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PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 18 Challenge to Caste System

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Challenge to Caste System Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions :

Questions 1.
Write down in brief the work done by the Jyotiba Phule for the welfare of the lower caste people.
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule was a great social reformer of Maharashtra. He did many important works for the welfare of people of Scheduled Castes :

First of all, he opened three schools in Poone for education of the girls of Scheduled Castes. Jyotiba Phule and his wife Savitri Bai themselves taught in these schools.
He criticised the economic exploitation of people of Scheduled Castes by brahmins and purohits through his speeches and his two books.
He advised the people of Scheduled Castes to perform religious sacrament of marriage without Brahmins and Purohits.
Jyotiba Phule established an institution called Satyashodhak Samaj on 24th September, 1873 A.D. This institution criticised the social slavery of people of lower castes and demanded social justice for them.
He also appealed government not to take much land revenue from poor farmers and peasants so that their condition could be improved. Jyotiba Phule spent whole of his life in improving the condition of women of Scheduled Castes. He was given the title of ‘Mahatma’ for the works done by him for the welfare of the people of Scheduled Castes.

Question 2.
Write in brief why caste system was targeted by the social reformers? Write in brief. (P.S.E.B. 2009)
Answer:
Brahmins were greatly respected in the caste based society but the condition of lower castes was very pitiable. They were misbehaved by every one. They were not allowed to keep social relations with the people of upper castes. They were not allowed to use public wells or ponds. They were neither allowed to enter the temples nor they had the permission to read religious books or Vedas. They were considered untouchables. If even shadow of any one of lower caste was coming in the way of any higher caste person, then the person was severely punished. They were forced to adopt the occupation of cleaning, picking up dead animals, taking out their skin, making shoes and leather etc. So, to save these people from the atrocities of society, caste system was victimised by the social reformers.

Question 3.
What Mahatma Gandhi did to end untouchability from society?
Answer:
The meaning of untouchability is to consider touching any person as a .sin. One of the major group of society, was considered as untouchable. The condition of these people was very pitiable.

Mahatma Gandhi took the following steps to eradicate untouchability from society :

Gandhiji said that untouchables were the children of God and said that they should be equally treated by society.
Gandhiji started his journey from Vardha for the welfare of untouchables. Wherever he had gone, he asked the people to open the doors of schools and temples for backward classes.
He also stressed that untouchables should not be stopped from using roads, wells and other public places.
He also collected funds during his journeys for the welfare of backward classes.

Question 4.
Write down why Veeresalingam is called the “Prophet” of modern Andhra Pradesh. Write down in brief.
Answer:
Kandukari Veeresalingam was a great social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He was not only a social reformer but also a great scholar. While taking education in primary school, he criticized the prevailing hollow customs and religious beliefs of society. When he became the teacher in school, then he started raising his voice for equal rights for women. He was in favour of inter-caste marriages. He criticised caste system and propagated for the eradication of untouchability.

Veeresalingam was also a famous writer. He propagated to eradicate caste system through his essays and dramas.
He always helped the people of poor class and backward class. lie strongly criticized the custom of marriage of boys and girls in very small age. He also raised his voice for¬giving legal sanction to widow remarriage.
Veeresalingam spent whole of his life for social service, social welfare and for the welfare of Scheduled Caste people, that is why he was known as prophet of Andhra Pradesh.

Question 5.
What contribution was made by Sri Narayan Guru for the welfare of the lower caste people?
Answer:
Sri Narayan Guru was a great social reformer of Kerala state. He was born in Kerala in 1856 A.D. He struggled for whole of his life for the welfare of scheduled castes, especially people of Ijhevej castes. People of this caste were known as untouchables. It was not possible for Sri Narayan Guru to tolerate this injustice. So, he struggled for a long time for the welfare of people of Ijhevej caste and other scheduled castes. He established ‘Sri Narayan Dharam Pripaian Yogum’ in 1903 A.D. for social welfare. He strongly opposed discrimination on the basis of caste and religion. He has also done a lot to give better place to people of scheduled castes in society. Sri Narayan Guru

Question 6.
Which word was used by Mahatma Gandhi for the lower caste people and what is its meaning?
Answer:
Harijan. Meaning of the word ‘Harijan’ is ‘Children of God’.

Question 7.
Explain the work done by Mahatma Gandhiji for the low er caste people,
Answer:
1. According to Mahatma Gandhi, untouchability is a sin. In 1920 A.D., Non¬Cooperation Movement was started, against the British government, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Elimination of untouchability from the society was also included in the guidelining programme of this movement. One Sammelan of people of scheduled castes was held at Nagpur in 1920 A.D. Mahatma Gandhi criticised untouchability in this Sammelan. He was of the view at that concept of untouchability among Hindus is the largest sin of India. But Mahatma Gandhi was hurt by the fact that not enough steps were taken by the Congress in Non-Cooperation Movement for the elimination of untouchability from society. That’s why, Non-Coopera cion Movement was not supported by the people of scheduled castes. According to them, the British rule was much better than Hindu-Swaraj.

2. When Non-Cooperation Movement was stopped in its half way, then Mahatma Gandhi ordered the Congress organization that they should organize people of scheduled castes for their interests and they should take some steps to improve social, mental and moral condition of these people. They should be provided all such facilities which are already available for other people.

3. The Congress kept 49.5 lakh rupees for the welfare programmes of scheduled castes from 1921 to 1923 A.D. but only 43,881 rupees were spent on them. Yet people of scheduled castes didn’t participate in the Non-Cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi but still Mahatma Gandhi did a lot for the welfare of these people.

Some important works done by Mahatma Gandhi. Some of the important works done by Mahatma Gandhi for the welfare of untouchables, are given below :

Gandhiji said that untouchables were the children of God and said that they should be equally treated by society.
Gandhiji started his journey from Vardha for the welfare of untouchables. Wherever he had gone, he asked the people to open the doors of schools and temples for the backward classes.
He also stressed that untouchables should not be stopped from using roads, wells and other public places.
He also collected funds during his journeys for the welfare of backward classes. Speeches of Mahatma Gandhi were opposed at some places by the conservative Hindus. Even efforts were made to throw bomb on him at Pune. But the conservatives did not get any success.

Question 8.
Explain the effects of the work done by the Indian social reformers for the improvement of lower caste people.
Answer:
Many social evils prevailed in the Indian society from 19th century till the start of 20th century. Sati system, Female infanticide, Caste System, Dowry System, Child Marriage, restriction on marriage of widow were some of the main social evils. Indian social reformers took various steps to remove these social and religious evils from Indian society. Actually it is very difficult to remove prevailing social evils without the efforts of reformers efforts.

Following were the impacts of efforts of social reformers to fremove social evils from society :
1. Reform Movements. Many reform movements were started by social reformers to remove social evils. Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Namdhari Movement, Singh Sabha, Rama Krishna Mission, Aligarh Movement etc. gave a great contribution in it. Just because of the efforts of these movements, many social evils weakened to a great extent such as Sati system, Polygamy, Child marriage, Purdah system, Caste system, etc.

2. Legal Efforts. Indian social reformers stressed a lot and that’s why, the British government passed many laws to eradicate socio-religious movements :
(a) Lord William Bentick passed an Act in 1829 A.D. called ‘Sati Prohibition Act’ and declared the Sati Pratha illegal. He also passed laws against child infanticide and human sacrifice during his tenure.
(b) In 1856 A.D., ‘Widow Remarriage Act’ was passed and Widow remarriage was declared legal.
(c) Child marriage was also declared illegal in 1891 A.D.

3. Advent of Sense of Nationalism. Sense of nationalism was arosed among general masses, just because of the efforts of Indian social reformers. With this it became possible to form a new India.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Society was divided into four classes Brahman, Kshatriyas, _______ and Sudras.
Answer:
Vaishyas

Question 2.
Jyotiba Phule was honored with the title of _______
Answer:
Mahatma

Question 3.
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar established ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1936

Question 4.
Mahatma Gandhi used the word ‘Harijan’ for the lower caste people, which means
Answer:
Children of God.

III. Match the Words :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Jyotiba Phule	(i) Shri Narayan Dharam Pripalan Yogam
2. Periyar Rama Swami	(ii) Prophet of Andhra Pradesh state
3. Veeresalingam	(iii) a great social reformer of Tamil Nadu
4. Sri Narayan Guru	(iv) association named Satya Shodak Society.

Answer:

A	B
1. Jyotiba Phule	(iv) association named Satya Shodak Society.
2. Periyar Rama Swami	(iii) a great social reformer of Tamil Nadu
3. Veeresalingam	(ii) Prophet of Andhra Pradesh state
4. Sri Narayan Guru	(i) Shri Narayan Dharam Pripalan Yogam

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Challenge to Caste System Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Which reform Association was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
(a) Arya Samaj
(b) Brahmo Samaj
(c) Satya Shodhak Samaj
(d) Prarthna Samaj.
Answer:
(b) Brahmo Samaj.

Question 2.
In which language Ram Mohan Roy was well versed?
(a) Sanskrit
(b) English
(c) Persian
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
In which year Sati pratha was banned?
(a) 1825
(b) 1827
(c) 1828
(d) 1829.
Answer:
(d) 1829.

Question 4.
Arya Samaj was founded by _______ in 1875.
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Question 5.
Who worked for the people of low caste Ijhevej in Kerala?
(a) Swami Dayanand
(b) Periyar Swami
(c) Shri Narayan Guru
(d) Haridas Thakur.
Answer:
(c) Shri Narayan Guru.

Question 6.
The book Gulamgiri was written by
(a) Shri Narayan Guru
(b) Jyoti Rao Phuley
(c) Haridas Thakur
(d) Periyar Swami.
Answer:
(b) Jyoti Rao Phuley.

Question 7.
Satya Shodhak Samaj was founded by
(a) Jyoti Rao Phuley
(b) Swami Dayanand
(c) Periyar Swami
(d) Shri Narayan Guru.
Answer:
(a) Jyoti Rao Phuley.

Question 8.
Dr. Ambedkar got a fellowship to go to the for higher studies.
(a) Britain
(b) Germany
(c) U.S.A.
(d) France.
Answer:
(c) U.S.A.

Question 9.
When did Dr. Ambedkar start a temple entry movement in which his Mahar caste followers participated?
(a) 1917
(b) 1925
(c) 1922
(d) 1927.
Answer:
(d) 1927.

Question 10.
Periyar Swami was an outspoken critic of
(a) All social evils
(b) Sati System
(c) Hindu Scriptures
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Hindu Scriptures.

Question 11.
When was Prarthana Samaj established?
(a) 1877
(b) 1867
(c) 1872
(d) 1862.
Answer:
(b) 1867.

Question 12.
When was Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College founded by Sayyad Ahmed Khan?
(a) 1875
(b) 1880
(c) 1870
(d) 1885.
Answer:
(a) 1875.

Question 13.
When was Khalsa College established at Amritsar by the leaders of the Singh Sabha Movement?
(a) 1890
(b) 1894
(c) 1892
(d) 1896.
Answer:
(c) 1892.

Question 14.
When was Singh Sabha formed at Amritsar?
(a) 1870
(b) 1873
(c) 1871
(d) 1872.
Answer:
(b) 1873.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Society was divided into four groups : Brahmins, Kshatriyas, _______ and _______ Shudras.
Answer:
Vaishyas

Question 2.
Jyotiba Phule was honoured with the title of _______
Answer:
Mahatma

Question 3.
Dr, Bhim Rao Ambedkar founded ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ in _______ A.D.
Answer:
1936

Question 4.
Mahatma Gandhi used the word _______ for lower castes.
Answer:
Harijan.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Mahatma Gandhi considered untouchability as Sin.
Answer:
(✓).

Question 2.
Virselingam was in favour of inter-caste marriage.
Answer:
(✓).

Question 3.
Jyotiba Phule was a social reformer of Maharashtra.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Sri Narayan Dharam Pratipalan Yogum	(i) Jyotiba Phule
2. Reformer in Andhra Pradesh	(ii) Periyar Rama Swami
3. Reformer of Tamil Nadu	(iii) Virselinganl
4. Satya Shodhak Samaj	(iv) Sri Narayan Guru

Answer:

A	B
1. Sri Narayan Dharam Pratipalan Yogum	(iv) Sri Narayan Guru
2. Reformer in Andhra Pradesh	(iii) Virselinganl
3. Reformer of Tamil Nadu	(ii) Periyar Rama Swami
4. Satya Shodhak Samaj	(i) Jyotiba Phule

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which four classes, Ancient Indian Society was divided? What was the base of this division?
Answer:
Ancient Indian Society was divided in four classes namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and lower castes. Base of this division was occupation of a particular person.

Question 2.
In which age caste system became more rigid and why?
Answer:
Caste system became more rigid in Rajput age because many other castes and sub-castes were originated in this age except main castes.

Question 3.
Name any four social reformers of 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

Jyotiba Phule
Veeresalingam
Sri Narayan Guru
Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 4.
Name any four prevailing evils in Indian society during 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

Sati system
Child Marriage
Girl infanticide
Restriction on Widow remarriage.

Question 5.
Name any Socio-religious reform movements of 19th and 20th centuries.
Answer:

Brahmo Samaj
Arya Samaj
Ramakrishna Mission
Namdhari Movement.

Question 6.
Who declared Sati system illegal and when?
Answer:
Sati system was declared illegal in 1829 A.D. by Lord William Bentick through an Act called ‘Sati Prohibition Act, 1829’.

Question 7.
When was custom of Child Marriage declared as illegal?
Answer:
Child marriage was declared as illegal in 1891 A.D.

Question 8.
Why people of Scheduled Castes didn’t participate in the Non¬Cooperation Movement of Gandhiji?
Answer:
People of Scheduled Castes didn’t participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement because Congress didn’t take any concrete steps till that time to eradicate untouchability from society.

Question 9.
Who founded Independent Labour Party of India and when?
Answer:
Independent Labour Party of India was founded by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar in 1936 A.D.

Question 10.
Name two political parties organized by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar.
Answer:

Labour Party
Scheduled Caste Federation.

Question 11.
Who was Jyotiba Phule? Which was the first work done by him for the welfare of the lower caste people?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule was a great social reformer of Maharashtra. He did lot of work for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes. For this objective, he opened three schools in Poona where girls of lower castes were given education.

Question 12.
When did Jyotiba Phule establish Satyashodhak Samaj? Who was its first president and secretary?
Answer:
Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Jyotiba Phule op 24 September 1873 A.D. Jyotiba Phule himself was its first President and its secretaries were Narayan Rao and Govind Rao.

Question 13.
When, where and in which caste Sri Naryan Guru was born.
Answer:
Sri Narayan Guru was born in 1856 A.D. in Ijhevej caste of Kerala State.

Question 14.
Which Satyagraha was started by Periyar Ramswamy to eradicate untouchability and which national leaders participated in it?
Answer:
Pariyar Ramaswami started various satyagraha to eradicate untouchability from the society. Other national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, C. Rajgopal Acharya, Vinoba Bhave, etc. participated in this satyagraha.

Question 15.
Which two organisations were started by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar for the welfare of lower caste people and which two newspapers were published by him?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar established ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha’ and ‘Samaj Samat Sangha for the welfare of people of scheduled castes. He published newspapers like ‘Mook Nayak’, ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’ and Janata.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Pariyar Ramaswami? What he has done for the security of interests of the people of Scheduled Castes?
Answer:
Pariyar Ramaswami was a great social reformer of Tamilnadu. He was born on 17th September, 1879 A.D. at Madras (Chennai). He felt that the people of scheduled castes were considered untouchables in society. Except this, they were not allowed to take part in social customs, keeping social relations with other castes and even to take education. So, he founded an organization called ‘Dravid Kazgas’ for the security of interests of these people.

This organization tried a lot in getting reservation in government services for the people of Scheduled Castes. As a result, for these castes, which were discriminated, first amendment of the Constitution took place for the security of their rights. Pariyar Ramaswami started satyagraha called ‘Vaikos’ for the eradication of untouchability. In this way Pariyar Ramaswami protected the interests of scheduled castes in Tamilnadu.

Question 2.
Write four works done by modern reformers to improve the condition of Indian Women. .
Answer:
1. End of Sati system. Sati system was one of the largest obstacle in the way of upliftment of women. This inhuman practice came to an end due to great efforts of modern social-reformers.
2. Permission of Widow Re-marriage. Condition of widows was very pitiable in the
society. They were not allowed to remarry. But they were given legal permission to remarry due to efforts of modern social reformers.
3. Opposition of Purdah System. Modern reformers were of the view that women cannot progress while remain behind the purdah, that’s why, they motivated the women not to use this custom of purdah.
4. Stress on Women Education. Social reformers gave a great stress on women education to uplift their social status. Many schools were opened for the education of women.

Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Explain the contribution made by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar for the improvement of lower caste people.
Answer:
Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as Messiha of scheduled castes. He demanded justice for the people of Scheduled Castes from government and society. He did Satyagraha and demonstrated for equal rights of scheduled castes.

His contribution in this direction is given below :
1. In 1918 A.D., Dr. Ambedkar demanded from ‘Southberrow Reforms Committee’ that seats in all the state Legislative Councils and in Central Legislature Council should be kept reserved for the people of scheduled castes according to their population. Except this, he also demanded to fix definite constituencies for these people but his demands were not met.

2. Dr. Ambedkar recommended to give political rights to the people of scheduled castes in the ‘Round Table Conference’ of 1931 A.D. This recommendation was included to a great extent in the ‘Communal Award’ prepared by the British Prime Minister on 16th August, 1932 A.D.

3. Sammelans were held at Nagpur, Kolhapur etc. for the social and political rights of the people of scheduled castes. Dr. Ambedkar participated in these conferences.

4. He established ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha’ and ‘Samaj Samat Sangh’ to propagate the welfare of people of these castes. He also started to publish newspaper like ‘Mook Nayak’, ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’, ‘Janata’ etc. for this objective.

5. He also started Satyagraha for the equal rights of people of scheduled castes like other castes about entry in temples and taking water from public wells.

6. As a member of Bombay (Mumbai) Legislative Assembly, he introduced many bills for the welfare of farmers, labourers and other poor people from 1926 A.D. upto 1934 A.D. but these bills were not passed due to opposition of conservative members.

7. He founded ‘Independent Labour Party of India’ on October, 1936 A.D. which won reserved seats of scheduled castes in the elections of ‘Presidency Legislative Assembly’ in 1937 A.D.

8. Dr. Ambedkar also organized political parties called ‘Labour Party’ and ‘Scheduled Caste Federation’. Due to his deep requests, special provisions were kept in the Indian Constitution for the people of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.

9. The Government of India declared untouchability illegal due to Dr. Ambedkar’s efforts.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Forest Society and Colonialism Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
In which continent did the Industrial Revolution begin?
(a) Asia
(b) Europe
(c) Australia
(d) North America
Answer:
(b) Europe.

Question 2.
Imperial Forest Research Institute is situated in
(a) Delhi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Dehradun
(d) Abohar.
Answer:
(c) Dehradun.

Question 3.
Who is considered as the founder of modern forestry in India?
(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Dietrich Brandis
(c) Captain Watson
(d) Lord Hardinge.
Answer:
(b) Dietrich Brandis.

Question 4.
The wood of which tree is considered to be the best for ship building?
(a) Babul
(b) Oak
(c) Neem
(d) Teak.
Answer:
(d) Teak.

Question 5.
Munda Movement occured in which area?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Chota Nagpur
(c) Madras
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(b) Chota Nagpur.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
______, ______ and ______ are very important resources for Man.
Answer:
Forest, Water, Land

Question 2.
The term ‘Colonialism’ has been derived from the Latin word ______
Answer:
Colonia

Question 3.
In Europe ______ was used for ship building.
Answer:
Oak

Question 4.
Birsa Munda was arrested from ______ on 8th August, 1895.
Answer:
Chalkat

Question 5.
______ is known as traditional method of cultivation.
Answer:
Jhoom (shifting)

III. Match the Columns :

Question 1.

A	B
Birsa Munda	2006
Ship Building	Babul
Jand	Dharti Baba
Forest Right Act	Khajri
Malabar Hills	Teak

Answer:

A	B
Birsa Munda	Dharti Baba
Ship Building	Teak
Jand	Khajri
Forest Right Act	2006
Malabar Hills	Babul

IV. Difference between :

Question 1.
Reserved Forests and Protected Forests
Answer:
Reserved Forests and Protected Forests

Reserved Forest. Reserved forests were used for the commercial production of wood. Farming and animal grazing was completely banned in such forests.
Protected Forests. There were certain restrictions on using these forests for farming and animal grazing. People had to pay some taxes for using these forests.

Question 2.
Scientific Forestry and Natural Forests
Answer:

Scientific Forestry. Scientific forestry was a method of forest department in which old trees were cut down and new trees were planted in straight rows.
Natural Forest. Many trees grow automatically due to climate and the fertility of soil. They do not grow with any human interference and grow randomly.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term Forest Society?
Answer:
Forest society is the group of people whose livelihood depends upon the forests and they live within or around forests.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the term Colonialism?
Answer:
Colonialism is a process in which any powerful country occupies the natural and human resources of the country or an area in a direct or indirect manner and uses them for its own interest.

Question 3.
Mention any two reasons Of deforestation.
Answer:

Expansion of agriculture.
Cultivation of commercial crops.

Question 4.
Which kind of wood was used to build Indian ships?
Answer:
Teak.

Question 5.
Name the ancient Indian emperor who prohibited the killing of animals.
Answer:
King Ashoka.

Question 6.
Which trees were planted on the Nilgiri hills?
Answer:
Babul.

Question 7.
Write down the name of four commercial crops.
Answer:
Cotton, Jute, Tea, Coffee, Rubber etc.

Question 8.
Which slogan was given by Birsa Munda?
Answer:
Self-rule in’ his own country (Abua Desh Mai Abua Raj).

Question 9.
Which community of the people prevented the king of Jodhpur from felling the trees by their sacrifice?
Answer:
Bishnoi Community.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Colonialism? Give an example.
Answer:
Colonialism is a process in which any powerful country occupies the natural and human resources of the country or an area in a direct or indirect manner and uses them for its own interests. The British occupation of India is the perfect example of the colonialism.

Question 2.
What is the relationship between forest and livelihood of the people?
Answer:
Forest tribes have been dependent on the forests for their livelihood and survival for centuries. They do hunting of birds and animals, fishing in ditches, ponds, etc. in and around the forests. They do cultivation on hilly slopes and nearby plains. They work as causal labourers in the forest department and in mines available near their place of living.

They hunt deer, jackal, sambhar, fox, wild goat for the purpose of eating. They do fishing and also catch turties and crabs for eating. They also hunt various kinds of birds like titir, hater, bageri, etc.

They do the collection of edible, roots, shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Fruits collected are generally Jamun, Mahua, Bair, Katahal, Amla, Imli etc. The varieties of roots, shoots, flowers, etc. collected vary from region to region.
There are other minor forest products that are collected for selling in the market or for using as folk medicine. They are seeds of Imli. Babul, Jamun, Mahua, Harer, Bahera, Honey, Lac, etc.

These include rope making, mat making broom making, basket making etc. During the off season, basketry and rope making from bamboo, Khajur, tar, etc. provide gainful engagement.

They rear animals for the purpose of eating flesh and milk and performing agriculture. They also sell them in the market. They rear goats for flesh and earn money by selling them in the market. They also rear hen, cock, ducks, etc. to get their eggs and flesh. They even sell them in the market for cash. Cows and buffaloes are reared to get milk and calves. Calves were sold to get money. Calves and buffaloes are also used to till the land.

Question 3.
How forests were used for the expansion of railways?
Answer:
During 19thf century, India was industrially lagging behind. Therefore, in the development of transportation, wood played a vital role. The first railway track was laid in 1853 in India. Wood was used as fuel to run locomotive and sleepers were required for tracks to hold them together tightly. As per estimate around 2000 sleepers were required to lay down only a mile of railway jjrack. Thus, it can be said that, in the decline of forest resources, railway played a vital role in India.

Question 4.
Describe the different categories of forests according to the Forest Law of 1878.
Answer:

The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories
(i) Reserved forests,
(ii) Protected forests,
(iii) Village forests.
The best forests were called reserved forests. Villagers could not take any thing from these forests, even for their own use.
For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.

Question 5.
What is the state of forests in Contemporary India?
Answer:
India is a land of saints. There had been a great relation between the saints and forests. That’s why there had been a tradition of protecting forests and its wildlife. King Ashoka on one of his inscription, engraved that no animal will be killed or sacrificed in his empire. Even those animals which are not consumable were protected as well such as parrot. Except this there had been a tradition of not firing the forests. Many people still worship a number of trees and forests. Many tribes consider trees as their totam, so they consider them sacred.

Question 6.
Write a note on ‘Jhoom System’.
Answer:
Before Colonialism, there had been a type of traditional agriculture called Jhoom Cultivation or Shifting Cultivation. According to this system of Cultivation, some part of forest was fired or cut down to clear the land. After Monsoon, the crop was sown which was cut down in October-November. A good crop was taken for next 2-3 years. When its productivity reduced then trees were planted again so that it can retain its fertility. Such forests were ready after few years. For agriculture, tribals moved to other places.

VII. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the causes of deforestation? Explain.
Answer:
With the advent of industrial revolution, the demand of raw material and food grains was increased. It also increased the demand of wood. Tnere was a continuous cutting of forests. That’s why the life of people living in forests was greatly affected. The European countries started looking towards those countries/ including, India, which were quite rich in natural resources. That’s why the Dutch, Portuguese, French and the British started cutting forests in their respective Colonies,

In short, the reasons of deforestation under Colonialism are given below.
1. Railways. During 19th century, India was industrially lagging behind. Therefore, in the development of communication wood played a vital role. The first railway truck was laid in 1853 in India. Wood was used as fuel to run locomotives and sleepers were required for tracks to hold them together tightly. As per estimate around 2000 sleepers were required to lay down only a mile of railway track. Thus, it can be said that, in the decline of forest resources, railway played a vital role in India.

2. Ship-building. As we know that wood is the raw material which is used in ship-building. In the 19th century, sea was the main route of trade and commerce. By 19th century, oak forests in England started disappearing. This created a severe problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. For this reason in 1820. a timber search teaHa was sent to explore the forest resources in India. Within a decade, trees were being felled on a massive scale because vast quantities of timber were exported from India to England.

3. Agricultural Expansion. After the advent of the European especially the British, the exploitation of forest area increased. In order to supplement the need of food for the increasing population led t<J the rapid expansion of agricultural land. There were numerous reasons for this. They thought the forest as useless and so encouraged agriculture for revenue as well as to increase their income. Due to the increase in the demands of commercial crops required for industries, thus, the production increased as well as the cultivation area between 1880 and 1920 rose by 6.7 million hectares indicating progress in agriculture.

4. Commercial farming. The British Government accorded the Indian forestry the status of commerce for her own interests. Earlier forest was a means for the instenance of life and entertainment. But the colonial power used it for its own interest and exploited the forest commercially. They gave encouragement to the cash crops like jute, tea, rubber, sugar, cotton etc. These crops were in great demand in Europe to feed its growing urban population as well as increase its industrial production.

5. Tea/Coffee Plantation. The land revenue was the main source of income of the colonial power. Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In their place/ one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is known as plantation. To increase the income from land, they allotted vast forest areas to European plantation owners. As a result, this led to the reduction of forest areas. Gradually, plantation became a major source of income. There were a number of workers employed in this sector. For the accommodation of these workers forests had also to be cleared.

6. Adivasis and other peasant users. The British Government imposed certain Forest laws in India but Adivasis and other peasant users were able to dodge laws by inbous means. They stole wood from the forest and grazed their cattle stealthy. If they were caught they bribed the forest guards. Even women continued to collect firewood. The police officials and forest guards demanded favours from the Adivasis and peasant users for illegal falling of trees etc.

Question 2.
What was the impact of the forest laws on the forest society during the Colonialism? Explain.
Answer:
1. Shifting cultivators. One of the major impacts of European colonialism was on the practice of shifting cultivation or swidden agriculture. This is a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America. In shifting cultivation, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains and the crop is harvested by October-November.

European foresters regarded this practise as harmful for the forests. They felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber. When a forest was burnt, there was the added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber. Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation. As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations; while some resisted through large and small rebellions.

2. Nomadic and pastoralist communities. The, worst sufferers were nomadic and pastroralist communities. The British Government declared some forests as reserved, some others as protected. This limited their access to the forest. They could not graze their herds in forest and they could not collect forest produce like, fruits, roots and fuel and timber. For medicines, they could not collect the herbs. They had to give up hunting and fishing in the forest areas.

3. Effects on firms trading in timber and forest produce. The colonial , rule affected the timber trading in many ways. Firstly, the British Government enacted rules for forest reservation. Under this rule, people were not allowed to cut trees and collect timber from forest. Secondly, by the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for Royal Navy. Thirdly, now the people were not allowed to get other forest products like ivory, silk, coconuts, bamboo, spices, resins, gum etc. for trading. Fourthly, only a few European trading firms were given the right to trade in the forest products of particular areas. General firms had to suffer owing to this measure.

4. Effect on plantation owners. The concept of plantation agriculture emerged in India with the colonial rule. The owners of the plantation fields were mostly Europeans. Therefore, rules and regulations regarding the plantation were made by keeping in view the interest of the Europeans. Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities. The colonial government took over the forests, and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. These areas were enclosed and cleared of forests and planted with tea or coffee. The planters were given a free hand to manage and regulate the farms. The labourers were exploited to the hilt and were paid low wages.

5. Effect on Kings/British officials engaged in Shikar. Under the colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct. The British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage society. They believed that by killing dangerous animals the British would civilise India. They gave rewards for the killing of tigers, wolves and other large animals on the grounds that they posed a threat to cultivators. Over 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards and 200,000 wolves were killed for reward in period 1875-1925. Gradually, the tiger came to be seen as a sporting trophy. The Maharaja of Sarguja alone shot 1,157 tigers and 2,000 leopards up to 1957. A British administrator, George Yule, killed 400 tigers. Initially certain areas of forests were reserved for hunting. Only much later did the environmentalists and conservators begin to argue that all these species of animals needed to be protected and not killed.

Question 3.
Write a detailed note on Munda Tribe.
Answer:
Munda movement occupies an important place amongst the movements for tribal rights on land, water and forests. This movement was carried on under the leadership of Birsa Munda. The British were depriving the tribals from their water forests and land by making laws. Tribals worshipped forests as father and land as their mother. They were deprived of all these with the help of law. The Christian priest Doctor Notrate inspired the people to adopt Christianity and promised to give their lands back. But later on, the government did not fulfil the promise. With the help of his ideas, Birsa Munda organised the tribals,. First of all he included three aspects—social, economic and cultural, in his movement. He tried to educate the people to shun their superstitions. He connected the people by talking about the security of water-forest land or tribal rights on all these. Except these he also talked about protecting their culture by raising the slogan of saving the religion and culture.

In 1895, a movement was initiated to waive off forest related tax but the government completely refused it. Birsa Munda raised the slogan of ‘Self rule in his own country’ (Abua Desh Main Abua Raj) and started struggle against the British. On 8th August, 1895, Birsa was arrested from chalkat and imprisoned for two year. When Birsa got free from jail, there occured famine in the region. Birsa along with his people served the people and he started creating awareness amongst people. People started worshipping him as ‘Dharti Baba’. But there started confrontation between him and the government. That’s why in 1807 A.D. around 400 Munda rebels attacked the Khuti police station. In 1898 A.D., the rebels pushed back the British army in the region of Tanga river but the British army killed hundreds of tribals.

On 14th December, 1899, Birsa Munda declared a war agaiftst the British which by January 1900, spread in the whole region. The British announced the reward on Birsa. Few locals helped the British to arrest him and he was sent to a prison in Ranchi. He was poisoned over there and died on 9th June, 1900 A.D.. To prevent the anger of Munda tribe it was pretended that Birsa was died of cholera. His family members were tried in court and were given severe punishments.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Forest Society and Colonialism Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
What do you mean by deforestation?
(a) Appearance of forests
(b) Reappearance of forests
(c) Burning of forests
(d) Disappearance of forests.
Answer:
(d) Disappearance of forests.

Question 2.
Construction of railway tracks in India created huge demand for
(a) Timber
(b) Iron
(c) Elephants
(d) Bamboos.
Answer:
(a) Timber.

Question 3.
Which plantation was the most important during the colonial period?
(a) Coffee
(b) Rubber
(c) Tea
(d) Tobacco.
Answer:
(c) Tea.

Question 4.
When was the Indian Forest Service set up?
(a) 1863
(b) 1864
(c) 1865
(d) 1866.
Answer
(6b) 1864.

Question 5.
Where was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up?
(a) Dehradun
(b) Shimla
(c) Delhi
(d) Kathmandu.
Answer:
(a) Dehradun.

Question 6.
What were the best forests called?
(a) Protected forests
(b) Village forests
(c) Reserved forests
(d) Unreserved forests.
Answer:
(c) Reserved forests.

Question 7.
What is shifting cultivation called in Sri Lanka?
Answer:
(a) Chena
(b) Penda
(c) Jhum
(d) Podw.
Answer:
(a) Chena.

Question 8.
Which British officer was the most famous tiger hunter?
(a) Lord Reading
(b) George Yule
(c) John Kelvin
(d) Metcalfe.
Answer:
(b) George Yule.

Question 9.
Where is Bastar located?
(a) M.P.
(b) A.P.
(c) T.N.
(d) Chhattisgarh.
Answer:
(d) Chhattisgarh.

Question 10.
When did the first rebellion take place in Bastar?
(a) 1912
(b) 1910
(c) 1915
(d) 1940.
Answer:
(b) 1910.

Question 11.
When was the Indian Forest Act passed?
(a) 1865
(b) 1864
(c) 1871
(d) 1872.
Answer:
(a) 1865.

Question 12.
Which of these is the cash crop?
(a) Jute
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Cotton
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 13.
Who was the tribal leader of Chota Nagpur?
(a) Birsa Munda
(b) Sidhu
(c) Kanhu
(d) Alluri Sitaram Raju.
Answer:
(a) Birsa Munda.

Question 14.
Who was the leader of rebellion of Bastar in the British Rule?
(a) Gunda Dhur
(b) Kanhu
(c) Birsa Munda
(d) Sidhu.
Answer:
(a) Gunda Dhur.

Question 15.
Who did implement scientific forestry in Indonesia?
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) Russian.
Answer:
(c) Dutch

Question 16.
Which river flows across Bastar from east to west?
(a) Godawari
(b) Krishna
(c) Kauveri
(d) Indramati.
Answer:
(d) Indramati.

Question 17.
Which of these is the forest product?
(a) Silk
(b) Gum
(c) Wood
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
The first railway was started in ______ A.D.
Answer:
1853

Question 2.
______ live in forests.
Answer:
Tribals

Question 3.
Length of railway track in 1890 was ______ km.
Answer:
25000

Question 4.
______, ______ and ______ were major commercial crops.
Answer:
Tea, Coffee, Rubber,

Question 5.
Lord Dalhousie promoted the plantation of ______ in Malabar.
Answer:
teak

Question 6.
Indian Forest Act was amended in ______ A.D.
Answer:
1878.

True/False:

Question 1.
In 1878, four categories of forests were created.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
In 1906, The Imperial Forests Research Institute was formed at Dehradun.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
Forest policy was formed in 1952 A.D.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
Birsa Munda was born in 1857 A.D.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Birsa Munda died in 1900 A.D.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is deforestation?
Answer:
Disapperance of forest is called deforestation.

Question 2.
Define plantation.
Answer:
Mechanized farming of single species planted in straight lines on large fields.

Question 3.
When was Indian Forest Service set up?
Answer:
1864.

Question 4.
When and where was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up?
Answer:
In 1906, at Dehradun.

Question 5.
When was the Indian Forest Act passed?
Answer:
1865.

Question 6.
How many wolves, tigers and leopards were killed between 1875 to 1925?
Answer:
2 lakh wolves, 1.5 lakh leopards, 80 thousand tigers.

Question 7.
Name any five forest products.
Answer:
Silk, gum, wood, bidi, ivory and hides.

Question 8.
Mention the length of railway tracks in India in 1946.
Answer:
765,000 km.

Question 9.
The disappearance of which tree caused problem of timber supply for Royal Navy?
Answer:
Oak.

Question 10.
Who was the First Inspector General of Forests in India?
Answer:
Dyetrich Brandis.

Question 11.
When was the Forest Act 1865 amended?
Answer:
It was amended twice-1878 and 1927.

Question 12.
What were the reserved forests?
Answer:
The best forests were called reserved forests. It was out of bound for villagers.

Question 13.
What were the three needs of villagers to be satisfied by forests?
Answer:
Fuel, fodder and leaves.

Question 14.
What is the use of Mahua tree?
Answer:
Oil for cooking and to light lamps can be pressed from the fruit of Mahua tree.

Question 15.
Name the tribal leader of Chottanagpur.
Answer:
Birsa Munda.

Question 16.
Where is Bastar located?
Answer:
Bastar is located in Chhattisgarh bordering Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra.

Question 17.
Name the tribal communities of Bastar.
Answer:
Masia, Musria, Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.

Question 18.
Which river flows across Bastar from east to west?
Answer:
Indrawati.

Question 19.
What is mann?
Answer:
If people from a village in Bastar want to take some wood from the forest of another village they pay small fee called mann.

Question 20.
Who was Gunda Dhur?
Answer:
He was the leader of Bastar tribal movement in 1910.

Question 21.
Name three forest products.
Answer:
Dyes, gum and honey are three forest products.

Question 22.
For which type of crops the Indian forests were cleared to meet the demands of Europeans?
Answer:
For tea, coffee and rubber crops, the Indian forests were cleared to meet the demands of Europeans.

Question 23.
Who was appointed the First Inspector General of Forests in India?
Answer:
A German expert, Dietrich Brandis was appointed as the First Inspector General of forests in India.

Question 24.
When was Indian Forest Act passed?
Answer:
In the year 1865, India Forests Act was passed.

Question 25.
Where and in which year was the Imperial Forest Research Institute established?
Answer:
At Dehradun, in the year 1906, the Imperial Forest Research Institute was established.

Question 26.
What is shifting cultivation?
Answer:
In shifting cultivation, parts of forests are cut and burnt in rotation. A mixture of crops are grown on these plots.

Question 27.
How much percentage of total forest area of world disappeard between 1700 and 1995?
Answer:
9.3% of total forest area of world disappeared between 1700 and 1995.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the reasons for the expansion of cultivation in the colonial period?
Answer:
There were various reasons for the expansion of cultivation in the colonial period as :

The European powers encouraged the cultivation of commercial corps like cotton Indigo, Jute, tea, sugar, coffee, surgarcane, etc for feeding the’towns people and to supply raw materials for their home industries.
The British encouraged plantation agriculture like tea, coffee, and rubber as they were in great demand in Europe. Plantation farms were large and extensive employing scientific means to increase the produce.
It was the firm belief of the colonial masters that forests were unproductive and did not contribute in the income of the state. Therefore, cultivation had to be extended and encouragement at the cost of forest.

Question 2.
After 1820, Indian forests were cut down on a large scale. What were its reasons?
Answer:
During the decade of 1820, the British government needed of strong and durable timber. This increasing demand of timber and consequently deforestation had following reasons :

The British Royal Navy’s Ships were made with Oak tree. But the oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. So, Indian forests were explored and vast quantities of timber were being exported from India.
The spread of railway started during the decade of 1805’s. It increased the demand and need of timber. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers, were necessary to hold the tracks together. As early as the 1850s, in the Madras Presidency alone, 35,000 trees were being cut annually for sleepers.
To continue with the wood’s supply, the British government gave contract to private companies and they out trees indiscriminately.

Question 3.
Under scientific forestry, which steps were taken for the forest management?
Answer:
Under scientific forestry, the following steps were taken for the forest management.

Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down.
In their place, single type of trees was planted in straight rows which is , called plantation.
Forest officials surveyed the forests, estimated the area under different types of trees and made working, plans for forest management.
They planned how much of the plantation area to cut every year. The area cut was then to be replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years.

Question 4.
There were conflicting interests of the colonial forest officials and villagers about forests. Clarify.
Answer:
It is true that they both had conflicting news regarding the usage of forests. Villagers needed wood for fuel, grass and leaves. So, they wanted the forests with mixed variety of trees.

On contrary to this, forest officials were in favour of such forests which could cater their needs of ship building and the expansion of railways. That’s why they wanted to plant strong and durable trees which could reach its height. That’s why they cleared the mixed forests and planted teak and Sal trees.

Question 5.
Forest Laws brought many difficulties for the villagers and local communities. Explain it.
Answer:
Forest products were the means of livelihood for the tribals and villages. But forest laws restricted them from cutting wood, collecting fruit and roots, animal grazing, hunting and catching fish. So, they were forced to steal wood from forest. If they were caught, they had to pay bribe to forest officials. Women who collected fuel wood were especially worried. It was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them.

Question 6.
Why was shifting agriculture stopped? What was its impact on local communities?
Answer:
Shifting agriculture was stopped due to three major reasons :

European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests. They felt that land was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber.
When a forest was burnt, there was the added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber.
Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes.
Impact. Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions.

Question 7.
Which new changes came in forestry after the decade of 1980?
Answer:
Forestry completely changed from the decade of 1980. Now forgot conservation was made the objective by local people instead of collecting wood from the forests. Government also came to know that public participation is necessary for forest conservation. That’s why dense forest from Mizoram till Kerala are safe in India. People consider their security as their duty, Some villagers care these forest themselves. Even every family gives duty for its security. So there is no role of forest guards in these forests. Now local communities and environments and thinking about giving new form to the forest management.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was the first Inspector General of Forests in India? What were his views about forest management? What did he do for this?
Answer:
The first Inspector General of Forests in India was Dietrich Brandis. He was a German specialist. He had following views about forest management.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 7 Forest Society and Colonialism 1

Brajidis realised that proper system had to be introduced to manage the forests and people had to be trained in the science of conservation.
Under this system, legal sanctions had to be implemented.
Rules about the use of forests had to be framed.
Forests could be preserved for timber production. Falling of trees and grazing had to be restricted.
Anybody who cut trees without following the system had to be punished.

To implement his ideas Brandis established Indian Forest Service in 1964 and helped in formulating the Indian Forest Act 1865. Imperial Forest Research Institutions was set up at Dehradun in 1905. The system they taught here was scientific forestry. Later on many people felt that this system is not scientific at all.

Question 2.
How did the tribal people use the products available in the forests?
Answer:
In forest areas, tribals use forest products, such as roots, leaves, fruits and tubers in many ways.

Fruits and tubers are nutritious to eat especially during the monsoon before the harvest has come in.
Herbs are used for medicine.
Wood is used for agricultural implements like yokes and ploughs.
Bamboo is used to make excellent fences. It is also used to make baskets and umbrellas.
A dried scooped out goured can be used as a portable water bottle.
Almost everything is available in forests such as
- Leaves can be stiched together to make disposable plates and cups.
- The Siadi (Bauhinia vahlii) can be used to make ropes.
- The thorny bark of Semur (silk cotton) tree is used to grats vegetables.
- Oil for cooking and to light lamps can be pressed from the fruits of mahua tree.

PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 10th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji

SST Guide for Class 10 PSEB Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji Textbook Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in 10-15 words:

Question 1.
Name the Guru whowas earlier known as Bhai Lehna Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Lehna Ji was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dey Ji.

Question 2.
Define Lagar System.
Answer:
The Langar system or Pa1lgat refers to that tradition by which all the people without any distinction, like caste, religion, etc. sat in one row and partook food. Guru Amar Das Ji had made a rule according to which no body would come in his presence without first partaking food in the Pangat.

Question 3.
Name the Guru who laid the foundation of Baoli at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji laid the foundation of a large well (Baoli) in GoindwaL

Question 4.
Name the Guru whom Akbar visited.
Answer:
Akbar met Guru Amar Das Ji at Goindwal.

Question 5.
Write two objectives of the Masand System.
Answer:
The two aims of Masand System were as follows:

To collect the donations for the development work relating to Sikh religion.
To organise the Sikhs.

Question 6.
Who was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs? Vhich city was founded by him?
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji was the fourth Guru of the Sikhs and Guru Sahib built the city of Ramdaspur (Amritsar).

Question 7.
When and who laid the foundation of Sri Harimandir Sahib?
Answer:
The foundation stone of Sri Harimandir Sahib was laid in 1589 A.D. by the renowned Sufi Saint of his times, Miari Mir.

Question 8.
What is the significance of four doors on the four sides of Sri Harimandir Sahib?
Answer:
The significance of erecting the doors in all the four directions in Sri Harimandir Sahib is to indicate that Sri Harimandir Sahib is open to all classes, all the religions and all the castes without any discrimination.

Question 9.
Name the four cities established by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the following four cities:

Tarn Taran,
Kartarpur,
Hargobiridpur and
Chheharta.

Question 10.
Define the meaning of ‘Daswandh’.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji made many rules for Masand System. The most important rule was about ‘Daswandh’. According to it, the devotees were required to donate tenth part of their income to the Guru for religious activites. It was called Daswandh.

Question 11.
Why was the Adi Granth Sahib compiled?
Answer:
The Adi Granth Sahib was compiled to provide a collection of authentic Bani (hymns) of Guru Sahiban for the proper guidance of the Sikhs. Guru Arjan Dev Ji wanted to provide a true religions book to ensure that Sikhs could receive the true knowledge of Guru Bani and might not be cheated by the false writings written in the name of Guru Sahibs.

Question 12.
What do you know about Langar System?
Answer:
The Langar System or Pangat was started bydGuru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the system With full devotion. This system proved to be a powerful agency for popularising the Sikh religion.

Question 13.
What was preached by Guru Angad Dev Ji to the Sikhs through the Sangat System?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the message of peace and brotherhood and dealt a severe blow to the caste system among the Sikhs.

Question 14.
What was the contribution of Guru Angad Dev Ji towards Langar system?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji further promoted the Langar system or Pangat, which was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This system worked with the voluntary support of his Sikh followers. Bibi Khiwi, wife of Guru Angad Dev Ji, managed the Pangat System with full devotion.

Question 15.
Write about the wrestling ground established by Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Angad. Dev Ji believed that the physical fitness was essential for the intellectual development of the Sikhs. Hence, in order to develop physical health of his Sikh followers, Guru Sahib established a gymnasium at Khadoor Sahib. Guru Sahib organised there wrestling matches regularly.

Question 16.
What do you know about Goindwal Sahib?
Answer:
The city of Goindwal is situated on the bank of river Beas. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed here a Baoli, a large oblong tank of water. This Baoli has eighty four steps with landing places. Guru Sahib had decreed that whoever would reverently repeat the Japuji Sahib on every step shall escape from wandering in the wombs of the eighty four lakhs of living .creatures. In the course of time, Goindwal became an important centre of Sikh pilgrimage.

Question 17.
Write the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about Caste System.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was strongly against untouchability and discriminations based on Caste System (Jati System). Guru Sahib considered those people foolish and ignorant who believed in Jati System and untouchability. Guru Sahib had instructed the Sikhs to condemn untouchability and Caste System.

Question 18.
What were the views of Guru Amar Das Ji about the Sati System?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the practice of Sati. Guru Sahib told that a widow who had burnt herself alive on the pyre of her dead husband could not be called a true Sati. According to him, a widow who preferred to live her life in the memory of her dead husband could be called a true Sati.

Question 19.
What reforms did Guru Amar Das Ji introduce for marriage, birth and death ceremonies?
Answer:

Guru Amar Das Ji replaced the ceremony of Pheras (going around the fire pit in Hindu marriage) with-the ceremony of Lavan in Sikh marriages.
Guru Sahib started the ceremony of singing the ‘Anand Bani’ at the time of birth and marriage.
Guru Sahib instructed the Sikhs to say the prayers to God and chant the name of God on all the sad occasions or .death ceremonies.

Question 20.
Write about the importance of Ramdaspur or Amritsar.
Answer:
The Sikhs got their own city of pilgrimage and an important business centre with the founding of Ramdaspur or Amritsar. With the passage of time, the city of Ramdaspur or Amritsar greatly contributed to the development of the Sikh community.

Question 21.
Write about the Baoli Sahib (water source) of Lahore.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji had constructed a large well (Baoli) in Dubbi Bazaar in Lahore. It became a place of pilgrimage for his Sikh followers.

Question 22.
What was the need of compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib by Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji wanted that his Sikhs should be benefited from the true and divine hymns of Guru Sahiban for which he found it necessary to make available a true and sacred religious book. Therefore, Guru Sahib compiled Adi Granth Sahib and placed it in Sri Harmandir Sahib for the spiritual benefit of his Sikh followers.

Question 23.
Write two social reforms brought about by Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji brought about the following social reforms:

Guru Sahib tried to encourage widow remarriage.
Guru Sahib prohibited the use of liquor and intoxicants by his Sikh followers.

Question 24.
Write about the relationship between Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar had very friendly relations with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The opponents of Guru Arjan Dev Ji tried to poison the ears of Akbar against Guru Sahib, but Akbar rebuffed them. Due to Guru Sahib’s advice, Akbar remitted the land tax of the farmers of Punjab during the year of bad harvests.

Question 25.
Why did Jahangir want to kill Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:

The Mughal Emperor Jahangir was jealous of the rising popularity of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
He was perturbed (troubled) by the fact that like the Hindus, many Muslims were coming under the influence of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Thus, the Mughal Emperor Jahangir wanted to put to death Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 26.
Write the importance of the swords of ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji put on two swords and called them ‘Miri’ and ‘Piri’. The ‘Miri’ sword represented the leadership of Guru Hargobind Ji over the Sikhs in their worldly affairs. The sword ‘Piri’ indicated the leadership of Guru Sahib in spiritual matters of the Sikhs.

Question 27.
How did Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji fortify the city of Amritsar?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji raised a thick wall all around the city of Amritsar. Guru Sahib also constructed a fort called ‘Lohgarh’ within the city and garrisoned it.

Answer the following questions in 30-50 words:

Question 1.
Describe the Baoli Sahib (water sources) at Goindwal Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji completed the work of construction of the Baoli at Goindwal, which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib told his Sikh followers that whosoever would recite the hymns of ‘JupJi Sahib’ with full devotion on each of the 84 steps, he would become free from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh types of lives (Yonis) and achieve Moksha (Salvation). Indu Bushan Banerjee says that the Baoli played a significant role in the history of Sikh religion. The Baoli of Goindwal became a popular place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. The Gurudwara Baoli Sahib stands there.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of the Manji System and why was it started?
Answer:
The Manji System was founded by Guru Amar Das Ji. The number of his Sikh followers had increased immensely by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. However, Guru Amar Das Ji was very old and it was difficult for him to visit his large spiritual empire of Sikh followers in order to spread his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his spiritual empire into 22 regions called the Manjis. Each Manji was further divided into Pieces. The Manji system had great significance in the history of Sikh religion. Dr. G.C. Narang says that this work of Guru Sahib consolidated the foundations of Sikh religion and helped to spread Guru’s teachings in all parts of the country.

Question 3.
What reforms were introduced in marriage ceremonies by Guru Amar Das Ji?
Answer:
At the time of Guru Amar Das Ji, the influence of caste system was dominating the people of Punjab. The people considered it against their religion to marry outside one’s own caste. Guru Sahib believed that such a tradition had divided the people. Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to break the caste barriers and permitted inter-caste marriages. Guru Sahib also reformed the marriage ceremonies. Guru Sahib started the ceremony of Lavan in place of Pheras. Bhai Jetha Ji (Guru Ram Das Ji) wrote the Lavans on the advice of Guru Amar Das Ji.

Question 4.
How did Guru Angad Dev Ji separate the Sikhs from the Udasi sect?
Answer:
Baba Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, had founded the Udasi sect. He praised the life of an ascetic (monk or sanyasi). This idea of spiritual ascetic life was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that the Sikh religion was a religion of the householders and not of the monks who broke the family ties for their spiritual life. There was no place for ascetics in the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib also declared that a Sikh who adopted a life of an ascetic was not a true Sikh. In this manner, Guru Sahib separated the Sikhs from the Udasis and consolidated the foundations of Sikh religion.

Question 5.
Write about the Anand Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had composed fresh Bani called Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib had composed the Anand Sahib at the time of birth of his grandson named Anand. It has forty hymns. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed his Sikh followers to sing Anand Sahib on the happy occasions in their lives like birth, marriage or any other similar occasion. After the composition of Anand Sahib, the need of Vedic hymns for Sikh community completely ended. The Sikhs sing the hymns of Anand Sahib on the occasions of happiness in their lives upto this day.

Question 6.
Write about the foundation of Ramdaspura or Amritsar.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded Ramdaspura. This city is now called Amritsar. Guru Ram Das Ji had started the work of digging of two Sarovars (ponds) called Amritsar and Santokhsar in 1577. Guru Sahib found that it was difficult to look after the work of construction of the ponds from Goindwal. Hence, Guru Sahib decided to camp at the site of construction at Amritsar. His followers started visiting him at his camping site and some of them also stayed there, which led to the rise of a small township. This township was lovingly named Ramdaspur.

Guru Ram Das Ji tried to provide all the amenities to his followers who were staying there because of their devotion to him. Guru Sahib also established a small market there. That market became popular as ‘Market of Guru Ji’ or ‘Guru Ka Bazaar’. In this manner, the city became an important place of pilgrimage and trading centre for the Sikhs and contributed in a significant way to the growth of Sikh religion.

Question 7.
Write about Sri Harimandir Sahib.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji had raised Sri Harimandir Sahib in the centre of the Sarovar Amritsar after the final union of Guru Ram Das Ji with the Divine Power. Sufi fakir, Mian Mir laid the foundation stone of Sri Harimandir Sahib in 1589. Guru Sahib had constructed doors in each of the four directions of Sri Harimandir Sahib. It was done to declare that the doors of Sri Harimandir Sahib were open to the people of all the castes and religions without distinction. Baba Budda Ji supervised the work of construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib and completed it in 1601. In 1604, Adi Granth Sahib was placed in Sri Harmandir Sahib and Baba Budda Ji was appointed as the first Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Sri Harmandir Sahib is the main centre of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. According to one scholar, “Amritsar is for the Sikhs what Mecca is for the Muslims.”

Question 8.
What do you know about Tarn Taran Sahib?
Answer:
The town of Tarn Taran was founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Tarn Taran has great significance in the history of Sikhs. Tarn Taran is an important place of pilgrimage like Amritsar for the Sikhs. A large number of Sikh pilgrims come to Tarn Taran and take bath in the Sarovar. It was because of Tarn Taran that the Jats of Majha region of Punjab adopted Sikh religion during the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Jats of the Majha region proved to be most courageous and fearless while fighting against the Mughals in the battles. Indu Bushan Banerjee remarks that the history of the Sikhs took a new turn with the entry of the Jats into Sikh religion.

Question 9.
What were the benefits of the Masand system for the Sikh religion?
Answer:
The Masand System played an important role in the development and organisation of the Sikh religion. The importance of the Masand System for Sikh religion was as under:
1. The system ensured regular and fixed donations for the Guru Gaddi. With a fixed income from donations, Guru Sahib was able to undertake much constructive work for the development of Sikh religion. Guru Arjan Dev Ji not only built tanks at Amritsar and Santokhsar, but also built new cities, constructed ponds, dug wells, etc.

2. Masand System, not only ensured fixed donations, but also, helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion more enthusiastically. Earlier, the work of spread of religion was done through Manji system. It was confined only to the Punjab during those days. However, Guru Arjan Dev Ji appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It helped in the spread of Sikh religion even outside.

3. Guru Sahib started holding his own court when he had an assured income through Masand System. The Masands and the devoted Sikhs brought donations and gifts to the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji on every Baisakhi day and bowed their heads before him to seek his blessings. Gradually, the court of Guru Sahib acquired the status of a court of an emperor for the Sikhs and Sikh Sangat started calling Guru Arjan Dev Ji as Sachcha Padshah (The True Emperor) out of love and devotion for him.

Question 10.
Write about the daily life of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji had changed his lifestyle according to his‘New Policy’. According to his new daily routine, after taking his bath early morning, Guru Sahib visited Sri Harimandir Sahib to give religious instruction. After the discourse, the Langar was served every day. After the Langar, Guru Sahib used to take rest for some time before leaving for hunting. Guru Hargobind Ji had instructed Abdul and Nathmal to sing songs of heroism (songs of vir rasa) on high notes in order to infuse courage into the Sikh Sangat. Guru Sahib organised special troupes of singers (Dhadis). In this manner, Guru Sahib created a new awareness among the Sikhs and created in them the spirit of courage.

Question 11.
What do you know about the ‘Akal Takht’?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji used to give religious instructions at Sri Harimandir Sahib. Guru Sahib had constructed a new building called ‘Akal Takht’ (the Throne of Supreme God) in the western part of the premises of Sri Harimandir Sahib to give advice to the Sikhs in the worldly matters. There was raised a platform about 12 feet high. Guru Sahib used to solve the military and political problems of the Sikhs while sitting there. Guru Sahib also listened to heroic songs (songs of vir rasa) from his followers at Akal Takht. Guru Sahib also imparted physical training to his Sikh followers hear Akal Takht.

Question 12.
Throw light on any four measures taken by Guru Angad Dev Ji for the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikhs after Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s demise in 1539. His period proved to be a blessing for the rise of Sikhism.

Guru Sahib contributed to the rise of Sikhism by doing the following work:

Improvement of Gurumukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurumukhi script. .In order to popularise Gurumukhi, Guru Sahib wrote ‘Bal Bodh’ to help children to learn the alphabet or Gurumukhi.
The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and other Writings. Guru Angad Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write a Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to know the true instructions of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji also wrote his own Bani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Langar System. Guru Angad Dev Ji continued Langar system with full devotion. It helped in reducing the ill-feelings based on caste system among the people and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.
Founding of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

Question 13.
How was Masand system useful for the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
Refer to answer in 70-75 words to question no. 9 of section B.

Question 14.
Write a note on the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The Mughal Emperor Akbar had very cordial relations with Guru Arjan Dev Ji. However, Jahangir the next Mughal emperor, abandoned the policy of toleration after the death of Akbar. Jahangir was on the lookout for an opportunity to give mortal blow to Sikh religion. In the meantime, Prince Khusro, the son of Jahangir, revolted against his father. After being defeated at the hand of his father, Khusro came to Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Sahib blessed him. Jahangir imposed a fine of two lakh rupees on Guru Sahib on the charge of helping rebellious Khusro. Guru Sahib showed his inability to pay. As a result, Guru Sahib was detained and subjected to severe torture. It infuriated the Sikhs. The Sikhs learned that the only course then left open to them was to rise in arms for the protection of their religion.

Answer the following questions in 100-120 words:

Question 1.
What is the contribution of Guru Angad Sahib to the development of Sikh religion?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji became the second Guru of the Sikh religion in 1539 after Guru Nanak Dev Ji. His period proved to be a blessing for the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib contributed to the development of the Sikh religion in the following manner:
1. Improvement in Gurumukhi Script. Guru Angad Dev Ji made improvements in the Gurumukhi script. In order to popularise Gurumukhi, Guru Sahib wrote ‘Bal Bodh’ to help the children learn the alphabet of Gurumukhi. The Gurumukhi was a common language of the people of the region. It helped in the promotion of Sikh religion. All the religious literature of Sikhism is written in Gurumukhi script.

2. The Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji instructed Bhai Bala Ji to write the Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib also collected all the sayings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It helped the Sikhs to follow the true path shown by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Sahib himself also wrote Bani in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

3. The Langar System. Guru Aiigad Dev Ji continued the Langar system with full devotion. Langar was served to all the people without any distinction based on caste system. It helped in decreasing the feelings of inequality based on caste system and helped in spreading the message of Sikh religion.

4. Separating the Udasis from the Sikhs. The eldest son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Bhai Sri Chand had established the Udasi sect. He had popularised asceticism (Sanyas). The idea of asceticism was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to his followers that the Sikh religion is a religion of householders. There was no place for ascetics (Sanyasis) in it. Guru Sahib declared that those Sikhs, who believed in asceticism, were not true Sikhs. In this manner, by separating Udasis from the Sikh community, Guru Sahib strengthened the Sikh religion.

5. Laid the foundation of Goindwal. Guru Angad Dev Ji founded the city of Goindwal. This city became an important Sikh religious centre during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. Even today, it is one of the most important religious centres of Sikhism.

6. Enforced Discipline. Guru Angad Dev Ji maintained strict discipline in his Sikh community. He turned out Bhai Satta and Bhai Balwand out of Sikh Sangat for breaking discipline. However, on the request of Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. This episode served as a warning to the indisciplined elements in the Sikh community.

It is true that Guru Angad Dev Ji had given a distinct identity to the Sikh religion by making improvements in Gurumukhi script. The Sikh followers got their own separate script and language. The langar system freed the Sikh religion from the influence of caste system. It helped Sikh religion to establish its own separate identity different from the Hindu religion. All the credit goes to Guru Angad Dev Ji for all such developments which made Sikh religion a distinct religion.

Question 2.
What work was done by Guru Amar Das Ji for the development of Sikh religion?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji occupies an important place in the history of Sikh religion. The seeds of the religion which Guru Nanak Dev Ji had sowed, sprouted during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji raised a fence around the new religion and saved it from getting absorbed into Hindu religion. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh community to adopt new customs and traditions in their social life, which developed the real traits of Sikh religion.

They were different from the social customs and traditions of the Hindu religion. No doubt, Guru Sahib was a great divine soul. Payne, a scholar, called him an aggressive reformer. Another scholar has praised Guru Sahib as a genius and a man of justice. It is a historical fact that it was during his period that Sikh religion established its distinctive identity.

A brief survey of the work of Guru Amar Das Ji is as follows:
1. Construction of Baoli at Goindwal. Guru Amar Das Ji completed the construction work of Baoli at Goindwal which was started during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli. Guru Sahib said that a Sikh could get freedom from the cycle of births and deaths covering 84 lakh forms of lives by reciting the hymns of Jupji Sahib on each step. The Baoli of Goindwal became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.

2. Langar System. Guru Amar Das Ji also made the Langar system popular which helped further in the spread of Sikhism. Guru Sahib made some more rules for Langar System. As per the new rules, whosoever wanted to earn the benefit of participation in Sangat, he must partake Langar with the rest of the Sangat before joining it in the presence of Guru Sahib. While partaking food in the Langar, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishs, Shudras, Kings, common men and people of all castes and tribes sat in one row and partook food.

Langar system propagated the message of Sikh religion in a more forceful and effective manner. It ended the discrimination based on castes. It developed the feelings of unity and equality in the Sikh Sangat. As a consequence, it bound the Sikhs into a strong bond of unity.

3. Collection of the Sayings of Guru Sahiban. Guru Angad Dev collected the true ‘Bani’ of Guru Nanak Dev Ji and added his own ‘Bani’ also. Guru Angad Dev Ji entrusted the sacred collection to Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji also composed his ‘Bani’ and added to the collection. In this manner, the true ‘Bani’ was preserved in a pure form and later found place in the ‘Adi Granth Sahib’. The grandson of Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji accomplished the ultimate task.

4. Manji System. The number of followers of Sikhism had increased manifold by the time of Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji found it difficult to reach all his disciples who were spread over a large area. Guru Sahib divided his spiritual territory into 22 regions. Each region was called a ‘Manji’. Each Manji was a centre of religious preaching and Guru Sahib appointed learned and reliable Sikh devotees to control each Manji.

The establishment of Manji system was an important step in the systematic organisation of the Sikh religion. G.C. Narang in his book ‘Transformation of Sikhism’, remarks that the introduction of Manji System by Guru Sahib had strengthened the Sikh religion and contributed to the spread of Guru’s divine message in different regions of the country in a more effective way.

5. Separation of Sikhs from the Udasis. The Udasi sect of Baba Sri Chand had also become popular in the early period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Guru Gaddi, There was a possibility of Sikh religion losing its identity by being merged with the Udasi sect. It is recognised by many historians that Guru Amar Das Ji had judged the situation and strongly spoken against the main principles of asceticism of Udasi sect, which were against the principles of Sikh religion as founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji helped the Sikh Sangat to understand clearly that they would not be able to become true Sikhs, if they adopted the principles of Udasi sect. In this manner, because of the efforts of Guru Amar Das Ji, the Sikh religion maintained its separate identity and flourished.

6. Separate Sikh ceremonies. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to discontinue useless customs and traditions. Among the Hindus, it was a tradition of weeping and crying over the death of one’s near ones. Guru Sahib advised his disciples to meditate on God in such situations in one’s life instead of performing useless ceremonies and rites. Guru Sahib also started a new ceremony for marriage which was called Anand Karaj.

7. Composition of Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib composed a new Bani which is called ‘Anand Sahib’. Anand Sahib ended the importance of Vedic hymns for the Sikhs and gave them their own sacred literature.
Thus, the period of Guru Amar Das Ji’s Gurugaddi and his sacred literature occupy the most important place in the history of Sikh religion. Guru Sahib constructed a Baoli, introduced Manji System, elaborated the Langar System, and introduced new traditions and customs in the Sikh religion which was well-organised during his days.

Question 3.
Describe the social reforms introduced by Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
During the times of Guru Amar Das Ji, the society was suffering from many social evils. Guru Amar Das Ji was fully aware of those shortcomings and brought about numerous social reforms.

The main achievements of Guru Amar Das Ji in the field of social reforms are as follow:
1. Criticism of Caste System. Guru Amar Das Ji made efforts to end the evils in the society caused by caste system. Wherever Guru Sahib went, he criticised the differences among the social groups based on caste system. Guru Sahib was of the view that those caste differences were against the wishes of Supreme God and a hindrance in the way of social development. The 19th century leaders of social reform movements had the same views and all their activities to reform social condition were similar to what Guru Amar Das Ji did in the 16th century.

2. Opposed to Untouchability. Guru Amar Das Ji made successful efforts to end untouchability. No untouchability or Jati considerations were permitted and observed in the Langar. People of all castes, tribes and social status sat together and partook food with brotherly feelings. It is said that Emperor Akbar and Raja of Hamirpur partook food in the Langar according to the rules laid down by Guru Amar Das Ji.

3. Supported Widow Remarriage. Widow remarriage was not permitted during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji. The widows were forced to live a miserable life after the death of their husbands. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly supported widow remarriage and tried to secure a respectable position for women in the society.

4. Condemnation of the Practice of Sati. Another most shameful social evil was the custom of Sati. The historians believe that it was Guru Amar Das Ji who had raised a voice of protest against the custom of Sati for the first time in the history of India. Even Akbar borrowed the idea of taking some measures against the practice of Sati from Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib declared that a woman was not a true Sati who had burnt herself alive on the pyre of her husband. Guru Sahib opined that a true Sati could be a woman who lived her life in the memory of her dead husband. For that, the widow should lead a highly moral life and purity and spend her time in praying to God.

5. Criticism of Purdah System. Guru Amar Das Ji strongly criticised the Purdah System prevalent among the women. Guru Sahib considered purdah as the main hindrance in the development of society. Guru Sahib did not permit purdah for women who volunteered to serve the Langar and wanted to participate in Sangat.

6. Criticism of the Use of the Intoxicants. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikhs to remain away from the intoxicants. In one of his ‘Shabads’, Guru Sahib has strongly criticized the use of liquor. Guru Amar Das Ji guided his followers to pray for forgiveness and become addicted to the spirit of Name. Guru Sahib condemned the addiction to intoxicants. Guru Sahib suggested an alternative of seeking enjoyment in social service.

7. Promotion of Brotherhood among the Sikhs through New Festivals. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed the Sikh Sangat to celebrate three main festivals, i.e. Maghi, Diwali and Baisakhi in a new way. On the advice of Guru Sahib, the Sikh Sangat used to gather around the house of Guru Sahib and celebrated those festivals as he directed. This reform played a major role in uniting the Sangat in a strong bond of brotherhood.

8. New Ceremonies concerning Birth and Death. Guru Amar Das Ji a’-o started new and distinctive ceremonies for birth, marriage, and death for the Sil ‘ Thncp ceremonies are different from the ceremonies of the Hindus. There was assistance of the Brahmins in performing those ceremonies. These reforms played a major role in imparting a separate identity to the Sikh religion.

It is a historical fact that the reforms undertaken by Guru Amar Das Ji had given a new strength to Sikh religion.

Question 4.
What efforts were made by Guru Ram Das Ji for the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
The fourth Guru Sahib of Sikh religion was Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Sahib made the following contribution to the growth of Sikh religion:
1. Laid the foundation of Amritsar City. Guru Ram Das Ji laid on the land bought during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji, the foundation of a city called Ramdaspur. Presently, it is called Amritsar. In 1577, when Guru Sahib started construction work on the two ponds (Sarovars) called Amritsar and Santokhsar, he found that it was not easy to supervise the construction of ponds from Goindwal. Guru Sahib encamped at the construction site. His Sikh devotees also came after him and pitched their tents around the ponds. The camping place developed into a small settlement. That settlement became popular as Ramdaspur. Guru Sahib wanted to provide every facility to his devotees who had followed him to the place out of love for him. Guru Sahib, therefore, invited 52 merchants belonging to 52 different trades and provided all the things required by the settlers. They set up a type of Bazaar which is now called Guru Ka Bazaar. The city soqn acquired the status of an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. They stopped visiting the places of Hindu pilgrimage.

2. Introduction of Masand System. Guru Ramdas Ji needed a large amount of money to complete the construction work of ponds (Sarovars) of Amritsar and Santokhsar. Therefore, Guru Sahib started Masand System. Guru Sahib deputed his trusted Sikh devotees to go to far off places to spread the message of Sikh religion and collect donations. Such devotees were called Masands. Those Masands successfully spread the message of Sikhism and collected large donations. This system played a major role in the spread of Sikh religion to far off places. The Masand system proved to be a link between the Sikh devotees and Guru Sahib and established an emotional bond between them.

3. End of the Conflict with the Udasis. Guru Angad Dev Ji and Guru Amar Das Ji had separated Udasi sect from the Sikh community but Guru Ram Das Ji adopted a kind attitude towards the Udasi sect. According to a tradition, once. Baba Sri Chand, the founder of Udasi sect came to meet Guru Ram Das Ji. During his meeting, Baba Sri Chand asked Guru Sahib that why he had kept a long beard. Guru Sahib gave an answer full of humility when he said that his beard was meant to dust the feet of great personalities like Baba Sri Chand. Baba Sri Chand was highly impressed by the answer of Guru Sahib and he accepted Guru Sahib as superior to him. In this manner, the conflict between the Udasi sect and the Sikh community ended. It immensely helped in the spread of Sikh religion.

4. Social Reforms. Guru Ram Das Ji continued the work of social reforms which was started by Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Sahib continued new ceremonies which were started by Guru Amar Das Ji. Guru Sahib also criticised the custom of Sati, encouraged widow remarriage, and introduced new ceremonies to be performed on the occasions of marriage and death.

5. Friendship with Emperor Akbar. Emperor Akbar had adopted the policy of tolerance towards all the religions. He was highly impressed by the teachings of Sikh Guru Sahiban and had great respect and regard for Guru Ram Das Ji. (He had also special regards for Guru Amar Das Ji). It is a part of history that Akbar had pleaded before Guru Sahib to accept the gift of 500 bighas of land. The city of Amritsar flourished on that land afterwards. Similarly, when Punjab suffered from drought, Akbar remitted the land tax during the year of drought on the advice of Guru Ram Das Ji. It gave big relief to the farmers of Punjab.

6. Guru Gaddi made Hereditary. Guru Ram Das Ji made the Guru Gaddi hereditary before his final union with Divine Power. Guru Ram Das Ji appointed his most capable son Arjan Dev Ji as his successor and thus made the Guru Gaddi hereditary. But keeping in view the principles of bestowing the Guru Gaddi as introduced by Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji maintained the principle of selection based, on merit.

Guru Ram Das Ji had started a new chapter in the history of Sikhism by adopting the principle of heredity for succession to Guru Gaddi. Latif is of the opinion that this step changed the nature of Guru Gaddi. Thereafter, the Sikhs, who followed Guru Sahiban as their spiritual leaders, looked on them as their emperors also. However, the rule established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji that Guru Gaddi was to be conferred on the most capable follower of the Guru was maintained.

Guru Ram Das Ji guided the Sikhs for a shorter period but even within that period, the Sikh religion gained much popularity,

Question 5.
What was the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
The histcfry of Sikh religion entered a new phase with the coming of Guru Arjan Dev Ji to Guru Gaddi. It was the result of his efforts that Sikhs were blessed with Harmandir Sahib Ji and numerous other places of pilgrimage. Not only that, the Sikhs got their first sacred and divine book when Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiled the Adi Granth Sahib. The Hindus had their Ramayana, the Muslims their Quran Sharif, the Christians their Bible, and the Sikhs their Guru Granth Sahib Ji.

A brief description of the activities and contributions of Guru Arjan Dev Ji is given as follows:
1. Construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib (Pb. 2013 (I)). Guru Arjan Dev Ji completed the work of construction of Amritsar and Santokhsar Sarovars after the expiry of Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Sahib constructed Sri Harmandir Sahib in the midst of Amritsar Sarovar. Guru Sahib constructed a door each in all the four directions of Sri Harmandir Sahib. These four doors convey the message that Sri Harmandir Sahib is open to all the religions, castes and tribes without any discrimination. Guru Sahib told his followers that a pilgrimage to Sri Harmandir Sahib would bestow the benefit of 68 places of pilgrimage of the Hindus. In this manner, Sri Harmandir Sahib became one of the most sacred and important rebgious places.

2. Foundation of Tarn Taran. Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Tarn Taran as well. The city was founded in the heart of Majha region. It is also an important place of pilgrimage like Amritsar for the Sikhs. Guru Ji also constructed many other buildings and Sarovars.

3. Construction of Baoli at Lahore. On his tour to Lahore, Guru Arjan Dev Ji got constructed a Baoli in the Dubbi Bazaar. The Baoli soon became an important place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs of the surrounding region.

4. Foundation of Hargobindpur and Chheratta. Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Hargobindpur on the banks of river Beas to celebrate the birth of his son Hargobind Ji. Apart from this he also got a well dug at Chheratta near Amritsar in order to provide water to the local people. Guru Sahib also arranged for six pulleys to draw Water from the well and the area is known after those pulleys as Chheratta.

5. Foundation of Kartarpur, In 1593, Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the city of Kartarpur and also built a Sarovar in Kartarpur which is called Gangsar.

6. Improvement in the Masand System. Guru Arjan Dev Ji felt the need to improve Masand system. Guru Sahib instructed the Sikh followers to deposit one-tenth (Daswandh) of their annual income with the Masands. The Masands deposited the collections in the main treasury (Guru Ki Golak) at Amritsar on every Baisakhi day. The Masands appointed their representatives to collect donations. Those representatives were called Sangatias. The one-tenth donation was called Daswandh. Apart from the work of collection of Daswandh, the Masands also spread the message of Sikh religion.

7. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib. Gum Arjan Dev Ji bestowed upon the Sikhs a sacred and religious book by compiling the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Ar^an Dev Ji compiled Adi Granth Sahib at Ramsar. Bhai Gurdas Ji assisted Guru Sahib in its compilation. The work of compilation was cofnpleted in 1604. Guru Sahib included the hymns of first four Gurus, followed by the hymns of Bhakti saints and finally the sayings of Bhatt Bahiyan. Guru Arjan Dev Ji also included his own Bani in the holy book.

8. Encouraged Horse Trade. Guru Arjan Dev Ji encouraged the Sikhs to start trading in horses. The Sikhs were benefited from the trading in horses in the following ways:

Trading in horses was the most profitable business in those days. As a result, the Sikhs became very rich by trading in the horses. They contributed Daswand regularly out of their income from this trade.
The Sikhs became fully trained in making a selection of good horses. It helped them in the long run in organising a Sikh cavalry.

9. Spread of Religious Teachings. Guru Arjan Dev Ji made many people his followers by his religious teachings. Guru Sahib impressed the people with his ideals, teachings, amiable personality, sweet temper, and toleration. Many Muslims also joined the Sikh religion under the influence of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Thus the Sikh religion progressed tremendously under the spiritual leadership of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Adi Granth Sahib, the most sacred book of the Sikhs, was compiled, the cities like Tara Taran, Kartarpur, Hargobindpur, were founded and the Sikh religion was blessed with Sri Harmandir Sahib.

Question 6.
Describe the origin, development and merits of the Masand System.
Answer:
Origin of the Masand System: Guru Ram Das Ji, the fourth Guru of the Sikhs, started the Masand System. He felt the need for more money when he was looking after the work of digging of Amritsar Sarovar and Santokhsar Sarovar. Guru Ram Das Ji did not have enough resources. Therefore, Guru Sahib deputed his trusted followers in different directions of the country to collect funds from his Sikh devotees. They were called the Masands or Ram Dasis. These followers were the close confidants of Guru Ram Das Ji. Wherever those followers or Masands went, they collected the donations and spread the message of Sikh religion.

Progress of the Masand System: Guru Arjan Dev Ji made improvements in the Masand system and made it an institution that was more effective. Before the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the donations to earlier Guru Sahiban were not fixed and were irregular. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had started construction work of many buildings and Sarovars for which he required a fixed and regular inflow of cash. Apart from this, it had become difficult to collect the donations from numerous Sikh followers whose number had increased manifold. Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave a proof of his superior managing skill by providing the solution for the existing problems of organization of the Sikh religion.

Guru Sahib improved the organization of Masand system by taking the following measures:

Guru Sahib fixed the amount of donation to be made by his Sikh devotees to him. Guru Sahib enjoined upon his devotees to donate one-tenth of their annual income for the maintenance of Langar.
Gum Sahib appointed his representatives, who were called the Masands for the collection of Daswandh from his Sikh devotees. The Masands deposited the collections in the treasury of Gum Sahib (Gum Ki Golak) at Amritsar on Baisakhi day every year. The receipts were issued to the Masands for the donations received at Amritsar.
The Masands had appointed their representatives who were called the Sangtias, to collect the Daswandh. The Sangtias collected the Daswandhs from far off places and deposited them in the treasury of the Guru.
The Sangtias and Masands considered it a sin to use even a single penny out of the donations for personal use. Gum Sahib had already ordained on this issue that whosoever embezzled the money of Daswandh, would become the victim of physical sufferings.
The Masands did not confine their activities only to the collection of Daswandhs, they also employed their energies for spreading the message of the Sikh religion. Gum Sahib ensured at the time of appointment of a Sikh as a Masand that he had a high moral character and deep faith in the Sikh religion.

Importance and Benefits of the Masand System: The Masand system played an important role in building and consolidation of the Sikh religion. The importance of Masand System for the Sikh religion can be given as follows:
1. The donations to Guru Gaddi became fixed and regular. It helped Guru Sahib to continue with his constmction work. Gum Sahib founded not only the Sarovars at Amritsar and Santokhsar but also built many cities, ponds, wells etc with the regular donations. The constmctive work of Guru Sahib contributed in a significant way to the spread and popularity of Sikh religion.

2. On the one hand, the Masand System ensured a regular income to the Guru Ji and on the other, it popularised the Sikh religion in an effective manner. Earlier, Manji System carried out the work of spread of the Sikh religion. The Manji system had confined its activities to the Punjab region. Guru Sahib appointed Masands even outside Punjab. It resulted in the spread of Sikh religion in other parts of the country because the Masands collected not only the Daswandh but also devoted their energies for spreading the message of Sikh religion.

3. Guru Sahib started holding his own court with the regular donations received in the form of Daswandh. The Masands and devoted Sikhs brought donations and gifts to the court of Guru Arjan Dev Ji on every Baisakhi and bowed their heads before him to seek his blessings. Gradually, the court of Guru Sahib acquired the status of a court of an emperor and the Sikh Sangat started calling Guru Arjan Dev Ji as Sachcha Padshah (The True Emperor) out of love and devotion for him.

Question 7.
Describe the ‘New Policy’ of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji, the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Guru Hargobind Ji adopted a ‘New Policy’. The main feature of his new policy was to make the Sikhs peace loving as well as courageous and fearless.

The main features of the ‘New Policy’ of Guru Hargobind Ji are the following:
1. The Royal Insignias and the title of ‘Sachcha Padshah’: Guru Hargobind Ji adopted, the title of ‘Sachcha Padshah’ and put on a number of royal insignias in line with his ‘New Policy’. Guru Sahib started wearing princely dress and discontinued using the saintly headgear and woollen beads (sayli) which were the symbols of saints and fakirs. Guru Sahib put on two swords and a crest (kalgi) in place of woollen beads (sayli) and saintly headgear. Guru Sahib also kept bodyguards for self-defence just like the princes of the contemporary times.

2. Miri and Piri: Guru Hargobind Ji had become the military leader of the Sikhs besides being their spiritual leader. From then onwards, Guru Sahib was ‘Mir’ (Militatry Commander) and ‘Pir’ (Religious Leader) of the.Sikhs. Guru Sahib put on two swords to represent his new role as ‘Mir’ and ‘Pir’ of his Sikhs. Guru Sahib named one sword as ‘Piri’ and the second as ‘Miri’. Guru Sahib gave special attention to the physical fitness of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib encouraged his Sikh followers to take exercise regularly, to participate in wrestling bouts, to go on hunting and to receive training in horse riding. Guru Sahib thus transformed his saintly followers into saint soldiers by adopting his ‘New Policy’.

3. Construction of Akal Takht: Guru Hargobind Ji took upon himself the responsibility of guiding the worldly activities of his Sikh followers apart from his role of being their true Guru in the sphere of spiritual life. Guru Sahib imparted, spiritual knowledge at Sri. Harmandir Sahib. In order to guide the Sikhs in their worldly affairs, Guru Sahib built Akal Takht (Throne of Supreme God-The Timeless) near Sri Harmandir Sahib. Guru Sahib listened to the military and political problems of the Sikhs while sitting on a raised platform 12 feet high at the Akal Takht.

4. Raising of Army: Guru Hargobind Ji raised an army for self-defence of the Sikhs. There were numerous professional soldiers and volunteers in his army. The fearless and courageous Jats of Majha region volunteered to join his army. According to one estimate, Guru Sahib had 800 horses, 300 horse riders, and 60 musketeers. Guru Sahib was served by a contingent of 500 such volunteers who did not seek any salary. Besides this army, Guru Sahib was also served by a separate contingent of Afghan (Pathan) soldiers headed by Painda Khan.

5. Keeping of Horses and Arms: Guru Hargobind Ji took special measures to make his ‘New Policy’ successful. Guru Sahib advised his Sikh followers to make donations of horses and arms as far as possible. Consequently, Guru Sahib collected many horses and a large number of arms.

6. Fortification of Amritsar: Guru Hargobind Ji raised a thick wall around the city of Ramdaspur (Amritsar) for its defence and security. The fort of Lohgarh was built and stocked with armaments and other military provisions.

7. New Daily Routine: Guru Hargobind Ji also made changes in his daily routine. According to his ‘New Policy’ his new daily routine was that after taking his bath early in the morning, Guru Sahib visited Sri Harmandir Sahib to give religious instruction. After the discourse, the Langar was served every day under his supervision. After the Langar, Guru Sahib used to take rest for some time before leaving for hunting. Guru Hargobind Ji had instructed Abdul and Nathamal to sing songs of heroism (songs of vir rasa) on high notes in order to infuse courage in the Sikh Sangat. Guru Sahib organised special troupes of singers (Dhadis). In this manner, Guru Sahib raised a new awareness among the Sikhs and made them brave and fearless.

8. Inculcated the spirit of Self-Defence: The core of the ‘New Policy’ was to inculcate’ the spirit of self-defence among his Sikh followers. Therefore, the aim of raising the army was neither to grab the Jand of others nor to intimidate any one. No doubt, Guru Sahib valiantly fought battles against the Mughals, but in no way, those battles were motivated by any lust for territory. Rather they were genuine efforts for self-defence and survival.

Question 8.
Besides adopting the New Policy what other measures were taken by Guru Hargobind Ji for the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Hargobind Ji was the only son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Guru Sahib. Guru Hargobind Ji was bom on June, 1595 in village Wadali in District Amritsar. Guru Sahib was a precocious child. Guru Sahib became the sixth Guru of the Sikhs after the martyrdom of his father, the fifth guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1606 and successfully guided the course of Sikh religion upto 1645. Gum Sahib made significant contribution, to the development of Sikh religion by adopting the ‘New Policy’ and winning battles against the Mughals.

A brief survey of the contribution of Gum Hargobind Ji to Sikhism is given as under:
1. Stay at Kiratpur: The king of Kahlur, Raja Kalyan Chand, was a follower of Guru Sahib. The Raja had given land to Gum Gaddi. Gum Sahib built a city called Kiratpur on that land. Gum Sahib made the city his abode in 1635. Gum Sahib lived the last ten years of his life at Kiratpur and spent his time in spreading the message of Sikh religion.

2. Conversion of Hill Chiefs to Sikhism: Gum Hargobind Ji converted many people from hilly regions to Sikh religion. Many hill chiefs had accepted Sikhism under his influence. However, the people of hilly region did not continue to follow the Sikh religion for a long period. The royal families reverted to their old practices of idol worship and other related ceremonies. Such practices were not permitted by Sikh religion.

3. The Religious Tours of Guru Hargobind Ji: Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor, became a friend of Guru Hargobind Ji when he released Guru Sahib from his confinement in Gwalior fort after realising his mistake. Guru Sahib undertook religious tours during that period of peace. Guru Sahib first visited Amritsar and then Lahore. At Lahore, Guru Sahib raised Gurudwara Dera Sahib in the memory of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. From Lahore, Guru Sahib went to Kashmir passing through Gujranwala and Bhimbar (Gujarat). Guru Sahib had made many followers in Kashmir. Guru Sahib inaugurated ‘Sangat’ in Kashmir. Bhai Sewa Das was deputed as representative of Guru Sahib in the ‘Sangat’.

Guru Sahib visited Nankana Sahib also. On his return journey from there, Guru Sahib spent some time at Amritsar. Guru Sahib also visited Nanakmatta (Gorakhmatta) in Uttar Pardesh. The yogis at Nanakmatta ran away from the city on seeing the grandeur of the entourage of Guru Hargobind Ji. Guru Sahib stayed there for some time to propagate the message of Sikh religion and reactivated the Sangat system. On his way back to Punjab, Guru Sahib also toured Malwa region of Punjab. Guru Sahib returned to Amritsar after staying for sometime at Dharauli Bhai (Ferozepur)

4. Deputed Religious Preachers: Guru Hargobind Ji remained involved in the battles upto 1635. Due to his pre-occupation, Guru Sahib deputed his eldest brother Bhai Gurditta (a saintly person with a big following) for preaching and spreading Sikh religion. Bhai Gurditta sent his four representatives named Bhai Almast, Phul, Gauda, and Balu Hasan for this task. Almast spread the message of Sikh religion in Nanakmatta and Dacca; Gauda and Phul in Doab and Malwa and Balu Hasan in Kashmir, Hazara, and Pathohar. Guru Sahib also sent Bhai Bidhi Chand to Bengal, Bhai Gurdas to Kabul and then to Benaras for preaching the Sikh faith.

5. Appointment of Guru Har Rai Ji as Successor: Guru Hargobind appointed his grandson Har Rai (son of Bhai Gurditta) as his successor before joining with the Divine Power.

Question 9.
Describe the work of Guru Har Rai Ji in the development of Sikhism.
Answer:
Guru Har Rai Ji was the seventh Guru of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib took over the Guru Gaddi after Guru Hargobind Ji’s demise. Guru Har Rai was a kind-hearted and a peace-loving person.

A brief description of the history of the Sikhs during the period of Guru Har Rai Ji (1645-1661) is given below:
1. Contribution-to Sikh Religion: Guru Har Rai Ji abandoned the policy of wars and always followed the policy of peace. Guru Sahib followed the footprints of Guru Nanak Dev Ji throughout his life. Guru Sahib spent most of his time at Kiratpur and extensively popularized Sikh religion. Guru Sahib always encouraged people to live a religious life and taught them to follow the true path. Guru Sahib made the following contribution to Sikh religion:

Guru Sahib organised a religious congregation every morning and evening to spread the message of Sikh religion. Guru Sahib always stressed upon his followers to lead a pious life.
Guru Sahib had converted numerous people to Sikh religion. The prominent persons among his new followers were Bairagi Bhagat Gir (Bhagat Bhagwan), Bhai Sangatia, Bhai Gauda and Bhai Bhagat.

Guru Har Rai Ji deputed many preachers to different places for the propagation of Sikh religion. Guru Sahib renamed Bairagi Bhagat Gir as Bhai Bhagat Bhagwan and sent him to spread the message of Sikh religion in the eastern part of the country. It is said that Bhai Bhagat Bhagwan Ji was such a powerful preacher that he established 360 centres (gaddis) in India, which are still functioning. Another important person who was converted to Sikh religion under the influence of Guru Har Rai Ji was Sangatia of Kartarpur.

He was renamed as Bhai Pheru. Bhai Pheru Ji was entrusted with the responsibility of preaching the Sikh faith in the central Punjab. It is said that Bhai Pheru established many centres (gaddis) and it was he who took the true message of Guru Nanak Dev Ji to the common man in ,true sense during the period of Guru Har Rai Ji. Guru Har Rai Ji himself toured numerous, places in Punjab and converted many people to the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib preached mainly at Kartarpur, Mukandpur (Jalandhar), Dosanjh, and in Malwa region. The Sikh religion made much progress under Guru

2. Blessed Phul and his Descendants. It is said that while Guru Har Rai Ji was on his religious tour, Guru Sahib stayed fear some time in the village Nathana in Malwa region. While Guru, Sahib was staying at Nathana, two real brothers, Kala end Karam Chand often used to visit him. One day, Kala brought his nephews, Sandali and Phul along with him .before Guru Sahib. During the meeting, Guru: Sahib observed that Phul was patting; his stomach. Guru Sahib inquired the cause bf suehian act by Phul. Kala explained, to Guru Sahib that Phul could not speak. Kala told that Phul was patting his stomach, to convey that he was hungry. Guru Sahih heing a kind-hearted person, highly moved. Guru Sahib blessed him with a boon that Phul would become famous and wealthy and his horses would , i sdonki water on the banks of Yamuna.,

Guru Sahib also announced that the descendants of Phul would rule for many generations and their fame and prosperity would continue to increase as long as they (continued to follow the preachings of Guru. Sebib. It is said that Kala also brought his own children on the persuasion of his wife to seek boon for them. Guru Sahib also blessed them. Guru Sahib blessed Kala, thah his children would own. large tracts of land and they would not pay tribute to anyone. The blessings of Guru, Sdhib bore fruit. The descendants of Phul ruled over Nabha, Jind, and Patiala kingdoms for 200 years and became famous as Phulkin.

3. Guru Har Rai Ji’s help to Dara Shikoh: Guru Har Rai Ji was a peace loving person send avoided wars and controversies. However, Guru Sahib got involved in irrt a tjAditical controversy during’the later part of his life. The reason of the trouble was his friendship with the Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Shahjahan.

A war of succession took place among the sons of Shahjahan in 1657-58. Aurangzeb , emerged Victorious and Dara Shikoh, who was a strong claimant to the Mughal throne; suffered a humiliating defeat. Dara Shikoh ran away to Punjab along with ’his family. Dara Shikoh had acquaintance with Guru Sahib. Therefore, he visited; Guru Sahib to seek his blessings and help. Guru Sahib was a kind-hearted and peace-loving person. Guru Sahib did not provide any military help to the prince. However, Guru Sahib blessed him and allowed him to stay with him for some time.

4. Summons to Guru Har Rai Ji from Delhi. After his accession to the throne, Aurangzeb wanted to learn about the actual nature of the help given by Guru Sahib to Dara Shikoh. Aurangzeb also believed that the Sikh religion was anti-Islam. Hence, he summoned Guru Sahib to Delhi. Guru Sahib did not gq to Delhi but sent his son, Ram Rai to the court of Aurangzeb at Delhi as vjiis representative. Aurangzeb wanted to establish that some of the contents of the ‘Adi Granth Sahib’ were against the principles of Islam. In order to prove his point, Aurangzeb pointed out a verse in ‘Asa Di Var’ by Guru Nanak Dev JL ’|he meaning of the verse was,

“The clay of a Musalman may find its Way into the kiln of a potter, who makes vessels and bricks out of it. It cries out as it burns.’ i Ram Rai tried to save hitnself from the wrath of diehard Aurangzeb and interpreted it by changing the wording of the verse. Ram Rai explained that the word “Musalman’ was wrongly written by the scribe. He declared that the actual word in the verso was ‘baiman’ i.e. a faithless or a cheat. Aurangzeb felt happy. He awarded a Jagir to Ram Rai in Dehradun. Ram Rai saved himself from the wrath of Aurangzeb but it pained Guru Sahib, when he found that his son had not stood by his convictions as demanded by the Sikh religion.

5. Nomination of Har Krishan Ji as Successor to Guru Gaddi: Guru Har Rai Ji did not pardon Ram Rai for his lack of conviction and for cowardice. Hence, Guru Sahib denied him the right to succeed him to Guru Gaddi. Guru Sahib excommunicated him from the Sikh community and selected his five years old son Har Krishan Ji as his successor. Guru Sahib finally merged with the Divine Power on October 6, 1661, after occupying the Guru Gaddi for seventeen years.

Question 10.
What was the contribution of Guru Har Krishan Ji to the development of Sikhism?
Answer:
Guru Har Krishan Ji was born on July 7, 1656 at Kiratpur. The name of his mother was Mata Sulakhani and of his father, Guru Har Rai Ji. Guru Sahib became the eighth Guru of the Sikhs in 1661. Guru Sahib was hardly five years Old when he took over Guru Gaddi. Guru Har Krishan Ji is fondly remembered as Child Guru or ‘Child Saint’ due to his tender age at which he became the eighth Guru of the Sikhs.

The main events of the period of Guru Har Krishan Ji are described as follows:
1. A meeting with Brahmin Lai Chand: Guru Har Krishan Ji was a very intelligent child. Guru Sahib had intuitive power with mystic awareness. It is a part of oral history that Guru Sahib onCe met a Brahmin called Lai Chand. Hie Brahmin, Lai Chand was very proud of his knowledge. Lai Chand tried to put questions to Guru Sahib on the contents of Gita with the aim of testing his intellect. Guru Sahib answered all his queries in such an intelligent and mature manner that the Brahman was very astonished and was left speechless.

2. Hostility of Ram Rai. Guru Har Krishan Ji faced the hostility of his dissatisfied brother Ram Rai. Ram Rai was confident of succeeding to the Guru Gaddi on being the eldest son of Guru Har Rai Ji, the seventh Guru. He was not ready to compromise with the loss of his claim over Guru Gaddi, which he himself had lost due to his cowardice. Hence, he prayed to Aurangzeb for justice. Aurangzeb was busy in suppressing the revolts against his rule at that time. He, at first, therefore, did pot give any importance to the pleadings of Ram Rai but; after some time he tried to exploit the conflict between the estranged brothers with the aim of crushing the Sikh movement. Aurangzeb called Guru Har Krishan Ji to Delhi to present the proof of his right to Guru Gaddi.

3. Guru Har Kishan Ji at Delhi. Guru Har Kishan Ji continued to spread the message of Sikh religion and reached Delhi. Guru Har Kishan Ji stayed in the house of Mirza Raja Jai Singh. The house of Mirza Raja Jai Singh was six miles away from the Red Fort of Delhi in a village Raisina. In order to test the proverbial intelligence of the young Guru Sahib, Jai Singh hid his chief queen among his female servants who were wearing similar dresses. He requested Guru Sahib to take his seat in the lap of the chief queen. Guru Sahib looked at all the women and located the chief queen, and sat in her lap. Mirza Raja Jai Singh was astonished to watch the talent of observation of young Guru Sahib. The Gurudwara Bangla Sahib now stands there in his memory.

4. Final Union with the Divine Power. Guru Har Kishan Ji suffered an attack of small pox. Guru Sahib had learnt from intuition that he would soon leave for his final journey. Guru Sahib asked for a coconut and five paisas, circled them thrice, and spoke, “Baba Bakala”. Just after giving his last message, Guru Sahib merged himself with the Divine Power. It was on March 30, 1664, when Guru Sahib gave his last message. Gurudwara Bala Sahib stands on the banks of river Yamuna in his memory.

Question 11.
Describe the travels of Malwa undertaken by Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Answer:
Guru Teg Bahadur Ji started his tour of Malwa region in 1673. Guru Sahib’s wife Mata Gujari and his son Gobind Ji also accompanied him.
1. Guru Sahib made his first stop at Saifabad. It was his second visit to this place. The people of Saifabad gave a warm welcome to Guru Sahib. They arranged for the stay of Guru Sahib and his family in a fortress. Guru Sahib stayed there for three months. When Guru Sahib left the place for onward journey, Saifudin presented a strong horse to Guru Sahib and a camel buggy for Mata Gujari Ji.

2. After leaving Saifabad, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji visited villages and cities situated in Malwa and Bangar regions of Punjab. According to one scholar, Guru Sahib visited ten places. The main places, which Guru Sahib visited were Mulowal, Khiyala, Maund, Talwandi Sabo, Bhatinda, etc. All these places have Gurudwaras in the memory of the visit of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji. Guru Sahib got dug a well at Mulowal in order to overcome the scarcity of water in the region. Other villages, which Guru Sahib visited were quite backward in many respects. Guru Sahib helped those villages to overcome their hardships. Guru Sahib toured those regions from 1673 to 1675 and spread the message of Sikh religion among the people.

Effects: The tours of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji immensely influenced the people of the Malwa region.

The landlords of Malwa region started treating the farmers humanly under the influence of the polite nature of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Guru Sahib had established many centres of religious preaching at different places. His impressive personality and sweet voice swayed the people of the region and they adopted Sikh religion.
A new awareness came among the people of the region due to his religious discourses. They were imbued with new religious fervour and became fearless and courageous. The rising enthusiasm and unity among his Sikh followers started giving nightmares and headaches to the Mughal administration.

PSEB 10th Class Social Science Guide Guru Nanak Dev Ji and his Teachings Important Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in one line or one word:

Question 1.
What was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
The earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji was Bhai Lehna.

Question 2.
What was the name of the father of Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji)?
Answer:
The name of the father of Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji) was Pheruman.

Question 3.
To whom was Bhai Lehna married?
Answer:
Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji) was married to Bibi Khivi.

Question 4.
Who had established the Udasi Sect?
Answer:
Baba Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, established the Udasi Sect.

Question 5.
Which place was the centre of religious activities of Guru Angad Dev Ji?
Answer:
Khadoor Sahib in Amritsar district.

Question 6.
Where was Guru Amar Das Ji born and when?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji was born in 1479 A.D. in Village Basarke in district Amritsar.

Question 7.
Describe one difficulty which Guru Amar Das Ji faced on occupying Guru Gaddi.
Answer:
He was faced with the opposition of Bhai Dattu and Bhai Dasu.

Question 8.
How many children did Guru Amar Das Ji have?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji had two sons and two daughters.

Question 9.
How many steps were constructed in the Baoli (Large Well) at Goindwal?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji constructed 84 steps in the Baoli at Goindwal.

Question 10.
Which Guru Sahib had started Manji system?
Answer:
Guru Amar Dass Ji started the Manji system.

Question 11.
Write about any one major contribution of Guru Amar Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji completed the construction of Goindwal.

Question 12.
Which three festivals were selected by Guru Amar Das Ji for the Sikh community to celebrate?
Answer:
Baisakhi, Maghi, and Diwali.

Question 13.
When did Guru Amar Das Ji make the final union with the Divine power?
Answer:
Guru Amar Dass Ji made the final union with Divine Power in 1574.

Question 14.
Who had made the Guru Gaddi hereditary?
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji declared that after Guru Ram Das Ji, the Guru Gaddi will be hereditary.

Question 15.
What was the name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji?
Answer:
The name of the wife of Guru Ram Das Ji was Bibi Bhani.

Question 16.
Write about anyone important contribution made by Guru Ram Das Ji for the spread of Sikh religion.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji founded and developed the holy city of Amritsar.

Question 17.
What WAS the earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar?
Answer:
The earlier name of the holy city of Amritsar was Ramdaspur.

Question 18.
Write the names Of two Sarovars (Large ponds) constructed by Guru Ram Das.JL.
Answer:
Guru Ram Das Ji got dug two Sarovars namely, Santokhsar and Amritsar.

Question 19.
By, what name did the bazaar founded by Guru Ram Das Ji around Amritsar become famous?
Answer:
“Guru ka Bazaar”.

Question 26.
When was Guru Arjan Dey Ji born and where?
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1563 A.D. at Goindwal.

Question 21.
Why did. Guru Bam Das Ji not consider Bhai Prithi Chand worthy of succession to Guru Gaddi lifter him?
Answer:
Bhai Prithi Chand was a cheat, greedy and intriguer.

Question 22.
Describe any one difficulty which Guru Arjan Dev Ji encountered on coming to Guru Gaddi.
Answer:
Gum Sahib fa|ed animosity and opposition of his eldest brother Bhai Prithia.

Question 23.
Write the nime of Guru Sahib who w§s the first martyr.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Question 24.
Write any ode effect of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdona of Guru Arjan Dev Ji provoked the Sikhs to rise in arms.

Question 25.
Which tyro nerSOns had assisted Guru Arjan Dey Ji in the execution of his plans for the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib?’
Answer:
Bhai Buddha Ji and Bhai Gurdas Ji.

Question 26.
When was the Construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib completed?
Answer:
In 1601A.D.

Question 27.
Which three cities were founded by Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
Guru. Arjan Dev Ji’ laid the foundations of Tam Taran, Hargobindpur, and Kattarpur.

Question 28.
What were the Representatives of Guru Arjan Dev Ji called?
Answer:
The representatives of Guru Arjan Dev Ji were called the Masands.

Question 29.
Who Completed the work of compilation of ‘Adi Granth Sahib’?
Answer:
Guru Arjari Dev Ji.

Question 30.
Where was Adi Granth Sahib placed?
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib was placed in Sri Harmandir Sahib at Amritsar.

Question 31.
How many hymns of Guru Nanak Dev Ji have been included in Adi Granth sahib
Answer:
976 Hymns.

Question 32.
From whom did Guru Hargobind Ji receive the training in the use of arms and knowledge of religion?
Answer:
Bhai Buddha Ji.

Question 33.
Write any one cause for the adoption of “New Policy’’ by Guru Hargobind
Answer:
For self-defence of the Sikh community.

Question 34.
Which four places emerged as sacred cities for the Sikh religion by the time of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Goindwal, Amritsar, Tam Taran, and Kartarpur.

Question 35.
Which four Sikh institutions had played a major role in the consolidation and progress of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The institutions of Pangat, Sarigat Manji System and Massand System.

Question 36.
Write the names of any four Commanders of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Pheru, Bhai Jetha and Bhai Paindal

Question 37.
Which two singers were instructed by Guru/Hargobind Ji to sing heroic songs (via rasa) on high notes in his, presence?.
Answer:
Nathamal and Abdullah.

Question 38.
Write any one cause which resulted the confinement of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Jahangir was irritated by his New Policy

Question 39.
Why was the title of “Band! ciihor Baba” (a holy deliverer) given to Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Gum Sahib got released 52 Rajput chiefs imprisoned in the Gwalior Fort

Question 40.
How many battles werefoU’g&tr between the Sikhs and fhfe Mughals during the period of Guru Hargobind Ji?
Answer:
Three battles

Question 41.
Write the names of four main missionary preachers of the period of Guru Hargobind Ji.
Answer:
Almast, Phul, Gonda and BalujHas&an.

Question 42.
Write the name of father of Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
Baba Gurditta Ji.

Question 43.
Write the names of any four new missionary preachers, deputed by Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
Bairagi Bhagat Gir, Bhai Sangt^a, Bhai Gauda and Bhai Bhagtu.

Question 44.
Give the names of three prominent preachers appointed by Guru Har Rai Ji.
Answer:
Bhai Bhagat Bhagwan Ji (Bairagi Bhagat Gir); Bhai Pehru, Bhai Gaudh.

Question 45.
Where did Guru Har Krishan Ji stay While on his way tb Delhi for preaching?
Answer:
At the house of Mirza Raja Jai Singh.

Fill in the blanks:

Question 1.
Guru Angad Dey Ji collected the teachings of _________ and wrote them in ___________ script.
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Gurmukhi

Question 2.
Guru Amar Das Ji constructed a large well _________at _________
Answer:
Baoli, Goindwal

Question 3.
Guru Ram Das Ji constructed a large pond called _________
Answer:
Amritsar

Question 4.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji founded the cities of _________ and _________
Answer:
Taran Taran, Kartarpur

Question 5.
Guru Hargobind Sahib put on two swords which he called one of _________ and the other of _________
Answer:
Miri, Piri.

True or False:

Question 1.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji started Manji System.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
Guru Teg Bahadur Ji was the 9th Guru.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Guru Arjan Dev Ji did not include the hymns of Bhakti saints in the Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
False

Question 4.
Sri Harmandir Sahib is one of the most sacred and important places of pilgrimage for the Sikhs.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Guru Har Rai Ji did not abandon the policy of war.
Answer:
False

Question 6.
Guru Har Rai Ji nominated Har Krishan Ji successor to Guru Gaddi.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Guru Teg Bahadur Ji did not visit Assam.
Answer:
False.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was the institution of Guru and Sikh (Guru and his follower) established?
Answer:
A brotherhood of Sikh community had been fully evolved before the final union of Guru Nanak Dev Ji with the Divine Power. Guru Nanak Dey Ji took special care to perpetuate the Sikh community. Guru Sahib appointed his most devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor before he breathed his last. Bhai Lhna ascended the Guru Gaddi under the name Guru Angad Dey Ji after the final union of Guru Nanak Dey Ji with the

Divine Power. In this manner, Guru Sikh tradition was evolved and gradual it was firmly established. The tradition of Guru Panth (Guruship of Guru Gaddi) became the most revered institution in the history of the Sikh religion.

Question 2.
Why had Guru Nanak Dev Ji appointed Bhai Lehna to Guru Gaddi in place of his own sons by completely setting aside their claims?
Answer:
Guru Nanak Dey Ji had two sons, named Baba Sri Chand and Baba Lakhmi Das. Guru Sahib did not appoint either of them W Guru Gaddi. Guru Sahib preferred to appoint his devoted follower Bhai Lehna as his successor to Guru Gaddi. Guru Sahib had special reasons to turn down the claims of his sons to Guru Gaddi, which were as follow:
1. A perfect householder’s life for a Sikh was one of the important principles of the teachings of Guru Nanak Dey Ji. However, Baba Sri Chand was an ascetic and Baba Lakhmi Das was too worldly. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna had sincerely followed the teachings of Guru Nanak Dcv Ji and lived a life of a perfect householder.

2. The humility and service to the Guru with complete devotion were the core principles of the creed of Guru Nanak Dcv Ji. Baba Sri Chand was devoid of these very qualities in his personality. On the other hand, Bhai Lehna was a perfect model of humility and complete surrender to Guru Sahib.

3. Guru Nanak Dev Ji did not believe in the superiority of the Vedas, Shashtras and the Brahmin class. Guru Sahib did not consider Sanskrit as a sacred language. However, Baba Sri Chand Ji had deep faith in Sanskrit language, the Vedas and the Shastras.

Question 3.
Describe the position of Langar System and its importance during the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji.
Answer:
The expansion and promotion of the Langar System by Guru Angad Dev Ji had beneficial results. The Langar System became an important and effective method of propagation of Sikh religion. Secondly, it turned up as an institution for the shelter of the poor people and thirdly, it became a powerful agency for preaching and popularity of the principles of Sikh religion. There were already numerous similar institutions that worked on charity of some individuals but Langar system was probably the first institution of its own kind which depended on. the collective donations and gifts of the whole Sikh community. It ended the feelings of high and low rooted in the principles of caste system and inculcated the feelings of unity and brotherhood among the members of the Sikh community.

Question 4.
Which incident of the period of Guru Angad Dev Ji revealed Guru Sahib as a strict disciplinarian?
Answer:
Guru Angad Dev Ji set an effective example of discipline in the Sikh community for his devotees. According to the oral history, there were two famous players of Rabab (a string musical instrument) named. Satta and Balwant in the service of Guru Sahib. Both of them became proud of their artistic skills and started overlooking the instructions of Guru Sahib. They also started boasting that the popularity of Guru Sahib was due to their mastery over ragas and way of singing of the Guru Bani. They even went to the extent of claiming that the popularity of Guru Nanak Dev Ji was due to the melodies of Mardana. Guru Sahib banished them from his place due to their indiscipline and overbearing attitude. However, on the pleading of his devoted follower Bhai Laddha, Guru Sahib pardoned them. It left a deep impression on the minds of the Sikhs. Consequently, the importance of discipline was honoured in Sikh religion very strictly.

Question 5.
How did Guru Amar Das Ji become the follower of Guru Angad Dev Ji? How had Guru Amar Das Ji received the Guru Gaddi?
Answer:
Before adopting Sikh religion, Bhai Amar Das, one day, got a chance to listen to divine Bani of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, which was being sung by Bibi Amro, the daughter of Guru Angad Dev Ji. Guru Amar Das Ji was so impressed and captivated by the divine hymns that he immediately sought the audience of Guru Angad Dev Ji and adopted Guru Angad Dev Ji as his Guru. From then onwards, Guru Amar Das Ji stayed with Guru Angad Dev Ji at Khadoor Sahib from 1541 to 1552 and devoted himself completely to the service of Guru Angad Dev Ji. During the chilly winter of Punjab plains, Bhai Amar Das Ji used to fetch water in an earthen pitcher from the river Beas for the bath of Guru Angad Dev Ji early in the morning.

Once on his way back to Guru Sahib’s house, Bhai Amar Das Ji stepped on a thorn and stumbled. The pitcher fell making a loud noise. A sleeping woman, a wife of a washerman on the wayside of his path, was awakened from her sleep and lamented with a taunt that the old man might be the homeless Amro. Guru Angad Dev Ji learnt about this episode. Guru Sahib immediately called Bhai Amar Das Ji in his presence and ordained, “From now on Amar Das shall not remain homeless, rather he shall be a shelter to numerous homeless.” In March 1552, Guru Angad Dev Ji appointed Guru Amar Das Ji as his successor. In this way, Guru Amar Das Ji became the third Sikh Guru.

Question 6.
Describe the progress of Langar System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced some new rules for Langar system. According to the new rules, no one was expected to join the Sangat of Guru Sahib without partaking food in the Langar. The women, who served in the Langar, were not allowed to observe Purdah. It is said that even Emperor Akbar took food in the Langar following all the rules before meeting Guru Amar Das Ji. The Langar was open to people from all the sections of the society without any consideration of religion, caste and tribe. The Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaish, Shudras and people of all other castes sat together and partook food served equally to all. It gave a strong blow to the caste, colour, and racial considerations, which were quite dominating at that time. It developed the feeling of equality among the followers of Guru Sahib. No doubt, Langar system had definitely bound the Sikh community in a common bond of unity and brotherhood and developed the feeling of equality among them thereby.

Question 7.
Describe the progress of Manji System during the period of Guru Amar Das Ji.
Answer:
Guru Amar Das Ji introduced the Manji System. The number of the Sikhs had increased tremendously by his times. However, Guru Sahib was quite advanced in age and he, therefore, found it difficult to reach his Sikhs spread far and wide in order to preach his teachings. Hence, Guru Sahib divided his religious domain into 22 provinces. Each province was called ‘Manji’. Each ‘Manji’ was further divided into local centres called ‘Piris’. The Manji System played an important part in the history of Sikh religion. G.C. Narang is of the view that the contribution of Guru Sahib Ji to Manji System consolidated the base of Sikh religion and facilitated in a great way the spread of Sikh religion in all parts of the country.

Question 8.
“Guru Amar Das Ji was a great social reformer.” Give any four arguments in support of the above statement.
Answer:

Guru Sahib strongly criticised the principles of Caste system. Guru Sahib declared that the class differences were totally unacceptable to Supreme God. Therefore, no caste or class considerations were observed in Langar System.
The practice of Sati was very common in the times of Guru Sahib. Guru Sahib strongly condemned the evil of Sati.
Guru Sahib also denounced the prevailing Purdah system in very strong terms. Guru Sahib considered Purdah a great hindrance in the growth of society.
Guru Sahib instructed his Sikh followers to keep away from the use of intoxicants.

Question 9.
Write about the contribution of Guru Arjan Dev Ji for the progress of Sikh religion (Panth).
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the fifth Guru Sahib of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib had contributed to the progress of the Sikh religion in the following ways:

Guru Sahib completed the construction of Sri Harmandir Sahib in the holy city of Amritsar.
Guru Sahib founded the cities of Tarn Taran and Kartarpur.
Guru Sahib compiled the ‘Adi Granth Sahib’ and placed it in Sri Harmandir Sahib. He appointed Bhai Buddha Ji as the first Chief Granthi of Sri Harmandir Sahib.
The Sikhs made voluntary donations for langar and Guru Ki Golak. But they were uncertain and irregular. Guru Sahib fixed the contribution of Sikh community equivalent to one tenth of its annual income. Guru Sahib also deputed his trusted Sikhs for the collection of donations from his Sikh disciples. Such representatives of Guru Sahib were called the Masands.

Question 10.
What is the importance of the Adi Granth Sahib in the history of the Sikh religion?
Answer:
The compilation of Adi Granth Sahib provided the strong foundation for the Sikh religion. Adi Granth Sahib became the most reliable and holy book of the Sikhs. All the social ceremonies concerning the life of the Sikhs, like birth, marriage, initiation to adulthood, death, etc. were performed in divine presence of the Adi Granth Sahib. The Sikhs who had deep faith in the holiness of Adi Granth Sahib, developed a feeling of being one with the fellow believers, giving rise to class consciousness and ultimately to the rise of a distinct Sikh’Panth. Later, the holy book was raised to the status of Guru itself and the holy book became the Guru of the Sikh religion. The Sikhs and numerous other people believe that the hymns of Guru Granth Sahib are divine utterances.

Question 11.
Write the historical significance of Adi Granth Sahib.
Answer:
Adi Granth Sahib is the holy book of the Sikhs. It was not written with any historic perspective or motive. However, it has great historical importance also. It is one of the major sources of the political, social, religious, economic and cultural history of the 16th and 17th century Punjab. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had severely condemned the rule of Lodhis and oppression of Babur over the people of Punjab in his sayings. It is a source of information about the dominance of caste system, the exploitation of women, and other shortcomings of Indian society like irrational customs, rites and traditions during those days. The religion had lost its sanctity. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had declared “No one is a Hindu or a Muslim,” suggesting that religion had lost its actual meaning and people were treading a wrong path.

Question 12.
Write down any four causes of the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The circumstances which led to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji were as follows:

Intolerant Religious policy of Jahangir. Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor, was hostile to Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was planning to convert him to Islam or to kill him.
The Enmity of Prithia. Guru Ram Dass Ji had appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor because Guru Sahib was much impressed with the intelligence and ability of Bhai Arjan Dev Ji. However, Bhai Prithi Chand did not like his decision. Prithi Chand started conspiring against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
The Grandeur of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s court. The Guru Sahib held a splendid court. The Sangat had also increased the grandeur of his court and out of their respect and love for him had started addressing him as their “Sacha Padshah”. The Mughal emperor could not tolerate all these developments so he decided to take some severe action against him.
The penalty imposed on Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Jahangir imposed a penalty on Guru Sahib and detained him. The fanaticism of Jahangir crossed all limits and he passed the orders to execute Guru Sahib by inflicting tortures on his person.

Question 13.
What was the reaction against the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji caused fundamental changes in the attitude of the Sikhs.
1. Guru Sahib had left a parting message for his son Guru Hargobind that read, “The day is approaching fast when Good and Evil will clash Let him (Guru Hargobind Ji) sit fully armed on the throne and maintain army to the best of his ability.” The last message of Guru Sahib was the starting point of the military policy of the Sikhs. The Sikh religion of ‘Saints’ became the religion of ‘Saint Soldiers’ (Sant Sipahis) with rosary in one hand and a sword in the other.

2. Before the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the Sikhs and the Mughals had very cordial relations. However, the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji injured the religious feelings of the Sikhs and they developed ill-will against the Mughal rule in their hearts.

3. The Sikh religion became more popular due to the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Sikh followers of Guru Sahib were now all out to sacrifice their lives for the cause of their religion. There is no doubt that the martyrdom of Guru Sahib had given a new direction to the history of Sikh religion.

Question 14.
Write any four important aspects of the personality and character of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji was a man of high character and pleasing manners. The four main aspects of his personality are as under:

Guru Sahib was a successful organizer and religious leader. Guru Sahib vigorously spread the message of Sikh religion and gave an organised form to the Sikh community by making necessary reforms in the Masand System.
Guru Sahib was a great builder. Guru Sahib completed the work of building the city of Amritsar, constructed Sri Harmandir Sahib, and founded cities like Tarn Taran, Hargobindpur etc. Guru Sahib also constructed a Baoli at Lahore.
Guru Sahib completed the work of compilation of Adi Granth Sahib.
Guru Sahib was a great social reformer. Guru Sahib encouraged widow remarriage and checked the use of intoxicants among the Sikhs. Guru Sahib also established a centre where free medicines and clothes were provided to the sick.

Question 15.
Name any four cailses which forced Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt the “New Policy”.
Answer:
1. Hostility and Interference of the Mughals. The Mughal Emperor Jahangir adopted the policy of oppression towards Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. Consequently, it became necessary for the next Guru Sahib, Guru Hargobind Ji to adopt New Policy for the defence of the Sikh religion.

2. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. It became clear to the Sikhs after the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji that they had to bear the arms along with the rosaries for the protection of Sikh religion. Hence, Guru Hargobind Ji adopted the New Policy with the same aim in view.

3. Parting Message of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. In his last message, Guru Arjan Dev Ji had instructed the Sikhs to bear arms. Hence, Guru Hargobind Ji started imparting the training in arms along with spiritual knowledge to the Sikhs.

4. Entry of the Jats in Sikhism. Guru Hargobind Ji was encouraged to adopt the new policy on the entry of Jats in the Sikh religion. The Jats were freedom loving by nature and had great aptitude for fighting battles.

Question 16.
Write briefly the contribution of Guru Hargobind Ji to Sikhism.
Answer:

Guru Sahib put on two swords when he occupied Guru Gaddi. One sword represented his Miri and the other his Piri. With that, Guru Sahib became the political leader as well as a religious guide of the Sikhs.
Guru Sahib also erected a new building near Sri Harmandir Sahib. The new building is called Akal Takh’t. Guru Sahib imparted the training in arms to the Sikhs.
Jahangir imprisoned Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior. Soon after, he learnt that he had taken a wrong decision. He released Guru Sahib. However, Guru Sahib persuaded Jahangir to release all the Rajput kings imprisoned in the Gwalior fort.
Guru Sahib also fought battles with the Mughals. The Mughal emperor Shahjahan sent army against Guru Sahib three times. Guru Sahib fought against them very bravely. The Mughal army lost all three battles.

Question 17.
Write any four contributions of Guru Har Rai Ji to the Sikh religion.
Answer:

Guru Sahib regularly organised religious meetings in the morning as well as in the evening everyday for spreading the message of Sikh religion. Guru Sahib encouraged people to adopt a religious way of life.
Guru Sahib converted many people to Sikh religion. The prominent among them were: Bairagi Bhagat Gir, Bhai Sangtia, Bhai Gauda, and Bhai Bhagtu.
Guru Sahib deputed Sikh preachers to spread the message of the Sikh religion to distant places. One of his prominent preachers, who was earlier a Bairagi Sadhu became his follower. He changed his name from Bhagat Gir to Bhagat Bhagwan. He established 360 centres (gaddis). Some of those centres are still active.
Guru Sahib himself actively preached the message of Sikh religion in different parts of the Punjab.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the circumstances which were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
Guru Arjan Dev Ji was one of those great saints of the world who sacrificed their lives for the sake of their religion. The circumstances which were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Sahib were as follow:
1. Fanaticism of Jahangir. Jahangir became the Mughal Emperor in 1605. He hated the Sikhs. He had similar feelings for Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He wanted that either Guru Sahib should become a Musalman or else be put to death. He definitely played a big role in the martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

2. Hostility of Prithia. Guru Ram Das Ji had appointed Guru Arjan Dev Ji as his successor to Guru Gaddi because Guru Sahib was convinced of his intelligence and ability. Prithia, the elder brother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji, did not relish the decision of Guru Ram Das Ji. Then Prithia started conspiring against Guru Arjan Dev Ji in league with the governor of Punjab and his finance minister Chandu Shah. It is true that Prithia had died before the martyrdom of Guru Sahib but it was he who had done the maximum damage to Sikh religion by infusing hatred in the hearts of Mughals against Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

3. Splendour of Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s Court. The Sikhs had grown rich by the blessings of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Sangat set up a magnificent court for Guru Sahib, where Guru Sahib continued with his religious activities. The Sangat started addressing Guru Sahib as “Sachcha Padshah” out of love and devotion for him. Jahangir could not tolerate the rising strength of Sikh community within his empire. Hence, the Emperor decided to act against Guru Sahib.

4. Case of Prince Khusro. Khurso, the eldest son of Emperor Jahangir, was once even considered for succession to the throne of Mughal Empire by Akbar himself. Prince Khusro revolted against his father Emperor Jahangir. The Mughal army chased him. Khurso came to Punjab and sought shelter with Guru Sahib whom he considered as a friend of his grandfather Akbar. Guru Sahib, a saintly figure, expressed good wishes for Khusro. However, the Mughal Emperor took this act of Guru Sahib as a political offence and decided to sentence Guru Ji to death.

5. Hostility of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah was a high ranking official of the Mughal administration in Punjab. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had declined to marry the daughter of Chandu Shah to his own son on the suggestion of Sikh Sangat. Chandu Shah felt insulted and tried to instigate Akbar against Guru Sahib with the motive of taking revenge. Akbar held Guru Sahib in high esteem and considered himself as a friend of Guru Sahib. Akbar did not give any importance to the grumbling of Chandu Shah. Chandu Shah did not stop conspiring against Guru Sahib. After the death of Akbar, Chandu Shah instigated Jahangir and convinced him that Guru Sahib had helped the rebellious Prince Khusro. Jahangir had already decided to end the religious movement of Guru Sahib. The instigation by Chandu Shah further provoked Jahangir to take a strong step against Guru Sahib.

6. Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had compiled the Adi Granth Sahib. The enemies of Guru Sahib told Jahangir that Guru Sahib had included such matter in the holy book which was against Islam. Jahangir asked Guru Sahib to remove all such matter from Adi Granth Sahib, which was supposed to be against Islam. Guru Sahib clearly told Jahangir that he was not going to delete anything from the Adi Granth Sahib as there was no such matter in it which could be considered against any religion. Then Jahangir proposed to Guru Sahib to add something in Adi Granth Sahib in praise of Prophet Muhammad. Guru Sahib refused to oblige Jahangir and told him that nothing could be incorporated in the Adi Granth except as directed by the Divine Voice itself. Jahangir was infuriated by such a reply.

7. Penalty imposed on Guru Sahib. The religious fanaticism of Jahangir reached its peak due to the reasons given above. Jahangir issued an order to put Guru Sahib to death by torture. Later, he changed his own orders and asked the Guru Sahib to pay a penalty of two lakh rupees. Guru Sahib refused to pay even a single paisa as penalty and claimed that all the money with him was meant only for the poor and orphans. Jahangir was enraged and again issued orders for the torture and execution of Guru Sahib.

Martyrdom. Guru Sahib was subjected to horrible physical torture. Guru Sahib was made to sit on red-hot iron plate and then hot sand was poured on his body. Guru Sahib was also made to enter boiling water. Finally, in May 1606 Guru Sahib was martyred. According to Sikh scholars, when Guru Sahib was being tortured, one day Guru Sahib expressed a desire to take bath in a river. When Guru Sahib entered the river Ravi, he suddenly disappeared.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji.
Answer:
The martyrdom of Guru Arjun Dev Ji had far reaching effects on the history of Sikhism.

The martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji gave birth to militant spirit among the Sikhs.
The Sikh community was transformed into a sect of aggressive fighters for the cause of religion from being a community of pious and peace loving people. They had been transformed into Sant Sipahis.
Earlier, the Mughals and the Sikhs had very cordial relations but the martyrdom of Guru Sahib had hurt their religious sentiments and they became the bitter enemies of the Mughal rule.
The martyrdom of Guru Sahib raised the prestige and popularity of the Sikh religion. The Sikhs were bent upon the protection of their religion by all means.

Indeed, the martyrdom of Guru Sahib turned a new leaf in the history of Sikh religion. It transformed peace-loving saintly Sikhs into Sant Sipahis. “The martyrdom of Guru Sahib convinced the Sikhs that they must arm themselves and fight if they want to live.”

Question 3.
Describe the circumstances which were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji. What is the importance of his martyrdom in the history of Sikh religion?
Answer:
The following circumstances (causes) were responsible for the martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji:
1. Increase in the tension between the Mughals and the Sikhs. The relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs were quite cordial during the reign of Emperor Akbar but they became bitter enemies of each other during the reign of Emperor Jahangir. Jahangir had martyred Guru Arjan Dev Ji. The Sikhs had, as a result, rose in arms for the protection of their religion. It created much bitterness between the Mughals and the Sikhs which ultimately resulted in the martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji in the reign of Aurangzeb.

2. Intolerant Religious Policy of Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb was a fanatic Sunni Muslim. He had started suppressing his Hindu subjects and imposed numerous restrictions on them. He tried to convert them to Islam forcibly. The oppression perpetrated by Aurangzeb on his innocent and weak subjects moved the heart of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji and Guru Sahib resolved to save humanity from the atrocities of the fanatic ruler which resulted in the martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji. It was the second martyrdom in the history of Sikh religion.

3. Propagation of Sikh Religion. Guru Teg Bahadur Ji, following the footsteps of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, propagated the message of Sikh religion by undertaking extensive tours in different regions of India. Aurangzeb could not tolerate the rising popularity of Sikh religion. Aurangzeb developed jealousy in his heart against Guru Sahib.

4. Hostility of Ram Rai. It was complained that Ram Rai, the elder brother of Guru Har Rai Ji projected the religious activities of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji as against the Mughal rule. This led Aurangzeb to summon Guru Sahib to Delhi to justify his religious activities and it resulted in the martyrdom of Guru Sahib.

5. Appeals of Kashmiri Brahmins. The condition of the Kashmiri Brahmans had become miserable due to the oppression of Muslim rulers. The governor of Kashmir was trying to convert Kashmiri Brahmans to Islam forcibly. The Kashmiri Brahmans appealed to Guru Sahib for protection. Guru Sahib was moved by the miseries of the Brahmans and found that the situation demanded a big sacrifice for the protection of religion.

Guru Sahib advised Kashmiri Brahmans to convey his following message to Aurangzeb:
“Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru is seated on the throne of Great Guru Nanak, who is the protector of the Hindu faith and religion. First make him a Musalman and then all the people, including ourselves, will, of our own accord, adopt your faith.”

The Kashmiri Brahmans conveyed the message of Guru Sahib to the fanatic Mughal ruler. Guru Sahib decided to visit Delhi. The Mughals martyred Guru Sahib in Delhi.

Importance. The martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji is very important in the history of Sikh religion. The following points may reveal its significance:

Maintained the Tradition of Sacrifices for Religion. Guru Teg Bahadur Ji maintained the tradition of Guru Sahibans to sacrifice their lives for the protection of religion by setting example of his own martyrdom.
Led to the Creation of the Khalsa. Guru Gobind Singh Ji learned from the martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji that the religious oppression by the Mughals would not end as long as they were ruling over India. The only answer was to destroy their rule. Guru Gobind Singh Ji created Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib in 1699 to end the oppression of the Mughals.
Feelings of hatred and revenge against the Mughals, The whole Punjab was filled with feelings of hatred and revenge against the Mughal rule because of the martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
Gave a Fatal blow to the Mughal Empire. The martyrdom of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji gave a fatal blow to the very existence of the Mughal Empire. The Khalsa of Guru Gobind Singh Ji continued to struggle bravely against the Mughal Empire and ultimately destroyed its existence in Punjab.

Activity:

Question 1.
Show the main historical places of Punjab in the given map of Punjab.
Answer:
PSEB 10th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 4 Contribution of Sikh Gurus from Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji to Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji 1

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 11 Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration Textbook Questions and Answers

I.. Write down the answer to the following questions :

Question 1.
When and which act was passed to check the working of the East India Company?
Answer:
The Regulating Act was passed in 1773 A.D. to check the working of the East India Company.

Question 2.
When and under which act the board of control was constituted?
Answer:
Board of Control was made in 1784 A.D. under Pitt’s India Act.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of Civil Services in India?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis was the founder of Civil Services in India.

Question 4.
Who was the first Indian to have passed the examination of the Indian Civil Services?
Answer:
The first Indian to pass the examination of Indian Civil Services was Satindra Nath Tagore. He passed this examination in 1863 A.D.

Question 5.
Which was the highest post given to Indian sepoy?
Answer:
Subedar was the highest post to be given to Indian soldiers in the military.

Question 6.
Which Governor-General made improvement in the police department and why?
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis made improvement in the police department. His aim was to establish law, order and peace in the state.

Question 7.
When Indian Law Commission was constituted and why?
Answer:
Indian Law Commission was constituted in 1833 A.D. It was established for the compilation of laws.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Regulating Act?
Answer:
An Act was passed in 1773 A.D. to check the working of the English East India Company. It was known as the Regulating Act. According to this Act :

The civil and military administration of the company came under the check of the British Parliament. The Parliament got control over its revenues too.
The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General of British India. A council of members was appointed to help the Governor-General in discharging his duties.
The Governor-General was empowered to control the two presidencies of Bombay and Madras.

Question 9.
Write a note on Pitt’s India Act.
Answer:
In order to remove the defects of the Regulating Act, the British Parliament passed the Pitt’s India Act in 1784. According to this act :

Political and commercial functions of the company were separated. The Board of Directors was now to look after the commercial activities of the company only.
A Board of Control consisting of six members was formed through which the British Governments could fully control the affairs of the company in India.
The council of the Governor-General was to have three members instead of four, one of these members was to be the commander in chief of India.
The Governor-General in council got full powers to direct and control Bombay and Madras presidencies.

Question 10.
Which changes were made in the Army after 1858 A.D.?
Answer:
It was necessary to reorganize the army after the great revolt of 1857 A.D. The British didn’t want that soldiers would again go for revolt. So the following changes were brought in Indian military while keeping in mind these things:

The number of British soldiers were increased.
Only Britishers started to be appointed in artillery.
Indians and Europeans in the military of Madras and Bombay were kept in the ratio of 2: 1.
European troops were kept at all the important places from geographical and military point of view.
Now the British started recruiting people of different religions and castes in one regiment of soldiers so that the people of other religions should remain ready to kill people of one religion in case of any rebellion.
Soldiers of Awadh, Bihar and Central India took part in the revolt of 1857 A.D. Now their members in the military was reduced and number of Gorkhas, Sikhs and Pathan soldiers was increased.

Question 11.
Write a note on the judicial system.
Answer:
The British established important judicial system in India. It’s main feature was the written laws.

Warren Hastings established Revenue and Criminal Courts in each district.
According to the Regulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. Lord Cornwallis prepared a book called Cornwallis code to give directions to judges.
Lord William Bentick started jury system in Bengal in 1832 A.D.
In 1833 A.D., the Indian Law Commission was appointed which completely reorganized the whole judicial system. Right of making laws was given to Governor-General through Charter Act.
Common legal system was introduced in the entire country. According to this, all the Indians were considered as equal in front of law without any discrimination.

Even after this, discrimination with Indians was there and they were deprived of some specific rights. For example, Indian judges were not allowed to hear the cases of the Europeans. Lord Rippen, in 1883 A.D. tried to give this right to the Indian judges but remained unsuccessful.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
In 1886 A.D. Lord _________ appointed a Public Service Commission of 15 members.
Answer:
Rippon

Question 2.
The ratio of Europeans and Indians was 2: 1 in the army after the revolt of _________ A.D.
Answer:
1857

Question 3.
In 1773 A.D. according to the Regulating Act, a Supreme Court was established in _________
Answer:
Calcutta.

III. Write True or False for each statement:

Question 1.
The objective of British Policies was to protect the British interests in India.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
During the reign of Carnwalis in India each thana was under a Daroga.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
In 1773 A.D. according to the Regulating Act Supreme Court was established in Calcutta.
Answer:
True.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide Administrative Structure, Growth of Colonial Army and Civilian Administration Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
When was the Regulating Act passed?
(a) 1773 A.D.
(b) 1784 A.D.
(c) 1833 A.D.
(d) 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1773 A.D.

Question 2.
With which Act, the Governor-General and his Council got the right to control Bombay and Madras presidencies?
(a) Pitt’s India Act
(6) Regulating Act
(c) Charter Act, 1833
(d) Charter Act, 1853.
Answer:
(b) Regulating Act.

Question 3.
When was Pitt’s India Act passed?
(a) 1773 A.D.
(b) 1784 A.D.
(c) 1833 A.D.
(d) 1853 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1784 A.D.

Question 4.
With which Act, the Governor-General of Bengal was made the Governor-General of India?
(a) Charter Act, 1853
(b) Pitt’s India Act
(c) Regulating Act
(d) Charter Act, 1833.
Answer:
(d) Charter Act, 1833.

Question 5.
Who started Civil Service in India?
(a) Lord Cornwallis
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Welleslay.
(d) Lord Canning
Answer:
(a) Lord Cornwallis.

Question 6.
Lord Rippon appointed a Public ServiceCommission with members.
(a) 12
(b) 15
(c) 18
(d) 21.
Answer:
(b) 15.

Question 7.
_________ established Diwani and Criminal Courts in districts.
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Warren-Hastings.

Question 8.
The given picture is of Robert Clive. He is believed to have started this service in India. Name the service.

(a) Civil Service
(b) Judicial Service
(c) Treasury Service
(d) Police Service.
Answer:
(a) Civil Service.

Question 9.
Who is the founder of Civil Services in India?
(a) Lord Wellesley
(b) Lord Cornwallis
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord William Bentinck.
Answer:
(b) Lord Cornwallis.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Lord _________ appointed 15 members Public Service Commission in 1886.
Answer:
Rippon

Question 2.
The ratio of Indian and British soldiers was made at 2 : 1 after the revolt of _________
Answer:
1857

Question 3.
According to Regulating Act of 1773, Supreme Court was established at _________
Answer:
Calcutta.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
The main aim of the British policies in India was to protect British interests.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
During the times of Cornwallis, every police station was under the control of Daroga.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 3.
Supreme Court was established at Calcutta in 1773 A.D.
Answer:
(✓).

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Central Public Service	(i) 1935 A.D
2. Commission Union Public Service	(ii) 1926 A.D
3. Commission Separate Legislature	(iii) 1832 A.D
4. Jury System in Bengal	(iv) 1853 A.D

Answer:

A	B
1. Central Public Service	(ii) 1926 A.D
2. Commission Union Public Service	(i) 1935 A.D
3. Commission Separate Legislature	(iv) 1853 A.D
4. Jury System in Bengal	(iii) 1832 A.D

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the main aim of the administrative policies of the British?
Answer:
To protect their interests in India.

Question 2.
Which were the main parts (basis) of the British administration in India?
Answer:
Civil Service, Army, Police and Judicial System.

Question 3.
When were the Regulating Act and Pitt’s India Act passed?
Answer:
In 1773 A.D. and 1784 A.D. respectively.

Question 4.
Why was Board of Control established in England? How many members were there of Board of Control?
Answer:
Board of Control in England was established to keep control over the working of company. It had six members.

Question 5.
When, where and why Hellibery College was established? ‘
Answer:
Hellibery College was established in 1806 A.D. in England. It was started to give training to the officers of Civil Service in India.

Question 6.
When was Lee Commission appointed? What did it recommend?
Answer:
Lee Commission was established in 1923 A.D. It recommended to establish Union Public Service Commission and provincial public service commission.

Question 7.
The British policy toward Indians was full of discrimination. Give two reasons in its favour.
Answer:

Indians were not given higher posts in civil services, military and police.
Indians were given very less salary as compared to the British.

Question 8.
What was Illbert Bill?
Answer:
Illbert Bill was introduced by the Viceroy of India Lord Rippen in 1883 A.D. This bill was aimed at giving right of hearing cases of Europeans to the Indian judges. But this bill was not passed.

Question 9.
By which Act the Supreme Court in Calcutta was established?
Answer:
Supreme Court in Calcutta was established in 1773 A.D. by the Regulating Act.

Question 10.
When and by whom Jury system was started in Bengal?
Answer:
Jury system in Bengal was started by Lord William Bentick in 1832 A.D.

Question 11.
With which four institutions the Indian administration was run?
Answer:
The Indian administration was run by four institutions and these were

Civil Services
Army
Police
Judiciary.

Question 12.
Who were appointed on higher posts during the British rule?
Answer:
Mostly the English people were appointed on higher posts during the British rule.

Question 13.
Give the number of armymen in the British army in 1856 A.D.
Answer:
In 1856 A.D, there were 2,33,000 Indians and 45,322 Europeans in the British army.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the Civil Services before 1858 A.D.
Answer:
Most of the employees of the company were corrupt before 1858. They carried on private trade and earned a lot of money through bribes and gifts. Clive and Warren Hastings tried to end this corruption but they did not succeed in this mission. Cornwallis came to India after Warren Hastings. He banned private trade by the officials of the company. They were forbidden to accept bribes or gifts. He increased the salaries of the employees so that they were not tempted to accept bribes. Upto 1853, the Directors of the Company appointed the British as employees of the company. But after the passing of Charter Act of 1853, the appointments to civil services were made through a competitive examination to be held in London. The main feature of the civil services before the passing of this Act was that the Indians were debarred from these services.

Question 2.
Why is Lord Cornwallis called the founder of Civil Services in India?
Answer:
Before Lord Cornwallis, the administration of the company was controlled by the Directors of the Company. They appointed employees of .the company. But Cornwallis appointed civil officers for administrative work. They were paid very high salaries. Temptation of the people towards Civil Services increased to such an extent that people from very high families of England started joining such services. That’s why Lord Cornwallis is called the founder of Civil Services in India.

Question 3.
Write a note on the discrimination policy in the British army between the Indians and the British.
Answer:
The British government made discrimination between the Indians and the British in making recruitments in the army. Indians were given low salaries as compared to the British. The arrangements for their lodging and boarding were also of low quality. Indian soldiers were not given due respect. They were often insulted. They could only reach the posts of the ‘Subedars’ by promotion. Contrary to it, the British were directly appointed as officers. This policy of discrimination later on became the cause of the revolt of 1857.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write down in brief the constitutional changes made by British Government in India.
Answer:
The British government brought following constitutional changes in India :
1. Regulating Act: An Act was passed in 1773 A.D. to check the activities of English East India Company. It was known as the Regulating Act. According to this Act :

The civil and military administration of the company came under the control of the British Parliament. The Parliament got control over its revenue too.
The governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General of the British India. A council of members was appointed to help the Governor-General in discharging his duties.
The Governor-General was empowered to control the two presidencies of Bombay and Madras.

2. Pitt’s India Act. Pitt’s India Act was passed to remove the defects of the Regulating Act. According to this :

Political and commercial functions of the company were separated. The Board of Directors was now to look after the commercial activities of the company only.
A Board of Control consisting of six members was formed through which the British government could fully control the affairs of the company in India.
The council of the Governor-General was to have three members instead of four.
The Governor-General in council got complete powers to direct and control Bombay and Madras presidencies.

3. The Charter Act, 1833:

The company was restricted to do trade through Charter Act of 1833 so that it could completely concentrate on administration of the British India.
Governor-General and his council were given the name the Governor-General and his Council of India.
A legal member was included in council of Governor-General to make laws for the country. Right of making law was taken away from presidencies governments. In this way control of government was made very powerful.

4. The Charter Act 1853. Another Charter Act was passed in 1853 A.D. Legislative and Executive were separated through this Act. Now total of 12 members were there in legislative. Interference of central government in the affairs of company was increased. Now it was free to take rule of India in its hands at any moment.

Question 2.
Write down in brief about the Civil Services in India during the British rule.
Answer:
Lord Cornwallis is known as the founder of Civil Services in India. He raised the salaries of officers to eradicate bribery from the system. He restricted the officials to do their personal trade and to take gifts from Indians. He appointed only Europeans on the higher posts.

Development of Civil Services after Lord Cornwallis till 1885 A.D :
1. Lord William Bentick established the Hellibery College in England in 1806 A.D. Here formal training was given to the newly appointed officers of Civil Service. They were sent to India after taking formal training.

2. There was a provision in the Charter Act of 1833 that the Indians will be given government jobs without any discrimination on the basis of religion,-caste or colour. But they were deprived of higher posts in Civil Services.

3. Till 1853 A.D., only directors of the company appointed the British officials in India. But after the Charter Act of 1853, one competitive examination was started for the appointment of officials. This examination was conducted in England and its medium was English. Maximum age of 22 years was fixed for taking part in competition. This age was reduced to 21 years in 1864 and 19 years in i876. Satindra Nath Tagore was the first Indian to pass examination of Civil Service. He passed this exam in 1863 A.D.

4. It was very difficult for Indians to take part in this examination in less age and in England. So Indians raised the demand to increase the age of giving exam. They also demanded that this examination should also be taken simultaneously in India as well as in England. Lord Rippen supported this demand but it was refused by Indian government.

Development of Civil Services After 1886 A.D:
1. In 1886 A.D. Viceroy Lord Rippen appointed the Public Service Commission of 15 members: This commission recommended to divide civil services in following three parts :

Imperial or Indian Civil Service. Examination for this should take place only in England.
Provincial Services. Its examination should take place in different provinces.
Professional Service. Commission recommended to raise the age of this examination from 19 years to 23 years.

These recommendations were accepted by Indian Government in 1892 A.D.

2. In 1918, Montague-Chelmsford report recommended that 33% seats of Civil Service should be given to Indians and this number should be gradually increased. This report was implemented by the Indian Government in 1919 A.D.

3. In 1926, Central Public Service Commission and in 1935 Union Public Service Commission and some State Public Service Commissions were established.

It is right that a number of Indians were appointed in Indian Civil Service but still few higher posts were there which were restricted only for the Europeans.

Question 3.
Write down in brief about military, police and judicial system in India during the British rule.
Answer:
A brief description of military, police and judicial administration of India in the British empire is given below:
1. Military Administration. The military was one of the most important part of the British administration. It gave a great contribution in establishing and spreading the British empire in India. In 1856, there were 2,33,000 Indians and 45,300 European soldiers in the British military. Indian soldiers were given very less wages and incentives as compared to the British soldiers. Highest rank for Indians in military was the subedar. Indian soldiers were badly treated by the British officers. That’s why Indian soldiers revolted against the British in 1857 A.D.

It became necessary to reorganize the military after the great revolt of 1857 A.D. the British didn’t want that soldiers would again go for revolt.

So the following changes were brought in Indian military while keeping in mind these things :

The number of British soldiers were increased.
Only the British to be appointed in Artillery.
Indians and Europeans in the military of Madras and Bombay were kept in the ratio of 2:1.
European troops were kept at all the important places from a geographical and military point of view.
Now the British started recruiting people of different religions and castes in one regiment of soldiers so that people of other religion should remain ready to kill people of one religion in case of any rebellion.
Soldiers of Awadh, Bihar and Central India took part in the revolt of 1857 A.D. Now their numbers in the military was reduced and number of Gorkhas, Sikhs and Pathan soldiers was increased.

2. Police. Lord Cornwallis gave a new look to the police system to establish law, order and peace in the empire. He appointed one Police Superintendent in each district. Each district was further divided in divisions and ancient division system was given a new look. Every division was kept under one Daroga or inspector. Function of police in villages was being done by Chowkidars. Indians were not being given higher posts in police department. Their salary was also very low as compared to the British. They were badly treated by Britishers as well.

3. Judicial System: The British established important judicial system in India. Its main feature was written laws.

Warren Hastings established Revenue and Criminal Courts in each district.
According to Regulating Act of 1773, A Supreme Court was established in Calcutta. Lord Cornwallis prepared a book called Cornwallis code to give directions to judges.
Lord William Bentick started jury system in Bengal in 1832 A.D.
In 1833 A.D. the Indian Law Commission was appointed which completely reorganized the whole judicial system. Right of making laws was given to Governor-General through Charter Act.
Common legal system was introduced in the whole of the country. According to this, all the Indians were considered as equal in front of law without any discrimination.

Even after this, discrimination against Indians was there and they were deprived of some specific rights. For example, Indian judges were not allowed to hear the cases of Europeans. Lord Rippen, in 1883 A.D. tried to give this right to Indian judges but remained unsuccessful.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 18 India and the World

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 6th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 18 India and the World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 6 Social Science History Chapter 18 India and the World

SST Guide for Class 6 PSEB India and the World Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief :

Question 1.
What is Silk Route?
Answer:
The route connecting China with Europe is known as the Silk Route. In ancient times, silk was the major item of trade on this route.

Question 2.
Name some important seaports of the Satavahana period.
Answer:
The ports of the Satavahana period can be divided into two parts :

Ports of Southern Coast: Ports of the southern coast included Kaveripattnam, Mahabalipuram, Puhar and Korkai.
Ports of the Western Coast: Suraparaka and Bhrigukachehha were ports of the western coast.

Question 3.
How did India come in contact with Iran?
Answer:
India’s contacts with Iran started in 600 B.C. Rulers of Iran occupied north-western parts of India. Consequently, contacts between the two countries were established.

Question 4.
What was exported from India to Rome?
Answer:
The items exported from India to Rome were :

Spices,
Precious stones,
Fine cloth,
Perfumes,
Ivory,
Iron,
Dyes,
Rice,
Birds like parrots and peacocks,
Animals like monkeys.

Question 5.
What articles were imported from Europe?
Answer:
Glassware and lead were imported from Europe.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
______ A.D. rulers of ______ of Iran occupied parts of North-western India.
Answer:
600, Atchiminid

Question 2.
During the reigns of Ashoka and Kanishka, Buddhist missionaries were sent to ______, ______, ______ and ______ for preaching Buddhism.
Answer:
Sri Lanka, Burma, China, Central Asia

Question 3.
The______, ______ and ______ rulers encouraged ship building and overseas exploration.
Answer:
Chera, Cholas, Pandyas

Question 4.
The Arabs occupied Sind in ______ A.D.
Answer:
712

Question 5.
The ______ temple in Kampuchea has sculptures depicting scenes from the Indian epics ______ and ______
Answer:
Angkarvat, Ramayana, Mahabharata.

III. Match the columns :

Question 1.

A	B
(i) Gold coins	(a) Suraparaka
(ii) Seaport	(b) Silk
(iii) China	(c) Land Route
(iv) Silk Road	(d) Rome

Answer:
Correct columns :

A	B
(i) Gold coins	(d) Rome
(ii) Seaport	(a) Suraparaka
(iii) China	(b) Silk
(iv) Silk Road	(c) Land Route

IV. Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ in the brackets given after each statement :

Question 1.
India’s culture became the identity of Indians.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
India had no contacts with Egypt.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Huge rock-cut statues of the Buddha were found at Bamiyan in Afghanistan.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Indian products fetched high prices in Roman markets.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
The Chera, Chola and Pandya rulers encouraged ship-building and overseas exploration.
Answer:
True.

V. Activitiy (Something To Do) :

Question 1.
Collect pictures and Buddhist temples built in South¬East Asian Countries and paste them in your notebook.
Answer:
Do it yourself.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Guide India and the World Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
Silk Road is the route connecting with Europe.
(A) China
(B) India
(C) Russia
(D) Japan.
Answer:
(A) China.

Question 2.
The Angkorvat Temple is situated in
(A) Combodia
(B) Kumpuchea
(C) Malasia
(D) Java.
Answer:
(B) Kumpuchea.

Question 3.
What was exported to Europe through Silk Routes?
(A) Jewellery
(B) Spices
(C) Ivory goods
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 4.
The gave a great contribution to the spread of Indian Culture.
(A) Arabs
(B) Chinese
(C) Japanese
(D) Sri Lankans.
Answer:
(A) Arabs.

Question 5.
The Arabs occupied in 712 A.D.
(A) Baluchistan
(B) Sind
(C) Punjab
(D) Kashmir
Answer:
(B) Sind.

Question 6.
Where does Bamiyan lie?
(A) India
(B) Pakistan
(C) Afghanistan
(D) Russia.
Answer:
(C) Afghanistan.

Question 7.
What was exported from India to Rome?
(A) Spices
(B) Precious stones
(C) Fine Cloth
(D) All of these.
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the countries with which the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation had trade relations.
Answer:
The people of the Indus Valley Civilisation had trade relations with Mesopotamia, Egypt and other countries.

Question 2.
When did India’s contacts with Europe develop further?
Answer:
India’s contacts with Europe developed further after the invasion of Alexander on India in 326 B.C.

Question 3.
In which countries were Indian luxury goods in great demand?
Answer:
Indian luxury goods were in great demand in Western countries, especially in Greece and Roman Empire.

Question 4.
Through which countries did the land routes pass?
Answer:
The land routes passed through Afghanistan, Central Asia and Western Asia.

Question 5.
What led to the decline of trade with the West?
Answer:
The Roman Empire imposed restrictions on trade with India after the 3rd century A.D. It led to the decline of trade with the West.

Question 6.
What features did India’s contact with Iran introduce?
Answer:
India’s contact with Iran introduced features like pillars topped by capitals, inscriptions on pillars, the Kharoshti script and a new style of coinage in India.

Question 7.
Name the Indian items which became very popular in Egypt.
Answer:
Precious stones, spices, cows and hunting dogs were the Indian items which became very popular in Egypt.

Question 8.
To which countries were the Buddhist missionaries sent during the reigns of Ashoka and Kanishka?
Answer:
The Buddhist missionaries were sent to *feri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Central Asia, etc. for preaching Buddhism.

Question 9.
In which books is India’s overseas trade with Rome mentioned?
Answer:
India’s overseas trade with Rome is mentioned in Ptolemy’s Geography and in the Sangam literature.

Question 10.
What did India receive in return for her trade with Rome?
Answer:
India received gold and silver coins, metals, wine and glass in return for her trade with Rome.

Question 11.
Name the dynasties which encouraged ship-building and overseas exploration.
Answer:
The Chera, Chola and Pandya dynasties encouraged ship-building and overseas exploration.

Question 12.
What marked the beginning of Indo-Islamic tiulture?
Answer:
The Arab invasion of India marked the beginning of Indo- Islamic culture.

Question 13.
Name the countries influenced by Indian culture.
Answer:
There are several countries which have been influenced by Indian culture. Prominent among them are Myanmar, Malaya, Kampuchea, Java, Indonesia and Vietnam.

Question 14.
Where is the Borobudur Temple located?
Answer:
The Borobudur Temple is located in Java (Indonesia).

Question 15.
What are the ancient names of Burma, Malaya, Kampuchea and Java?
Answer:
The ancient names of Burma, Malaya, Kampuchea and Java are Suvarnabhumi, Suvarnadvipa, Cambodia and Yavadvipa, respectively.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the first contacts between the Arabs and India.
Answer:
In 712 A.D., the Arabs conquered Sind and set up trade settlements in India. But they were held by the local rulers of what is now called Rajasthan. However, they kept their political control over Sind.

Question 2.
How did the people of South-East Asia accept Indian religions?
Answer:
Indian merchants went to South-East Asia from various parts of India from Saurashtra, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Bengal. They took with them their own religious customs ^nd ideals. They were mostly Jainas, Vaishnavas, Shaivas and Buddhist. The people of South-East Asia were influenced by their culture and they accepted Indian religions.

Question 3.
Give an information about India’s relations with Kampuchea.
Answer:
Kampuchea was founded by a Hindu king. The region south¬east of Kampuchea, namely Kubuja was also ruled by the Hindu king. The Hindu gods and goddesses were worshipped in Kampuchea. The Hindu scriptures in Sanskrit were studied there. Hymns from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas were recited in temples of Kampuchea.

Question 4.
What were India’s relations with Java in ancient times?
Answer:
The kingdom of Java was established in 56 A.D. by a Hindu ruler. In 78 A.D. Ajisaka started the Java Samvata. The Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang visited Java in 418 A.D. and saw that the Brahmanism was a prominent religion in Java. Several temples were built in Java. Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma were worshipped in temples. Indians cast a deep influence on the people of Java. Caste system in Java started with the advent of Indians there.

Question 5.
Write about the spread of Indian culture in Myanmar.
Answer:
Myanmar lies to the east of India. There, Indian culture spread to a great extent. India had relations with Myanmar since the time of the Buddha. Indian culture was prevalent in Myanmar. Several inscriptions found there are in Sanskrit and Pali languages. There the Hinayana branch of Buddhism was preached. Historians believe that the Ananda Temple of Myanmar had been constructed by Indian artisans.

Question 6.
What Indian influence can be seen at the Angkorvat Temple?
Answer:
The Angkorvat Temple lies in Kampuchea. It is a Hindu temple. The stories of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata are written on the walls of the-temple. It has sculptures depicting scenes from the two epics. It shows the influence of Indian culture on the people of Kampuchea.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the reasons for the growth of India’s contacts with South-East countries?
Answer:
India had close contacts with South-East Asian countries in ancient times. The following were the reasons for the growth of these contacts :

The Indian merchants made voyages to these countries to exchange their goods for spices. These spices brought much wealth to Indian merchants because they were sold to traders from Western Asia.
There was peace and prosperity during the 6th and 7th centuries. Kings encouraged trade and it was secure.
Religious missionaries were sent to South-East Asian countries.
Indian traders settled down in these countries for the purpose of trade. Some of them married local women. Slowly and slowly, some aspects of Indian culture were accepted by people of South-East Asia.

Question 2.
Give an account of the spread of Indian culture abroad.
Answer:
Indian culture was spread mainly in South-East Asian countries. It was carried there by the merchants who settled there to carry out their trade.

Kampuchea: A Hindu merchant Kaundinya set up the Kampuchean kingdom. He built many ‘ emples. The most famous is the Vishnu Temple of Angkorvat. It contains beautiful sculptures and scenes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
Java: The kingdom of Java was set up by a Hindu prince. Fahien also makes a mention of this kingdom in his accounts. Java was ruled by a Hindu king. Both the ruler and the people worshipped the Hindu gods. But later on they adopted Buddhism. The Buddhist Stupa at Borobudur is the biggest stupa in the world.
Sumatra: The state of Sumatra was establihsed by a Hindu prince Sri Vijaya. It was a great centre of learning.
Bali and Borneo: These were Hindu colonies. Even today some people are Hindus there.
Champa: It was also a Hindu colony. Its capital city was Amaravati. It was the centre of Sanskrit learning.
China and Tibet: Indian culture also spread in China and Tibet. The Chinese* and the Tibetan people adopted Buddhism.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Human Resources

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Human Resources Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Human Resources

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Human Resources Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
India stands __________ in the world as regards to the size of the population.
Answer:
Second

Question 2.
Uneducated people become a __________ for the society rather than an asset.
Answer:
Liability

Question 3.
The size of population of a country along with its efficiency, education qualification, productivity etc. is termed as __________
Answer:
Human resources

Question 4.
In __________ sector production activities are done by using natural resources.
Answer:
Primary

Question 5.
__________ activities helps in the production of goods and services :
Answer:
Economic.

II. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Agriculture economy is an example of which sector?
(a) Primary
(b) Tertiary
(c) Secondary.
Answer:
(a) Primary

Question 2.
In agriculture sector there is unemployment for 5 to 7 months. Name this unemployment.
(a) Disguised unemployment
(b) Seasonal unemployment
(c) Educated unemployment.
Answer:
(b) Seasonal unemployment

Question 3.
What is the working age for population in India ?
(a) 15-59 years
(b) 18-58 years
(c) 6-60 years.
Answer:
15 – 59 years

Question 4.
How much is the population of India according to census 2011 ?
(a) 1210.19 million
(b) 130 million
(c) 121.19 million.
Answer:
1210.19 million.

III. True/False :

Question 1.
Working of a housewife in home is an economic activity.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
There is more disguised unemployment in cities.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
A country develops by investing in human capital.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
The population of a country should be healthy for its economic growth.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
In India literacy rate increased from 1951 to 2011.
Answer:
True

IV. Very Short Answer Type Questions :

Question 1.
Name two natural resources.
Answer:
Two natural resources are:

Air
Minerals.

Question 2.
How did countries like Germany and Japan make rapid economic development?
Answer:
The countries like Germany and Japan made rapid economic development only due to investment in human resources, specially in th6 field of education and health.

Question 3.
What are economic activities?
Answer:
Economic activities are those activities which are performed to earn money.

Question 4.
What are the two economic activities done by Gurpreet and Mandeep?
Answer:
Gurpreet works in the field and Mandeep gets a job in a private company.

Question 5.
Give two examples of secondary sector.
Answer:
Two examples of secondary sector are :

Manufacturing of jaggery from sugarcane.
Manufacturing of cotton cloth from raw cotton.

Question 6.
What are non-economic activities ?
Answer:
Non-economic activities are those activities which do not give income in return.

Question 7.
Give two determinants of the quality of population.
Answer:

Good education
Health of people.

Question 8.
Name the state with the highest literacy rate.
Answer:
Kerala.

Question 9.
Name the step taken to provide elementary education to all children in the age group of 6 – 14 years.
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

Question 10.
What is the age limit of the work force population in India?
Answer:
15 – 59 years.

Question 11.
Name two programmes undertaken by the government of India to generate employment opportunities.
Answer:

Swaran Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJGSY)
Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY).

V. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by human resources?
Answer:
The size of the population of a country along with its efficiency, educational qualities, productivity, etc. is known as human resources. Human resource is the most important resource because it makes the natural resources more useful. A country with highly educated and trained people can efficiently increase its productivity.

Question 2.
How human resources is superior to other resources like land and physical capital?
Answer:
Human capital is superior to other resources like land and physical capital which are not useful at their own. Human resources can make use of land and capital. So, a large population is not a liability. It can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital. For example, by spending on education and health for all, training of industrial and agriculture workers in the use of modern technology etc. development of a country can be increased.

Question 3.
What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?
Answer:

Economic Activities	Non-Economic Activities
1. All those activities which are performed to earn money are called economic activities.	1. All those activities which do not give income in return are non economic activities.
2. Economic activities add value to the national income.	2. Non economic activities do not add value to the national income.
3. Economic activities contribute to the flow of goods and services in an economy	3. They do not contribute to the flow of goods and services in the economy.
4. Examples. Mandeep doing a job in a private company, teacher teaching in a school	4. Examples. Housewives stitch their own suits, teacher teaches his son at home.

Question 4.
What is the role of education in human capital formation?
Answer:
Education is an important input for the growth of human capital. It provides new aspirations and develops values of life. Education contributes towards the growth of not only of a single person but also towards the growth of society as a whole. We get an opportunity to study in a school which helps us to become a good citizen and enables to earn a good salary in the future which in turn increases the national income and hence helps the economy to develop. Thus education plays a vital role in human capital formation.

Question 5.
What are the steps taken by the Government of India to spread education?
Answer:
The following steps are taken by the Government of India to spread education :

Number of educational institutions have been established.
The Primary school system has expanded to over more than 5,00,000 villages in India.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ has been launched to provide compulsory elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years.
Mid-day meal scheme has been implemented to improve the nutritional status of the children.
Navodaya Vidyalayas are being established in each district.
Vocational streams have been introduced to impart training to students for self-employment.

Question 6.
Explain the term unemployment. Which groups of people are not included while determining a country’s unemployment rate?
Answer:
The term unemployment refers to a situation in which people are willing to work at the current wages but cannot find work. The work force population includes people from 15 years to 59 years. Person beyond this age limit, people looking after the household chores, children, old people are not to be called unemployed as they all contribute to the flow of goods and services.

Whenever a country’s unemployment is determined, persons who are not able to work, for example, patients, old people, small children, students etc. are not included.

Question 7.
Give two reasons for unemployment in India.
Answer:

The rapidly increasing number of schools and colleges tend to increase unemployment as the job opportunities have not increased in the same rate.
Rapidly increasing population leads to unemployment in the country. In the rural areas there is seasonal and disguised unemployment. Urban areas have educated unemployment.

Question 8.
Distinguish between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
Answer:
Disguised unemployment means more people are engaged in a particular work than required. Even if some men are relieved from work the total productivity will not decline. In India, 30 percent of the total working rural population is disguised unemployed.

Seasonal unemployment means when people find jobs during some months and during remaining months they are unemployed. In the agriculture sector people remain unemployed for nearly 5, to 7 months.

Question 9.
Why is educated unemployment rapidly increasing in urban areas?
Answer:
Unemployment is more in urban areas as compared to rural areas. In case of urban areas the rapidly increasing number of schools and colleges lead to educated unemployment as the job opportunities have not increased in the same rate.

Question 10.
How does literate and ill health affect the growth of the economy?
Answer:
The quality of population decides the growth rate of the economy. Literate population is an asset to the economy and ill health is a liability for the economy. Literate persons are important input for the grow of the economy. It provides new aspirations and develops values of life. Literate person contributes towards the growth of not only of a single person but also towards the growth of society as a whole. On the other hand ill health is a condition in which a person is not mentally and physically fit.

VI. Intext Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Visit your village or your colony and find out:
(i) Whether the women in different houses work at home or go outside to work?
Answer:
In my village some of the women work at home and others go outside to work. They go to work in the fields, offices and for cleaning other’s house.

(ii) Their work is an economic or non economic activity?
Answer:
The women who are doing household chores are doing non-economic activities. On the other hand who work in the fields, offices and cleaning other’s house are doing economic activities.

(iii) Give two examples each of economic activity and non-economic activity.
Answer:
Economic activities,
(a) Raj doing a job in a multinational company
(b) Doctor serving the patients in a hospital.

Non-Economic activities,
(a) Domestic work done by housewife
(b) A teacher teaching his son at home.

(iv) Work done by your mother is an economic or non-economic activity.
Answer:
My mother is a teacher in a government school. So she is doing economic activity.

Question 2.
Literacy rates in India
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Human Resources 1
Study the graph and answer the following questions :
(i) Has literacy rate increased between year 1951 to year 2011?
Answer:
Yes, the literacy rate has increased between year 1951 to year 2011 as it is evident from the bar diagram.

(ii) In which year India crossed the literacy rate of 50%?
Answer:
In the year 2001, India crossed the literacy rate of 50%.

(iii) In which year India has the highest literacy rate?
Answer:
In the year 2011, India has the highest literacy rate.

(iv) In which year the literacy rate among the women is the highest?
Answer:
The literacy rate among the woman is the highest in the year 2011.

(v) Why literacy rate is low among the women as compared to the men of India? Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:
The literacy rate is low among the women as compared to men of India because people send their girl child in less number as compared to boy. They engage girls in household chores.

Question 3.
Table Health Services in India
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Human Resources 2
Source: National Health Profile, 2010 D/O Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National Health Profile, 2013.

Let’s Discuss
Read the table and answer the following questions :
(i) Number of dispensaries and hospitals increased in 1951-2010.
Answer:
It is clear from the table that the number of dispensaries and hospitals did not increase in 1951-2010.

(ii) Number of doctors increased in 2001-2013.
Answer:
Yes, the number of doctors increased in 2001-2016.

(iii) Number of beds qued in health institution 1951-2013.
Answer:
Yes, the number of beds qued in health institution increased in 1981-2016.

(iv) Visit your village or a nearby village dispensary and find out which facilities are provided and which are needed more.
Answer:
By visiting my village dispensary, it is found that there is a shortage of staff. Even doctor has not joined the dispensary. Only one pharmasist was looking after the dispensary. Other facilities were in good condition.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Human Resources Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Population can be for the economy.
(a) Asset
(b) Liability
(c) Both asset and ability
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Both asset and ability

Question 2.
In which field, the investment formulates human capital?
(a) Education
(b) Health
(c) Training
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
Which does indicate the human capital formation in India?
(a) Green Revolution
(b) I.T. Revolution
(c) Labour Revolution
(d) White Revolution.
Answer:
(b) I.T. Revolution.

Question 4.
Cooking the food, cleaning the clothes and utensils by Sheela is what kind of activity?
(a) Economic activity
(b) Non-economic activity
(c) Wealth activity
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Non-economic activity.

Question 5.
Agriculture, forestry and dairy come under which sector?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Primary

Question 6.
Construction and manufacturing comes under sector.
(a) Secondary
(b) Tertiary
(c) Primary
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(a) Secondary.

Question 7.
Trade, transport, communication and banking etc. come under which sector?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Tertiary.

Question 8.
What is the life expectancy at birth in India?
(a) 66 years
(b) 70 years
(c) 55 years
(d) 15.8 years.
Answer:
(d) 15.8 years.

Question 9.
What is the crude birth rate per thousand in India?
(a) 26.1
(b) 28.2
(c) 20.4
(d) 35.1.
Answer:
(a) 26

Question 10.
What is the death rate per thousand in India?
(a) 9.8
(b) 8.7
(c) 11.9
(d) 25.1.
Answer:
(b) 8.7.

Question 11.
What was the literacy rate of India in 2001?
(a) 65%
(b) 75%
(c) 60%
(d) 63%.
Answer:
(a) 65%.

Question 12.
What type of unemployment exists in rural areas of India?
(a) Seasonal
(b) Disguised
(c) Both seasonal and disguised
(d) Voluntary.
Answer:
(c) Both seasonal and disguised.

Question 13.
What type of unemployment mainly remains in the urban areas?
(a) Seasonal
(b) Voluntary
(c) Disguised
(d) Educated.
Answer:
(d) Educated.

Question 14.
Shifting of labours from rural area to urban area in search of work is known as
(a) Migration
(b) Immigration
(c) Invention
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Migration

Question 15.
In which Held, the investment increases the production capacity of country?
(a) Land
(b) Physical capital
(c) Human capital
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 16.
Which one is the example of primary sector?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Manufacturing
(c) Communication
(d) Trade.
Answer:
(a) Agriculture.

Question 17.
Which one is the example of secondary sector?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Manufacturing
(c) Communication
(d) Banking.
Answer:
(b) Manufacturing.

Question 18.
Which one is the example of tertiary sector?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Manufacturing
(c) Banking
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Banking

Question 19.
In which year, India achieved the highest literacy rate?
(a) 2001
(b) 1991
(c) 2000
(d) 1981.
Answer:
(a) 2001.

Question 20.
What kind of people are the liability for the economy?
(a) Educated
(b) Healthy
(c) Unhealthy
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Unhealthy.

Question 21.
When was the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan launched in India?
(a) 2008
(b) 2010
(c) 2007
(d) 2005.
Answer:
(b) 2010.

Question 22.
Which is not associated with primary sector?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Forestry
(c) Education
(d) Mining.
Answer:
(c) Education.

Question 23.
Which of the following is not an activity of tertiary sector?
(a) Transport
(b) Banking
(c) Manufacturing
(d) Tourism.
Answer:
(c) Manufacturing.

Fill in the Blanks:

Question 1.
China stands __________ in the world as regards to the size of the population.
Answer:
First

Question 2.
Ill health people become a __________ for the society rather than an asset.
Answer:
Liability

Question 3.
Japan made investment in __________ resources.
Answer:
Human

Question 4.
Domestic work done by housewife __________ is activity.
Answer:
Non-economic

Question 5.
__________ had the lowest literacy rate in India in 2011.
Answer:
Bihar

Question 6.
According to census 2011 total literacy rate in India is __________ per cent.
Answer:
74.

True/False:

Question 1.
Literate and healthy population are liability.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
According to 2011 census. Literacy among men is 82.10 percent.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
Average unemployment rate of India during the period of 1983 to 2011 remained at 9 percent.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Quality of population does not depend upon good health and education.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Mining and forestry are the activities of secondary sector.
Answer:
False.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which fields, does investment formulate human capital?
Answer:
In fields such as education, health, training etc. the investment formulates human capital.

Question 2.
What is unemployment?
Answer:
Unemployment is a situation under which people are willing to work at the prevailing wages but are unable in find any work.

Question 3.
What type of unemployment exists in rural areas of India?
Answer:
In rural areas of India, both seasonal and disguised unemployment exist. Question 4. Which is the most labour absorbing sector of the Indian economy? Answer:Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the Indian economy.

Question 5.
What is seasonal unemployment?
Answer:
When people work for a few months but are not able to find jobs during the remaining months of the year, it is called as seasonal unemployment.

Question 6.
What do you understand by ‘people as resources’?
Answer:
‘People as Resources’ is a way of referring to a country’s working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.

Question 7.
What are market activities?
Answer:
Market activities involve remuneration to anyone who works, i.e., activities performed for pay or profit are called market activities.

Question 8.
What do you understand by the concept of Non-marketing activities?
Or
What are non-marketing activities?
Answer:
Non-marketing activities are those activities which do not involve remuneration to anyone who performs. These activities are performed for self¬consumption and are not for sale.

Question 9.
What are the two major determinants of earning?
Answer:
Two major determinants of earning for any individual are education and skill.

Question 10.
Which type of unemployment mainly exists in urban areas of India?
Answer:
Educated unemployment mainly exists in the urban areas of India.

Question 11.
Define the concept of migration.
Answer:
The concept of migration refers to the movement of people from one region to another in search of work or for better future prospects.

Question 12.
What are the various types of economic activities? Name them.
Answer:
There are two types of economic activities. These are :

Marketing activities
Non-marketing activities.

Question 13.
What is National Income?
Answer:
It is a sum of total goods and services produced in a country within a year.

Question 14.
What do you know about Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
It is a scheme under which elementary education is to be provided to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.

Question 15.
Write any two types of urban unemployment.
Answer:
Two types of urban unemployment are :

Educated unemployment
Industrial unemployment.

Question 16.
What kind of people are a liability for the economy?
Answer:
Illiterate and unhealthy people are a liability for the economy.

Question 17.
Define the concept of’Birth Rate’.
Answer:
The Birth Rate refers to the number of live births for every 1000 population during a particular period of time.

Question 18.
What is ‘Death Rate’?
Answer:
The Death rate refers to the number of deaths per thousand population, during a particular period of time.

Question 19.
Cooking food, cleaning clothes and utensils by Sheela in her home is what kind of activity?
Answer:
It is a non-economic activity.

Question 20.
Trade, transport, communication and banking, etc., belong to which sector?
Answer:
They belong to the Tertiary sector.

Question 21.
What does CHC stand for?
Answer:
CHC stands for Community Health Centre.

Question 22.
What is the full form of GNP?
Answer:
The full form of GNP is Gross National Prodilct.

Question 23.
What does the acronym PHC stand for?
Answer:
The acronym PHC stands for Primary Health Centre.

Question 24.
Which sector is also known as the service sector?
Answer:
Tertiary sector is also known as the service sector.

Question 25.
Which state has the highest percentage of literacy in India?
Answer:
Kerala has the highest percentage of literacy in India.

Question 26.
What is the life expectancy rate of India?
Answer:
Life expectancy rate of India was 67.80 years in 2011.

Question 27.
What was death rate and birth rate of India in 2011?
Answer:
In 2011, death rate was 7.2 and birth rate was 22 per thousand in India.

Question 28.
What are the activities included in a primary sector?
Answer:
The primary sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming and mining.

Question 29.
Which factors are responsible for non-market activities?
Answer:
Factors such on processing of primary products, subsistence farming, etc., are responsible for non-market activities.

Question 30.
State one example of tertiary sector.
Answer:
Banking.

Question 31.
What was the literacy rate of India in 2011?
Answer:
The literacy rate of India was 74.04% in 2011.

Question 32.
On what factors does the quality of population depend?
Answer:
The quality of population depends upon the literacy level, health of an individual in terms of life expectancy and skills developed by the people of a country.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the quality of population.
Answer:
The quality of population depends upon the health of a person, life expectancy, skill formation acquired and the literacy rate. The quality of population decides the growth rate of the country. Literate and healthy people are an asset for the economy. On the other hand, illiterate and unhealthy people are a liability.

Question 2.
Explain in brief the importance of education.
Answer:
Education is important due to the following reasons :

Education is an important input for the growth of everyone.
It provides new aspiration and develops values of life.
It enhances the national income, cultural richness of the country.
It increases the efficiency of governance.
It helps in getting good job and salary.

Question 3.
Define unempolyment. What are its consequences?
Answer:
Unemployment is said to exist when people who are willing to work at the existing wages cannot find jobs.

Following are the consequences of unemployment.

It leads to wastage of manpower resource.
It leads to increased overlead. As a result the dependence of unemployed on the working populatison increases.
Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy.
It increases many social evils among the young generation.

Question 4.
What is meant by disguised unemployment?
Answer:
In case of disguised unemployment people appear to be employed. They have agricultural plot where they find work. This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity. The work requires the service of five people but engages eight people. If three people are removed, the productivity of the field will not decline. The field requires the service of five people and the three extra people are disguisedly unemployed.

Question 5.
What is meant by seasonal unemployment?
Answer:
Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year. People dependent upon agriculture usually face such kind of problem. There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting, weeding, threshing is done. Certain months do not provide much work to the people dependent on agriculture.

Question 6.
What is meant by educated unemployment?
Answer:
In case of urban areas educated, unemployment has become a common phenomenon. Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find job. A paradisiacal manpower situation is witnessed as surplus of manpower in certain categories exsists with shortage of manpower in others.

Question 7.
State the meaning of market and non-market activities.
Answer:
Market activities involve remuneration to any one who performs i.e. activity performed for pay or profit. These include production of goods and services while the non-market activities are the production for self-consumption. There can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed capital.

Question 8.
Define population as a human resource.
Answer:
This is the positive side of a large population that is often overlooked when we look only at the negative side, considering only the problems of providing the population with food, education and access to health facilities. When the existing ‘human resource’ is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it ‘Human Capital Formation’.

Question 9.
What are the various activities undertaken in the secondary and tertiary sectors?
Answer:
In the secondary sector, the quarrying and manufacturing activities are done. In the tertiary sector trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, insurance, etc. activities are done.

Question 10.
State the role of health in human capital formation.
Answer:
Health plays a very important role in human capital formation. The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation. Health is an indispensable basis for realising one’s well being.

Question 11.
What are economic activities? Explain.
Answer:
Economic activities are those activities that contribute to the flow of goods and services in the economy. These activities add value to the national income.

Economic activities have two parts

Market activities and
Non-market activities.

1. Market activities. It involves remuneration .to anyone who performs i.e., activity performed for pay or profit.
2. Non-market activities. Non-market activities are the production of goods for self-consumption. There can be consumption and processing of primary products and own account production of fixed assets.

Question 12.
Distinguish between market and non-market activities.
Answer:
Following are the main differences between market and non-market activities.

Market Activities	Non-market Activities
1. Market activities involve remuneration to any one who performs i.e., activity performed for pay or profit.	1. None market activities are the production of self consumption.
2. These include production of goods or services including government service.	2. These can be consumption, processing of primary product and own account .production of fixed assets.
3. A worker working in a mine, teacher teaching in a school etc. are some examples of market activities.	3. Processing of primary products, subsistence farming, etc. are non market activities.

Question 13.
(i) What is Gross National Product?
Answer:
Gross national product is the money value of all goods and services produced by the residents of the country. It includes all final goods and services produced by the residents of the country anywhere in the world.

(ii) Countries like Japan did not have any natural resources, still they are developed countries. Give reasons.
Answer:
(a) Japan has invested on human capital especially in the field of education and health.
(b) The skilled and trained people have made efficient use of other resources like land and capital.
(c) Efficiency and technology evolved by people have made these countries developed.

Question 14.
(i) Name any two types of unemployment which prevail in rural areas.
Answer:
(a) Disguised unemployment and
(b) Seasonal unemployment mostly prevails in the rural areas

(ii) Mention any four factors on which the quality of population depends.
Answer:
(a) Health
(b) Life expectancy
(c) Education
(d) Skill

(iii) Which sector (in the primary sector) is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy?
Answer:
Agriculture sector is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy.

Question 15.
(i) Mention any two activities which are included in the primary sector.
Answer:
(a) Fishing
(b) Mining

(ii) Mention any two activities which are included in the service sector.
Answer:
(a) Banking
(b) Insurance

(iii) Mention any two activities which are included in the secondary sector.
Answer:
(a) Quarrying
(b) Manufacturing.

Question 16.
(i) Name any four factors which can improve the quality of human resources.
Answer:
(a) Education
(b) Health
(c) Technology
(d) Training.

(ii) Name any four factors of production.
Answer:
(a) Land
(b) Labour
(c) Capital
(d) Entreprenuer.

Question 17.
What is ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’?
Answer:
‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’, is a step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6 – 14 by 2010. It is a time bound initiative of the central government in partnership with the states, the local government and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.

Question 18.
(i) What types of unemployment are found in agriculture?
Answer:
Disguised and seasonal unemployment are found in agriculture.

(ii) State the meaning of disguised unemployment.
Answer:
Disguised unemployment is that type of unemployment under which people appear to be employed but they are not.

Question 19.
‘Improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of a country.’ Give reasons.
Answer:

Good health increases the efficiency of the worker.
An unhealthy worker becomes a liability for the country.
Healthy citizens are the basic factors of production.
The health of a person helps him to realise the potential and the ability to fight illness.

Question 20.
‘Investment in human capital yields a return just like investment in physical capital.’ Explain.
Answer:

Human capital increases the productivity of the workers.
Human capital adds to the quality of labour.
Educated, trained and healthier people can use natural resources in a better way.
A country can earn foreign exchange by exporting services of human resources.

Question 21.
Group the following activities into primary, secondary and tertiary activities.
Banking, insurance, dairy, quarrying, mining, communication, education, fishing, poultry farming, agriculture, manufacturing, forestry, tourism and trade.
Answer:

Primary	Secondary	Tertiary
1. Dairy	1. Quarrying	1. Banking
2. Mining	2. Manufacturing	2. Insurance
3. Fishing		3. Communication
4. Poultry Farming		4. Education
5. Agriculture		5. Tourism
6. Forestry		6. Trade

Question 22.
What are the objectives of the Tenth Five Year Plan with reference to education?
Answer:
Following are the main objectives of the Tenth Five Year Plan with reference to education.

The Tenth Five Year Plan endeavoured to increase the enrolment in higher education of the 18 – 23 year age group from the present 6-9 percent, by the end of the plan period.
The Tenth Five Year Plan also focuses on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and IT education institutions.
The strategy focus on increasing access, quality, adoption of states-specific curriculum modification, vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology.

Question 23.
Define unemployment. What are the major types of unemployment prevailing in India?
Answer:
Unemployment is a situation in which a person is willing to work at the prevailing wages, but does not find any gainful work.

Seasonal unemployment
Educated unemployment
Disguised unemployment
Structural unemployment
Technical unemployment.

Question 24.
What are the two types of unemployment which are prevailing in rural areas? Write any four factors responsible for this.
Answer:

Seasonal unemployment and
Disguised unemployment are prevailing in rural areas.

Causes :

Lack of diversification of agriculture.
Lack of capital.
Large families due to overpopulation.
Underdevelopment of cottage and small scale industries.

Question 25.
Distinguish between disguised unemployment and educated unemployment.
Answer:
Following are the main differences between disguised and educated unemployment :

Disguised Unemployment	Educated Unemployment
1. Disguised unemployment is that type of unemployment under which people appear to be employed, but they are not.	1. Educated unemployment is that type of unemployment under which people are educated but are unable to find a job.
2. It is mainly found in rural areas.	2. It is mainly found in urban areas.

Question 26.
Explain the employment scenario in the three sectors.
Answer:

Primary sector. In India, agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. But it is facing disguised unemployment. It does not have any capacity to absorb more workers. So surplus workers are moving to the secondary and the tertiary sectors.
Secondary sector. In secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is also labour absorbing Industry. Cottage industry should also be set up in rural areas.
Tertiary sector. Tertiary sector is the most important sector which can help in removing the unemployment problem.

Question 27.
What is seasonal unemployment? What are the factor responsible for this unemployment?
Answer:
Seasonal unemployment is that type of unemployment in which a worker is employed during some parts of the year and remains without work during the rest of the year.

Causes

Lack of multiple cropping.
Lack of small scale and cottage industries in rural areas.
Lack of commercialisation of agriculture.

Question 28.
What is disguised unemployment? Explain with the help of an example.
Answer:
Disguised unemployment is a situation in which more workers are working in an activity than required. The people, who are actually engaged in such an activity appear to be employed, but are not fully employed. For example, if for the cultivation of one hectare land 12 workers are required, but instead of 12 workers, 20 workers are working. In this case, 8 workers are disguised unemployed. In such cases, even if the surplus workers are removed the production does not suffer.

Question 29.
Why is human capital the most important factor of production? Give three reasons.
Answer:
Human capital is the most important factor of production because:

Some production activities need literate people.
Some production activities need physical labour.
Human capital has only entrepreneurial ability.

Question 30.
How have countries like Japan become rich and developed? Explain three reasons.
Answer:

They have invested in human capital especially in the field of education and health.
They have efficiently used the other resources like land and physical capital.
They have developed the technology and efficiency.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main problems of human capital formation in India?
Answer:
The following are the problems of human capital formation in India :
1. High cost of Human Capital Formation. In India the cost of human capital formation is very high. Due to high pressure of population, government is investing more in human capital but the returns are very low. Government is opening a large number of educational institutions. In this process high cost of human capital formation is creating problems.

2. Low Level of Adult Education and Agricultural Education. Another problem of human capital formation in India is the low level of adult and agricultural education. Adult education is helpful in changing the attitudes of people. There are only few programmes related to agricultural education. These problems resulted in low productivity.

3. Less Priority to Secondary Education. Government gives less priority to secondary education than primary education and the expenditure on primary education is also high which is unproductive. One can get efficiency in technical knowledge after secondary education. This attitude creates problems in human capital formation.

4. Total Stock of Human Capital Formation. India is a developing country, as a result, there remains great demand of human capital formation in every field. But the total stock of human capital formation is less, due to less resources which creates problems in the country.

Question 2.
Explain the role of human capital formation in economic development.
Answer:
Role of Human Capital Formation in Economic Development:
Economic backwardness is the main feature of underdeveloped countries and the main cause for this backwardness is the problem of human capital formation. But the economic development can be achieved by human capital formation.

There are the following advantages of human capital formation in economic development :
1. Increase in the Efficiency of Labour. Economic development can be attained through an increase in the efficiency of labour. The efficiency of labour is increased through human capital formation by investing in education, health, training, etc.

2. Training and Technical Knowledge. It is necessary for the labour to be trained and educated for economic development. Thus through human capital formation, the level of education, technical knowledge, efficiency, and health of the labour can be raised, and hence the path of economic development can be achieved.

3. To Enlarge the size of the Business. The size of a business can be enlarged by efficient entrepreneurs and innovators. An entrepreneur becomes efficient by investment in human capital and this efficiency ultimately leads to economic development.

4. Increase in Production. An increase in production leads to economic development. Human capital formation produces able and efficient persons who increase production.

5. Change in the Religious, Social, Cultural, and Institutional setup. For economic development change in religious, social, cultural, and institutional setup is necessary. These changes are only possible through human capital formation.

6. To Decrease Production Cost. Reduction in the production cost is essential for economic development. Human capital formation helps to decrease the production cost.
Thus the role of human capital formation in economic development is very significant.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Microsoft Publishers-I

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

This PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Microsoft Publishers-I will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Microsoft Publishers-I

Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application from Microsoft. It is an entry-level application, differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design rather than text composition and proofing. The current version is Microsoft Publisher 2010 for Windows, there is no version for other operating systems like Linux and Unix.

Microsoft Publisher:

Microsoft Publisher is differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design rather than text composition and proofing.

Microsoft Publisher is a business desktop publishing program that enables users to easily create professional-looking marketing materials. The Microsoft Publisher offers more design options with over 2,000 professionally designed publication templates and hundreds of design elements for users to mix and match within their publications.

A flexible wizard model allows users to work the way they want, and automated design expertise helps them achieve professional results without design expertise. Stronger office integration and a complete print-to-web publishing solution enable users to deliver professional-looking results.

Differences between Word and Publisher:

The differences in Word and Publisher are as follows:

Word	Publisher
1. Word is an example of Word Processing Software	1. Publisher is an example of DTP software
2. Word Document has extension .doc	2. Publisher document has extension of .pub
3. Word is mostly used of common typing purpose	3. Publisher is used for designing professional objects.

How to Start Publisher:

Microsoft Publisher is a great tool to create posters for personal or professional events.
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Microsoft Publishers-I Notes 1

Creating a Publication:

We can create new publication by following methods:

By using blank layout.
By using installed templates.
By using online templates.

Creating a publication using blank layout:

Following are the steps to start with a blank publication:

Click the File menu, and then click New.
Under Available Templates, click a blank publication template, and then click Create.
Now, we can create a publication with our own specifications in publication. We can also add the objects to the blank layout like text, picture, word art, and auto shapes etc.
After creating publication, save the publication by clicking on save option in File menu. The Save As dialog box appears, type a name for bur publication, select the folder in which you want to save it, and then click save button. The publication is saved with a .pub extension.
Close the publication by clicking close button in File menu. A dialog box appears, if we want to save the changes, then click yes button, otherwise click no.
Before exiting Publisher, we should close all the publications, then Click Exit in File menu or click cross button on title bar.

Components of publisher window:

There are three most important components that we should remember as we work within Publisher 2010. These are:
PSEB 10th Class Computer Notes Chapter 7 Microsoft Publishers-I Notes 2

Components of Publisher Window:

1. Quick Access Toolbar:

The quick access toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains commands that we may want to use. We can place the quick access toolbar above or below the ribbon. To change the location of the quick access toolbar, click on the arrow at the end of the toolbar and click Show below the Ribbon. We can also add items to the quick access toolbar, simply click on any item and if will be added to our toolbar.

2. Ribbon:

The ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document it has six tabs: Home, Insert, Page Design, Mailings, R9eview, and View. Each tab is divided into groups

3. File Window:

When we click on the File menu, we are brought to the Info screen. It looks like that our document is gone, but it is not. As we click on the options in the File menu, the screen will change accordingly.

Save: Save the file as a 2010 file.
Save As: Allows you to choose a different file type (i.e. PDF, Word).
Open: Browse to a Publisher file.
Close: Closes the file but keeps Publisher running.
Info: Edit Business information, use Design Checker, and set Commercial Print Information.
Recent: List of our recently used Publisher files.
New: New Publication Screen.
Print: Print Options.
Save & Send: Options for saving e mailing the file.
Help. Microsoft Help.
Options. Set default options.
Exit. Closes Publisher (file and program).

Working in Publication:

1. Adding Text:

From the Home or Insert Tab, select Draw Text Box.
Place the cursor on the page where we want to draw a text box. _
Click and drag the cursor across the page to the desired size. The size of the text box can be changed after we have drawn it.
When we let go of the left click on the mouse, we are brought to the format tab which gives us more options for the text box.
Type the text in text box.

2. Editing Text:

1. Highlight the text you want to edit.
2. If you are not brought to the Text Box Tools Format Tab, then select it.
3. Text Group Options.
(a) Text Fit! Defines how the text will fit in the text box: Best Fit, Shrink Text on Overflow, Grow Text Box to Fit, Do Not Auto-Fit.
(b) Text Direction. Changes direction to horizontal or vertical.
(c) Hyphenation. Changes hyphenation behavior of selected text.
4. Font Group Options. Style, Font Size, Bold, Italics, Underline, Text Spacing, & Color.
5. Alignment Group Options. Text Box Alignment, Columns, Margins.
6. Effects Group Options. Shadow, Outline, Engrave, Emboss.

3. Change Style of Text Box:

Click on Text box.
Click on Drawing tools on Format tab.
Use shape style group options to change style, shape fill, shape outline, or shape change options.
Use arrange group options to change Wrap Text, Bring Forward or Backward, Rotate.

4. Inserting Clip Art:

To insert the clip art follow these steps:

Click on the Insert Tab.
Click Clip Art. The Clip Art window appears on the right side of the screen.
Type in a keyword.
Click Go.
Browse through the results.
When we find clipart, click on the thumbnail from the Clip Art Window.
The Clip Art image will then appear on our page.

5. Inserting a Picture:

To insert a picture follow these steps:

Click on the Home or Insert tab.
Click on Picture.
Browse to the location of the picture we have saved on our computer.
Select the picture and click Insert.

6. Insert a Shape:

To insert a shape follow the steps:

Click on the Home or Insert tab.
Click on Shapes.
Select a shapeirom the drop down menu.
On the page, click and drag to create the shape.
The shape appears on the page, and we are brought to the Drawing Tools.
Format tab. From this tab, we can edit the style, fill, outline, and more.

7. Text Wrapping:

Text wrapping is the way our object is set on the page in reference to the text. To do text wrapping following are the steps:

Select the object.
Click on the Format tab (Text Box, Drawing or Picture Format).
In the arrange group, click on Wrap Text. This will determine how text will be arranged around the object.

8. Resizing Objects:

Resizing enables us to resize our objects :
1. Click on the object.
2. Click and drag the handles to resize.
(a) The corner handles will resize the object proportionally.
(b) The handles centered on the lines of the box will stretch the object vertically and horizontally.
The green handle allows us to rotate the object.

9. Moving Objects:

Click on the object.
Place our cursor over the solid line so that we see the crosshairs.
Click and drag the object to the desired location.

10. Deleting Objects:

We can also delete any object, if do not require it in our publication.
1. Click on the object.
2. Press Delete button on the keyboard.

Frame:

Most publications are divided into several different areas called frames. A frame can contain a variety of objects such as graphics, tables, or text boxes. Frames can be resized, moved and manipulated to suit your needs.

Working with Frames:

Each publication is composed of different frames, such as text frames, picture frames, table frames, and shape/object frames. Click on different areas of the publication to identify the different frames. Handles, little circles on the corners and sides of the frame will appear. The handles help us to show which frame we have selected. These are also used in resizing frames.

Handles:

When we click on a frame, small circles appear around the edge of the frame. These are called handles. We can click and drag on the handles to resize our frame. To move a Picture Frame:
1. Click on the picture.
2. When our cursor turns into a four directional arrow, click and drag the picture frame to the desired location.

To move a Text Frame:
1. Click on the text frame.
2. Rest our cursor near the border of the text frame. When our cursor turns into a four directional arrow, click and drag the text frame to the desired location.

Resizing Frames:

To resize a picture frame:

1. Click on the picture.
2. Rest our cursor on a corner handle. When our cursor turns into a diagonal line with arrows on the ends, click and drag inwards at a diagonal to make it smaller or outwards at a diagonal to make it larger. Using comer handles to resize pictures allows us to keep the picture’s proportions.

To resize a Text Frame:

1. Click on the text frame.
2. Rest your cursor on one of the handles. When your cursor turns into a line with arrows on the ends, click and drag inwards or outwards to resize the text area.

Deleting Frames:

Right-click on the frame that we would like to delete. Select Delete Object from the list of choices. .

Inserting Additional Text Frames

1. Click on Text box from the Insert Tab.
2. Click and drag over an area of the publication.
3. Type the text ypu want to appear.

Viewing Pages in Our Publication:

There are three ways to view pages in a publication:
1. Click on the thumbnails of the pages in the publication from the Page Navigation Window on the left hand side of the screen.
2. From the View tab, we can switch from, single page to two-page spread view as well as choose other viewing options.

Template:

A Template is a tool used in Publisher to help us easily create basic publications. The template has a set of prechosen design styles that we can use as it is or customize as we see fit.

Each template is customizable. Click on a template from the center. On the right side of the screen, we can change the template colors, fonts, and more. Once we have found a template and customized it, click Create. After we click create, we can edit the text boxes, images, and shapes that have been set up by the template as needed.

Customizing a Template

1. Changing the Design of a Template
To change the design template follow the following steps:
1. Click on the Page Design tab.
2. To change the entire template, click Change Template.

Choose a template from the pop-up window. If we are currently working in a template and changing to a different template, the information we have entered will conform to the new template.

3. To change the color scheme, browse through the color schemes available in the Schemes group.

However the mouse over the color scheme to preview.
To select a color scheme, click on it.

4. To change the font scheme, click on Fonts in the Schemes group.

Browse through the available font schemes.
However the mouse over the font scheme to preview.
To select a font scheme, click on it.
If we want to create our own font scheme, click.

Page Design:

1. Click the tab Page Design if needed, to change templates, adjust page margins, apply ruler guides, or apply built-in color schemes to the chosen template.
2. We can use the Built-in Ruler Guide templates to help in aligning text boxes, pictures, or other objects. To apply a Built-in Ruler Guide template click on the command Guides in the group Layout, and then choose a template.
3. To add a vertical or horizontal ruler guide repeat the above step, then click on Add Vertical or Horizontal Ruler Guide.
4. To add additional guides, move the mouse pointer oyer the vertical or horizontal ruler, drag the guide in the desired direction when the pointer changes to a two headed arrow.

Creating a publication with Templates:

We can create a publication in Publisher by using template.
Available Publication Types: Publisher 2010 allows us:
1. To apply built-in templates.
2. To apply our own custom templates.
3. To search from a variety of templates available on Office.com. Office.com provides a wide selection of popular Publisher templates, including newsletters and flyers.

To find and apply a template in Publisher 2010, dp the following:
1. On the File tab, click New.
2. Under Available Templates, do one of the following:

To use a template that we already have installed, click My Templates, click the template that we want, and then click Create.
To use one of the pre-built templates installed in Publisher, under Most Popular or More Templates, click the category that we want, click the template that we want, and then click Create.
To find and apply a template on Office.com, under Most Popular or More Templates, click the category that we want, click the template that we want, and then click Download.

Creating Publication with Installed Templates:

We can create any publication easily with the help of the installed templates available in Publisher. We can use pre designed templates in publisher and create so many publications like Brochures, Business Cards, Calendars, Greeting Cards, Labels, Newsletters, Postcards, Advertisements, Award Certificates, Banners, Business Forms, Catalogs, E-mail, Envelops, Flyers, Gift certificates, Invitation cards, Letterhead, menus, resumes and so many quick publications.

Creating Publication with Online Templates:

We can create any publication easily with the help of the internet because we have also a option to create publication using online templates. For online templates, internet facility is available in our system. To find and apply a template on online Templates, click the category that we want, click the template that we want, and then click Download, and then apply that template.

Saving Your Publication:

There are two basic ways to save our publication. First one is to Point and click on the save icon on our toolbar.
Or
Follow these steps:

Click on the File menu and Save As.
When the Save As Dialogue Box appears Click Browse and find the location on computer where we want the file saved.
Type the name of our publication in the File Name field.
Click on the Save button.

Printing Your Publication:

There are two basic ways to print your publication.
First one is to click on the print icon on toolbar. This will print one copy of our publication with the default print options.
Or

Click on the File menu and click Print.
When the print window appears, select the desired number of copies.
Choose any other Print Settings- All Pages, Selection, Current Page or Custom Range Manually enter page numbers we want to print How many pages print per sheet of paper Paper Size 1-sided or 2-sided printing Click Print.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 7th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 7 Social Science History Chapter 17 India in the Eighteenth Century

SST Guide for Class 7 PSEB India in the Eighteenth Century Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in brief:

Question 1.
Name any four regional powers which rose in the 18th century.
Answer:
South Indian Powers. Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali, and Tipu Sultan from Mysore.
North Indian powers. Bengal, Avadh, Bundelkhand, Mathura, Punjab.

Question 2.
Give an account of the rise of Avadh in the 18th century.
Answer:
Saadat Khan. He was the founder of the free state of Avadh. He became the Subedar of Avadh in 1722 A.D. under the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. He improved the economic conditions of the state. He gave special attention to agriculture. In 1739 A.D. he died.

Safdarjung: After the death of Saadat Khan, Safdarjung became the king. In 1754 A.D., he won the areas of Rohelkhand. In 1775 A.D. he died.

Shujauddaula and Asaf-ud-Daulah. After this, Shujauddaula and Asaf-ud-Daulah became the rulers of Avadh. The English Governor-General Warren Hastings compelled Asaf-ud-Daulah to enter into treaty of Faizabad. He even compelled Asaf-ud-Daulah to increase the amount payable to the English army. In 1797 A.D. Asaf-ud-Daulah died.

Question 3.
How did the Sikhs rise to power in the 18th century?
Answer:
In the 18th century, there was a long struggle between Mughals and the Sikhs. This struggle made the Sikhs very powerful.
Sikhs Under Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The Mughals were very cruel towards Sikhs. Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji decided to make Sikhs brave warriors. So, to fulfil this objective he founded ‘Khalsa Panth’ in 1699 A.D. After this, there were many battles between the Sikhs and the Muslims. These include the first and second battles of Anandpur Sahib, the battles of Chamkaur Sahib and Khidrana. In the battle of Chamkaur Sahib, two elder sons of Guruji Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh became martyrs. In 1705 A.D., Guruji defeated Mughals in the battle of Khidrana/Muktsar. In 1708 A.D., Guruji left for his heavenly abode. Before this, he gave the leadership of Sikhs to Banda Bahadur.

Sikhs Under Banda Bahadur. Banda Bahadur started his victories in 1709 A.D. from Kaithal. After this, he won Samana, Kapuri and Sadhaura. Banda Bahadur decided to take revenge of the martyrdom of sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. So, he won Jalalabad, Karnal, Panipat, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kalanaur and Pathankot. In this way he established the Sikh’s state in Punjab. He made Lohgarh his capital. In 1715 A.D., the Mughals captured Banda Bahadur and his companions. They were sent to Delhi where on 19th June, 1716, they were put to death.

Cruelty on Sikhs by Punjab Governors
1. The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Abdus Samad Khan the governor of Punjab in 1716 A.D. He killed numerous Sikhs during his administration period. So, Mughal emperor gave him the designation of the ‘Sword of the State’.

2. In 1726 A.D., the son of Abdus Samad Khan, Zakaria Khan was appointed the Punjab Governor. He adopted a strong policy to crush the Sikhs. He killed Sikhs in great number. In his administration personalities like Bhai Mani Singh, Mehtab Singh, Bhai Taru Singh and Haqiqat Rai were put to death. But he didn’t succeed in crushing the Sikhs.

3. In 1745 A.D., the son of Zakaria Khan, Yahiya Khan became the governor of Punjab. He also continued with the crushing policy. He attacked the Sikhs in Kahnowal (Gurdaspur). During this attack, seven thousand Sikhs were killed and 3000. Sikhs were made prisoners. This incident is known as ‘First Holocaust’.

4. In 1748 A.D., Mir Mannu became the governor of Punjab. He also killed Sikhs in great number. But still the Sikhs organised themselves as a powerful identity.

The invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali and the establishment of an independent Sikh state in Punjab. Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of Afghanistan. He attacked the Punjab eight times. In 1765, the Sikhs captured Lahore and declared themselves free. But because of lack of some leaders they organised themselves into small groups. These groups were called ‘Misls’. These were 12 in number. Every Misl had a chief, but at the end of 18th century the chief of Shukarchakiya Misl Maharaja Ranjit Singh organised the Misls and established a free state in Punjab.

Question 4.
How did Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan make Mysore powerful?
Answer:
Hyder Ali. Hyder Ali became the ruler of Mysore in 1761 A.D. He made the administration of Mysore very efficient. He respected all the religions. He appointed many Hindus on high posts. He fought many battles with Marathas, Nizam of Hyderabad, rulers of Karnataka and with the English. There were two battles between English and Hyder Ali known as Anglo-Mysore battles. In the first, Anglo-Mysore battle Hyder Ali defeated the English very badly. In 1780 A.D., there was second battle. The battle was continuing when he died. –

Tipu Sultan. After the death of Hyder Ah, his son Tipu Sultan became the ruler of Mysore. He was also a capable ruler like his father. He was also known as the Tiger of Mysore’. He was a great patriot. He wanted to end the tyrannical rule of the English. So, he modernized his army. In 1799 A.D., in the fourth battle of Mysore with the English, he was killed.

Question 5.
Discuss the role of Shivaji in establishing the Maratha Empire.
Answer:
Shivaji was a great patriot. He wanted to establish a free Hindu state by finishing the tyrannical Mughal rule.
Initial Victories .

The first victory was of the^Toran Fort (1646 A.D.). In 1648 he occupied Sinhgarh, Purandhar, and Konkan forts.
He killed Jawli chief Chand Rao and occupied Jawli also.
The increasing power of Shivaji made the Sultan of Bijapur a worried person. So, he sent his general Afzal Khan to kill Shivaji. Afzal Khan wanted to kill Shivaji but he himself was killed attempting this. At last, Shivaji and the Sultan of Bijapur entered into a treaty.

Battle with Mughals. Now Shivaji started attacking the Mughal-occupied areas. Aurangzeb sent his maternal uncle Shaista Khan to control Shivaji but he made him run away from Pune. Now, Aurangzeb sent Raja Jai Singh and Prince Muazzam. Jai Singh snatched many forts from Shivaji and compelled him to enter into a treaty. Shivaji reached Agra where he was imprisoned, but he ran away and reached successfully to Maharashtra. In 1674, he attained the title of ‘Chhatrapati’. He continued his battles with Mughals and won the areas of Jinji, Vellore and Tanjore. In 1680, he died.

II. Fill in the blanks :

Question 1.
Muhammad Shah ruled from ________
Answer:
1719 A.D. to 1748 A.D.

Question 2.
Murshid Quli Khan was the ________ of Bengal and Orissa.
Answer:
Subedar

Question 3.
Hyder Ali was the ruler of ________
Answer:
Mysore

Question 4.
Saadat Khan became the Subedar of Avadh in ________ AD.
Answer:
1722

Question 5.
Shivaji was the founder of ________ empire.
Answer:
Maratha

Question 6.
Gokul was the leader of ________
Answer:
Jats

Question 7.
Banda Singh Bahadur‘s original name was
Answer:
Lachhman Das.

III. Write True or False for each statement:

Question 1.
Farrukhsiyar became the ruler of Delhi.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Murshid Quli Khan was the Subedar of Avadh.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Nizam-ul-Mulk founded the state of Hyderabad.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Shivaji was succeeded by his brother Raja Ram.
Answer:
False

Question 5.
Balaji Rao became third Peshwa in 1740 A.D.
Answer:
True

Question 6.
Badhan Singh was the successor of Gokul.
Answer:
False

Question 7.
Banda Singh Bahadur established a Sikh state in Punjab.
Answer:
True

IV. Match the columns:

Question 1.

Column A	Column B
1. Bahadur Shah	A. died in 1739 A.D.
2. Shuja-ud-din	B. on 20 April 1627.
3. Hyder Ah	C. died in 1712 A.D.
4. Tipu Sultan was known	D. as the Tiger of Mysore.
5. Shivaji was born	E. died in 1782 A.D.
6. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji	F. was on 22 Dec. 1666 A.D.
7. Khalsa Panth	G. was founded on 13 April 1699 A.D.

Answer:

Column A	Column B
1. Bahadur Shah	C. died in 1712 A.D.
2. Shuja ud din	A. died in 1739 A.D.
3. Hyder Ah	E. died in 1782 A.D.
4. Tipu Sultan was known	D. as the Tiger of Mysore.
5. Shivaji was born	B. on 20 April 1627.
6. Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji	F. was on 22 Dec. 1666 A.D.
7. Khalsa Panth	G. was founded on 13 April 1699 A.D.

V. Activity :

Question 1.
On the outline map of India, mark the extents of kingdoms that declared themselves independent during the Mughal empire in the 18th century.
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of Indian Map.

PSEB 7th Class Social Science Guide India in the Eighteenth Century Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When was the third battle of Panipat fought?
(a) 1750 A.D.
(b) 1755 A.D.
(c) 1761 A.D.
(d) 1766 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1761 A.D.

Question 2.
Why was Mughal Empire declined?
(a) Depleted financial and military resources
(b) Increasing power of nobles
(c) Peasant and Zamindari rebellions
(d) All of these.
Answer:
(d) All of these.

Question 3.
When did Nadir Shah attack and capture city of Delhi?
(a) 1739 A.D.
(b) 1741 A.D.
(c) 1737 A.D.
(d) 1743 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1739 A.D.

Question 4.
How many times Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India from 1748 till 1761 A.D.?
(a) Two
(b) Five
(c) Seven
(d) Four.
Answer:
(b) Five.

Question 5.
Which of these groups of nobles was there in Mughal court?
(a) Irani’s
(b) Turani’s
(c) Both a and b
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(c) Both a and b.

Question 6.
Which of these emperors was killed by Mughal nobles?
(a) Aurangzeb
(b) Farrukh Siyar
(c) Shah Alam II
(d) Ahmad Shah.
Answer:
(b) Farrukh Siyar.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were latter Mughals?
Answer:
The Mughals who ruled after the death of Aurangzeb were called latter Mughals. They were so powerless and incapable that they could not control the far off states of the Mughal Empire.

Question 2.
Write one reason for the rise of independent states in India in 18th century.
Answer:
In 1707, A.D., the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb died and in the period of his weak successors many powers established their independent states.

Question 3.
How did Murshid Quli Khan increase his power?
Answer:
Murshid Quli Khan increased his power by annexing Bihar and Orissa to his state.

Question 4.
Write the names of two successors of Bengal ruler Murshid Quli Khan.
Answer:
Two successful successors were Shuja-ud-din and Aliwardi Khan.

Question 5.
Where and when did Alivardi Khan rule?
Answer:
Alivardi Khan ruled over Bengal from 1740 to 1756 A.D.

Question 6.
Who established the free state of Hyderabad and when?
Answer:
This state was founded by Nizam-ul-mulq-Asifjah in 1724 A.D.

Question 7.
Write two works of Hyderabad Nizam.
Answer:

He established law and order and brought important improvements in the administration.
He treated Hindus and Muslims equally.

Question 8.
Give any one reason for the decline of Hyderabad state.
Answer:
In 1748 the powerful ruler Nizam Asifjah died. His successors proved incapable and the state declined.

Question 9.
Who was the founder of the independent state of Awadh? What was his designation?
Answer:
The founder was Saadat Khan, he had the designation of Buhran-ul-Mulk.

Question 10.
Write some important works of Saadat Khan, the independent ruler of Awadh.
Answer:
Saadat Khan introduced a new land policy that greatly benefited the farmers.

Question 11.
Who was the successor of Saadat Khan? (the ruler of Avadh)? Write his one success.
Answer:
The successor of Saadat Khan was his nephew and son-in-law Safadar Jung. He annexed Allahabad to his state.

Question 12.
Write the names of two famous foreign invaders of 18th century. When did they invade India?
Answer:
The two famous foreign invaders were Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali. Nadir Shah invaded India in 1739 A.D. and Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India five times from 1748 to 1758 A.D.

Question 13.
Which ruler ended the Misl rule in Punjab? To which Misl did he belong?
Answer:
Maharaja Ranjit Singh ended the rule of Misls and established a powerful state of Punjab. He belonged to Shukarchakia Misl.

Question 14.
Write names of two free rulers of Mysore state.
Answer:
Two free rulers were Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.

Question 15.
Who were Peshwas? Who was the very first Peshwa?
Answer:
The prime minister in Maratha kingdom was called Peshwa. Under Sahuji, Peshwas became the real rulers of the Maratha Kingdom. The very first Peshwa was Balaji Vishwanath.

Question 16.
When did Balaji Vishwanath become Peshwa? Write his one achievement.
Answer:
He became Peshwa in 1713 A.D. He got Shahuji’s mother released from the Mughal custody.

Question 17.
Write two successors of Balaji Vishwanath.
Answer:
Baji Rao I and Balaji Baji Rao.

Question 18.
Write one weakness of Marathas.
Answer:
The Maratha sardars were jealous of each other. Because of this hatred their state declined.

Question 19.
Write any one success of Baji Rao I?
Answer:
Peshwa Baji Rao I won many states and expanded the Maratha state upto Delhi.

Question 20.
Write the names of Jat leaders who struggled against Mughal&
Answer:
The main Jat leaders were Gokul, Raja Ram and Churaman.

Question 21.
When was Shivaji born?
Answer:
In 1627 A.D.

Question 22.
Who was Shaista Khan?
Answer:
He was the maternal uncle of Aurangzeb. He was a capable army general. Aurangzeb appointed him the Governor of South.

Question 23.
Write about the Treaty of Purandhar.
Answer:
The Treaty of Purandhar took place between Mughal general Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji. According to this treaty, Shivaji had to accept the subordination of the Mughals and gave 23 forts to Mughals.

Question 24.
What was the name of Bijapur official who was sent against Shivaji?
Answer:
His name was Afzal Khan. He was sent by the Sultan of Bijapur.

Question 25.
When did Shivaji ascend the throne? What designation did he attain?
Answer:
Shivaji sat on the throne in 1674 arid he assumed the designation of ‘Chhatrapati’.

Question 26.
Who was the faujdar of Sirhind at the time of Banda Bahadur and in which battle did Banda Bahadur kill him?
Answer:
At that time Wazir Khan was the faujdar of Sirhind. Banda Bahadur killed him in the battle of Chapparchiri.

Question 27.
How did Shivaji kill Afzal Khan?
Answer:
Afzal Khan wanted to kill Shivaji by fraud. So, he invited Shivaji to meet alone. He also told him that he wanted to enter into a treaty with Shivaji, but Shivaji came to know of his conspiracy. He wore iron cover under his clothes and took a dagger with him. Both of them embraced each other. Afzal Khan tried to put a knife into Shivaji’s stomach but Shivaji quickly put the dagger into his tummy and killed Afzal Khan.

Question 28.
Describe the confrontation of Shivaji with Shaista Khan.
Answer:
The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb wanted to demolish the increasing power of Shivaji. He appointed Shaista Khan, his maternal uncle as the Governor of South. Shaista Khan captured many Maratha forts within 2-3 years and also captured Pune. Shaista Khan had to spend some time in Pune because of rainy season. Shivaji took this opportunity and entered Pune in the form of the marriage party along with 400 soldiers. Towards midnight they attacked the residence of Shaista Khan. In this attack Shaista Khan’s son and his 40 soldiers were killed. With this win Shivaji’s honour increased far and wide.

Question 29.
Who were the parties in the 3rd battle of Panipat and what were its results?
Answer:
The 3rd battle of Panipat took place between Ahmad Shah Abdali and Marathas in 1761 A.D. Ahmad Shah Abdali emerged victorious.

Question 30.
What was the main reason for 3rd battle of Panipat?
Answer:
Marathas had expanded their empire upto Punjab in North India. The ruler of Afghanisthan, Ahmad Shah Abdali, considered Punjab a part of his ruled area. So, to punish Marathas he fought against them in the battlefield of Panipat.

Question 31.
Write any one reason for the defeat of Marathas in the third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
In the battle, the military system of Marathas was not good. Abdali was a skilled general. He made a strategy because of which the Marathas could not get any help from the South side. So, they were defeated.

Question 32.
Write one result of third battle of Panipat.
Answer:
The Maratha power ended because most of their soldiers and generals were killed.

Question 33.
When did Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao die?
Answer:
He died in 1761 A.D. The main reason behind his death-was the Maratha defeat in the 3rd battle of Panipat.

Question 34.
Describe in brief about the latter Mughals.
Answer:
The incapable successors of Aurangzeb are called latter Mughals. The description is as follows :
1. Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712): He ruled for six years but could not control Marathas and Sikhs. He died in 1712.

2. Jahandar Shah: The son of Bahadur Shah I, Jahandar Shah sat on the throne. He ruled for few months. During his administration the Sayyed brothers Hussain Ali and Abdul became very powerful. They wanted to make Jahandar Shah a puppet. When they couldn’t succeed in their efforts, they killed Jahandar Shah.

3. Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719): After Jahandar’s death his nephew Farrukhsiyar sat on the throne. He was a king in name only. The real authority was in the hands of Sayyed brothers, Hussain Ali and Abdul. In 1719 A.D. the Sayyed brothers killed him also.

4. Muhammed Shah: Mohammed Shah was another famous ruler. He ruled from 1719-1748 A.D. During his period the influnce of Sayyed brothers had decreased. But he did not try to organise his empire. So, the powerful governors of different parts of the country established their independent states.

5. Bahadur Shah Zafar: He was the last Mughal emperor who was thrown out by the English and the Mughal empire ended.

Question 35.
Describe the rise and fall of Bengal state.
Answer:
Bengal state was a rich state of Mughal empire. Its governor was Murshid Quli Khan. After the death of Aurangzeb, Murshid Quli Khan established a free state in Bengal. The development of Bengal under these rulers is as follows :
1. Murshid Quli Khan: He was the founder of Bengal state. He increased his power by combining Bihar and Orissa between 1714 and 1718 A.D.

2. Other rulers: Other famous rulers were Shuja-ud-din (1727-1739), Sarfaraz (1739) and Alivardi Khan (1740-1756). All these rulers established law and order in the state. They worked for the development of agriculture, trade and industry. Thus, the Bengal state became very rich.

3. Decline of the state: The Bengal rulers worked for the development of the state. But didn’t pay attention to the defence of the state. As a result, the Bengal state declined.

Question 36.
Describe the rise and fall of Hyderabad state.
Or
Describe the main successes of Nizam-ul-Mulk, the ruler of Hyderabad.
Answer:
Hyderabad was a South Indian state under the Mughal Empire. In 1724 A.D., Nizam-ul-Mulk Asifjah founded an independent state. He showed his faithfulness, towards the then Mughal ruler, Mohammed Shah but it was just on the surface.

Successes of Asifjah. Asifjah was a successful ruler. He established law and order in his state. He treated his Hindu subjects well. He made his army strong and defended his state from powerful Marathas. He died in 1748.

Decline of the state : The successors of Asifjalf were weak and incapable. So, they couldn’t preserve their freedom for a long time.

Question 37.
Write a note on Banda Bahadur.
Answer:
Banda Bahadur was born on 27th October 1670 in Poonch sector (Jammu). His real name was Lachhman Das. He came in contact with Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Deccan. He was impressed by Guruji and called himself “Guru ka Baiida”. Guruji gave him the designation of “Bahadur”. Thus, he was called Banda Bahadur. On the order of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, he came to Punjab and led the Sikhs. He took revenge from Governor of Sirhind Wazir Khan because he was responsible for the death of the sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. In fact, he tried to win all those places where the rulers had tried to torture Guruji. But in the end, he was caught. On 19th June 1716, he was put to death in Delhi. His martyrdom is written in golden words in the history of Punjab.

Question 38.
Write about the rebellion of Jats and Rajputs during the period of Aurangzeb.
Answer:
The period of Aurangzeb was very disturbed. The main reason for the rebellions was the wrong and cruel policies of Aurangzeb.

The Jats: The Jats turned rebels in 1669 A.D. They killed the Mughal governor. The emperor suppressed them very friendly but the Jats remained uncontrollable.
Rajputs: Aurangzeb made Rajput his detractors because of his orthodox and strict policies. As a result, Aurangzeb had to fight a long battle with the Rajputs of Mewar and Marwar. Veer Durga Das of Marwar damaged the Mughal army by indulging in Guirrella warfare.

Question 39.
Describe the administrative .system of Marathas (Shivaji).
Answer:
Shivaji had founded a free Maratha state. He founded an efficient administrative system in his state.
The main features were as given ahead:

Raja: The chief of the whole administration was Raja. He was called ‘Chhatrapati’. The Raja had many rights. He could do any work as per his sweet will. He has appointed a council of eight ministers (Asthapradhan).
Asthapradhan: It was a council of eight ministers. The highest minister of Asthapradhan was known as ‘Peshwa’.
Land arrangement: Shivaji made a new land arrangement to give salaries to soldiers as well as other expenses. He got the whole land measured. There were two taxes known as Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. Chauth was charged to defend the people from the Mughals.
Judicial system: Shivaji was a justice lover. He established panchayats to deliver justice at the village level.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 9th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution

SST Guide for Class 9 PSEB Russian Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
Who led the Bolshevik group in Russia during the Russian Revolution?
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Fredrich Engles
(c) Lenin
(d) Trotsky.
Answer:
(c) Lenin.

Question 2.
Through Revolution in Russia, most powerful idea to shape the society was?
(a) Socialism
(6) Nationalism
(c) Liberalism
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Socialism.

Question 3.
Who was the leader of the Menshevik group?
(a) Trotsky
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Tsar Nicholas II
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Trotsky.

Question 4.
Which country withdrew from the First World War and formal peace was signed with Germany?
(a) America
(b) Russia
(c) France
(d) England.
Answer:
(b) Russia.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
_________ led the Bolshevik group in Russia during the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
Lenin.

Question 2.
_________ means a council or grass root level governing body.
Answer:
Soviet.

Question 3.
The elected consulative parliament in Russia was called _________
Answer:
Duma.

Question 4.
The literal meaning of the word ‘Tsar’ is _________
Answer:
Supreme ruler.

III. Match the Columns

Question 1.

A	B
1. Lenin	(a) Mensheviks
2. Trotsky	(b) Newspaper
3. March’s Russian Revolution	(c) Russian Parliament
4. Duma	(d) Bolsheviks
5. Pravada	(e) 1917 A.D.

Answer:

A	B
1. Lenin	(d) Bolsheviks
2. Trotsky	(a) Mensheviks
3. March’s Russian Revolution	(e) 1917 A.D.
4. Duma	(c) Russian Parliament
5. Pravada	(b) Newspaper

IV. Differentiate between :

Question 1.
Bolshevik and Menshevik
Answer:
Bolshevik and Menshevik. The Russian Socialist Democratic Party- split in 1898 A.D., in two groups. The minority group was called Mensheviks. They favoured to organise party on the basis of the parties prevailing in France and Germany. They also favoured the establishment of parliamentary form of government in Russia and election to the parliament. The majority group was called Bolsheviks. This group favoured revolutionary method for bringing changes in the social order and the state machinery. They also favoured a party of disciplined workers for revolution.

Question 2.
Liberals and Conservatives.
Answer:
Liberals and Conservatives:

Liberals. Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They opposed the uncontrolled powers of the dynastic rolls. They wanted to safeguard the individual rights against government. They also favoured a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by the judiciary which is independent of rulers and officials.
Conservatives. Conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals. After the French Revolution, they were also open to the need for change. Earlier in the eighteenth century, conservatives had been generally opposed to change. By the nineteenth century, they accepted the idea of change but also argued that the past had to be respected and change must come through a slow process.

V. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which idea became the most powerful force to shape society in the 20th century?
Answer:
The idea of ‘Socialism’ became the most powerful force to shape society in the 20th century.

Question 2.
What was Duma?
Answer:
Duma was the Russian Parliament.

Question 3.
Who was the ruler at the time of the March Revolution of 1917 in Russia?
Answer:
Tzar Nicholas II.

Question 4.
What was the chief cause of Russian Revolution 1905?
Answer:
The police attack on the workers’ procession in 1905.

Question 5.
Who defeated Russia in 1905?
Answer:
Japan defeated the mighty Russia in 1905.

VI. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the immediate consequences of October 1917 Russian Revolution.
Answer:
A new economy was formed in Russia after the Russian revolution of 1917 and its main features are below :

Education-related facilities were given to labourers.
All Jagir’s from Jagirdars (Landlords) were taken away and whole of the land was given to committees of farmers.
Trade and all means of production came under government control.
Right of work bécame constitutional right and it became duty of state to provide employment to every one.
All the powers of administration came in the hands of committees (Soviet) of labourers and farmers.
Policy of economic planning was used for economic development.

Question 2.
Write a note on the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks.
Answer:
The Russian Socialist Democratic Party was split in 1898 in two groups. The minority group was called Mensheviks. Mensheviks favoured to organise party on the basis of the parties prevailing in France and Germany. They favounìd the establishment of parliamentary form of government in Russia and election of the parliament.

The majority group was called Bolsheviks. The group favoured revolutionary method for bringing changes in the social order and the state machinery. They also favoured a party of disciplined workers for revolution. The people were influenced by the idea of Karl Marx and Tolstoy. Within Russia, democratic forces which had already raised their head, became more and more vociferous.

Question 3.
What led to the failure of provisional Government in Russia?
Answer:
The main reason for the provisional government’s unpopularity lays in its insistence on continuing the war against Germany. The people of Russia were weary of war. The Soviet wanted the conclusion of peace. The Provisional or Kerensky government was able to satisfy neither the conservatives who wanted to restore the Czar nor the socialist who wanted more radical changes and peace.

Question 4.
What was the April thesis of Lenin?
Answer:
After the fall of Czar, he returned to Russia in April 1917 and united the peasants and workers under the Bolshevik Party and organized the revolution against the Provisional Government. He described the Russian empire as a prison of nations.

Under the leadership of Lenin, the Bolshevik Party put forward clear policies

to end the war,
to transfer land to the tillers, besides
giving all powers to the Soviets and equal status to all. This was April Thesis.

Question 5.
What changes occurred in the field of agriculture after October Revolution?
Answer:
A new economy was formed in Russia after the Russian revolution of 1917 and its main features are below :

Education-related facilities were given to labourers.
All Jagir’s from Jagirdars (Landlords) were taken away and whole of the land was given to committees of farmers.
Trade and all means of production came under government control.
Right of work bécame constitutional right and it became duty of state to provide employment to every one.
All the powers of administration came in the hands of committees (Soviet) of labourers and farmers.
Policy of economic planning was used for economic development.

VII. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain Russia before 1905 in context of social, economic and political conditions.
Answer:
I. Social Condition: In the nineteenth century, European countries had undergone important social and economic changes but Russia was still living in the old world. The Czars still believed in the Divine Right of Kings. The old feudal autocracy still continued in Russia. The condition of the Russian peasants was deplorable. The nobility and the upper layers of the clergy enjoyed special privileges and all rights. Feudalism formed the basis of agriculture. The serfdom was abolished in 1861 A.D. But it did not improve agriculture. Their tools and methods of cultivation were age old. For the smallholding they acquired, they had to pay heavy redemption dues. Land hunger of peasants formed a major social problem in the Russian society.

2. Economic Condition : There was no middle. class in Russia and as such industrialization in Russia began very late and it developed at a fairly fast rate. The foreign capitalists invested large sums in different industries to amass huge profits. The foreign investors were more interested in early profits than in improving the conditions of the workers. Even the Russian Capitalists exploited the workers and paid them low wage to compete with foreign investors. The workers had no political rights. The conditions of the workers in Russia were very miserable. They were forced to lead a wretched life. That is why the workers were dominated by the ideas of socialism.

3. Political Condition : In the nineteenth century, European countries had undergone important changes and had adopted democratic system of government but Russia was still under the autocratic rule of Romanov Czars, who believed in the Divine Right Theory of Kings. Czar Nicholas 11(1894-1917 A.D.) was inefficient and reactionary. He was under the immoral influence of a Holy Devil—Rasputin. The conditions of workers and peasants were deplorable. The famine conditions prevailed throughout the empire. Many persons in Russia were influenced by the developments in Western Europe and demanded constitutional democratic government. But their demands were turned down.

In 1904 A.D., there was a war between Russia and Japan. The huge Russian giant suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of a tiny country like Japan. A revolution broke out in Russia in 1905 A.D. It was sparked off by an incident on January 9, 1905 A.D. The Soviet workers took active part in this revolution. Some sections of army and navy also joined the revolution. In October 1905, the Czar announced his manifesto and granted the freedom of speech, press and association. He further conferred the law making power on an elected body called ‘Duma’ but he soon relapsed his despotic rule.

Question 2.
What were the impacts of industrialization of Russia on masses?
Answer:
Industrial revolution in Russia at the fag end. Russia had no dearth of minerals but due to lack of capital and independent labourers, there was no possibility of industrial development. In 1867 A.D, Russia made its agricultural slaves free. It also received capital from the foreign countries. Consequently, Russia started its process of industrial development. But its complete development was made possible only after the revolution of 1917.

Impact. Industrial revolution had a profound impact on every aspect of common people’s life which is given below.

Increase in landless labourer. Industrial revolution forced the peasants with small holdings to sell off their lands and work in industries. So, it led to the increase in landless labourers.
Small artisons become labourer. Industrial revolution brought the machines which made a strong thread. It led to the decline of hand made cloth. That’s why small artisons left their work and started working as industiral workers.
Exploitation of women and children. In factories, females and children
also started working. They were forced to do begar. It had a wrong impact on their health.
Impact on workers health. Due to lack of open environment in industries, worker’s health was adversely affected. They had to work in the polluted air.
Increase in unemployment. The adverse impact of industrial revolution was on the cottage industries which declined.
Now a single machine was able to do work of many workers. That’s why artisans became unemployed.
Birth of new classes. Industrial revolution gave birth to two new classes i.e. workers and capitalists. Capitalists started taking work by paying less salaries. So, poor become more poor and capitalists became more rich.

Question 3.
Write a note on Socialism in detail.
Answer:
In favour of Socialism, Marx (1818-1882) and Engles (1820-1895) gave many reasons. Marx was of the view that the industrial society is a capitalist society. The capital invested in industries is under the control of capitalists and profit comes with the hardwork of labourers. Marx was of the view that untill there is concentration of profit in few hands, there cannot come any change in the condition of workers. To improve their conditions, workers will have to throw away the rule of capitalism and private property. Marx was of the view that the workers will have to create a new type of society to get rid of the capitalist exploitation. He gave the name to this future society, the communist society. Marx believed that in this struggle with the capitalists, the workers will win.

Following are the main features of socialism.

Society in socialism is classless. There is very less difference between the rich and poor. That’s why socialism is exactly opposite to private property.
There is no exploitation of workers in socialism. Everyone has the right to work in Socialism.
Means of production are under the control of whole society because its profit is not to earn profit but social welfare.

Question 4.
What were the factors responsible for widespread support of the people to Bolsheviks?
Answer:
During the last decade of nineteenth century, the spread of socialist ideas in Russia was just started and many socialist organisation were formed. In 1898 A.D., all the socialist parties collectively formed ‘Socialist Democratic Workers Party’. Its leader was Vladimir Lenin. His group had majority in the party in 1903 and they were called Bolsheviks. Those who were in minority were called Mensheviks.

Bolsheviks were, truely nationalists. They wanted to improve the conditions of Russian people. They wanted to see Russia as a powerful nation.

To realise this dream, they made certain objectives which appealed the common people. That’s why people supported the Bolsheviks.

Foundation of Socialism. The major objective of Bolsheviks was to establish socialist system in Russia. Except this, they had few other objectives as well.
To end Tzar’s Monarchy. Bolsheviks knew that under the Tzarist rule, it is not possible to improve the condition of Russian people. So, they wanted to get rid of Czarist rule and to establish republic system in Russia.
To end the suppression of non-Russians. Bolsheviks wanted to end the suppression of non-Russians and to give them the right to take self decisions.
To end the peasant’s exploitation. They also wanted to end the unequal distribution of land among the people and to stop peasant’s exploitions from the nobles.

Question 5.
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Answer:
The Russian Revolution of 1917 is considered as an important event in the history of the world. It had a great impact on the political, social and economic life of Russians.
1. End of Autocratic Rule. Czars were autocratic rulers. Czar Nicholas II was an inefficient and a despotic ruler, who cared little for the people’s welfare. The result was that he and members of his family were put to death. Thus, the Bolshevik Revolution brought an end to the autocratic rule in Russia.

2. Government of the Proletariat. After the revolution, a new government called the Council of People’s Commissions was formed headed by Lenin. The new government started the era of socialism. The Czarist empire was transported into a new state. It was called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic and was based on the Bolshevik principles.

3. Social inequalities abolished. A new social set up was inaugurated. The policies of the new state were based on the principle from each according to his capacity, to each according to his needs. Land, industries, factories mines, bank and insurance companies, and all means of production were nationalized. The old set up of society based on inequality was abolished and the new social set up was based on the principle of communism. It was decided that those who did not work would not get food as well as the rights to vote.

4. New Economic changes. The Bolshevik government introduced many changes in the economic sphere and aimed at building up of a technologically advanced economy. Industrialization was taken up through the five year plan. The lands and states confiscated and were distributed among the peasants. The management of factories and industries was handed over to the workmep. The foreign debts were repudiated and the foreign investments were confiscated. The right to work became a constitutional right. It was the duty of the state to provide employment to every individual . Military training and military service were made compulsory. Proper arrangements were made for the education of the workers.

5. Russia became a world power. Within a few years of the Revolution, Russia made tremendous progress in different spheres of life and emerged as a major power in the world.

6. End of imperialist designs. The Bolshevik revolution in Russia put an end to the Russian imperialism. The new government was opposed to imperialistic designs and countries which groaned under the Czar were set free.

PSEB 9th Class Social Science Guide Russian Revolution Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions :

Question 1.
What was the suffragette?
(a) Women’s movement
(b) Property tax
(c) Land acquisition
(d) Proletariat class.
Answer:
(a) Women’s movement.

Question 2.
Who was Robert Owen?
(a) A French manufacturer
(b) An English manufacturer
(c) A Russian manufacturer
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) An English manufacturer.

Question 3.
What stands for New Harmony?
(a) A bank
(b) A cooperative community
(c) A capitalist
(d) Common man.
Answer:
(b) A cooperative community.

Question 4.
Marx argued that industrial society was _________
(a) Capitalist
(b) Clergy
(c) Farmer
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) Capitalist.

Question 5.
Who wrote Das Capital?
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Mirabeau
(c) John Lbcke
(d) Rousseau.
Answer:
(a) Karl Marx.

Question 6.
When was the Second International formed?
(a) 1872
(b) 1873
(c) 1870
(d) 1875.
Answer:
(c) 1870.

Question 7.
When was the Labour Party formed in Britain?
(a) 1915
(b) 1913
(e) 1905
(d) 1911.
Answer:
(c) 1905.

Question 8.
What was Marseillaise? .
(a) A war song
(b) A house owner
(c) A poor labourer
(d) Medium land owner.
Answer:
(a) A war song.

Question 9.
Who ruled Russia on the eve of Revolution?
(a) Catherine
(b) Joseph Mazzini
(e) Czar Nicholas II
(d) John III.
Answer:
(c) Czar Nicholas II.

Question 10.
Who are Jadidists?
(a) Christian reformers
(b) Social reformers
(c) Duma
(d) Muslim reformers.
Answer:
(d) Muslim reformers.

Question 11.
Which countries were known as the Allies?
(a) France, Britain and Russia
(b) Britain, Russia and America
(c) Britain, Russia and Austria
(d) Prussia, Britain and France.
Answer:
(a) France, Britain and Russia.

Question 12.
Which party was called the Bolshevik Party after the Russian Revolution?
(а) The Russian Communist Party
(b) Jacobin Party
(c) Communist Party of USSR
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) The Russian Communist Party.

Question 13.
When did Lenin die?
(a) In 1918 A.D.
(b) In 1924 A.D.
(c) In 1926 A.D.
(d) In 1930 A.D.
Answer:
(b) In 1924 A.D.

Question 14.
Who was the Czar?
(a) German Emperor
(b) British Emperor
(c) Russian Emperor
(d) Austrian Emperor.
Answer:
(c) Russian Emperor.

Question 15.
When was the Communist Menifesto published?
(a) 1832
(b) 1842
(c) 1846
(d) 1848.
Answer:
(d) 1848.

Question 16.
In which year the event ‘Bloody Sunday’ occurred’?
(a) 1905 A.D.
(b) 1907 A.D.
(c) 1917 A.D.
(d) 1918 A.D.
Answer:
(a) 1905 A.D.

Question 17.
When did the Bolsheviks make peace with Germany?
(a) March, 1917
(b) March, 1918
(c) April, 1916
(d) April, 1918.
Answer:
(b) March, 1918.

Question 18.
What was the immediate cause of Russian Revolution?
(a) Autocratic rule of Czar
(b) Russian Revolution of 1905
(c) Miserable condition of the people
(d) Russian defeat in first world war.
Answer:
(d) Russian defeat in first world war.

Question 19.
What is the other name of Russian Revolution?
(a) French Revolution
(b) Czar Revolution
(c) Mark Revolution
(d) Bolshevik Revolution.
Answer:
(d) Bolshevik Revolution.

Question 20.
Who was the leader of Revolution of October 1917?
(a) Nicholas II
(b) Lenin
(c) Kerensky
(d) Trotasky.
Answer:
(b) Lenin.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
Tzardom in Russia began in _________ A.D.
Answer:
1547

Question 2.
_________ was the Russian Parliament.
Answer:
Duma

Question 3.
The Social Democratic Party was formed in _________ A.D.
Answer:
1898

Question 4.
_________ gave the idea of socialism.
Answer:
Karl Marx

Question 5.
_________ means a council or a grass root level governing body.
Answer:
Soviet

Question 6.
_________ was the leader of Bolsheviks.
Answer:
Lenin.

True/False:

Question 1.
Kerensky was the leader of Bolsheviks.
Answer:
False

Question 2.
The Bloody Sunday took place in 1917.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
Lenin was exiled from Russia.
Answer:
True.

Question 4.
The Tzar abdicate the power on 2nd March, 1917.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
In 1918, Russia adopted the Gregorian called ‘New Style’.
Answer:
True.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which revolution made socialism the most significant and powerful ideas to shape society in the 20th century?
Answer:
It was the French Revolution.

Question 2.
Who was the ruler of Russia in 1914?
Answer:
Czar Nicholas II.

Question 3.
Which countries were known as the Allies?
Answer:
France, Britain and Russia were known as the Allies.

Question 4.
Who were the radicals?
Answer:
Those who desired radical changes in the society were radicals. They were in favour of majority rule, women’s suffrage and universal franchise.

Question 5.
Why were the socialists against private property?
Answer:
They believed that private property was the root cause of all social ills.

Question 6.
Name two industrial areas of Russia in the 1890s.
Answer:
Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Question 7.
Name the year when the Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed in Russia?
Answer:
In 1900.

Question 8.
What is meant by Communism?
Answer:
A society where all the properties were socially controlled is called communism.

Question 9.
Which Tantric/saint made the autocracy unpopular in Russia?
Answer:
Rasputin.

Question 10.
Mention the period of First World War.
Answer:
Between 1914 and 1918.

Question 11.
What was the objective of the Socialist Revolutionary Party?
Answer:
This party demanded that land belonging to the nobles be transferred to the peasants.

Question 12.
Who were Kulaks?
Answer:
Kulaks were well-to-do peasants.

Question 13.
What stands for Kolkhoj?
Answer:
They were collective farms where the peasants worked jointly and distributed the produce among themselves.

Question 14.
Who was Lenin?
Answer:
He was the prominent leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia.

Question 15.
When did the Russian Czar, Nicholas II resign?
Answer:
Czar Nicholas II resigned on March 2, 1917.

Question 16.
Name the countries which were known as Central Powers.
Answer:
Austria, Germany and Turkey were known as the Central Powers.

Question 17.
What stands for autocracy?
Answer:
In this system of government, the ruler is all in all and the people have no rights.

Question 18.
Why was the year 1904 considered bad for the Russian labourers?
Answer:
In this year, the prices of essential goods rose quickly and it became quite difficult for the workers to make their both ends meet.

Question 19.
Who comprised the Union of Unions?
Answer:
Lawyers, doctors, engineers and other middle-class people formed the Union of Unions and they demanded for a Constituent Assembly.

Question 20.
What do you mean by Duma?
Answer:
It was an elected consultative parliament in Russia called Duma.

Question 21.
What were Bolshevik’s three demands?
Answer:
(i) War be brought to a close ;
(ii) land to be transferred to peasants and
(C) banks to be nationalised.

Question 22.
Which party was called the Bolshevik Party after the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Answer:
The Russian Communist Party.

Question 23.
What is meant by Cheka?
Answer:
Cheka was an extraordinary Commission which was established to punish the enemies of the Russian Communist Party.

Question 24.
When did the Bolsheviks make peace with Germany?
Answer:
In March 1918.

Question 25.
Why did the peasants welcome the October Revolution?
Answer:
Because it meant for them free land and an end of war.

Question 26.
What was the policy of Bolsheviks towards non-Russian nationalities?
Answer:
They were to be given political autonomy within the Soviet Union.

Question 27.
What did the Bolsheviks do to establish a socialist society?
Answer:
(i) All the banks and industries were nationalised.
(ii) Collective farming was done on the confiscated land.

Question 28.
How did industrial production change between 1929 and 1933?
Answer:
It increased by 100 per cent in the case of oil, coal and steel.

Question 29.
What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer:
Universal Adult Franchise states that the voting right should be given to every adult.

Question 30.
Who was Marfa Vasileva?
Answer:
She was a worker in milling machine, who single-handedly organised a successful strike.

Question 31.
Who wrote ‘Das KapitaV?
Answer:
Karl Marx.

Question 32.
When did Social Democratic Party bifurcate into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?
Answer:
In 1903.

Question 33.
Who issued October Manifesto?
Answer:
Czar Nicholas II.

Question 34.
When was Health and Insurance Act introduced?
Answer:
In 1912.

Question 35.
When did Lenin die?
Answer:
In 1924.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
‘The year of 1904 A.D. was a particularly bad one for the Russian Workers’ clarify the statement with example.
Answer:
The year of 1904 A.D. was a particularly bad one for the Russian Workers’. This statement can be explained with the following examples.

Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 per cent.
The membership of the workers’ association rose dramatically. When four members of the Assembly of Russian workers, formed in 1904 A.D., were dismissed at the Putilov Iron works, there came a call for industrial action.
Over the next few days, over ten thousand workers in St. Peterburg went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.

Question 2.
Discuss any four causes of the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
Before, revolution, people lived in Russia in quite miserable conditions.

Russian Czar Nicholas II was autocratic. People were fed up with his rule.
The condition of people was quite miserable. Peasants and workers were not happy with the situation. They wanted to get rid of this miserable life.
There was widespread low morality in the kings family. The state was run by a monk called Rasputin. Consequently, there was widespread corruption.
In the first world war, Russia suffered heavy military losses. Consequently, there was widespread discontentment among the soldiers.

Question 3.
Explain any three events which led Russia to the February Revolution.
Answer:

On 28 February, a lock out took place at a factory on the right bank. The next day, in a sympathy, workers of 50 factories called a strike. In many factories, women led the strikes.
Government buildings were surrounded by the workers. So, the government imposed curfew. Demonstrators dispersed in the evening. But they came back on 24th and 25th February. The government called out army and police to keep a check on them.
On 25 February, government suspended Duma. Politicians spoke out against this. On 26th February, demonstrators returned in force to the streets of the left Bank. On 27th February, the police head quarters were destroyed. People started raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy.
By that evening, soldiers and striking workers formed a ‘Soviet^ in the same building as the Duma met. This was the Petrograd Soviet.
Next day, a delegation met the Tsar. Military commanders advised him to abdicate. He followed their advice and left the throne on 2nd March. Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a provisional government to run the country. This was called the February Revolution.

Question 4.
Why is the Russian Revolution attached with the name of Lenin?
Answer:
Lenin was the leader of Balsheviks and at the time of Revolution, he lived in exile. His contribution in the Russian Revolution of October 1917 is given below :

In April 1917, Lenin came back to Russia. He said that war must come to an end, land must be given to the peasants and Banks should be nationalised.
During the meantime, the clash between the interim government and the Bolsheviks reached its height. In September 1917, Bolsheviks started discussions about the revolt against government. Bolsheviks in army and factory Soviets were collected. A military revolutionary committee was formed under Trotsky to control the power.
The revolution started on 24th October. Prime Minister Kerensky tried to suppress it but remained unsuccessful.
By the evening, whole of the city came under the control of revolutionary committee. Many of the ministers surrendered.
At Petrograd, a meeting of All Russian Soviet Congress was held which supported the action of Bolsheviks.

Question 5.
Give the importance of Russian Revolution of 1917.
Answer:
The Russian Revolution of 1917 is considered as one of the most important incident in world history. It not only ended the autocratic rule of Czar but it also affected the social and economic systems of the world. Consequently, in place of Czar’s rule, a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. The main objective of the Union was to achieve old socialist ideals. It means that every one will get work according to his ability and will get money according to his work.

Question 6.
Give three features of Socialism.
Answer:
Following are the three main features of Socialism :

There is no class in society. There is very less difference between the rich and the poor. That’s why there is no place of private property in Socialism.
There is no exploitation of workers in Socialism. Everyone has the right to work.
State or society controls all the means of production because its motive is not to earn profit but to do social welfare.

Question 7.
Give a brief description of the Russian Empire in 1914.
Answer:
In 1914, Tzar Nicholas II rulled the Russian Empire. Besides the territory around Moscow, the Russian empire included present day Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, parts of Poland, Estonia, Ukraine and Balarus. It stretched to the Pacific ocean and comprised present day’s control Asian states as well as Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The majority religion was the Russian Orthodox Christianity which has grown out of the Greek Orthodox Church. But the Russian Empire also included Catholics, Protestents, Muslims and Buddhists.

Question 8.
After the Russian Revolution of 1905, the Czar took many steps to maintain his autocratic rule. What were three steps?
Answer:
During the revolution, the Tzar allowed the creation of an elected consultive Parliament or Duma. But after the revolution, he took certain steps such as :

After 1905, most of the committees and unions worked unofficial and now they were declared illegal. Severe restrictions were imposed on all the political activities.
The Tzar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and then re-elected Duma within three months.
He did not want any reduction of his power or any questioning of his authority. That’s why he changed the voting laws and filled the third Duma with conservative politicians. Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.

Question 9.
Which agricultural changes were introduced in Soviet Union after First World War?
Answer:

After the war, large estates of Church, landlords, nobility, etc. were taken away by the government and that land was distributed among the peasants.
After First World War, land was taken away from large holders and was distributed among peasants. But these peasants had very small holdings of land which was not very productive. That’s why a new method of agriculture was introduced and that was collective farms. This idea promoted collective farming by bringing land of small peasants together with higher yield.
Rich farmers opposed the idea of collective farm. They were dealt harshly by government. With this landlords were oppressed.

Question 10.
After 1918, which steps were taken by Lenin to show dictatorship in Russia? Why did young artists and writers supported the Bolsheviks?
Answer:

In January 1918, the Assembly rejected the Bolsheviks measures. So, Lenin dismissed the Assembly.
In March 1918, despite opposition of their political allies, the Bolsheviks made peace1 with Germany at Brest Litovsk.
In the coming years, the Bolshevik party became the only party to participate in the elections to the All Russian Congress of Soviets which became the Parliament of the country. Russia became a one-party state.
Trade Unions were kept under the control of Bolshevik party.
The secret police punished those who criticised the Bolsheviks. Even then many young writers and artists supported the Bolsheviks because this party stood for socialism and change.

Question 11.
State the demands of the people of Russia which caused the downfall of the Czar.
Answer:
The most important demands of the people in Russia, were four-folds : peace, land to the tiller, control of industry by workers and equal status for the non-slaves as described below :

Corruption in the state resulted in great suffering among the people. Feudalism formed the basis of Russian agriculture. Land hunger of peasant formed a major problem. The peasants demanded land to the tillers.
The condition of workers in Russia was very miserable. They were forced to lead a wretched life. They demanded control of industries by workers.
The Russian army suffered heavy reverses due to mismanagement of the government. The rising prices of food and clothes added hardship to the poorer classes. They demanded peace.
Non-Slav subjects of the empire demanded equal status but the Russian autocracy supported the Pan-Slavist idea.

Question 12.
Explain the situations created by the First World War for the February Revolution of 1917. Explain any three situations.
Answer:

In the first World War, around 70 Lakh people died till 1917.
The war had a bad impact on industries. Russia’s own industries were very few and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by the German Control of Baltic sea.
The retreating Russian army destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy from being able to live off the land. It led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
All this created conditions for the revolution.

Question 13.
What was the condition of Russian workers in 19th century?
Answer:
Industrial revolution not only came in Europe but also came in Russia as well. Many capitalists of Russia as well as of other countries invested large amount of money in different industries so that more and more profit could be gained. That’s why they started to exploit the workers. Workers of industries had to work for 12-14 hours and they were paid very less wages. They were not allowed to form their trade unions. Workers were divided by skill among different social groups. Their accommodation varied from rooms to dormitories. Women made up 31% of factory labour by 1914 but were paid less wages than men.

Question 14.
Why Russia left the World War after the Revolution of 1917?
Answer:

Russian revolutionaries were totally against the war right from its start. That’s why Russia left the war after revolution.
Russia, under Lenin, decided to change war into a revolutionary war.
Russian empire was defeated many times in the war with which its prestige was severely blowed.
More than six lakh Russian people were killed in the war.
Russian people did not want to capture land of any other country as it was a already one of the largest empire of the world.
Russian people, primarily, wanted to solve their internal problem.

Question 15.
What was the result of Russian decision to leave first World War?
Answer:
In 1917, Russia left the first World War. Next day after the revolution, the Bolshevik Government issued a Decree on Peace. In March 1918, Russian signed a peace treaty with Germany. German government felt that the Russian government is not in a position to continue the war. That’s why it imposed harsh clauses on Russia. But Russia accepted all the clauses. Allied powers were not in favour of the Russian decision to leave the war. So, they started trying to raise opposition forces within Russia. It led to the civil war which continued for three years. But finally the opposition forces were defeated and civil war come to an end.

Question 16.
Who was Stalin? Why did he decide the collectivisation of agriculture?
Answer:
Stalin was the leader of Communist Party in Russia. He took over the command of party after Lenin. Around 1927-28, there started a shortage of food grains in the cities of Russia. Government fixed the prices of foodgrains. No one was allowed to sell the grains more than the fixed price. But the peasants refused to sell their grains to government at these prices. Stalin took strict steps to combat the situation. He believed that rich peasants and traders in the villages were holding stocks in the hope of higher prices. So, in 1928, party members toured to grain producing areas. They forcibely bought the grains from peasants and raided Kulaks- the well-to-do peasants. Even after this, when there was shortage of foodgrains, Stalin decided to start collectivisation of agriculture. It was decided because the land holding of peasants was small.

Question 17.
Give two reasons for the miserable condition of industrial workers before the Russian Revolution.
Answer:

Foreign capitalists greatly exploited the workers. Even Russian capitalists paid them quite less wages.
Workers had no political rights. Even they had no way out to implement way small reform.

Question 18.
Give any two political reasons of the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
At the time of its revolution, Russia was ruled by Czar Nicholas II. His rule had few defects which became the causes of the revolution.

He believed in the Divine rights of the King and considered his moral duty to protect its autocratic rule.
The members of bureaucracy were not selected on merits but were selected from the specially privileged groups.

Question 19.
What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?
Or
Give any three significant causes of the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
The following were the significant causes of the Russian Revolution :

The system of government in Russia was autocratic. The Czar was a despotic ruler, and believed in Divine Right of Kings and absolutism.
The peasants, the workers and soldiers led a very miserable life.
The Russian bureaucracy was top-heavy, inflexible and inefficient.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
Answer:
The Russian revolution was one of the most important events in history of 20th century. This revolution ended the despotic monarchical rule of the emperor and established socialism. The social condition of Russia was similar to that of France before 1789. Russia was an agricultural country but the condition of peasants was miserable. Serfdom was abolished by the Czar Alexander II in 1861 A.D., but it did not bring much change in the condition of peasants. One-third of the peasants were landless and worked on the land of the landlords. Simultaneously, they had to pay several taxes. On the other hand, the aristocratic class was very affluent and had grabbed important offices as well as very large portion of the land. Therefore, the Russian society suffered from glaring economic and social disparities.

At the beginning of 20th century, the vast majority of the Russian population were agriculturists. Industrialization gained momentum in Russsia during the period of Alexander III. Many factories were set up in 1890s where Russia’s railway network was extended but most of the industries were private properties of industrialists. Government simply supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work. Thousands of landless peasants thronged the industrial centres in search of jobs. As a result the industrialists exploited their miserable and helpless conditions. The working day was sometimes 15 hours. Russian peasants were different from other European peasants in different ways. As they pooled their land together periodically and their commune divided it according to the needs of individual families.

Question 2.
Why did the Czarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Answer:
The Russian State under the Romanov Czars was completely unsuited to the needs of modern times. Czar Nicholas II still believed in the Divine Right of Kings and tried to move against the tides of times.

The important demands of the people which led to the fall of the Czar were the following :

Within Russia, democractic forces which had already raised their head became more and more vociferous. But the Czar still regarded his sacred duty to preserve absolutism.
The Russian people wanted the end of war and conclusion of peace. But the Czar, who had already mismanaged the war, still insisted to continue the war.
The peasants were the worst sufferers. They wanted that cultivable land should be given to the tillers, but the autocratic and corrupt government did not pay any heed to their demands.
The working conditions of workers were deplorable. There was a general demand that industries should be controlled by workers, and not by capitalists. Autocratic government of Czar helped the capitalists and neglected the workers.
The people further wrapped an equal status to all the non-Russian nationalities. But Czar followed a Pan-Slavish policy.
There was widespread discontent against the autocratic rule of Czar. The Royal family did not enjoy people’s respect because of the influence of the Holy Devil. The Russian autocracy was bound to collapse as it had no support from the people.

Question 3.
Make two lists : one with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history?
Answer:
The October Revolution of 1917 was the second phase of the Russian Revolution. The first phase took place in February 1917 and the Czar was compelled to abdicate. A provisional government was set up which could not solve the pressing problems of the people. It therefore, lost people’s support. It failed to end war, to give land to the tillers and to give control of industries to the workers. The non-Russian nationalities were not given the equal status. The result was the revolution of the second phase known as the October Revolution. The Bolshevik party under the leadership of Lenin promised peace to the soldiers, land to the workers, all powers to the Soviets and equal rights to the non-Russians.

The October Revolution had a great impact on Russia, as detailed below :

It brought an end to the autocratic rule in Russia.
The new government started the era of socialism.
Land, industries, factories, mines, bank and insurance companies and all means of production were nationalised. New social set up was based on the principle of communism.
The Bolshevik Revolution put an end to the Russian imperialism.
The estates of the landlords, the church and the Czar were confiscated and transferred to Peasants’ Societies.

PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution 1

Question 4.
Write a few lines to show what you know about :
1. Kulaks
Answer:
Kulaks: The name for well-to-do peasants of Russia. During the collectivisation programme they were eliminated ; their land was taken away and grains seized.

2. The Duma
Answer:
The Duma: It was the Russian Parliament. Czar Nicholas II held elections of the Duma but did not allow it to become a real representative body. Russian Parliament is still called Duma.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution 2

3. Women workers between 1900 and 1930
Answer:
Women workers between 1900 and 1930: Workers were divided social group in Russia. Workers were divided by skill. Women made up 31% of factory labour force by 1914 but they were paid less than men.

4. The Liberals.
Answer:
The Liberals: One of the groups which looked to change society were they liberals. They opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.

Question 5.
Give a brief description of Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives.
Answer:
Before the revolution, there were three major groups which wanted social change and these were-Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives.
1. Liberals. Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. At this time many of the European countries generally discriminated in favour of one religion or the other. They also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the individual’s rights against the government. Liberals favoured a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well trained Judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. But they were not democrates as well. They did not believe in universal adult franchise or right of every citizen to vote.

2. Radicals. The members of this group wanted a country in which government was based on the majority of country’s population. Many radicals supported women’s suffragatte movements. They also opposed the privileges of great land owners and wealthy factory owners. They were not against the existence of private property but they were not in favour of concentration of property in few hands.

3. Conservatives. They were exactly opposite to the first two groups. Even they, after the French Revolution, started opening up their minds to the need for change. Earlier in the eighteenth century, conservatives opposed to the idea of change. By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some changes are inevitable but change must come slowly and past has to be respected.

Question 6.
What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917?
Or
Explain briefly the conditions that brought about the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
Within Russia, democratic forces had become very vociferous. But the Czar was still the despotic ruler. The Russian bureaucracy was completely inefficient. The conditions of the peasants and workers were deplorable. The non-Russian subjects were against the government which followed the Pan-Slav policy. Many Russian thinkers appreciated the development in western Europe.

This was the reasofi that people were influenced by ideas of Karl Marx and Tolstoy. This generated the socialist ideas in the workers. In the Russia-Japan war in 1904, Russia had suffered a humiliating defeats. The Czar was held responsible for this defeat. There was a revolt in 1905 and the Czar was forced to announce a manifesto granting a series of reforms and to confer the law-making powers upon an elected body. He soon relapsed with his old ways. The partial success of 1905, revolt encouraged the working class of Russia.

The peasants demanded land, the workers demanded control of industries and non-Slav nationalities demanded equal status. The Czar did not pay any need to the people’s demand and moved against the tides of the time. The Russian involvement in the First World War accelerated the pace of revolution. Russia had to suffer heavy loss of men and money. Soldiers on the front were short of arms, ammunitions, food and clothings. Famine like conditions prevailed in the whole of the country. The government stood completely discredited. ‘Bread, peace and land’ were the popular demands, but in vain.

As a result, the revolution broke out and the Czar had to abdicate. The provisional government also failed to solve people’s problems. Lenin managed to unite the solidiers, the workers and the peasants by the very popular slogans ‘Bread, peace and land’ all powers to the Soviets and equal status to the non-Russian nationalities. In October 1917, the Bolshevik forces went into action and the revolution of the second phase known as October revolution succeeded.
PSEB 9th Class SST Solutions History Chapter 6 Russian Revolution 3

Question 7.
Give a brief description of causes and events of October Revolution (Second Revolution) in Russia. What was its impact on Russia?
Answer:
Causes :

Failure of the Interim Government. The interim government was unable to alienate the country from the war which led to the destruction of Russian economy.
Dissatisfaction among People. Peasants and workers in Russia lived miserable life. It was even difficult for them to earn bread of two times. That’s why, there was growing dissatisfaction among them.
Non availability of eatable items. There was quite a derth of food items in Russian. There was almost a situation of starvation. People had to lined up in queues to purchase bread.
Nation wide Strikes. The condition of workers was quite miserable. They get very less salary even after doing lot of hard work. They wanted to improve their condition. So, they started doing strikes.

Events. Initially in February 1917, revolution started in Petrograd, a famous Russian City. Here workers stopped doing work and common people revolted for the bread. Government tried to suppress the revolt with the help of army. But soldiers joined the workers and refused to shoot them. Peasants and workers formed a joint council which was called Soviet. Finally on 2nd March, the Czar abdicate the power. To run the government a Provisional Government was formed. New government introduced many military reforms. Freedom of press and religion was given and it was decided to call a constituent Assembly. But people were demanded bread, house and peace. Consequently the government failed and a new government under Kerensky was formed.

In November 1917, Mensheviks were forced to abdicate the power. Now Bolsheviks under Lenin took control of the power. Lenin established a society in Russia in which all the powers were in the hands of workers. With this, the objective of Russian Revolution was achieved.

Impact on Russia :

Education-related facilities were given to labourers.
All Jagir’s from Jagirdars were taken away and whole of the land was given to committees of farmers.
Trade and all means of production under government control.
Right to work become constitutional right and it became duty of state to provide employment to every one.
Policy of economic planning was used for economic development.

Question 8.
How did Marx and other social thinkers influence the Russian Revolution?
Answer:
As a result of the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the condition of the workers had considerably deteriorated. The capitalists were immensely exploiting them to their heartful. The workers neither received good salaries nor they had good houses to live. Under these conditions, the workers began to incline towards communism. They had started thinking that a revolution could be brought in the country only by following the Marxian theory. And only in this way the standard of the workers could improve.

Karl Marx was a German Jew but he lived mostly in Britain. He was a staunch supporter of socialism. He wrote his principles in his famous book ‘Das Capital’. He was deadly against capitalism and private property. According to him, the whole society should have common control over the means of production. All the units of production should be nationalised. Capitalism can be rooted out only through revolution and by establishing the dictatorship of the workers. The teachings of Karl Marx made a great contribution to the rise of the revolution in Russia.

In spite of the restrictions imposed by the Czar, the liberal ideas of the western world entered Russia through the medium of literature. The novels of Tolstoy, Turgenov and Dostoevski produced evolutionary thought in the youth. The ideologies, of Marx, Bakunin and Kroptkin were also prevailing in the country. The words of Marx that workers have “nothing to lose but their chains” rang literally tune to them. Influenced by these ideologies, people began to ask for such comforts and rights which were available to the people of western countries. When the Czar tried to ‘turn down’ their demand they resorted to revolution.

Question 9.
Give an account of the 1905 Revolution.
Answer:
In 1904-05, there was a war between Russia and Japan. In the war, Russia was defeated. Having been defeated by a small country like Japan, the Russian population began to oppose the Czar. They believed that the only cause of this defeat was the government of Czar which had failed to carry on war properly. Thus, the defeat of Russia at the hands of Japan proved a bolt from the blue for the Czar. The people turned against him. As a result of it, there was a revolution in 1905 against the despotic rule of the Czar. The revolutionaries killed many tyrannical officers. The name of Plehve is notable among them. The strikes were observed and demonstrations and processions were organized. The revolutionaries raised the slogans, “Stop the War. Down with Autocracy.”

On 22nd January 1905, a mass of peaceful workers with their wives and children under the guidance of a moderate leader named Father Gapov were fired while on their way to the Winter Palace to present a charter of demands to the Czar. More than a thousand of them were killed and thousands of others were wounded. This killing took place on Sunday which is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ in the history of Russia.

The news of the killings provoked unprecedented disturbances throughout Russia. Even sections of the army and the navy revolted. During this period, a new form of organization developed. This was called the Soviet or the Council of Workers’ Representatives. They had their beginning as the committees to conduct strikes, but they became the instruments of political power. The Soviets of peasants were also formed.

In October, the Czar yielded and announced his manifesto granting freedom of speech, press, and association. He conferred the power to make laws upon an elected body called the ‘Duma’. The Czar’s manifesto contained principles that would have Russia a constitutional monarchy like England. However, the Czar soon relapsed into his old ways. No longer could one hope for gradual reform. It has been rightly saying, “The 1905 Revolution proved to be a dress rehearsal of the revolution that came in 1917.” It aroused the people and prepared them for a greater revolution. It drew soldiers and the people of non-Russian nationalities into close contact with the Russian revolutionaries.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 The Establishment of East India Company

October 1, 2024September 30, 2024 by Bhagya

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Social Science Book Solutions History Chapter 10 The Establishment of East India Company Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science History Chapter 10 The Establishment of East India Company

SST Guide for Class 8 PSEB The Establishment of East India Company Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Who was the first Portuguese to reach India?
Answer:
First Portuguese who reached India was Vasco-de-Gama.

Question 2.
Write down the names of the four Portuguese settlements.
Answer:
Goa, Daman, Cochin, Calicut, Dieu, etc.

Question 3.
Where the Dutch established their colonies in India?
Answer:
Dutch people established their settlements in India at Cochin, Surat, Masulipattam, Nagpattam and Pulkit.

Question 4.
When and from which Mughal emperor the British got the previliage to free trade?
Answer:
The British got the previlige to trade without paying octroi from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1717 A.D.

Question 5.
Among which two European companies, the First Carnatic War was fought and who got the victory?
Answer:
First war of Carnatic was fought between the Britishers and the French. The French people won this war.

Question 6.
When and among whom the battle of Plassey was fought?
Answer:
Battle of Plassey was fought on 23rd June, 1757 A.D. between the British and Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula.

Question 7.
When and among whom the battle of Buxar was fought?
Answer:
The battle of Buxar was fought between the British and Mir Qasim, Siraj-ud- Daulah and Shah Alam II.

Question 8.
Write down a note on third Carnatic War.
Answer:
The third Carnatic war was fought between 1756 A.D. to 1763 A.D. In this war the British emerged victorious and the French were defeated.
Causes. In 1756 A.D., once again, England and France were engulfed in a war in Europe (Seven Years War). Consequently, in India too, war broke out between the English and the French.

Question 9.
Explain in brief the victory of Bengal by the British.
Or
How did the English became the Masters of Bengal?
Answer:
The English fought two battles with the Nawab of Bengal to gain control over Bengal

Battle of Plassey and
Battle of Buxar.

The Battle of Plassey took place in 1757 A.D. Siraj-ud-daulah was the Nawab of Bengal at that time. The English, through a conspiracy, won over the confidence of Mir Jafar, the army commander of the Nawab. He remained aloof in the battlefield and thus Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated. After this, Mir Jafar was appointed as the Nawab of Bengal. After some time, Mir Jafar was removed and Mir Qasim was made the Nawab, but after some time, the English tinned against him as well. A battle between the English and Mir Qasim took place at Buxar. Mir Qasim was defeated and Bengal came under the control of the British.

Question 10.
Write down a note on the Battle of Plassey.
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah. The Nawab was annoyed with the British due to various reasons. He caused a great loss to the British by invading Qasim Bazar. To take revenge, Clive hatched a conspiracy against him and won the confidence of Mir Jafar, the army commander of the Nawab of Bengal. When the battle started, Mir Jafar stood aside. Siraj-ud-daulah was discouraged as a result of this treachery of Mir Jafar and ran away from the battlefield.

Siraj-Ud-Daulah

Meerah, son of Mir Jafar, killed him. This battle proved to be very important for the English from historical point of view. The English became the real masters of Bengal and it became easy for them to expand their power in India.
Siraj-Ud-Daulah

Question 11.
Write down a note on Dual system in Bengal.
Answer:
Robert Clive started a new administrative system in Bengal which is known as the Dual administrative system. According to it, the administration of Bengal was divided in two parts. The work of tax collection remained with the British, while the Nawab was given the responsibility to run the administration. A fixed amount of money was paid to him for running the administration. As there were two types of administration in Bengal, so this system came to be known as dual administrative system. Real power of the administration in Bengal came in the hands of the British company as a result of this system and the Nawab remained a puppet in the hands of the British.

Question 12.
What do you mean by subsidiary alliance?
Answer:
The subsidiary alliance system was started by Lord Wellesley in 1798 A.D. He wanted to expand the British Empire in India and to make the company very powerful. It was possible only if all the native rulers and Nawabs were made powerless. He took advantage of the subsidiary alliance system and brought many native rulers under the British control.

Terms of the Subsidiary Alliance. Subsidiary Alliances were made between the company and the native rulers. The company promised to give military help to the rulers who entered into subsidiary alliances with it in case of any internal or external trouble.

In lieu of it, the local rulers had to accept the following terms :

He had to accept the supremacy of the company. He was not allowed to make war or any treaty with any other ruler without the permission of the company.
He had to keep a battalion of the English army in his state for his safety and he had to pay its expenses to the British.
He had to keep an English Resident at his court.

Question 13.
Write a note on “Policy of Lapse.”
Answer:
The Policy of Lapse was adopted by Lord Dalhousie. According to this doctrine, succession to protected state depended upon the will of the British. Lord Dalhousie decided that if the ruler of a dependent state had no male child, he could not adopt a son. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass onto the hands of the British. On the grounds of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed seven dependept kingdoms into the British Empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaitpur and Satara.

II. Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
After the battle of ________a treaty of Allahabad was signed among the British, Siraj-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam in 1765 A.D.
Answer:
Buxar

Question 2.
In 1772 A.D. the ________ was abolished in Bengal.
Answer:
Dual administration

Question 3.
Lord Welleselly introduced the ________ system for expansion of the British Empire.
Answer:
Subsidiary alliance.

III. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ in the brackets given after each statement:

Question 1.
First of all Vasco-De-Gama a Portuguese captain, reached Calicut in India on 27th May, 1498 A.D.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Two Carnatic wars were fought between the Britishers and French.
Answer:
False

Question 3.
During the battle of Plassey with the Britishers, Mir Jaffer was the Nawab of Bengal.
Answer:
False.

IV. Something To Do:

Question 1.
Suppose you are nephew of Nawab. The Nawab have no son. From the beginning you are said that after the death of Nawab you will become a king. But under the policy of Doctrine of Lapse the British does not become a king to you. What will you do for become a king?
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

Question 2.
Make a list on a chart of methods adopted by the Lord Dalhousie for the expansion of British Empire and which states were annexed in this empire by the Lord Dalhousie?
Answer:
Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.

PSEB 8th Class Social Science Guide The Establishment of East India Company Important Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1.
When was Bahadur Shah Zafar arrested?
(a) 1857 A.D.
(b) 1859 A.D.
(c) 1858 A.D.
(d) 1860 A.D.
Answer:
(c) 1858 A.D.

Question 2.
When did Vasco de Gama discover sea route to India?
(a) 1456 A.D.
(b) 1498 A.D.
(c) 1490 A.D.
(d) 1496 A.D.
Answer:
(b) 1498 A.D.

Question 3.
What was a Farman?
(а) A royal order issued by Aurangzeb
(б) A royal edict issued by British
(c) A verdict 6f rule over Bengal
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(a) A royal order issued by Aurangzeb.

Question 4.
Which Nawab of Bengal died in 1756 A.D.?
(a) Sirajuddaulah
(b) Mir Qasim
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Alivardi Khan.
Answer:
(d) Alivardi Khan.

Question 5.
Which Governor-General defeated Sirajuddaulah at the battle of Plassey?
(a) Robert Clive
(b) William Bentinck
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Lord Wellesley.
Answer:
(a) Robert Clive.

Question 6.
Which Nawab of Bengal was defeated in the battle of Buxar?
(a) Mir Jafar
(b) Sirajuddaulah
(c) Mir Qasim
(d) Murshid Quli Khan.
Answer:
(c) Mir Qasim.

Question 7.
After which battle the company appointed residents in the Indian states?
(a) Battle of Plassey
(b) Battle of Buxar
(c) Battle of Awadh
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) Battle of Buxar.

Question 8.
Who granted Diwani rights of Bengal to the British?
(a) Mir Qasim
(b) Murshid Quli Khan
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.
Answer:
(d) Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.

Question 9.
Who was the son of Haider Ali?
(a) Tipu Sultan
(b) Mir Jafar
(c) Alivardi Khan
(d) Mir Qasim.
Answer:
(a) Tipu Sultan.

Question 10.
Which ruler of Mysore stopped the export of many things through the ports of his kingdom?
(a) Haider Ali
(b) Alivardi Khan
(c) Tipu Sultan
(d) Mir Jafar.
Answer:
(c) Tipu Sultan.

Question 11.
How many Mysore wars were fought?
(a) Two
(b) Four
(c) Three
(d) Five.
Answer:
(b) Four.

Question 12.
In which battle Tipu Sultan was defeated?
(a) Battle of Buxar
(b) Battle of Awadh
(c) Battle of Plassey
(d) Battle of Seringapatam.
Answer:
(d) Battle qf Seringapatam.

Question 13.
Identify the shaded state where the three Anglo French wars were fought:

(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Kerala
(c) Karnataka
(d) Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
(c) Karnataka.

Question 14.
Why did Vasco-de-Gama come to India through sea route?
(a) To rule India
(b) To discover a new route to reach India
(c) To attack India
(d) On a vacation journey.
Answer:
(b) To discover a new route to reach India.

Question 15.
The person given in picture was the king of a famous kingdom in South India during late 18th century who fought four wars with the British. Name the king.

(a) Tipu Sultan
(b) Hyder Ali
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Mir Qasim.
Answer:
(a) Tipu Sultan.

Question 16.
The person given in the picture defeated Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daulah in the battle of Plassey. Name the person.

(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Robert Clive
(c) William Bentick
(d) Lord Canning.
Answer:
(b) Robert Clive.

Question 17.
Vasco-de-Gama was the first explorer who reached India by Sea. Which country did he belong to?
(a) England
(b) Portugal
(c) France
(d) Russia.
Answer:
(b) Portugal.

Fill in the Blanks :

Question 1.
The battle of ________ was fought between the British and Shuja-ud-daulah, Shah Alam and Mir Qasim in 1764.
Answer:
Buxer

Question 2.
________ system was ended in Bengal in 1772 A.D.
Answer:
Dual,

Question 3.
Lord Wellesley adopted system of ________
Answer:
Subsidiary Alliance.

Tick the Right (✓) or Wrong (✗) Answer :

Question 1.
Vasco-de-Gama reached Calicut on 27th May, 1498.
Answer:
(✓)

Question 2.
Two carnatic wars were fought between the British and French.
Answer:
(✗)

Question 3.
Mir Jafar was the Nawab of Bengal in the battle of Plassey.
Answer:
(✗)

Match the Following :

Question 1.

A	B
1. Battle of Plassey	(i) Lord Hastings
2. Battle of Buxor	(ii) Siraj-ud-daulah
3. Attack on Arcott	(iii) Mir Qasim
4. British Gorkha War	(iv) Robert Clive

Answer:

A	B
1. Battle of Plassey	(ii) Siraj-ud-daulah
2. Battle of Buxor	(iii) Mir Qasim
3. Attack on Arcott	(iv) Robert Clive
4. British Gorkha War	(i) Lord Hastings

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who discovered new sea route to reach India from Europe?
Answer:
Portuguese sailor (captain) Vasco-de-Gama discovered new sea route to reach India from Europe.

Question 2.
When and on which port did Vasco-de-Gama reached India?
Answer:
27 May, 1498 on the port of Calicut.

Question 3.
When the English East India Company was.established?
Answer:
On 31 Dec. 1600 A.D.

Question 4.
When the French East India Company was established?
Answer:
In 1664 A.D.

Question 5.
Name the two French Governors in India under whom French power was spread in India.
Answer:
Dooma and Dupleix.

Question 6.
Name the British representatives who were sent to the Mughal Durbar to get trade concessions?
Answer:
William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe.

Question 7.
Name the French settlements near Chennai (Madras) and Kolkata (Calcutta).
Answer:
Pondicherry near Chennai and Chandernagar near Kolkata were the French settlements.

Question 8.
Between which European companies the third carnatic war was fought?
Answer:
This war was fought between French East India Company and English East India Company.

Question 9.
Give any one cause of the First Carnatic War (1746-48).
Answer:
War broke out in Europe between England and France. As a result, war also started in India between the two powers.

Question 10.
When the first Carnatic War ended? Mention one result of this War.
Answer:
The First War of Carnatic come to an end in 1748 A.D. The English got back the region of Madras (now Chennai) as a result of the peace treaty.

Question 11.
Give any one cause of the Second Carnatic War.
Answer:
The French supported Nasir Jang the ruler of Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib, the ruler of the Carnatic. The English could not tolerate this so they gave recognition to their opponents and waged a war against the French in 1751 A.D.

Question 12.
What was the result of Second War of Carnatic?
Answer:
French were defeated in the Second Carnatic War. It increased the power and prestige of the British Company in India.

Question 13.
Which Indian powers got involved in the Second War of Carnatic?
Answer:
The following Indian powers got themselves involved in the Second Carnatic War :

Claimants to the throne of Carnatic.
Claimants to the state of Hyderabad.

Question 14.
Mention any one cause of the third Carnatic War. (1756-1763).
Answer:
The Seven Years War began in Europe between England and France in 1756 A.D. Subsequently, a war between England and France also started in India. This was the Third War of Carnatic.

Question 15.
When did the third War of Carnatic take place. Which two European companies fought the third Battle of Carnatic? Who was defeated in this War?
Answer:
The Third War of Carnatic took place in 1J56 A.D. It was fought between the English East India Company and The French East India Company. The French were defeated in it.

Question 16.
What was the result of the third War of Carnatic?
Answer:
France lost her power in India as a result of the third War of Carnatic and the British emerged as a great power in India.

Question 17.
Who was Dupleix? What was his plan?
Answer:
Dupleix was the Governor of French possessions in India. He had prepared a plan for enhancing the French influences in Southern India.

Question 18.
Why was Dupleix called back?
Answer:
Dupleix was called back to France on account of the French defeat in the second Carnatic war.

Question 19.
Who was Robert Clive? What part did he play in the second War of Carnatic?
Answer:
Robert Clive was a very able English army Commander. He occupied Arcot, the capital town of Chanda Sahib in the Second War of Carnatic and compelled Chanda Sahib to leave Trichnapalli, As a result, the British won the war.

Question 20.
When and between whom the Treaty of Paris was signed? What were the effects of this treaty on India?
Answer:
The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 A.D. between France and England. The Third War of Carnatic in India also came to an end by this treaty.

Question 21.
State any one reason for the success of the British against the French in the Carnatic Wars.
Answer:
The English had a powerful navy. They were in a position to send their army with the help of navy from one place to another.

Question 22.
Between which powers did the Battle of Plassey take place?
Answer:
Between the British East India Company and Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah of Bengal.

Question 23.
State any one cause of the Battle of Plassey.
Answer:
The British started fortifying Calcutta (now Kolkata) in order to strengthen their position in Bengal. Calcutta (Kolkata) was a part of the kingdom of the Nawab. It strained the relations between the British and the Nawab.

Question 24.
Write any one result of the battle of Plassey.
Answer:
Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated in this battle and Mir Jafar became the new Nawab of Bengal. Mir Jafar gave huge amount of money and the district of 24 Parganas to the British.

Question 25.
What was the importance of the Battle of Plassey for the British?
Answer:
This battle greatly enhanced the power and prestige of the British which was the largest and most prosperous state in India. As a result, the key to the conquest of India fell into the hands of the English.

Question 26.
Write any one cause of the battle of Buxar.
Answer:
The British Company had got permission to trade freely in Bengal, but the officials of the Company had been trading privately. It caused financial loss to the Nawab of Bengal.

Question 27.
Clive is considered to be “the founder of the British Empire in India.” Give one reason in support of this view.
Answer:
Clive won the Second War of the Carnatic and also the Battle of Plassey for the British. Both these victories proved to be the foundation stone of the British Empire in India.

Question 28.
Who was Mir Jafar? For how long he remained the Nawab of Bengal?
Answer:
Mir Jafar was an army commander who betrayed Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. He remained the Nawab of Bengal from 1757 A.D. to 1760 A.D.

Question 29.
When and between whom was the Treaty of Allahabad signed?
Answer:
The Treaty of Allahabad was signed on May 3rd, 1765 between the British, Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.

Question 30.
Write any one term of the treaty of Allahabad.
Answer:
The British Company got the right of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. As such, the English became the real rulers of Bengal.

Question 31.
“Buxar completed the work of Plassey.” Justify this statement.
Answer:
The battle of Plassey had paved the way for the increase of power and influence of the British in Bengal but they became the real rulers of Bengal after the battle of Buxar.- Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Avadh and Shah Alam, the Mughal Emperor came completely under the control of the British Company. It is, therefore, said that Buxar completed the work of Plassey.

Question 32.
Which treaty was imposed by Lord Wellesley to expand the British Empire?
Answer:
Lord Wellesley followed the policy of expansion by making Subsidiary Alliances with the Indian states.

Question 33.
Name the two states affected by the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
States of Jhansi and Nagpur were affected by Doctrine of Lapse. They both were annexed into the British empire.

Question 34.
When was Avadh annexed by the British?
Answer:
The British annexed Avadh in 1856 A.D.

Question 35.
Write any one term of Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
According to Subsidiary Alliance system, Indian rulers were not allowed to maintain any political relations with any internal or external power.

Question 36.
What promises the British Company made with any Indian ruler entering Subsidiary Alliance?
Answer:
The British East India Company promised security of the native ruler under this system in case of internal revolt or external aggression. The British company promised to protect the Indian rulers.

Question 37.
How was the British East India Company benefited by the Subsidiary Alliances? Mention any one benefit.
Answer:
Political position of the English East India-Company became very strong as a result of the Subsidiary Alliances.

Question 38.
How were the Indian rulers affected by the Subsidiary Alliances? Mention one effect.
Answer:
Local rulers who entered into Subsidiary Alliances with the company, were free from internal and external dangers. They started leading a luxurious life and became careless about the welfare of their subjects.

Question 39.
When did the Dual administrative system come to an end in Bengal?
Answer:
In 1772 A.D.

Question 40.
Name the three governors-general under whom the British empire expanded to a great deal.
Answer:
Lord Wellesley, Lord Hastings and Lord Dalhousie.

Question 41.
When and by whom independent Mysore state was established?
Answer:
Hyder Ali established independent Mysore state in 1761 A.D.

Question 42.
When first Mysore war took place? Who emerged victorious?
Answer:
First Mysore war took place in 1767-1769 A.D. Hyder Ali emerged victorious out of this war.

Question 43.
When was Hyder Ali died? Who became Sultan of Mysore after him?
Answer:
Hyder Ali was died in 1782 A.D. After him, his son Tipu Sultan became Sultan of Mysore.

Question 44.
When and how did Tipu Sultan die?
Answer:
Tipu Sultan died in 1799 A.D. while fighting fourth war of Mysore against the British.

Tipu Sultan

Question 45.
When treaties of Basin and Dewgao took place?
Answer:
In 1802 A.D. and 1803 A.D. respectively.

Question 46.
Between whom the treaty of Dewgao took place? Which two states were given to the British after this treaty?
Answer:
Treaty of Dewgao took place between Maratha Sardar Bhonsle and the British. The British got the states of Cuttock and Balasor through this treaty.

Question 47.
How many states of Rajasthan came under subordination of the British under Lord Hastings? Name four main states out of them.
Answer:
19 States of Rajasthan came under the subordination of the British during the tenure of Lord Hastings. Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaypur and Bikaner were four main states out of those 19 states.

Question 48.
Name Dutch settlements in India.
Answer:
Dutch had their settlements in India at Surat, Cochin, Pulikat, Nagapattam, Chinsura etc.

Question 49.
By whom and for how many years the East India Company was granted the trade privileges to trade with India?
Answer:
The British Queen Elizabeth-I granted the East India Company the trade privileges of 15 years to trade with India.

Question 50.
Who was Assif Shah and when did he die?
Answer:
Assif Shah was the Nizam of Hyderabad. He died in 1748 A.D.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did the European Trading Companies clash with one another and what were the results of the clash?
Answer:
Causes of the Clash. Many European companies came to India for trade. The traders of these companies were very greedy, selfish and ambitious. All the companies wanted to establish their complete control over the trade in India. So, this clash of interests was the main cause of conflict among the trading companies.

Results of the Conflicts. First of all, the Dutch defeated the Portuguese and took over the control of whole trade in their hands. In between, the English increased their activities. They defeated the Dutch and drove them away from India. So only the English and the French were left in India. A long struggle for supremacy in India began between these two powers. The English were the winners in this conflict and they established full control over trade in India. Gradually, they also established their political power in India.

Question 2.
Describe the First Carnatic War.
Answer:
War for the throne of Austria went on in Europe between 1740-48 A.D. England and France fought against each other in this war. As a result, the war between these two nations also started in India. The French looted the English trade centre of Fort Saint George (Madras). When the Nawab of Carnatic sent his army against them, it was also defeated by the French. Dupleix was the Governor of the French possessions in India during those days. The prestige of the French was greatly enhanced in India. In 1748 A.D., the war between the English and the French in Europe came to an end. In this year, a treaty was signed between the English and the French in India as well. The French returned Madras (now Chennai) to the English.

Question 3.
What were the results of the Second Carnatic War?
Answer:

Chanda Sahib was killed and Arcot was occupied by the English.
The English declared Muhammad Ali as the ruler of Carnatic.
The French influenced continued in Hyderabad. They got the right of collecting revenue. They also stationed a battalion of their army there.
The English Commander Clive became famous as a result of this war.

Question 4.
What were the results of the Third Carnatic War?
Answer:
The Third War of Carnatic started in 1756 A.D. and ended in 1763 A.D. Given below are the results of the war :

The French lost their hold on the state of Hyderabad and the English influences was established there.
The English got the territory of Northern Sarkars.
The French power in India completely broke down and it became easy for the English to expand their power in India.

Question 5.
What were the causes of animosity between the English and the French in the 18th century?
Answer:
The following were the three main causes of animosity between the two powers :

England and France had been the enemies of each other for a long time.
There was a trade competition between the two countries in India.
Both the countries wanted to establish their political power in India.

Actually, whenever there was a war between England and France in Europe, a conflict between the two powers also started in India.

Question 6.
Describe the main provisions of the Treaty of Allahabad.
Answer:
The following were the main terms of the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) :

The English and the Nawab of Awadh promised to help each other in case of any war.
The Nawab promised to pay fifty lakh rupees to the English as compensation of war.
The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam granted Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the British Company. The English, in return, agreed to pay a pension of? 26 Lakhs per annum to Shah Alam.
The Nawab of Awadh promised not to give shelter to Mir Kasim in his state.

Question 7.
Which of the three Wars of Carnatic was the most important and why?
Answer:
The Second War of Carnatic was the most important war out of the three wars of Carnatic. This war was a symbol of the diplomatic victory of the English. Before this, the English were badly defeated by the French in the First War of Carnatic. As a result, the French power in India became very strong. In the Second War of Carnatic too, the English were on the verge of defeat.

But Robert Clive cleverly changed the situation. He turned the war plan of the French into a failure. After this war, the power of the French rapidly declined. Consequently, the English easily defeated the French in the Third War of Carnatic. Had the English been defeated in the Second War of Carnatic, they would have not only lost trade in India, but would have to leave India like the Portuguese and the Dutch.

Question 8.
Why was Siraj-ud-daulah defeated in the battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Given below were the causes of defeat Siraj-ud-daulah in the Battle of Plassey :
1. Conspiracy of Clive. Clive gave a hitting blow to Siraj-ud-daulah by hatching a conspiracy against him. He won over the support of Mir Jafar, the army commander of Siraj-ud-daulah, and easily defeated Siraj-ud-daulah.

2. Lack of farsightedness of Siraj-ud-daulah. Siraj -ud-daulah was not a farsighted ruler. Had he been a wise ruler, he would have kept an eye on the activities of the English and his other opponents. He would have noticed the conspiracy beforehand which was being hatched by Clive. So, lack of his farsightedness became a cause of his defeat.

3. Lack of Military resources. The military set up of Siraj-ud-daulah was faulty. His soldiers were neither trained like the English soldiers nor they had modern weapons of war. Soldiers of the Nawab fought like a crowd in the battle. They lacked discipline.

Question 9.
What were the causes of the success of the British in the conflict between the French and the British?
Answer:
The following causes were responsible for the success of’the British against the French:
1. Powerful Navy of Britain. The English navy was more powerful than that of the French. The British had large ships to bring soldiers and war material from England to India.

2. Sound Financial Condition of the British. Economic condition of the British was very sound. Their trade activities continued even during the war days. But as the French usually kept themselves involved in politics, they therefore, lacked financial resources.

3. British Victory over Bengal. Bengal, a rich state of India, came under the control of the British after the battle of Plassey. Need of money for winning a war is very great. The British trade in Bengal continued even during the war days. The money they earned from this trade was utilised by them for their wars in the south.

4. Efficient infantry and able army commanders. The infantry wing of the British army was better trained and organised than that of the French army. English commanders like Robert Clive, Sir Ayercoote and Major Lawrence were very capable persons. On the other hand, the French army commanders like Dupleix, Lally and Bussey were not so capable and efficient persons. This factor also contributed to the success of the British.

Question 10.
What were the causes of conflict between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British? (P.S.E.B. 2005, 2003)
Answer:
The following causes were responsible for the conflict between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British :

The British gave no gifts to Siraj-ud-daulah on his appointment as the Nawab of Bengal. Siraj-ud-daulah was therefore, angry with the British.
The British gave shelter to a deserter of Siraj-ud-daulah’s service. The Nawab demanded the return of the traitor, but the British turned a deaf ear to his demand.
The English started deploying forces in Calcutta (Kolkata) and in spite of refusal of the Nawab to allow them to keep their forces there, the British did not withdraw them.
There was misappropriation of funds in the Dacca treasury of Nawab and the Nawab held that the misappropriated amount was in the possession of the English. He asked them to return the amount but the English refused.

Question 11.
What was the significance of the Battle of Buxar in Indian history?
Answer:
The Battle of Buxar is more important than the Battle of Plassey in the history of India. As a result of this battle, the British became a great political force in India. It paved for them the way for the conquest of more territories in India. The English consolidated their position in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Nawab of Avadh Shuja-ud- daulah and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam came completely under the British control.

Question 12.
What were the causes of the Battle of Plassey (1757 A.D.)?
Answer:
The following were the causes of the battle of Plassey :

Causes:

The English gave no gifts to Siraj-ud-daulah on his appointment as the Nawab of Bengal. He was, therefore, angry with the British.
The British stationed their armed troops at Calcutta (Kolkata) and continued reinforcing them in spite of the Nawab’s protests.
The English hatched a conspiracy against the Nawab with the co-operation of Seth Amin Chand and army commander Mir Jafar of Bengal.

Question 13.
What were the causes of the Battle of Buxar?
Answer:
The following are the causes of the Battle of Buxar :

The officials of the English Company were misusing the trade concessions allowed to them by the Nawab. It resulted in the decline in the income of the Nawab of Bengal.
Mir Qasim strengthened his army. He established an arms and ammunition factory and shifted his treasury from Calcutta (Kolkata) to Mungher. The English did not like the activities of Mir Qasim.
Mir Qasim also allowed Indian traders to trade without paying any tax like the English. It increased the animosity between the English and the Nawab.

Question 14.
Who was Tipu Sultan? Explain his conflict with the British.
Answer:
Tipu Sultan was the son of ruler of Mysore, Hyder Ali. He became ruler of Mysore in 1782 A.D. after the death of his father, Hyder Ali. At that time, second Mysore xwar was going on. Tipu carried on the war. In the beginning, he got some success but he was defeated in 3rd battle of Mysore (1790-92). He was forced to surrender some part of his kingdom to the British. He wanted to take revenge of his defeat and that’s why he again declared war against the British. Tipu Sultan died in this war (1799) and most of the part of his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. Remaining part of the Mysore was given to Prince Krishna Rao.

Question 15.
Write a note on the British-Gorkha War (1814-1816 A.D.).
Answer:
Gorkhas of Nepal captured some of the border areas of the British. That’s why Lord Hastings send a huge army to suppress the power of Gorkhas. It was send under Aukhterloani. Gorkha’s were defeated in this war. That’s why they were forced to give many areas to the British. Except this, they also agreed to keep a British resident in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss the expansion of the British empire in India from 1823 till 1848 A.D.
Answer:
From 1823 till 1848 A.D., the British empire in India was expanded by Lord Emerhest, Lord William Bentick, Lord Auckland, Lord Allenbrough and Lord Harding.

It’s description is given below :

Lord Emerhest won the First Anglo Burmese war (1824-26 A.D.) and annexed the states of Arakan and Assam into the British empire.
After this, Lord William Bentick captured Kutch, Mysore and Kurg. He made a Trade treaty with amirs of Sindh in 1832. It led to stoppage of expansion of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in this direction.
Lord Auckland made a subsidiary alliance with amirs of Sindh in 1839 A.D. and expanded the British empire.
Charles Napier captured Sindh in 1843 A.D. during the tenure of Lord Allenbrough and annexed it into British empire.
Lord Harding defeated the Sikhs in first Anglo-Sikh War. As a result, Jalandhar, Kangra and Kashmir were captured by the British.

Question 2.
How different Maratha kingdoms won over by the British?
Answer:
Till 1772 A.D., Chief of Marathas, Peshwa, remained very powerful. After this, Maratha Chief Nana Fadnavis kept Maratha power in one way or the other. During this age, most important Maratha chiefs were Scindhia, Bhonsle, Holkar and Gaikwad. But Peshwas and different chiefs were defeated one by one by the British.

1. Decline of Peshwa. After the death of fourth Peshwa, Madhav Rao, in 1771 A.D. his son Narayan Rao became next Peshwa. But he was killed by his uncle Raghoba. At this moment of problem, Nana Fadnavis took charge of Marathas. He declared son of Narayan Rao as next Peshwa and declared himself as his guardian. He fought a long battle with the British but did not accepted the Subsidiary Alliance. But Maratha chiefs were divided after his death. Peshwa was afraid by Maratha chief Holkar. That’s why he came under the protection of the British in 1802 A.D. and accepted Subsidiary Alliance under the treaty of Bassein.

2. End of Power of Scindhia and Bhonsle. Scindhia and Bhonsle didn’t like the acceptance of subsidiary alliance by the Peshwa. They considered it as a disrespect of the whole Maratha community. They declared war against the British to take revenge of this disrespect. Gaikwad gave his support to the British. Lord Lake defeated Scindhia and captured Delhi, Agra and Aligarh. Areas of Cuttock and Balasor also came under occupation of the British. In the end, Scindhia and Bhonsle both accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.

3. End of Power of other Maratha Chiefs. The Peshwa, once again tried to create unity among Marathas. In 1817 A.D., Lord Hestings defeated the forces of Peshwa, Bhonsle and Holker. Peshwa was given pension and his title was abolished. Whole of his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. After this, other Maratha chiefs also accepted the subordination of the British. In this way, all the Maratha kingdoms were annexed into the British empire.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the Anglo-Mysore wars.
Answer:
The Kingdom of Mysore was very powerful. This kingdom became very prosperous under Hyder Ali and military power of the state was also increased to a great extent. The British made an alliance with the enemies of Hyder Ali—Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad, to suppress the increasing power of Mysore. This was unbearable for Hyder Ali.

That’s why he declared war against the Britishers.
1. First war of Mysore. This war started between Hyder Ali and the British in 1767 and fought till 1769 A.D. Hyder Ali reached till Madras in this war. Then in 1769 A.D. one defensive treaty took place between both the parties. Conquered areas of both the parties were given back to each other.

2. Second War of Mysore. Hyder Ali also showed a great courage in the second war of Mysore (1780—84). But he was defeated at Portonona because he was unable to get expected help from the French. Hyder Ali died in 1782 A.D. and Tipu Sultan carried on the war. Later on, according to the treaty of Mangalore in 1784 A.D., conquered areas of both the parties were given back to each other.

Tipu Sultan

3. Third War of Mysore. In third war of Mysore (1790-92 A.D.), Tipu Sultan attacked on the British forces. But in the end he was defeated by Lord Cornwallis. According to the treaty of Srirangapattnam, half of the kingdom of Tipu Sultan was taken away by the British and Tipu Sultan was also forced to give? 3 crore as a compensation of war to the British

4. Fourth War of Mysore. Tipu Sultan died (1799 A.D.) in fourth war of Mysore while saving his capital. After his death, some area of his kingdom was given to old Mysore dynasty, some area was given to Nizam and some area was taken away by the British.

In this way, the power of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan was completely destroyed by the British.

Question 4.
Explain in brief merchantilism and Trade Wars.
Answer:
There were trade relations between India and Europe right from ancient times. Three main routes were there of this trade :

First route was northern route. This route was going on through Afganisthan, Caspean Sea and Black Sea.
Second route was middle route which was going on through Iran, Iraq and Seria.
Third route was southern route. This route was going on through Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea and Egypt.

States of Western Asia and Southern-Eastern Europe were occupied by Turkey in 15th century. It led to closure of ancient trade routes between India and Europe. That’s why European countries tried to find new sea routes to reach India. First of all the Portuguese sailor Vasco-de-Gama reached port of Calicut of India on 27th May 1498. So, Portuguese started to do trade with India. This process is known as Merchantilism whose objective was to earn money.

Trade Wars. Other European powers also established trade relations with India When they found Portuguese earning money through trade with India. These European powers were Dutch, the British and the French. Wars started between them to establish their supremacy on Indian trade. These wars are known as Trade Wars.

Gradually they established their factories and establishments in India.

Main Portuguese establishments in India were at Goa,’ Daman, Basin, Bombay, Saint Tom, Hugli and Salset.
Main Dutch establishments in India were at Cochin,* N&gapatnam, Pulkit and Chinsura.
Main British establishments in India were at Surat, Ahmedabad, Baloch, Agra, Bombay and Calcutta.
Main French establishments were at Pondicherry, Chandranagar and Karikal.

With the passage of time, all these four European powers came in direct conflict with each other to win over each other’s establishments. Impact of Portuguese and Dutch reduced to a great extdht till 17th century due to this conflict. Till this time, only French and the British remained in Indian scenario. They both were also engaged in conflict with each other to keep monopoly over Indian trade. Later on the British emerged victorious out of this conflict.

Question 5.
Explain the establishment of the British the East India Company.
Answer:
Establishment of the Company. Like the Pbrtuguese and the Dutch the British too decided to trade with India. Britain had strengthened her navy after defeating Spain in 1588 A.D.. In 1600 A.D., traders of England sought the permission of Queen Elizabeth for trade with India and established the British East India Company. They wanted to establish trade relations with eastern islands. But eastern islands were under the control of the Dutch. The Dutch harassed the British traders and compelled them to withdraw from the East Indies.

Concessions from the Mughal Emperor. Now the British” East India Company increased its trade activities in India. In 1608 A.D., Capt. Hawkins obtained permission of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir to trade with India. In 1615 A.D., Sir Thomas Roe came to the Court of Jahangir as an ambassador of James I, the king of England. He sought permission of Jahangir to establish a factory at Surat and also obtained several other concessions. As such, Surat became a trade centre of the English.

Growth of power of the British East India Company. In 16li A.D., the English established a factory at Masulipattam in South India. After this, they purchased some land and laid the foundation of the city of Madras (Chennai) and established -a factory there. In 1651 A.D., the British Emperor Charles’ II got Bombay (Mumbai) from the Portuguese as dowry and the British Company established a cotton, cloth factory there.

Permission for free trade. The British East India: Company established its first factory in 1633 in the East India, in Orissa. Soon they set up their “factories at Hugli, Patna, Balasor and Dacca. Surat continued to be th^headquartes of the British Company till 1686 A.D. A mint was set up in Bombay (Mumbai). Coins made in this mint were in circulation in the Mughal Empire. In 1717 A.D., the British Company got the permission to trade freely (free from Octroi tax) in lieu of payment of Rs. three thousand per annum to the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.

In this way, trade of the British East India Company flourished a lot. With the expansion of trade, cities like Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) became very prosperous.

Question 6.
Explain Anglo-French struggle.
Or
Write the phases of struggle between the British and the French.
Answer:
The wars which took place between the British and the French in South India are known as the wars of Carnatic. Following is the chronological order of this conflict :
1. First Carnatic War: The First Carnatic War was fought during 1746-1748 A.D.

Causes:

The English and the French wanted to establish their supremacy in trade in the whole of India. This was the main cause of animosity between them.
At that time, war broke out between England and France in Europe. As a result, war between the English and the French also started in India.

Events. In 1746 A.D., the French attacked the British territory and occupied Madras (now Chennai). As Madras was a part of Carnatic state, the British requested the Nawab of Carnatic to come to their help. The Nawab sent ten thousand soldiers to stop the war between the British and the French. The Nawab’s army was defeated by the French army. In 1748 A.D., the war ended in Europe:

Consequently, the War between the English and the French also came to an end in India.

Results:

The French supremacy was established in South India as a result of their victory in this war.
The control of Chennai (Madras) was given back to the British as a result of the peace treaty.

2. Second Carnatic War (P.S.E.B. 2002 B):
The Second Carnatic War was fought between 1751 A.D. and 1754 A.D.

Causes: The Second Carnatic War was started due to the dispute about succession to the thrones in two states namely, Hyderabad and Carnatic. In each state, there were two claimants to the throne. Nasir Jang and Muzafar Jang were claimants to the throne of Hyderabad and Anwar-ud-Din and Chanda Sahib to that of Carnatic. The French army Commander Dupleix supported Muzafar Jang and Chanda Sahib and made them the rulers of Hyderabad and Carnatic respectively.

The English did not remain silent spectators. They supported Nasir Jang in Hyderabad and Muhammad Ali, son of Anwar-ud-Din in Carnatic.

Events: In the beginning, the French won some victories. Chanda Sahib, with the help of the French, defeated his enemies at Trichnapali. But the English army commander Robert Clive changed the whole position. He laid siege to Arcot, the capital of the state ruled by Chanda Sahib. Chanda Sahib ran away from Trichnapali for the protection of his capital, but he could neither protect his capital nor himself. In this way, Carnatic came under the rule of the British.

Results:

A treaty was signed in 1755 A.D. between the English and the French. Both the parties decided to remain aloof from the conflicts between Indian rulers.
The prestige of the English was enhanced as a result of this war.

3. Third Carnatic War. The Third Carnatic War was fought between 1756 A.D. to 1763 A.D. In this war too, the English came out victorious and the French were defeated.

Causes: In 1756 A.D., once again, England and France were engulfed in a war in Europe, (Seven Years War). Consequently, in India too, war broke out between the English and the French.

Events: First of all, the French occupied the English fort named Saint David. After this, they attacked Madras (now Chennai). But in 1760 A.D., an English Army Commander Eyer Coot badly defeated the French in the battle of Vandivash. In 1763 A.D., the war in Europe (Seven Years War), came to an end by the treaty of Paris. Consequently, the war between the English and the French in India also came to an end.

Results:

The power of the French in India was almost finished. The French were left with only Pondicherry, Mahe and Chandernagar.
The British became the most powerful political power in India.

Question 7.
Explain the expansion of the British Empire during the time of Lord Wellesley.
Answer:
Lord Welleslly came to India as Governor-General in 1798 A.D. He wanted to spread the British empire in India. He adopted a number of methods of fulfil this objective and captured many Indian states.

In short, he used following methods to spread the British empire in India:
1. Through Wars. Lord Welleslly defeated Tipu Sultan in fourth Mysore war in 1799 A.D. and captured lot of his territory. He also defeated Marathas in 1802 A.D. and captured Delhi, Agra, Cuttock, Balasor, Bharoch, Buftdelkhand to spread British empire. Wellesley also captured Indore, which was the capital to Maratha king Jaswant Rao Holker.

2. Through Subsidiary Alliance. Welleslly also adopted the policy of Subsidiary Alliance to spread the British Empire. It was made between the company and native rulers. The company promised to give military help to the rulers who entered into subsidiary alliances with it in case of any internal or external trouble. But in that case local ruler was not allowed to make war or any treaty with any ruler without the permission of the company.

First of all, this alliance was accepted by Nizam of Hyderabad in 1798 A.D. Even he gave some of his areas to the British. After Nizam, this alliance was also accepted by Nawab of Awadh. Even he gave area of Ruhelkhand and Doab of Ganga-Yamuna to the British for the expanses of military which was kept in its state.

3. Through Pensions. Wellesley gave pension to King of Surat- in 1800 A.D. and included Surat in the British empire. Nawab of Karnataka died in 1801 A.D. He fixed pension for his son and included his state in the British empire.
In this way Lord Welleslly expanded the British empire, to a great deal, in India.

Question 8.
Explain the expansion of the British empire during the time of Lord Dalhousie.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie spread the British empire in India through four following methods:

Through Conquests
Though Doctrine of Lapse
On the basis of Mal-administration
By discontinuing titles and pensions.

1. Through Conquests:

Lord Dalhousie took advantage of the opposition of Moolraj and Chatar Singh and declared war against the Lahore Darbar. It is also known as Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849 A.D.). The British emerged victorious from this war. As a result, Punjab was annexed on 29th March 1849 and it become part of the British empire.
Lord Dalhousie attacked Sikkim in 1850 A.D. and defeated its ruler. In this way, Sikkim was also annexed into the British empire.
The next turn was of Burma. The British emerged victorious from the second Anglo-Burmese war in 1852 A’.D. So, the Prom and Pegu states of Burma were annexed into the British empire.

2. Doctrine of Lapse. Lord Dalhousie adopted the policy of Lapse to annex Indian states into the British empire. According to this policy if the ruler of a dependent state had no male issue he could not adopt a son. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass into the hands of the British. On the grounds of this doctrine, Dalhousie annexed seven dependent kingdoms into the British empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaitpur, and Satara.

3. On the basis of Mal-Administration. In 1856-A.D., Lord Dalhousie accused Nawab of Awadh that the administration of Awadh is mismanaged. That’s why Avadh was annexed into the British empire. This action of Dalhousie .was totally against ethics.

4. By discontinuing titles and pensions. Lord Dalhousie took away the titles of rulers of Karnataka, Poona, Thanjavur, and Surun and discontinued their pension. Later on, these states were annexed into the British empire.