Punjab State Board PSEB 12th Class Sociology Book Solutions Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.
PSEB Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 12 Social Issues: Old Age and Disability
Sociology Guide for Class 12 PSEB Social Issues: Old Age and Disability Textbook Questions and Answers
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. The imposing of power by young on elderly of the family creates:
(a) Love
(b) Tension
(c) Stress
(d) Conflict
Answer:
(b) Tension
2. What does the shift in family structure makes elders feel?
(a) Neglected
(b) Poor
(c) Angry
(d) Weak
Answer:
(d) Weak
3. By which act does the maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens take place?
(a) Senior Citizen’s Act 2009
(b) Senior Citizen’s Act 2008
(c) Senior Citizen’s Act 2007
(d) Senior Citizen’s Act 2006
Answer:
(c) Senior Citizen’s Act 2007
4. What is the other name for Continuity theory?
(a) Undeveloped theory
(b) Developing theory
(c) Development theory
(d) Non continuity theory
Answer:
(c) Development theory
5. The term ……………. carries with it the connotation of a deficiency mental, physical or sensory.
(a) Blindness
(b) Mental retardation
(c) Disability
(d) Cerebral palsy
Answer:
(c) Disability
6. Children with physical disability whose non-sensory physical limitations or health problems interfere with school attendance or leaving have:
(a) Orthopaedic disability
(b) Cerebral palsy
(c) ADHD
(d) Learning disability
Answer:
(d) Learning disability
7. Embracing which model do the disabled individuals assert a positive identity not only in being disabled but also in being impaired?
(a) Social model
(b) Affirmative model
(c) Politics of disablement model
(d) Structural model
Answer:
(a) Social model
8. The rights of people with disabilities are best promoted by:
(а) Family and friends
(b) Formulating various policies
(c) People with disabilities themselves
(d) Social and government construction
Answer:
(a) Family and friends
Fill in the Blanks:
1. The study of social and sociological aspects of aging is called ………………..
Answer:
Social gerontology
2. Arthritis, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease etc. are age related ……………….. diseases.
Answer:
Chronic
3. One of the most challenging phenomenon worldwide in 21st century is ……………….. population.
Answer:
Aging
4. The new housing system for the elderly is known as ……………….
Answer:
Old age homes
5. The ……………… department can take an active role in preparing employees to face retirement and old age issues.
Answer:
Social justice and welfare
6. ………………. is a condition where a person suffers from total blindness or visual acuity not including 6/60 or 20/200 vision.
Answer:
Visual disability
7. The first policy statement in which recognised the rights of people with various impairment is equal opportunities is ……………….
Answer:
The Rehabilitation Council Act
True/False:
1. The Parents’ Maintenance Act was passed in Himachal Pradesh.
Answer:
True
2. The inequality between the young and old in society is explained in the Modernization theory.
Answer:
False
3. Old age people do not have any role problems.
Answer:
False
4. The old age people experience financial insecurity at this age.
Answer:
True
5. Old age people are not considered much productive due to age factor.
Answer:
True
6. The people with Disabilities Act 1995 recognises the need to replace emphasis on medical rehabilitation with emphasis on social rehabilitation.
Answer:
True
Match The Columns:
| Column A | Column B |
| Withdrawl from society | Activity Theory |
| Change in socioeconomic status | Social Problems |
| Elders should be more active | Disengagement theory |
| Field of study that aims to study | Economic Insecurity |
| the process of ageing Unable to sustain themselves | Gerontology |
Answer:
| Column A | Column B |
| Withdrawl from society | Disengagement theory |
| Change in socioeconomic status | Economic Insecurity |
| Elders should be more active | Activity Theory |
| Field of study that aims to study | Gerontology |
| the process of ageing Unable to sustain themselves | Social Problems |
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
Question 1.
According to United Nation, what is the cut off age for older population?
Answer:
This age is 60 + years.
Question 2.
How much would India’s elderly population go upto by 2020?
Answer:
140 million.
Question 3.
On which day is the UN International day for older persons celebrated?
Answer:
1st October.
Question 4.
Which are the five stages of a person’s life?
Answer:
Infancy, Childhood, adolesence, adulthood and old age.
Question 5.
What is the age of retirement in India?
Answer:
60 years.
Question 6.
What do you understand by the term disability?
Answer:
Disability is the consequence of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity.
Question 7.
Distinguish between handicap and impairment.
Answer:
Handicap means deficiency of any physical organ and impairment means loss of psychological, physical or anatomical structure.
Question 8.
What is inclusion?
Answer:
The meaning of inclusion is including any disable person in any work.
Question 9.
What is learning disability?
Answer:
When any person is unable to learn anything, it is called learning disability.
Question 10.
Define social model in your own works.
Answer:
The meaning of social model is that unequal relation in society in which disable persons are not given any importance.
Short Answer Type Questions:
Question 1.
What are the physical signs which mark an individual as old?
Answer:
There are few physical signs which mark an individual as old. Some of these signs are tooth decay, grey hair, hunched back, hearing loss, slow pace of walk, vision impairment etc.
Question 2.
What are the causes of loneliness and depression found among the old age people in society?
Answer:
When the children of old age people go for job or to cities for work, they remain alone at home. With time, authority of family goes in the hands of young one’s. Nothing remained in the hands of old age people because of which they becomes the victim of laneliness and depression.
Question 3.
How inclusion is different from integration?
Answer:
In Inclusion, disable persons are included in any work due to any pressure but in Integration, they are made the part of any work and they become a necessary part of that work.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Question 1.
How does the Government help in the rehabilitation of the old age population?
Answer:
After independence, the Indian government started doing a lot for the welfare of old age population. In 1999, United nations decided to celebrate the same year as the International year for the aged population. After this on 13 January 1999, the Indian government made a national policy for them so that they can get benefits from this. In 2007, ‘Maintenance and welfare of parents and Senior Citizens Act’ gave legal status to the rights of aged people. Along with these, many other programmes were initiated from them such as old age security, old age pension, construction of old age homes, expansion of old age services, to make housing policy for old age etc.
Question 2.
Highlight the housing and health related problems faced by the old age people in our society.
Answer:
- Housing problems: The aged people have to face housing problems. Out of total old age people, most of them are widows and females, and they lack proper house to live in. There is a common complaint that they feel lonely at home or family members force them to live alone.
- Health problems: In this age, the immunity power of the body declines considerably. People become weak from physical and psychological points of view. They suffer from many diseases such as no digestion, tooth decay, high blood pressure, sugar etc.
Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘social security benefits’?
Answer:
In the changing situations of the present society, economic dependency on children is quite a difficult task. That’s why the importance of social security benefits given by government has increased. It means that the government gives some help in old age. But in our country, India, old age people are given very less social security. 90% of the total old age people work in unorganise sector and they do not get pension or any other benefits. Government gives some help to poor old age people such as
- National old age pension which is ₹ 75 per month but is given only to those whose age is 65 years and above.
- Many state governments have made schemes in which ₹ 60-250 per month are given. This is given only to those whose age is 65 years and above and those who live below the poverty line.
- Widows are given ₹ 150 per month.
Question 4.
Write about the disability discourse in India in your own words.
Answer:
In almost whole of the world, more than 100 crore people are living with one or the other disability. We might have seen many people around us who are disable and face many problems in living an easy life. Disable persons face many crunches in life such as education, employment and other benefits. Along with this, a social curse is attached with it which is an obstacle in the way of their normal economic and social life. Out of 100 crore disable persons in whole of the world, three crore in India are facing any type of disability. These people are either hated or mercy is shown to them. They cannot use all the basis facilities of life and that’s why lack many things in life. Around 2% of the total Indian population is living with any type of disability.
Question 5.
Disability need not to be an obstacle to success. Discuss.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that if any individual wish to achieve any thing, no obstacle can stop him. This thing is correctly applicable even on disable persons. In any disable person wish to achieve anything, he can achieve that. We have many examples who achieved success even if they were disable. In Special Olympics, such people take part and make their country proud.
Very Long Answer Type Questions:
Question 1.
Write a detailed note on the theories of ageing.
Or
Explain Activity and Modernisation theory of Ageing.
Or
Discuss modernisation and activity theory of Ageing.
Answer:
There are many theories of ageing which are given below:
1. The Disengagement Theory: According to this theory, old age is such condition in which society and an individual start to move away or disengage from each other. Authority of family moves out of the hands of aged people and goes in the hands of young one’s with which society works efficiently. So, according to this theory, when an individual becomes old, his physical efficiency does not allow him to do more work and he starts to move away from society. That’s -why, every thing goes in the hands of young one’s.
2. The Activity Theory: Activity theory says that, to remain happy in old age, it is necessary for an old man to continue with his work. This theory says that if existing relations are no more, they must be replaced. Change in roles and relations is necessary because with the decline in human ability to do work, decline also comes in his level of satisfaction.
3. The Continuity Theory: Continuity theory also known as development theory. This theory says that the old people try to maintain and preserve internal and external structures by using methods which maintain continuity. This theory has great capability for explaining how people adopt to their own ageing.
4. Modernisation Theory: This theory says that elder persons typically fail to change to satisfy the rules of the modernisation process such as material economy, technological maturity, achievement orientation etc.
5. The Age Stratification Theory: This theory tells us which inequalities exist in any society among young one’s and old persons. This theory also says that the relative inequality of the aged at any given time and in any cultural situation depends upon two types material experiences. First one is those life experiences with which physical and psychological changes come in them and the second is their historical experiences that with which group he is related.
Question 2.
Explain the various problems faced by old age people in society.
Or
Write a detailed note on the problems of the aged.
Answer:
Elders not have to face one or two problems but have to face many problems which are given below:
1. Problems due to Technological Development. Elders were very much respected in ancient times because it was believed that elders have the knowledge of any art. People need those elders to get knowledge of that art. But it is not so in today’s age. Now elders are unable to get that respect due to technological development because any type of knowledge can be saved with the help of technology. That’s why the respect of the aged, which they were getting in earlier times, has been reduced. Now there is no importance of aged for the society. They are considered as useless and misbehaved because of which problems occurred for them.
2. Problem due to decreasing effect of caste system. Many types of laws were made after independence because of which the importance of caste system was reduced to a great extent. Occupation of person, in ancient times, was determined according to his caste, person has to adopt the occupation of that caste in which he is born. He was not allowed to change his occupation even if he had the ability. Elder people of the caste were used to give some secrets of the occupations to the younger members of the family. But after independence, the importance of caste system was reduced because of which now person can adopt anx occupation with his ability. In this way the importance of the secrets given by elders was reduced and their need remains no more. They were considered as useless and their problems were started.
3. Problems due to Spread of Education. Yet the spread of education is good for society but many a times it brings problems for the elders. People of villages send their children to cities to get better education. After getting education they get job in cities. They start to live in cities and even marries over there. In the start they regularly go back to villages and even send money to their parents. But due to increasing business they stop going back to villages and even stop sending money to their parents. Parents has no option except living quitely. From here economic problem starts for them.
4. Problem of Economic Dependency. Generally it has been seen that dependence of money also becomes a reason of problem in old age. If father has died and mother has no source of income then she becomes helpless and becomes dependent upon children. She is left with no option except depending on children to run their daily expenditure. She becomes helpless. In this way dependence upon children also becomes a reason of problem in old age.
5. Spending whole Income on Children. It is very difficult to save money in today’s age of inflation. A middle class family has to do a lot of expenditure. Lot of money is required to meet expenditure of house and expenditure of education of children etc. Every person wants to give better education to his children. Better education is very expensive these days. They spend whole of their income and saving on children to give them good education so that they could be given a good future.That’s why nothing is left with them for old age. Children get good education and good job and even make their own house after marriage. Parents enter in an old age but economic problems surround them. In this way they have to face economic problems.
6. Problems related to Health. Person works with great heart for his whole life. When he becomes old then his body stops responding to them. They surrounds by many diseases like sugar, blood pressure, heart problem etc. They have to take the help of medicines to control these diseases. Their body hardly responds to them. They are unable to do anything. In this way health related problems are very important problems.
7. Problems due to Industrialization. Problems of many aged persons were started after the advent of industries. People are going to cities from villages in search of work. They have to go to cities to save themselves from unemployment and economic problems. They hesitate to take elders to the cities. In this way elders have to live alone in the villages. If there is no economic problem then its fine unless elders hardly get and economic and social help. They struggle themselve to lives because their children do not take their elder’s responsibilities.
8. Another problem is related to the sex of the aged means whether the aged person is male or female. If the aged person is male then he will have to face less problem. But if it is female then there are more chances of misbehaviour with her. She had to do every type of work of the family. She has to take care of the house when her daughter in law goes out for job and has to take care of children. In this way she has to face many problems. After the death of her husband, her economic and social security comes to an end. Widow has to depend upon others and has to live in a pitty condition.
9. It has also been seen that boys create more problems for their elders as compared to girls. Girls give more help to their elder parents. Unmarried children are even more irresponsible. Boys hardly care about their parents because of which daughter in law also stop to do so and elders have to do every type of work themselyes.
10. Quarrel between mother in law and daughter in law also becomes a reason of problem of the aged. Elders depend upon their children. Its reason is that they are wasting their money by spending it on their elders. When situation goes out of control then elders are left with no option except finding other place to live. In some cases some boys send their elders to old age homes. Except this if parents were working in an unorganized sector they are hardly left with any saving for their old age. Their health deteriorates in the old age and have to face many types of problems in the absence of money.
11. Aged people were given a very important place in family and society in traditional Indian Society. Any important decision of the family has been taking according to the wish of the person. But due to the reducing effect of joint family system and with the advent of modern industrial society, many important changes came in social structure. Economic factor was given more importance according to new conditions and the social status of the person now depends upon the socio¬economic condition of the person. That’s why lot of changes have come in the conditions of the aged because they lack money. Their position is changed from earlier conditions. They have to face disrespect and that’s why they have to face psychological tension. Even their children hardly give respect to them.
12. Problem of Leisure Time. Person has to face another problem in the aged condition and that is the problem of spending leisure time. Aged persons have a lot of time and they don’t know what to do with their leisure time. People are working for 8-12 hours in a day in cities and in villages they are working more than that. But after retirement, it becomes very difficult to spend their leisure time. They hardly know that what to do with their leisure time. In this way it has been seen that young generation is leaving their elders in the changed circumstances and in changed values. They are running away from their responsibility of being a child. On the other side parents are spending whole of their income and saving in the upbringing of their children because of which they become useless in their old age.
Question 3.
How can the problems of old age people be solved?
Answer:
In the present age, almost all the countries have started using social, legal and reformative methods to solve the problems of old age people. Some of the methods are given below:
1. Old Age Homes: Few elders are unable to maintain balance with their families and were left alone by them. They even do not keep any relations with their elders. Sometimes, such elders become the victims of tension. For such elders, many countries have started opening old age homes to give them physical, medical and economic security.
2. Welfare Programmes: Almost in all the countries, many welfare programmes for elders have been started such as old age pension, accidental facilities, free medical help etc. To provide the economic security many legal and welfare programmes were started such as provident fund, gratuity, life insurance etc.
3. Jobs: To take care of elders, many methods have been adopted but it is necessary to keep them busy even after their retirement. That’s why few easy jobs have been created for them to take advantage of their experienca
4. Stronger Family Care System: Society must take some steps to have a stronger family care system which could care about elders because one is emotionally attached with his family. There must be a system in which family itself should take care of its elders. In family, members of atleast three generations live together and their relation must be so strong that they must not leave their elders. Traditional values must be so strong that elders must not be left alone.
5. Effective Laws: Different governments have made many laws for the security of elders but there is a need to strictly implement them. There must be a provision that if any one will leave its elder alone, their property will be confiscated and will sent behind bars. Due to this fear, people will not disrespect their elders.
6. Better Medical Facilities: Our present medical facilities are not capable enough to meet the needs of old age people. That’s why we must develop our medical facilities so that the elders can live a happy life.
Question 4.
Write a note on types of disabilities.
Or
Highlight types of disabilities.
Or
Describe Hearing and Mental disability as type of disability.
Answer:
There are many types of disabilities and some of the important one are given below:
1. Locomotor Disability: According to the PWD Act, locomotor disability is the disability of bones, joints or muscles. It leads to the substantial restrictions of the movement of limbs. It also includes cerebral palsy.
2. Visual Disability: Visual disability or low vision can be divided into two parts and these are the blind and the partially sighted. The PWD Act says that the vision of an individual becomes so weak that he is unable to see anything without any external help i.e. spectacle. He is unable to do anything without its help.
3. Hearing Disability: Those individuals who can not hear anything beyond a fixed level come under this category. They need to take help of a machine to hear anything.
4. Mental Disability: This disabilities starts before the age of 18 years and creates hurdle in the normal functioning. His brain cannot work normally. He cannot think properly, brain works in a limit and cannot speak read and write properly. Such disability is known as mental disability.
5. Speech Disability: Those individuals who cannot speak, can speak few limited words or have lost their voice, come under the category of speech disabilities.
Question 5.
What are th’e problems encountered by the people with special needs?
Or
Highlight two problems encountered by differently abled people.
Answer:
1. Social oppression: People with special needs are oppressed in society. They are either hated or are shown mercy by the people. No one gives them a hand full of love. It is so because people feel that they are not normal like them and have some sort of disability. Due to this thinking of common people, such people feel neglected.
2. Inequality: While living in society, they encounter inequality as well. They are behave in an unequal way. They cannot enjoy all the facilities which a common man enjoy. They are discriminated everywhere and on most of the occasions, they are not included. That’s why, they become the victims of tension.
3. Health Related problems: People with special needs are those who are the victims of any type of disability. They cannot hear or cannot see or cannot understand or cannot move freely. In this way they need to take help of anyone to do any work. It is quite difficult for them to do any work of their own.
4. Poverty: Those who are physical disable get very few chances to earn money. Due to their physical inability, they are unable to fully use their ability and that’s why, they always have the problem of money. So, they remain poor.
5. Segregation: Disable people face the problem of segregation. More physical disability leads to more feeling of segregation. Their own behaviour increases the feeling of segregation. Sometimes situation goes out of control and their disability becomes an obstacle in the way of their participation in any work.
Question 6.
In what way legislation can play an important role in empowering the people with special needs?
Or
In what way legislation has played an important role in empowering the people with special ability.
Answer:
There is no denying the fact that legislation can play a very important role in empowering the people with special needs. Actually, along with love and sympathy of society, few legal constraints are required so that the people with special needs can live a happy and prosperous life. It can happen only if the government must makes laws for this.
During last few decades, to include them in the mainstream of our country, few anti discrimination laws were made, equal chances were provided and many programmes were made. But this is possible if few people will collectively work in this field. That’s why in 1986, The Rehabilitation council of India was organised. It is an autonomous organisation which gives training to the people who work for the rehabilitation of people with special needs. It was given the legal status under ‘The Rehabilitation Council Act, 1992 with which this organisation was empowered to give training. According to this law, the work of training will be checked from time to time and it will be provided help with new inventions.
Many laws were passed for them such as:
- Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
- National Trust for the welfare of persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disability Act, 1999.
- Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992.
Major objectives of these acts was to provide equality to the people who live with any type of disability. These laws help us to provide facilities to such people who are disable and have no family support. These laws help those organisations or non-government organisations who are engaged in rehabilitation of these people. Few seats in government jobs are kept reserved for them to give them a happy life.