PSEB Notes

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 India and the World will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 18 India and the World

→ India’s contact with the outside world: By the 7th century A.D., India’s contact with South-East Asia had grown considerably.

→ It had begun with the Indian merchants making voyages to these islands to exchange their goods for spices.

→ Indian luxury goods exported to Western countries: Fine clothes, jewellery, inlaid work, precious stones, perfumes, muslin, ivory goods, and spices were regularly exported to Western countries, especially to Greece and Rome.

→ Silk Road: Silk Road is the route connecting China with Europe.

→ Champa and Cambodia: During ancient times, Vietnam and Kampuchea were known as Champa and Cambodia, respectively.

→ The Angkorvat Temple: The Angkorvat Temple is situated in Kampuchea.

→ The temple has sculptures depicting scenes from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

→ The Arabs’ contribution to the Indian culture: The Arabs gave a great contribution to the spread of Indian culture.

→ They translated Indian works in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and literature into Arabic.

→ Occupation of Sind: The Arabs occupied Sind in 712 by the Arabs A.D. and set up trade settlements in India.

→ Bamiyan: Bamiyan lies in Afghanistan. There were the huge rock-cut statues of the Buddha that were destroyed during the Taliban rule in 2001 A.D.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 The Chalukyas and the Pallavas will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 17 The Chalukyas and the Pallavas

→ The Chalukyas and the Pallavas: The Chalukyas and the Pallavas were two major dynasties of South India.

→ Both of them came to power after the decline of the Satavahana Kingdom.

→ Vatapi and Kanchipuram: Vatapi and Kanchipuram were the capital cities of the Chalukyas and the Pallavas, respectively.

→ Pulakeshin-II: Pulakeshin-II was the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. His ambition was to control the whole of the Deccan plateau.

→ The Chalukyas and Art: The Chalukyas were great patrons of art. They gave large sums of money for the building of temples and cave shrines in the Deccan hills.

→ Mahendravarman-I and Narasimhavarman-I: Mahendravarman-I and Narasimhavarman-I were the two powerful kings of the Pallava dynasty.

→ The Pallavas and Art: The Pallavas built several temples. Some of them were cut out of large rocks, such as the Ratha Temples at Mahabalipuram.

→ Others were built of stone blocks, such as those at Kanchipuram.

→ Manimekhalai and Shilpadikaram: Manimekhlai and Shilpadikaram were two important books written during the Pallavas’ period.

→ The decline of the Chalukyas and the Pallavas: The Chalukyas were ousted by the Rashtrakutas and the Pallavas by the Cholas.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Period of Harshavardhana (600 – 650 A.D.) will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 16 The Period of Harshavardhana (600 – 650 A.D.)

→ Pushyabhuti Dynasty: The Pushyabhuti dynasty was an important dynasty that rose in Northern India after the decline of the Gupta Empire.

→ Harshavardhana: Harshavardhana was the most important ruler of the Pushyabhuti dynasty.

→ Shashanka: Shashanka was king of Bengal. He killed Harshavardhana’s elder brother Rajyavardhana and brother-in-law Grahavarman. Harshavardhana killed Shashanka after a few years.

→ Banabhatta: Banabhatta was one of the court poets of Harshavardhana. He wrote Harsha’s biography, ‘Harshachrita’.

→ Hiuen Tsang: Hiuen Tsang was a Chinese scholar who visited India during the time of Harshavardhana.

→ Priyadarshika, Ratnavali, and Nagananda: Priyadarshika, Ratnavali, and Nagananda are the three plays written by Harshavardhana.

→ Kumaramatyas: Kumaramatyas were important officers in Harsha’s administration.

→ Nalanda: Nalanda is situated in Bihar, it was a famous university and very big centre of learning during Harshavardhana’s period.

→ End of the Pushyabhuti Dynasty: The Pushyabhuti dynasty came to an end with the death of Harshavardhana in around 647 A.D.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 The Gupta: Empire will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 15 The Gupta: Empire

→ Foundation of the Gupta Kingdom: The Gupta kingdom was founded by Maharaja Gupta in the fourth century A.D. in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

→ The Greatest Conqueror of the Gupta dynasty: Samudragupta was the greatest conqueror of the Gupta dynasty. He conquered a very large number of kings and made others submit to his authority.

→ Ashvamedha: Ashvamedha means a horse sacrifice. It was a symbol of universal rule.

→ Chandragupta-II: Chandragupta-II is also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya. He was son of Samudragupta. He was a very popular hero among the kings of ancient times.

→ Bhuktis and Vishayas: In the Gupta administration, provinces were called ‘Bhuktis’, and districts were known as ‘Vishayas’.

→ Fa-hein: Fa-hein was a Chinese traveller who came to India in the Gupta period and wrote an account of his stay in India.

→ Kalidasa: Kalidasa was a famous poet of the Gupta period, who wrote Shakuntala and Meghaduta.

→ Aryabhatta and Varahamihira: Aryabhatta and Varahamihira were famous scientists, astronomers, and mathematicians of the Gupta period.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 India: From 200 B.C. – 300 A.D. will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 14 India: From 200 B.C. – 300 A.D.

→ Dakshinapatha: The area south of the Vindhya mountain and the river Narmada was known in ancient times as Dakshinapatha. Now it is called the Deccan.

→ Satavahanas: The Satavahanas were also known as the Andhras. They arose in the Deccan after the fall of the Mauryas.

→ Chaityas: Chaityas were prayer or meeting halls where the Buddhists worshipped.

→ Stupas: Stupas were large semi-circle mounds in which were placed the relics of either the Buddha or the Buddhist monks.

→ Viharas: Viharas means monasteries where the Buddhist monks lived. They consisted of a hall with a doorway opening onto a verandah.

→ Megalith: Megalith means a huge stone.

→ Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras: The Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras were three kingdoms that arose south of the Deccan Plateau and south of the Satavahana kingdom.

→ Christianity: Christianity arose in Western Asia and was preached by Jesus Christ.

→ It was based on the earlier Jewish religion which taught the worship of a single God.

→ It was brought to India in the 1st century A.D.

→ Scythians, Parthians, and Kushanas: The Scythians, Parthians, and Kushanas were the invaders who came to India from Central Asia and settled down here. Among these, the Kushanas were the most important.

→ The Jataka: The Jataka is a collection of stories about the Bodhisattvas.

→ The Bodhisattvas were holy persons who had lived on earth before the Buddha.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 The Mauryas and The Sungas will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 13 The Mauryas and The Sungas

→ The Mauryan Empire: The Mauryan Empire came into being in the last quarter of 600 B.C.

→ It was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha.

→ Alexander: Alexander was a great Greek conqueror from Macedonia. He invaded India in 326 B.C.

→ Chanakya: Chanakya is popularly known as Kautilya. He was the Prime Minister of Chandragupta Maurya.

→ He was a great teacher, scholar, and the author of the famous book ‘Arthasastra’.

→ Megasthenes: Megasthenes was the Greek Ambassador of Seleucus Nikator. He wrote the book ‘Indica’.

→ Bindusara: Bindusara was the son of Chandragupta Maurya. He ruled India for about 25 years.

→ Ashoka, the Great: Ashoka, the Great was a son of Bindusara. He is known as one of the greatest rulers in the world.

→ Edicts: Edicts are orders proclaimed by an authority.

→ Dhamma: Dhamma was a code of morality enacted by Ashoka for his people to lead a peaceful and virtuous life.

→ Sarnath: Sarnath is a place near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.

→ The capital of Ashoka’s pillar at Sarnath has been adopted as India’s National Emblem.

→ The Sunga Empire: The Sunga Empire was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga.

→ He was the commander-in-chief of the Mauryan army.

→ He killed the last Mauryan king Brihadratha and himself became the king in 184 B.C.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 12 India: From 600 B.C. – 400 B.C. will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 12 India: From 600 B.C. – 400 B.C.

→ Janapadas: Janapadas were the republican or monarchical states established in Northern India around 600 B.C.

→ Republic: Republic, in the form of government in which power is held by the people or a group of elected persons or an elected chief.

→ Monarchy: Monarchy is the form of government in which power is held by a hereditary king or queen.

→ Mahajanapadas: The more powerful Janapadas were known as Mahajanapadas. There were sixteen Mahajanapadas around 600 B.C.

→ Among them, Magadha, Kosala, Vatsa, and Avanti were the most powerful.

→ Ashramas: Life was divided into four stages, called Ashramas. These Ashramas were Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, and Sanyasa.

→ Barter System: Exchange of goods for goods is called the barter system.

→ Shrenis: Persons following the same profession organized themselves into unions or guilds. These unions or guilds were known as Shrenis.

→ Tirthankaras: Teachers of the Jains were known as the Tirthankaras. There were twenty-four Tirthankaras.

→ Nirvana: Nirvana means a state in which individuality merges into the Supreme Spirit and one becomes free from the cycle of birth and death.

→ Samgha: The supreme body of the Buddhist monks was known as Samgha.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 11 The Vedic Age will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 11 The Vedic Age

→ The Vedic Civilization The Vedic Civilization is the period of Indian history, reconstruction of which is based on using the Vedic texts as a source.

→ The Aryans The people of Vedic Civilization are known as the Aryans. They were the people who came to India from North-Eastern Iran or Central Asia.

→ The Vedas The Vedas are the sacred books of the Hindus. These are the hymns composed in praise of the gods whom the Aryans worshipped. There are four Vedas Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda.

→ The Epics The Epics are poems narrating continuously great events of one or more heroes, about their bravery and the battles which they fought. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the two great Indian Epics.

→ Sabha and Samiti Sabha and Samiti were the assemblies of people with whom the king discussed very important matters.

→ Varna System: Varna system was the division of society into four groups according to their occupation and activities in society. There were four varnas: Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and slaves.

→ Vish and Jana: “Vish’ means a clan. It was a group of families. The people of the tribe were called ‘Jana’.

→ Sura: Sura was an intoxicating drink consumed by a few ancient Aryans. It was considered bad and was condemned.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 10 The Harappan Civilization

→ Civilization: Civilization is that stage of the development of human culture when people look for more than just the satisfaction of material needs.

→ Rise of the Harappan Civilization: The Harappan Civilization arose about seven thousand years ago in the north-western part of the Indian sub-continent.

→ The extent of the Harappan Civilization: The Harappan Civilization extended over present-day Pakistan; Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and some parts of Western Uttar Pradesh and Afghanistan.

→ Other names of the Harappan Civilization: The Harappan Civilization is also known as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Indus- Sarasvati Civilization.

→ Town Planning of the Harappan Civilization: Town planning of the Harappan Civilization was similar to that of modern times.

→ Mohenjodaro: Mohenjodaro was the earliest city of the Harappan Civilization. It was discovered in the Larkana District of Sind in Pakistan.

→ Granaries: In the citadel at Harappa, the most impressive buildings were the granaries. These buildings were neatly laid out in rectangles and the grain was stored.

→ The Great Rath: The best-known building in the Mohenjodaro citadel is the Great Bath. It is 39 feet long, 23 feet broad, and 8 feet deep.

→ Pictographs: The Harappan people knew how to write and their language was written in picture-like signs, called pictographs.

→ Mother Goddess: Mother Goddess was the goddess worshipped by the people of the Harappan Civilization.

This PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 9 Early Man: The Stone Age will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 6th Class Social Science Notes Chapter 9 Early Man: The Stone Age

→ Early Man: Early man was a nomad who wandered around mainly in search of food and shelter.

→ Paleolithic Period: Paleolithic period is also known as the Old Stone Age.

→ It was the period when early man used crude stone implements and led a nomad’s life.

→ Mesolithic Period: Mesolithic period is also called the Middle Stone Age.

→ Early men learned several new things during this period and improved upon the older ones.

→ Neolithic Period: Neolithic period is called the New Stone Age.

→ It was the period when early man learned the use of polished stone tools and domesticated animals.

→ Discoveries that helped early man to lead a settled life: The beginning of agriculture, the taming of animals, the discovery of metals, and the discovery of the wheel were the discoveries that helped early man to lead a settled life.

→ Food-gatherer: Food-gatherer is a person who wanders from place to place in search of food.

→ Man in Early Stone Age was a food-gatherer. He lived by hunting animals and collecting wild plants or their fruits.

→ Food-producer: Food-producer is a person who produces plants and crops to meet his food requirements.

→ Man in the Neolithic period stopped being a nomad and began to settle down at one place as an agriculturist.

→ He now began to domesticate animals and cultivate plants.

→ Bhimbaithaka: Bhimbaithaka is situated near Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh. Here, the rock drawings of early man have been discovered.