PSEB Notes

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Dairy Farming will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 6 Dairy Farming

→ Nearly 70% population in Punjab lives in villages.

→ There are 17 lakh cows and 50 lakh buffaloes in Punjab.

→ In Punjab, 937 grams per day per capita milk is produced whereas at the national level it is 291 grams.

→ Holstein-Friesian is the highest milk-giving exotic breed of cow.

→ Indigenous breeds of cows have average lactation milk yield varying from 1000 kg to 1800 kg.

→ Indigenous breeds of cows are Hariana, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar.

→ Dual-purpose breeds are Tharparkar and Hariana.

→ Exotic breeds of cows are Holstein-Friesian, Jersey. Average lactation milk yield is 5500-6500 kg and 3000, 5000 kg respectively.

→ An average cow or buffalo with a bodyweight of 400 kg needs approximately 35 kg green fodder.

→ Feed nutrients for animals can be classified into four categories i.e. energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.

→ Animals are given concentrate which is prepared by mixing cereals, oilseed cakes, etc.

→ If a milking machine is used*, clean teats by dipping in 50% betadine and 50% glycerin solution.

→ Do not transport the pregnant animal to avoid slipping of animals.

→ The animal should be milked within 2 hours of calving.

→ Dress the navel cord of the newly born calf 2-3 times daily with a tincture of Iodine or Dettol.

→ Feed milk to the calf and avoid sucking.

→ Disbud the buffalo calves at the age of 7-10 days and cow calves at the age of 15-20 days.

→ Heifer, if given proper feed it will become 300 kg in 18months.

→ Milking should be complete in 6-8 minutes with the full hand method.

→ Adult animals need 120-140 square feet of space.

→ Surplus green fodder is dried to get Hay and non-legume fodder is conserved as silage.

→ The average lactation milk yield of Indian breeds of buffalo is 500 kg at the National level and in Punjab, it is 1500 kg.

→ In India, there are 15 breeds of buffaloes. In Punjab, there are two breeds-Murrah and Nili Ravi.

→ The best breed of buffalo should have an average lactation milk yield of 2000 kg in the first lactation and in successive lactation. it should be 2500 kg.

→ Preserve the milk at 5°C. It prevents the growth of bacteria.

→ Clean the milk containers properly.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 5 Quality Control of Seeds, Fertilizers and Insecticides

→ For profitable farming, the main commodities required are seeds, fertilizers, and insecticides.

→ The government of India has made certain laws under the Essential Commodities Act.

→ These acts are Seed Control Order, Fertilizer Control Order, Insecticides Act.

→ License officers are appointed in Punjab according to Seed Control Order Act. These laws are implemented by the Department of Agriculture, Punjab.

→ If the seed seller sells lower quality seeds to the farmer, the farmer can complain to the Seed Inspector.

→ If a crop fails due to damaged or low-quality seed, Seed Inspector can cancel the sale license of the dealer.

→ Under article 7 of the Seed Act, only notified seeds can be sold.

→ Fertilizer testing laboratories are located at Ludhiana and Faridkot.

→ Fertilizer Control Order was made in 1985, which is used to prevent adulteration, low quality, and non-certified fertilizers, and to ensure quality and correct weight of fertilizers.

→ Insecticides Act was made in 1968.

→ Central Insecticide Board gives advice to the government to implement the laws.

→ Central Registration Committee provides registration for the manufacturing of agrochemicals and also provides permission for their import and export.

→ Insecticides samples are sent to the laboratories located at Ludhiana, Bathinda, Amritsar for testing.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Marketing of Farm Produce will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 4 Marketing of Farm Produce

→ If marketing is done in a proper way one can earn more income.

→ For good marketing, one should take care of the crop from the time of sowing.

→ Sow good quality of a variety of the crop which can be sold easily and can earn good money.

→ Sowing, hoeing, irrigation, use of weedicides and insecticides, etc. should be done with expert opinions.

→ After threshing, weigh the produce.

→ Dispose of the produce after grading.

→ Get a form and receipt from the purchaser so that farmer could know their gains and investment.

→ Produce should be marketed through cooperative societies.

→ Punjab Mandi Board has set up mechanical handling units in Punjab in some of the man dies.

→ Bulk handling units have been established by ‘Food Corporation of India at Mandi Gobindgarh, Moga, and Jagraon for storage and handling of wheat on large scale.

→ Farmers should keep and get the information and knowledge of the markets near them.

→ Rates can be known from Radio, T.V., and Newspapers, etc.

→ In case of any problem in the disposal of the produce farmer can contact higher officials of the market.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Flower Cultivation will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 3 Flower Cultivation

→ In Indian culture, the importance of flowers is there since time immemorial.

→ Flowers are used for worship, marriage, and social functions.

→ In Punjab, the area under flower cultivation is 2160 hectares.

→ In Punjab, the area under fresh flower cultivation is 1300 hectares.

→ In Punjab, flower crops are mainly classified into two categories.

• Loose Flower
• Cut Flower

→ Loose Flowers are harvested from the base of flowers without their sterns. Examples: Rose, Jasmine, Marigold.

→ Cut flowers are harvested with their long stems. Examples: Gerbera, Rose, Lilium, Gladiolus, etc.

→ Gladiolus is the main cut flower crop in Punjab.

→ Gladiolus is propagated from the corms.

→ Marigold is the main major loose flower crop of Punjab.

→ Marigold is of two types African Marigold and French Marigold.

→ For raising a nursery of one acre of marigold 600-gram seed, is required.

→ Chrysanthemum is a flower that is used for both cut flowers as well as loose flowers.

→ Chrysanthemum is a flower in which the terminal stem cuttings of plants are cut from old plants from the end of June to mid-July.

→ Rose is a flower that is used for both cut flowers as well as loose flowers.

→ Fully open rose flowers are harvested for marketing as loose flowers but are harvested at tight bud stage with long stems.

→ Red, orange, white, pink, and yellow coloured flowers of Gerbera are in more demand.

→ Tuberose flowers are used as loose and cut flowers for oil extraction.

→ Tuberose bulbs are planted during February-March.

→ Produce obtained for tuberose is 80,000 cut flowers or 2-2.5 ton/loose flowers per acre.

→ Motia (Jasmine) flowers are of white colored having good fragrance.

→ Soil suitable for cultivation of Motia is heavy soil with good.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Summer Vegetables will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 2 Summer Vegetables

→ Any succulent part like fruit, leaf, stems, etc. of a plant that can be eaten fresh as a salad or after cooking is called a vegetable.

→ Vegetables contain carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.

→ For maintaining good health, the consumption of 284 grams of vegetables per person per day is essential.

→ Leafy vegetables are spinach, fenugreek, lettuce (salad), saag.

→ Root vegetables are carrot, radish, turnip.

→ The reason for low consumption per person is population explosion and post-harvest losses of vegetables.

→ Major Kharif (summer) vegetables are chilli, brinjal, okra, bitter gourd, squash melon, tomato, bottle gourd, sponge gourd, long melon, etc.

→ Varieties of chillis are Punjab surkh, Punjab Guchhedar, Chilli hybrid-1.

→ The seed rate for chilli for sowing nursery in one marla is 200 grams.

→ Varieties of tomato are Punjab Varkha Bahar-1, Punjab Varkha Bahar-2.

→ Seed rate for tomato is 100-gram seed for 2 maria nursery which is used for transplanting in one acre.

→ Varieties of Brinjal are Punjab Neelam (round fruited), BH-2 (oblong fruited), PBH-3 (small fruited).

→ The seed rate for the sowing nursery of brinjal is 300-400 grams per acre.

→ Varieties of okra are Punjab-7, Punjab-8, Punjab Padmini.

→ The seed rate for okra is 15 kg (February), 8-10 kg (March), 5-6 kg (June-July).

→ Cucurbitaceous vegetables are summer squash, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, cucumber, squash melon, long melon, musk melon, etc.

→ Varieties of Summer squash – Punjab Chappan Kaddo-1.

→ Varieties of Bottle gourd – Punjab Barket, Punjab Komal.

→ Varieties of bitter gourd – Punjab-14, Punjab Kareli-1.

→ The seed rate for bitter gourd is 2 kg per acre.

→ Varieties of sponge gourd – Pusa chikni, Punjab spong gourd-9.

→ Varieties of ash gourd are – PAG-3.

→ The seed rate for each summer squash, bottle gourd, ash gourd is 2 kg per acre.

→ Varieties of cucumber – Punjab Naveen.

→ The seed rate for cucumber is one kg per acre.

→ Varieties of long melon – Punjab Long melon-1.

→ The seed rate for long melon is one kg per acre.

→ Varieties of squash melon – Tir 4a-48.

→ Seed rate for squash melon – 1.5 kg per acre.

→ Musk Melon is a vegetable scientifically.

→ Varieties of musk melon – Punjab hybrid, hara Madhu, Punjab sunehri.

→ The seed rate for musk melon is 400 grams per acre.

This PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Kharif Crops will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Agriculture Notes Chapter 1 Kharif Crops

→ Kharif crops are sown in June-July or during the monsoon season.

→ Kharif crops are harvested in October-November.

→ Kharif crops are categorized as cereals, pulses and oilseed, cotton, cane, Kharif fodders.

→ Some of the Kharif cereal crops are Rice, Basmati, Maize, Mash, Groundnut, Cotton, Sugarcane, Sorghum, and Bajra.

→ Paddy is also known as Jeeri, dhaan, Jhona.

→ China is at the top position in the production of rice, and in India West, Bengal is at the top position.

→ The area under the cultivation of Paddy is 28 lakh hectares in Punjab.

→ The average production from this is 60 quintals per hectare.

→ Paddy crop needs high temperature, high humidity, prolonged sunshine, a lot of water for its growth.

→ Medium to heavy soil is good for Paddy. Loamy soils are the best.

→ Improved varieties of rice are P.R.123, P.R.122, P.R.121, P.R.118, P.R.116, P.R.124.

→ The seed rate or seed requirement for rice is 8 kg per acre sown in an area of about 6.5 maria nurseries.

→ The time of nursery sowing for rice is from 15th to 30th May.

→ Nursery is grown on polythene sheets if a paddy transplanter (mechanical planter) is used for transplanting.

→ Transplanting of the seedlings is done in the second fortnight of June when seedlings become 20-25 cm tall or have 6-7 days.

→ Weeds like Swank and Mothers are found in the Paddy crop.

→ Direct seeding of rice is recommended for medium to heavy soils.

→ The crop should be harvested when the ears are nearly ripe and straw has turned yellow.

→ Insects that affect the paddy crop are rice stemborer, leaf folder, planthopper, and his.

→ Varieties of Basmati rice are Punjab basmati-3, Pusa Punjab basmati-1509, Pusa basmati-1121.

→ Nursery of Pusa basmati 1509 is sown in the second fortnight of June and that of Punjab Basmati 3 and Pusa basmati 1121 is sown in the first fortnight of June.

→ High doses of nitrogen application to basmati should be avoided.

→ In the production of Maize, the United States of America is at the top position in the world whereas Andhra Pradesh is at the top position in India.

→ Maize occupies 1 lakh 25 thousand hectares of area in Punjab. The average yield of maize is 15 quintals per acre.

→ Maize needs an environment that is considerably moist and warm from germination to flowering.

→ Varieties of Maize PMHl, PMH2 are for normal use and special purpose varieties are Punjab Sweet Corn-1 and Pearl Popcorn.

→ The seed rate for Pearl popcorn is 7 kg per acre whereas for other varieties it is 8 kg per acre.

→ Maize is sown from the end of May to the last week of June.

→ 4-6 irrigations are required for maize.

→ Mainly maize borer pest affects the maize crop.

→ Diseases that affect maize are seed rot and blight, stalk rot, etc.

→ Kharif pulse crops are Moong, Mash and Oilseed crops are groundnut and sesamum.

→ Soybean belongs to both pulses as well as oilseed categories.

→ India is a leading country in the production of pulses but the consumption of pulse is also high in India. Therefore there is a need to import pulses.

→ Moong crop occupies 5 thousand hectares in Punjab. Its average yield is 350 kg per acre.

→ Moong requires a hot climate. Well-drained loamy to a loam soil is suitable for Moong.

→ Soils which are saline-alkaline or waterlogged are not suitable for Moong.

→ Improved varieties of Moong are PAU-911, M.L.-818.

→ Moong is sown in the second fortnight of July.

→ Weeds are controlled in Moong by using Basalin and Treflan before sowing.

→ Harvest the Moong crop when about 80% of pods are mature.

→ Moong crop can be attacked by green Jasid, whitefly, hairy caterpillar, pod borer, aphid, etc.

→ Mash cultivation spreads over an area of 2 thousand hectares in Punjab and its average yield is 180 kg per acre.

→ Improved varieties of Mash are Mash 114, Mash 338.

→ When most of the leaves shed and pods turn greyish black, then harvest the crop.

→ The United States of America is at the top position in the world and Madhya Pradesh is at the top position in India, in the production of Soyafcean.

→ Some of the major uses of Soyabean – edible oil, soya milk and its products, bakery products, antibiotics, and fresh green beans.

→ Soybean requires a warm climate.

→ Improved varieties of Soyabean are S.L.-958, S.L.-744.

→ The seed rate for Soyabean is 25-30 kg seed per acre.

→ Soybean is sown in the first fortnight of June.

→ The crop is ready to harvest when all the leaves fall off and the color of pods changed.

→ Insects that attack soybean are hairy caterpillars, whitefly, etc.

→ A disease that can affect Soyabean yellow mosaic virus.

→ The highest oilseed producing country in the world is the United States of America and the highest oilseed producing state in India is Rajasthan.

→ Groundnut production is highest in China in the world and in India, it is in Gujarat.

→ Groundnut occupies 1500 hectares in Punjab.

→ The average yield of groundnut in Punjab is 7 quintals per acre.

→ Varieties of groundnut are S.G. 99, S.G. 84.

→ The seed rate (Kernels) for groundnut is 38-40 kg per acre.

→ The crop of groundnut is mature, it is indicated by uniform yellowing of the leaves and when older leaves fall off.

→ Insects/Pests which attack groundnut are Aphid, white grub, and hairy caterpillar.

→ Diseases that affect groundnut – collar rot, seed rot, Tikka, or Cercospora leaf-spot.

→ Cotton is sowed for textile and sugarcane is sown for getting sugar.

→ The fodder crop of Kharif is maize, Sorghum, and Bajra.

→ The highest production of cotton is in China in the world and in Gujarat in India.

→ Cotton occupies 5 lakh hectares in Punjab.

→ The average lint yield is 230 kg per acre in Punjab.

→ A hot and dry climate is needed for cotton.

→ Varieties of cotton are

• B.T. varieties – RCH 650, NCS 855, Ankur 3028, MRC 7017,
• non-B.T hybrid varieties – LHH-144,
• Normal varieties – L.H. 2108.

→ Desi cotton varieties-hybrid-PAU 626H, Simple variety F.D.K.124, L.D. 694.

→ The time of sowing for cotton is 1 April to 15 May.

→ Weeds found in cotton are It sit, Madhana/Makra, etc.

→ Pests/insects of cotton – Sucking pests like Jassid, aphid, whitefly, and mealybug. Tobacco caterpillar, pink bollworm, spotted bollworm, American bollworm.

→ Diseases of cotton are Leaf curl, bacterial Wight, wilt, track, and para will.

→ Production of sugarcane is highest in Brazil in the world and in India it is in Uttar Pradesh.

→ Sugarcane occupies 80 thousand hectares in Punjab.

→ The yield of sugarcane is about 280 quintals per acre. The average recovery of sugar is 9.4% from this.

→ A hot climate is required for sugarcane (i.e. tropical climate). Well-drained loamy soil is suitable for sugarcane.

→ Spring cane varieties are early maturing varieties that are CoJ-89.

→ Seed rate for cane crop is twenty thousand three budded set or four budded sets 15 thousand, or five budded sets-12 thousand for one acre.

→ Cane is sown from mid-February to the end of March.

→ Autumn cane crop varieties are CoJ-85, CoJ -83.

→ Autumn cane crop is sown from 20 September to 20 October.

→ Pests that may attack cane crops are Pyrilla, whitefly, termite, and different types of borers.

→ Diseases that may affect cane crops are Red rot, smut, wilt, red stripe, top rot, and stinking rot.

→ An adult animal needs 40 kg of green fodder per day.

→ Maize is the major fodder crop of Kharif. It is available for harvesting in 50 to 60 days.

→ The maize crop used for fodder is J-1006.

→ The seed rate for fodder crops of maize is 30 kg per acre.

→ Animals are happier to eat Sorghum (Jowar or chart).

→ Sorghum needs a hot and dry climate.

→ Varieties of Sorghum are S.L. 44.

→ The seed rate for Sorghum is 20-25 kg per acre.

→ To get early green fodder, Sorghum is sown in the middle of March.

→ The suitable time for sowing sorghum is from mid of June to mid of July.

→ More nutrients become available from Sorghum if harvesting is done from pre-boot to milk stage.

→ Varieties of Bajra (pearl millet) are P.H.B.F-1, F.B.C-16.

→ The seed rate for Bajra is 6-8 kg per acre.

→ Insects/pests for the Bajra crop are Root bugs, grasshoppers.

→ Diseases of bajra are green ear, downy mildew, and ergot.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 10 Coping with Stress will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 10 Coping with Stress

→ Stress is our physical or mental response to changes in the environment or challenging situations.

→ Stress is our body’s natural way of preparing itself for the pressures of school, home, or any other circumstances.

→ Stress is an important part of our daily life.

→ Everyone feels stressed whether he is a child, an adult, or an elder.

→ The causes of stress can be different for everyone but it is there for everyone.

→ Any student can be stressed in many ways such as work of the school, family circumstance, relations with friends, future thinking, the pressure of tests, etc.

→ When anyone is stressed, he should concentrate on things.

→ Close your eyes and take deep breaths. Count from one to ten. This activity must be repeated. It helps in reducing stress.

→ Stress is of two types good and bad.

→ Good stress motivates us to do any work and bad stress can lead us to many diseases.

→ Stress can have a wrong impact on our behavior, physical and mental healtl|nie reduces our ability to do any work.

→ If anyone lives under stress for a long tone becomes a victim of many diseases.

→ Student life is attached to stress.

→ The tension of tests, the tension of getting marks, fear of failure are a few of the causes which cause stress.

→ If stress is there then methods of removal of stress are also there and reduce stress by giving preference do necessary work, time management keeping ourselves happy.

→ We will become physically and mentally strong once we will follow the methods of reducing stress.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 9 Effective Communication will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 9 Effective Communication

→ The meaning of communication is to convey one’s message to anyone. For communication, two parties are necessary.

→ If we can convey our message to anyone in a better way or can listen to anyone easily, it tells others about our impressive personality.

→ In this way, effective communication and carefully listening to anyone is a skill that everyone must have.

→ Beautiful communication enhances our personality. That’s why the skill of effective communication is a must.

→ Incomplete communication can create many problems.

→ The meaning of incomplete communication is that we are unable to convey our message fully to the listener.

→ Maybe he heard the things from someone and did not get the complete message.

→ It can create many issues for us.

→ Good listening is important as well as good communication.

→ It requires practice so that we can listen to someone easily.

→ So it is very important that we have an interest and understanding of things.

→ There are many reasons why we like someone or pot such as we do not like the behavior of others, whether he speaks correctly or not, his choice of words is good or not.

→ Every person has a quality or a vice that makes him liked or disliked.

→ Likes and dislikes are associated with self-expression that how we communicate with others.

→ The way we speak, our language, our choice of words affect our better communication.

→ At the same time our behavior, expression of mind, etc. also affect our communication.

→ Can we tell someone what we mean without speaking or using words? Yes, we can do this.

→ We can use body parts to communicate with others such as hands, face, eyes, etc. and such language is known as body language.

→ So, we can practice and master the use of body language.

→ With constant practice, we can communicate emotions through our body language.

→ This art is of great importance who can’t speak or hear.

→ The greatest example of using body language to communicate one’s feelings to others is of Charlie Caplin who made pictures without using language and conveyed his message to the people.

→ Looking at Charlie Chaplin’s movies, we can say that communication through body language is quite possible.

→ Lots of practice is required to use body language for effective communication.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 8 Problem Solving Effective will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 8 Problem Solving Effective

→ Students are going through a phase in their lives at a time when many changes are coming in their decision-making process and their style of living life.

→ That’s why we find ourselves bound in so many mental and social clutches.

→ At this stage of life, students face problems from all sides.

→ These problems are internal as well as external.

→ So, first of all, it is important that we find the cause of the problem.

→ The problem can be related to anyone such as friends, family, school, personal, social, etc.

→ Any problem is only a problem until it is solved properly.

→ So it is important that we talk to elders such as parents or teachers and not to our poor or siblings to solve our problems.

→ We need solutions to our problems and for this, we need to understand the rule of SAFE HABITS.

→ Our problem is the problem unless we share it with our elders.

→ Our elders will guide us and solve our problems as well.

→ If we have free time, we can pursue a hobby such as reading books.

→ This will also increase our self-confidence and develop the art of reading.

→ We must make a timetable for all our activities.

→ This will get all our work done on time.

→ Life is a cycle of pleasures and pains.

→ So, it is important that we enjoy every moment and live it to the fullest.

→ We must help others when the time comes.

→ He will help us tomorrow when we need help.

→ Increasing the use of social media is wrong. It should be avoided.

→ Stay as stress-free as possible and line a happy life.

→ One should try to achieve it by imagining a better life.

→ When we get bored of daily life, we shoulda few days off and go for a vacation. After this, the person will work hard.

This PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 7 Decision Making will help you in revision during exams.

PSEB 9th Class Welcome Life Notes Chapter 7 Decision Making

→ We live a social life in which we have to make many kinds of decisions.

→ One right decision can change lives and a wrong decision can ruin lives.

→ When making any decision, we should think carefully about all its aspects and consequences.

→ Adolescent decisions are often made with the advice of friends but not with parents’ advice.

→ If at some point we have to say no to something, we should do it with full determination.

→ No decision should be made under any type of pressure.

→ We must examine the difference between right and wrong.

→ We need to think carefully about what is good and what is bad.

→ People have many habits and many of which are good and many of which are bad.

→ We must avoid bad habits and adopt good ones.

→ Everyone has many goals in life but it is very important to have the right direction to achieve those goals.

→ The wrong direction can lead us astray from our purpose.

→ There are many things in society that lead us astray from our goals and most people are attracted to these things.

→ Drugs are one such thing.

→ Along with the right direction to reach our destination, it is also important that we have dedication as well.

→ Only with dedication, we can achieve our goals.