Class 8

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Vocabulary Idioms and Phrases Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Vocabulary Idioms and Phrases

1. Act up to (के अनुसार काम करना)- He always acted up to his promise.
2. Bear away (जितना)- She won the race and bore away the prize.
3. Break in (सिधाना)- The trainee is breaking in the horse.
4. Break into (सेंध लगाना)- Last night three thieves broke into his house.
5. Break off (सम्बन्ध विछेद करना)- He has broken off with his religion.
6. Break out (भड़काना फूटना भड़क उठना)- The Second World War broke out in 1939. Cholera has broken out in London.
7. Break up (समाप्त होना)- The meeting broke up at 5 p.m.
8. Bring up (पालना)- He was brought up by his uncle.

9. Bring round (होरा में लाना)- The doctor soon brought the patient round.
10. Bring to book (दण्ड देना)- The police brought the pick-pocket to book.
11. Call on (किसी व्यक्ति से भेंट करना)- I called on him last evening.
12. Call in (बुला भेजना)- Call in the doctor at once.
13. Carry on (जारी रखना)- Carry on with your work.
14. Carry out (आज्ञा पालन करना)- We should carry out the orders of our teacher.
15. Come of (सम्बन्ध रखना)- He comes of a noble family.
16. Come off (होना)- My brother’s marriage comes off next Monday.
17. Do away with (मार देना समाप्त करना)- The woman did away with her step-son. We should do away with old customs.
18. Draw near (समीप आना)- My examination is drawing near.
19. Fall back upon (आश्रय होना)- He has nothing to fall back upon in old age.
20. (a) Fall off (झड़ जाना)- Tree leaves fall off in autumn.
(b) Fall upon (झपटना)- The lion fell upon the mouse.
21. Fall out (झगड़ना)- He always falls out over trifles.
22. Get into (पूरी तरह फिट आना)- I can’t get into this shirt. It is very tight.
23. Get on (चल निकलना)- How are you getting on in your school ?
24. Get through (उत्तीर्ण होना)- He got through the examination.
25. Get rid of (छुटकारा पाना)- I want to get rid of my servant.
26. Give away (बांटना)- The president gave away the prizes.
27. Give in (पराजित होना)- The soldiers fought bravely but gave in at last.
28. Give up (छोड़ना)- Give up your bad habits.
29. Go through (पढ लोना)- She has gone through the book.
30. Keep away (अनुपस्थित रहना)- Do not keep away from the school.
31. Keep on (जारी रखना)- He kept on laughing.
32. Keep one’s word (वचन पूरा करना)- He always keeps his word.
33. Lay by (बचाना)- Always lay by something for a rainy day.
34. Look after (देखभाल करना)- The mother looks after the children.
35. Look for (खोजना)- She is looking for her missing ring.
36. Look down upon (घृणा करना)- Don’t look down upon the poor.
37. Look upon (समझना)- I always look upon her as my sister.
38. Look into (जाँच करना)- The police is looking into the matter.

39. Make away with (मार देना)- The robbers made away with the rich men.
40. Make out (समझना)- I cannot make out the meaning of this sentence.
41. Make up (कमी पूरी करना)- Try to make up your deficiency in English.
42. Pass away (स्वर्गवास होना)- His father passed away last night.
43. Put off (स्थगित करना)-The meeting was put off to some later date.
44. Put out (बुझाना)- Put out the fire.
45. Put up with (सहन करना)- I cannot put up with this insult.
46. Run down (स्वास्थ्य गिरना)- He has run down on account of overwork.
47. Run over (कुचला जाना)- The child was run over by a car.
48. See off (विदा करना)- I went to the railway station to see my mother off.
49. Send for (बुला भेजना)- His father sent for the doctor.
50. Set off (चल पड़ना)- He set off for Delhi in no time.
51. Set out (चल पड़ना) – His father set out on a long journey.
52. Stand by (साथ देना)- Always stand by your friends in need.
53. Take after (राक्ल मिलना)- The child takes after his mother.
54. Take for (भूल से किसी को और कोई समझना)- I took the rope for a snake.
55. Turn down (रह करना)- He turned down my request.
56. At first sight (पहली नज़र में)- They fell in love at first sight.
57. At sea (कोरा)- He is at sea in English.
58. At home in (निपुण)- He is at home in Mathematics.
59. In course of (समय पाकर)- You will know everything in course of time.
60. In order to (क़े लिए)- He went there in order to see his brother.
61. In spite of (के बावजूद)- In spite of his hard work, he failed in the examination.
62. In search of (की खोज में)- He wandered here and there in search of water.
63. At arm’s length (परे)- Keep that man at arm’s length.
64. To and fro (इधर-उधर)-The people were moving to and fro on the platform.
65. At any rate (चाहे कुछ भी हो)- You must finish your work today at any rate.
66. To the backbone (पूर्णतया)- He is a patriot to the backbone.
67. To live from hand to mouth (जो कमाया सो खा लेना) He lives from hand to mouth.
68. To make up one’s mind (निशचय करना)- I have made up my mind to work hard.
69. To make good the loss (क्षतिपूर्ति करना)- He is trying to make good the loss he has suffered.
70. All in all (कर्ता धर्ता)- The principal is all in all in the school.
71. Fair and square (ईमानदार)- I am fair and square in my dealings with everybody.
72. Ups and downs (उतार चढ़ाव)- The old man has seen many ups and downs in his life.
73. In full swing (पूरे योवन पर)- The fair was in full swing.

74. Out of pocket (धन की कमी धन हानि खर्च किया हुआ धन)- I can’t go out; I am out of pocket right now.
75. At sixes and sevens (बिखरी हुई)- Everything in the house was at sixes and sevens.
76. Part and parcel (आवश्यक अंग)- Air is a part and parcel of our life.
77. Every inch (पूर्णतया)- He is every inch a patriot.
78. Hard up (हाथ तंग होना)- I am hard up these days.
79. In a fix (दुविधा में)- I am in a fix to know what to do.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Voice (Active and Passive Voice) Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Voice (Active and Passive Voice)

अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में Voice (वाच्य) दो प्रकार की होती है-
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice

1. Active Voice : जब किसी वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) कार्य करता है तो वाक्य का Verb, Active Voice में होता है।
2. Passive Voice : जब किसी वाक्य में Subject (कर्ता) कार्य नहीं करता है बल्कि उस पर कार्य किया जाता है तो वाक्य का Verb, Passive Voice में होता है।
Example : The hunter killed the lion. शिकारी ने शेर को मारा।
The lion was killed by the hunter. शेर शिकारी द्वारा मारा गया।

नोट-विद्यार्थियों को Verb की तीसरी फ़ार्म लगाना कभी नहीं भूलना चाहिए। Let, hit, cut आदि शब्दों की फ़ार्म लगाते समय विशेष सावधानी बरतनी चाहिए।
Imperative तथा To + 1st form वाले वाक्य में Be का प्रयोग होता है।

“Active से Passive बनाने की विधि

1. Verb ‘Be’ के सैंप

2. Verb की तीसरी फ़ार्म
Note-पुस्तक में Verb की forms दी गई हैं। विद्यार्थियों को चाहिए कि वे इन्हें अच्छी तरह याद कर लें।

3. Subject और Object का आपसी परिवर्तन

(B) नोट : “You’ और ‘It’ subject और object दोनों रूपों में नहीं बदलते।
2. Possessive Case of Pronoun में भी कोई परिवर्तन नही होता जैसे-
1. My brother = by my brother
2. Our teacher = by our teacher

Be के रूप का प्रयोग

की फ़र्म रूप का चुनाव करने से पूर्व हमें दिया गए वाक्य में verb को देखना चाहिए verb की फ़र्म या tense के आधार पर ही हम be की फ़र्म लागयोंगे (i) यदि दिए गए वाक्य में verb की पहली फ़र्म (present Indefinite tense) हो तो Passive Voice बनाने के लिए Be की पहली फ़ार्म अर्थात् is, am, are में से किसी एक का प्रयोग किया जाएगा; जैसे,-

(1) Auxiliary Verbs
Rule. Can, could, may, might, shall, should आदि वाले वाक्यों को passive voice में बदलने के लिए can, could, may, might, shall, should आदि के पश्चात् ‘be’ तथा क्रिया (Verb) की तीसरी फ़ार्म लगाई जाती है।

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. I can solve this sum.	This sum can be solved by me.
2. You may take this pen.	This pen may be taken by you.
3. She may catch the train.	The train may be caught by her.
4. They might miss the bus.	The bus might be missed by them.
5. You should obey the rules.	The rules should be obeyed by you.
6. They must take exercise.	Exercise must be taken by them.
7. I cannot do it.	It cannot be done by me.
8. He might not win the race.	The race might not be won by him.
9. We must not tell a lie.	A lie must not be told by us.
10. One should do one’s duty.	Duty should be done.

(2) Verbs having Prepositions
Note. कुछ क्रियाओं के बाद at, on, in आदि Prepositions दी होती हैं। Passive Voice बदलते समय Prepositions of का स्थान नहीं बदलता है। उन्हें verbs के साथ ही रखा जाना चाहिए।

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. He knocked at the door.	The door was knocked at by him.
2. He does not care for you.	You are not cared for by him.
3. They laughed at the poor man.	The poor man was laughed at by them.
4. She sent for me.	I was sent for by her.
5. The dog barked at them.	They were barked at by the dog.
6. I was waiting for him.	He was being waited for by me.
7. She did not listen to me.	I was not listened to by her.
8. They aimed at the lion.	The lion was aimed at by them.

(3) Prepositions other than ‘By Rule. कुछ वाक्यों में क्रिया (Verb) की तीसरी फ़ार्म के पश्चात् by’ के स्थान पर कोई अन्य Preposition लगती है जैसे to, at, in, with आदि।

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. He knows me.	I am known to him.
2. The news shocked him.	He was shocked at the news.
3. His work satisfied me.	I was satisfied with his work.
4. Your habits worry me.	I am worried at your habits.
5. This jug contains milk.	Milk is contained in this jug.
6. You cannot please him.	He cannot be pleased with you.
7. Your answer does not satisfy me.	I am not satisfied with your answer.
8. The news surprised me.	I was surprised at the news.

(4) It is time से आरम्भ होने वाले वाक्य

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. It is time to open the shop.	It is time for the shop to be opened.
2. It is time to write our letters.	It is time for our letters to be written.
3. It is time to read the newspaper.	It is time for the newspaper to be read.
4. It is time to take tea.	It is time for tea to be taken.
5. It is time to close the shop.	It is time for the shop to be closed.
6. It is time to pray to God.	It is time for God to be prayed to.
7. It is time to ring the bell.	It is time for the bell to be rung.

(5) Interrogative Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. Does she tell a story?	Is a story told by her ?
2. Do you play football ?	Is football played by you ?
3. Did you read the letter ?	Passive Voice Was the letter read by you ?
4. Will you help me ?	Shall I be helped by you ?
5. Is she singing a song ?	Is a song being sung by her ?
6. Have you finished your work ?	Has your work been finished by you?
7. When does he take tea ?	When is tea taken by him ?
8. What is he doing ?	What is being done by him ?
9. Why were you making a noise ?	Why was a noise being made by you ?
10. Who teaches you English ?	By whom are you taught English ?

(6) Imperative Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. Shut the windows.	Let the windows be shut.
2. Post this letter.	Let this letter be posted.
3. Show me your book.	Let your book be shown to me.
4. Change your clothes.	You are advised to change your clothes. Or Let your clothes be changed.
5. Write it clearly.	Let it be written clearly.
6. Always speak the truth.	You are advised always to speak the truth.
7. Work hard.	You are advised to work hard.
8. Never tell a lie.	You are advised never to tell a lie.
9. Let me finish it.	Let it be finished by me.
10. Tell him to keep quiet.	Let him be told to keep quiet.
11. Do not run fast.	You are advised not to run fast. Or You are forbidden to run fast.
12. Do not steal things.	You are advised not to steal things. Or Let things be not stolen.

(7) Typical Sentences

Active Voice	Passive Voice
1. The rose smells sweet.	The rose is sweet when (it is) smelt.
2. Sit down.	Be seated.
3. You have to do it.	It has to be done by you.
4. They say that honesty is the best policy.	It is said that honesty is the best policy.
5. God helps those who help themselves.	Those who help themselves are helped by God.
6. We elected him President.	He was elected President by us.
7. One should do one’s duty.	Duty should be done.
8. Someone has picked his pocket.	His pocket has been picked.
9. He has to pay the fine.	The fine has to be paid by him.
10. I hope to stand first.	It is hoped that I shall stand first.

Exercises (Solved) Change the voice:

I. 1. Harish plays cricket.
2. She likes singing.
3. We fly kites.
4. Meera helps the poor.
5. I open an account in the bank.
6. Hamid does his homework.
7. The boys watch television.
8. The cobbler mends my shoes.
9. She hates liars.
10. Children like sweets.
Answer:
1. Cricket is played by Harish.
2. Singing is liked by her.
3. Kites are flown by us.
4. The poor are helped by Meera.
5. An account is opened in the bank by me.
6. His homework is done by Hamid.
7. Television is watched by the boys.
8. My shoes are mended by the cobbler.
9. Liars are hated by her.
10. Sweets are liked by children.

II. 1. Rama lost his book.
2. They welcomed me.
3. Mina wrote a letter.
4. Mohan did not sing a song.
5. Radha did not drink coffee.
6. Harish did not paint a picture.
7. Did the boys fly kites ?
8. Did you close the door ?
9. Did Kavita help you?
10. The Prime Minister honoured Kapil Dev.
Answer:
1. His book was lost by Rama.
2. I was welcomed by them.
3. A letter was written by Mina.
4. A song was not sung by Mohan.
5. Coffee was not drunk by Radha.
6. A picture was not painted by Harish.
7. Were kites flown by the boys ?
8. Was the door closed by you ?
9. Were you helped by Kavita ?
10. Kapil Dev was honoured by the Prime Minister.

III. 1. Manohar will solve the sums.
2. You will miss your bus.
3. The teacher will punish the boys.
4. The doctor will examine the patient.
5. The children will enjoy this game.
6. You will join the party.
7. He will not cook the food.
8. She will not wash the clothes.
9. Will they elect the President ?
10. Will she speak the truth?
Answer:
1. The sums will be solved by Manohar.
2. Your bus will be missed by you.
3. The boys will be punished by the teacher.
4. The patient will be examined by the doctor.
5. This game will be enjoyed by the children.
6. The party will be joined by you.
7. The food will not be cooked by him.
8. The clothes will not be washed by her.
9. Will the President be elected by them?
10. Will the truth be spoken by her?

IV. 1. The leader is making a speech.
2. They are playing hockey.
3. Șudhir is telling a story.
4. Pakistan is making an atom bomb.
5. The girls are making chairs.
6. The workers are not repairing the road.
7. We are not taking exercise.
8. I am not favouring you.
9. Are they knocking at the door?
10. Is he serving his country?
Answer:
1. A speech is being made by the leader.
2. Hockey is being played by them.
3. A story is being told by Sudhir.
4. An atom bomb is being made by Pakistan.
5. Chairs are being made by the girls.
6. The road is not being repaired by the workers.
7. Exercise is not being taken by us.
8. You are not being favoured by me.
9. Is the door being knocked at by them?
10. Is his country being served by him ?

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.3 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.3

Solve the following equations and check your results :

Question 1.
3x = 2x + 18
Solution:
3x = 2x + 18
∴ 3x – 2x = 18 (Transposing 2x to LHS)
∴ x = 18

Check:
LHS = 3x = 3 × 18 = 54
RHS = 2x + 18
= 2(18) + 18
= 36 + 18 = 54
LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 2.
5t – 3 = 3t – 5
Solution:
5t – 3 = 3t – 5
∴ 5t – 3t – 3 = – 5 (Transposing 3t to LHS)
∴ 2t – 3 = -5
∴ 2t = – 5 + 3 (Transposing -3 to RHS)
∴ 2t = – 2
∴ \(\frac{2 t}{2}=\frac{-2}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ t = – 1

Check:
LHS = 5t – 3
= 5 (- 1) – 3
= – 5 – 3 = -8
RHS = 3t – 5
= 3 (- 1) – 5
= – 3 – 5 = – 8
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 3.
5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
Solution:
5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
∴ 5x + 9 – 3x = 5 (Transposing 3x to LHS)
∴ 2x + 9 = 5
∴ 2x = 5 – 9 (Transposing 9 to RHS)
∴ 2x = -4
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{-4}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
x = – 2

Check:
LHS = 5x + 9
= 5 (-2) + 9
= – 10 + 9 = -1
RHS = 5 + 3x
= 5 + 3 (-2)
= 5 – 6 = -1
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 4.
4z + 3 = 6 + 2z
Solution:
4z + 3 = 6 + 2z
∴ 4z + 3 – 2z = 6 (Transposing 2z to LHS)
∴ 2z + 3 = 6
∴ 2z = 6 – 3 (Transposing 3 to RHS)
∴ 2z = 3
∴ \(\frac{2 z}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ z = \(\frac {3}{2}\)

Check:
LHS = 4z + 3
=4 (\(\frac {3}{2}\)) + 3
= 6 + 3 = 9
RHS = 6 + 2z
= 6 + 2(\(\frac {3}{2}\))
= 6 + 3 = 9
LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 5.
2x – 1 = 14 – x
Solution:
2x – 1 = 14-x
∴ 2x – 1 + x = 14 (Transposing -x to LHS)
∴ 3x – 1 = 14
∴ 3x = 14 + 1 (Transposing -1 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 15
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{15}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
x = 5

Check:
LHS = 2x – 1
= 2 (5) – 1
= 10 – 1 = 9
RHS = 14 – x
= 14 – 5 = 9
LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 6.
8x + 4 = 3(x – 1) + 7
Solution:
8x + 4 = 3(x – 1) + 7
∴ 8x + 4 = 3x – 3 + 7
∴ 8x + 4 = 3x + 4
∴ 8x + 4 – 3x = 4 (Transposing 3x to LHS)
∴ 5x + 4 = 4
∴ 5x = 4 – 4 (Transposing 4 to RHS)
∴ 5x = 0
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{5}=\frac{0}{5}\) (Dividing both the sides by 5)
∴ x = 0

Check:
LHS = 8x + 4
= 8 (0) + 4
= 0 + 4 = 4
RHS = 3 (x – 1) + 7
= 3(0 – 1) + 7
= 3 (-1) + 7
= – 3 + 7 = 4
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 7.
x = \(\frac {4}{5}\) (x + 10)
Solution:
x = \(\frac {4}{5}\) (x + 10)
∴ x = \(\frac{4 x}{5}+10 \times \frac{4}{5}\)
∴ x = \(\frac{4 x}{5}+8\)
∴ x – \(\frac{4 x}{5}\) = 8 (Transposing \(\frac{4 x}{5}\) to LHS)
∴ \(\frac{5 x-4 x}{5}\) = 8 (LCM = 5)
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) = 8
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) × 5 = 8 × 5 (Multiplying both the sides by 5)
∴ x = 40

Check:
LHS = x = 40
RHS = \(\frac {4}{5}\) (x + 10)
= \(\frac {4}{5}\) (40 + 10)
= \(\frac {4}{5}\) (50)
= 4 × 10 = 40
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 8.
\(\frac{2 x}{3}+1=\frac{7 x}{15}+3\)
Solution:
\(\frac{2 x}{3}+1=\frac{7 x}{15}+3\)
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{3}\) = \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) + 3 – 1 (Transposing 1 to RHS)
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{3}\) = \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) + 2
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{3}-\frac{7 x}{15}\) = 2 (Transposing \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) to LHS)
∴ \(\frac{2 x \times 5-7 x}{15}\) (LCM = 15)
∴ \(\frac{10 x-7 x}{15}\) = 2
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{15}\) = 2
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) = 2
∴ \(\frac{x}{5}\) × 5 = 2 × 5 (Multiplying both the sides by 5)
∴ x = 10

Check:
LHS = \(\frac{2 x}{3}\) + 1
= \(\frac{2(10)}{3}\) + 1
= \(\frac{20}{3}\) + 1 = \(\frac{23}{3}\)
RHS = \(\frac{7 x}{15}\) + 3
= \(\frac{7(10)}{15}\) + 3
= \(\frac {14}{3}\) + 3
= \(\frac {23}{3}\)
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Question 9.
2y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\) – y
Solution:
2y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\) – y
∴ 2y + y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\) (Transposing -y to LHS)
∴ 3y + \(\frac {5}{3}\) = \(\frac {26}{3}\)
∴ 3y = \(\frac{26}{3}-\frac{5}{3}\) (Transposing \(\frac {5}{3}\) to RHS)
∴ 3y = \(\frac{26-5}{3}\)
∴ 3y = \(\frac {21}{3}\)
∴ 3y = 7
∴ \(\frac{3 y}{3}=\frac{7}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ y = \(\frac {7}{3}\)

Check:
LHS = 2y + \(\frac {5}{3}\)
= 2(\(\frac {7}{3}\) ) + \(\frac {5}{3}\)
= \(\frac{14}{3}+\frac{5}{3}\)
= \(\frac{14+5}{3}\)
= \(\frac {19}{3}\)
RHS = \(\frac {26}{3}\) – y
= \(\frac{26}{3}-\frac{7}{3}\)
= \(\frac{26-7}{3}\)
= \(\frac {19}{3}\)

Question 10.
3m = 5m – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
Solution:
3m = 5m – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
∴ 3m – 5m = –\(\frac {8}{5}\) (Transposing 5m to LHS)
∴ -2m = –\(\frac {8}{5}\)
∴ 2m = \(\frac {8}{5}\) [Multiplying both the sides by (-1)]
∴ \(\frac{2 m}{2}=\frac{8}{5} \times \frac{1}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ m = \(\frac {4}{5}\)

Check:
LHS = 3m
= 3(\(\frac {4}{5}\))
= \(\frac {12}{5}\)
RHS = 5m – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= 5(\(\frac {4}{5}\)) – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= 4 – \(\frac {8}{5}\)
= \(\frac{20-8}{5}\)
= \(\frac {12}{5}\)
∴ LHS = RHS
Thus, the answer is correct.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Grammar Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Grammar Finite and Non-Finite Verbs

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को पढ़ो और इन वाक्यों में दिये गए italicised (तिरछे) शब्दों के प्रयोग पर विचार करो-

1. (a) (i) I saw the girls jumping.
(ii). I did not see the dancing girl.

(b) (i) He got his shoes mended.
(ii) He is a worried man now.

2. (i) I went to see the match.
(ii) We go home to take rest.

3. (i) Dancing is an art.
(ii) She enjoys dancing.

सभी italicised शब्द ऐसे शब्द हैं जो अपने आप में किसी वाक्य का Predicate नहीं बन सकते। हम ऊपर दिए गए किसी भी वाक्य का italicised शब्द के साथ predicate नहीं बना सकते। अर्थात् ‘I jumping’, ‘I dancing’ आदि predicate नहीं बना सकते, इस प्रकार के Verbs को Non-Finite Verbs कहते हैं। इसके विपरीत वे Verbs या Verb Phrases जो किसी वाक्य के Predicate बन सकते हैं, Finite Verbs कहलाते हैं।

एक अन्य परिभाषा

Italicised शब्दों पर Tense, Person अथवा Number का कोई प्रभाव दिखाई नहीं देता। अर्थात् जिन Verbs पर Tense, Person के Number का प्रभाव नहीं होता, Non-Finite Verbs कहलाते हैं। Tense अथवा Subject बदलने के पश्चात् भी इन Verbs का रूप नहीं बदलता। इसके विपरीत Finite Verbs का रूप Tense तथा Person के अनुसार बदल सकता है। आओ वाक्यों पर पुनः विचार करें-
1. (a) I saw the train moving.
I see the train moving.
He sees the train moving.

(b) He got his watch repaired.
He gets his watch repaired.
They will get their watches repaired.

2. (i) I want to see the match.
(ii) He wants to see the match.
(iii) We wanted to see the match.

3. (i) She enjoys dancing.
(ii) She will enjoy dancing.
(iii) They enjoyed dancing.

अतः स्पष्ट है कि Finite Verbs (underlined) का परिवर्तन होने पर भी Non-finite Verbs में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता।

पूर्ण स्पष्टीकरण
अब दाईं तथा बाईं ओर दिए गए शब्द-समूहों का अध्ययन करो। आप देखेंगे कि Non-finites किस प्रकार Predicate का रूप धारण नहीं कर सकते।

Finite Verbs:
He takes tea.
He can drive well.
They have gone home.
The dog was beaten by the boys

Non-Finite Verbs:
He taking tea.
He to drive well.
They going home.
The dog beaten by the boys.

बाईं ओर के सभी शब्द समूह वाक्य हैं। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि इनके Verbs Predicate का काम करते हैं परन्तु दाईं ओर के Verbs Non-Finites हैं। क्योंकि Non-Finites स्वयं Predicate का निर्माण नहीं करते, इसलिए दाईं ओर के शब्द-समूह वाक्य नहीं हो सकते।

Non-Finites का वर्गीकरण-
(1) Present Participle
(2) Past Participle

1. (a) (i). I saw the girl jumping. (Present Participle)
(ii) I did not see the dancing girl. (Present Participle)

(b) (i) He got his shoes mended. (Past Participle)
(ii) He is a ‘worried man now. (Past Participle)

2. (i) I want to see the match. (Infinitive)
(ii) We go home to take rest. (Infinitive)

3. (i) Dancing is an art. (Gerund)
(ii) She enjoys dancing (Gerund)

I. The Infinitive

I. Infinitive का प्रयोग Noun के रूप में हो सकता है।
1. Verb के Subject के रूप में:

• To forgive is divine.
• To drive a car requires skill.
• To err is human.

2. Object के रूप में:

• She wishes to rise higher in life.
• No one likes to die.
• I want to learn music.

3. Complement के रूप में:

• This house is to let.
• He seems to act well.
• Her desire was to do good.

4. Preposition के Object के रूप में:

• He was about to speak.
• The match was going to start.
• She was about to die.

5. Noun या Pronoun के Apposition के रूप में:

• It is easy to advise others.
• It is bad to find faults with others.
• It is good to help the poor.

II. Infinitive का प्रयोग adjective के रूप में भी हो सकता है।

1. Bere 2017 बताने के लिए

• He got up to ask a question.
• I went to see the Principal.
• He studied to become a doctor.

2. Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता बताने के लिए

• My decision to go is final.
• I have no friends to talk to.
• The topics to be written are known to all.

3. Preposition या Object की विशेषता बताने के लिए

• He is too old to walk.
• She is too young to understand.
• They are too busy to attend the function.

4. verb या complement की विशेषता बताने के लिए

• To tell the truth, I hate shirkers.
• To sum up, he is the best of friends.
• To say in a few words, Mohan achieved the object of his life.

Bare Infinitive या बिना to के Infinitive

इसका प्रयोग होता है:
1. bid, feel, hear, know, let, make, notice, observe, see, watch if Verbs

• I made him give up smoking.
• He bade me open the window.
• I let the boy go.

2. shall, will, would, should, do, have may, must, can, could if Auxiliaries as:

• You may leave now.
• I do not like him.
• You must not disobey your parents.

3. ‘had better’, ‘had rather’, ‘would rather’, ‘had sooner:

• You had better leave this place.
• I would rather starve than beg.
• He would rather solve the problem better.

4. but’, ‘than’s are:

• We could not but laugh.
• He did more than help his friend.

II. The Gerund

The Gerund का निर्माण Verb की पहली फार्म + ing से होता है। Gerund का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित ढंग से हो सकता है।

1. Verb के Subject के रूप में :

• Swimming is a good exercise.
• Speaking is easier than writing.
• Dancing is an art.

2. Verb के Object के रूप में:

• I hate waiting at bus stops.
• He likes reading novels.
• She stopped playing.

3. Preposition के Object के रूप में:

• I am tired of thinking.
• He is thinking of leaving this place.
• He started his journey after resting for an hour.

4. Verb at Complement के रूप में:

• Thinking is doing.
• Talking to him is wasting time.
• Seeing is believing

5. Absolute construction के रूप में:

• Speaking the truth being his habit, we like him.
• Reading the books being his hobby, we appreciate him.

Note : यदि Gerund से पहले कोई noun या pronoun आये तो उसका Possessive रूप ही प्रयोग करना सकता है।

• He stopped my going there.
• He likes my doing this job.
• I do not like Ram’s coming here.

6. Noun Compounds as party के रूप में:

• He bought a new dining table.
• The dancing girl was full of thrill.
• She wastes hours before her looking glass.

Note : निचे कुछ विशेष verbs दिए गए है जिनके साथ Gerund का प्रयोग होता है

• He avoided seeing the Principal.
• He admitted telling a lie.
• She denied using force.
• He dislikes deceiving people.
• I enjoy playing with children.
• He cannot help laughing.
• I don’t mind waiting for an hour.
• I missed seeing that film.
• He postponed his going to Delhi.
• She stopped going there.
• I suggest going for a walk.

III. Participle (Present and Past)

Present Participle : Present Participle का निर्माण verb की पहली फार्म तथा ing से होता है।
Note : Present Participle तथा Gerund दोनों का निर्माण ‘ing’ से होता है; प्रतनु दोनों में अत्नर है (i) Participle adjective के रूप में प्रयोग होता है
उदाहरण:
I like new coat.
I like shining-coat.
यहाँ ‘shining new की तरह adjective का काम कर रहा है। इसलिए यह Participle है।

(ii) Gerund noun के रूप में प्रयुक्त होता है। इसलिए यह वाक्य में वे सभी स्थान ले सकता है जो Noun के होते है; जैसे
Swimming is an exercise. (Subject के रूप में)
I like swimming. (Object के रूप में)

Present Participle का प्रयोग
1. Present Participle का प्रयोग subject के बाद आने वाले Noun के Adjective के रूप में होता है:

• His speech was expressing.
• Her lectures were interesting.
• The results were encouraging.

2. जब दो कार्य एक ही Subject द्वारा एक के बाद एक किए जायें, तो पहले कार्य को व्यक्त करने के लिए Present Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है, जैसे,

• Seeing his father, the boy ran away.
• She entered, closing the door behind her.
• Crying, she went to qazi.

3. जब दो साथ-साथ हों तो उनमें से एक को Present Participle दुरा यक्त किया जाता है:

• He went into the room singing.
• He came to me running.
• The birds flew away chirping.

4. Present Participle ‘Object complement’ के रूप में भी कार्य कर सकता है:

• We found him studying in his room.
• The doctor found the patient sitting up in bed.
• I saw him watering the plants in his garden.

5. Present Participle का प्रयोग absolutely’ भी होता है; जैसे,

• The weather being fine (having been fine), we decided to go out for a walk.
• The dinner being over, the guests started leaving.
• The song being over, the dancers stopped dancing.

6. कभी- कभी Present Participle का प्रयोग Perfect Participle के रूप में होता है। ऐसा तब किया जाता है जब यह व्यक्त करना हो कि दूसरा कार्य आरम्भ होने से पूर्व पहला कार्य पूरा हो चुका था; जैसे,

• Having seen my sister off, I came home.
• Having done her homework, she went out to play.
• Having seen the film, they went out to a restaurant.

7. Perfect Participle का प्रयोग Passive constructions में भी होता है; जैसे,

• Having been betrayed once, he did not fall into the trap again.
• Having been defeated several times, the army finally surrendered.
• Having been insulted twice, I never went to see him again.

Past Participle : Past Participle verb की तीसरी फार्म होती है।
Past Participle का प्रयोग
Past Participle का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित प्रकार से होता है

1. Adjective के रूप में; जैसे

• His spoken English is much better than his written English.
• The written words have much weight.
• The planned object was achieved.

2. Passive भावना को यकत करने के लिए; जैसे

• The Chief Minister arrived, accompanied by the Minister for Education.
• Shot by an arrow, the bird fell to the ground.
• Disgusted, he left his home.

3. Subject complement के रूप में; जैसे

• They grew tired.
• We were left bored.
• Don’t be disappointed.

4. Object complement के रूप में; जैसे

• I got a new shirt made.
• We got a new home built.
• He had his hair cut.

Combination of Sentences

(Using Non-Finites)
Participle, Infinitive या Gerund (Non-finites) की सहायता से दो वाक्यों को जोड़ कर एक वाक्य भी बनाया जा सकता है।

1. Infinitive के प्रयोग द्वारा
(1) Separate : We go to a cinema. We see a movie.
Combined : We go to a cinema to see a movie.

(2) Separate : The principal called Mrs. Sharma. She would teach English.
Combined : The principal called Mrs. Sharma to teach English.

(3) Separate : I shall go to the market. I shall buy rice.
Combined : I shall go to the market to buy rice.

(4) Separate : She is very poor. She cannot pay her fee.
Combined : She is too poor to pay her fee.

(5) Separate : I want to go to my brother. I shall assist him.
Combined :: I want to go to my brother to assist him.

(6) Separate : I go to the playground. I play there.
Combined : I go to the playground to play.

(7) Separate : I bent. I picked the ball.
Combined : I bent to pick the ball.

2. Participle के प्रयोग द्वारा

(1) Separate : He picked up his umbrella. He went out.
Combined : Picking up his umbrella, he went out.

(2) Separate : The thieves ran away. They saw the policeman.
Combined : Seeing the policeman, the thieves ran away.

(3) Separate : The students stopped talking. They saw the headmaster.
Combined : Seeing the headmaster, the students stopped talking.

(4) Separate : He lost his book. He began to cry.
Combined : Having lost his book, he began to cry.

(5) Separate : He picked the pocket. He ran away.
Combined : Having picked the pocket, he ran away.

(6) Separate : The old lady was helped by the little boy. She was able to cross the road.
Combined : Helped by the little boy, the old lady was able to cross the road.

(7) Separate : I saw some monkeys. They were jumping from branch to branch.
Combined : I saw some monkeys jumping from branch to branch.

(8) Separate : We watched a cricket match. It was being played in our school.
Combined : We watched a cricket match being played in our school.

(9) Separate : I met a girl. She was weeping in the street.
Combined : I met a weeping girl in the street.

(10) Separate : We heard a noise. It was coming from a nearby house.
Combined : We heard a noise coming from a nearby house.

3. Gerund के प्रयोग द्वारा

(1) Separate : Mohan waits for the bus everyday. He can’t bear it.
Combined : Mohan can’t bear waiting for the bus everyday.

(2) Separate : Gopal watches hockey matches. He likes it.
Combined : Gopal likes watching hockey matches.

(3) Separate : Kamla writes stories. She is very fond of it.
Combined : Kamla is very fond of writing stories.

(4) Separate : He helped my brother. I appreciate it.
Combined : I appreciate his helping my brother.

(5) Separate : I avoided Ram. I did not meet him.
Combined : I avoided meeting Ram.

(6) Separate : He was seeing the match. He saw it for some time.
Combined : He went on seeing the match for some time.

(7) Separate : The bird spread the wings. It flew away.
Combined : The bird flew away by spreading the wings.

(8) Separate : You go there. I do not approve of it.
Combined : I do not approve of your going there.

Exercises (Solved) (With Hints) Set-I

Combine the following sentences in each pair using participle:

1. He took aim. He shot the tiger.
2. He hurt his foot. He stopped.
3. He was unwilling to go any further. He returned home.
4. They saw the uselessness of punishment. They changed their way.
5. He was tired of failure. He went to another city.
6. I received no answer. I knocked it second time.
7. He felt tired. He laid his work aside.
8. I went to Delhi last year. I wished to see a doctor.
9. He lost money. He gave up gambling.
10. He gave up the job. He was not satisfied with the salary.
11. He went straight on. He met Ram on the path.
12. A dog stole a piece of meat. He went outside the city to enjoy it.
13. The magician took pity on the mouse. He turned it into a cat.
14. My sister liked the book. She bought it at once.
15. The letter was badly written. I had great difficulty in reading it.
16. The hungry fox saw some grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
17. I was walking along the bank. I saw a dead snake.
18. He ran at top speed. He got out of breath.
19. He jumped up. He ran away.
20. He was tired. He sat down to rest.
21. He finished his dinner. He went out for a walk.
22. He felt sleepy. He went to bed.
23. He aimed at the bird. He shot an arrow.
24. He failed in the examinations. He gave up studies.
25. He ran after the thief. He caught him.
Hints:
1. Taking aim
2. Having hurt
3. Unwilling
4. Seeing the
5. Tired of
6. Having received
7. Feeling tired
8. Wishing to
9. Having lost
10. Dissatisfied with
11. Going
12. Having stolen, the dog went
13. Taking pity, the magician turned
14. Having liked, my sister bought it
15. The letter being badly written.
16. The hungry fox saw some grapes hanging
17. Walking along the bank
18. Running at
19. Jumping up
20. Being tired
21. Having finished
22. Feeling sleepy
23. Aiming at the bird
24. Having failed
25. Running after.

Set-II
Combine the following sentences by using infinitives:

1. I went to the playground. I wanted to see the match.
2. I worked very hard. I wanted to assist him.
3. I want to go to my brother. I want to assist him.
4. I won a scholarship. I had to work very hard for it.
5. She is very poor. She cannot pay her fee.
6. He is very selfish. He will not help you.
7. I shall go to the market. I shall buy sugar.
8. I was trying to lift the box. He helped me.
9. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
10. Everyone should do his duty. The country expects this of everyone.
11. He must apologise to me. This is the only way to escape punishment.
12. I shall succeed. I am sure of it.
13. He will stand first. He is hopeful of it.
14. You will catch the train. You need not run for it.
15. She visits the poor. It is in this way that she can help.
16. He took out the knife. His object was to stab the passer-by.
17. I am very tired. I cannot work.
18. The hunter took up his gun. He wanted to shoot the tiger.
19. He bought a box. He needed it for keeping ornaments in it.
20. The king was very pleased. He heard of the success of his army.
21. This load is very heavy. I cannot lift it.
22. He heard the happy news. He was overjoyed.
23. The problem was difficult. It could not be solved.
24. My friend has gone to Delhi. He will attend a wedding there.
25. This book is very expensive. I cannot buy it.
26. We go to a cinema. We see a movie there.
27. We telephoned the airport. We wanted to ask for some information.
28. The school appointed Miss Sheela. She would teach English.
29. I wanted to meet my parents. I returned home.
30. He wanted to learn the art of bowling. The coach taught him.
31. We bow before our teacher. We respect him.
32. She bought a car. She would travel fast.
33. They use kerosene. They would/will cook their food.
Hints:
1. playground to see
2. hard to assist
3. brother to assist him
4. very hard to win a scholarship
5. too poor to pay her fees
6. too selfish to help
7. market to buy
8. He helped me lift
9. afraid to speak the truth
10. expects everyone of us to do our duty
11. to escape punishment
12. sure to succeed
13. he hopes to stand
14. run to catch
15. She visits the poor to help them
16. knife to stab
17. too-to
18. his gun to shoot
19. a box to keep
20. pleased to hear
21. too heavy for me to
22. overjoyed to hear
23. too difficult to be
24. gone to Delhi to attend
25. too expensive for me to
26. to a cinema to see
27. the airport to ask
28. appointed Miss Sheela to teach
29. home to meet
30. taught him to learn
31. our teacher to respect
32. a car to travel fast
33. use kerosene to cook

Exercises From Board’s Grammar (Solved)

1. Pick out Infinitives in the following sentences:
1. To lie is a sin.
2. I saw him enter.
3. She let me watch the film.
4. He promised to come.
5. To forgive is divine.
6. He is too weak to walk.
7. I don’t know where to go.
8. It is shameful to cheat your friend.
9. I watched her dance.
10. Straw is used to make paperboard.
Answer:
1. To lie
2. enter
3. watch
4. to come
5. To forgive
6. to walk
7. to go
8. to cheat
9. dance
10. to make.

II. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank spaces with appropriate non-finite forms:

1. (Err) is human, (forgive) is divine.
2. You ought (get) up earlier.
3. It is easy (make) mistakes.
4. Why not (take) the day off?
5. He made me (repeat) the lessons.
6. You needn’t (say) anything.
7. I am sorry (disappoint) you.
8. He heard a cock (crow) in the neighbouring village.
9. Would you (like) (come) in my car?
10. He will be able (swim) very soon.
Answer:
1. To err, to forgive.
2. to get
3. to make
4. take.
5. repeat
6. say
7. to disappoint
8. crow.
9. like, to come.
10. to swim.

III. Combine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence each using too / enough + infinitive:

1. You are very young. You can’t have a gun.
2. He is very ill. He can’t eat anything.
3. The coffee is strong. It won’t keep us awake.
4. Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police.
5. He was furious. He couldn’t speak.
6. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.
7. It is very cold. We can’t bathe.
8. It is very cold. We can’t go out.
9. The fire isn’t very hot. It won’t boil water in a kettle.
10. I am rather old. I can’t walk that far.
Answer:
1. You are too young to have a gun.
2. He is too ill to eat anything.
3. The coffee is not strong enough to keep us awake.
4. Tom was foolish enough to tell lies to the police.
5. He was too furious to speak.
6. You are thin enough to slip between the bars.
7. It is too cold for us to bathe.
8. It is too cold for us to go out.
9. The fire isn’t hot enough to boil water in a kettle.
10. I am too old to walk that far.

IV. Pick out gerunds in the following sentences:

1. Gambling is a bad habit.
2. She enjoys sleeping.
3. Old men enjoy gossiping.
4. I hate waiting.
5. Stealing is a crime.
6. He is fond of walking.
7. I am good at spelling.
8. We took part in boating.
9. My sister does not like cooking.
10. She is fond of dancing.
Answer:
1. Gambling.
2. sleeping.
3. gossiping.
4. waiting.
5. stealing
6. walking
7. spelling
8. boating.
9. cooking
10. dancing.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 5 The Punjab: A Glimpse Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 5 The Punjab: A Glimpse

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the words as used in the lesson (adjective/noun / verb, etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings

recognize	pavilion	zest	invasion
brutal	procession	irrigate	melodious
shrine	pilgrimage	architect	manufacture

Vocabulary Expansion

Activity 2

Match the words under column A with their antonyms (विपरीतार्थक) under column B.

S. No.	A	B
1	exit	fail
2	lead	south
3	raise	lower
4	order	follow
5	broad	slavery
6	north	narrow
7	famous	request
8	succeed	disperse
9	freedom	entrance
10	assemble	notorious

Answer:
1. exist – entrance
2. lend – follow
3. raise – lower
4. Order – request
5. broad – narrow
6. north-south
7. famous – notorious
8. succeed – fail
9. freedom – slavery
10. assemble – disperse.

Activity 3.

The sentences given below have two blanks each. Two words are given in the brackets after each sentence.

Fill in the blanks choosing the correct word from the brackets.

1. With a …………… face she said, “My purse is ………………. (empty, black)
2. ………….. children have …………… hands. (small, little)
3. That ……………. young man has a ……………. wife. (handsome, beautiful)
4. The …………….. old man spoke in a ……………..voice. (feeble, weak)
5. The of ………….. of our school is a man of …………….. (principal, principles)
6. You should live in ……………. because …………… is strength. (union, unity)
7. He is a …………….. man with a round face and a …………….. forehead. (tall, high)
Answer:
1. blank, empty
2. little, small
3. handsome, beautiful
4. weak, feeble
5. principal, principles
6. unity, union
7. tall, high.

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 4.

Answer each question briefly.

a.. What is special about Bhangra ?
भांगड़ा नृत्य के बारे में विशेष क्या है ?
Answer:
The Bhangra dance is full of energy. It shows the great zest for life of the Punjabis.

b. Why do you think that the Punjabis are self-respecting people ?
आप ऐसे क्यों सोचते हैं कि पंजाबी लोग स्वाभिमानी लोग हैं ?
Answer:
We can say that because Punjabis would never beg or show their back in battle field.

c. What was Punjab’s role in the struggle for India’s Independence ?
भारत के स्वतन्त्रता संघर्ष में पंजाबियों का क्या योगदान था ?
Answer:
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha and many other Punjabis sacrificed their lives for the sake of their motherland.

d. What did General O’Dwyer do at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar ?
जनरल ओ’डायर ने अमृतसर के जलियांवाला बाग़ में क्या किया ?
Answer:
On April 13, 1919 about 20,000 people had gathered here for a public meeting.General Dyer ordered his riflemen to fire at the crowd.

e. Which states have benefitted from the Bhakra-Nangal Project ?
भाखड़ा-नंगल परियोजना से किन राज्यों को लाभ पहुंचा है ?
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat have benefitted from this Project.

f. If. What is the religious importance of Anandpur Sahib ?
आनंदपुर साहिब का क्या धार्मिक महत्त्व है ?
Answer:
In Anandpur Sahib the Khalsa was founded by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Lakhs of Sikhs gather here every year to celebrate the founding of the Khalsa.

g. Where is Chandigarh situated ? What is it known for ?
चंडीगढ़ कहां स्थित है ? यह किस लिए प्रसिद्ध है ?
Answer:
Chandigarh is situated at the foot of the Shivalik Hills. It is known for its “rose gardens.

h. What are Jalandhar and Ludhiana famous for ?
जालन्धर और लुधियाना किस बात के लिए प्रसिद्ध हैं ?
Answer:
Jalandhar is famous for its sports goods while Ludhiana is famous for its woollen hosiery industry.

i. Who compiled the holy Sri Guru Granth Sahib ?
पवित्र श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब का संकलन किसने किया ?
Answer:
Sri Guru Arjun Dev Ji, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs, compiled Sri Guru Granth Sahib.

j. What do you know about the holiest shrine of the Sikhs ?
आप सिक्खों के सबसे पवित्र धार्मिक स्थल के विषय में क्या जानते हैं ?
Answer:
Golden Temple of Amritsar is the holiest shrine of Sikhs. It is built in the middle of a tank. It has a golden dome on the top.

Activity 5

Write ‘true’ or ‘false’ for the following statements in the given space.

a. General O’Dwyer lived in Jallianwala Bagh. — False
b. Le Corbusier was a great Indian architect. — False
c. Bhagat Singh was hanged on 13 April 1919. — False
d. The Golden Temple has a tank all around it. — True
e. India became an independent country in 1947. — True
f. The Punjabis have faced many foreign invasions. — True
g. Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa in 1669.– False
h. Lala Lajpat Rai is known as Shaheed-e-Azam of India .– False
i. The Bhakra Dam is 518 feet high and 740 feet wide. — False
j. Fifty per cent of India’s hosiery industry is in Ludhiana. — False
k. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of India in 1953. — True
I. Chandigarh is situated on the left bank of the Sutlej River.– False

Activity 6

Tick (√) the correct choice to complete each sentence.

Question 1.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in ……
(a) 1919
(6) 1928
(c) 1947
(d) 1926.
Answer:
(a) 1919. (√)

Question 2.
The reorganisation of Punjab took place in …….
(a) 1947
(b) 1950
(c) 1966
(d). 1953.
Answer:
(c) 1966. (√)

Question 3.
Kulu and Manali are parts of …
(a) Haryana
(b) Himachal Pradesh
(c) Jammu and Kashmir
(d) Punjab.
Answer:
(b) Himachal Pradesh. (√)

Question 4.
Sri Guru Arjun Dev was …………….. of the Sikhs.
(a) the fifth Guru
(b) the sixth Guru
(c) the fourth Guru
(d) the tenth Guru.
Hint :
(a) the fifth Guru. (√)

Learning Language

Subject-Verb Agreement

1. A verb must agree with its subject, number and person i.e. when the subject is singular, the verb must also be singular. When the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. For example :
1. He plays cricket.
2. They play cricket.
3. I am sad.
4. We are sad.
5. A girl is running.
6. Girls are running.
7. A list of boys was prepared.
8. One of my friends has gone to the USA.

Let us look at some more aspects of how the verb should agree with the subject in a sentence.

2. If the subject consists of two or more singular nouns or pronouns joined by ‘and, It take a plural verb.
For example :
(i) Jolly and John were two brothers.
(ii) The poet and the dramatist are being honoured. (Two separate persons).
(iii) Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi are the most important cities of India.
(iv) He and I were present.

Exceptions:
(a) If the nouns refer to the same person or thing or express one idea, the verb is singular.
For example :
(i) The poet and dramatist is being honoured. (same person – one only)
(ii) My friend, philosopher and guide was invited to preside over the function. (same person one only)
(iii) Rice and curry is his favourite dish.
(iv) Slow and steady wins the race.
(v) Bread and butter is wholesome food.

(b) If two singular subjects joined by ‘and are qualified by ‘each’ or ‘every they take a singular verb.
For example :
(i) Every man and every woman desires happiness.
(ii) Each hour and each minute is important.

3. Sigular subjects connected by ‘or’, ‘either – or’ and ‘neither – nor,’ are following by singular verb.
For example :
(a) No prize or trophy was given to him.
(b) Either Minesh or Parag has won the prize.
(c) Neither Sanjeev nor Amit has gone to school today.

4. When the subjects connected by ‘or’ or ‘nor are of different numbers, the plural subject should be written in the last and it is followed by a plural verb.
For example :
(a) Either Raghu or his parents are to blame.
(b) Neither Parul nor her friends have joined the college.
(c) Neither the headmaster nor the teachers were present there.

5. When the subjects connected by ‘nor’ or ‘or’ ate of different persons, the verb agrees in person with the subject nearest to it.
For example :
(a) Neither you nor Rosy is responsible for our defeat.
(b) Neither you not Rahul seems to be interested in this plan.
(c) Neither Neelu nor I have any money to buy a house.

6. When the subject consists of two nouns or pronouns joined by ‘with’ or ‘as well as’, the verb agrees with the first of them.
For examples :
(a) All the students with their teacher, were present at the show.
(b) He with all his friends, was ready to do or die.
(c) They as well as I are sick of his behaviour.
(d) Good leaders as well as a responsible public are essential for the success of democracy

7. When two subjects are connected by ‘not only … ‘but also’, the verb agrees with the second subject.
For example :
(a) Not only the master but his servants have also been badly wounded.
(b) Not only the soldiers but the captain has also been arrested.

8. When the subject is the formal ‘there’, the verb agrees with the real subject that follows it.
For example :
(a) There is no hope of his success.
(b) There were many difficulties to be removed.

9. ‘Either’, ‘neither’, ‘each, “.everyone’, ‘one of the take a singular verb.
For example :
(a) Neither of the two books was interesting.
(b) Everyone of these workers is an expert.
(c) One of the students is differently abled.
(d) Each of these two girls is intelligent.
(e) Either of these two boys is fit for this work.

10. Nouns which are plural. in form but singular in meaning should be followed by singular verbs.
For example :
(a) Mathematics is my favourite subject.
(b) Politics is a dirty game.
(c) The wages of sin is death.
(d) The news is too good to be true.
(e) Gulliver’s Travels’ is an interesting book.

11. Collective noun (crew, jury, committee) is followed by a singular verb when the group is thought of as a single unit. But when individual members of the group are referred to, the plural verb is used.
For example :
(a) A committee was appointed to suggest some reforms.
(b) The committee were divided on the issue.
(c) The jury was unanimous in its verdict.
(d) The jury were divided in their opinions.

12. When the subject of a verb is a relative pronoun, the verb agrees in number and person with the antecedent of the relative pronoun.
For example :
(a) The boy, who always stands first, is my son.
(b) The time, which is lost, is lost forever.
(c) I, who am your friend, will certainly help you.
(d) This is one of the most interesting books that have (not has) ever appeared.

13. When the subject is a sum of money considered as a whole, a singular verb is used. If the subject is a sum of money and it refers to the notes or coins considered separately, a plural verb is used.
For example :
(a) Hundred rupees is not a small amount.
(b) Hundred rupees were found in his purse.
(c) Five thousand rupees is a good price for this camera.
(d) There were fifty rupees in his pocket.
(e) There are ten silver rupees in my box.

Activity 7.

Select the correct verb from the brackets to fill in the blanks.

1. The tallest of these boys ………………. next door to me. (live, lives)
2. All the players in my team ……………… done well. (has, have)
3. The toys that were bought by Anil … ………….. really useful. (are, is)
4. He ……………… regularly. (walk, walks).
5. Slow and steady …… ………… the race. (win, wins)
6. Time and tide ……………… for none. (wait, waits)
7. Oil and water ……………. mix. (does not, do not).
8. Tobacco and alcohol ……………. injurious to health. (is, are)
9. Either Ashok or Rakesh ………………. done this mischief. (has, have)
10. Either you or he ……………… mistaken. (is, are)
11. Neither the judge nor the witnesses ……………… him. (believe, believes)
12. Neither the Captain nor the soldiers …………… been arrested. (has, have)
13. Either he or I …………….. wrong. (am, are)
14. He as well as you ………………. innocent. (is, are)
15. Each day and each hour …………….. its own importance. (has, have)
16. Either of these two proposals ………………. acceptable to me. (is, are)
17. The jury ………………. divided in their opinion. (was, were)
18. The assembly ………………. in session. (is, are).
19. I am the one who ……………. always stood for justice. (has, have)
20. This is one of the most difficult lessons that ……. …….. been taught. (has, have)
Answer:
1. lives
2. have
3. are
4. walks
5. wins
6. wait
7. do not
8. are
9. has
10. is
11. believe
12. been arrested
13. am
14. is
15. has
16. is
17. were
18. is
19. have
20. has.

Activity 8.

Listen to the words spoken by your teacher. Each word will be spoken twice. You will repeat after her/him. The teacher must check the pronunciation from the dictionary.
Answer:
1. February
2. Wednesday
3. Clothes
4. Desk
5. Library
6. Suite
7. April
8. Arithmetic
9. Bear
10. Plumber
11. Cleanliness
12. Creature
13. Debris
14. Depot
15. Develop
16. Hotel
17. Photography
18. Democracy
19. Police
20. Tortoise

Learning to Write

Paragraph Writing

A paragraph is a group of sentences that are written on a topic. It requires unity, order, coherence amnd completeness of an idea. When we write a paragraph, we should focus on one idea. Let us write a paragraph on a ‘A Picnic’ we went for.

A School Picnic
Picnic — Look forward to — all excited — woke up early – packed food — reached in time — teachers accompanied — bus started — enjoyed – reached the spot – took swings – high spirits —- took lunch — great fun — journey back — reached home – a day worth – remembering.

Picnic is one thing that we all always look forward to. This time, it was announced that we would go on a school picnic to the local city garden. We were all very excited.

On the day of the picnic, I woke up early. My mother packed a lot of food items for me and my friends. We reached school in time to board the bus. Our English teacher and sports teacher were accompanying us. The bus started at 8 a.m. We enjoyed the journey and had great fun singing songs.

Finally, we reached the garden. It was very peaceful there. The weather was also very pleasant. We got busy on swings and started running and playing. We were all in high spirits. In the afternoon, we had lunch. We shared our food with each other. After lunch, our teachers made us play many games. It was fun. We laughed and enjoyed ourselves. Soon it was evening and time to go back. We boarded the bus again and reached home by 7. It was a memorable day and I am going to cherish it forever.

Activity 9.

Write a paragraph on Our School Library using the hints given below :
Answer:
School a temple of learning–library the most useful place a big library in my school – more than 50,000 books – kept subjectwise – story books and comics-newspapers and magazines – librarian very helpful and kind – enjoy going to the library

Our School Library

A school is a temple of learning. A library is an altar in it. My school too has a big library. It is housed in a cornor. It has about 50,000 books in it. The books are kept subject-wise. They are kept in almirahs with glass-panes. The library has a number of newspapers and magazines too.

They are in Punjabi, Hindi and English. We can borrow books from the library. But no student can keep a book for more than fifteen days. The librarian is very helpful, kind and gentle. But he is very strict. He maintains perfect silence and discipline in the library. We go to the library thrice a week. We read newspapers and magazines. The library is really very useful to all of us.

Activity 10.

Write a paragraph on ‘An Indian Farmer’ looking at the hints given below :
Answer:
India land of villages–agriculture major profession-agriculture is lifeline of Indian economy-keeps the Indian economy prospering – the citizens with food-grows food grains, vegetables and fruits-grows cotton – works from morning to evening-provides employment – 40% of Indian farmers – requires a lot of labour – difficult task requires discipline and patience-grows crops for our country – crop is his wealth – important place in society – backbone of India – very useful member of the society

An Indian Farmer India is a land of villages. Most of the villagers are farmers. Therefore agriculture plays the most important role in the Indian economy. It is called the lifeline of Indian economy. It keeps the economy of the country prospering. Agriculture provides the citizens with food. About 40% of Indian farmers get their livehood. It provides employment directly through farming to many other people also. On the whole Indian farmer and farming together keep our economy alive. Farmers work hard (Hera) labour in their fields and grow various crops. Therefore, Indian farmer enjoys an important place in the society. He is the backbone of India.

Comprehension of Passage

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) According to the history of Punjab, the Punjabis have faced all the foreign invasions boldly. During the struggle for India’s freedom, Punjab gave the country great heroes. They included patriots such as Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha and many others. We call Lala Lajpat Rai Sher-e-Punjab and Bhagat Singh Shaheed-e-Azam. All these brave sons of Punjab sacrificed their lives for their country. Lala Lajpat Rai died as a result of the brutal lathi charge while he was leading a procession against the British in 1928. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged for raising their voice against the British cruelties. Bhagat Singh was just 26 years old then.

1. What led to Lala Lajpat Rai’s death?
लाला लाजपत राय की मृत्यु किस कारण हुई ?

2. Name three freedom fighters who were hanged.
तीन स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के नाम बताओ जिन्हें फांसी दी गई।

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Bhagat Singh was 16 years old when he was hanged.
जब भगत सिंह को फांसी दी गई उस समय उनकी आयु केवल 16 साल थी।

(b) Lala Lajpat Rai died in 1928.
तीन स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के नाम बताओ जिन्हें फांसी दी गई

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai was leading a procession
(b) Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged for ……….
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) crueltics	photographs
(ii) portraits	patriots
	atrocities

Answer:
1. The British lathi-charge on Lalaji led to his death.
2. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai was lending a procession against the British in 1928.
(b) Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged for raising voice against the British cruelties.
Or
(i) cruelties – atrocities
(ii) portraits – photographs.

(2) Mr Mathew told Chinta. ‘This is the famous Jallanwala Bagh of Amritsar and these are Bullet marks. On 31 April 1919, a crowd of around 20,000 people had gathered for a public meeting here. They included men, women and children. The British General O’Dwyer came there with his armed soliders. He blocked all the exit point. Then he ordered his men to start firing without giving any warning to the people gathered there. About 1000 people were killed and more than 1500 were wounded.”

1. What happened in Jalliandwala Bagh on April 13, 1919 ?
13 अप्रैल 1919 को जलियांवाला बाग में क्या घटना घटी

2. For what purpose had the people gathered in Jallianwala Bagh ?
लोग जलियांवाला बाग में किस उद्देश्य से इकट्ठे हुए थे ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :

(a) The park had no exit.
पार्क से बाहर जाने का कोई रास्ता नहीं था।

(b) The British General O’Dwyer came there with his riflemen.
ब्रिटिश जनरल डायर अपने बंदूकधारियों के साथ वहां आया।

4. Complete the following sentence according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Dyer blocked …………
(b) The crowd gathered at the Bagh included ………….
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) blocked	injured
(ii) wounded	closed
	killed

Answer:
1. On 13 April, 1919, the British General O’Dwyer ordered his riflemen to fire at the crowd. About 1000 people were killed and more than 1500 were wounded.
2. The people had gathered for a public meeting.
3.
(a) False
(b) True
4.
(a) Dyer blocked all the exist points.
(b) The crowd gathered at the Bagh included men, women and children.
Or
(i) blocked – closed
(ii) wounded – injured.

(3) “Sir, they say this temple is surrounded by water”, said Chintu. “Yes, it is built in the middle of a square tank. To reach the temple, there is a 60-metre long marble path. This path has marble railings on both sides. The temple is double-storeyed. It has a golden dome on the top. The marble slabs used in the construction of the temple have on them fine artistic engravings. The inner walls are decorated with precious stones. They have on them priceless paintings and other works of art. On the ground floor, under the dome-shaped roof lies Sri Guru Granth Sahib. It is the holy book of the Sikhs.” explained Mr. Mathew. “Do you know it was Sri Guru Arjun Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs, who compiled this holy book ?” asked Mr. Mathew.

1. How can the temple be reached ?
मंदिर तक कैसे पहुँचा जा सकता है ?

2. What lies on the ground floor, under the dome-shaped roof?
गुम्बदाकार छत के नीचे भूतल पर क्या विराजमान है ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book
(a) Marble slabs have been used for the decoration of the temple.
मंदर की सजावट के लिए संगमरमर की पट्टिकाएं प्रयोग में लाई गई हैं।

(b) The path has a marble railing on one side.
मार्ग के एक ओर संगमरमर का जंगला है।

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Sri Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by ……..
(b) The inner walls of the temple are decorated with …………
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) decorated	destroyed
(ii) precious	beautified
	Costly

Answer:
1. It can be reached by a 60-metre long marble path.
2. Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikhs, lies on the ground floor under the dome-shaped roof.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Sri Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by Sri Guru Arjun Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs.
(b) The inner walls of the temple are decorated with precious stones.
Or
(i) decorated – beautified
(ii) precious – costly.

(4) Mr Mathew replied, “Yes, this is Chandigarh. This beautiful city is situated at the foot of the Shivalik Hills. It was designed by a famous French architect, Le Corbusier. Being very close to the hills, Chandigarh has a calm and pleasant atmosphere. The Rose Garden of Chandigarh is world famous. The city was formally declared open in October 1953 by Dr Rajendra Prasad, the former President of India.“

1. Where is Chandigarh situated ?
चण्डीगढ़ कहां स्थित है ?

2. When and by whom was it formally declared open ?
इसका औपचारिक रूप से शुभारम्भ कब और किसके द्वारा किया गया ?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) Chandigarh has a calm and pleasant atmosphere.
चण्डीगढ़ का वातावाण शान्ति और सुटावाना है

(b) Stone gardens of Chandigarh are world famous. :
चण्डीगढ़ के पत्थर के बाग जगत् प्रसिद्ध हैं।

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Le Corbusier was
(b) Chandigarh is a ………….
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) pleasant	well-known
(ii) famous	fine
	helpful

Answer:
1. Chandigarh is situated at the foot of the Shivalik Hills.
2. It was formally declared open in October 1953 by the then President of India,Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
3.
(a) True
(b) False
4.
(a) Le Corbusier was a famous French architect.
(b) Chandigarh is a beautiful city.
Or
(i) pleasant-fine.
(ii) famous-well-known.

Use‌ ‌of‌ ‌Words‌ ‌and‌ ‌Phrases‌ ‌in‌ ‌Sentences‌ ‌

1. alms (charity, small, amounts received by way of begging) – The beggar stretched his hand out for alms.
2. celebrate – (engage in festivities) – I celebrated my birthday in a hotel.
3. compile – (to collect and arrange into a book) -Sri Guru Granth Sahib was compiled by Sri Guru Arjun Dev Ji.
4. curb (put control or check on, obstruct) – His arrest curbed his liberty in a big way.
5. distributary-(a narrow waterway to distribute canal or river water for irrigation, छोटी नदी/वितरिका A network of distributaries irrigates the fields in this state
6. executed – (done to death/hanged,) – The murderer was executed on Sunday.
7. exuberance (lively spirit, ) – The Bhangra shows the exuberance of the people of Punjab.
8. invasion – (attack) -India faced many invasions by the foreigners.
9. mowed down – (killed,) – Hundreds of freedom fighters were mowed down in the firing.
10. prominent – (well known) – My uncle is a prominent political figure.
11. precious – (of great value) – Gold is a precious metal.
12. recognize – (identify/know somebody again) – Do you recognize this picture ?
13. successive – (continuously/one after the other) – He had to keep awake for three successive nights.
14. vigorous – (fast and active/full of spirit and movement) – He made vigorous efforts to achieve his goal.
15. vitality – (liveliness) – The dance was full of life and vitality.

Word Meanings

The Punjab: A Glimpse Summary in Hindi

Balle, Balle ! …………… in the pavilion.

बल्ले, बल्ले ! ओह् बल्ले बल्ले ! मि० मैथ्यू अपने छात्रों को अमृतसर की यात्रा पर ले गए। मि० मैथ्यू ने पंजाब पैवेलियन (पंडाल) के सामने भांगड़ा नर्तकों की ओर इशारा करते हुए कहा, “बच्चो, तुम पंजाब के इस प्रसिद्ध लोकनृत्य को अवश्य पहचान गए होंगे।”
बच्चों ने उत्तर दिया, “हाँ, श्रीमान् जी, हम यह लोक नृत्य इस वर्ष के गणतंत्र दिवस के समारोह में देख चुके हैं।” मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “यह नृत्य जोश से भरा है। यह पंजाबियों के जीवन के प्रति अति उत्साह को दर्शाता है। पंजाबी स्वाभिमानी और बहुत ही परिश्रमी लोग होते हैं। तुम इन्हें गलियों में भीख माँगते नहीं देखोगे। वे बहुत बहादुर लड़ाई के मैदान में कभी भी अपनी पीठ नहीं दिखाते।

पंजाब के इतिहास के अनुसार पंजाब के लोगों ने सभी विदेशी आक्रमणकारियों का दृढ़ता से सामना किया । भारत के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में पंजाब ने देश को महान नायक दिए। उनमें लाला लाजपत राय, भगत सिंह, सुखदेव, ऊधम सिंह, करतार सिंह सराभा जैसे तथा कई अन्य देशभक्त शामिल थे। हम लाला लाजपत राय को शेर-ए-पंजाब तथा भगत सिंह को शहीद-ए-आजम कहकर पुकारते हैं। पंजाब के इन सभी वीर पुत्रों ने अपनी मातृभूमि के लिए अपने प्राणों की आहुति दे दी। लाला लाजपत राय की मृत्यु 1928 में अंग्रेजों के विरुद्ध एक जलूस का नेतृत्व करते समय उन पर किए गए निर्दयतापूर्ण लाठीचार्ज के परिणामस्वरूप हुई। भगत सिंह, सुखदेव और राजगुरू को अंग्रेजों के अत्याचारों के विरुद्ध आवाज़ उठाने पर फांसी पर लटका दिया गया। भगत सिंह उस समय केवल 26 वर्ष के थे। बच्चो! तुम पंडाल में इन सभी स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों के चित्र देखोगे।”

“Sir, what is ….. work of the Punjabis.”

चिंटू ने पूछा, ” श्रीमान् जी, यह भवन, कौन सा है जिसकी दीवारें पूरी तरह निशानों से भरी पड़ी हैं ?” मि० मैथ्यू ने चिंटू को बताया, “यह अमृतसर का प्रसिद्ध जलियाँवाला बाग़ है और ये गोलियों के निशान हैं। यहाँ 13 अप्रैल, 1919 को लगभग 20,000 लोगों की एक भीड़ सार्वजनिक सभा के लिए यहां एकत्रित हुई थी। इसमें स्त्री, पुरुष तथा बच्चे शामिल थे। ब्रिटिश जनरल ओ’डायर अपने बन्दूकधारियों के साथ वहाँ पहुँचा। उसने बाहर निकलने के सभी रास्ते बंद कर दिए। बिना कोई चेतावनी दिए उसने अपने बंदूकधारियों को भीड़ पर गोली चलाने का आदेश दे दिया। लगभग एक हज़ार लोग मारे गए और पंद्रह सौ से अधिक लोग घायल हुए।”

मि० मैथ्यू ने अपने छात्रों को 1947 के बटवारे के बारे में बताया। उन्होंने बताया “पंजाब को 1947 में भारत की स्वतंत्रता की पूर्व संध्या के समय अनेक कष्ट उठाने पड़े। यहाँ भयंकर खून-खराबा हुआ। हज़ारों लोगों को अपने घरों को छोड़ना पड़ा और शरणार्थियों की तरह रहना पड़ा। फिर भी, वीर पंजाबियों ने कड़ा परिश्रम किया और जीवन की नये सिरे से शुरुआत की। उन्होंने राज्य के पुनर्निर्माण में एक महान् भूमिका निभाई। उन्होंने कड़ी मेहनत और कृषि कौशल से पंजाब को भारत का अन्न भण्डार बना दिया। वे देश में हरित क्रांति लाए। शीघ्र ही भारत एक विकासशील देश बन गया और इसका मुख्य कारण पंजाबियों का कड़ा परिश्रम है।

“Sir wasn’t Punjab. ………….. modern India.”

राजू ने पूछा, “श्रीमान् जी, क्या उस समय पंजाब का विभाजन फिर से नहीं किया गया था जब इसमें से हरियाणा राज्य का निर्माण किया गया था ?” मि० मैथ्यू ने बताया, “राजू, तुम ठीक कह रहे हो। 1966 में पंजाबी भाषा और हिन्दी भाषा के आधार पर पंजाब राज्य का पुनर्गठन किया गया। पंजाब के कुछ पहाड़ी क्षेत्र जैसे कि लाहौल-स्पीति, कुल्लू एवं मनाली की घाटियाँ, कांगड़ा, डल्हौज़ी और शिमला हिमाचल प्रदेश के साथ मिला दिए गए। चण्डीगढ़ को पंजाब एवं हरियाणा दोनों की सांझी राजधानी बना दिया गया। उसे केंद्र शासित प्रदेश घोषित कर दिया गया।”

“पुनर्गठित पंजाब नवंबर 1966 में अस्तित्व में आया। अब इसके पश्चिम में पाकिस्तान, उत्तर में जम्मू और कश्मीर, उत्तर-पूर्व में हिमाचल प्रदेश और दक्षिण में हरियाणा और राजस्थान हैं।”राजू ने कहा, “श्रीमान् जी, यहाँ एक बांध का मॉडल (नमूना) है। मेरे विचार से यह प्रसिद्ध भाखड़ा बांध है।”

मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “राजू, तुम ठीक कह रहे हो। यह बांध 740 फुट ऊँचा है। इसकी लम्बाई 518 मीटर है और यह 9 मीटर चौड़ा है। इसके जलाशय जिसे गोबिन्द सागर के नाम से जाना जाता है, इसमें 9 बिलियन क्यूषिक मीटर पानी इकट्ठा किया जा सकता है। इसका उपयोग हिमाचल प्रदेश, पंजाब तथा हरियाणा की 10 मिलियन एकड़ भूमि की सिंचाई के लिए किया जाता है। भाखड़ा और नंगल विद्युत केंद्रों में पैदा होने वाली बिजली को हिमाचल प्रदेश, पंजाब, हरियाणा, राजस्थान और गुजरात राज्यों को दिया जाता है। पंडित नेहरू ने भाखड़ा बांध को आधुनिक भारत का मंदिर कहा है।”

“Sir, I can ………………….. asked Mr. Mathew.?”

विक्की ने कहा, “श्रीमान् जी, मुझे गुरूवाणी के मधुर स्वर सुनाई दे रहे हैं। पास में अवश्य ही कोई गुरुद्वारा होगा।”मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “ठीक है, हम अमृतसर के श्री दरबार साहिब के निकट हैं। यह सिखों का सबसे पवित्र धार्मिक स्थल है।”
चिंटू ने कहा, “कहते हैं कि यह मंदर जल से घिरा हुआ है।” मि० मैथ्यू ने बताया, “हां, यह एक वर्गाकार सरोवर के बीच में बना है। मंदर में पहुँचने के लिए 60 मी० लम्बा संगमरमर का मार्ग बना हुआ है। इस मार्ग के दोनों ओर संगमरमर की रेलिंग (जंगला) है। मंदर दो मंजिला है। इसके शीर्ष पर एक सुनहरी गुंबद है। मंदर के निर्माण में लगाई गईं संगमरमर की पट्टिकाओं पर कलात्मक नक्काशी की गई है। अंदर की दीवारें कीमती पत्थरों से सुसज्जित हैं। उन पर अनमोल चित्रकारी और अन्य कलाकारियां की गई हैं। भूतल पर गुंबदाकार छत के नीचे ‘श्री गुरु ग्रंथ साहिब’ विराजमान हैं। यह सिक्खों का पवित्र ग्रंथ है। मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “क्या आप जानते हैं कि इस पवित्र पुस्तक का संकलन सिखों के पाँचवें गुरु अर्जुन देव जी ने किया था ?”

“Anandpur Sahib ……… President of India.”

“आनंदपुर साहिब सिखों का एक अन्य तीर्थ-स्थल है। इसकी स्थापना श्री गुरु तेग बहादुर जी ने की थी। यह सतलुज नदी के बायें किनारे पर स्थित एक छोटा सा शहर है। यहां हर साल लाखों सिख ‘खालसा’ जिसकी स्थापना 1699 में गुरु गोबिन्द सिंह जी ने की थी, का स्थापना दिवस मनाने के लिए इकट्ठे होते हैं।” राजू ने पूछा, “श्रीमान् जी, इधर देखो। यह सुन्दर ढंग से नियोजित एक शहर का नमूना है। इसमें बहुत से बाग़ हैं। क्या यह चण्डीगढ़ नहीं है ?”

मि० मैथ्यू ने उत्तर दिया, “हाँ, यह चण्डीगढ़ ही है। यह सुंदर शहर शिवालिक पहाड़ियों की तलहटी में स्थित है। इसका नमूना प्रसिद्ध फ्रांसीसी वास्तुकार ली कॉरबुज़िअर ने तैयार किया था। पहाड़ियों के बहुत अधिक निकट होने के कारण चण्डीगढ़ का वातावरण शांत और सुहावना है। चण्डीगढ़ के रोज़ गार्डन्ञ् संसार भर में प्रसिद्ध हैं। इस नगर का औपचारिक रूप से शुभारंभ भारत के तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति डा. राजेन्द्र प्रसाद ने अक्तूबर 1953 में किया था।”

“Sir, there are …………………….. on their faces.

” विक्की ने कहा, “श्रीमान जी, यहाँ खेलों का सामान बेचने वाली कुछ दुकानें हैं। मैं क्रिकेट का बल्ला और गेंद खरीदना चाहता हूँ।” मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “परन्तु खरीदने से पहले, क्या तुम मुझे बता सकते हो कि पंजाब के किस शहर में यह सामान बनाया जाता है ?” विक्की ने उत्तर दिया, “नहीं, श्रीमान् जी।” मि० मैथ्यू ने कहा, “अच्छा, तो सुनो, यह जालंधर है। यह देश में खेलों का सामान बनाने वाले प्रमुख केंद्रों में से एक है। वहां, दूसरी दुकान में ऊनी हौजरी का सामान है। वह लुधियाना से है। हमारे हौजरी उद्योग का 95 प्रतिशत भाग लुधियाना में है। क्या तुम हौजरी का कुछ सामान भी खरीदना पसंद करोगे ?” चिंटू ने कहा, “नहीं, श्रीमान् जी, क्या खरीदा जाये, मैं उसका निर्णय नहीं ले सकता। ऐसी खरीददारी मेरे मातापिता करते हैं।” मि० मैथ्यू ने मिठाई की दुकान की ओर बढ़ते हुए कहा, “अच्छा, बच्चो, शायद तुम अमृतसर की यह जलेबियाँ चखना पसंद करोगे।” सभी बच्चे अपने चेहरों पर मुस्कान बिखेरे उनके पीछे-पीछे चलने लगे।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. This dance is full of energy. — यह नृत्य जोश से भरा हुआ है।
2. The country was partitioned. — देश का बंटवारा कर दिया गया।
3. About 1000 people were killed. — लगभग 1000 लोग मारे गए।
4. Punjab suffered a lot. — पंजाब को बहुत अधिक हानि उठानी पड़ी।
5. You are right. — आपकी बात ठीक है।
6. It is the holiest shrine of the Sikhs. — यह सिखों का सबसे पवित्र धार्मिक स्थल है।
7. This temple is surrounded by water. — यह मंदर जल से घिरा है।
8. It has a number of gardens. — इसमें कई बाग हैं।
9. The temple is double storeyed. — मंदर दो-मंजिला है।
10. They are from Ludhiana. — वे लुधियाना के रहने वाले हैं।
11. It is a small town. — यह एक छोटा सा शहर है।
12. I can hear the melodious strains of Gurbani.– मुझे गुरूवाणी के मधुर स्वर सुनाई दे रहे हैं।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.2

Question 1.
If you subtract \(\frac {1}{2}\) from a number and multiply the result by \(\frac {1}{2}\), you get \(\frac {1}{8}\). What is the number?
Solution:
Let the required number be x.
By subtracting \(\frac {1}{2}\) from x, we get x-\(\frac {1}{2}\) and by multiplying this result by \(\frac {1}{2}\),
we get \(\frac {1}{2}\)(x – \(\frac {1}{2}\))
But, the result is \(\frac {1}{8}\)
\(\frac {1}{2}\)(x – \(\frac {1}{2}\)) = \(\frac {1}{8}\)
∴ \(\frac {1}{2}\)(x – \(\frac {1}{2}\)) × 2 = \(\frac {1}{8}\) × 2 (Multiplying both the sides by 2)
∴ x – \(\frac {1}{2}\) = \(\frac {1}{4}\)
∴ x = \(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\) (Transposing –\(\frac {1}{2}\) to RHS)
∴ x = \(\frac{1+2}{4}\) (LCM = 4)
∴ x = \(\frac {3}{4}\)
Thus, the required number = \(\frac {3}{4}\)

Question 2.
The perimeter of a rectangular swimming pool is 154 m. Its length is 2 m more than twice its breadth. What are the length and the breadth of the pool?
Solution:
Perimeter of the pool = 154 m
Let breadth = x metres
Length is 2 m more than twice its breadth.
Length = 2 (breadth) + 2
= (2x + 2) metres
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (length + breadth)
2 (length + breadth) = Perimeter
∴ 2[(2x + 2) + x] = 154
∴ 2 [2x + 2 + x] = 154
∴ 2 (3x + 2) = 154
∴ \(\frac{2(3 x+2)}{2}=\frac{154}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ 3x + 2 = 77
∴ 3x = 77 – 2 (Transposing 2 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 75
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{75}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3) x — 25
Breadth = 25 m
Length = 2x + 2
= 2 (25) + 2
= 50 + 2
= 52 m
Thus, the length of the pool is 52 m and its breadth is 25 m.

Question 3.
The base of an isosceles triangle is \(\frac {4}{3}\) cm. The perimeter of the triangle is 4\(\frac {2}{15}\) cm. What is the length of either of the remaining equal sides?
Solution:
Base of an isosceles triangle = \(\frac {4}{3}\) cm
Let the length of each of the equal sides = x cm
Perimeter of the triangle = \(\frac {4}{3}\) + x + x
= \(\frac {4}{3}\) + 2x
Perimeter of the triangle = 4\(\frac {2}{15}\) cm (Given)
∴ \(\frac {4}{3}\) + 2x = 4\(\frac {2}{15}\)
∴ \(\frac {4}{3}\) + 2x = \(\frac {62}{15}\)
∴ 2x = \(\frac{62}{15}-\frac{4}{3}\)(Transposing to RHS)
∴ 2x = \(\frac{62-20}{15}\) (LCM = 15)
∴ 2x = \(\frac {42}{15}\)
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{42}{15} \times \frac{1}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = \(\frac {21}{15}\)
∴ x = \(\frac{7 \times 3}{5 \times 3}\)
∴ x = \(\frac {7}{5}\)
∴ x = 1\(\frac {2}{5}\)
Thus, the required length of either of the remaining equal sides is 1\(\frac {2}{5}\) cm.

Question 4.
Sum of two numbers is 95. If one exceeds the other by 15, find the numbers.
Solution:
Let the smaller number be x
∴ The greater number = x + 15
Their sum is 95.
∴ x + (x + 15) = 95
∴ x + x + 15 = 95
∴ 2x + 15 = 95
∴ 2x = 95 – 15 (Transposing 15 to RHS)
∴ 2x = 80
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{80}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = 40
The smaller number = x = 40
The greater number = x + 15 = 40 + 15 = 55
Thus, 40 and 55 are the required numbers.

Question 5.
Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 3. If they differ by 18, what are the numbers ?
Solution:
Ratio of the two numbers = 5 : 3
Let the two numbers be 5x and 3x.
Difference = 18
∴ 5x – 3x = 18
∴ 2x = 18
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{18}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = 9
∴ Greater number = 5x = 5 × 9 = 45
Smaller number = 3x = 3 × 9 = 27
Thus, 45 and 27 are the numbers.

Question 6.
Three consecutive integers add up to 51. What are these integers ?
Solution:
Let the consecutive integers be, x, x + 1 and x + 2.
Their sum is 51.
∴ x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 51
∴ x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 51
∴ 3x + 3 = 51
∴ 3x = 51 – 3 (Transposing 3 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 48
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{48}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 16
∴ First number = x = 16
Second number = x + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17
Third number = x + 2 = 16 + 2 = 18
Thus, the required consecutive integers are 16, 17 and 18.

Question 7.
The sum of three consecutive multiples of 8 is 888. Find the multiples.
Solution:
Let the three multiples of 8 be x, x + 8, and x + 8 + 8 = x + 16.
Their sum is 888.
∴ x + (x + 8) + (x + 16) = 888
∴ x + x + 8 + x + 16 = 888
∴ 3x + 24 = 888
∴ 3x = 888 – 24 (Transposing 24 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 864
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{864}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 288
∴ First number = x = 288
∴ Second number = x + 8 = 288 + 8 = 296
Third number = x + 16 = 288 + 16 = 304
Thus, the required three consecutives multiples of 8 are 288, 296 and 304.

Question 8.
Three consecutive integers are such that when they are taken in increasing order and multiplied by 2, 3 and 4 respectively, they add up to 74. Find these numbers.
Solution:
Let the three consecutive integers be, x, (x + 1) and (x + 2).
According to the condition,
∴ 2 × (x) + 3 × (x + 1) + 4 × (x + 2) = 74
∴ 2x + 3x + 3 + 4x + 8 = 74
∴ 9x + 11 = 74
∴ 9x = 74 – 11 (Transposing 11 to RHS)
∴ 9x = 63
∴ \(\frac{9 x}{9}=\frac{63}{9}\) (Dividing both the sides by 9)
∴ x = 7
∴ First integer = x – 7
Second integer = x + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8
Third integer = x + 2 = 7 + 2 = 9
Thus, the required integers are 7, 8 and 9.

Question 9.
The ages of Rahul and Haroon are in the ratio 5 : 7. Four years later the sum of their ages will be 56 years. What are their present ages?
Solution:
Ages of Rahul and Haroon are in the ratio of 5 : 7.
Let their present ages be 5x and 7x years.
∴ 4 years later,
the age of Rahul will be 5x + 4 years and the age of Haroon will be 7x + 4 years.
According to the condition,
(5x + 4) + (7x + 4) = 56
∴ 5x + 4 + 7x + 4 = 56
∴ 12x + 8 = 56
∴ 12x = 56 – 8 (Transposing 8 to RHS)
∴ 12x = 48
∴ \(\frac{12 x}{12}=\frac{48}{12}\) (dividing both the sides by 12)
∴ x = 4
Present age of Rahul = 5x = 5 × 4
= 20 years
Present age of Haroon = 7x = 7 × 4
= 28 years
Thus, present age of Rahul is 20 years and that of Haroon is 28 years.

Question 10.
The number of boys and girls in a class are in the ratio 7 : 5. The number of boys is 8 more than the number of girls. What is the total class strength?
Solution:
Number of boys : Number of girls = 7 : 5
Let the number of boys be 7x, and the number of girls be 5x.
According to the condition
7x = 5x + 8
∴ 7x – 5x = 8 (Transposing 5x to LHS)
∴ 2x = 8
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{2}=\frac{8}{2}\) (Dividing both the sides by 2)
∴ x = 4
Number of boys = 7x = 7 × 4 = 28
Number of girls = 5x = 5 × 4 = 20
Total class strength = 28 + 20 = 48
Thus, total class strength is 48.

Question 11.
Bharat’s father is 26 years younger than Bharat’s grandfather and 29 years older than Bharat. The sum of the ages of all the three is 135 years. What is the age of each one of them ?
Solution:
Let the age of Bharat be x years,
His father’s age = (x + 29) years
His grandfather’s age = x + 29 + 26
= (x + 55) years
Sum of their ages is 135 years.
∴ x + (x + 29) + (x + 55) = 135
∴ x + x + 29 + x + 55 = 135
∴ 3x + 84 = 135
∴ 3x = 135 – 84 (Transposing 84 to RHS)
∴ 3x = 51
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{51}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 17
Bharat’s age = x = 17 years
His father’s age = x + 29
= 17 + 29
= 46 years
His grandfather’s age = x + 55
= 17 + 55
= 72 years
Thus, Bharat’s age is 17 years, his father’s age is 46 years and his grandfather’s age is 72 years.

Question 12.
Fifteen years from now Ravi’s age will be four times his present age. What is Ravi’s present age?
Solution:
Let Ravi’s present age be x years.
4 times his present age be 4x years.
15 years from now his age be x + 15 years.
According to the condition, x + 15 = 4x
∴ 4x = x + 15 (Interchanging both the sides)
∴ 4x – x = 15 (Transposing x to LHS)
∴ 3x = 15
∴ \(\frac{3 x}{3}=\frac{15}{3}\) (Dividing both the sides by 3)
∴ x = 5
Thus, Ravi’s present age is 5 years.

Question 13.
A rational number is such that when you multiply it by \(\frac {5}{2}\) an\(\frac {2}{3}\) add g to the product, you get –\(\frac {7}{12}\). What is the number ?
Solution:
Let the required rational number be x.
We get \(\frac{5 x}{2}\) by multiplying x with \(\frac {5}{2}\)
By adding \(\frac {2}{3}\) to it we get \(\frac{5 x}{2}+\frac{2}{3}\)
But, the result is \(\frac {-7}{12}\)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2}+\frac{2}{3}=\frac{-7}{12}\)
\(\frac{5 x}{2}=-\frac{7}{12}-\frac{2}{3}\) (Transposing \(\frac {2}{3}\) to RHS)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2}=\frac{-7-8}{12}\) (LCM = 12)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2}=\frac{-15}{12}\)
∴ \(\frac{5 x}{2} \times \frac{2}{5}=\frac{-15}{12} \times \frac{2}{5}\) (Multiplying both the sides by \(\frac {2}{5}\))
∴ x = –\(\frac {1}{2}\)
Thus, the required rational number is –\(\frac {1}{2}\).

Question 14.
Lakshmi is a cashier in a bank. She has currency notes of denominations ₹ 100, ₹ 50 and ₹ 10, respectively. The ratio of the number of these notes is 2 : 3 : 5. The total cash with Lakshmi is ₹ 4,00,000. How many notes of each denomination does she have?
Solution:
Let the number of
₹ 100 notes be 2x,
₹ 50 notes be 3x,
₹ 10 notes be 5x.
Value of ₹ 100 notes = 2x × 100 = ₹ 200x
Value of ₹ 50 notes = 3x × 50 = ₹ 150x
Value of ₹ 10 notes = 5x × 10 = ₹ 50x
According to the condition, value of
₹ 200x + ₹ 150x + ₹ 50x = ₹ 4,00,000
∴ 200x + 150x + 50x = 4,00,000
∴ 400x = 400000
∴ \(\frac{400 x}{400}=\frac{400000}{400}\)
∴ x = 1000
Number of ₹ 100 notes = 2x
= 2 × 1000
= 2000
Number of ₹ 50 notes = 3x
= 3 × 1000
= 3000
Number of ₹ 10 notes = 5x
= 5 × 1000
– 5000
Thus, Lakshmi has 2000 notes of ₹ 100, 3000 notes of ₹ 50 and 5000 notes of ₹ 10.

Question 15.
I have a total of ₹ 300 in coins of denomination ₹ 1, ₹ 2 and ₹ 5. The number of ₹ 2 coins is 3 times the number of ₹ 5 coins. The total number of coins is 160. How many coins of each denomination are with me?
Solution:
Let the number of ₹ 5 coins be x.
Then, the number of ₹ 2 coins = 3x
Total number of coins = 160
Number of ₹ 1 coins = 160 – 3x – x
= 160 – 4x
Now, value of
₹ 5 coins = ₹ 5 × x = ₹ 5x
₹ 2 coins = ₹ 2 × 3x = ₹ 6x
₹ 1 coins = ₹ 1 × (160 – 4x)
= ₹ (160 – 4x)
According to the condition,
5x + 6x + (160 – 4x) = 300
∴ 5x + 6x + 160 – 4x = 300
∴ 11x – 4x + 160 = 300
∴ 7x + 160 = 300
∴ 7x = 300 – 160 (Transposing 160 to RHS)
7x = 140
∴ \(\frac{7 x}{7}=\frac{140}{7}\) (Dividing both the sides by 7)
∴ x = 20
Number of
₹ 5 coins = x = 20
₹ 2 coins = 3x = 3 × 20 = 60
₹ 1 coins = 160 – 4x
= 160 – 4 × 20
= 160 – 80
= 80
Thus, I have 20 coins of ₹ 5, 60 coins of ₹ 2 and 80 coins of ₹ 1.

Question 16.
The organisers of an essay competition decide that a winner in the competition gets a prize of ₹ 100 and a participant who does not win gets a prize of ₹ 25. The total prize money distributed is ₹ 3000. Find the number of winners, if the total number of participants is 63.
Solution:
Let the number of winners be x
∴ Number of participants who are not winners = (63 – x)
Prize money given to winners = x × ₹ 100 = ₹ 100x
Prize money given to non-winner
participants = ₹ 25 × (63 -x)
= ₹ 25 × 63 – ₹ 25x
= ₹ 1575 – ₹ 25x
According to the condition
100x + 1575 – 25x = 3000
∴ 75x + 1575 = 3000
∴ 75x = 3000 – 1575 (Transposing 1575 to RHS)
∴ 75x = 1425
\(\frac{75 x}{75}=\frac{1425}{75}\) (Dividing both the sides by 75)
∴ x = 19
Thus, the number of winners are 19.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Chapter 4 The Old Sage and the Brothers Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 4 The Old Sage and the Brothers

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook. :
1. Meaning of the word as used in the lesson (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

summoned	acquiring	approached	delighted	granted
annoyed	poultry	deny	journey	snatched

Vocabulary Expansion

Look at the following sentences.
(a) I enjoyed the film.
(b) The film gave us a lot of enjoyment.
In the sentence (a) the word enjoyed is a verb and in sentence (b) the word enjoyment is a noun. When you add suffixes such as ‘-ment, ‘-ance’, ‘-age’, ‘-ion’, ‘-ness’, -ať, -ure’, etc. to a word, they become nouns. Sometimes if you remove the suffix from a word, it becomes a noun.

For example :
(a) escaped
If you remove -d’, the word becomes ‘escape’ which is both a noun and a verb.
I had a narrow escape. (noun).
The thief wanted to escape. (verb)

Activity 2.

Let’s do the following activity. Make nouns of the given words.

1. try — trail
2. distract — distraction
3. move — movement
4. educate — education
5. inform — informity
6. agree — agreement
7. pay — payment
8. argue — argument
9. pass — passage
10. bag — baggage
11. marry — marriage
12. refuse — refusal
13. propose — purpose
14. arrive — arrival
15. fail — failure
16. press — pressure
17. confuse — confusion
18. decide — decision
19. revise — revision
20. teach — teaching

Learing to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3

Read the story and answer the following questions.

a. How many sons did the old farmer have ?
किसान के कितने पुत्र थे ?
Answer:
The farmer had three sons.

b. Why did the farmer summon his sons ?
किसान ने अपने पुत्रों को क्यों बुलाया ?
Answer:
The farmer had grown old. He summoned his sons to divide his property among them.

c. What had the farmer decided to do?
किसान ने क्या करने का निर्णय लिया था ?
Answer:
The farmer had decided to give his three sons a field and a house each.

d. How did Harry help the sage ?
हैरी ने सघु की सहायता कैसे की ?
Answer:
Harry gave the sage a Chapatti to eat.

e. What did Harry ask for ?
हैरी ने क्या मांगा ?
Answer:
Harry asked for a big house and ten cows.

f. Why could the sage not cross the river ?
साधु नदी क्यों न पार कर सका ?
Answer:
The sage could not cross the river because there was no boat.

g. How did Sandeep help the sage ?
संदीप ने साधु की सहायता कैसे की ?
Answer:
Sandeep carried the sage on his back across the river.

h. Did all the brothers keep their promise ?
क्या सभी भाइयों ने अपना वचन निभाया ?
Answer:
No, only Sandeep kept his promise.

i. Why did the sage snatch away the gifts from Harry and Raman ?
साधु ने हैरी तथा रमन से उपहार क्यों छीन लिए ?
Answer:
The sage snatched away the gifts from them because they did not keep their promise.

j. What do you learn from this story?
आपको कहानी से क्या शिक्षा मिलती है ?
Answer:
One must keep one’s promise. It is our duty to help the poor and the needy.

Activity 4

Complete the following exercise on the basis of the lesson. Fill in the blanks.
(a) The farmer had …………. fields and three …….
(b) The sage made the brothers promise that they would help the ……………. and the
(c) The sage gave a piece of …………….. to Raman. (Choose the correct option.)
(i) cloth
(ii) stick
(iii) rope
(iv) cake
(d) Sandeep broke his promise. (True or False)
(e) The sage punished/did not punish Harry and Raman. (Choose the correct option.)
Answer:
(a) three, houses
(b) poor, needy
(c) stick
(d) False
(e) punished.

Activity 5

Imagine that you are Harry. Use five sentences to narrate your feelings after your gifts were snatched away from you.
Answer:
I was shocked after my gifts were snatched away. I was rightly punished because I did not keep my word. I did not help the poor and the needy. The riches turned my head and made me selfish. Now I have realized my mistake and decided to work hard in life. I will help the poor and the needy too. Learning Language Verbs There are two forms of main verbs in English.
(a) The Finite Verbs
(b) The Non-finite Verbs

A. Finite Verbs

A finite verb is the form of a verb which is limited by the number, person and tense. For example :
1. I eat an apple daily.
2. She eats an apple daily.
3. We eat apples daily.
4. We ate an apple yesterday.
5. We will eat apples tomorrow.

In the examples above, the verb ‘eat’ changes its forms with change in number, person or tense. Therefore, it can be called a finite verb. Finite Verb का वाक्य number, person या tense बदलने पर अपना रूप बदल लेता है।

B. Non-finite Verbs

A Non-finite form of a verb is not limited by number and person of a subject and has no tense. Non-finite verb-forms are typically infinitive forms with or without ‘to’ (e.g. to go, go), ing forms (e.g. going) and third form of the verb (e.g. finished, gone).
Let’s look at some examples :
(a) I want to eat an apple.
(b) She wants to eat an apple.
(c) We want to eat apples.
(d) They wanted to eat apples.
(e) They will want to eat apples tomorrow.
In the examples above, ‘to eat does not change even when the other verb ‘want keeps changing according to number, person or tense. Therefore, ‘to eat’ is a non-finite verb.

Types of Non-finite Verbs There are three types of Non-finite verbs. These are
(a) The infinitive
(b) The Gerund
(c) The Participles
Let us look at the following flowchart to have a better understanding.

B.1. The Infinitives
The infinitive can further be divided into two categories :
(a) Bare infinitive
(b) To-infinitive

(a) Bare infinitive
Bare Infinitives are also called plain infinitives or infinitives without ‘to’. , Use of Bare infinitives
The bare infinitive is used: with verbs such as ‘bid’, ‘have’, ‘left’, ‘make’
(a) The teacher made the student repeat the lesson.
(b) He bade me write an essay.
(c) He didn’t let me enter the room.

2. with auxiliaries ‘will’, ‘would’, ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘do’, ‘must’, ‘may, etc.
(a) You can go now.
(b) You shall know your results tomorrow.

3. with auxiliaries ‘neeď and dare’, the bare infinitive is used primarily in interrogative
and negative sentences, for example :
(a) Dare you go into the foresť at night ?
(b) He daren’t touch his sister’s mobile phone.
(c) Need you go home so soon ?
(d) You needn’t come.

4. with expressions like ‘would rather’, ‘rather than’, ‘had better’, etc.
(a) I would rather stay at home.
(b) You had better ask him for money.
(c) I would die rather than beg.

5. It may follow ‘but’ and ‘except
(a) He did nothing but cry.
(b) He does nothing except complain.

6. with questions denoting suggestions or advice and beginning with ‘why’, ‘why not.
(a) Why make such a noise over a small matter?
(b) Why not take your brother with you ?

(b) To-infinitive
Use of To-infinitive
The To-infinitive is used in many sentence constructions, often expressing the purpose of something or someone’s opinion about something.
1. as a noun :
(a) To speak effectively needs a lot of practice. (subject)
(b) To err is human. (infinitive as subject)
(c) To criticize others is an easy job. (subject)
(d) He likes to play cricket. (infinitive as objects)
(e) To play with fire is a very risky game. (subject)
(f) My duty is to serve my country. (as a complement to a linking verb)
(g) It is easier to preach than to practise. (after the dummy subject ‘it’)

2. as adverb to modify verbs and adjectives:
(a) We go to school to learn. (modifies the verb ‘go’)
(b) She’s hard to please. (modifies the adjective ‘hard’)

3. as adjective to qualify nouns:
(a) It was a match to remember (qualifies ‘match’)

4. as object complement
(a) He advised me to keep quiet.
(b) I advised him to accept the offer.

5. too + adjective/adverb + infinitive
(a) He’s too weak to walk.
(b) Mona is too young to understand this.
(c) They worked too slowly to achieve the target.

6. enough + infinitive
(a) He has enough money to pay the bill.
(b) He’s kind enough to help you.

Activity 6.

Pick out infinitives in the following sentences and underline them.

1. I saw him go.
2. He promised to come.
3. To forgive is difficult.
4. I watched her dance.
5. It is bad to cheat your family.
Answer:
1. I saw him go.
2. He promised to come.
3. To forgive is difficult.
4. I watched her dance.
5. It is bad to cheat your family.

Activity 7.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate non-finite forms.
(a) You ought …………….. (get) up earlier.
(b) It is easy ……………… (make) mistakes.
(c) He made me ………………. (repeat) the lessons.
(d) You needn’t ………………. (say) anything.
(e) Would you like ………………. (come) in my car ?
(f) He will be able …………… (swim) very soon.
Answer:
(a) to get
(b) to make
(c) repeat
(d) say
(e) to come
(f) swim.

Activity 8:

Combine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using too/enough + infinitive.

(a) You are very young. You can’t have a gun.
Answer:
You are too young to have a gun.

(b) He’s very ill. He can’t eat anything.
Answer:
He is too ill to eat anything.

(c) Mickey was very foolish. He told lies to the police.
Answer:
Mickey was foolish enough to tell lies to the police.

(d) The fire isn’t very hot. It won’t boil the kettle.
Answer:
The fire is not hot enough to boil the kettle.

(e) I am rather old. I can’t walk that far.
Answer:
I am too old to walk that far.

B.2. The Gerunds

Gerunds are verb + -ing form used as nouns. They can be used in the following ways :
(a) as a subject
(b) after prepositions
(c) after certain verbs
(d) in noun-compounds

Read the following sentences :

(a) Swimming is a good exercise.
The word ‘swimming’ is formed from the verb ‘swim’ by adding -ing to it. It therefore appears to be a verb. The word ‘swimming’ is the name of an action and is also the subject of the sentence. Hence, it does the work of a noun. The word ‘swimming is like a verb as well as a noun. It is therefore a verb — noun and is called a gerund.

Note : The form of the gerunds and of the present participles are identical. However, Gerunds are verbal nouns and Participles are verbal adjectives.

Examples :
(a) He is fond of riding.– Gerund
(b) Riding along the road, he saw a porcupine. — Present participle

Use of a gerund :

As already mentioned above, a gerund can be used as
(a) the subject of a verb : as
(i) Seeing is believing.
(ii) Collecting stamps is his hobby.

(b) as the object of a transitive verb : as
(i) I enjoy reading poetry.
(ii) i like watching the stars at night.

(c) as object of a preposition : as
(i) She’s fond of dancing
(ii) He was punished for telling a lie.

(d) after certain verbs : the gerund is used after verbs such as given below :
admit, avoid, consider, death, differ, delay, deny, detest, dread, enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, invoke, keep, miss, pardon, postpone, prevent, recollect, resend,risk, stop, suggest, understand, etc.. )

Examples :
(a) He stopped writing as I entered the room.
(b) Please pardon my saying so.
(c) I enjoy watching this game.

Pick out gerunds in the following sentences :

(a) Swimming is a good exercise.
(b) I enjoy sleeping.
(c) Old men enjoy gossiping.
(d) I hate waiting.
(e) Stealing is a crime.
(f) am fond of walking.
(g) I am good at spelling.
(h) We took part in boating.
(i) My sister does not like cooking.
(j) She’s fond of dancing.
Answer:
(a) swimming
(b) sleeping
(c) gossiping
(d) waiting
(e) Stealing
(f) walking
(g) spelling
(h) boating
(i) cooking
(j) dancing.

Fill in the blanks with the correct gerund or infinitive form of the verbs given in the brackets.

(a) He agreed …………… me. (help).
(b) Suresh enjoys ……………. football. (play).
(c) We failed ………….. the train. (catch)
(d) They decided …………… hard. (work)
(e) She loves ……………. to music. (listen)
(f) I am learning how ………….. (drive)
(g) The class wanted …………… for a picnic. (go)
(h) He urged us ……………. faster. (work)
(i) She loves ……………. books. (read)
(j) I am looking forward to …………… you. (meer)
Answer:
(a) to help
(b) playing
(c) to catch
(d) to work
(e) listening
(f) to drive
(g) to go
(h) to work
(i) reading
(j) meet.

Learning to Listen

Activity 10.

You will listen carefully to your teacher. Your teacher will read a passage slowly. Write in your notebook what you hear. Do not make spelling mistakes and put appropriate punctuation marks such as comma, question mark or full stop, where needed. (Refer to Appendix I at page no. 166.)
Answer:
Do it yourself.

Learning to Speak

Activity 11:

Look at the pictures given below. There are 8 differences. Do this activity with your partner. While identifying the differences, you all must speak in English only.

Spot the differences

You may use sentences such as 1 can see a difference here
Answer.
1. I can see a difference here in the time. Left hand side clock shows 8.25 but right hand side clock shows 11.25 O’clock.
A —- B
2. Balls on the window rod —- No balls
3. Handles of the drawer are big —- small
4. Cusion of sofa set — one blue —- all yellow
5. Fruits in tray on table—more —- less
6. Book & sequence design —- different
7. Objects on shelf behind sofa —- different
8. Something kept on drawers —- nothing on drawers.

Learning to Write

Given below is an application written to the Principal of a school asking for exemption from examination. Read it carefully and also look at its format.
Answer:
The Principal
Dev Samaj Senior Secondary School
Jalandhar
Sir
I am a student of Class VIII A of your school. Our bimonthly exams are starting from November 01, 20….. Sir, I always stand first in all the exams. My sister’s wedding is falling on November 05, 20…. .As I am the only helping hand of my father, I can’t take the exam this time. This time, I request you to exempt me from the examination. I shall be very thankful to you.
Thanking you
Yours obediently
XYZ …….
Roll No. 21, VIII A
July 5, 20.

Activity 12.

Write an application to your Principal asking for a School Leaving Certificate in the space given below. You must write.

• your reason for leaving the school
• when you will leave the school
• where you will take admission after leaving the school

Answer:
The Principal
Govt. Senior Secondary School Hamirpur
Sir
I am a student of class VIII of your school. My father has been transferred to XYZ city. He is to report for duty there within three days. All the members of our family are leaving tomorrow. My parents do not wish me to join a hostel. I am sorry to leave your good school, but I am helpless. I shall have to join some school at XYZ city. I have paid all the dues. Kindly issue my school leaving certificate and oblige. I shall be thankful to you for this.
Yours obediently
Om Mehta
VIII-D
March 8,20…..

Learning to Use the Language

Activity 13

What’s the problem?	Do you mind if I –	Go ahead!
Is it OK if –	telling me –	Thanks!
Here you are !	Could you turn –	Can I borrow –

Conversation 1

Raghav : Yeah?
Gurtej : Hello, ……….. turn the music down, please? It’s one o’clock and I’m trying to sleep.
Raghav : Oh, sorry. Is that okay ?
Gurtej : Yes, ………. Perhaps I can get some sleep now. Good Night!
Answer:
1. could you
2. Thanks.

Conversation 2

Japtej : I’m sorry, leave early today? I’m going to take my dog to see the vet.
Palak : You’re going to take your dog to the vet ? What’s the matter with him ?
Japtej : I don’t know. That’s why I’m going to take him to the vet’s.
Palak : Oh, I see! Sure Thanks for
Answer:
1. Is it ok if I
2. Here you are !
3. telling me.

Conversation 3

Sheenam : Divyam, do you have your mobile phone with you ?
Divyam : Um … yes. Why ?
Sheenam : it, please? I need to make a quick call to my mother.
Divyam : OK,
Answer:
1. Can I borrow
2. go ahead !

Conversation 4

Jyoti : ………… change seats?
Rajneesh : Yes, all right ……. ?
Jyoti : I can’t see because of the sun.
Rajneesh : OK, then. Why don’t you sit there, next to Piyush.
Answer:
1. Do you mind if I
2. What is the problem ?

Activity 14 :
Given below are some polite requests with equally polite responses. Match the questions in Column A with the correct responses in Column B.
Answer:

S.No.	Column A	S.No.	Column B
1.	Can I have a glass of juice?	1.	Yes, of course!
2.	Is it alright if I make a phone call?	2.	I said that some friends were coming over.
3.	Could you say that again, please?	3.	Well, OK, if it’s a local call.
4.	Can I speak to you for a moment?	4.	Oh sure, The remote’s on the table.
5.	Do you mind if I look at your books?	5.	Well, not really. Why can’t you come?
6.	Is it OK if I miss the class tomorrow?	6.	Of course, there’s some in the fridge.
7.	Could you move a little, please?	7.	You can borrow some if you want.
8.	Do you mind if I turn the TV up?	8.	Yes, sorry. I didn’t realise you wanted to sit down.

1. Of course, there’s some in the fridge.
2. Well, OK, if it’s a local call.
3. I said that some friends were coming over.
4. Yes, of course !
5. You can borrow some if you want.
6. Well, not really. Why can’t you come ?
7. Yes, sorry. I didn’t realise you wanted to sit down.
8. Oh sure, The remote’s on the table.

Comprehension Of Passages

Read the following passage and answer the questions given below each :

(1) Long time ago, a rich farmer summoned his three lazy sons. Harry, Raman and Sandeep and said, “I have grown old. I have decided to divide my property among you. As you all know, I own three fields and three houses. Each one of you will get a field and a house only if you prove that you are worth it”. The three sons were surprised. “What do you mean, father ?” cried they. The farmer said, “These fields and houses are the fruits of my hard work. All the three of you are very lazy. I want the three of you to find some work. Return to me after six months with your earnings. I will decide if you are worthy of acquiring my hard-earned property.” The three brothers set out in search of work, On the way, they sat down under a banyan tree to rest.

1. How could the sons gain their father’s property ?
पुत्र अपने पिता की संपत्ति कैसे प्राप्त कर सकते थे ?

2. Where did they take rest ?
उन्होंने आराम कहां किया?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) All the three sons were hard-working.
(b) The sons were given six months to prove their worth.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Each son will get …………
(b) The three sons set out in ……… of work

Match the words with their meanings :

(i) summoned	called
(ii) acquire	gain
	put in jail

Answer:
1. The sons could gain it by proving themselves worth it.
2. They took rest under a banyan tree.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Each son will get a field and a house.
(b) The three sons set out in search of work.
Or
(i) summoned — called
(ii) acquire — gain

(2) Then the old sage said, “Promise me that if ever a poor man asks you for a cup of milk, you will not deny him.”
“It’s a gendeman’s promise”, said the lad “and whatsoever he wishes for milk, butter, curd, sweets, I will never deny.” The old sage smiled, “Do not break your promise.”
“I will not”, assured Harry.
The other two brothers continued on their way with the old.sage. They went on till they came to a stream. The old sage looked sad and worried. “Oh! There’s no boat. How will I cross the stream ?” Raman said very kindly. “Don’t worry! I’ll help you. I’ll carry you on my back.” After crossing the river, the three of them sat down for some rest.
The sage thanked Raman and said, “God bless you, son! Here is a gift for you.”
Raman was delighted. The sage gave him a piece of stick. Raman was surprised. “What is this ?” “It is a magic stick. It will grant you two wishes. Ask now.”

1. What was Harry’s gendeman promise ?
हैरी का सज्जन पुरुष वाला वचन क्या था?

2. Who gave a gift to Raman ? What was it ?
रमन को उपहार किसने दिया? यह क्या या?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) The sage crossed the river with the help of a boat.
(b) Harry assured the sage that he would not break his promise.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) Raman offered to carry the sage across
(b) The old sage looked
Or
Match the words with their meanings :

(i) delighted	refuse
(ii) deny	happy/glad
	wondered

Answer:
1. Harry’s promise was that he would never deny anything to the needy.
2. The sage gave a gift to Raman. It was a piece of magic stick.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4.
(a) Raman offered to carry the sage across the river.
(b) The old sage looked sad and worried.
Or
(i) delighted — happy/glad
(ii) deny — refuse.

(3) Sandeep moved on with the old sage. When they came to a desert, they sat down for some rest. The old sage said to Sandeep, “I know you are very tired but I’m very thirsty. Please get me some water”.
“Don’t worry! Please rest here. I’ll find some water for you.” Sandeep set out to find water for the old man. He returned after an hour with some water. The old sage drank the water and blessed Sandeep, “God bless you, son ! Here’s a gift for you.”
Sandeep was delighted. The sage gave him a piece of rope. Sandeep became very happy. He knew he was going to be rewarded. The old sage smiled and said, “It’s a magic rope. It will grant you two wishes. Ask now.”
Sandeep was delighted, “I want a big house.” “Granted.”
A beautiful house appeared.
“What’s your second wish ?” added the sage.
“A field !”, said Harry excitedly. “Granted !”

1. Who brought water for the sage ?
साधु के लिए पानी कौन लाया?

2. How many wishes could the magic rope grant ?
जादुई रस्सी कितनी इच्छाएँ पूरी कर सकती थी?

3. Choose true and false statements and write them in your answer-book :
(a) On the way the sage felt hungry.
(b) Sandeep asked for a beautiful house for his first wish.

4. Complete the following sentences according to the meaning of the passage :
(a) The sage gave Sandeep ……… as a gift.
(b) Sandeep became happy because he was going to be ……….
Or
Write the meanings of the following words in English : (any two) excitedly, grant, wish
Answer:
1. Sandeep brought water for the sage.
2. The magic rope could grant two wishes.
3.
(a) False
(b) True.
4. (a) The sage gave Sandeep a magic rope as a gift.
(b) Sandeep became happy because he was going to be rewarded.
Or
eagerly, fulfil, desire.

Use Of Words And Phrases in Sentences

1. Deny – He denied me food.
2. Wish – His wish came true.
3. Grant – All his wishes were granted.
4. Summoned – The king summoned his minister to his court.
5. Approached – The beggar approached the langar house for food.
6. Worth – You are not worth this big house.
7. Snatched – All his awards were snatched from him.
8. Appeared – All of a sudden a beautiful girl appeared from no where.
9. Word – He did not keep his word.
10. Delighted – He was delighted to- win the race.

Word-Meanings

The Old Sage and the Brothers Summary in Hindi

Long time ago…..knew no bound.

बहुत समय पहले एक अमीर किसान ने अपने तीन आलसी पुत्रों-हैरी (Harry), रमन तथा संदीप को बुलाया और कहा, “मैं बूढ़ा हो चुका हूँ। मैंने अपनी सम्पत्ति को तुम्हारे बीच में बांटने का निर्णय लिया है। जैसा कि तुम जानते हो मेरे पास तीन खेत और तीन घर हैं। तुम में से प्रत्येक को एक खेत और एक घर मिलेगा, यदि तुम यह सिद्ध करोगे कि तुम उसके योग्य हो।” तीनों पुत्र हैरान थे। वे चिल्लाए, “पिता जी, आप का क्या अर्थ है ?” किसान ने कहा, “ये खेत और घर मेरी कड़ी मेहनत का फल हैं। तुम तीनों बड़े ही आलसी हो। मैं चाहता हूँ कि तुम तीनों कोई काम ढूंढो।

ठछः मास के बाद अपनी आमदनी लेकर मेरे पास वापिस आओ। मैं निणय करूंगा कि क्या तुम मेरे द्वारा कड़ी मेहनत से अर्जित सम्पत्ति पाने के योग्य हो।” तीनों भाई काम की तलाश में निकल पड़े। रास्ते में वे बरगद के एक वृक्ष के नीचे आराम करने के लिए बैठ गए। जब वे खाना खा रहे थे तभी एक वृद्ध साधु उनके पास आया।

उसने कहा, “मैं भूखा हूं। क्या तुम मुझे खाने के लिए कुछ दे सकते हो ?” हैरी (Harry) ने उसे एक चपाती दे दी। साधु ने खुशी-खुशी उसे खा लिया और बोला, “पुत्र ! ईश्वर तुम्हारा भला करे। तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।” हैरी खुश हो गया। साधु ने उसे कपड़े का एक टुकड़ा दिया।हैरी चिढ़ कर बोला, “यह क्या है ? क्या तुम मेरे साथ मज़ाक कर रहे हो ?”

साधु मुस्कराया और बोला, “यह एक जादुई कपड़ा है। यह तुम्हारी दो इच्छाएं पूरी करेगा। अब मांगो।” हैरी अत्यधिक खुश होकर बोला, “मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।” “प्रदान किया !” एक सुन्दर घर प्रकट हो गया। साधु ने पूछा, “तुम्हारी दूसरी इच्छा क्या है ?” हैरी ने उत्साह से कहा, “दस गाय।” “दे दी।” दस गाय न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गईं। हैरी की खुशी का कोई ठिकाना न रहा।

Then the old sage………………Raman confidently.

तब वृद्ध साधु ने कहा, “मुझे वचन दो कि जब कभी भी कोई गरीब आदमी तुमसे एक कप दूध मांगेगा तो तुम इन्कार नहीं करोगे।” युवक ने कहा, “यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है। वह दूध, मक्खन, दही, मिठाई में से किसी चीज़ की भी इच्छा प्रकट करेगा, मैं इंकार नहीं करूंगा।” वृद्ध साधु मुस्कराया, “अपना वचन मत तोड़ना।” हैरी ने भरोसा दिलाया, “मैं नहीं तोडंगा।”

दूसरे दो भाई वृद्ध साधु के साथ आगे बढ़ गए। वे तब तक चलते रहे जब तक कि वे एक नदी पर नहीं पहुंच गए। वृद्ध साधु उदास और चिंतित दिखाई देने लगा। “ओह ! यहां तो कोई नाव नहीं है। मैं नदी कैसे पार करूंगा ?” रमन ने उदारता से कहा, “चिंता मत करो। मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूंगा। मैं आपको अपनी पीठ पर ले जाऊंगा।” नदी पार करने के पश्चात् वे तीनों आराम करने के लिए बैठ गए।

साधु ने रमन का धन्यवाद किया और कहा, “पुत्र! ईश्वर तुम्हारा भला करे। तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।” रमन खुश हो गया। साधु ने उसे छड़ी का एक टुकड़ा दिया। रमन हैरान रह गया। “यह क्या है ?” साधु ने कहा, “यह एक जादुई छड़ी है। यह तुम्हारी दो इच्छाएं पूरी करेगी। अब मांगो।” रमन खुश हो गया। उसने कहा, “मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।” “प्रदान किया !” एक सुन्दर घर प्रकट हो गया। साधु ने आगे कहा, “तुम्हारी दूसरी इच्छा क्या है ?” रमन ने उत्सुकता से कहा, “एक मुर्गी फ़ार्म।” “प्रदान किया !” एक मुर्गी पालन फ़ार्म न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गया।

रमन की खुशी का कोई ठिकाना न रहा। तब वृद्ध साधु ने कहा, “मुझे वचन दो कि जब कभी भी कोई गरीब आदमी तुमसे एक अंडा मांगेगा तो तुम मना नहीं करोगे।”

युवक ने कहा, “यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है और वह अंडे, आमलेट, अंडे का हलवा में से किसी भी चीज़ की इच्छा प्रकट करेगा, मैं इंकार नहीं करूंगा।” वृद्ध साधु ने मुस्कराते हुए कहा, “अपना वचन मत तोड़ना।” रमन ने दृढ़ता से कहा, “मैं ऐसा नहीं करूंगा।”

Sandeep moved on… ………..”Granted!”

संदीप वृद्ध साधु के साथ चलता रहा। जब वे एक मरुस्थल में पहुँचे तो नीचे बैठ कर आराम करने लगे। वृद्ध साधु ने संदीप से कहा, “मैं जानता हूँ कि तुम थके हुए हो परन्तु मुझे बहुत प्यास लगी है। कृपया पानी ले आओ।”
“आप चिंता न करें। कृपया यहां आराम करें। मैं आपके लिए पानी की तलाश करता हूं।” संदीप वृद्ध साधु के लिए पानी तलाशने के लिए निकल पड़ा। वह एक घण्टे के बाद पानी लेकर लौटा। वृद्ध साधु ने पानी पिया और संदीप को आशीर्वाद दिया, “पुत्र, ईश्वर तुम्हारा भला करे! तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।”

संदीप प्रसन्न हो गया। साधु ने उसे रस्सी का एक टुकड़ा दिया। संदीप खुश हो गया। वह जानता था कि उसे उपहार मिलने वाला है। वृद्ध साधु मुस्कराया और कहा, “यह एक जादुई रस्सी है। यह तुम्हारी दो इच्छाएं पूरी करेगी। अब मांगो।”
संदीप प्रसन्न था, “मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।” “प्रदान किया।” एक सुन्दर घर प्रकट हो गया। साधु ने आगे कहा, “तुम्हारी दूसरी इच्छा क्या है ? ” संदीप ने उत्सुकता से कहा, “एक खेत!” “प्रदान किया!” एक खेत न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गया। संदीप की खुशी का ठिकाना न रहा।

तब वृद्ध साधु ने कहा, “मुझे वचन दो कि जब कभी भी कोई गरीब आदमी तुमसे खाने के लिए कुछ मांगेगा तो तुम इंकार नहीं करोगे।”
युवक ने कहा, “यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है। वह चावल, गेहूं, सब्जियां, फल में से किसी भी चीज़ की इच्छा प्रकट करेगा, मैं इंकार नहीं करूंगा।” वृद्ध साधु मुस्कराया, अपना वचन मत तोड़ना।”

संदीप ने वचन देते हुए कहा, “मैं ऐसा नहीं करूंगा।” बूढ़ा साधु अपनी यात्रा पर निकल पड़ा। कुछ दिनों के बाद संदीप ने अपने भाइयों से मिलने का निश्चय किया क्योंकि उसे उनकी याद आ रही थी। घर, गायें, मुर्गी फ़ार्म और उसके भाई सब गायब हो चुके थे। वह उन्हें ढूंढ़ नहीं सका। जब वह वहां खड़ा था आश्चर्यचकित था, उसने साधु को अपनी ओर आते देखा। साधु ने उसे बताया, “तुम्हारे भाइयों ने अपना वचन नहीं निभाया। उन्होंने ग़रीबों और जरूरतमंदों की मदद नहीं की। इसलिए जो कुछ भी उन्हें दिया गया था, छिन गया। तुम अपने वचन पर खरे उतरे। इसलिए जब तक तुम अपने वचन को याद रखोगे, आनंद करते रहोगे।

Retranslation From English to Hindi

1. A rich farmer summoned his three lazy sons.
एक अमीर किसान ने अपने तीन आलसी पुत्रों को बुलाया।

2. I have grown old.
मैं बूढ़ा हो चुका हूँ।

3. I own three fields and three houses.
मेरे पास तीन खेत और तीन घर हैं।

4. The three sons were surprised.
तीनों पुत्र हैरान थे।

5. I want three of you to find some work.
मैं चाहता हूँ कि तुम तीनों कोई काम ढूंढ़ो।

6. The three brothers set out in search of work.
तीनों भाई काम की तलाश में निकल पड़े।

7. The sage ate it happily..
साधु ने खुशी-खुशी उसे खा लिया।

8. The sage gave him a piece of cloth.
साधु ने उसे कपड़े का एक टुकड़ा दिया।

9. It’s a magic cloth.
यह एक जादुई कपड़ा है।

10. I want a big house.
मुझे एक बड़ा घर चाहिए।

11. The old sage looked sad and worried.
वृद्ध साधु उदास और चिंतित दिखाई देने दिया।

12. I’ll carry you on my back.
मैं आपको अपनी पीठ पर ले जाऊंगा।

13. Here is a gift for you.
तुम्हारे लिए एक उपहार है।

14. A poultry farm appeared out of nowhere
एक मुर्गी पालन फ़ार्म न जाने कहां से प्रकट हो गया।

15. I know you are tired.
मैं जानता हूँ कि तुम थके हुए हो।

16. It’s a gentleman’s promise.
यह एक सज्जन पुरुष का वचन है।

17. The old sage set out on his journey.
बूढ़ा साधु अपनी यात्रा पर निकल पड़ा।

18. You were as good as your word.
तुम अपने वचन पर खरे उतरे।

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Ex 2.1

Solve the following equations.

Question 1.
x – 2 = 7
Solution:
x – 2 = 7
∴ x = 7 + 2 (Transposing – 2 to RHS)
∴ x = 9

Question 2.
y + 3 = 10
Solution:
y + 3 = 10
∴ y = 10 – 3 (Transposing 3 to RHS)
∴ y = 7

Question 3.
6 = z + 2
Solution:
6 = z + 2
∴ z + 2 = 6 (Interchanging both the sides)
∴ z = 6 – 2 (Transposing 2 to RHS)
∴ z = 4.

Question 4.
\(\frac {3}{7}\) + x = \(\frac {17}{7}\)
Solution:
\(\frac {3}{7}\) + x = \(\frac {17}{7}\)
∴ x = \(\frac{17}{7}-\frac{3}{7}\) (Transposing \(\frac {3}{7}\) to RHS)
∴ x = \(\frac{17-3}{7}\)
∴ x = \(\frac {14}{7}\)
∴ x = 2

Question 5.
6x = 12
Solution:
6x = 12
∴ \(\frac{6 x}{6}=\frac{12}{6}\) (Dividing both the sides by 6)
∴ x = 2

Question 6.
\(\frac{t}{5}\) = 10
Solution:
\(\frac{t}{5}\) = 10
∴ \(\frac{t}{5}\) × 5 = 10 × 5 (Multiplying both the sides by 5)
∴ t = 50

Question 7.
\(\frac{2 x}{3}\) = 15
Solution:
\(\frac{2 x}{3}\) = 15
∴ \(\frac{2 x}{3} \times \frac{3}{2}=18 \times \frac{3}{2}\) (Multiplying both the sides by \(\frac {3}{2}\))

Question 8.
1.6 = \(\frac{y}{1.5}\)
Solution:
1.6 = \(\frac{y}{1.5}\)
∴ 1.6 × 1.5 = \(\frac{y}{1.5}\) × 1.5 (Multiplying both the sides by 1.5)
∴ 2.4 = y (∵ 1.6 × 1.5 = 2.4)
∴ y = 2.4

Question 9.
7x – 9 = 16
Solution:
7x – 9 = 16
∴ 7x = 16 + 9 (Transposing – 9 to RHS)
∴ 7x = 25
∴ \(\frac{7 x}{7}=\frac{25}{7}\) (Dividing both the sides by 7)
∴ x = \(\frac {25}{7}\)

Question 10.
14y – 8 = 13
Solution:
14y – 8 = 13
∴ 14y = 13 + 8 (Transposing – 8 to RHS)
∴ 14y = 21
∴ \(\frac{14 y}{14}=\frac{21}{14}\) (Dividing both the sides by 14)
∴ y = \(\frac{7 \times 3}{7 \times 2}\)
∴ y = \(\frac {3}{2}\)

Question 11.
17 + 16p = 9
Solution:
17 + 16p = 9
∴ 6p = 9 – 17 (Transposing 17 to RHS)
∴ 6p = -8
∴ \(\frac{6 p}{6}=\frac{-8}{6}\) (Dividing both the sides by 6)
∴ p = \(\frac{-4 \times 2}{3 \times 2}\)
∴ p = –\(\frac {4}{3}\)

Question 12.
\(\frac{x}{3}+1=\frac{7}{15}\)
Solution:
\(\frac{x}{3}+1=\frac{7}{15}\)
∴ \(\frac{x}{3}=\frac{7}{15}-1\) (Transposing 1 to RHS)
∴ \(\frac{7-15}{15}\) (LCM = 15)
∴ \(\frac{x}{3}=\frac{-8}{15}\)
∴ \(\frac{x}{3} \times 3=\frac{-8}{15} \times 3\) (Multiplying both the sides by 3)
∴ x = –\(\frac {8}{5}\)

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Reading Comprehension Conversation / Dialogue Based Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Reading Comprehension Conversation / Dialogue Based

Read the following conversation carefully and answer the questions that follow:

(1) Akram : Why did you not go to village till this time?
Shan : No, I have changed my programme. I do not want to leave comfortable life of the city and lead a very dull and monotonous life in a village.
Akram : You have a very bad unpression about village life. Why ?
Shan : Yes, I am saying right. The village is full of dust and dirt. Many comforts of life are not available in a village. Heaps or garbage can be seen everywhere. People and animals live at the same place. They use the water from the dirty pond. Ignorance prevails everywhere.
Akram : My friend you are mistaken. Many villages have become modern now. There are good schools and hospitals in almost every village. Sanitary system has improved a lot. Electricity has reached in every village which has made life much easier and better.
Shan : But the cities have better facilities, beautiful houses, modern means of communication, fast and comfortable vehicles and many more. The people of cities have comfortable life.
Akram : You are talking superficially. There are crowded houses. A large number of people live in small houses which is injurious to health. Polluted air, dirty streets and stinking drains spread many diseases. The people of cities have no love ‘and sympathy whereas villagers are very sincere. The village life has fresh air, simplicity and love.

Question 1.
Shan thinks that life in a village is:
(a) full of adventures
(b) modern and advanced
(c) dull and monotonous
(d) full of comforts and luxuries
Answer:
(c) dull and monotonous.

Question 2.
What are the major drawbacks of a village life according to Shan ?
(a) lack of sanitation
(b) dirty surroundings
(c) ignorgant people
(d) all of the above.
Answer:
(d) all of the above.

Question 3.
What makes city life better than village life ?
(a) crowded houses
(b) polluted air and stinking drains
(c) better facilities like communication, transportation and high living standard
(d) people who lack love and sympathy.
Answer:
(c) better facilities like communication, transportation and high living standard

Question 4.
Polluted air and stinking drains have made city life:
(a) more comfortable
(b) full of diseases
(c) thrilling and adventurous
(d) none of the above.
Answer:
(b) full of diseases.

Question 5.
What does the above conversation tell us ?
(a) It draws a comparison between life in a village and a city.
(b) Life in cities is better than in villages.
(c) People in villages are uncivilized and ignorant.
(d) Village life is full of discomforts.
Answer:
(a) It draws a comparison between life in a village and a city.

2. Raman : Dad ! You promised to take me to the shopping mall on Saturday.
Daddy : I remember, my child. Finish your breakfast and get ready to go.
Raman : Yah ! You are the best .dad. (Raman finished his breakfast hurriedly and got ready) I am ready.
Daddy : Let’s go.
(While sitting in the car, daddy asked Raman to wear his seat belt.)
Raman : I know daddy that the traffic policeman would challan us if we are not wearing the seat belt.
Daddy (laughs) : We do not wear seat belt for the policeman. We wear it for our safety. It protects driver and passengers from injury during any type of accident.
Raman : Hmm ! (He pulls his seat belt and smiles.)
(At traffic signal, daddy stops the car just on the zebra crossing.)
Raman : Daddy ! We should not stop the vehicle on the zebra crossing. Our teacher told us that zebra crossing is for the safety of pedestrians. Vehicles have to stop before the zebra crossing to let the pedestrians cross the road safely.
Daddy : Very well, Raman.
(Raman starts singing.)
Raman : Red light, Red light, What do you say ?
I say, Stop !
Stop ! right away.
Yellow light, Yellow light,
What do you say ?
I say, wait!
Wait! Right away.
Green light, Green light,
What do you say ?
I say, Go !
Go ! Right away.
(Daddy smiles and moves the car when the signal goes green.)

Question 1.
In the car Daddy asked Raman to
(a) wear his cap
(b) wear his helmet
(c) wear his seat belt
(d) remove his seat belt.
Answer.
(c) wear his seat belt.

Question 2.
The seat belt is meant for:
(a) safety during accidents
(b) alertness on the road
(c) saving us from challan
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(a) safety during accidents

Question 3.
Zebra crosssing is meant for the :
(a) two wheelers to cross the road safely
(b) car drivers to cross the road safely
(c) policeman to control the traffic
(d) pedestrians to cross the road safely.
Answer:
(d) pedestrians to cross the road safely.

Question 4.
Daddy stops his car just:
(a) on the zebra crossing
(b) before the zebra crossing
(c) in the middle of road.
(d) after he crosses the zebra crossing.
Answer:
(a) on the zebra crossing.

Question 5.
Yellow light asks us to:
(a) go
(b) Stop
(c) wait
(d) Look Back
Answer:
(c) wait.

3. Pala said, “Dear, look at the buildings. How tall they are ! Our village is now on the way to advancement”. Beero grumbled, “Advancement! Don’t you realize that our health is at stake ?” “What are you saying ?” asked Pala. “You need to look around you,” said Beero. People have beautiful homes with all kinds of facilities but they are not using them properly.”

“What do you want to say ?” asked Pala. Beero responded, “They are not using their toilets.” “What!” exclaimed Pala. Beero continued, “They defecate in the open near my home. This place stinks ! I am fed up of this unpleasant odour. They are not even afraid of the danger they are going to face.”
Pala said, “What kind of danger, Beero ?”
Beero said, “Diseases ! How can we forget the two children of our village who died of diarrhoea and infection. At least I can’t ! I am surprised how can man be so ignorant about good hygiene practices ?” She continued, “I have decided I will not tolerate it anymore.”
“What will you do ?” asked Pala.

Beero announced, “I will spread awareness among the people about the use of toilet and the advantages of keeping their homes and surroundings clean and healthy. Will you help me ?

“Of course ! A good deed needs no second thought, no permission,” remarked Pala.

Question 1.
The village was on the way to advancement. What was its sign ?
{a) healthy atmosphere
(b) new houses
(c) tall buildings
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(c) tall buildings.

Question 2.
People had beautiful houses but they were not using their:
(a) toilets
(b) drawing rooms
(c) kitchens
(d) store houses.
Answer:
(a) toilets.

Question 3.
The people in the village defecated:
(a) in front of their house
(b) at the back of their house on
(c) in the open near Beero’s home
(d) the roof of their building.
Answer:
(c) in the open near Beero’s home.

Question 4.
Two children in the village had died of:
(a) cholera and malaria
(b) malaria and diarrhoea
(c) typhoid and nausea
(d) diarrhoea and infection.
Answer:
(d) diarrhoea and infection.

Question 5.
Pala and Beero decided to spread awareness among the people about:
(a) the use of toilets
(b) keeping their homes clean
(c) keeping their surroundings clean and healthy
(d) all of these.
Answer:
(d) all of these.

(4) Kamal : Good Morning, Madam !
Madam : Good Morning ! Sit down. What do you want ?
Kamal : I want to get admission in your schoof.
Madam : Which class do you want to take admission in ?
Kamal : I have just passed class seven. I want to take admission in eighth class.
Madam : Where were you studying before ?
Kamal : I studied in Delhi Public School, Ludhiana. Now my father has been transferred to this city.
Madam : What does your father do ?
Kamal : He is a bank manager.
Madam : Okay. You have to fill the admission form first. Attach your School Leaving Certificate with it.
Kamal : Thank you. mon.

Question 1.
Why did Kamal come to the school ?
(a) He wants to apply for a job
(b) He wants to study in the school
(c) He wants to take part in games
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) He wants to study in the school.

Question 2.
In which class does he want to study ?
(a) sixth
(b) seventh
(c) eighth
(d) tenth.
Answer:
(c) eighth.

Question 3.
In which city did he study before ?
(a) Ludhiana
(b) Patiala
(c) Kapurthala
(d) Bathinda.
Answer:
(a) Ludhiana.

Question 4.
Why does he want to change the school ?
(a) He did not like his previous school ?
(b) His father was transferred to another city
(c) He was failed
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
(b) His father was transferred to another city.

Question 5.
What is required to get admission along with the admission from ?
(a) Identity Proof
(b) Detailed Marks Certificate
(c) School Leaving Certificate
(d) Residence Certificate.
Answer:
(c) School Leaving Certificate.

5. Aman s father is going to the office. His mother asks his father to pay the electricity bill.
Father : I’m very busy. I have a meeting today.
Mother : Today is the last date to pay the bill.
Father : OK. I will try. (After using his mobile phone) I have paid the bill. Aman has been watching all this and is very curious to know how his father has paid the bill. In the evening, he asks his father about it.
Aman : Papa you did not go to the Electricity office but you paid the bill. How is it possible?
Father : I paid the bill using net banking facility.
Aman : Oh ! What is net-banking facility? Please tell me.
Father : Ok, listen. A bank is a safe place where we can save our money. It receives money from those who want to save it and lends money on interest to those who need it.
Aman : Can we get back our money?
Father : Yes, of course. It depends upon the type of account we choose. From saving account we can withdraw money whenever we need.
Aman : Why should we deposit money in the bank ?
Father : In a bank our money is always safe. A bank also pays us some extra money called interest for our deposit.

Question 1.
What does Aman’s mother ask his father to do?
(a) not to go to the office
(b) to go to the bank
(c) to pay the electricity bill
(d) not to attend the meeting that day.
Answer:
(c) to pay the electricity bill.

Question 2.
The bill must be paid that day because:
(a) it is the last date to pay it
(b) the banks would not be opened the next day
(c) the electricity office would be closed the next day
(d) there was a strike the next day.
Answer:
(a) it is the last date to pay it.

Question 3.
Aman’s father paid the bill through:
(a) a courier
(b) net-banking.
(c) a check
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) net-banking.

Question 4.
For saving of our money, a bank is:
(a) a risky place
(b) not a proper place
(c) a place beyond our reach
(d) a safe place.
Answer:
(d) a safe place.

Question 5.
Extra money that a bank pays us on our deposit is called:
(a) principal
(b) principle
(c) saving
(d) interest.
Answer:
(d) interest.

6. One day, Rahim and his father went for a morning walk at 6 o’ clock. Rahim was questioning his father about the things around and enjoying. On the way, he saw beautiful mountains, lush green lands, grazing cows and white ducks swimming in a small pond.
Rahim : Father, I am tired, now.
Father : We can take rest.
(They both sat down under a shady walnut tree. Suddenly, Rahim s eyes fell on a very big watermelon growing in a field nearby.)
Rahim : Which fruit is that father ?
Father : That is a watermelon. It grows on a vine.
Rahim : Walnut is much smaller than the watermelon but the walnut tree is stronger
than the watermelon vine why God did that ?
Father : What do you think ?
Rahim : I think God has made a mistake. The walnut should have grown on a yine and the watermelon on a tree.
Father : Rahim, never doubt God. Whatsoever God has done or does is always wise decision.
(Just then a walnut fell on Rahims head and struck his head sharply.)
Rahim : Ouch! Now I understand. I am glad that walnuts and not watermelons grow on trees. God, the Almighty is, indeed very wise.

Question 1.
What did Rahizn not see on the way?
(a) lush green lands
(b) beautiful mountains
(c) grazing cows
(d) a watermelon growing on a tree
Answer:
(d) A watermelon growing on a tree.

Question 2.
Where was the big watermelon growing’
(a) in a field
(b) on a tree
(c) in a pond
(d) on the mountain.
Answer:
(a) in a field.

Question 3.
What does a walnut grow?
(a) on a tree
(b) on a vine
(c) on a bush
(d) in a pond.
Answer:
(b) a vine.

Question 4.
‘Whose decision is always right?
(a) Rahim’s
(b) Our friend’s decision.
(c) our elders
(d) God’s.
Answer:
(d) God’s.

Question 5.
A watermelon does not grow on a tree because:
(a) it may hurt somebody if it falls down
(b) it does not look nice.
(c) it is very costly
(d) It will be difficult to pide it.
Answer:
(a) it may hurt somebody if it falls down.

7. A building is on fire. The fire started because of a short circuit. Huge flames of fire can be seen coming out of each floor and there is black and thick smoke all around. People can be seen running with buckets full of water. They are trying to put out the fire. But are they successful ? No. The fire is spreading to other buildings around. Let’s see what the people are saying to each other.

Mr. Singh : would you please call the fire service on your telephone ?
Mr. Sharma : I’ve already done so. A fire engine is on the way.
Mr. Singh : Phone all the people living in the building to come out. The police have cordoned off the building. A large crowd has gathered on the site.
Mr. Sharma : Yes, some people have come out, but there are others who are trapped in the building.
Mr. Singh : Can you hear the source of alarm bells ? Oh yes, I can also see fire engine coming at full speed.
Mr. Sharma : What a relief!
Mr. Singh : The firemen are at their task. They can be seen using ladders to bring down the people who are trapped.
Mr. Sharma : The firemen are using hoses to spray water on the fire. Soon the fire will be put out.
Mr. Singh : One of the buildings has been reduced to ashes. Everybody was happy that the fire has been controlled and the other buildings have been saved.
Mr. Sharma : Let us thank the firemen for the wonderful job they have done indeed. They have risked their lives to save the houses and the people.

The firemen feel happy They get into the engines and drive away.
Question 1.
The fire started because of a:
(a) burning match
(b) short circut
(c) a bright lamp
(d) a neglected spark.
Answer:
(b) short circut.

Question 2.
called the fire service?
(a) Mr. Verma
(b) Mr. Singh
(c) Mr Sharma
(d) A policeman.
Answer:
(c) Mr. Sharma

Question 3.
The firemen used hoses to:
(a) bring the trapped people down
(b) to climb the tall building
(c) to prevent people coming near the fire
(d) to spray water on the fire.
Answer:
(d) to spray water on the fire.

Question 4.
How many buildings were reduced to ashes?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four.
Answer:
(a) one.

Question 5.
The firemen were successful in:
(a) controlling the fire
(b) saving the people caught in fire
(c) saving the buildings
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Teacher : Happy Birthday to you, Neha.
Neha : Thank you, Madam.
Teacher : Who bought this pretty dress for you ?
Neha : My mother bought it for me.
Teacher : How old are you now, Neha ?
Neha : I am eight years old now.
Teacher : Are you organising a party at home ?
Neha : Yes, Madam, I am holding a tea party in the evening today. You are cordially invited. Please do come.

Teacher : Thank you. Neha I will try to come. Who else have you invited to your party ?
Neha : Madam, all my friends and relatives. I have also got some sweets to distribute among my classmates.
Teacher : (To other children) Let us first sing a Birthday Song for Neha.
Teacher and Children : Happy Birthday to you ! Happy Birthday to you ! Happy Birthday to Dear Neha!
(All friends of Neha come to the party at 6 o’clock in the evening dressed in their best party wear. Then the teacher enters the room.)
Children : Good evening, Madam.
Teacher : Good evening.
Children : (To Neha) God bless you, Neha !
Teacher : Here is a Birthday Gift for you. I wish you many happy returns of the Day!
Neha : Thank you. Madam.
Mother : Children, come here. Now Neha is going to cut the cake.
Children : Happy Birthday to Neha.
Uncle : Sorry I am late. Happy Birthday, Neha. Here is a gift for you: it’s a packet of books.
Neha : Thank you, Uncle. Thank you very much. It’s really a nice gift !
Father: Children, now please do have a piece of cake and sweets.
And here are the return gifts for all of you.
(Neha’s mother gives the presents to the children)
Children : Thank you, Uncle. Thank you, Aunt for these beautiful gifts.
Neha : Thank you, everyone. Thanks for my Birthday gifts.

Question 1.
Whose birthday was it ?
(a) Mother’s
(b) Neha’s
(c) Father’s
(d) Teacher’s
Answer:
(b) Neha’s.

Question 2.
Who sang ‘Birthday Song’ ?
(a) Teacher
(b) Children
(c) Teacher and children
(d) Mother and Father.
Answer:
(c) Teacher and children.

Question 3.
What was the birthday gift of Neha’s uncle ?
(a) a golden wrist watch
(b) a packet of gel-pens
(c) a packet of books
(d) a beautiful dress.
Answer:
(c) a packet of books.

Question 4.
Uncle felt sorry for:
(a) not bringing aunty with him
(b) not bringing some costly gift
(c) not singing Birthday Song
(d) being late.
Answer:
(d) being late.

Question 5.
Children thanked Uncle and Aunt. Who are they ?
(a) Neha’s parents
(b) Neha’s uncle and aunt
(c) Neha’s next door neighbours
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Neha’s parents.

9. Teacher : Do you know why I have called you here ? I’ve come to know that most of you start eating your lunch before washing your hands. You should know that this habit will make you fall sick. When you eat with dirty hands, you carry some kinds of germs inside your body.
Students : Sir, is this the only way to keep ourselves healthy ?
Teacher : (smiling) No, there are many other dos and don’ts while we eat. I’ll tell you some of them. These are :
Always eat well-cooked food.
Wash your hands properly before and after taking meals.
Chew your food properly.
Don’t take food more than what you can eat.
Always use clean utensils.
Don’t leave any food in your plate.
Students : Thank you, sir. We’ll follow these.
Teacher : (smiling) You’re welcome. Now go and have your meals peacefully.
(All children queue up to wash their hands.)

Question 1.
What was the teacher’s complaint about ?
(a) eating lunch before washing hands
(b) eating lunch after washing hands.
(c) eating lunch before taking a bath
(d) eating lunch fast.
Answer:
(d) eating lunch before washing hafids.

Question 2.
You may fall sick if you eat with your:
(a) right hand
(b) left hand
(c) dirty hands
(d) wet hands.
Answer:
(c) dirty hands.

Question 3.
What should we not do ? (Pick out two choices)
(a) chewing food properly
(c) using clean utensils
(b) taking food more than we can eat
(d) leaving food in our plate.
Answer:
(b) taking food more than we can eat
(d) leaving food in our plate.

Question 4.
The students thanked the teacher for:
(a) telling them dos and don’ts of healthy food eating
(b) telling them how to cook healthy food
(c) telling them don’ts of food making.
(d) telling them how to wash hands.
Answer:
(a) telling them dos and don’ts of healthy food eating.

Question 5.
To wash their hands, all children:
(a) stood up
(b) sat down
(c) queued up
(d) ran outside
Answer:
(c) queued up.

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Reading Comprehension Picture / Poster Based Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Reading Comprehension Picture / Poster Based

Look at the pictures carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.
What is the purpose of this advertisement ?
(a) to prevent people from using motor vehicle.
(b) to spread awareness about traffic rules.
(c) to stop people from walking on the road.
(d) to secure people of road ancient.
Answer:
(b) to spread awareness about traffic rules.

Question 2.
While on scooter or bike, which thing can help to save our lives:
(a) scarf
(b) cap
(c) helmet
(d) seat belt.
Answer:
(c) helmet

Question 3.
Zebra crossing is meant for:
(a) four wheelers
(b) bikers
(c) cyclists
(d) pedestrians
Answer:
(d) pedestrians

Question 4.
One should stop the vehicle when it is a:
(a) red light
(b) yellow light
(c) green light
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) red light

Question 5.
Road accidents can be prevented by:
(a) driving within a speed limit
(b) not driving while drinking
(c) obeying the traffic rules
(d) all of the above.
Answer:
(d) all of the above.

Working Together to Keep Our Children Safe.

Question 1.
What is the purpose of this advertisement ?
(a) To make children happy
(b) Teaching children how to drive a bike or a car
(c) Taking chidren to the park
(d) Promoting road safety awareness among children
Answer:
(d) Promoting road safety awareness.

Question 2.
Children should be aware of:
(a) speed limit while driving
(b) road safety rules
(c) parking their vehicles at a safe place
(d) all these.
Answer:
(d) all these.

Question 3.
Parking of vechiles on the roadside can result in:
(a) an accident
(b) theft of the vehicle
(c) traffic jam
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Question 4.
For safe driving the driver should have the knowledge of:
(a) signboards on the roadside
(b) his R.C.
(c) the vehicles coming behind him
(d) the condition of his vehicle.
Answer:
(a) signboards on the roadside.

Question 5.
While driving we should:
(a) not drink
(b) not use our mobile
(c) not cross green light
(d) not drive below speed limit.
Answer:
(a) and (b)

Question 1.
What is the theme of the picture ?
(a) The Values and Advantages of Games and Sports
(b) Good Manners
(c) The Value of Reading Books
(d) The hazards of Pollution.
Answer:
(b) Good Manners.

Question 2.
Which of the following is not a good habit ?
(a) helping old people
(b) planting trees
(c) getting up early in the morning
(d) keeping your classroom dirty.
Answer:
(d) keeping your classroom dirty.

Question 3.
Which kind of words ‘please’ and thankyou’ are ?
(a) bad words
(b) harsh words
(c) polite words
(d) difficult words.
Answer:
(c) polite words.

Question 4.
We should wait for our turn by standing in the line.
(a) quietly
(b) uneasily
(c) impatiently
(d) angrily.
Answer:
(a) quietly.

Question 5.
‘Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, and wise.’
(a) dull
(b) poor
(c) wealthy
(d) foolish.
Answer:
(c) wealthy.

Question 1.
The poster tells us that:
(a) India is a land of festivals.
(.b) we celebrate many festivals in India.
(c) festivals of all religions are celebrated in India.
(d) all these.
Answer:
(d) all these.

Question 2.
What is the importance of festivals in our life ?
(a) They give us new energy.
(b) They keep our culture alive.
(c) They entertain us.
(d) All these.
Ans, (d) All these.

Question 3.
Pushkar fair is celebrated:
(a) all over India
(b) in Rajasthan.
(c) in South India
(d) None of these
Answer:

Question 4.
Holi is a festival of:
(a) lights
(b) colours.
(c) praying in mosques
(d) cleaning our houses and shops
Answer:
(b) colours.

Question 5.
Which of the following festivals, in particular, would promote Hindu Muslim unity ?
(a) Diwali and Christmas
(b) Eid and christmas
(c) Pushkar Fair and Christmas
(d) Diwali and Eid.
Answer:
(d) Diwali and Eid.

Question 1.
What is the purpose of this poster/advertisement about ?
(a) Women Backwardness
(b) Women Education
(c) Women Empowerment
(d) Sources of Entertainment for Women.
Answer:
(c) Women Empowerment.

Question 2.
Daughter’s Day gives the message of:
(a) loving daughters only
(b) having daughters only
(c) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
(d) marry your daughters in their chile
Answer:
(c) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

Question 3.
Women’s Day is observed on:
(a) 5th September
(b) First sunday of May
(c) 15th September
(d) 8th March.
Answer:
(d) 8th March.

Question 4.
Women feel empowered when they :
(a) use their power to empower others
(b) use their power to belittle others
(c) win elections to rule the country
(d) all these.
Answer:
(a) use their power to empower others

Question 5.
Mother’s Day is celebrated to:
(a) inspire women to become mother soon after their marriage
(b) to honour mothers of the world
(c) to teach uneducated mothers
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) to honour mothers of the world

Polio Drops and Healthy Life

Question 1.
The most suitable title for this advertisement is:
(a) Healthy Life
(b) Medication Vs Yoga
(c) Old Age and Yoga
(d) Eating is Better than Yoga.
Answer:
(a) Heatlhy Life.

Question 2.
We should avoid eating:
(a) fruits and vegetables
(b) balanced food
(c) junk food
(d) cooked food.
Answer:
(c) junk food.

Question 3.
Yoga is kind of:
(a) exercise to please Swami Ramdev
(b) diet to grow tall
(c) excercise to keep us fit and healthy
(d) prayer to please god.
Answer:
(c) exercise to keep us fit and healthy.

Question 4.
Which of the following activity is included in a trip to healthy life ?
(a) walking and laughing loudly
(b) crying and yelling
(c) eating food three times a day
(d) taking medicine now and then.
Answer:
(a) walking and laughing loudly.

Question 5.
Polio drops are given to the children of:
(a) two years
(b) Three years
(c) four years
(d) five years.
Answer:
(d) five years.

Question 1.
The best title for this poster is:
(a) Growing and cutting down the trees
(b) Resting and playing under trees
(c) Planting trees in rainy season
(d) Benefits of growing and protecting trees.
Answer:
(d) Benefits of growing and protecting trees.

Question 2.
Trees give us:
(a) fruits
(b) medicines
(c) firewood
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Question 3.
Trees serve us by:
(a) giving out oxygen
(b) taking in carbon dioxide
(c) giving us cool shade in summer
(d) all the above.
Answer:
(d) all the above.

Question 4.
Without trees climate would be:
(a) drier and cooler
(b) drier and hotter.
(c) warmer and cooler
(d) drier and hotter wetter and hotter.
Answer:
(b) drier and hotter.

Question 5.
What is our duty towards trees ?
(a) growing more trees and taking proper care of them
(b) cutting down trees only in winter
(c) planting only fruit trees
(d) not to let birds sit in trees.
Answer:
(a) growing more trees and taking proper care of them.

Effects of Noise Pollution

Question 1.
What is purpose of this poster ?
(a) to create awareness against noise pollution.
(b) to use loudspeakers to check noise pollution.
(c) to put hands on ears on hearing a noise
(d) to prevent people from making noise during the day.
Answer:
(a) to create awareness against noise pollution.

Question 2.
Which of the following activity is responsible for noise pollution ?
(a) high volume of loudspeakers
(b) running factories
(c) vehicles running fast on roads
(d) all these.
Answer:
(d) all these.

Question 3.
Too much noise may:
(a) make us deaf
(b) increase the speed of our vehicles
(c) incresae our hearing power
(d) increase our energy to work.
Answer:
(a) make us deaf.

Question 4.
We should not blow horns or ring bells near a hospital because—
(a) it may spoil the medicines
(b) it may disturb the resting patients
(c) the doctors may go on strike
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(b) it may disturb the resting patients.

Question 5.
To avoid noise pollution we should
(a) not blow horns unnecessarily
(b) avoid the use of loudspeakers
(c) not use old vehicles that produce screeching sound.
(d) all these.
Answer:
(d) all these.