PSEB 12th Class Sociology Solutions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Modernisation and Globalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of these is a structural process of change?
(а) Only Modernisation
(b) Only Globalisation
(c) Both Modernisation and Globalisation
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both Modernisation and Globalisation

2. Who among the following said that the process of modernisation leads from personal bonds to impersonal relations?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Weber
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Weber

3. Who among the following said that the process of modernisation occurred from Mechanical Solidarity to Organic Solidarity?
(a) Durkheim
(b) Weber
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Durkheim

4. What is the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services called?
(a) Westernisation
(b) Sanskritisation
(c) Modernisation
(d) Globalisation
Answer:
(d) Globalisation

5. Globalisation means:
(a) Reduction of trade barriers
(b) Freer flow of technology
(c) Both
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Both

Fill in the Blanks:

1. A charismatic leader is one who is having ……………….. to influence people with his/her personality.
Answer:
charisma

2. In the process of modernisation, the …………….. level entails a change in the attitudes and peculiar personality traits of the person.
Answer:
social

3. LPG stands for liberalization, ………………… and ……………….
Answer:
privatisation, globalisation

4. The transfer of control over ownership from the public sector to the private sector is called………………
Answer:
privatisation

5. ……………. is the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide.
Answer:
Globalisation

True/False:

1. The pace of modernisation varies from society to society.
Answer:
True

2. British policy of least interference at micro-level structures of society that is industrialisation, urbanisation and legal system had brought little or no change at this level.
Answer:
False

3. Modernisation is a systematic process in which change in one sphere leads to changes in another.
Answer:
True

4. The process of globalisation varies from country to country of the world.
Answer:
True

5. Globalisation does not emphasise interdependence.
Answer:
False

Match The Columns:

Column A	Column B
Modernisation	Impersonal Bonds
Globalisation	Mechanical solidarity
Durkheim	Global village
Weber	Technological changes
Marshal Mclluhan	Interdependence

Answer:

Column A	Column B
Modernisation	Technological changes
Globalisation	Interdependence
Durkheim	Mechanical solidarity
Weber	Impersonal Bonds
Marshal Mclluhan	Global village

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Who has given the concept of global village?
Answer:
Marshall Mclluhan has given the concept of global village.

Question 2.
Who has given the concept of mechanical and organic solidarity?
Answer:
Emile Durkheim has given the concept of mechanical and organic solidarity.

Question 3.
Name the process through which the transfer of control over ownership from the public sector to private sector is done.
Answer:
Privatisation.

Question 4.
Name the process through which the reorientation of economies in the direction of market principles is done.
Answer:
Liberalisation.

Question 5.
Name the leader who can influence people with his/her personality.
Answer:
A charismatic leader.

Question 6.
Name four spheres in the process of modernisation.
Answer:
Technology, agriculture, industry and environment are the four spheres in the process of modernisation.

Question 7.
Name three causes of modernisation.
Answer:
Urbanisation, modernisation, modern education are the three causes of modernisation.

Question 8.
Name two characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:

This is a lengthy and continuous process.
It brings a change in every sector of society.

Question 9.
Name two characteristics of globalisation.
Answer:

This process has increased the interdependence among countries.
It leads to the free flow of people, technology and ideas.

Question 10.
What do you understand the charismatic leaders?
Answer:
That leader who is having some charismatic features in his personality and who can influence public with his personality.

Question 11.
What does LPG stand for?
Answer:
Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by modernisation?
Or
Write a note on modernisation.
Answer:
The meaning of modernisation is adopting new ways of living life and modern values. Initially, its meaning was taken in quite a narrow manner but now changes in the agricultural economy and industrial economy are also included in it.

Question 2.
Discuss briefly two characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:

This is a revolutionary process in which society changes itself from traditional to modern. In this, complete change comes in the living style of people.
The process of modernisation is quite lengthy which takes many generations for becoming modern from traditional.

Question 3.
Discuss briefly two causes of modernisation.
Answer:

Due to the advent of western education, people started getting an education and they started adopting modern ideas of western countries.
Industrialization brought many inventions and humans were replaced by machines. It brought modernisation to society.

Question 4.
What do you understand by globalisation?
Or
Globalisation.
Answer:
In simple language, the meaning of globalisation is an unlimited and unrestricted exchange of goods, services, ideas, information, people and capital between different countries. It breaks downs the economic, social and cultural barriers between countries. All this has been made possible with the help of developed means of communication.

Question 5.
What do you understand by privatisation?
Answer:
The government has formed many public sector companies and the process of selling such companies to private hands is known as privatisation. We can take many examples of privatisation such as NALCO, VSNL. Actually govt, always try to sell off the loss making companies. This is privatisation.

Question 6.
What do you understand by liberalisation?
Answer:
Removing unnecessary restrictions from a controlled economy is known as liberalisation. Removing unnecessary restrictions from industries and trade to make the economy more open and competitive is called liberalisation. It is an economic process and a process of bringing economic changes in society.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Differentiate between traditional and modern society.
Answer:

Traditional societies have subsistence economies. It means production is done only to fulfil needs but in modern societies, production is done while keeping the market in mind.
Simple division of labour is there in traditional societies which are based on gender but modern societies are based on the division of labour and specialisation with many bases.
People of traditional societies are locally interdependent but in modern societies, people of the whole world are interdependent.
Technology in traditional society is at the primary level but modern societies have developed technology available with them.

Question 2.
Differentiate between mechanical and organic solidarity.
Answer:

Mechanical solidarity connects an individual with society without any middleman. Inorganic society, an individual depends on society because he depends upon other individuals.
Mechanical solidarity is based on similarities but the base of organic solidarity is the division of labour.
The strength of mechanical solidarity lies in the power of collective consciousness but the origin of organic solidarity lies in functional differentiation.
Mechanical solidarity was available in ancient and old societies but organic solidarity is the main feature of modern societies in which division of labour is the main feature of life.

Question 3.
What is modernisation? Discuss its two levels.
Answer:
Meaning of modernisation. See Question No. 1 of short answer type questions. Two levels of modernisation,

The individual-level includes a change in the attitudes and specific personality features of an individual. There is a transformation with respect to acceptance of new ideas, rational points and readiness to express ideas.
At the societal level, modernization is characterised by the specificity of roles and goals in the institutional spheres i.e. education, tolerance, communication, secularisation, family, marriage, social mobility etc.

Question 4.
What is globalisation? Name two types of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of one country gets connected with the economies of other countries. In simple words, the unrestricted movement of goods, services, humans, capital etc. between different countries is called globalisation. With this process economies of different countries come in contact with each other. There is free movement of trade in countries. In this way the process of integration of different economies is globalization. It is of many types such as economic globalisation in which different economies of the world get connected and technological globalisation in which technology developed in one country reaches another country.

Question 5.
Substantiate the concept of globalisation with the help of an example.
Answer:
Globalisation is a process in which the economy of one country gets connected with the economies of other countries. In simple words, the unrestricted movement of goods, services, humans, capital etc. between different countries is called globalisation. With this process economies of different countries come in contact with each other. There is free movement of trade in countries. In this way the process of integration of different economies is globalization. It is of many types such as economic globalisation in which different economies of the world get connected and technological globalisation in which technology developed in one country reaches another country.

Very Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
What do you understand by modernisation? Discuss its characteristics in detail.
Or
Discuss in detail the characteristics of modernisation.
Answer:
The process of modernization came with the development of modern societies. The process of modernization was started in India after the advent of Britishers. It means that when people come in contact with the people of western culture then many changes came in them. Modernization is the main feature of modern society.

According to M.N. Srinivas, “Difference exists in the processes of modernization and westernization. The concept of westernization is a morally more neutral concept than the concept of modernization. We cannot come to know about the goodness or badness of any culture in it. But modernization is not a value-free concept because modernization is always considered as good and better.” That’s why Srinivas has given more importance to westernization than modernization. He has not given the difference in them but according to him, the results of modernization are always good and better. So from the views of Srinivas, it is clear that the process of modernization is always progressive. Different sociologists have given different views about it which are given below:

1. According to Marrion J. Levy, “My definition of modernization hinges on the use of inanimate tools to multiply the effect of effort. I conceive each of these two elements as the basis of continum. A society will be considered more or less modernized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and or use tools to multiply the effects of these efforts. Neither of these elements is either totally absent from or exclusively present in any society.”

2. According to Weener, “There are many aspects of modernization.”

Political Modernization. In these important institutions, political parties, parliaments, right to vote, development of secret vote which are capable of reaching at any participant decision, etc. are included.
Cultural Modernization. It produces likeness with ideologies and secularization.
Economic Modernization. It is different from industrialization.

According to Dr. Yogender Singh, “Modernization includes rational attitude, universalistic view point, sympathy, scientific world view, humanity, technological advancement etc.” So we can say that the process of modernization is that process in which change comes in old system and new and better system takes place of old system. This process exists in any society but its degree is different in different societies.

Characteristics Of Modernization:

1. It leads to the development of urbanization and industrialization. Industrialization also exists with urbanization. Wherever big industries were established, cities were also developed there. With this process the population of village started to move towards cities. Means of communication and transport have brought many changes in urban society. That’s why many changes came in institutions like family, religion and caste etc. That’s why change came in urbanization. That’s why we believe that urbanization and modernization are interrelated. Wherever cities are developed modernization exists there. That’s why we can see more progress in urban society as compared to rural communities.

2. This process develops education. With the process of modernzation educational sector has been developed very quickly. Lot of development has come in technical education. In ancient times only higher castes were given religious education. But with the progress of society, need was felt of technical institutions. That’s why technical institutions were opened. Except this the importance of occupational education was increased because every person started to get work according to his ability. The process of specialization is also increased. Whichever person gets technical education, gets job or work. In this way the process of modernization has brought many changes in the educational sector.

3. It increases the international relations. Cooperation is increased in different countries with the process of modernization. Every country gets security with the advents of U.N.O. To produce peaceful atmosphere in the world mutual relations in different countries were necessary. U.N.O. has tried to protect human rights. It has also given its views to resolve the personal problems of any country. It’s main aim is to maintain peace in the world. If conflict starts in two countries then U.N.O. tries to resolve their dispute. In this way process of modernization has developed the atmosphere of love and cooperation at international level.

4. This process develops and increases the process of social differentiation. With the process of modernization, our society becomes complex and the process of differentiation has been increased. With the material development of society number of social differentiation has been increased. With this process we can come to know about that process with which society is divided into different parts.

This process never allows the feeling of hatredness to come in humans and groups. In this way when society moves from simple situation to complex situation then differentiation definitely exists in society. Without this process we can divide the functions in society. The way in which this process of modernization develops, in that same way every sector of society i.e. religious, economic, educational etc. starts to develop. That’s why the process of differentiation takes the pace and speed.

5. It increases social mobility. Social mobility is the main feature of modern
societies. Specialization of division of labour in urban societies, differentiation of occupations, business, industries, facilities of means of communication and transport has brought great pace in social mobility. Now every person can become rich from the state of poverty with his ability and brain. Now they adopt that occupation in which he sees more profit. Even they change their place of living due to occupation. In this way, with the process of social mobility, new values were developed instead of traditional values.

6. Social reform movements came into being due to this. Social,reform movements started to develop through the process of modernization, Whenever any change comes in society then it has both good and bad effects on society. Whenever we look at its good effects then we feel that progress has come in society but whenever we look at its bad effects then we can come to know about the disorganization of society. Many social reform movements came into being due to this process whose main aim was to eradicate social evils from the society so that the balance of society can be maintaind. Progress also comes, with this, in society. All those social evils are being eradicated from society through these movements which bring downfall of the society. In this way changes come in society due to this process.

7. It changes the status of individuals: Process of modernization changes the status of a person. In earlier societies it was necessary for a person to adopt hereditary occupation. But with this process, a number of occupations were emerged and specialization was produced. Because of this the status of a person started to change at once. Class system came into being in place of caste system. Humans started to get status according to their ability. In this way the status of different groups and organizations changes with this process.

Question 2.
Write a note on modernisation.
Answer:
The process of modernization came with the development of modern societies. The process of modernization was started in India after the advent of Britishers. It means that when people come in contact with the people of western culture then many changes came in them. Modernization is the main feature of modern society.

1. According to Marrion J. Levy, “My definition of modernization hinges on the use of inanimate tools to multiply the effect of effort. I conceive each of these two elements as the basis of the continuum. A society will be considered more or less modernized to the extent that its members use inanimate sources of power and or use tools to multiply the effects of these efforts. Neither of these elements is either totally absent from or exclusively present in any society.”

2. According to Weener, “There are many aspects of modernization.”

Political Modernization. In these important institutions, political parties, parliaments, right to vote, development of secret vote which are capable of reaching at any participant decision, etc. are included.
Cultural Modernization. It produces likeness with ideologies and secularization.
Economic Modernization. It is different from industrialization.

Question 3.
Enumerate various causes of modernisation.
Or
Describe four causes of modernisation.
Or
Explain urbanisation and industrialisation as responsible causes for modernisation.
Or
Discuss various causes of modernisation.
Answer:
There are many causes of modernisation and some of them are as follows:

1. Urbanisation. With the advent of the British in India, the process of urbanisation started to develop over here. They established many major Indian cities such as Kolkata, Chenai, Mumbai etc. After Indian independence, this process grew rapidly. It has been said that urban areas have a better infrastructure as compared to rural areas. One can live a better life in cities. That’s why from last few decades, rural people started migrating to urban areas. There can be few other reasons such as more employment opportunities, better health facilities, educational institution, better entertainment facilities etc. In this way, the process of urbanisation has greatly helped in increasing this process of modernisation.

2. Industrialisation. The meaning of urbanisation is the process of industrial development. Due to industrial revolution, many large scale industries were established and gradually many changes came in machinery. New and modern machines further enhanced the production process. All the machines and technology spread everywhere. Production process changed frflm hands to machines which helped in increasing the process of modernisation. ‘

3. Education. Education helps in finding abilities of an individual and fills in him the knowledge. Only because of education, people make new inventions. This is considered as an important symbol of development. Because after getting education, people make new inventions, that’s way it is considered quite important in bringing modernisation.

4. Charismatic Leadership. Charismatic leader is that one who influences others with his personality. He holds the capacity of influencing others and many people start to follow him. Such leaders, due to their charismatic personality, motivate their followers to adopt modern ideas and values. Consequently modernisation comes in society.

5. Mass Media. In mass media, we include newspaper, magazines, books, T.V. radio, films, internet etc. Such means of mass media opened up new ideas, ways of behaviour, information for the traditional minded people. To bring out new information, mass media emerged as a very important mean which helped in increasing modernisation.

Question 4.
Write a note on the process of modernisation.
Answer:
Modernisation is the process which has greatly influenced every aspect of our society. It also includes the spread of new system with the passage of time and this has changed even social structure and psychological facts. Because society becomes more productive and progressive, that’s why it becomes more complex from social and cultural point of view. About this, Max Weber has rightly said, “With the change in modernisation process personal relations convert into impersonal relations.” Here Emile Durkheim also says, “With the change in modernisation, mechanical unity of society gets converted into organic solidarity.

With the advent of industrialisation, change came in every sector of society and society changed from traditional to modern. All this was made possible when people of less developed area started moving to developed area. To start the process of modernisation, few pre-requisites are necessary such as the adoption of new educational system, wish to adopt new technology etc. Sociologists have given four interrelated processes in modernisation and these are:

In the technological sector, transformation comes from simple to scientific technology. For example change of handloom to power loom.
In the agricultural sector, this change came from subsistence economy to market economy. For example, presently, farmers with the help of labourers, grow cash crops to sell in the market.
In the industrial sector, it gets transformed from human labour to mechanised labour. For example, during earlier times, agriculture was done with plough, now it is done with a tractor.
In the environmental sector, rural people are migrating to urban areas. For example, people living in the nearby villages started migrating to cities to get work in industries.

Modernisation can be understood at two levels. At individual level, change comes in individual’s behaviour and his specific traits. Change also comes in his acceptance of new ideas, his approach and wish to express ideas. Modern individual lays stress on making plans, organization and showing ability. He believes in science and technology. Presently laying stress on modernity is spreading everywhere in the world.

Question 5.
Write a note on globalisation.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has been spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Actually not even a single country is completely self-dependent to fulfil its needs. It has to depend upon other countries to fulfil the basic needs of its people. With this all countries are dependent upon each other to fulfil their needs. That’s why because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations were increased in different countries and one idea came into being to increase relations of free trade with other countries. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalization. The concept of Globalization is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

This concept of Globalization is not very old. It is only 25-30 years old and has taken the whole world in its fold. That’s why the world is shrinking these days. We can get the foreign made goods while living in our small town or city. We can see any sector of the country. For example, many foreign cars like Mercedees, General Motors, Rolls Royce, Farrari, Honda, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, Skoda, Toyota etc. have come to India, which were not available in the decade of 1980’s. It is happening because of Globalisation and liberalisation because of which market of our country has been opened for foreign companies. In this way a lot of foreign made goods and Indian goods are there in our country.

It is Globalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for foreign companies and are encouraging free trade. These days world is shrinking and it is just like a small village or town. Government is increasing foreign direct investments (FDI) in every sector. This is called Globalization.

At the end of 20th century, a new process came forward which greatly influenced whole of the world on the basis of mutual exchange and interdependence. This process is known as globalisation. It is a multi-aspect process. Presently whole of the world has become a global world. Just within few minutes, we come to know about what is going on in the whole world. Presently, world is changing into a society. Due to globalisation, people are migrating to other countries, With the help of means of communication, we can talk with any one sitting in any part of the world and this has been made possible only with internet and globalisation.

Question 6.
What is globalisation and discuss its types.
Or
Highlight technological globalisation as type of globalisation.
Answer:
Meaning of globalisation. See the previous q.no. 5. Types of globalisation. There are many type of globalisation which are given below:

1. Ecological globalisation. In this type of globalisation, we can include environmental pollution which is affecting ozone layers and there is increase in global warming. On world level, efforts are being made to solve this problem. Agreements are signed between countries to reduce environment pollution. To save ozone layer, a Montreal Protocol was signed to reduce the level of carbon dioxide emitted in atmosphere.

2. Economic globalisation. The meaning of economic globalisation is the interdependence occurring due to the increasing exchange of goods, services and capital in the whole world. Due to this interdependence, we can see the wrong impact of one economy at world level. For example one global problem came in 2009 which greatly affected most of the countries.

3. Technological globalisation. The meaning of technological globalisation is revolutionary change coming in the means of communication with which one part of the world gets easily connected with other parts. Modern means of transport have reduced the geographical distances and many exchanges started. For example mobile, internet etc.

4. Cultural globalisation. The meaning of cultural globalisation is exchange of present rules, ideas, values etc. of one part with the other. This exchange has been made possible with the help of internet, media, travelling etc. It increased interaction between the people of different cultures and exchange of cultural customs started between them.

5. Political globalisation. In political globalisation, same policies are adopted everywhere. Due to their personal problems, different countries are signing agreements with others. That’s way many international organizations came forward such as United Nations.

Question 7.
Discuss in detail the characteristics of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation has come into being because of the interdependence of different countries. Different countries are dependent upon each other for their needs. That’s why they are doing export and import of things. That’s why the concept of Globalisation has come in front of us. Its main characteristics are given below:

1. World Trade. The first and necessary condition of Globalisation is world trade. It is the main base of business of the world. It unites the people of different sectors living in different countries and gives them business. For example. India has lot of surplus tea. That’s why different countries of the world are importing tea from India. In the same way almost all the countries of the world are dependent upon Arabian countries for crude oil. In this with the exchange of goods and because of business they are coming closer to each other. People of India depend upon Arabian people and they depend upon us. That’s why world trade and Globalisation has been increased.

2. Economic Globalisation. Globalisation has established a new economy in the world. Now economy of one country depends upon the economy of another country. That’s why the concept of World economy has come into being. Different countries unite with each other because of economy and the exchange of cultural traits starts between them. Investment, exchange of division of labour, specialization, production, consumption etc. play an important role in this business. Economic Globalisation has encouraged Capitalism. Now people are thinking even for international economy and structure.

3. Globalisation of Market. Globalisation has increased the market to a great extent. Now Globalisation of market is not being done only on the basis of production but also on the basis of consumption. Now companies are producing things while keeping in mind the market of other country or international market. Even some countries depend on others for consumption. In this way production and consumption depend upon the foreign market. With this the business with other country increases and foreign exchange comes in country. In this way marke.t depends upon foreign countries. We can find a number of foreign made goods in our market. Even the eatable things are available in cans in market. In this way the market is expanded with globalisation.

4. Division of Labour. Globalisation has encouraged the division of labour: Now people are doing many courses to go to foreign countries. For example, people are doing a number of computer courses so that they can earn money in a foreign country. We can see many types of advertisements in newspapers that specialists in different countries are required. Division of labour is encouraged because specialists are in great demand in different countries. It is the feature of globalisation that has encouraged the division of labour.

5. Migration of Labourers to Other Countries. Another feature of globalisation is the migration of workers from one country to another country in search of work. Generally, people, specialists in different sectors from South Asian countries are going to western countries for work because they think that they can earn more in western countries. Workers of different countries are working in different countries and are earning money. In this way because of globalisation people of different countries are able to migrate to other countries.

6. World Economy. Another feature of globalisation is the encouragement of the world economy. Now the economy of one country is not restricted only to that country because its economy is affected by the economies of other countries. With the increase in business, economies depend upon each other. In this way because of inter¬dependence world economy and world trade has been increased.

Question 8.
Write a note on the process of globalisation.
Answer:
The process of Globalisation is a wide economic process which has been spread in all the societies and countries. Different countries have free trade and economic relations in this process. Actually not even a single country is completely self-dependent to fulfil its needs. It has to depend upon other countries to fulfil the basic needs of its people. With this all countries are dependent upon each other to fulfil their needs. That’s why because of this mutual dependence, mutual relations were increased in different countries and one idea came into being to increase relations of free trade with other countries. This idea of increasing economic relations and free trade is given the name of Globalization. The concept of Globalization is the concept of liberalisation in which different countries are opening their doors for other countries to have duty free trade relations among them.

Meaning of globalisation. See the previous q.no. 5. Types of globalisation. There are many type of globalisation which are given below:

Globalisation has come into being because of the interdependence of different countries. Different countries are dependent upon each other for their needs. That’s why they are doing export and import of things. That’s why the concept of Globalisation has come in front of us. Its main characteristics are given below:

PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 8 Modernisation and Globalisation

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