

Exercise

Use the correct Tense form of the verbs given in brackets : (Present Simple or Present Progressive)

1. He ……………. (know) several persons here.
2. Leela ……………………….. (do) her homework. Don’t disturb her.
3. I ………….. (believe) what you say.
4. Run fast ! The train …………………… (whistle).
5. He ………………………. (resemble) his father.
6. Look ! Smoke …………. (come) out of that window.
7. He …………………… (want) to buy a scooter.
8. The principal ………………….. (speak) to the teachers. You can’t meet him.
Answer:
1. knows
2. is doing
3. believe
4. is whistling
5. resembles
6. is coming
7. wants
8. is speaking.

3. Present Perfect Tense (has / have + V₃)

1. He has reached home safe and sound.
2. She hasn’t yet finished her work.
3. I have read this letter.

नोट : जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में किसी समय पर शुरू हुई हो, और बोलने के समय तक जारी रही हो, तो उसके लिए Present Perfect Tense (has / have + V₃) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में घटित हो किन्तु उसके प्रभाव अथवा परिणाम को वर्तमान में महसूस किया जा रहा हो, तो उसके लिए भी Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

(b) बीते अनुभव की ओर संकेत करने के लिए:

• My father has worked in this school.
• I have seen the Taj Mahal in moonlight.
• I have studied in this school.

(c) भूतकाल में घटी हुई कोई ऐसी घटना जिसके वर्तमान महत्त्व पर वक्ता बल देना चाहता हो; जैसे:
1. He has come to my house many a time.
(और इसलिए उसका फिर यहां आना कोई आश्चर्य की बात नहीं है।)

2. This disease has killed many children..
(और इसलिए इस सम्बन्ध में कुछ किया जाना चाहिए।)

3. He has travelled round the world.
(और इसलिए वह दूसरे देशों के बारे में बहुत ज्ञान रखता है।)

4. The students have gone on strike.
(और इसलिए स्थिति चिन्ताजनक है।)

5. He has gone to England.
(और इसलिए वह अब यहां नहीं है।)

यह बात ध्यान रखने योग्य है कि भूतकाल में घटित किसी घटना के लिए Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग कभी नहीं किया जाता है जब इसके घटित होने के समय का उल्लेख वाक्य में करना हो। ऐसी स्थिति में Simple Past Tense (अर्थात् V₂) का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है।

उदाहरण के रूप में हमें यह नहीं कहना चाहिए कि:-

• He has come here yesterday.
• He has passed this examination in 1992.

हमें यह कहना चाहिए कि-

• He came here yesterday.
• He passed this examination in 1992.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form of the verbs given in brackets:

1. He …………………. (be) a teacher since 1994.
2. I don’t know him because I ………………….. (never meet) him.
3. I ……………. (come) to this town in 2000.
4. Two convicts ………………………. (escape) from prison last night.
5. He ………… (already entertain) the guest for two hours.
6. He ……………………. (get) a new car now.
7. He ….. …………. (buy) it last month.
8. I …………… (already see) this film.
Answer:
1. has been
2. have never met
3. came
4. escaped
5. has already
6. has got
7. bought
8. have.

4. Past Indefinite Tense (V₂)

Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है:
(a) भूतकाल में पूरी हुई किसी क्रिया के लिए:

• We learnt English at school.
• He killed a snake.
• My father taught in this school.

(b) भूतकाल के सम्बन्ध में किसी आदत, अथवा प्रायः होने वाली क्रिया के लिए :

• He came to me every evening.
• He never told a lie.
• I always spoke the truth.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form of the verbs given in brackets.

1. Last Saturday, I … ……………… (stay) at home.
2. Who ………………. (play) the hero in that film ?
3. She was sick; so she ……….. (not come) to the party.
4. We …………….. (eat) our dinner at ten last night.
5. She ………………. (walk) to college yesterday morning.
6. He often ……………………… (write) to his daughter when she was in hostel.
7. Radha ………….. (buy) a new saree last month.
8. ……………. you …………. (send) for your friend ? He has come.
Answer:
1. stayed
2. played
3. did not come
4. ate
5. walked
6. wrote
7. bought
8. Did (you) send.

5. Past Continuous Tense (was / were + V₁ -ing)

Past Continuous Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय पर अथवा किसी निश्चित अवधि के दौरान चल रही हो।

1. He was writing a letter when I saw him.
2. I was reading a novel yesterday afternoon.

Past Continuous Tense तथा Past Indefinite Tense के अन्तर को अच्छी प्रकार से समझ लेना चाहिए। निम्नलिखित नियम याद रखिए:
Past Indefinite Tense – for completed activity
Past Continuous Tense → for continuity in past

Past Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में किया जाता है जब हमारी मुख्य रुचि क्रिया के समय (time of action) में न हो, अपितु क्रिया के जारी रहने (continuity of action) में हो। क्रिया के पूरा होने में हमारी रुचि कम होती है और क्रिया के जारी रहने की स्थिति पर अधिक बल होता है। यदि हमारी रुचि क्रिया के पूरा होने (completed activity) में हो, तो Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Past Simple or Past Progressive) of the verbs given in brackets:
नोट : (1) यदि भूतकाल में क्रिया के जारी रहने का भाव हो तो Past Continuous का प्रयोग कीजिए।
(2) यदि भूतकाल में क्रिया पूरी हो चुकी हो तो Past Indefinite का प्रयोग कीजिए।

1. I …………………….. (read) a novel when my friend came.
2. I …………… (go) to bed early last night.
3. At midnight, I ……………………… (lie) awake in my bed.
4. As I …………………………… (go) to my school, I met an old friend of mine.
5. He jumped off the train while it ……………. (move).
6. I did not see that the teacher ………….. (stand) behind me.
7. It ………………………… (begin) to rain just as we moved out.
8. I heard that the child …………….. (cry).
Answer:
1. was reading
2. went
3. lay/was lying
4. was going
5. was moving
6. was standing
7. began
8. was crying.

6. Past Perfect Tense (had + V₃)

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है:
(a) ऐसी क्रिया के लिए जो भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय (moment) से पहले, या किसी निश्चित समय तक पूरी हो चुकी हो।
1. The patient had died before the doctor came.
2. I had finished my work by evening.

(b) किसी असन्तुष्ट इच्छा को प्रकट करने के लिए।
1. I wish my father had been here at this time.
2. I wish I had worked harder.

(c) Present Perfect अथवा Simple Past वाले किसी वाक्य को Direct कथन से Indirect कथन में बदलने के लिए भी इस Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
1. He said, “The train arrived late.” (Simple Past)
He said that the train had arrived late. (Past Perfect)

2. He said, “I have left my parents.” (Present perfect)
He said that he had left his parents. (Past Perfect)

यदि किसी वाक्य में भूतकाल में घटित दो घटनाओं का वर्णन हो, तो उनमें से जो घटना पहले घटी हो उसके लिए Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है, और जो घटना अपेक्षाकृत रूप से बाद में घटी हो तो उसके लिए Past Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Past Perfect Tense का प्रयोग तभी किया जाना चाहिए यदि भूतकाल में होने वाली कोई क्रिया किसी अन्य क्रिया की अपेक्षा पहले पूरी होने का भाव रखती हो।। (Past Perfect Tense is never used except to show the priority of one past event to another.)

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the right Tense form (Simple Past or Past Perfect) of the verbs given in brackets:
नोट- (1) परस्पर सम्बन्ध रखने वाली दो भूतकालीन क्रियाओं में से जो क्रिया पहले घटी हो, उसके लिए Past Perfect Tense (had + V₃) का प्रयोग कीजिए।
(2) जो क्रिया अपेक्षाकृत रूप से बाद में घटी हो, उसके लिए Simple Past (V₂) का प्रयोग कीजिए।

1. He said that he …………………… (write) the letter.
2. Mohan ……………… (reach) home before it started raining.
3. She said that she ………………. (win) the first prize.
4. We ………………. (not solve) the questions before the teacher came.
5. He had broken the lock before I ……………… (bring) the key.
6. The boys said that they ………….. (finish) their work.
7. We ……….. (reach) the ground before the match started.
8. He …………. (not put) on his clothes when the bell rang.
Answer:
1. had written
2. had reached
3. had won
4. had not solved
5. brought
6. had finished
7. had reached
8. had not put.

7. Future Indefinite Tense (will / shall + V₃)

Will और Shall सम्बन्धी प्रयोग के लिए निम्नलिखित नियम ध्यान में रखिए:

(1) Assertive वाक्यों में
(i) यदि किसी भविष्य की घटना का केवल साधारण रूप में ही वर्णन हो, तो First Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

(ii) यदि वाक्य में किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी आदेश (command), प्रण (promise), निश्चय (determination), धमकी (threat), आदि का वर्णन हो, तो – First Person के लिए will का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Second और Third Person के लिए shall का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

(iii) यदि वक्ता अपने किसी भविष्य-सम्बन्धी उद्देश्य (intention) को प्रकट करना चाहता हो, तो वह अपने लिए will का प्रयोग करेगा। अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्यों में First Person के साथ will का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

(2) Interrogative वाक्यों में
(i) प्रश्न-वाचक वाक्यों में प्रायः Will I और Shall you का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
(ii) Third Person के लिए will अथवा shall किसी का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
Shall he → भविष्य-सम्बन्धी आदेश आदि के लिए।
Will he → भविष्य-सम्बन्धी साधारण क्रिया के लिए।

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Simple Present, Simple Past or Simple Future) of the verbs given in brackets:

1. This is February. Then the next month …………….. (be) March.
2. He always ……………….. (find) fault with others.
3. It ……………… (happen) in the year 1924.
4. I …………………. (leave) for Kolkata day after tomorrow.
5. He ………………. (come) to see you, but you were not at home.
6. My birthday ……………. (fall) on a Sunday last year.
7. Today is Sunday. Then tomorrow ……… (be) Monday.
8. A stitch in time …………… (save) nine.
Answer:
1. will be
2. finds
3. happened
4. will leave
5. came
6. fell
7. will be
8. saves.

8. Future Continuous Tense (will / shall + be + V₁ -ing)

Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग तब तक किया जाता है जब भविष्य में किसी विशेष समय का वर्णन हो, तथा कोई क्रिया उस विशेष समय से पहले आरम्भ हो कर उसके बाद में पूरी होनी हो।

• We shall be waiting for you when you get back tomorrow.
• The teacher will be teaching the boys when you go to his class.

Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग उस स्थिति में भी किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भविष्य में किसी अवधि के दौरान जारी रहनी हो; जैसे:-

• We shall be travelling all night.
• He will be studying in this class next year.

Future Continuous Tense तथा Future Indefinite के अन्तर को अच्छी तरह से समझ लेना चाहिए। यह नियम याद रखिए:
Future Indefinite → for an action which begins at a certain future moment.
Future Continuous → for an action which began before, and finished after, a certain future moment.

Future Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग भविष्य में किसी विशेष समय पर शुरू होने वाली क्रिया के लिए किया जाता है।

Future Continuous Tense का प्रयोग भविष्य में किसी विशेष समय से पहले शुरू होने वाली, और उस विशेष समय के बाद तक जारी रहने वाली क्रिया के लिए किया जाता है।

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Future Simple or Future Progressive) of the verbs given in brackets:
नोट : (1) Future Indefinite Tense भविष्य में किसी Point of time की ओर संकेत करता है।
(2) Future Continuous Tense भविष्य में किसी Period of time की ओर संकेत करता है।

1. I …………………… (reach) there at 5 o’clock.
2. We ………………………… (wait) for you when you come back.
3. He …………………….. (lie) in bed when you go to his room.
4. I ………….. (finish) this work by tomorrow evening.
5. He ………… (live) in London at this time next year.
6. The sky is dark. I think it ………….. (rain).
7. It …………. (rain) by the time you get ready to leave.
8. The principal …………… (talk) to the students about this problem.
Answer:
1. will
2. shall be waiting
3. will be lying
4. will finish
5. will be living
6. will rain
7. will be raining
8. will talk.

9. Future Perfect Tense (will / shall + have + V₃)

1. I shall have finished my homework by evening.
2. She will have cleaned the room before you reach home.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Present Perfect, Past Perfect or Future Perfect) of the verbs given in brackets.

1. I …………. (finish) my work just now.
2. I ……….. (finish) my work before he comes.
3. The train …………. (come). Try to find a seat for me.
4. The train ………… (come) when I reached the station.
5. The train ………………. (come) before you reach the station.
6. I ……………….. (read) the book which you gave me.
7. I …………….. (already read) the book which you gave me.
8. I …………………. (read) the whole book before you come back.
Answer:
1. have finished
2. will have finished
3. has come
4. had come
5. will have come
6. have read
7. had already read
8. will have read.

10. Perfect Continuous Tenses (Present, Past and Future)

I. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(1) Examples

• He has been reading English for two years.
• They have been reading this book since morning.

(2) इस Tense के वाक्यों में has / have + been + V₁ -ing + since / for का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

II. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
(1) इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भूतकाल में आरम्भ होकर भूतकाल में ही किसी निश्चित समय पर चल रही हो।

• When I reached there at 2 p.m. he had been waiting for me since 1:30 p.m.
• It had been raining since morning when you rang me up.

(2) इस Tense के वाक्यों में had + been + V₁-ing + since / for का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

III. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(1) इस Tense का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई क्रिया भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय (Point of time) तक, अथवा किसी निश्चित अवधि (Period of time) के लिए जारी रहनी हो।

• By six o’clock I will have been sitting here for ten hours.
• He joined this office in the month of March. By December he will have been working here for ten months.

(2) इस Tense के वाक्यों में will / shall + have been लगा कर Verb के ing वाले रूप का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form (Perfect Continuous Tense) of the verbs given in brackets.

1. The new teacher ………………. (teach) us for six months.
2. My brother ………………. (dig) in the garden since morning.
3. I ……………………. (study) for three hours when the lights went off.
4. He ……………………… (try) to solve this problem since yesterday.
5. The water ………….. (boil) for ten minutes. Why didn’t you put tea leaves in it ?
6. The students ……………. (wait) for their results since last month.
7. The water level at the dam …………….. (rise) fast since July.
8. It ………….. (rain) heavily for a week and the dam was flooded.
Answer:
1. has been teaching
2. has been digging
3. had been studying
4. has been trying
5. had been boiling
6. have been waiting
7. has been rising
8. had been raining.

11. Conditional Sentences
नीचे दिए चार्ट को सदा ध्यान में रखिए

अब निम्नलिखित वाक्यों का ध्यानपूर्वक अध्ययन कीजिए-
1. If you play the flute, I will sing.
If you played the flute, I would sing.
If you had played the flute, I woud have sung.

2. He will beat the thief if he catches him.
He would beat the thief if he caught him.
He would have beaten the thief if he had caught him.

3. The horse will kick you if you go near it.
The horse would kick you if you went near it.
The horse would have kicked you if you had gone near it.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the correct Tense form of the verbs given in brackets.

1. You can achieve nothing if you ……………. (be) a coward.
2. Will you help her if she ……………. (come) to you?
3. If they catch you, they ……………. (not spare) you.
4. Your parents would be angry if they …………… (learn) about it.
5. If I had a dictionary of my own, I …………… (not bother) you.
6. You may join the race if you ……………. (want).
7. If you don’t consult a good physician, you ………….. (be) in trouble.
8. If I won a big prize, I …………. (give) half in charity.
Answer:
1. are
2. comes
3. will not spare
4. learnt
5. would not bother
6. want
7. will be
8. would give.

Miscellaneous Exercise (Based on Textual Sentences)

1. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.

(a) 1. She ………… (be) the first woman to work on the Telco’s shop floor. (Simple Present)
2. Sudha ………… (decide) to inform the topmost person. (Simple Past)
3. Studies …………. (serve) for delight, ornament and ability. (Simple Present)
4. A private soldier ………… (pass) him and ………… (salute) him. (Past Perfect)
5. Discipline …………. (not cut) down individual freedom. (Simple Present)
6. The workers ……….. (80) on strike. (Present Perfect)
7. Children ………… (play) in the park. (Present Continuous)
8. Hard work ……….. (bring) success. (Simple Present)
9. He ………… (reach) the ground before the match started. (Past Perfect).
10. She …………. (stay) here till Sunday. (Future Continuous)
11. Lions ………… (not live) on fruits. (Simple Present)
12. A stitch in time …………. (save) nine. (Simple Present)
Answer:
1. is
2. decided
3. serve
4. had passed, saluted
5. does not cut
6. have gone
7. are playing
8. brings
9. had reached
10. will be staying
11. do not live
12. saves.

(b) 1. India ……….. (get) its first vision of freedom in 1857 when the war of independence was started. (Simple Past)
2. Kalam says that only strength …………. (respect). (Simple Present)
3. Man …………… always (be) in the fear of wars. (Present Perfect)
4. We ………….. (plunder) our children’s heritage thoughtlessely. (Present Continuous)
5. Major Som Nath Sharma ………….. (insist) on being with his company during the war. (Simple Past)
6. The Indian troops, at once, …………. (fly) to Srinagar and ………… (block) all the routes to Srinagar. (Simple Past)
7. The whole city ……………. (turn) into an endless graveyard. (Past Perfect)
8. General MacArthur was one of the those who ……… (be) responsible for the dropping of the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (Past Perfect)
9. Their faces at once ………….. (grow) grave and attentive. (Simple Past)
10. They ………….. (writhe) in agony because of the intolerable pain of their burns. (Past Continuous)
11. Malcolm ………… (close) his eyes and …………. (become) motionless. (Simple Past)
12. She …………. (reach) there after a long journey of 1250 kilometres. (Past Perfect)
Answer:
1. got
2. is respected
3. has always been
4. are plundering
5. insisted
6. flew, blocked
7. had been turned
8. had been
9. grew
10. were writhing
11. closed, became
12. had reached.

2. Fill in the blanks with correct Tense form of the verbs given in brackets.

(a) 1. The company …………. (require) young and hard-working engineers with excellent academic background.
2. Mr. Sumant Moolgaokar ………… (be) the chairperson of the company at that time.
3. She could be seen ……….. (tell) the beads of her rosary all the time.
4. When Grandmother’s body ……….. (take) away, the sparrows flew away quietly.
5. Studies ………… (have) a great influence on the human mind.
6. When he opened his eyes, Malcolm saw that the grizzly ………… (stand) on Barb’s legs.
7. When he raised his head, he ……….. (see) that he ………… (throw) three metres.
8. They saw two bear cubs ………. (play) in the creek-gully.
9. Barb was wearing knee-deep fashion boots and she ……….. (keep) slipping.
10. They ……….. (meet) two months before and …… (spend) many hours together.
11. Malcolm found that the news of his bravery ………. (spread) all across Canada.
12. The hunters ………. (clean) her wounds and dressed them well.
Answer:
1. requires
2. was
3. telling
4. was taken
5. have
6. was standing
7. saw, had been thrown
8. were playing
9. kept
10. had met, had spent
11. had spread
12. cleaned.

(b) 1. When Major Thapa was released from the POW camp, he ……………. (resume) his military career.
2. Captain Vikram Batra was killed when he ………………… (try) to save an injured officer while recapturing Point 4875.
3. Junod ……………. (get) a copy of a telegram that had been sent from Hiroshima.
4. The fire ……….. (g0) out when nothing was left to burn.
5. Doctors assured Malcolm that soon he ………. (look) fine.
6. Malcolm’s doubts disappeared when he …………. (receive) a marriage proposal from Barb.
7. I resolved to go to school though I ………… (have) no idea where it …………… (be).
8. Barb wrote to Malcolm five to seven letters a week, but he never ………… (respond).
9. Malcolm ……….. (sit) there for an hour when his friend ran to him.
10. If a man ……….. (lack) reasoning, he should study the lawyers’ cases.
11. If a man ……….. (hold) a position of authority, he must impose discipline on himself first.
12. Whenever the sense of order fades in a nation, its economic life ……….. (decline) completely.
Answer:
1. resumed
2. tried
3. got
4. went
5. would look
6. received
7. had, was
8. responded
9. had been sitting.
10. lacks
11. holds
12. declines.

(c) 1. He thanked them for all the work they ………. (do) for the victims in Hiroshima.
2. What Junod actually ………. (see) on reaching Hiroshima was nothing but a catacomb.
3. Absolute silence ……….. (reign) in the whole city that had turned into an endless graveyard.
4. In the forests, water ………. (seep) gently into the ground as vegetation breaks the flow of water.
5. Sudha ………. (not know) who headed Telco.
6. I ……….. (want) to turn back, but there was no turning.
7. As the years rolled by, we ………. (see) less of each other.
8. She ………….. (not believe) in the things they taught at the English school.
9. She ……….. (distress) that there was no teaching about God.
10. She told us that her end ……….. (be) near.
11. Discipline ……… (enable) man to live in a community and yet retain individual liberty.
12. While we are in Singapore, we ……………… (not throw) cigarette butts on the roads.
Answer:
1. had done
2. saw
3. reigned
4. seeps
5. did not know
6. wanted
7. saw
8. did not believe / was distressed
10. was
11. enables
12. do not throw.

1. Such a thing ……….. (never happen) to me all my life.
2. She ……………….. (be) old and wrinkled for the twenty years that I had known her.
3. He looked as if he ……….. (have) lors and lots of grandchildren.
4. It appeared she ……….. (stay) at the same age for twenty years.
5. The further I ……….. (go), the worse it became.
6. Each girl who wanted a Pune sari ………….. (pay) its price to Sudha in advance.
7. She was surprised how a company such as Telco …………… (discriminate) on the basis of gender.
8. Science makes man profound and philosophy ………… (make) him sober and serious.
9. Bacon believes that every defect of the mind …………….. (have) a special remedy.
10. If everybody …………….. (do) what he wanted, there would be complete disorder in the world.
11. My grandmother sat inside ………. (read) the scriptures.
12. In the city, she took to ……….. (feed) sparrows.
Answer:
1. has never happened
2. had been
3. had
4. had stayed
5. went
6. paid
7. was discriminating
8. makes
9. has
10. did
11. reading
12. feeding.

3. Transform the following sentences as directed.

1. They know what they worked for. (Simple Present)
2. A private soldier salutes the narrator. (Simple Past)
3. He tells the author that discipline begins with the officers. (Simple Past)
4. He purchased a new bicycle. (Future Perfect)
5. He held his breath. (Past Perfect)
6. Everything had disappeared. (Present Perfect)
7. The child ran towards his parents. (Future Continuous)
8. Everything is working out fine. (Simple Past)
9. We show great concern about burning social issues. (Simple Future)
10. Major Thapa killed many of the intruders in hand-to-hand fighting. (Past Perfect)
11. He was badly wounded by a highly explosive shell. (Simple Present)
12. Captain Vikram alone killed three enemy soldiers in close combat. (Present Perfect)
Answer:
1. They know what they work for.
2. A private soldier saluted the narrator.
3. He told the author that discipline begins with the officers.
4. He will have purchased a new bicycle.
5. He had held his breath.
6. Everything has disappeared.
7. The child will be running towards his parents.
8. Everything worked out fine.
9. We will show great concern about burning social issues.
10. Major Thapa had killed many of the intruders in hand-to-hand fighting.
11. He is badly wounded by a highly explosive shell.
12. Captain Vikram has alone killed three enemy soldiers in close combat.

4. Identify the Tenses in the given sentences.

1. He appeared to have only lots and lots of children.
2. Simple-minded people admire books.
3. Using bookish knowledge in conversation will make it artificial.
4. We have not tried to enforce our way of life on them.
5. Everybody is out to abuse and rape the country.
6. We have not conquered anyone.
7. My hostess will keep her promise.
8. A commission of inquiry is leaving for Hiroshima.
9. A car was waiting for us.
10. He rebuked the writer for not returning a salute properly.
11. The poor people have to live in very dirty conditions.
12. Captain Vikram was nicknamed Sher Shah for his courage.
Answer:
1. Simple Past
2. Simple Present
3. Simple Future
4. Present Perfect
5. Simple Present
6. Present Perfect
7. Simple Future
8. Present Continuous
9. Past Continuous
10. Simple Past
11. Simple Present
12. Simple Past.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Modals Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 11th Class English Grammar Modals

1. निम्नलिखित सहायक क्रियाओं को अंग्रेजी व्याकरण में Modals कहा जाता है-
can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, have to, ought to, used to, need, dare आदि।

2. इन सहायक क्रियाओं को मुख्य क्रिया के रूप में प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है।

• He will go.
• She might pass this year.

3. ये सहायक क्रियाएँ कर्ता के वचन और लिंग के अनुसार बदलती नहीं हैं।

• I will study hard.
• They will study hard.

4. इन क्रियाओं से पूर्व ‘to’ का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है। हम निम्नलिखित का प्रयोग नहीं कर सकते हैं-
to will, to can, to may, to must, to might, to used, etc.

5. इन सहायक क्रियाओं के साथ -ing नहीं जोड़ा जा सकता है।

6. इन सहायक क्रियाओं के साथ क्रिया के केवल मूल रूप का ही प्रयोग किया जा सकता है-

• I will go home.
• You can go home.
• They must go home.

7. निम्नलिखित Auxiliary Verbs के साथ सदा क्रिया के मूल रूप V, का प्रयोग किया जाता है-

• Shall, should
• Will, would
• Can, could
• May, might
• Ought to
• Used to
• Need
• Dare
• Must, have to, am to, etc.

The Use of Some Modal Auxiliaries

I. Can तथा Could का प्रयोग
(1) Can का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-
1. योग्यता सूचक
She can dance very well.

2. इजाज़त सूचक
You can go home now.

3. सम्भावना सूचक
It can happen to anyone.

4. Pt. Cont. की जगह
I can hear people talking.

(2) Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-

1. शर्त वाचक

• I could lift this box (if I tried).
• I could buy a shirt (if I had money).

2. प्रार्थना वाचक

• Could (would) you tell me the time ?
• Could (would) you bring me a glass of water ?

3. सम्भावना सूचक

• He could be busy at this time.
• He could help you if he were here.

4. Can क Past

• He said that I could go.
• He could come to me any time he liked.

II. May तथा Might का प्रयोग

(1) May का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-
1. अनुमति / इजाज़त सूचक

• You may go now.
• May I come in, Sir ?

2. सम्भावना सूचक

• His statement may (can / could) be true.
• His plan may (can / could) succeed.

3. इच्छा / प्रार्थना सूचक

• May you live long!
• May our country prosper !

(2) Might का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-

1. May का Past

• He said that I might go.
• I thought that he might help her.

2. भावी सम्भावना

• He might (may) pass this year.
• He might (may) reach here by evening.

3. इजाज़त होना

• Might I have your pen ?
• You might do me a favour.

(May की अपेक्षा might में अधिक झिझक और विनम्रता का संकेत होता है।)

III. Would तथा Should का प्रयोग

(1) Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-

1. Will का Past

• I told him that I would come.
• The doctor knew that the patient would die.

2. प्रार्थना वाचक

• Would you close the window?
• Would you tell me the time?

3. शर्त वाचक

• He would pass if he worked hard.
• He would have passed if he had worked hard.

(2) Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-
1. उपदेश वाचक – You should give up smoking.

2. सम्भावना वाचक – They should be here by now.

3. नैतिक फर्ज़ – You should do your duty.

4. Shall at Past – He told me that I should I would pass.

IV. Must, Have to तथा Had to का प्रयोग

(1) Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-
1. उपदेश सूचक

• You must consult some good doctor.
• You must work hard this year.

2. आवश्यकता सूचक

• You must be back by evening.
• The students must bring their books daily.

3. सम्भावना सूचक

• The child must be hungry.
• He must have made some big mistake.

4. बन्धन / मजबूरी सूचक

• You must do as you are told.
• He must clear his accounts before leaving.

(2) Must का प्रयोग Affirmative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जा सकता है, किन्तु Negative वाक्यों में must के विपरीतार्थक (opposite) के रूप में need not का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

1. Must she come tomorrow ?

• Yes, she must.
• No, She needn’t.

(3) Must की जगह has / have to का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

1. He must go now.
He has to go now.

2. You must obey your officer.
You have to obey your officer.

(4) जब कोई नैतिक बन्धन स्वयं वक्ता द्वारा लागू किया गया हो, तो must का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए किन्तु जब यह नैतिक बन्धन किसी बाहरी वजह से हो, तो have to अथवा had to का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए।

Mother : You must wipe your feet when you come in.
Child : I have to wipe my feet every time I come in.

(5) Must not की जगह is not to का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
1. He must not go there.
He is not to go there.

(6) Tense के अनुसार must के प्रयोग में होने वाले परिवर्तनों के लिए निम्नलिखित तालिका याद कीजिए-

V. Ought to तथा Used to का प्रयोग

I. Ought के साथ सदा to का प्रयोग किया जाता है। (Ought to = Should)
Ought to का प्रयोग (should की भांति) निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-

1. नैतिक फर्ज़

• You ought to respect your elders.
• You ought to have helped the poor.

2. इच्छा-योग्य सम्भावना

• Mohan ought to win the race this time.
• You have worked hard, You ought to get good marks.

3. इच्छा-योग्य ज़रूरत

• He ought to build a new house now.
• There ought to be some more buses.

(इन सभी वाक्यों में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।)

II. Ought की तरह used भी एक ऐसा modal है जिसके साथ to का प्रयोग करना ज़रूरी होता है।

• He used to live here.
• He never used to live here.
• Used he to live here ?

Used to का प्रयोग भूतकाल के संबंध में किसी आदत अथवा प्रायः होने वाली क्रिया को प्रकट करने के लिए किया जाता है।

VI. Need का प्रयोग Modal के रूप में Need का प्रयोग केवल Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाना चाहिए।

(1) इसका प्रयोग किसी सन्देह (doubt) अथवा मनाही (prohibition) को ज़ोरदार ढंग से व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

• Need I go there ? No, you needn’t.
• Need she come tomorrow ? No, she needn’t.

(2) Need का Third Person Singular सदा need ही होता है, needs नहीं।

• Need Mohan go there now?
• He need not worry any more.

(3) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग तभी किया जाता है जब negative उत्तर वांछित हो।

• Need you go there?
• No, I neednt.

(4) Interrogative और Negative वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है ।

• Need he do any work ?
• No, he needn’t do any work.

(5) किन्तु निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में need के साथ to का प्रयोग किया गया है

• He needs to go now. (Affirmative)
• He does not need to go now. (Negative)
• Does he need to go now? (Interrogative)

यदि ध्यान से देखा जाए तो पता चलेगा कि इन सभी वाक्यों में need को मुख्य क्रिया (Principal Verb) के रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है, न कि Modal Auxiliary के रूप में।

(6) Need not की जगह haven’t got to / don’t have to / don’t need to का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

• He need not go.
• He has not got to go.
• He does not have to go.
• He does not need to go.

(7) जब needs का प्रयोग must के साथ किया गया हो, तो यह एक adverb का कार्य कर रहा होता है। वास्तव में needs एक Possessive Case है जिसमें Apostrophe (‘) का लोप किया होता है।

इस प्रकार – needs = need’s = of need = of necessity = necessarily (adv.)
इस प्रकार हम देखा कि needs को एक adverb क्यों माना जाता है।
He must needs finish his work by evening.

VII. Dare का प्रयोग

(1) Modal के रूप में dare का प्रयोग नीचे लिखी स्थितियों में किया जाता है-

• Negative वाक्यों में।
• Interrogative वाक्यों में।
• सन्देह (doubt) प्रकट करने वाले वाक्यों में।
• ऐसे वाक्यों में जिनमें hardly, never, no one, nobody का प्रयोग किया गया हो।

(2) जब dare का प्रयोग Modal के रूप में किया गया हो तो इसके साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।

(3) Dare का Third Person Singular सदा dare ही होता है न कि dares.
Examples :

• He dare not fight with me. (Negative)
• Nobody dared ask him about his intentions. (Negative)
• Dare he come to my house ? (Interrogative)
• How dare he say such things about me ? (Interrogative)
• I wonder whether he dare try.(Doubt)
• He will hardly dare go there again. (Doubt)

Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate modal.

(a) 1. He said that he …………… not come the next day.
2. ………….. you please stop talking ?
3. We ……………. speak English fluently.
4. She ………….. obey the rules.
5. He works hard so that he ………….. pass.
6. …………… you please help me lift the bundle ?
7. If I were you, I …………… not do it.
8. The pupils ………… to obey the orders.
Answer:
1. would / might
2. Would
3. can
4. should / must
5. may
6. Could / Would
7. would
8. ought

(b) 1. ………….. God bring you a lot of prosperity !
2. He …………. inform me if he was in trouble.
3. I do not know whether I …………. be able to spare money.
4. There are clouds in the sky. It ………….. rain tonight.
5. If I were you, I ………….. have helped Kapil.
6. A poor man ………….. spend his money wisely.
7. Your father …………… be nearly eighty now.
8. …………… God protect you !
Answer:
1. May
2. could
3. would
4. may / might / could
5. would
6. must
7. must
8. May.

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals from the brackets.

(a) 1. Can I smoke here ? No, you ……….. (should / may / can’t)
2. He said he ……………. come the next day. (may / would / can)
3. The driver ………… to have been more careful. (should / ought / must)
4. I will do it myself. You …………… come. (mustn’t / needn’t / oughtn’t)
5. Usha asked if she …………… bring her dog. (might / could)
6. Rajiv ……………. speak five languages. (may / can / should)
7. You ……………. pay your debts. (must / should I can)
8. Candidates …………… answer all questions. (must / should)
Answer:
1. can’t
2. would
3. ought
4. needn’t
5. could
6. can
7. should
8. must.

(b) 1. He …………… hear. He is deaf. (must not / won’t I can’t)
2. He ………….. come home by the morning train. (ought / used / might)
3. The Headmaster ………….. check all these accounts. (should I dare)
4. …………… his soul rest in peace ! (May / Might)
5. We …………. do as we are told. (can / should)
6. I …………… rather die than beg. (would / should I will)
7. He ………….. not help laughing. (can I could)
8. ……….. you possibly lend me a thousand rupees ? (Could / Will)
Answer:
1. can’t
2. might
3. should
4. May
5. should
6. would
7. could
8. Could.

Miscellaneous Exercise (Based on the Textbook)

(a) 1. You …………… be careful while driving. (must / need)
2. We …………… preserve our forests. (must / need)
3. Sudha …………… appear for an interview at Telco’s Pune office at the company’s expense. (used to / had to)
4. She was sure that she …………… not get the job in the famous automobile company, Telco. (should / would)
5. She …………… to wake up in the morning and get me ready for school. (ought / used)
6. He looked as if he …………… only have lots and lots of grandchildren. (could I can)
7. We …………. not use bookish knowledge to contradict and condemn others. (ought / should)
8. The teacher said that he ………….. be punished for his mistake. (will / would)
9. You ………….. impose discipline on yourself first. (can limust)
10. Some of us are worrying about whether the stock market …………… crash. (will / should)
Answer:
1. must
2. must
3. had to
4. would
5. used
6. could
7. should
8. would
9. must
10. will.

(b) 1. Time on books …………… be spent according to their quality. (need / should)
2. An officer ………….. display high standards of discipline in his own (must / can)
3. We …………… never get anything without paying something for it. (should I can)
4. We …………… blame the government or the system for all the ills. (shouldn’t I needn’t)
5. Globalisation ………….. help to fight the problem of poverty in the world. (can / could)
6. A leader ………….. be ready to accept responsibilities and self-discipline. (should / may)
7. She …………. not help me with the lesson. (could / ought)
8. Take an umbrella with you; it …………… rain. (can / might)
9. ………… I come in, sir ? (May / Might)
10. ………….. that I were a king ! (Should / Would)
Answer:
1. should
2. must
3. can
4. shouldn’t
5. can
6. should
7. could
8. might
9. May
10. Would.

(c) 1. Kalam says that future generation ………… have the freedom to sustain their lives on the earth. (should / would)
2. As he ………… not afford to pay his fees, he approached the principal for help. (could / would)
3. Since the Earth’s water supply is fixed, we ………….. preserve the quality of water available to us. (must / can)
4. The absence of water …………. turn fertile lands into dry, barren lifeless tracts of death. (can / must)
5. Malcolm thought that Barb …………… not love an ugly person like him. (can / could)
6. It …………. rain tomorrow. (may / shall)
7. You ………….. have liberty without discipline. (can’t I may not)
8. We …………. not eat in public during Ramadan, in Dubai. (dare / must)
9. Tomorrow …………… be Sunday. (may / will)
10. He ………….. be thirty next birthday. (shall / will)
Answer:
1. should
2. could
3. must
4. can
5. could
6. may
7. can’t
8. dare
9. will
10. will.

(d) 1. If a woman proposed to a man in a leap year, he …………… accept it unless he was already engaged. (had to / used to)
2. Barb was so afraid that she …………… not make a reply to Malcolm. (could I can)
3. Junod suggested that a rescue expedition ………….. be organised at once. (should I would)
4. A new war …………… leave nothing behind worthy of mention. (would I could)
5. Force alone ………….. solve man’s problems. (can’t / mustn’t)
6. I did not know who headed Telco. I thought it …………… be one of the Tatas. (need / must)
7. The film …………. to be a great success. (should / ought)
8. My hostel-mates told me I …………. use the opportunity to go to Pune. (should / would)
9. She …………. never have been pretty. (can I could)
10. You …………… start somewhere, otherwise no woman will ever be able to work in your factories. (may / must)
Answer:
1. had to
2. could
3. should
4. would
5. can’t
6. must
7. ought
8. should
9. could
10. must.

2. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate modal.

(a) 1. We ………….. read good books with full concentration.
2. If a man lacks reasoning, he …………. study law and lawyers’ cases.
3. A book …………. not be read to condemn or refute others.
4. No one …………. avoid doing something he …………… do.
5. Our nation …………… be strong not only as a military power, but also as an economic power.
6. We ………….. become self-reliant and not run after imported things.
7. In Jeddah, we …………. not go out without covering our head.
8. The poor people …………… live in very dirty conditions.
9. Globalisation ………………. lead to new opportunities, faster growth and higher standard of living
10. We ……………. preserve our forests, fisheries and the diversity of living species.
Answer:
1. must
2. should
3. should
4. must should
5. should
6. must
7. dare
8. have to
9. can
10.must.

(b) 1. Without water, life ………….. become impossible on this earth.
2. Malcolm ………….. decide whether Barb still loved him.
3. The lovers ………… face many hardships.
4. We …………… set things right before it is too late.
5. Those people too ………….. not survive long, who had fled from Hiroshima after the explosion.
6. The General realized how destructive an atomic war …………. be.
7. All possible efforts …………. be made to save mankind from itself.
8. “How ………….. anyone love a freak ?” thought Malcolm.
9. Barb ……………… not give up writing to Malcolms even though he never responded.
10. The books of lower quality …………. be read by proxy.
Answer:
1. would
2. couldn’t
3. have to
4. must
5. could
6. could
7. must
8. can / could
9. would
10. should

Exercises From Grammar Book (Fully Solved)

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with ‘will or ‘shall’.

1. I ……….. surely help you. (determination)
2. If you make a noise, you ……….. be punished.
3. ……….. you have tea ?
4. He ……….. play the match tomorrow. (information about future)
5. You ………. not leave this place. (order)
6. ……….. I bring some tea for you ? (offer)
7. I ……….. take care of your brother. (promise)
8. I ………. send him to jail. (threat)
9. How ……….. you solve this problem?
10. I ……….. take care of your brother. (promise)
Answer:
1. will
2. shall
3. will
4. will
5. shall
6. Shall
7. will
8. will
9. will
10. will.

Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with ‘would’ or ‘should.

1. I told him that he ……….. pass.
2. You ……….. respect your elders.
3. Walk fast lest you ………. miss the train.
4. They ……….. sit for hours talking together. (Past habit)
5. ……….. that I were the Prime Minister !
6. You ………. take your medicine regularly.
7. I ……… rather fail than cheat.
8. I ………. like to have a cup of tea.
9. You ……….. not leave this job.
10. ………. you meet him, give him this book.
Answer:
1. would
2. should
3. should
4. would
5. Would
6. should
7. would
8. would
9. should
10. Should.

Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with ‘can’ or ‘could’.

1. She ………. read and write English well.
2. I told him that he ……….. accompany me.
3. He ………. drive a car at the age of twelve.
4. I ……….. not help laughing.
5. You ………. go now.
6. He ………. help you if you want.
7. He ……….. come to meet me any time.
8. I ………. have availed myself of the opportunity. (But I didn’t)
9. Who ……….. be kinder than God ?
10. Three years ago, he ……….. not even walk.
Answer:
1. can
2. could
3. could
4. could
5. can
6. can
7. can
8. could
9. can
10. could.

Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with ‘may’ or ‘might’.

1. ……….. I go home now?
2. She asked if she ……….. read my book.
3. We eat so that we ……….. live.
4. ……… God bless you !
5. It ………. rain today. (weak possibility)
6. You ……….. have won the race if you had taken an early start.
7. If you apologise, he ……….. forgive you.
8. She ……… have applied for a job, but I am not sure.
9. ……….. his soul rest in peace.
10. He is working hard so that he ……… stand first in the class.
Answer:
1. May
2. might
3. may
4. May
5. may
6. might
7. may
8. might
9. May
10. may.

Exercise 5
Fill in the blanks with ‘used to’ or ‘ought to’.

1. We ……….. serve our country.
2. My grandmother ……….. tell me stories.
3. You ……….. change your job.
4. I am not ……….. driving alone.
5. I ………. visit my sick brother.
6. We ……….. obey the laws of our country.
7. They ………. miss their classes to watch a movie.
8. The students ……….. be regular and punctual.
9. The employees ……….. come late, but now they have become punctual.
Answer:
1. ought to
2. used to
3. ought to
4. used to
5. ought to
6. ought to
7. used to
8. ought to
9. used to.

Exercise 6
Fill in the blanks with ‘must, ‘dare’ or ‘need.

1. The candidates ………. answer five out of ten questions.
2. How ………. you touch my things ?
3. I ……….. finish this work by Monday.
4. ……….. I go to school today?
5. He ………. not oppose me.
6. You ………. not wait for him.
7. Does she ………. to argue with you ?
8. You ……….. not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.
9. ………. you have taken all this trouble ?
10. You ………. be joking.
Answer:
1. must
2. dare
3. must
4. Need
5. dare
6. need
7. dare
8. need
9. Need
10. must.

Exercise 7
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. ……….. you please stop talking ? (will / shall)
2. You ………. go home whenever you like. (may / might)
3. We ……….. not tell lies. (would / should)
4. You ……….. get a prize if you finish your work in time. (shall / will)
5. My grandmother ………. go for a morning walk in her youth. (used to I might)
6. He ……….. read and write Spanish. (can I could)
7. The rich ……… help the poor. (should / would)
8. If you have a ticket, you ………. go inside. (could I may)
9. He said that it ……….. be true. (would / could)
10. ………. you hear that sound ? (may / can)
Answer:
1. Will
2. may
3. should
4. will
5. used to
6. can / could
7. should
8. may
9. could
10. Can.

Exercise 8
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. I tried to climb up the tree, but ………. not.
2. He worked hard so that he ……….. win the gold medal.
3. ……….. that I were a princess !
4. Death ……….. come any time.
5. ………. you prosper in life !
6. Cars ……….. not be parked in front of the gate. (may / must)
7. She is three years old, but she ………. not speak as yet.
8. You ……….. not drink here. (will / shall)
9. If it ………. rain, we will have a holiday. (should I could)
10. ………. you mind my sitting here ? (would / should)
Answer:
1. could
2. could
3. Would
4. can
5. May
6. must
7. can
8. shall
9. should
10. Would.

Exercise 9
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. You ……….. help the needy. (moral obligation)
2. If I were you, I ……….. not behave like that. (conditional sentence)
3. I ……….. never tell a lie. (determination)
4. He told me that he ………… not let me down.
5. Walk slowly lest you ……….. stumble.
6. My uncle ………. have reached by now. (possibility)
7. The patient is critical. He ……….. be taken to the hospital. (compulsion)
8. You ………. not laugh at her mistakes.
9. How ……….. you call her names ?
10. I ……….. play hockey when I was a student. (past habit)
Answer:
1. should
2. would
3. will
4. would
5. should
6. might
7. must
8. should
9. dare
10. used to.

Exercise 10
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. What ……….. you like to have, tea or coffee ?
2. ……….. I smoke here? (formal permission)
3. One ……….. do one’s duty.
4. I ……….. smell something burning.
5. I ……….. rather die than beg.
6. It ………. rain today. (less certain)
7. I told him that he ………. take the test. (can I could)
8. She ……….. not insult me. (will / must) (insistence)
9. We ……….. respect our elders. (can / ought to)
10. I ………. help him with money. (will / shall)
Answer:
1. would
2. May
3. should / must
4. can
5. would
6. might
7. could
8. must
9. ought to
10. will.

Exercise 11
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. ……….. I answer your question ? (should I need)
2. I wish I ……… help you, but I have my own problems. (can I could)
3. Walk carefully lest you ………. sprain your foot.
4. You ……….. not see him; just write a letter. (dare / need)
5. We ……….. go to the station by taxi, it is getting late. (may / should)
6. You ……….. do as you are told. (order)
7. The children asked if they ……….. have an ice cream. (could / would)
8. ……… we play cricket ? (suggestion)
9. ……….. you have tea ?
10. It ………. rain tomorrow. (prediction)
Answer:
1. Need
2. could
3. should
4. need
5. should
6. must
7. could
8. Shall
9. Would
10. may.

Exercise 12
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. ……….. I bring some tea for you? (Do you want me ?)
2. ……….. I use your pen ? (very polite)
3. You ……….. attend the class. (compulsion)
4. He told me that he ……….. join the Army. (possibility)
5. ………. he insult you? (challenge)
6. Play well so that you ……… win the match. (purpose)
7. Everyone ……….. love his country. (may / ought to)
8. He is your father, you ……….. obey him. (obligation)
9. You ………. not worry about it, I will handle it.
10. You ……….. do your homework regularly. (advice)
Answer:
1. Shall
2. Might
3. must
4. might
5. Dare
6. may
7. ought to
8. should
9. need
10. should.

Exercise 13
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. I ………. hear her reciting a prayer. (might / could)
2. You said that you ……….. be absent. (should / would)
3. I ……….. bring a chocolate for you tomorrow. (promise)
4. You ……… not hurry, there is plenty of time.
5. I ……….. try to do better next time. (promise)
6. ……….. you please help me ? (should I would)
7. ……….. God save our souls !
8. I ……….. type ninety words in a minute. (may / can)
9. You ………. read a grammar book to understand these concepts. (may / ought to)
10. The doctor told me that the fever ………. go. (would / will)
Answer:
1. could
2. would
3. will
4. need
5. will
6. Would
7. May
8. can
9. ought to
10. would.

Exercise 14
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. A leader ……….. be ready to accept responsibilities. (shall / must)
2. Take an umbrella with you, it ……….. rain. (should I may)
3. If we are not free, no one ……….. respect us. (will / shall)
4. Some books ……….. be read thoroughly. (may / must)
5. We ……….. preserve our heritage. (can / must)
6. They ……….. to complete their lessons. (dare / need)
7. One ………. not have liberty without discipline. (can / may)
8. You ……….. see a doctor.
9. He ……….. be thirty next birthday. (will / shall)
10. ……….. we drink salty sea water ? (can I could)
Answer:
1. must
2. may
3. will
4. must
5. must
6. need
7. can
8. must
9. will
10. Can.

Exercise 15
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. ……….. we play cricket ?
2. I ……….. invite you to the party. (intention)
3. You ………. not attend my class. (order)
4. He ……….. have helped you if he wished.
5. He ……….. come today. (remote possibility)
6. She ……….. come late to school every day. (past habit)
7. Don’t put off till tomorrow what you ……….. do today.
8. He did not ……….. to offend me.
9. I think I ……….. go now. (could / should)
10. I ……….. do or die. (compulsion)
Answer:
1. Shall
2. will
3. shall / must
4. could
5. might
6. used to
7. can
8. dare
9. should
10. must.

Exercise 16
Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals.

1. Reading ……….. make a full man. (may / can)
2. We ……….. learn how to govern better. (must / might)
3. The teacher said that he ………. be rewarded for his good work.
4. You ……….. follow the traffic rules.
5. How ………. you do this to me ? (could / would)
6. ……….. I bring you something to eat ?
7. He ………. play the match. (willingness)
8. You ………. not waste time on it. (necessity)
9. Had the doctor come in time, he ……….. have saved the patient.
10. Had you hurried up, you ……….. have caught the train. (could / can)
Answer:
1. can
2. must
3. would
4. should / must / ought to
5. could
6. Shall
7. would / will
8. must
9. would / could
10. could.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Determiners Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 11th Class English Grammar Determiners

Determiners

किसी संज्ञा से पूर्व स्थित ऐसे शब्द को Determiner कहा जाता है जो उस संज्ञा को निर्धारित करता हो; जैसे-
A book, an inkpot, the Ramayana, some boys, any book, a few difficulties, a little rest, आदि।

Determiner एक प्रकार से विशेषण (Adjective) ही होता है। अन्तर केवल इतना है कि Adjective किसी संज्ञा की व्याख्या करता है जबकि Determiner किसी संज्ञा को निर्धारित करता है।

अध्ययन की सुविधा के लिए Determiners को मुख्य रूप से निम्नलिखित भागों में बांटा जा सकता है –

The Use of Some Determiners

1. Some, any : ये दोनों शब्द मात्रावाचक भी हैं और संख्यावाचक भी।
Some का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित प्रकार के वाक्यों में किया जाता है-
(a) Affirmative वाक्यों में।

• There are some children outside.
• Some people say that money makes the mare go.

(b) Interrogative वाक्यों में, यदि वक्ता को afffirmative उत्तर की इच्छा अथवा आशा हो।

• Aren’t there some stamps in the drawer ?
• Didn’t he give you some money ?

Any का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित प्रकार के वाक्यों में किया जाता है-
(a) Negative वाक्यों में।

• I didn’t buy any bread.
• He has not solved any question.

(b) Interrogative वाक्यों में, यदि वक्ता को negative उत्तर की आशा हो।

• Have you any problem ?
• Are there any stamps in my drawer ?

नोट- यह बात ध्यान रखने योग्य है कि not के साथ any का प्रयोग किया जाता है किन्तु no के साथ any का प्रयोग कभी नहीं किया जाता है।
इसलिए यह कहना गलत है कि-
I bought no any apple.
हमें कहना चाहिए –
I bought no apple.

2. Few, little:
Few – एक संख्यावाचक शब्द है।
Little – एक मात्रावाचक शब्द है।

→ Few, a few, the few का प्रयोग-
(1) Few – यह एक Negative विशेषण है।
Few = not many = अधिक नहीं।

(2) A few – यह एक affirmative विशेषण है।
A few = some at least = थोड़े से।

(3) The few – यह एक ऐसा विशेषण है जिससे negative तथा affirmative दोनों अर्थों का बोध होता है।
The few – the whole of any particular number = थोड़े-बहुत जो भी हों।

→ Little, a little, the little का प्रयोग-
(1) Little – यह एक Negative विशेषण है।
Little – not much = अधिक नहीं।

(2) A little – यह एक Affirmative विशेषण है।
A little = some at least = थोड़ा सा।

(3) The little – यह एक ऐसा विशेषण है जिससे Negative तथा affirmative दोनों अर्थों का बोध होता है।
The little = the whole of any particular quantity = थोड़ा-बहुत जो भी हो।

Examples:
I. 1. He makes few mistakes.
उसके पास अधिक दूध नहीं था।
2. He makes a few mistakes.
वह कुछ गलतियां कर देता है।
3. I corrected the few mistakes he had made.
जो थोड़ी-बहुत गलतियां उसने की थीं, मैंने ठीक कर दी।

II. 1. He had little milk.
वह अधिक गलतियां नहीं करता है।
2. He had a little milk.
उसके पास थोड़ा सा दूध था।
3. He drank the little milk I had.
मेरे पास जो थोड़ा-बहुत दूध था, वह पी गया।

नोट – वाक्य (3) के अर्थ को दो भागों में बांटा जा सकता है-
(a) Negative तथा (b) Affirmative
(a) The mistakes he had made were not many.
जो गलतियां उसने की थीं वे अधिक नहीं थीं।
The milk I had was not much.
मेरे पास जो दूध था वह अधिक नहीं था।

(b) I corrected all the mistake he had made.
मैंने वे सारी गलतियां ठीक कर दी जो उसने की थीं।
He drank all the milk I had.
उसने सारा दूध पी लिया जो मेरे पास था।

III. Much, Many, Many a, Less, Fewer:
(1) Much तथा less मात्रावाचक विशेषण हैं।

(2) Many तथा fewer संख्यावाचक विशेषण हैं।

(3) Much का प्रयोग uncountable nouns (मात्रावाचक संज्ञाओं) के साथ किया जाता है।
Many का प्रयोग countable nouns (संख्यावाचक संज्ञाओं) के साथ किया जाता है।

(4) Much और Many का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित प्रकार के वाक्यों में किया जाना चाहिए-

• Negative वाक्यों में।
• Interrogative वाक्यों में।
• Affirmative वाक्यों में, यदि इन शब्दों का प्रयोग कर्ता अथवा कर्ता की व्याख्या करने वाले शब्द के रूप में किया गया हो।

(5) Many a – कई बार ‘Many’ के साथ ‘a’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
अर्थ की दृष्टि से ‘many’ और ‘many a में कोई अन्तर नहीं है। अन्तर केवल इतना है कि-
Many के साथ बहुवचन संज्ञा तथा बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Many a के साथ एकवचन संज्ञा तथा एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Many a man = many x one man = Many men

• Many a boy is absent
• Many boys are absent.

(6) Fewer, few की comparative degree के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है, परन्तु – Less को little की comparative degree के रूप में बहुत कम प्रयोग किया जाता है। यह एक आज़ाद comparative है। वास्तव में इसकी कोई positive degree नहीं होती।

Examples : Much (मात्रावाचक)

• There is not much food in the house. (Negative)
• Did you have much difficulty in finding it? (Interrogative)
• Much of what you say is true. (Affirmative)
• He never eats much breakfast. (Negative)
• Does your cow give much milk ? (Interrogative)
• Much of it is useless. (Affirmative)

Many (संख्यावाचक)

• I don’t have many friends. (Negative)
• Were there many people at the meeting ? (Interrogative)
• Many people left early. (Affirmative)

Fewer (संख्यावाचक)

• No fewer than twenty workers were absent.
• There were fewer men than women.
• Few know and fewer care.
• Today I bought fewer eggs.

Less (मात्रावाचक)

• Less size means less weight.
• He had less difficulty with his work.
• Don’t think it has less importance.
• I have less money than you.

Articles

Articles भी एक प्रकार से Determiners ही होते हैं क्योंकि ये किसी संज्ञा से पूर्व लगाए जाते हैं और उसे निर्धारित करते हैं।
अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में a, an तथा the को Articles कहा जाता है।
The को Definite Article कहा जाता है।
A तथा an को Indefinite Articles कहा जाता है।

Articles के प्रयोग सम्बन्धी नियम

(1) An का प्रयोग किसी स्वर (Vowel : a, e, i, 0, u) से पूर्व अथवा silent b से पूर्व किया जाता है; जैसे-
An apple; an egg; an inkpot; an ox; an umbrella; an honest man; an M.A.; etc.

(2) A का प्रयोग किसी व्यंजन (Consonant) से पूर्व किया जाता है। ऐसे स्वर जिनका उच्चारण किसी व्यंजन की भांति किया जाए, उनसे पूर्व भी a का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है; जैसे –
A kite; a cart; a monkey; a unit; a useful thing; a one-eyed man; a European country; etc.

(3) साधारण रूप से नियम यह है कि यदि कोई Common Noun एकवचन में हो, तो उससे पूर्व Article का प्रयोग किया जाना चाहिए; जैसे-

• I saw a dog in street. (यह वाक्य आशुद्ध है।)
• I saw a dog in the street. (यह वाक्य शुद्ध है।)
• I saw the dog in the street. (यह वाक्य शुद्ध है।)

(4) The का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में किया जाता है-
1. किसी विशेष व्यक्ति अथवा पदार्थ का वर्णन करने के लिए।
(He is the man who beat me.)

2. नदियों के नामों के साथ।
(The Ganges; the Yamuna)

3. पर्वत-शृंखलाओं के नाम के साथ।
(The Himalayas; the Vindhyas)

4. समुद्रों के नाम के साथ।
(The Indian Ocean; the Arabian Sea)

5. प्रसिद्ध पुस्तकों के नामों के साथ।
(The Gita; the Quran)

6. प्रकृति की अद्वितीय रचनाओं के साथ।
(The sun; the moon; the earth)

7. Superlative Degree के साथ।
(The best, the noblest; the youngest)

8. किसी जाति अथवा वर्ग के नाम के साथ।
(The English; the Indians; the French)

9. उस विशेषण से पूर्व जिनके साथ लगने वाली संज्ञा understood हो।
(The rich should help the poor.)

10. निम्नलिखित प्रकार के मुहावरों के साथ।
(The higher, the better.)

(5) The का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में प्रायः नहीं किया जाता है-

• किसी नगर, शहर, गांव के नाम से पूर्व।
• किसी देश के नाम से पूर्व।
• किसी महाद्वीप के नाम से पूर्व।
• किसी अकेले द्वीप के नाम से पूर्व।
• किसी- अन्तरीप (Cape) के नाम से पूर्व। (Cape Comorin, कुमारी अन्तरीप)
• किसी झील के नाम से पूर्व।
• किसी अकेली पहाड़ी के नाम से पूर्व ।
• किसी व्यक्तिवाचक (Proper) अथवा भाववाचक (Abstract) संज्ञा के साथ।

(6) निम्नलिखित स्थितियों में से किसी भी Article का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है-
1. किसी नामलेख (title) के साथ।
(Queen Victoria; King George)

2. किसी सकर्मक (Transitive) क्रिया वाले मुहावरे में Verb के बाद लगे हुए Object के साथ।
(send word; shake hands; catch fire)

3. किसी मुहावरे में Preposition के बाद लगी हुई संज्ञा के साथ।
(By hand; at sea; by night)

4. विशालतम अर्थ में प्रयोग की गई किसी संज्ञा के साथ।
(Man is mortal.)

5. द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा (Material Noun) के साथ।
(Iron is a very useful metal.)

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable Determiners.

(a) 1. Did he give you ……………. money ?
2. ……………. girls were playing in the ground.
3. Have you read ………….. new novel ?
4. There is not …………… oil in the bottle.
5. Will you please give me ……….. milk ?
6. His condition is so serious that there is ……….. hope of his recovery.
7. ………… women can keep a secret.
8. ………….. knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Answer:
1. any
2. Some
3. any
4. any
5. some
6. little
7. Few
8. A little.

(b) 1. Only ………… boys were present in the meeting.
2. There isn’t ………… sugar in the cup.
3. You must take …………. meals a day.
4. This work is lighter, so I can do with …………… manpower.
5. Did he make ………….. mistakes in his essay ?
6. I have seen her ………….. time.
7. Have you read …………… Ramayana ?
8. He was struck by ………… arrow.
Answer:
1. a few
2. much
3. fewer
4. less
5. many
6. many a
7. the
8. an.

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

(a) Rajan came to my house. He asked me how ………… money I had. I told him that I had ………. money in my pocket which I had saved from …………. pocket money. He told me that he needed ………… money to buy ……….. book on Economics.

(b) There was a knock at my door. When I opened ……….. door, I saw stranger with …………… tool bag in his hand. I didn’t allow him to enter ………….. room as I had never seen him earlier.

(c) Ram needed ……….. paper for his work. He said to his brother, “There isn’t …………… paper for me to write on. Please buy ………… for me when you go to the market.”

(d) ………. man bought …………….. ox and sold it in ………….. open market of the city. But he got only …………… little money from the sale.
Answer:
(a) much, some, my, some, a.
(b) the, a, a, the.
(c) some, any, some.
(d) A, an, the, a.

Miscellaneous Exercise (Based on the Textbook)

1. Fill in each blank with a suitable determiner.

(a) 1. One day, Sudha had to show ……… reports to Mr. Moolgaokar. (some / any)
2. Sudha went to do …………. M.Tech. in Computer Science from IISc, Bangalore. (an / the)
3. Since there were …………. dogs in the streets, she took to feeding sparrows in the city. (no / many)
4. Would you like ……… tea ? (any / some)
5. ……….. my life, I have been waiting for this moment. (All / Some)
6. I have no time for ………… these formalities. (any / all)
7. …………… the lawyers pleaded their cases well. (Every / Both)
8. ………… books are to be read only in parts. (Any / Some)
9. She carried ………….. stale chapattis with her for the village dogs. (few / several)
10. I used to go to ………….. English school in a motor bus. (an / the)
Answer:
1. some
2. an
3. no
4. some
5. All
6. all
7. Both
8. Some
9. several
10. an.

(b) 1. According to Bacon, ……….. books should be swallowed. (many / some)
2. Some books don’t deserve ………….. mind and concentration. (our / their)
3. …………… individual is dependent. (All / Every)
4. They never left …………… post during the war. (their / our)
5. Liberty is the birthright of each and …………. person. (every / any)
6. …………. of us were constantly together. (Our / Both)
7. She told me about the games she used to play as ……….. child. (the / a)
8. ………… parents left me with Grandmother. (My / Each)
9. ………… drop of water is precious. (Every / All)
10. We hear …….. amazing success stories, but we refuse to acknowledge them. (much / many)
Answer:
1. some
2. our
3. Every
4. their
5. every
6. Both
7. a
8. My
9. Every
10. many.

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

(a) 1. This is ………….. girl who wrote to Mr. JRD.
2. Women should not tolerate …………. sort of injustice.
3. Grandmother got ………… old drum and started singing.
4. ………. day, Sudha went to Mr. Moolgaokar’s office.
5. ………….. book should not be read with the same interest and concentration.
6. Studies have a great influence on ……… human mind.
7. Bacon believes that ………. defect of the mind has a special remedy.
8. Studies cure a man of ………… mental deficiencies.
9. Discipline is …………. training of mind and character.
10. We have mortgaged ………….. conscience to money.
Answer:
1. the
2. any
3. an
4. One
5. Every
6. the
7. every
8. his
9. the
10. our.

(b) 1. We should be true patriots and noble sons of …………… motherland.
2. The earth is a treasure we hold in trust for ………… descendents.
3. The future generations should have the freedom to sustain ………… lives on this planet.
4. Vikram Batra was ………… officer of the Indian Army.
5. Forests play …………. vital role in the conservation of water.
6. Eyes lend ………… unique beauty to the human face.
7. Water is the basis of …………. life.
8. Malcolm was awarded ……….. medals for his rare courage and sense of sacrifice.
9. Malcolm felt that there was ……….. time for fear.
10. The grizzly grabbed Malcolm with ……….. paws and squeezed him against her chest.
Answer:
1. our
2. our
3. their
4. an
5. a
6. a
7. all
8. many
9. no
10. both.

Exercises From Grammar Book (Fully Solved)

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. I want ……….. apple from that basket.
2. ………. church on the corner is progressive.
3. Miss Lin speaks ……….. Chinese.
4. I borrowed ………. pencil from your pile of pencils and pens.
5. One of the students said, “………. professor is late today.”
6. Ali likes to play ……….. volleyball.
7. I bought ……….. umbrella to go out in the rain.
8. My daughter is learning to play ……… violin at her school.
9. Please give me ……….. cake that is on the counter.
10. I lived on ……….. Main Street when I first came to this town.
Answer:
1. an
2. The
3. x
4. a
5. The
6. x
7. an
8. the
9. the
10. x.

Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. Albany is the capital of ……….. New York State.
2. My husband’s family speaks ……….. Polish.
3. ………. apple a day keeps the doctor away.
4. ………. ink in my pen is red.
5. Our neighbours have ………. cat and ………. dog.
6. He is ……….. idiot.
7. You are doing ………. good job.
8. It is ……….. rotten plum.
9. This is ………. used fork.
10. ………. historian writes history books.
Answer:
1. x
2. x
3. An
4. The
5. a, a
6. an
7. a
8. a
9. a
10. A.

Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. He is ……….. honest man.
2. It was ………. horrible movie.
3. We went for ………. opera show at Sydney Opera House.
4. Spanish is ……….. easy language.
5. Their car does 100 miles ……….. hour.
6. Mathura is ………. holy city.
7. Cactus is ………. thorny plant.
8. Which is ……… longest tunnel in the world ?
9. ……….. honourable discharge is every employee’s right.
10. He is ……….. intelligent man.
Answer:
1. an
2. a
3. an
4. an
5. an
6. a
7. a
8. the
9. An
10. an.

Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. It is ………. big table.
2. There is ……….. stairway in the lobby.
3. Give me ……….. paper clip.
4. Dog is ……….. faithful animal.
5. I have ……….. unusual feeling.
6. We saw ……….. interesting movie.
7. He won ……….. early bird prize in the party.
8. It was ……….. daring idea.
9. ……….. sun rises in the east.
10. We gave away ……….. prizes.
Answer:
1. a
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. an
6. an
7. the
8. a
9. The
10. the.

Exercise 5
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. The brick hit him in ………… face.
2. He went ……….. home.
3. She is going to ………. cinema.
4. ……… idea can change your life.
5. ……….. higher you go, ……….. cooler it is.
6. South Hall is ……….. Punjab of England.
7. He is ………. most intelligent child of the family.
8. ……….. umbrella is ……….. useful thing.
9. He has ………. soft corner for the poor.
10. I gave him ………. hundred-rupee note.
Answer:
1. the
2. x
3. the
4. An
5. The, the
6. the
7. the
8. An, a
9. a
10. a.

Exercise 6
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. I bought ……….. pair of shoes.
2. He gave me ………. beautiful gift.
3. I have ……….. one-rupee note.
4. He is ……….. senior teacher.
5. Have you read ………. Bible ?
6. P.K. Shinh is ……….. M.A.
7. It is ………. best he could do.
8. She is ……….. N.C.C. officer.
9. It was ……….. pleasant day.
10. He is ………. cowardly person.
Answer:
1. a
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. the
6. an
7. the
8. an
9. a
10. a.

Exercise 7
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. She has ……….. headache.
2. I have got ……….. cold.
3. What is on ……….. radio tonight ?
4. This is ………. historical moment.
5. He has ………. few friends in his class.
6. He is studying in ………. European university.
7. He is ……….. worst player of the team.
8. Rose is ………. taller of the two sisters.
9. He is ……….. great comedian.
10. Wordsworth wrote poems about ……….. nature.
Answer:
1. a
2. x
3. the
4. a
5. a
6. a
7. the
8. the
9. a
10. x.

Exercise 8
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. New York is ……….. big city.
2. ……….. cow is ………. useful animal.
3. Honesty is ……….. best policy.
4. France is ……….. great country
5. The sun rises in ……….. east.
6. I saw him when he was ……. child.
7. Who has not seen ……….. tiger ?
8. ……….. milk is very nutritious.
9. Man is after all ……….. animal.
10. How beautiful ……….. stars are !
Answer:
1. a
2. The, a
3. the
4. a
5. the
6. a
7. a
8. x
9. an
10. the.

Exercise 9
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. God has created ………. universe.
2. Gold is ……….. precious metal.
3. Kalidasa is ………. Shakespeare of India.
4. This is ……….. best book I have ever read.
5. ………. cat killed ………. rat.
6. ……….. cat is on ……….. roof.
7. Mahatma Gandhi was ……….. great leader of India.
8. The stone hit me on ……….. head.
9. John is ………. smallest boy in the class, but Peter is ……….. biggest.
10. I would like to buy ……….. pair of stockings and ……….. couple of shirts.
Answer:
1. the
2. a
3. the
4. the
5. The, the
6. The, the
7. a
8. the
9. the, the
10. a, a.

Exercise 10
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. Many ……… flower is born to blush unseen.
2. He is ………. Newton of his age.
3. I admire ………. wisdom of Solomon.
4. ………. whole class will participate in the program.
5. ……….. Himalayas protect the plains of India from the cold winds of the north.
6. I watched ………… interesting film yesterday.
7. I bought ………. laptop for my daughter.
8. ……….. laptop that I bought for my daughter was very expensive.
9. My daughter didn’t like ………. laptop I gave her. She said that it was too big for her.
10. So, I got it exchanged for ………. smaller model.
Answer:
1. a
2. the
3. the
4. The
5. The
6. an
7. a
8. The
9. the
10. a.

Exercise 11
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article (a, an or the) or leave the space blank if no article is needed.

1. She absolutely loved ……….. new model.
2. My son has been asking for ………. smartphone for a while.
3. He was ……….. only child of his parents.
4. Siddhartha was ………. kind-hearted prince.
5. His parents shielded him from ………. miseries of ……… world.
6. Sri Lanka is ……….. island country in ……….. Indian Ocean.
7. I prefer ……….. mountains to the seaside.
8. We went to ……….. same school.
9. My brother is going out with ………. Chinese girl.
10. I am looking forward to being ……….. grandmother.
Answer:
1. the
2. a
3. the
4. a
5. the, the
6. an, the
7. the
8. the
9. a
10. a.

Exercise 12
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. Have they got ……… matches ?
2. He used his shoe as ………. hammer.
3. Harsh fed ………. dogs.
4. There are ……….. children in the park.
5. Who invented ………. telephone ?
6. He is ……….. oldest in his family.
7. They met ……….. nice Asian girls on holiday.
8. I think there is ……….. ice cream in the fridge.
9. Let us go and bathe in ……….. river.
10. Have you seen ……… Red Fort ?
Answer:
1. the
2. a
3. the
4. no
5. the
6. the
7. some
8. an
9. the
10. the.

Exercise 13
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. Have you got ……….. English friends ?
2. No, I haven’t got ……….. English friends.
3. But I have ……….. English penfriends.
4. He has ………. friends at all.
5. She has ………. best friend. They spend all their time together.
6. Would you like ……….. more orange juice ?
7. I have hardly ………. money left.
8. I never have ……….. luck with the lottery.
9. Have you got ………. money ?
10. Yes, I’ve got ……….. .
Answer:
1. any
2. any
3. some
4. no
5. a
6. some
7. any
8. any
9. any
10. some.

Exercise 14
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. There are ……….. animals in this zoo.
2. He is ……….. man of ……….. words.
3. How ………. milk do you need ?
4. ………. time has passed now.
5. He is ……….. same boy who cheated me.
6. Is there ………. water in the glass ?
7. ………. he and his brother passed the exam.
8. He can write with ……….. hand.
9. …….. people would be cruel to the blind.
10. I shall finish ………. novel within two days.
Answer:
1. many
2. a, few
3. much
4. Much
5. the
6. any
7. Both
8. either
9. Few
10. this.

Exercise 15
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. I always keep ……….. pen in my pocket.
2. He has ……….. good habits.
3. She wants the advice of ……….. doctor.
4. She fell to ……….. ground.
5. The bullet hit on ……….. spot.
6. ………. path of duty leads to glory.
7. He is ………. author of great versatility.
8. He gave up ……….. evil ways to attain salvation.
9. Unemployment has been increasing at ………. alarming rate.
10. Keep the enemy at ………. arm’s length.
Answer:
1. a
2. many
3. some / a
4. the
5. the
6. The
7. an
8. his / the
9. an
10. an.

Exercise 16
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. He is ………. Indian Muslim.
2. She wrote ………. letter quickly.
3. She threw her arms round ……….. baby.
4. I have ……… expectations from anyone.
5. I think of ……….. Ganges.
6. ………. list of new books has been released.
7. He is ………. international Grandmaster of Chess.
8. He tore away ………. resignation letter.
9. Singing is ……….. passion.
10. ………. road leads to Srinagar.
Answer:
1. an
2. a / the
3. her / the
4. no
5. the
6. A
7. an
8. his
9. my
10. This.

Exercise 17
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. I have ……….. relatives in this town.
2. An umbrella is ………. useful thing.
3. I have got ………. rice.
4. You can find ………. wild animals in Rajaji National Park.
5. ……….. of ……….. rare books have been destroyed by foreign invaders.
6. He has lost all ………. money in gambling.
7. I do not have ………. extra dress for the evening party.
8. Everybody should respect ……….. religions.
9. I purchased ……….. new house.
10. Painting is ……….. profession.
Answer:
1. no / many / few
2. a
3. no / a little / some
4. many
5. Many, the
6. his
7. an / any
8. all
9. a
10. my / his / their, etc.

Exercise 18
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. Where shall I send ………. packer ?
2. He sat on ……… seat beside his bed.
3. Sudha knew ………. languages.
4. Hassan lost ………. sympathy the teacher had for him.
5. How ……… money does he need ?
6. ………. the papers were lying on the floor.
7. There was hardly ………. effort by Hassan to overcome his bad habits.
8. We have ……….. things to finish before we go.
9. I had to take ……….. responsibility.
10. The big hall has ………. windows.
Answer:
1. this
2. the
3. many
4. the little
5. much
6. All
7. any
8. many
9. the
10. many.

Exercise 19
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. How many students were there in ……….. class ?
2. She is proud of ……….. culinary skills.
3. Philip was ……….. great violinist.
4. He did not make ……….. mistake in the final match.
5. Do you need ……….. further information on this issue ?
6. How ………. cups of tea do you take daily ?
7. No part of ……….. ashes should be retained.
8. We have ……….. spare cash to be distributed.
9. He handed ……….. cup to Socrates.
10. Did you hear ……….. noise ?
Answer:
1. the
2. her
3. a
4. any
5. any
6. many
7. the
8. little / a little / some / no
9. the
10. any.

Exercise 20
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. He always keeps ……….. money in his wallet for emergencies.
2. ………. sun sets in the west.
3. The doctor advised me to eat ………. apple every morning.
4. There aren’t ………. students in the library.
5. I haven’t got ……….. pictures in my bedroom
6. She gave a cookie to ………. child.
7. I’ve got to solve ……….. math problems before I go to sleep.
8. (With a bowl of cherries on your lap) ………. cherries are delicious !
9. My mother doesn’t drink ………. coffee.
10. Could you bring me ……….. books I left in the garden ?
Answer:
1. some
2. The
3. an
4. many
5. any
6. each
7. some
8. These
9. much
10. the.

Exercise 21
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. I am a man of ……… words.
2. ……….. hobby is a must for the proper use of time.
3. ………. idle man’s mind is a devil’s workshop.
4. There is hardly ……….. person who doesn’t have a hobby.
5. You have many pens, but ……….. works well.
6. There are ………. horses in this stable.
7. She wasted ………. money she had.
8. Wait for me in ……….. hall.
9. I want ……….. sugar in my coffee.
10. ………. friends he has, love him.
Answer:
1. few
2. A
3. An
4. any
5. none
6. many
7. the little
8. the
9. a little
10. The few.

Exercise 22
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. I caught the thief by ……….. neck.
2. I get up early in ……….. morning.
3. ……… people are living in slums in Mumbai.
4. ……….. the dirty linen have been washed.
5. ……… students were absent today.
6. One must keep ………. promise.
7. My father is ……….. advocate.
8. ……… Seeta and Geeta ran the race.
9. Children should respect ………. elders.
10. He is a gentleman. I like ……….. behaviour.
Answer:
1. the
2. the
3. A lot of
4. All
5. Some / Many
6. one’s
7. an
8. Both
9. their
10. his.

Exercise 23
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. I have ……….. enemies.
2. ……….. person must get the share.
3. He gave me …….. clothes he had.
4. Rabindra Nath Tagore has written ………. great poems.
5. I have done ………..
6. The police could not find ……….. lost bike.
7. He recites ……….. Gita every morning.
8. He has committed ………. crimes.
9. I have made ……… friends in a short span of time.
10. Do you have ……….. change in your purse ?
Answer:
1. a lot of / many / no / few / a few
2. Each
3. the few
4. many / a lot of
5. my
6. the
7. the
8. many / a lot of
9. many / a lot of
10. any.

Exercise 24
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.
1. I have read ……….. books written by Graham Greene.
2. ………. player was given a medal.
3. Both the books are not expensive. You can buy ……….. of them.
4. There is ……….. hope of his survival.
5. He can take ……….. dress he likes.
6. We do not expect ……….. mercy from him.
7. Will you lend me ……….. money?
8. Miss Keller learnt ………. new words that day.
9. How ……….. money do you want ?
10. ……….. plant is dying.
Answer:
1. many
2. Each
3. either
4. little
5. any
6. any
7. some
8. many
9. much
10. That / This.

Exercise 25
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. He tried to save ………. boy.
2. It makes ……….. flesh crawl to hear you.
3. There is ……….. end to it.
4. I am not in favour of ……….. religious ceremonies.
5. What is ………… matter with your tooth ?
6. She toils up ……….. hill.
7. She sank into ……….. chair.
8. I waited for him for ………. while.
9. ……… unity and diversity of India is its strength.
10. Thin men are ……….. best divers.
Answer:
1. the
2. my
3. no
4. any
5. the
6. the
7. the
8. a
9. The
10. the.

Exercise 26
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. Let’s go for ………. walk.
2. I must sign ……….. will.
3. Why couldn’t you have come ……….. day earlier ?
4. ………. type of life lasted for ten years.
5. Pasteur released ……….. saliva into a tube.
6. I covered ……….. face and wept.
7. What is ……….. strange outcry ?
8. She asked her friend to lend ……….. money.
9. It is ………. opinion that these birds are mad.
10. In ……….. seconds, she put down her head.
Answer:
1. a
2. the
3. a
4. This
5. the
6. my
7. that
8. some
9. my
10. a few.

Exercise 27
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. ……….. book is useful to me.
2. There is not ……….. coffee in the mug.
3. That is ………. pen.
4. ………. police was called to help.
5. We need ……….. more water today.
6. They had taken ……….. milk that day.
7. ……….. dress do you like ?
8. Give me ……….. curd.
9. ………. child likes chocolates.
10. He stood ………. in the class.
Answer:
1. This
2. any / much
3. my / his, etc.
4. The
5. some
6. no
7. Which
8. some / a little
9. Every
10. first / second, etc.

Exercise 28
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. He has done you ……….. harm.
2. His father is ………. M.P.
3. English is ………. universal language.
4. Do you still get ………. message from him ?
5. He is ……….. honest officer.
6. Jack and Jill went up ……….. hill.
7. ……….. were drowned.
8. ………. milk was spilt.
9. …………. body can do it if they try.
10. ……… of these roads leads to the airport.
Answer:
1. no
2. an
3. a
4. any
5. an
6. the
7. All
8. Some
9. Any
10. Either.

Exercise 29
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. ………. fool can do that.
2. ……….. took it in turn.
3. ………. of the accusations is true.
4. It was ……….. festival of spring.
5. He hurried towards ………. friends.
6. Nehru had been attached to …….. Ganga.
7. I had left home without ……….. money in my pocket.
8. May I ask ……….. one to tea?
9. Then ……….. noise was repeated.
10. There is ………. time for Spain to choose from.
Answer:
1. Any
2. Each
3. None
4. the
5. his
6. the
7. any / much
8. some
9. the
10. no.

Exercise 30
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. He returned ……….. books after reading.
2. They gave the children ………. toys.
3. He liked ……….. shirt that I gave him.
4. It was ………. bitterly cold night.
5. We were sitting on ………. deck of the launch.
6. They were carrying water on ……… heads.
7. I glanced at ………. watch.
8. You must take …………. dog out.
9. Everyone seemed to be in ……….. hurry.
10. There were still ……….. questions unanswered.
Answer:
1. the
2. some / a few
3. the
4. a
5. the
6. their
7. my
8. the
9. a
10. some / a few.

Exercise 31
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. I have ……….. axe.
2. Please give me ………. fruit to eat.
3. He wrote ……….. essay.
4. There are ………. people whom I know in this town.
5. December is ………… last month of ………. year.
6. ……….. Adi Granth is a sacred book of ……….. Sikhs.
7. She is as pure as ……….. angel.
8. Children were happy to see ……….. elephant.
9. Kashi is ………. holy city.
10. Failures are ……….. pillars of success.
Answer:
1. an
2. some
3. an
4. many / a lot of
5. the, the
6. The, the
7. an
8. the
9. a
10. the.

Exercise 32
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. ……… team won the Kabaddi finals in 2014 ?
2. He applied for ………. job.
3. There were ………. people at the platform.
4. The old man gave all ……….. clothes he had.
5. Only ……….. friends were invited for my birthday party.
6. He bought ……….. bananas.
7. How ………. butter do you need ?
8. He could take ……….. of the dresses.
9. There were ………. children in the ground.
10. He could not finish ………. homework.
Answer:
1. Which
2. the
3. many / a lot of / few
4. the
5. a few
6. some / a few
7. much
8. either
9. many / a lot of / few / a few
10. his.

Exercise 33
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. How ……… money did he steal ?
2. On Sundays, there is not ………. traffic on this road.
3. He has spilt ………. ink on his new dress.
4. There is too ……….. of sugar in Coca Cola
5. It rained heavily. Only ……….. students came to school.
6. She has not given ………. response so far.
7. Are you proud of ……….. beauty ?
8. He bought ……….. new car.
9. Have you drawn ………. new sketch ?
10. Is there ……… milk left in the glass ?
Answer:
1. much
2. much
3. a little
4. much
5. a few
6. any
7. your
8. a
9. any
10. any.

Exercise 34
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed

1. Can you bring me ……….. glass of water ?
2. ……….. can I help you ?
3. I have not seen ……….. movie in the past one month.
4. Please show me ………. new prints.
5. ……….. shops are newly built.
6. Dashrath had ………. sons.
7. He was ………. to none.
8. Do you have ………. work to do now?
9. Ravi is ……… smarter of the two.
10. ……….. the Kauravas were killed.
Answer:
1. a
2. How
3. any
4. some
5. These
6. four
7. second
8. any
9. the
10. All.

Exercise 35
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate determiner or leave the space blank if no determiner is needed.

1. He said he would have ……….. milk.
2. He is leading ………. group of volunteers.
3. Have you read ……….. these books ?
4. Very ……….. politicians are honest these days.
5. Shiv Batalvi is ………. Keats of Punjabi poetry.
6. The Muslims bury ………. dead.
7. He removed ……….. hat on entering the main hall.
8. Is ……….. statement correct ?
9. He takes his medicine thrice ………. day.
10. ……….. grapes were a bit too high.
Answer:
1. some
2. a
3. all
4. few
5. the
6. their
7. his
8. this
9. a
10. The.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Prepositions Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 11th Class English Grammar Prepositions

ऐसे शब्द को Preposition कहा जाता है जो स्थान (place), दिशा (direction), साधन (source), विधि (method) आदि का बोध कराने के लिए किसी Noun अथवा Pronoun से पहले लगाया गया हो; जैसे-
In the room; towards the city; through the forest; by all means; into the well; beside me; between us आदि।

The Use Of Some Prepositions

(1) At का प्रयोग छोटे नगरों तथा गांवों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।
In का प्रयोग बड़े नगरों, प्रान्तों और देशों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।

• Mohan lives at Kathua.
• She was born at Batote.
• The last National Games were held in Nagpur.
• There are many film studios in Mumbai.

(2) On का प्रयोग तिथियों तथा दिनों के नामों के साथ किया जाता है।
In का प्रयोग महीनों तथा वर्षों के लिए किया जाता है।
At का प्रयोग Point of Time के लिए किया जाता है।

• I shall go to Delhi on Sunday.
• Our examination begins on 24th July.
• Rains started in July.
• His grandfather died in 1995.
• We had tea at 5 o’clock.
• He came at the right time.

(3) In और At के निम्नलिखित समय-सम्बन्धी प्रयोग याद रखिए
In the morning. At noon In the evening At night
In the afternoon At dawn

(4) Between का प्रयोग दो पुरुषों । स्थानों / वस्तुओं आदि के लिए किया जाता है। Among का प्रयोग दो से अधिक पुरुषों / स्थानों / वस्तुओं आदि के लिए किया जाता है।

• The two brothers quarrelled between themselves.
• The three brothers quarrelled among themselves.

(5) In स्थिरता (rest) को प्रकट करता है। Into अन्दर की ओर गति (motion) को प्रकट करता है।

• He was sitting in the room.
• The fox fell into the well.

(6) On स्थिरता (rest) को प्रकट करता है।
Upon ऊपर की ओर गति (motion) को प्रकट करता है।

• The book is on the table.
• The cat jumped upon the table.

(7) With उस यन्त्र (instrument) की ओर संकेत करता है जिसका प्रयोग कोई काम करने के लिए किया गया हो। By काम करने वाले (doer) की ओर संकेत करता है।

• He beat his servant with a stick.
• The book was written by me.

(8) Beside = निकट, असंगत
Besides = के अतिरिक्त

• She came and sat beside me.
• Your answer is beside the mark.
• I have three other pens besides this.

(9) Since तथा for का प्रयोग Perfect Tense के बाद किया जाता है।
From का प्रयोग किसी भी Tense के बाद किया जा सकता है।
Since और from का प्रयोग point of time के लिए किया जाता है।
For का प्रयोग period of time के लिए किया जाता है।
Since का प्रयोग केवल भूतकाल के सम्बन्ध में ही किया जा सकता है।
From और for का प्रयोग किसी भी काल के लिए किया जा सकता है।

• He has been ill since Monday last.
• This timetable has been in force since August.
• He studied English from the age of ten.
• This timetable will come in force from Monday.
• I have been ill for five days.

Words Followed By Appropriate Prepositions

नोट- कई शब्दों के साथ किसी विशेष अर्थ के लिए किसी विशेष Preposition का ही प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। ऐसे शब्द और उनके साथ लगने वाले उपयुक्त Prepositions याद रखने चाहिएं।

1. Abide by (पाबन्द रहना) – We must abide by the rules of the road.
2. Absorbed in (मग्न) – I was absorbed in my work.
3. Abstain from (परहेज़ करना) – We should abstain from drinking.
4. Accede to (मान लेना, स्वीकार कर लेना) – He acceded to my request.
5. Accuse of (दोष लगाना) – He was accused of murder.
6. Act upon (आचरण करना) – He acted upon my advice.
7. Addicted to (बुरी आदत में फँसे होना) – He is addicted to gambling.
8. Admit to (दाखिल करना) – He was admitted to the 9th class.
9. Agree to (स्वीकार करना) – Do you agree to this proposal ?
10. Agree with (सहमत होना) – I agree with you.
11. Alarmed at (चौंक उठना) – We were alarmed at the sight of a lion.
12. Angry with (नाराज़ होना) – He is angry with me.
13. Angry at (नाराज़ होना) – The teacher was angry at your misconduct.
14. Apologize to, for (क्षमा मांगना) – He apologized to me for his rude behaviour.
15. Appeal to, for (प्रार्थना करना) – He appealed to the judge for mercy.
16. Apply to, for (प्रार्थनापत्र देना) – He applied to the headmaster for leave.
17. Approve of (पसन्द करना) – I do not approve of your action.
18. Arrive at (पहुंचना) – He arrived at Jalandhar at six o’clock.
19. Ashamed of (लज्जित होना) – He feels ashamed of his conduct.
20. Assure of (विश्वास दिलाना) – I assure you of my help.
21. Astonished at (हैरान होना) – I was astonished at his failure.
22. Attend on (देखभाल करना) – You should attend on your ailing mother.
23. Attend to (ध्यान देना) – Attend to your lesson.
24. Aware of (सचेत होना) – I am aware of my shortcomings.
25. Believe in (विश्वास करना) – I do not believe in ghosts.
26. Belong to (सम्बन्ध रखना) – He belongs to a rich family.
27. Beware of (सावधान रहना) – Beware of thieves.
28. Bless with (आशीर्वाद देना) – She was blessed with a son.
29. Blind in (अंधा) – He is blind in one eye.
30. Blind to (अपरिचित) – You are blind to your shortcomings.
31. Boast of (शेखी मारना) – Do not boast of your riches.
32. Born in (पैदा होना) – He was born in a poor family.
33. Born of (पैदा होना) – She was born of rich parents.
34. Borrow from (उधार लेना) – I borrowed a book from my friend.
35. Busy with (व्यस्त) – I was busy with my work.
36. Call at (मिलने के लिए जाना) – I called at his house this morning.
37. Call on (बुलाना) – Tomorrow I shall call on you.
38. Call in (बुला कर लाना) – Please call in the doctor at once.
39. Care for (परवाह करना) – He does not care for his studies.
40. Charge with (दोष लगाना) – He was charged with murder.
41. Cling to (चिपटना) – The baby clings to her mother.
42. Collide with (टक्कर खाना) – My cycle collided with a tonga.
43. Compare to (उपमा देना) – We may compare the world to a stage.
44. Compare with (तुलना करना) – Compare Ashoka with Chandragupta.
45. Complain of (शिकायत करना) – He always complains of headache.
46. Complain against, to (शिकायत करना) – I complained against him to the officer.
47. Conscious of (ज्ञान होना) – I am conscious of my shortcomings.
48. Consist of (बना हुआ होना) – The class consists of forty boys.
49. Contented with (सन्तुष्ट होना) – Be contented with your lot.
50. Cure of (स्वस्थ करना) – The doctor cured him of his disease.
51. Deal in (व्यापार करना) – His father deals in cotton.
52. Deal with (व्यवहार करना) – I know how to deal with you.
53. Deprive of (वंचित करना) – He was deprived of his share.
54. Desire for (इच्छा रखना) – I have no desire for name or fame.
55. Die of (मरना) – He died of cholera.
56. Differ from (भिन्न होना) – This pen differs from that.
57. Differ with (सहमत न होना) – I differ with you on this point.
58. Dismiss from (निकाल देना) – He was dismissed from service.
59. Dispose of (बेच देना) – He disposed of his old books.
60. Due to (के कारण) – His success is due to hard work.
61. Eligible for (जो चुना जा सके) — You are not eligible for this post.
62. Engaged in (लगा हुआ) – He is engaged in writing a book.
63. Engage to (सगाई होना) – She is engaged to a doctor.
64. Enquire after (हाल पूछना) – He enquired after my health.
65. Enquire (Inquire) into (पूछताछ करना) – I will enquire into the matter.
66. Excel in (श्रेष्ठ होना) – He excels me in speaking English.
67. Familiar to (परिचित) – His face is familiar to me.
68. Familiar with (परिचित) – I am not familiar with him.
69. Famous for (के लिए प्रसिद्ध) – Ludhiana is famous for hosiery goods.
70. Feed on (निर्वाह करना) – Cows feed on grass.
71. Feel for (अनुभव करना) – We should feel for the poor.
72. Fond of (इच्छुक) – Children are fond of sweets.
73. Full of (भरा हुआ) – The glass is full of milk.
74. Glad at (प्रसन्न) – We are glad at your arrival.
75. Good at (योग्य) – He is good at Mathematics.
76. Grateful to (कृतज्ञ) – I shall be grateful to you for this kindness.
77. Grieve at (दुःखी होना) – He was grieved at his failure.
78. Guilty of (अपराधी) – He was found guilty of theft.
79. Honest in (ईमानदारी) – He is honest in his dealings.
80. Hope for (आशा करना) – Let us hope for better result this time.
81. Ignorant of (अज्ञानता में) – He was ignorant of the facts.
82. Import from (आयात करना) – India imports oil from other countries.
83. Indifferent to (लापरवाह होना) – You are indifferent to your health.
84. Inferior to (घटिया) – This pen is inferior to that.
85. Inform of (सूचना देना) – You did not inform me of his arrival.
86. Injurious to (हानिकारक) – Smoking is injurious to health.
87. Insist on (जिद करना) – He insisted on going with me.
88. Interest in (रुचि) – He has no interest in his studies.
89. Interfere with (दखल देना) – Do not interfere with my work.
90. Introduce to (परिचय कराना) – He introduced me to his friend.
91. Invite to (निमन्त्रण देना) – He invited me to dinner.
92. Jealous of (ईर्ष्यालु) – I am not jealous of his good fortune.
93. Junior to (छोटा) – He is junior to me in service.
94. Knock at (खटखटाना) – Who knocked at the door ?
95. Known to (विदित) – He is known to everybody.
96. Lame in (लंगड़ा) – He is lame in one leg.
97. Laugh at (हंसी उड़ाना) – Do not laugh at the poor.
98. Listen to (ध्यान से सुनना) – Listen to what I say.
99. Live on (गुजारा करना) – He lives on milk and fruit.
100. Long for (इच्छा करना) – I long for happy days.
101. Married to (विवाह होना) – Rama was married to Sita.
102. Match for (मुकाबले का) – Pakistan is no match for India.
103. Negligent in (लापरवाह) – He is negligent in his studies.
104. Notorious for (बदनाम) – He is notorious for gambling.
105. Obedient to (आज्ञाकारी होना) – Be obedient to your teachers.
106. Object to (आपत्ति करना) – He objected to my proposal.
107. Occur to (सूझना) – An idea occurred to me.
108. Part from (जुदा होना) – I was sorry to part from my friends.
109. Part with (जुदा होना) – I cannot part with this book.
110. Pity for (दया) – Have pity for the poor.
111. Pity on (दया) – He took pity on me.
112. Pleased with (प्रसन्न होना) – The teacher is pleased with her.
113. Polite to (नम्र) – Be polite to all.
114. Popular with (लोकप्रिय) – This teacher is popular with the students.
115. Preferable to (अच्छा) – Death is preferable to dishonour.
116. Prefer to (से अच्छा समझना) – I prefer death to dishonour.
117. Pray to (प्रार्थना करना) – I pray to God daily.
118. Prepare for (तैयार होना) – Mohan is preparing for the examination.
119. Preside over (सभापति होना) – Who presided over the meeting?
120. Prevent from (रोकना) – He prevented me from going there.
121. Prey to (शिकार होना) – He fell a prey to drugs.
122. Pride in (अभिमान) – She takes pride in her beauty.
123. Proud of (अभिमानी) – She is proud of her beauty.
124. Recover from (मुक्त होना) – He has recovered from illness.
125. Reduce to (घट जाना) – He was reduced to a skeleton.
126. Regard for (मान) – He has no regard for his teachers.
127. Related to (सम्बन्ध होना) – She is related to me.
128. Rely on (भरोसा रखना) – I rely on your support.
129. Remember to (याद करवाना) – Please remember me to your father.
130. Remind of (याद कराना) – He reminded me of my promise.
131. Repent of (पछताना) – He repented of his folly.
132. Responsible to (उत्तरदायी) – We are responsible to God for our actions.
133. Satisfied with (सन्तुष्ट होना) – I am not satisfied with his work.
134. Search for (तलाश करना) – What are you searching for ?
135. Send for (बुला भेजना) – We sent for the doctor.
136. Shock at (दुःखी होना) – I was shocked at the news of his death.
137. Sick of (तंग आना) – He is sick of his son.
138. Similar to (वैसी ही) – This knife is similar to that.
139. Slow at (सुस्त) – He is slow at Arithmetic.
140. Slow of (सुस्त) – He is slow of understanding.
141. Succeed in (सफल होना) – He succeeded in getting a job.
142. Succeed to (उत्तराधिकारी बनना) – Akbar succeeded to the throne after Humayun’s death.
143. Suffer from (पीड़ित होना) – He suffered from malaria.
144. Superior to (बढ़िया) – My cap is superior to yours.
145. Sure of (विश्वासी) – I am sure of my success.
146. Surprised at (हैरान होना) – I am surprised at your behaviour.
147. Sympathise with (सहानुभूति करना) – Always sympathise with the poor.
148. Talk to (बात करना) – I talked to him about his problem.
149. Taste for (दिलचस्पी) – I have no taste for games.
150. Tired of (तंग हो जाना) – I am tired of this type of life.
151. Tired with (थका हुआ) – I am tired with the day’s work.
152. Trust in (भरोसा करना) – Trust in God and do the right.
153. True to (के प्रति सच्चा होना) – I am true to my friends.
154. Useful for (लाभदायक, किसी उद्देश्य के लिए) – Exercise is useful for health.
155. Useful to (लाभदायक, किसी व्यक्ति के लिए) – This book is very useful to me.
156. Warn of (सचेत करना) – He warned me of the danger.
157. Warn against (चौकन्ना करना) – I warned him against false friends.
158. Wish for (इच्छा करना) – I wish for your success.
159. Worthy of (के योग्य) – I shall try to be worthy of your love.
160. Yield to (झुक जाना) – Never yield to injustice.

EXERCISE

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.
1. People should abide …………… the norms of society.
2. Students should abstain …………… politics.
3. He was accused …………… making inflammatory speeches.
4. He was acquitted …………… corruption charges.
5. It is not easy to adapt oneself ……………. an alien culture.
6. Children are getting addicted …………. cartoon programmes.
7. He is determined to adhere ……………. his convictions.
8. His grandfather is afflicted …………… arthritis.
9. He aimed the punch …………… my nose.
10. Hypocrisy is alien ……………. his nature.
Answer:
1. by
2. from
3. of
4. of
5. to
6. to
7. to
8. with
9. at
10. to.

II. 1. She was born …………… cultivated parents.
2. Several people burst ………………. spontaneous tears on hearing about the Columbia disaster.
3. She wastes a lot of her time in brooding …………… her past.
4. He was charged …………… neglecting his duty in the battlefield.
5. It is not easy to find a person one can confide ………..
6. Parents who connive ………….. the faults of their children spoil them.
7. She was convicted …………… making a false statement.
8. These conditions are not conducive ………….. the healthy development of a child.
9. She was deaf ……………. his plea for forgiveness.
10. A totalitarian regime deprives its people ……………. their civil rights.
Answer:
1. to
2. into
3. over
4. with
5. in
6. at
7. of
8. to
9. to
10. of.

Miscellaneous Exercise (Based On The Textbook)

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

I. 1. Sudha Murthy was surprised to be called …………. the interview.
2. Life was full ……….. fun and joy.
3. I saw an advertisement ……………. the noticeboard.
4. They have cared for higher education in India …………. 1900.
5. I was taken aback ……….. the telegram.
6. Sudha fell ………. love with the beautiful city.
7. There were six people ………. the panel.
8. I was transferred ……….. Mumbai in June 1999.
9. She hobbled ………… the house in spotless white with one hand resting on her waist.
10. She carried several stale chapattis ……….. her for the village dogs.
11. That was a turning point ………….. our friendship.
12. She took ……… feeding sparrows in the courtyard of our city house.
13. She could not help me ……….. my lessons.
14. She lay peacefully …………. bed praying and telling her beads.
15. A peaceful pallor spread ……………. her face.
Answer:
1. for
2. of
3. on
4. since
5. by
6. in
7. on
8. to
9. about
10. with
11. in
12. to
13. with
14. in
15. on.

II. 1. She had done better than most ………… her male peers.
2. Her face was a criss-cross ……….. wrinkles.
3. She used to get up ……….. the morning and get me ready …….. school.
4. He rules ……….. a vast empire.
5. I never bothered ……… learn the prayer.
6. The driver jumped ………. of the car.
7. Studies pass ……….. the character.
8. Many a learned professor took part ………. the conference.
9. Your reply must be exact and ………… the point.
10. Discipline is a restraint ……………… liberty.
11. Discipline should not be imposed ……… physical violence and fear.
12. If you hold a position of authority, you must impose discipline yourself first.
13. You cannot have liberty ………. discipline.
14. We think more …………. liberty than ……… responsibility.
15. History teaches us the need ……………. a disciplined living.
Answer:
1. of
2. of
3. in, for
4. over
5. to
6. out
7. into
8. in
9. to
10. on
11. by
12. on
13. without
14. of, of
15. of.

III. 1. Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam has three visions …….. India.
2. Indians have never tried to enforce their way of life ………. others.
3. India must stand up …………. the world.
4. India is first ……….. milk production.
5. We are ………. the top five nations of the world in terms of GDP.
6. Her lips constantly moved ………… an inaudible prayer.
7. Do we realize that self-respect comes ……… self-reliance ?
8. I came here the day ……………. yesterday.
9. Everything in this store is ………….. sale.
10. We expect the government to do everything ………… us.
11. Let’s do what our country needs ………….. us.
12. Our conscience is mortgaged …………. money.
13. Discipline is unavoidable …………… a modern man.
14. India got its first vision ………… Freedom in 1857.
15. The earth is a treasure we hold ………… trust for our descendants.
Answer:
1. for
2. on
3. to
4. in
5. among
6. in
7. with
8. before
9. for
10. for
11. from
12. to
13. for
14. of
15. in.

IV. 1. India has made wonderful success ……….. many fields.
2. Kalam refers to our obsession …………. foreign goods.
3. We are in the habit of finding fault ………… the government.
4. Major Som Nath Sharma was honoured ……………. the Param Vir Chakra.
5. Trust …………… God and do what is right.
6. I wear a ring ………… my finger.
7. We believe …………… freedom to think.
8. A man becomes a gentleman only ……….. overcoming his weakness.
9. Globalisation leads to a better understanding ……….. nations.
10. Man has always been …………. the fear of wars.
11. The United Nations was founded ………….. the name of common people.
12. They have to survive …………. very little income.
13. Half of the human race is living ………. poverty.
14. Internal wars result ………. unfair distribution of power and wealth in a country.
15. Som Nath Sharma’s right hand was ……… plaster.
Answer:
1. in
2. with
3. with
4. with
5. in
6. on
7. in
8. by / after
9. among
10. in
11. in
12. on
13. in
14. from
15. in.

V. 1. Major Thapa and his men inflicted heavy losses …….. the enemy.
2. Abdul Hamid was enrolled ………… the grenadiers Infantry Regiment in 1954.
3. He was badly wounded ………… a highly explosive shell.
4. Vikram Batra soon rose ………… the rank of Captain.
5. He was given the task ……….. recapturing Point 5140.
6. They hurled two grenades ………….. the machine gun post.
7. Captain Vikram alone killed three enemy soldiers ……… close combat.
8. Major Som Nath’s company was sent to Badgam in Kashmir …………… a fighting patrol.
9. Water is the basis ……….. all life.
10. By cutting ………….. our forests, we have disturbed the water cycle.
11. Water bodies add ………… the beauty of nature.
12. Eyes reflect the state ………….. human mind.
13. Many people had fled ……….. Hiroshima.
14. It was built …………. the delta of the river Ota.
15. Absolute silence reigned …………. the whole city.
Answer:
1. on
2. into
3. by
4. to
5. of
6. at
7. in
8. on
9. of
10. down
11. to
12. of
13. from
14. on
15. in.

VI. 1. A new war would leave nothing worthy ……….. mention.
2. Force is not a solution ……….. man’s problems.
3. Too much has been destroyed …………. this war.
4. They were deeply moved ………. seeing those photographs.
5. They were writhing ……….. agony because of the unbearable pain of their burns.
6. Trees went ………. in flames.
7. There was left nothing ………….. burn.
8. Barb continued writing ………….. Malcolm.
9. An emergency operation was performed ………… Malcolm.
10. Malcolm called …………. to Barb in a weak tone.
11. He received from Barb a proposal ………….. marriage.
12. They went …………. a hiking trip to Balu Pass.
13. Malcolm thought there was no time ………… fear.
14. His one knee-cap was torn …………. .
15. What he saw ……………. the mirror made him sick.
Answer:
1. of
2. to
3. in
4. on
5. in
6. up
7. to
8. to
9. on
10. out
11. for
12. on
13. for
14. off
15. in.

Exercises From Grammar Book (Fully Solved)

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. The show will be over ………. 5 p.m.
2. His interview will be held ……….. Monday, 30th October.
3. Two boys quarrelled ………. the teacher had gone.
4. The new session starts ………. April.
5. They have been living here ……….. 2009.
6. We were at Shimla ……… Monday ………. Friday.
7. The hockey match was played ………. 1 p.m. ……….. 2.20 p.m.
8. They met only ……….. thirty minutes.
9. The train arrives ……….. 11 o’clock sharp.
10. Our shop opens ………. weekdays only.
Answer:
1. by
2. on
3. after
4. in
5. since
6. from, to
7. from, to
8. for
9. at
10. on.

Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. He stays ……….. Karol Bagh.
2. He spent his early life ……….. India.
3. He made his son sit ……… him and his friend on the bike.
4. Manav was sitting ……….. his mother.
5. He distributed the toffees ……….. all the children.
6. He was hiding ……….. a big board.
7. We stood ……….. the Sun Temple for a while to admire its beauty.
8. My cat was resting ……….. the table.
9. A big statue of Mahatma Gandhi has been placed ……… the Gandhi Museum.
10. The papers were scattered ………. the floor.
Answer:
1. at
2. in
3. between
4. beside
5. among
6. behind
7. in front of
8. under
9. in front of
10. on.

Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.

1. We were on our way ……….. school.
2. Winter vacations start ……….. 25th December.
3. The axe fell ……….. the canal.
4. They were running ……….. the beach.
5. Our school is ………. the temple.
6. The wheel went ……….. .
7. He will have to pay ……….. his nose.
8. We must face the challenge ………. courage.
9. You must learn the lesson ………. heart.
10. He threw the packet ……….. the wall.
Answer:
1. to
2. on
3. into
4. along
5. near
6. off
7. through
8. with
9. by
10. over.

Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. I was surprised ………. the contents of the notice.
2. He sat ……….. the sofa.
3. She was looking forward ………. your proposal.
4. The cat jumped ……….. the table.
5. I fell ……….. love with the picturesque beauty of Darjeeling.
6. Sudha was not afraid ……….. challenges.
7. Gulmohars were scattered all ……….. the fields.
8. The rat ran ……….. its hole.
9. I saw the advertisement ……… the Sunday newspaper.
10. She was transferred out ……….. Mumbai.
Answer:
1. at
2. on
3. to
4. upon
5. in
6. of
7. over
8. into
9. in
10. from.

Exercise 5
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. We walked ………. the park.
2. He lives ………. India.
3. My grandfather’s portrait hung ……….. the mantelpiece.
4. His cat was sitting ……….. the table.
5. Grandmother’s lips constantly moved ……….. prayers.
6. I was left alone …….. my village.
7. Her face was covered ………. her silver locks.
8. My school was attached ………. the village temple.
9. She used to sit ………. the temple till my school finished.
10. She hobbled ……….. the house with a stick in her hand.
Answer:
1. to / into
2. in
3. over
4. under
5. in
6. at / in
7. by
8. to
9. in
10. about.

Exercise 6
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. I used to get up early ……….. the morning.
2. A brisk walk is best ……….. the heart.
3. Some books are ……… be tasted, while others are to be read ……… parts.
4. You should not take things ………. granted.
5. Some students were reading books ………. the library.
6. Books serve ………. delight and ornament.
7. He is good ………. studies.
8. We will be free ……….. the end of the day.
9. Francis Bacon wrote an essay ……….. the importance of studies.
Answer:
1. in
2. for
3. to, in
4. for
5. in
6. for
7. at
8. at / by
9. on.

Exercise 7
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. The children climbed ……….. the wall.
2. We watched the match ……… a big screen.
3. He answered some ……….. the questions only.
4. Wasan was admitted ……….. the class.
5. We must pray ……….. God.
6. I have no interest ………. games.
7. Kalam had three visions ……….. India.
8. I believe ……….. equality.
9. Discipline is important ……….. success.
10. He was worried ……….. the results of the competition.
Answer:
1. up
2. on
3. of
4. to
5. to
6. in
7. for
8. in
9. for
10. about.

Exercise 8
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. He was moving ……….. the stage.
2. Kalam would not rest ………. he achieved his aim.
3. The students stood ……… the Taj for some time to admire its beauty.
4. We remained seated ………. the entire performance.
5. Self-respect comes ……….. self-reliance.
6. I could see only his head ………. the water.
7. I parked my car exactly ……….. the bridge.
8. I waited for him ……….. 5.00 p.m. and then left for my walk.
9. Cubs were jostling ……….. each other.
10. We should wash our hands ………. the meals.
Answer:
1. towards
2. till
3. in front of
4. through
5. from
6. above
7. under
8. till
9. with
10. before.

Exercise 9
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. I have been waiting for you ……… 11.00 a.m.
2. He has been visiting our place ………. many weeks now.
3. They have lived here ……….. 2015.
4. You must learn ……….. stand ………. yourself.
5. The meeting was held ……….. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
6. He got a deep cut ……….. his right hand.
7. Both the vehicles collided …….. each other.
8. The plane flew ……….. the fields.
9. Children generally quarrel ………. themselves over trifles.
10. India is ………. the top five nations of the world.
Answer:
9. 1. since
2. for
3. since
4. to, for
5. from
6. on
7. against
8. over
9. among
10. among.

Exercise 10
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. His car knocked ………. the pillar and overturned.
2. The crowd pressed ……….. the gate.
3. Captain Vikram Batra stormed ………. the enemy.
4. Major Som Nath Sharma laid down his life ………. the nation.
5. Indian troops were airlifted ……….. Srinagar.
6. Flying Officer Nirmaljit exposed himself ……….. danger.
7. The aeroplane flew ……….. the clouds.
8. Indian soldiers displayed highest bravery ……….. the battle.
9. Captain Batra led his company ……….. victory.
10. Our soldiers inflicted heavy casualties ………. the enemy.
Answer:
10. 1. against
2. against
3. at
4. for
5. from / to
6. to
7. over / under
8. in
9. to
10. on.

Exercise 11
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. We can see ……….. clear water.
2. We should leave the natural resources ……….. future generations.
3. Rivers have been flowing ……….. ages.
4. Forests are essential ……….. human life too.
5. Saving our environment is the need ……….. the hour.
6. Many parts of Punjab are on the verge ………. becoming a desert.
7. Many cities were developed ……… the banks of rivers.
8. Man has always longed ……….. the imaginary elixir of life.
9. We must take steps ………. preserve it.
10. People should be educated ……….. the adverse effects of globalization.
Answer:
1. through
2. for
3. for
4. for
5. of
6. of
7. on
8. for
9. to
10. about.

Exercise 12
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. U.S. forces dropped atomic bombs …….. Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2. A soldier renders selfless service ………. his nation.
3. Violence is not a solution ……… any problem.
4. Man must learn ………. love.
5. Many animals hunt ………. night.
6. I requested the commander ……….. explain the situation of the patients.
7. I waited ……….. the doctor.
8. ……. attending to the patients, he gave them medicines also.
9. General Fitch took ……….. his glasses after reading the telegram.
10. The nurse was attending ………. the sick people.
Answer:
1. on
2. to
3. to
4. to
5. at
6. to
7. for
8. While
9. off
10. on.

Exercise 13
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. Malcolm was walking ………. a creek.
2. He saw the grizzly ……… a distance of a few yards.
3. The grizzly pounced ……….. Barb.
4. Malcolm was standing ……… the grizzly and Barb.
5. She kept slipping ……….. the ice.
6. Grizzly grabbed him ………. both hands.
7. She squeezed him ………. her chest.
8. Barb burst ……….. tears.
9. There was no time ……….. fear.
10. Barb did not give ………. on Malcolm.
Answer:
1. along
2. at
3. on
4. between
5. on
6. with
7. against
8. into
9. for
10. up.

Exercise 14
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. Nobody warned us ………. the dangers of pollution.
2. He never thought I would be ready ……….. the challenge.
3. The new law prohibits us ……….. drinking while driving.
4. Will you wait ………… your turn ?
5. The teacher handed ……….. the answer sheets ……… the students.
6. The Prime Minister was very keen ……… reforms.
7. BMW has recalled many cars because ………. some technical fault.
8. The policeman was walking ………. the street at night.
9. People of India know how ……….. welcome a guest.
10. Swami Vivekananda influenced millions of people ………. the world.
Answer:
1. aganist
2. for
3. from
4. for
5. ovet, to
6. on
7. of
8. on/about
9. to
10. around.

Exercise 15
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. He was looking ……….. the board.
2. The haze prevented me ……… seeing the train.
3. She complained ……….. headache.
4. I could not agree ………. his proposal.
5. There is no exception ………. the rules of traffic.
6. They fought ……….. the last round.
7. Swami’s father was shocked ………. his behaviour.
8. I insist ………. his speaking the truth.
9. He was sorry ………. the delay.
10. My friend is a professor ………. profession.
Answer:
1. at
2. from
3. of
4. to
5. to
6. till
7. at
8. on
9. for
10. by.

Exercise 16
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. Children are generally fond ………. laddoos.
2. A drowning man catches ……….. a straw.
3. We are now ………. good terms with each other.
4. He has not come to my house ……….. many days.
5. It is difficult ……….. convince him.
6. He knew that he was ……….. fault.
7. Maharana Pratap fought tooth and nail ……….. the Mughals.
8. Shivaji fought ……… his motherland.
9. He fell a victim ……….. drinking. 10. Her voice is familiar ………. me.
Answer:
1. of
2. at
3. on
4. for
5. to
6. at
7. against
8. for
9. to
10. to.

Exercise 17
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. The child was clinging ……….. his mother.
2. He wrote a letter ……….. his friend.
3. She closed the door ……….. him.
4. Always be kind ……….. children.
5. I am pleased ……….. her.
6. Write ……….. ink.
7. I don’t care a fig ……….. him.
8. He ran short ……….. money.
9. We haven’t met ………. last week.
10. Her efforts were rewarded ………. success.
Answer:
1. to
2. to
3. upon / after
4. to
5. with
6. in
7. for
8. of
9. since
10. with.

Exercise 18
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. This book is superior ……….. that.
2. I congratulated her ……….. her success.
3. He will deliver the mail ………. you.
4. The postman delivered the letter ……….. my home.
5. The man was leaning ……….. the wall.
6. I will get ………. the difficulties.
7. I wished him a speedy recovery ……….. illness.
8. She takes pride ………. her beauty.
9. My office is opposite ……….. the post office.
10. I never exempted him ……….. class.
Answer:
1. to
2. on
3. to
4. at
5. against
6. over
7. from
8. in
9. to
10. from.

Exercise 19
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. She belongs ……….. a poor family.
2. Beware ………. stray dogs.
3. One should never boast ……… one’s knowledge.
4. He appealed ……….. the public for keeping the area clean.
5. My bed is made ……… teak wood.
6. I was not angry ……….. her.
7. Mr. Verma is sure ……….. his success.
8. He was anxious ……….. his son’s safety.
9. He believes ……….. fair dealing.
10. I solved the problem ………. any difficulty.
Answer:
1. to
2. of
3. of
4. to
5. of
6. with
7. of
8. about
9. in
10. without.

Exercise 20
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

1. We go to office ……….. our official car.
2. He works in the factory ……… 8.30 a.m. ………. 4.30. p.m.
3. The boy hid himself ………. the tree.
4. He was found sleeping ……….. the class.
5. His mobile fell ……….. the water tank.
6. Sweets were distributed ………. the street children.
7. There is a cinema hall in front ………. his office.
8. The river is flowing ……… the danger mark.
9. Always hope ……… the best.
10. Always be positive ………. life.
Answer:
1. by
2. from, to
3. behind
4. in
5. into
6. among
7. of
8. above
9. for
10. in.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class English Book Solutions English Message Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 11th Class English Message Writing

A messsage is a piece of information, news, request, etc. sent to somebody in writing, speech, by telephone, etc. Telephone is the quickest means of sending a message. Sometimes it so happens that a message is received on telephone, but the person for whom the message is meant is not at hand. So someone else has to receive it. And if he himself has to go out, he has to leave in writing the message for the person for whom it is meant.

Always Remember :

1. Address need not be given in a written message.
2. Salutation should be very brief (e.g. Dear Uncle).
3. Date and time of penning down the message should be given.
4. Mention Clearly mention the name of the person from whom the message was received.
5. Only important points should be written.
6. The language used should be very clear and comprehensible.
7. Nothing should be added of your own.

A specimen of message writing

Read the following telephonic conversation between Mrs Gupta and Surinder. Mrs Gupta is about to leave home and won’t be able to meet her son, Sanjay. She leaves a message for him. Write this message in your answer sheet in not more than 50 words. Put your message in a box.

The telephone rings and Mrs Gupta lifts the receiver.
Mrs Gupta : Hello ?
Suriner : Hello, could I speak to Sanjay ? This is Surinder.
Mrs Gupta : He’s not at home, dear. He has gone out with one of his friends.
Suriner : Oh, what a pity ! Aunty, we have arranged a cricket match this morning and we want him to play on our side. He’s such a good player. Please tell him to reach Kotla Grounds as soon as he comes. We shall be waiting for him.
Mrs Gupta : I won’t be able to meet him, but I’ll leave your message.
Suriner : Thanks, Aunty. Please don’t forget.
Mrs Gupta : Oh, never. Rest assured.

Examination-Style Examples of Messages

1. Read the following notes from the notepad of Shri M.A. Khan, the Principal of Samson Public School, Srinagar. He asks his assistant to draft a message on his behalf for Mr Q.M. Sagar, the Vice-Principal of the school. Using the information from the notepad, draft the message.

• Request attend urgent meeting
• Meeting in my office – 10 a.m. – today
• Agenda – planning for a two-week excursion to Gangotri
• Duration – 2 weeks – summer vacation
• Inform – class teachers of X, XI & XII : – should attend meeting

Answer:
Message

8 April 20 ……
8.30 a.m.

Mr QM. Sgyar
( Vice-Principal)

You’ are requested to attend an urgent meeting along with the clars teachers of X, XI and XII in my office* at 10 a,.m. today to discuss the agenda regarding planning for a tun-ureeh excursion, to gangotri, during summer vacation, Teachers are reguasted to take their seats by 9.50 a,.m. sharp.

M.A. Khan
(Principal)

2. You are Miss Shahida. You received a telephone call from Mr Vivek who informs you to tell Mr Rashid, your brother, that a cricket match is arranged this morning and his participation is a must. You leave a message for Rashid. Write this message in not more than 50 words. Put your message in a box.
Answer:
Message From Vivek

16 March 20 ……..
7.30 a,.m.
Rashid,

There mas a, callfor you,from Mr Vivek. He monied to tellyou, that a, cricket match has been arranged this morning and your participation, in it is a, must.

Shahida

3. Read the given sample and complete the message suitably:
You wish to inform your mother, who hasn’t come home from duty, that you are going to your friend’s house to prepare a class project with her / him. Inform her about this, requesting her to phone you up as soon as she gets home, and also tell her about your time to return.
Answer:
Message

14 September 20 ……
5.30 p.m.
Mom,

I am gouty to my friend Naseewis house to prepare a, class projest with huso. Please ring me up at my mobile number as soon as yon get homefrom duty. It’ll take me a, couple of hours before I am able to finish the project. However, l hope to be bask, before 8.00 p.m.

Anwar

4. Read the following notes from the notepad of Shri Ramnath, Principal of Secondary School, Ram Nagar. He asks his assistant to draft a message on his behalf for the class representatives and the staff secretary. Using the information from the notepad, draft the message in not more than 50 words. Put the message in a box.

• Growing tendency of not attending the school regularly.
• Sending applications with one or the other excuse.
• Indiscipline created there by
• All the class representatives and the staff secretary to attend the meeting.

Answer:
Message from the Principal
(For all Class Representatives and the Staff Secretary)

18 May 20 …..
11.30 a.m.

A growing tendency of net attending the school regularly has been noticed among me students and some members of the staff Applications for leave are sent wide one excuse or the other. It leads to the creation of indiscipline. To check this tendency, a, meeting will be held in the Principal’s office today in the recess period. All class representatives and the staff secretary should make it a point to attend the meeting.

For Principal
(P.A. to Principal)

5. You are Sonal, who has arrived at the New Delhi railway station to board the Shatabdi Express to Ludhiana. You hear the following announcement. Write a message to be sent to your father through your driver. Use not more than 50 words. Put the message in a box.

This is for the attention of all the passengers of the Shatabdi Express bound for Ludhiana scheduled to arrive at 6.55 a.m. The Shatabdi Express has derailed 20 kilometres from here. Please note that the Howrah Express that leaves the New Delhi railway station at 8.30 a.m, will carry all the passengers to their destination. You are requested not to buy a new ticket. Your ticket for the Shatabdi Express holds valid and at par for the Howrah Express. Additional coaches are being attached to the Howrah Express to accommodate passengers of the Shatabdi Express.
Answer:
Message

15 June 20 ……
6:40 a,m.
Respected Father

I shall be, going by the, Howrah, Express instead of the, Shatabdi Express. When, I resulted, the, New Delhi, railway station, to board, the, Shatabdi Express, it was announced, that the, train had, derailed, 20 kilometres from, here,. Ail the, Shatabdi passengers bound for Ludhiana, are now being accommodated in the Howrah, Express that will leone at 8.30 hrs. Till then, I shall be waiting at the station itself. And I am sending the driver bash.

Your Coving daughter
Sonal

6. Mr Ujwal, the Managing Director of Ceramics India Ltd., asks his P.A. to draft a message for Mr Ramesh, the P.R.O. of his company. Use the following information in the M.D.’s notepad to draft the message. Put the message in a box. Your answer Should be in not more than 50 words.

• Two dignitaries arriving from Delhi on 4th April.
• Accommodation to be booked in a five-star hotel.
• Show them around the factory.
• Book return tickets for the 6th of April.

CERAMICS INDIA LTD.
UJWAL JAIN (MANAGING DIRECTOR)
MESSAGE FOR MR RAMESH (P.R.O.)

27 March 20……..

Two dignitaries are* arriving prom, Delhi an/ 4th April to visit our factory. Please/ arrange/ to booh suitable/ accommodationfor them/ ire a five/-star hotel of ike/ city. Also shour them/ around the/ factory at any time’ convenient to them/. They will be staying here/for two days. Also, booh their return/ tickets for the/ 6th of April.

Nitish
(P.A. to M.D.)

7. Read the following notes from the notepad of Mr Ram Nath, Principal, Secondary School, Ram Nagar. He asks his Office Superintendent to draft a message on his behalf for the Staff Secretary and the class representatives. Using the information from the notepad, draft the message in not more than 50 words. Put the message in a box.

• Growing cases of bunking / missing class without any solid reason.
• Most truants found in parks, cinema halls or wandering on the roads.
• Indiscipline on the rise.
• Strict measures needed.
• All class representatives and the staff secretary to attend the meeting in my office at 10.30 a.m. tomorrow.

Answer:

MESSAGE
FOR ALL CLASS REPRESENTATIVES AND THE STAFF SECRETARY

18 May 20 ……….
11 : 30 am

A growing tendency of bunking / missing classes has been noticed among the students. Most of such truants are seen Cohering in parks, cinema/ halls, etc. It leads to the creation of indiscipline. To check this tendency, a/meeting will beheld in the Principal’s office tomorrour at 1030 am. All class representatives and the staff secretary should make it a point to attend the meeting.

Far Principal
(Office Superintendent)

Exercise From Grammar Book (Fully Solved)

Read the following telephonic conversation and write the message.
Kunaal : Hello, can I speak to Jasmine ?
Saina : Hello, Jasmine is not at home. I am her friend.
Kunaal : Would you please give my message to her ?
Saina : I will. Please tell me what do you want me to tell her ?
Kunaal : Kindly tell her we shall be visiting her office tomorrow at 11.00 for accounts inspection. She should keep her records ready.
Saina : I will convey your message to her.
Answer:
MESSAGE

ZS August 20 ……..
Jasmine,

Mr Kunaal rang up to inform you, that they unit be inciting your office tomorrow out 11.00 a.m. for accounts inspection. You have to keep- your records ready.

Saina.

2. Read the following telephonic conversation and write the message.

Mrs. Gupta : Hello, am I speaking to Seema ?
Maid : Good morning, madam. Memsahib is not at home. I am her maid.
Mrs. Gupta : Will you convey my message to her ?
Maid : Please tell me, madam.
Mrs. Gupta : Please tell her that my son is getting engaged on this Saturday. The marriage ceremony is going to be solemnized at Hotel Taj, Mumbai, on coming Monday at 7.00 p.m. She, along with her family, is invited to attend the ceremony. Her attendance will be highly appreciated.
Maid : I will convey your message.
Mrs. Gupta : Thanks.
Answer:
MESSAGE

14 July 20 ……….
Memsahib,

There was a call from Mrs (Jupta. Her souls engagement is taking place on this Saturday. Marriage ceremony will be solemnuced at Hotel Tag, Mumbai, on the coming Monday at 7.00 p.m. You are inmted to attend true ceremony with family. Your attendance will be highly appreciated.

Maid.

MESSAGE-WRITING TASKS FOR PRACTICE

1. You are Nanny / Namit. In her absence, your sister Reema’s boss makes a Telephone call. He tells you to pass on the following message to Reema which you note down on the notepad.

• Extension of her leave not approved
• Must report to office on Monday morning
• Important contract has to be signed
• Documents have to be ready by lunch-time on Monday.

You have to leave for a party, so you decide to leave the message. Write down the message for Reena in not more than 50 words.

2. Mr Vikram Batra, the Managing Director of Oswal Mills, asks his P.A. to draft a message for Mr Rajan Jain, the RR.O. of his company. Use the following information to draft the message. Put the message in a box. Your answer should be in not more than 50 words.

• Two dignitaries arriving from Mumbai on 14th August.
• Accommodation to be booked in Hayat Regency.
• Show them around the mill.
• Book return tickets for the 16th August.

3. Read the following telephonic conversation between Kusha and Armaan. Armaan will not be able to meet Moksh. He leaves a message for him. Write this message, using not more than 50 words. Put the’ message in a box.

Kusha : Hello ! Hello ! I am Kusha from Chandigarh. Can I speak to Moksh ? I am his sister.
Armaan : Hello ! Kusha, I am Armaan, Moksh’s colleague. Moksh is on leave today. Can I take a message ?
Kusha : Yes, Armaan. I am coming to Delhi tomorrow. Ask him to pick me up at the airport. I have an interview for the post of Scientist at NPL on the day after tomorrow.
Armaan : Which flight are you coming on ?
Kusha : It is the Jetline flight which arrives there at 7:15 in the morning. I am also bringing along that big box which contains his books. I hope it won’t be any trouble for you.
Armaan : Not at all. I will leave a message on his table. Okay, Kusha.
Kusha : Thank you Armaan. Bye.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class English Book Solutions English Advertisement Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 11th Class English Advertisement Writing

An advertisement is a message carried in one of the various forms of ‘media’ such as newspapers and magazines, radio and television, and the posters and neon signs that we see in the marketplaces. The purpose of most advertisements is to persuade a particular audience or a group of people to buy the product or service offered by the advertiser.

There are, of course, many kinds of advertisements each with a different purpose. Some advertisements are simply informative. The ‘small ads’ columns in the local newspapers, for example, may contain information of items for sale. They include a simple description of the item, but do not normally use the techniques of persuasive advertising. Some advertisements may try to promote a cause or an idea. For example, there are posters carrying messages such as ‘Big Benefits from Small Savings’ or ‘Protect Your Environment’.

The following points should be kept in mind while drafting an advertisement :

1. It shouldn’t be too cluttered.
2. It should be simple and to the point.
3. It should be worded beautifully and tastefully.
4. The name of the advertiser and of the advertised product should be given in bold / capital letters.
5. A business advertisement should never be too lengthy. It should be as brief as possible.
6. The modern reader has neither the time nor the patience to go through lengthy write-ups. Therefore, an advertisement should be short, crisp and pithy.

Examination-Style Examples of Advertisements

(1) You want to sell a typewriter. Write a suitable advertisement to be published in the ‘For Sale’ column of a newspaper.
Answer:
FOR SALE

A Godrej refrigerator, 2005 model, excellent condition. Intending buyers may call at the office of SHARMA ELECTRICALS, Model Town, Ludhiana, between 3 p,m. and 5 p.m. on any working day.

(2) You are Manoj / Abha of 354, Upkar Nagar, Ludhiana. You want to sell the first floor of your newly constructed house. Draft an advertisement in not more than 50 words for publication in ‘The Indian Express’ under their classified column, marked ‘Property for Sale’. Include all relevant details like location, type of accommodation and contact address including telephone number, etc.
Answer:
PROPERTY FOR SALE

The first floor of our newly constructed house in Upkar Nagar is available for sale, as detailed below:
A two-room set with marble flooring and attached bathrooms – a spacious kitchen, a sitting room and a lobby. The balcony overlooks a beautiful public park. Stairs leading to the floor are quite separate, not connected with any other set. For further details, please contact : Manoj Kumar 354, Upkar Nagar, Ludhiana, Phone 5743713.

(3) You are Prashant / Purnima of 202, Laxmi Nagar, Moga. You lost your briefcase while travelling by bus from Moga to Ludhiana. The briefcase contains some valuable documents, including your Board Certificate for All India Secondary School Examination. Draft a notification in not more than 50 words to be published in ‘The Indian Express’ under their column ‘Lost and Found’. Include all necessary details about the lost briefcase to establish your claim.
Answer:
LOST AND FOUND

While travelling by bus from Moga to Ludhiana, I lost my briefcase which contains some valuable documents. It has also my Board Certificate for All India Secondary School Examination. The briefcase is light brown in colour and is of the VIP make. The finder is requested to return it to my address at my cost.

Prashant
202, Laxmi Nagar,
Moga.

(4) You need a stenographer for your office. Write a brief and to-the-point advertisement for the ‘Situations Vacant’ column of a local newspaper.
Answer:
SITUATIONS VACANT

Wanted an experienced stenographer for our Delhi office. Candidate must be a graduate who can handle office correspondence independently. Salary according to qualifications and experience. Apply within 7 days to P.O. Box No. 15020, Amritsar – 110006.

(5) You have recently started a centre for personality development for schoolchildren. Draft an advertisement to be published in a local daily about it, giving all relevant details.
Answer:
NEW AGE CENTRE FOR PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

An ideal centre to help boys and girls of all age groups to develop their personality through interactive activities. Special emphasis is given on developing a logical and healthy attitude in the solution of problems. Equal importance is given to the development of body and mind. Duration of course:
6 months. Consolidated fees : Rs 5000/-.

(6) You are Ashok / Ashita of Model Town, Patiala. You have got a foreign assignment and would be going abroad soon. You have a television set and a refrigerator to sell. Draft a suitable advertisement to be published in the classified columns of ‘Hindustan Times’, Delhi.
Answer:
FOR SALE

A Videocon television set and a Kelvinator refrigerator, both of 2013 model, in excellent condition. Owner going abroad shortly. Intending buyers may please contact-

Ashita
545, Model Town, Patiala.

(7) You are the General Manager of Brakes & Brakes India Limited. You want to appoint two sales representatives for your company. Give an advertisement to be published in the classified columns of a local daily.
Answer:
WANTED SALES REPRESENTATIVES

Brakes and Brakes (India) Limited require two young, efficient and hard-working sales representatives to work for the company. Candidates should have an impressive personality and should be able to converse in Hindi and English fluently. Salary and other perks to be commensurate with the candidates abilities. Applications with complete curriculum vitae should reach the General Manager by the 30th of this month.

Brakes and Brakes (India) Ltd
Focal Point, Ludhiana.

(8) Ravi Menon of 54/7, Vasant Kunj, wishes to let out his house. He drafts an advertisement for publication in the ‘To Let’ section of a newspaper, giving the location, type of accommodation, rent expected and contact address. Write the advertisement in not more than 50 words.
Answer:
TO LET

A newly built spacious house in Urban Estate Gokul, is available on rent. It is a three-room set with attached toilet for each room. Provision for car parking also exists. Beautiful lawn in the front and also in the rear of the nouse. Expected rent. Rs 4500/- per month.

Contact : Ravi Menon, 54/7, Vasant Kunj – between 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. – any day of the week.

(9) You are the General Manager of a leading industrial concern. You need a Chartered Accountant for your office. Draft an advertisement in not more than 50 words to be published in ‘Times of India’, New Delhi, under the classified columns.
Answer:
SITUATIONS VACANT

Wanted a Chartered Accountant for our Delhi office. Candidates must have an experience of minimum 5 years in auditing. Salary no bar for deserving candidates. Apply within 7 days to the General Manager, Rogues & Crooks Ltd., Deep Nagar, Ludhiana.

Exercise From Grammar Book (Fully Solved)

(1) Draft an advertisement for a Washing Machine.
Answer:
SAMINA WASHING MACHINE

Get rid of your stress and troublesome hours in a few minutes with Samina’s range of best washing machines. Seamless features as 350-degree Turbo-Jet Technology. One-Key spin, Fuzzy Logic and many others. It will surely take the burden off your shoulders. Available in three models to suit every budget-
→ Fully Automatic Top Load – 10400/-
→ Fully Automatic Front Load – 12490/-
→ Semi Automatic – 8890/-

(2) Draft an advertisement for a Furniture Exhibition.
Answer:
The First Indian International Furniture Exhibition in Delhi
All World Class Furniture On Display
Venue – Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
Phase I – 18-21 March 20_ _
Phase II – 28-31 March 20_ _
Book Stalls Now

(3) Write an advertisement for the Mysore Silk Saree Centre, offering festival discounts.
Answer:
MYSORE SILK SAREE CENTRE

Spoil yourself with fabulous silk sarees available at Mysore Silk Saree Centre. Sarees of all leading brands available. Reasonable prices. Go east, go west, only we have the best. Special 40% festival discount offer on Dussehra and Diwali. So what are you waiting for ? Visit today.

Address
434, Booth Market, Mysore (Karnataka)
# 0821 – 1234567, 9888123456

(4) Draft an advertisement for a new HD TV Showroom.
Answer:
Navrang Electrovision
Now
Open In Your City Your Long Wait is Over

All HD LED TV Brands – Panasonic, LG, Sony, Toshiba, Videocon, etc. available with us:
All Leading Brands
Under One Roof.
VISIT TODAY
Address
425, Samrala Road, Ludhiana.

(5) Draft an advertisement for ‘The Leather Shop – an all-leather store’.
Answer:
THE LEATHER SHOP
An All-Leather Store in Your City
Real Leather, Not Rexin
Guarantee of Genuineness
Leather Belts, Leather Shoes, Leather Purses and Wallets,
Jackets Also Available Here.
Kindly Visit Soon.
Very Reasonable Prices.

Address
136, Gol Market, Jamalpur, Ludhiana.
Phone Nos. 0161-2670008, 9000007890

(6) Draft an advertisement for admission to various engineering and management courses being offered by an institute of engineering and management.
Answer:
POTHOHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
(Approved by AICTE and Affilliated to Thapar University of Engineering and Management)

REGISTRATION FOR ADMISSION TO ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT COURSES OPEN NOW

MANAGEMENT COURSES
1. B.B.A (all streams)
2. M.B.A (all streams)
3. PGDBM
4. D.B.M

ENGINEERING COURSES
1. Civil Engineering
2. Electrical Engineering
3. B. Tech., M. Tech.
4. Mechanical Engineering
5. Computer Science & Engineering
6. Electronics & Telecommunication

www.piem.com

(7) Draft an advertisement for high-speed Eco-Bikes – an alternative means of transport.
Answer:
‘Lapero’
India’s First Eco-Bike
Now Launched
Say Bye-Bye to Pollution

Features:

• Korean Tyres
• Alloy Rims
• High-end Battery
• 100 Km Per Charge
• 6-Speed Gear Box
• Digital Display
• Disc Brakes

Price : 55600/-

(8) Draft an advertisement for an electric car.
Answer:
‘Chanta Figore’
India’s First Electric Car
Now Available at Its Exclusive Showrooms

Features:

• Electronic Engine
• Top Speed-135 kmph
• 29.8 kw Electric Motor
• 155 km per charge
• Kerb Weight- 1516 kgs.
• Single-Speed Gearbox

(9) Draft an advertisement for ‘Swachh Bharat Mission in rural areas.
Answer:

(10) Draft an advertisement for a store of affordable Ayurvedic Products.
Answer:
Arihant Ayurveda Store

• All Types of Ayurvedic Products Available
• All Leading Brands Like Patanjali, Baidyanath, Dabur, Deendayal.
• Very affordable rates.
• A Qualified Ayurvedacharya Available for Consultation
• Say ‘Yes’ to Ayurveda and ‘No’ to Harmful Chemicals

Advertisement-Writing Tasks for Practice

1. Write out a paragraph advertisement, for release in a family magazine, to promote a new toothpaste being made by the company you are working for.
2. You want to sell your television set. Draft a suitable advertisement in about 50 words to be published in the ‘For Sale’ column of a newspaper.
3. You want to seek a suitable match for your sister who is an M.A. in English and is working as a college lecturer. Draft a suitable advertisement for the Matrimonial column of a local daily.
4. On transfer to a far-flung area, you want to dispose of some of your household items. Draft a suitable advertisement in about 50 words for insertion in the ‘For Sale’ column of a newspaper.
5. You are an athletics coach just returned from the U.S.A. You require a job. You are XYZ. Your phone number is 6663232, Moga. Write out an advertisement for a newspaper.
6. You have lost your pet dog. Draft a suitable advertisement in about 50 words to be published in the ‘Lost and Found’ column of a newspaper.

Punjab State Board PSEB 11th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Use of Words as Different Parts of Speech Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 11th Class English Grammar Use of Words as Different Parts of Speech

Use of the Same Word as Noun, Verb and Adjective (From Textbook)

1. All – (Noun) I lost my all in this business.
– (Adjective) All the boys reached the playground.
2. Above – (Noun) These orders have come from above.
– (Adjective) Read the above passage.
3. Attack – (Noun) We are ready to face any attack.
– (Verb) He attacked his enemy.
4. Arm – (Noun) It is my left arm.
– (Verb) Pakistan has armed herself with dangerous weapons
5. Address – (Noun) I don’t know your present address.
– (Verb) The Principal addressed the students.

6. Answer – (Noun) Give a short answer to this question.
– (Verb) He answered the question correctly.
7. Air – (Noun) Fresh air is useful for health.
– (Verb) The mattress needs to be aired.
– (Adjective) She is an air hostess.
8. Back – (Noun) I have pain in my back.
– (Verb) He backed my proposal.
– (Adjective) He came through the back door.
9. Book – (Noun) I have read this book.
– (Verb) Have you booked your passage to London ?
10. Brave – (Noun) Fortune favours the brave.
– (Verb) We braved all the dangers.
– (Adjective) He is a brave soldier.
11. Bell – (Noun) The peon is ringing the bell.
– (Verb) Who will bell the cat ?
12. Beat – (Noun) I heard the beat of a drum.
– (Verb) Why did you beat my brother ?
13. Conduct – (Noun) His conduct was quite satisfactory.
– (Verb) Who conducted this meeting ?
14. Chance – (Noun) He has no chance of success.
– (Verb) I chanced to meet an old friend at Delhi.
– (Adjective) It was just a chance meeting.
15. Change – (Noun) Change is the law of nature.
– (Verb) He has changed his programme.
16. Care – (Noun) You should take care of your health.
– (Verb) I do not care for what he says.
17. Cost – (Noun) The cost of living is very high these days.
– (Verb) How much did this book cost you ?
– (Adjective) What is the cost price of this machine ?
18. Cure – (Noun) There is no cure for cancer.
– (Verb) This medicine will cure you.
19. Dead – (Noun) It is useless to grieve over the dead.
– (Adjective) I saw a dead man lying on the road.
20. Down – (Noun) I have seen many ups and downs in my life.
– (Verb) He downed his opponent with a sliding trick.
– (Adjective) The down trains are mostly late.
21. Death – (Noun) Death does not spare anyone.
– (Adjective) The arrival of television dealt a death blow to mass cinema audiences.
22. Danger – (Noun) Life here is full of dangers.
– (Adjective) The river was flowing above the danger mark.
23. Dry – (Adjective) The weather is dry today.
– (Verb) This lake dries up in summer.
24. Dirty – (Adjective) Your hands are dirty.
– (Verb) Do not dirty your clothes.
25. Enough – (Noun) We have enough of food with us.
– (Verb) The poor cannot get enough food.
26. End – (Noun) There was no end to our difficulties.
– (Verb) Communal riots must end now.
27. Eye – (Noun) We see with our eyes.
– (Verb) He eyed me with anger.
28. Finish – (Noun) Our army fought to a finish.
– (Verb) Finish your work quickly.
29. Face – (Noun) Wash your face.
– (Verb) He has faced many difficulties in his life.
– (Adjective) Rani uses face cream to look pretty.
30. Fall – (Noun) Pride hath a fall.
– (Verb) Prices will fall if we produce more.
31. Fire – (Noun) The police opened fire on the crowd.
– (Verb) The hunter fired at the tiger.
32. Fine – (Noun) The Principal did not remit his fine.
– (Verb) The latecomers were fined.
– (Adjective) It is very fine today.
33. Fight – (Noun) There was a fight between Ram and Sham.
– (Verb) We should fight against the dowry system.

34. Floor – (Noun) He lives on the second floor of the house.
– (Verb) No one can floor Sham in debate.
35. Ground – (Noun) Our plans fell to the ground.
– (Verb) The teacher grounded his pupils in algebra.
– (Adjective) He lives on the ground floor.
36. Hand – (Noun) Wash your hands.
– (Verb) He has handed over the charge.
37. Honour – (Noun) I have a great honour for my teachers.
– (Verb) Patriots are always honoured.
37. Head – (Noun) Who is the head of your family ?
– (Verb) The procession was headed by the police band.
– (Adjective) Atma Ram is our head clerk.
38. House – (Noun) I want a house to live in.
– (Verb) Our college is housed in a rented building.
– (Adjective) The house owner was a very noble person.
39. Help – (Noun) I thank you for your help.
– (Verb) We should help the poor.
40. Heat – (Noun) Fire gives us heat.
– (Verb) Electricity heats our rooms.
41. Hit – (Noun) It was a fine hit.
– (Verb) He hit upon a plan.
– (Adjective) His uncle is on the hit list of the extremists.
42. Import – (Noun) The report calls for a ban on the import of hazardous waste.
– (Verb) We import many things from America.
43. Idle – (Noun) The idle fail in their life.
– (Verb) Do not idle away your precious time.
– (Adjective) Sohan is an idle boy.
44. Leave – (Noun) I applied to the Principal for leave.
– (Verb) He will leave for Delhi tomorrow.
45. Lead – (Noun) Gandhiji gave us a lead in the struggle for freedom.
– (Verb) Where does this road lead to ?
– (Adjective) It is a lead pencil.
46. Look – (Noun) I am afraid of his angry looks.
– (Verb) Look at the blackboard.
47. Lock – (Noun) He has lost his lock.
– (Verb) Lock the room.
48. Long – (Noun) Tell me the long and short of this matter.
– (Verb) He longs to see his parents.
– (Adjective) He had to cover a long distance.
49. Man – (Noun) We shall fight to the last man.
– (Verb) Who will man the ship ?
50. Mind – (Noun) Please keep it in your mind.
– (Verb) Mind your own business, please.
51. Milk – (Noun) I take milk every morning.
– (Verb) Milk the cow.
– (Adjective) I want some milk powder.
52. Mean – (Noun) I always follow the golden mean.
– (Verb) I mean what I say.
– (Adjective) He is a mean person.
53. Need – (Noun) I am in need of money.
– (Verb) I need your help at this time.
54. Open – (Noun) Always play in the open.
– (Verb) Open the door.
– (Adjective) It is an open space.
55. Offer – (Noun) He jumped at my offer of help.
– (Verb) I offered him a bunch of flowers.
56. Order – (Noun) We must obey the orders of our seniors.
– (Verb) I ordered a bunch of flowers.
– (Adjective) I have lost my order book.
57. Post – (Noun) I am satisfied with my present post.
– (Verb) Post this letter, please.
– (Adjective) His father works in the local post office
58. Place – (Noun) This is a new place for me.
– (Verb) He placed the whole matter before me.
59. Poor – (Noun) The rich should help the poor.
– (Verb) She is a poor woman.
60. Reply – (Noun) He has sent me no reply.
– (Verb) He did not reply my letter.
61. Round – (Noun) Let us have a round of cards.
– (Verb) He rounded his lips in anger.
– (Adjective) The earth is round.
62. Result – (Noun) His result has been declared today.
– (Verb) His carelessness will result in his failure.
– (Adjective) This is my result card.
63. Respect – (Noun) We should pay respect to our elders.
– (Verb) We should respect our teachers.
64. Rule – (Noun) All of us must obey the rule of the road.
– (Verb) He ruled out my suggestion.
65. Right – (Noun) We must fight for our rights.
– (Verb) Every wrong should be righted.
– (Adjective) This is my right hand.
66. Reach – (Noun) It is beyond my reach.
– (Verb) We reached the station in time.
67. Risk – (Noun) He ran the risk of his life.
– (Verb) He risked his life and saved the drowning boy.
68. Ring – (Noun) He will buy a ring for his wife.
– (Verb) The peon rings the bell.
69. Silence – (Noun) There was perfect silence in the classroom.
– (Verb) The teacher silenced the boys.
70. Stand – (Noun) He was criticized for his tough stand on immigration
– (Verb) Will you please stand up ?
71. Second – (Noun) I shall come back in a second.
– (Verb) I will second your proposal.
– (Adjective) February is the second month of the year.

72. Store – (Noun) He has a rich store of knowledge.
– (Verb) He stored huge stocks of sugar.
73. Station – (Noun) We walked to the railway station.
– (Verb) The army has been stationed on the border.
74. Study – (Noun) She was sitting in her study and reading a book.
– (Verb) The officer has studied the file.
75. Score – (Noun) What is the score of the Indian cricket team ?
– (Verb) Virat Kohli scored fifty runs.
76. Smoke – (Noun) Smoke is coming out of the chimney.
– (Verb) I smoke very seldom.
– (Adjective) The enemies used a smoke bomb to hide themselves.
77. Safe – (Noun) We keep our ornaments in a safe.
– (Adjective) We reached home safe and sound.
78. Search – (Noun) I am in search of a good job.
– (Verb) I am searching for my dog.
– (Adjective) The search party has arrived.
79. Sound – (Noun) We heard the sound of his footsteps.
– (Verb) He sounded the warning.
80. Sight – (Noun) It was a beautiful sight.
– (Verb) I sighted a snake in the garden.
81. Tear – (Noun) Mohan shed tears when he failed.
– (Verb) The child tore my exercise book.
82. Turn – (Noun) Now it is my turn.
– (Verb) Turn on the tap, please.
83. Time – (Noun) What is the time by your watch ?
– (Verb) The train is timed to reach here at 4 p.m.
84. Table – (Noun) This is my office table.
– (Verb) He tabled the agenda for the meeting.
85. Use – (Noun) It is no use going there.
– (Verb) – We use firewood in winter.
86. Up – (Noun) He has seen many ups and downs in his life.
– (Verb) – The up trains are running late today.
87. Visit – (Noun) He went on a visit to Germany.
– (Verb) – I will visit Shimla soon.
88. Water – (Noun) We cannot live without water.
– (Verb) – The gardener is watering the plants.
89. Well – (Noun) We have a well in our garden.
– (Verb) – Tears welled up in her eyes.
– (Adjective) – All is well that ends well.
90. Work – (Noun) I have a lot of work to do.
– (Verb) – The farmers are working in the fields.
91. Waste – (Noun) You will have to feel sorry for this waste of time.
– (Verb) – Do not waste your time.
– (Adjective) – War reduced the country to a waste land.

Exercises from Grammar Book (Fully Solved)

Exercise

Use the following words as Nouns and as Verbs and also as Adjectives (if applicable).
I. aim 2. pen 3. attempt 4. break 5. calm 6. deal 7. touch 8. promise 9. rain 10. pause 11. water 12. vote 13. man 14. dance 15. fix 16. gun 17. head 18. eye 19. light 20. rest 21. smell 22. ring 23. fly 24. oil.
Answer:
1. aim – (Noun) Her aim is to become a doctor.
– (Verb) The hunter aimed at the lion.
2. pen – (Noun) My uncle gifted me a Parker pen.
– (Verb) I penned a loving letter to my younger sister.
3. attempt – (Noun) I passed the entrance test in the first attempt.
– (Verb) I attempted all the questions well.

4. break – (Noun) I went to Shimla during our summer break.
– (Verb) It was she who broke the silence.
5. calm – (Noun) A perfect calm prevailed during his speech.
– (Verb) My friend’s presence had a calming effect on me.
6. deal – (Noun) I believe in fair deal with all my friends.
– (Verb) Mr. Verma deals in ready-made garments.
7. touch – (Noun) Midas’s golden touch could turn anything into gold.
– (Verb) I touched her gently on the hand.
8. promise – (Noun) It is always my endeavour to keep my promise.
– (Verb) I promised to repay the loan in a month.
9. rain – (Noun) The rain in winter months is not welcome.
– (Verb) It rained cats and dogs yesterday.
10. pause – (Noun) The pauses during the speech make it more effective.
– (Verb) She paused for a moment before answering.
11. water – (Noun) Water is truly the elixir of life.
– (Verb) I water the plants of my garden daily.
12. vote – (Noun) Each vote is valuable in an election.
– (Verb) People must vote fearlessly in any election.
13. man – (Noun) Man is mortal.
– (Verb) The border posts are manned 24 hours a day.
14. dance – (Noun) Dance is in Madhuri Dixit’s blood.
– (Verb) A peacock steals your heart when dancing.
15. fix – (Noun) I was in a fix what to do.
– (Verb) Can you fix my computer ?
16. gun – (Noun) The gun is every soldiers constant companion.
– (Verb) Our two soldiers were gunned down by the hooligans.
17. head – (Noun) We must always keep our heads high.
– (Verb) We headed deep into the forest.
18. eye – (Noun) We see with our eyes.
– (Verb) I eyed the stranger with suspicion.
19. light – (Noun) The sun gives us light and heat.
– (Verb) Our way was lit by a full moon.
– (Adj.) It gets light at about 5 o’clock.
20. rest – (Noun) We stopped for a well-deserved rest.
– (Verb) We rested for about two hours before setting out agian.
21. smell – (Noun) Everybody likes the smell of flowers.
– (Verb) The rose smells very sweet.
22. ring – (Noun) I gave her a golden ring as a parting gift.
– (Verb) Don’t forget to ring me up after reaching home.

23. fly – (Noun) The flies were buzzing about in the sweets shop.
– (Verb) I am flying to Mumbai tomorrow.
24. oil – (Noun) I bought the engine oil from the nearest petrol.
– (Verb) Oiling the machine regularly increases its life.

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Translation Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 12th Class English Grammar Translation

Some Common Proverbs

Exercise 1 (Solved)

Translate the following sentences into English:

Answer:
1. Every dog has his day.
2. He is completely a yes-man.
3. He has his own axe to grind.
4. No new taxes have been imposed upon us.
5. People (or subjects) have revolted against the king.

Exercise 2 (Solved)

Translate the following sentences into English:

Answer:
1. His poverty is an open secret.
2. He is at the root of this mischief.
3. My prosperity. is an eye-sore to him.
4. Ram and Sham are sworn enemies.
5. Where there is a will, there is a way.

Exercise 1 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. He works hard from dawn to dusk.
2. Most of our politicians are very corrupt.
3. Selfishness is the order of the day.
4. You must reduce your flab¹.
5. Spoken English is gaining importance these days.
6. Spoken English does not mean repeating in the parrot-fashion some crammed sentences.
7. Those who speak English fluently get easily noticed by others.
8. He is the only bread-earner² of the family.
9. Shaleenta is a very good Kathak dancer.
10. He is working as an executive³ in a bank.
11. My colleague in my college is a very good singer.
12. I feel pleased to meet you.
13. What is the nature of your job?
Hints:
1. ਸੀਟਾਧਾ, ਮੋਟਾਪਾ 2. ਹੇਜ਼ੀ ਸਾਰੇ ਭਾਗ, ਰੋਜ਼ੀ ਕਮਾਉਣ ਵਾਲਾ, 3. ਜਿਵੇਕ, ਨਿਦੇਸ਼ਕ ।

Note : Some of the sentences are very easy. It should not be difficult for many of you to translate them in simple Hindi and Punjabi. Hereafter we shall give a few more exercises with meanings in Hindi and Punjabi for your convenience.

Exercise 2 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. Gandhiji is known for his successful efforts¹ to liberate² India.
2. The lady is very mean in money matters³.
3. She did not allow her husband to spend much on himself.
4. This story tells us about the greed of well-to-do⁴ people.
5. Guru Gobind Singh was a great son of India who led India to sublime⁵ heights of glory⁶.
6. Why is this enormous⁷ increase in population taking place ?
7. Drug-addiction⁸ is a major social evil of modern times.
8. Nations become great by self-confidence⁹.
9. Mankind has undoubtedly progressed since medieval¹⁰ times.
10. Vidyasagar was a very generous¹¹ and charitable¹² man.
Hints:

Exercise 3 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. Everyone knows the events¹ of Buddha’s life.
2. Newton lived to a ripe age² and earned a great renown³.
3. Books are a wonderful blessing⁴.
4. Ishwara Chandra realised that he must go to England in oder to complete his scientific education.
5. Guru Teg Bahadur was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind Sahib.
6. Science is an angel⁵ in peace but a devil⁶ in war.
7. Wars of today are more dreadful⁷ than those of yesterday.
8. He stumbled⁸ at every step.
9. Silence prevailed⁹ all round the hospital.
10. It has been raining continuously¹⁰ for three hours.
11. It has been drizzling¹¹ for an hour.
Hints:

Exercise 4 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. This story is a typical example¹ of the storywriter’s work as a story.
2. He failed to find a man before whom he could express the feelings of his heart².
3. He wants to share his grief³ with somebody.
4. This story points out⁴ the truth that poverty dehumanises⁵ a man.
5. I am bereft⁶ of money at this time.
6. I want to know your opinion about etiquette⁷.
7. The teacher punished the students for being noisy in the class.
8. Some shopkeepers fleeces⁸ their customers.
9. A spendthrift lacks balance and perspective⁹.
10. He was reluctant¹⁰ to take the examination.
Hints:

Exercise 5 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi :
1. I have lost the novel¹ that you gave me.
2. She dressed in an elegant² manner.
3. We eat so that we may live.
4. God’s will be done³.
5. Prevention is better than cure⁴.
6. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush⁵.
7. He is on the wrong side of sixty⁶.
8. We should not look down upon⁷ the poor.
9. I am at a loss to know⁸ what to do.
Hints:

Exercise 6 (For Practice)

Translate the following sentences into Hindi/Punjabi:
1. Trees give shade for the benefit of others.
2. Machines have become the slaves¹ of modern man.
3. A child should be trained to love the reading of books.
4. Politicians worship the rising sun².
5. Our body is like a machine.
6. Newton was a very kind-hearted³ man.
7. He never lost his temper⁴.
8. One should never read anybody’s letter without permission.
9. Children explode crackers on Diwali.
10. The life of modern cities is tiresome⁵.
Hints:

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Use of Non-finites (Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 12th Class English Grammar Use of Non-finites (Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles)

We divide verbs into two types. One of the types of verb is the finite verb. A verb that changes its form according to person, tense, mood is called a Finite Verb.

Read the examples given below:
Neeru runs fast.
They run fast.
She is running fast.
We have run fast.

The verbs used in the above example are finite verbs because they change according to person, number and tense.

Now have a look at the sentences given below:

1. She wants to be prosperous.
2. They wanted to be famous. .
3. You wanted to be rich and famous.
4. She made me realise my mistake.

The verbs be and realise in the above sentences do not change according to tense, number and person. Such verbs are called non-finite verbs.

Now read the following sentences:
Rashmi eats to live.
Reshma eats to live.
Rajan eats to live.
A girl eats to live.
These girls eat to live.
You eat to live.
They eat to live.

The verbs used in the above sentences/examples are finite verbs because they change according to person, number and tense.

In the above examples containing eat and to live, eat is governed by person, number and tense. So it is finite verb.

In all other sentences to live is not governed by person and tense. That is an infinite verb.

Three kinds of verbs are there in the infinite verb.

The Infinitive

1. In simple language infinitive means the use of to before the verb.
Examples : I want to go. I want to hit you.
I shall watch Rekha dance.
He made me leave the room.

There are some verbs before which we do not use to. These verbs are make, observe, bid, notice, make, feel, need, dare, see, hear.

2. I need to warn you.
Do you need to leave this place just now ?
He dares me to kill the mongoose ?
If need and dare are used as main verb, to has to be used after these verbs.

3. We do not use to before did, may, do, shall, might, can, could.
He could ride a car.
We shall laugh,
I might leave for Jalandhar.

4. There are some verbs which take an infinitive with the verb.
Promise, refuse, wish, want, dare, fail, decide, agree, hope, desire, expect, ready, glad, happy.
Sentences : I promise to help you. He refused to obey me. I wish to see you tonight.

We use infinitive after some adjectives:
Ready, glad, happy, eager, easy, anxious, hard, able etc.
I am ready to leave for Gurdaspur.
I am glad to see my friend.
I am happy to meet you.
I am eager to know the result on my examination.
It is easy to solve this problem.
I am anxious to see my father.
It is hard to solve this riddle.
He was able to get the job.

Forms of Infinitive

The Infinitive has two forms:

(i) Bare Infinitive
Or
Infinitive without to.
run, fight

(ii) to + Infinitive
to repair
to go

Use of To + Infinitive

We use to + infinitive in the following ways:
1. As a verb
(a) To walk is a good exercise
To smoke is very harmful.

(b) I want to learn French. (Object of the transitive verb want)
I know how to cook pasta. (Object)

(c) The best thing is to help yourself. (Complement to the linking verb is)
Her target was to become an actress. (Complement to the linking verb was)

It is easier to say than to do. (After the dummy subject ‘it’)

2. As an adverb to modify a verb or an adjective:

He went to see the Chairman. (modifies the verb went)
They stood up to protest. (modifies the verb stood)
She is anxious to resign. (modifies the adjective anxious)
He is hard to please. (modifies the adjective hard)

3. As an adjective to qualify a noun:
It is time to depart (qualifies the noun time)
We have nothing to offer. (qualifies nothing)

4. As an object complement or an object to a preposition.
He is about to retire.
We saw him run.
This shop is about to shut.
I felt something fall on my shoulder.

5. As an adjunct :
The captain was the last to abandon the ship.
Kindly give me some water to drink.

6. As part of too + adjective/adverb + infinitive.
He is too weak to walk.
He doesn’t have money enough to buy a flat.

7. As an absolute to modify the whole sentence.
To be candid with you, you are unfit for the job.
To be brief, you have cheated all of us.

Use the Bare Infinitive

8. We do not use to (bare infinitive) before some verbs like watch, bid, see, let, make, help, hear, feel, behold etc.
I shall watch you write an apology.
I heard her sing.
Mummy helped her daughter do her homework.
The Chairman made me wait.
I like you to be with me.
Let me know the truth.

9. With had better, had rather.
You had better stay where you are.
You had rather patch up with your friend.

10. With some prepositions like except, but, than etc.
He does nothing but play.
I would rather give up.
He does nothing except crib.
I would rather die than beg.

11. Passive form of the infinitive (to + be + past participle)
Women like to be flattered by men.
It is an insult to be maltreated like that.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks using the verbs within brackets (with or without to):

1. He made me ………… (to laugh)
2. He is too weak ………… (to walk)
3- Raju let me ………… his car. (to drive)
4. He must ………… them from going, (to prevent)
5. You had better ………… (to go)
6. The mango is ………… (eat)
7. You are too young ………… (to understand)
8. There is nothing ………… (to say)
9. We watched them ………… (to work)
10. Let him ………… this work (to do)
Answer:
1. laugh
2. to walk
3. drive
4. prevent
5. go
6. to eat
7. to understand
8. to be said
9. work
10. do.

Exercise 2

Fill up the blanks with infinitive:

1. There is no one ………… this claim, (challenge)
2. He did not let me ………… my work in peace, (do)
3. He was sure ………… a scholarship, (get)
4. The teacher asked the students ………… silence, (maintain)
5. The doctor advised me ………… regular exercise, (to take)
6. They did nothing but ………… (to think)
7. You had rather ………… there, (to go)
8. Everyone wants ………… peacefully, (to live)
9. My father allowed me ………… (to go)
10. She expects ………… (to succeed)
Answer:
1. to challenge
2. do
3. to get
4. to maintain
5. to take
6. think
7. go
8. to live
9. to go
10. to succeed.

The Gerund

A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in V-ing and has the force of a noun. That is why a gerund is called a verbal noun.

Use of Gerund

1. As a Subject
Running is good for health.
Swimming is useful for reducing weight.
Seeing is believing
Reading makes a man complete.
Writing makes a man perfect.

2. As an object
She likes painting.
Rekha loves dancing.

3. As a complement to a Linking Verb
My first love is singing.
My favourite sport is swimming.

4. As an object of preposition
I am tired of sitting all day long.
I am fond of fishing.
He is addicted to gambling.

5. As part of a Noun Phrase
Watching snowfall is soothing to the eyes.
It is foolish catching fire.

Note : Addicted to, look forward to are followed by gerund -ing.
He is addicted to drinking.
He is looking forward to meeting his friend.

The Participle

A participle is that form of verb which partakes of the nature both of a verb and of an adjective.

Kinds of Participle

Participle is of two kinds:

Use of Participle:

1. As an adjective :
I will buy a talking clock.
This house has no running water.

2. As an object complement:
I found the conditions soothing.
She found the baby weeping.

3. As an adverb :
She went away smiling.
The player left the ground abusing.
The girl stood whistling.

4. As part of an Adjective Phrase:
The lady doctor living on the ground floor is very charming.
The man managing the event is my uncle.

5. As a Participle Phrase :
Placing his hand on the Gita, he swore that he would speak the truth.
Taking her bag, the lady walked out of the Mall.

Difference between a Gerund and a Participle:
Throwing a grenade at the C.R.P.F. picket, the terrorist ran away. (Present Participle)
Throwing stones at other people’s houses is an anti-social act. (Gerund)
Swimming in the fast flowing water, Atul saved a drowning boy. (Present Participle)
Jogging is a good exercise. (Gerund)

Use of Past Participle:

1. As an Adjective:
The injured man was carried to the trauma centre.
He is a gone case.

2. As an Object Complement:
I found the door shut.
The murder of the leader left us shocked.

3. As an Adverb:
He left the gym totally exhausted.
Nervous, he kept on moving to and fro.

4. As part of a Participle Phrase:
I saw a dog crushed under a truck.
The landlady found her house burgled from the front and the back.

Exercise 1

Do as directed:

Question 1.
………… (hear) a noise, I turned round. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Hearing a noise, I turned round.

Question 2.
I saw a storm ………… (approach). (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
I saw a storm approaching.

Question 3.
(Hunt) deer is not allowed in this area. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Hunting deer is not allowed in this area.

Question 4.
Children love ………… make mud houses. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Children love making mud houses.

Question 5.
………… (toil) is the lot of mankind. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
To toil or toiling is the lot of mankind.

Exercise 2

Do as directed:

Question 1.
Combine the following sentences using an infinitive:
(i) He went to Amritsar.
(ii) He wanted to visit the Golden Temple.
Answer:
He went to Amritsar to visit the Golden Temple.

Question 2.
Combine the following sentences using the participle:
(i) I speak the truth.
(ii) I am not afraid of speaking of it.
Answer:
I am not afraid of speaking the truth.

Question 3.
A ……….. candle fell off the table, (burn) (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
A burning candle fell off the table.

Question 4.
He left the tap (run). (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
He left the tap running.

Question 5.
Combine the following sentences using a participle :
He had resolved on a certain course.
He acted with vigour.
Answer:
Having resolved on a course, he acted with vigour.

Question 6.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
They had no fodder.
They could give the cow nothing to eat.
Answer:
Having no fodder, they could give the cow nothing to eat.

Question 7.
Success is not merely ………….. (win) applause. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Success is not merely winning applause.

Question 8.
………….. (amass) wealth often ruins the health. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Amassing wealth often ruins the health.

Exercise 3

Do as directed:

Question 1.
The ability …………. (laugh) is peculiar to mankind. (Fill the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
The ability to laugh is peculiar to mankind.

Question 2.
Can you hope (count) the stars ? (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
Can you hope to count the stars ?

Question 3.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) I call a spade a spade.
(ii) I am not afraid of it.
Answer:
I am not afraid of calling a spade a spade.

Question 4.
The man seems …………. (worry) (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
The man seems worried.

Question 5.
We had a drink of the ………….. (sparkle) water. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
We had a drink of the sparkling water.

6. Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) The stable door was open.
(ii) The horse was stolen.
Answer:
The stable door having been opened, the horse was stolen.

Question 7.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) We met a man.
(ii) He was carrying a log of wood.
Answer:
We met a man carrying a log of wood.

Question 8.
We were prevented from …………. (enter) the house. (Fill up the blank by using a gerund)
Answer:
We were prevented from entering the house.

Question 9.
We heard her …………… (sing) at the function. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
We heard her singing at the function.

Exercise 4 (Textual)

Do as directed:

Question 1.
He is slow, ……………. (forgive) (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
He is slow to forgive.

Question 2.
I am sorry …………… (hear) this. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
I am sorry to hear this.

Question 3.
Combine the following sentences using an infinitive:
(i) He collects old stamps even at great expense.
(ii) It is his hobby.
Answer:
It is his hobby to collect old stamps even at great expense.

Question 4.
…………… (Run) water is not always fit for drinking. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Running water is not always fit for drinking.

Question 5.
………… (carry) by the wind, seeds are scattered far and wide. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Having been carried by the wind, seeds are scattered far and wide.

Question 6.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) He was dissatisfied.
(ii) He resigned his job.
Answer:
Having been dissatisfied, he resigned his job.

Question 7.
Combine the following sentences using a participle :
(i) We met a girl.
(ii) She was carrying a basket of flowers.
Answer:
We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers.

Question 8.
He is fond of ……….. (swim) (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
He is fond of swimming.

Question 9.
Are you afraid of his …………… (hear) you ? (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
Are you afraid of his hearing you ?

Question 10.
I have come ……………. (see) you. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
I have come to see you.

Exercise 5 (Textual)

Question 1.
Combine the following sentences using an infinitive:
(i) He has five children.
(ii) He must provide for them.
Answer:
He must provide for them.

Question 2.
He has five children to provide for.
(i) He wants to earn his livelihood.
(ii) He works hard for this reason.
Answer:
He works hard to earn his livelihood.

Question 3.
(i) I saw him (enter) the house. (Fill up the blank with a participle.)
Answer:
I saw him entering the house.

Question 4.
He played a …………. (lose) game. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
He played a losing game.

Question 5.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) He staggered back.
(it) He sank to the ground.
Answer:
He staggered back sinking to the ground.

Question 6.
She is very keen to …………. modelling, (take up) (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
She is very keen to take up modelling.

Question 7.
What she hates most is ……………. (smoke) (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
What she hates most is smoking.

Question 8.
He objected to …………. money on cosmetics, (spend) (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
He objected to spending money on cosmetics.

Question 9.
It is a penal offence ……………. bribe a public servant. (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
It is a penal offence to bribe a public servant.

Question 10.
The boys are anxious ………….. (learn) (Fill up the blank with an infinitive)
Answer:
to learn.

Exercise 6 (Textual)

Question 1.
Combine the following sentences using participles:
(i) The strikers held a meeting.
(ii) They wished to discuss the terms of the employers.
Answer:
The strikers held a meeting wishing to discuss the terms of the employers.

Question 2.
(i) The robber took out a knife.
(ii) He wanted to frighten the old man.
Answer:
The robber took out a knife wanting to frighten the old man.

Question 3.
…………. (consider) the facts, he received scant justice. (Fill up the blank with a participle)
Answer:
Considering the facts, he received scant justice.

Question 4.
Combine the following sentences using a participle:
(i) He walked away.
(ii) He was whistling.
Answer:
He walked away whistling.

Question 5.
My hair needs …………….. (cut) (Fill up the blanks with a gerund)
Answer:
My hair needs cutting.

Question 6.
I saw him …………….. (cross) the road. (Fill up the blank with a gerund)
Answer:
I saw him crossing the road.

Exercise 7 (Textual)

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence by using infinitives:
Question 1.
I am learning Sanskrit. I want to study the Gita.
Answer:
I am learning Sanskrit to study the Gita.

Question 2.
He labours hard. He wants to succeed.
Answer:
He labours hard to succeed.

Question 3.
I am learning English. I want to study the works of Shakespeare.
Answer:
I am learning English to study the works of Shakespeare.

Question 4.
Children are going to the field. They want to play.
Answer:
Children are going to the field to play.

Question 5.
I have come here. I would like to see you.
Answer:
I have come here to see you.

Exercise 8 (Textual)

Fill up the blanks with one of these: (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle)

Question 1.
He has a …………… look, (surprise)
Answer:
surprised (Participle)

Question 2.
My father is a …………… man. (retire)
Answer:
retired (Participle)

Question 3.
They promised …………… me. (help)
Answer:
ro help (Infinitive)

Question 4.
…………… is pleasant, (play)
Answer:
Playing (Gerund)

Question 5.
…………… on the footpath is safe, (walk)
Answer:
Walking on the footpath is safe. (Gerund)

Question 6.
He gave me a pen …………… with, (write)
Answer:
He gave me a pen to write with. (Infinitive)

Question 7.
He gave up …………… (drink)
Answer:
He gave up drinking. (Gerund)

Miscellaneous Exercises

Infinitive

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with a infinitive:

1. …………… (waste) time is a folly.
2. …………… (err) is human.
3. I find it sensible …………… (remain) silent.
4. She seems …………… (be) happy.
5. …………… (toil) is the lot of mankind.
6. You need …………… (do) a lot.
7. I gave him a chance …………… (reconsider) his stand.
8. You are advised not …………… (mislead) your friends.
9. The game was about …………… (begin).
10. Let him leave the room.
11. Make him realise his mistake.
Answer:
1. To waste
2. To err
3. to remain
4. to be
5. To toil
6. to do
7. to reconsider
8. to mislead
9. to begin
10. To is not to be used in these sentences.
11. To is not to be used in these sentences.

Exercise 2

Use the following pair of sentences by using an infinitive:
1. The poor man had live children.
He must provide for them.
2. Turn to the left.
You will find my house.
3. My teacher will learn about my success.
He will be delighted.
4. This box is very big.
He can’t lift it.
5. I had no money.
I could buy no clothes.
Answer:
1. The poor man had ro provide tor five children.
2. Turn to the left for my house.
Or
Turn to the left to find rny house.
3. My teacher will be delighted to learn about my success.
4. This box is too big to lift.
5. I had no money to buy clothes.

Gerund

Exercise 1

Complete the following sentences with correct use oi gerund form of the verb:

1. He is good ar …………… (dance).
2. He is crazy about …………… (sing).
3. He doesn’t like …………… (play; cards.
4. I am afraid of …………… (swim) in the canal.
5. I am always interested in …………… (make) ftiends.
6. He is scared of …………… (travel! by air.
7. I suggest …………… (do) sonic m ire sums.
8. They insisted on …………… (cook) the dinner at home.
9. I thanked him for …………… (fix) my door.
10. I praised him for …………… (help) me in distress.
Answer:
1. dancing
2. playing
3. playing
4. swimming
5. making
6. travelling
7. doing
8. cooking
9. fixing
10. helping.

Participle

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with Present Participle:

1. The man …………… (drive) the car is my uncle.
2. Lorries …………… (come) over the bridge have to be careful of the wind.
3. Who was the girl …………… (wear) the red dress ?
4. Students …………… (submit) their essays late will lose ten marks.
5. The …………… (bud) flowers looked very lovely.
6. The …………… (run) bus rammed against the wall.
7. …………… (hear) the noise, he rushed to the spot.
8. They told us an …………… (amuse) account of their journey.
9. I saw the lion …………… (approach) us.
10. He watched them …………… (fight) over trigger.
Answer:
1. driving
2. coming
3. wearing
4. submitting
5. budding
6. running
7. Hearing
8. amusing
9. approaching
10. fighting.